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1869
THE LIBRARY

Up.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

The Species of Birds of North America
from the Arctic through Panama,
Including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands

PREPARED BY

THE COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE
OF THE

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION

SIXTH EDITION
1983

Zo6logical nomenclature is a means, not an end, to Zodlogical Science

PUBLISHED BY THE
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
1983

ISBN Number: 0-943610-32-X

Preferred citation:

American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983, Check-list of North American birds, 6th edition.

Printed by Allen Press, Inc.
Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.

II.

Ill.

IV:

VI.

VII.

VIL.

CONTENTS

Podicipeditonmes.-) > pe eee CDA ee er oe

Ile

odicipedidae. Grebesiet are eee

-e SONEHISCHORIM CS :: ee cach Mee Ree ote AARNE 20S
il

SpheniscidacsRenguinsm yas sis) te enero

Pelecanwormes (ete 28 Oran ety Sener ge nn) Mervin. ole

Nn BWN

SS ehacthontidacmirOpicbindSHr se See ee
Pe Sulidaes bo0obiesrandsGannetss. ae ae ee
pe Pelccamdac-celicans oe ne et ne eee
peEhalacrocoracidac: Conmorantse s.r
TANI gtd ac: ATChSt a ee ea eee
Pehnesaliddes heave OInGdS a ess nee ee

CICOMIMEOTINESi en ever ee cre ea ey ceca ee

DZ:

Threskiornithidae: Ibises and Spoonbills...........
AY MihGeskitOnnithindes libIScSiems 5 eee eee
be Blatalemac: Spoonbillss.o4 500 see eee
CiconiiGdae: SlOEKS:... a eee es ae

PHOeNICOPLETITORMES e531 se eth ee ee

ATS CEO TEISS 1 ee A cole cts Seana cos Nee Rd a aS a
I.

Il.
Me

EhocnicopternidaeshlamingOsian sa ee

ANnatidaes Swans Geese ands DUCKS ira eee
A. Anserinae: Whistling-Ducks, Swans and Geese . .
Bs Anatinage: IDUCKS wera.) mes) Set oc eigen ae ee so

Accipitridae: Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies ......
AYP Randioninge OSpreySiua ee eee eee
B. Accipitrinae: Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies ...

) RalconidaesCaracaras-andsEalcons 4. ae eee ee

I (Cracidae: 'Curassowsiane Guans - 24552 ee 129

2. Phasianidae: Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Quail 132

A. Phasianinae: Partridges and Pheasants ......... L352

Bey Betraoninaes Grouse. ao.) eee oo eee 136

@ Meleasridinaeshurkeys sor) oe eee 141

EP Odontophornde7 @Ouail 3 a ee 141

E> INumidinae: Guineatowl 3. oe ee 148

ONE “Grulfommnes,.33.7.c 2eieee eee ese eg mers meee ere 149
1. Rallidac: Rails, Gallmules and Coots?) 7]: 149

A. Rallinae: Rails, Gallinules and Coots........... 149

2. Hehorithidacssunprebes: --..:.-2t eee aoe 160

3. /Bubypyeidac2 Sunbitternse 370). 99 ea an 161

4. Aramidae> Lampkins)... ... 5 . ake eee oe 161

5. ‘Grurdae:Cranes.: .- masestas - a. eae eed. bs: 162

A. ‘Grinaes By pical Cranesi 2.3 iarecl sare 2 6 oe 162

MIL. Charadeictormes....... Seer ee ee a Oe eee 163
f. Burhinidae: Diick-knees .- .. .... eee eee 163

2. Charadriidae: Plovers and Lapwings............... 164

A Vanellinae>Lapwites:.2.2\5< 3.0 2.qse ae ee 164

IB: <Charadrimae: Blo vers ee eek aes eee 165

3. Haematopodidae:Oystercatchenrs, 2). a3. ee [73

4. Reeurvirostridae: Stilts and. Avocets........:.22..<.... 174

5. Jacamidaes laCamas cease ese tots og a PRS © a 7S

6. Scolopacidae: Sandpipers, Phalaropes and Allies.... 176

A. Scolopacinae: Sandpipers and Allies ........... 176

B. Phalaropodimae: Phalaropes 7225 2.2235 2) 207

7. Laridae: Skuas, Gulls, Terns and Skimmers ........ 209

A. Stercoramimae: Skuasiand, Vaceers — 52. =. yoo 209

BS -eanide 7Gulis c cuee see era ee 4 a eee, ee One: 212

C. Sterminae? TU Cis igre gat ooo to eat eee 226

Dp. Kynehopimae: SKIMIMErSs oo. ee ees ee 238

8. Aleidac: Auks. Miurres and Pumlins”: o--.2..4. 0550 0ce 239

LX: CohimBbiformes 5 ce te heen ee ae ee 250
i Pteroclididae? Sandgrouse: 22. 92/0 te eee 250

2 Columbidae> Riccons*and: Doves. .- eee 250

XX. PSIACHORIMICS nes go eps eee OP Oe Le ee ee 266

1. Psittacidae: Lories, Parakeets, Macaws and Parrots 266
A. Platycercinae: Australian Parakeets and Rosellas 266

Br Psittacinae: Typical Parrots) ee oe ee 266
C. Arinae: New World Parakeets, Macaws and
PATEOLS. f Fee ree ee re TS aa 267
Del CuGuliiGrmMes)<..c94 oe ee ee. ee EE ee 282
1. Cuculidae: Cuckoos, Roadrunners and Anis........ 282
A; ‘Cuculinae: Old World"€nckoos -- 255-2 4a 282

1Vv

XI.

XII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

By Goccyzinae: INew Worldi@uckoasiils -424.5..7.. 283
C. Neomorphinae: Ground-Cuckoos and

Roadrmnnersa sayy SAG MIE EE oe 287

De CrotopharinacvAniSna ts) ah tome). A. a. 289
Sinigifonmes ie ae a we ene OME ImRO EE Niel, crater. 291
lly tonidae: Barn-OwlSers wee Oe eed ke 291
2“ Stnigidacs iy pical Owls (es Eee 2 292
CaprainiulemOrnresths Sse: ees Senne Ane PERE Wet i the 307
1-3 Caprnmuleidae Goatsuckers 2 eee eee 307
Aa Chordetlinae Nighthawks... ee 307
BeCaprimulsinaesNightjarss2 a eee 309
2rENyChiblndaessPOtOOS ey an) ee enna ae S15
sarSicatonminidac: Oilbirds 4-9. eee 316
APOCITORMES sti Oe rce ere ete a ee Sy
[ESA podidade “SwittSte cu terete eae eee ane ae Sy/
A. Cypseloidinae: Cypseloidine Swifts............. 317)

By ChactunmnacehactunnerSwittsy ar ee SY)

C. Apodinae: Apodine Swifts .................... 32

2 irochilidac. i ciuimaning ind Saye ee ee 325
TE POROMULOLMICS: koh ee Co ma eee a a ca 361
Lo Nrosonidac: MlrOgOnSho ves eyo e ne ohy ee 361
GOTACIIFORMAES iii. Hl oy hel eheuieerdla er me NG Dt ae, wdc 367
Le Li pupidaesFHOOpOESY. 46% sya eine OE ea 367
Ze VOGdidacsMWodics: pews eae eae ae erates Phe a 367
3. Momotidac:;Motmotsicn 55. sete 8s ee 368
A Alcedinidaeikenghishensmee eee ee 371
Ave Geny linac: aby picalpkemetishenrs) 45 eee oes es Sal

PY CU OLIINES 20 cvsccs ees tt ee RENN Sere S73)
le, Bucconidae:/BRulibinds ce a ower ee. Ge oe 37/3)
2.~Galbulidae: Jacamarsine ie a eter tee teen een oe 376
3. Capitonidaes Barbetshic seein, on Some Nes 6 er ce SHY)
4 Rhamphastidae-shoucanse ss: ee tains aoe ee 378
5. Picidae: Woodpeckers and Allies.................. 381
Ao Jynginae> Winynecksimnvey oie ee ee 381

IB; JPicumninaesPiculets: ee ee eee 381

= Bicinae:, Woodpeckers andy Allicsaaee ee 382
PASSemlOrnies,».>:).¢./ 0 OP ee POE’, Renae, Lio se 400
le sEumanidac: Ovenbirds +--+) up ee ee ee 400
2=)Dendrocolaptidaes Woodereepersyss eee ee oe 408
3) -FomnicanidacAntoinds 10), = eee ee ae 414
A. Thamnophilinae: Typical Antbirds............. 414

B. Formicariinae: Antthrushes and Antpittas ...... 424

4> Rhinocn ptidac:: Tapaculos a. = ee ae 427
>) lyrannidae: ibyrant bly catchers ase eee 428

A. Elaeniinae: Tyrannulets, Elaenias and Allies .... 428

32,

B. Fluvicolinae: Fluvicoline Flycatchers ........... 443

@) iiyranninae? DyranninesElycatcherses 48) 4-4. 540 ~ 460
D. Tityrinae: Tityras and Becards ................ 476
. ‘Cotingidac: Cotmpastiyy et eye eae Le ene 479
a Pipgidac- Wianakdns ssn ee Bas Gh aS. SP 483
- Oxynuncidac: Sharpbillshe 5p seer ree 487
»/Alaudidac: Larks’..<. Want... aware © epaegarariege St! eae. 488
inandinidae- SwallOwsie) en eee 489
A. Hirundininae: Typical Swallows ............... 489
. Corvidae: Jays, Magpies and Crows ............... 499
sRariGdaezsbcnitCem eee Ra dhe raat Oe 1 aD Be S12
Remizidae: Penduline Tits and Verdins............ 516
. Aegithalidae: Long-tailed Tits and Bushtits ........ S17
a eSitiidaewINMthAateChes mints. ee ee eee eee SS
Aesittimacmly picaly Nuthatchess ase ee ee eee 518
a@enthndaex@neepersiy owe ian ee ee ee a 520
AY Certhinac-wibypicala@reepers. ee ee 520
fey CNOnOMGACA EU) DUISiae res ers Eee ieee 520
*, MULOSLOGN IG AC FIRES Mt hh wae cian a pA ae ae il
SAGinclidae-s Dip pensar tare sree tke setae eos ee S31
PMuscicapidac: Muscicapids: 7354s eee eee 538
A. Sylviinae: Old World Warblers, Kinglets and
Gnatcatchers see BS i AY, 538
B. Muscicapinae: Old World Flycatchers and Allies 545
C. Monarchinae: Monarch Flycatchers ............ 546
D. Turdinae: Solitaires, Thrushes and Allies....... 546
E:- iimalinaeBabblenseh ey eee a ae ae oe 565
. Mimidae: Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Allies...... 567
“= Paunellidae2ACCentorses oe ae S/S
1 Motacillidacs WactallsjandtRipitssn a ae oh. eae 576
, BombyeillidaesWaxwitsi)- le nod. ce eee 581
, Etilosonatidae silky -thycatchens ene yAneeet be ee 582
. DulidaesPalmchatsaayoriees. Shia er aed) Po ve 583
! (banitdaesShnikes ayes we ae ee, OIE Bers icy e 584
AS Eanunae: dypical’Shrikes# -S57eees eee 584
- Sturmidae::StanlingsrandyAlhesmy eee ee eee 585
ASeSturminaes Starling sgt yiee, enietie a do oe ne 585
7 MeliphacidaesEloneyeaters.-- eno roar 587
» ZOStehOpIdac=VVhIte-CV Semen enn: Ean ree 588
¢ VireOnidacgVAneOS dire cen Siig nay baewet ae nee eee 589
AS Vireoninae: ily picalavarecOSe ak ae re 589
B: VircolannnaesShrike VAneos scene eee. oe 600
Ce Gyclarhinae-seeppershnikes eee 600
Embenztdae: Emberividsp ay.) eee eee eee 601
A; Parulinae»Wood=Warblerse ssehee nee er eo eo 601

Cyi@hraupinaeAanace4nshase. 2 Mes ne sla oe he 641
D. Cardinalinae: Cardinals, Grosbeaks and Allies .. 667

E> Emiberizinae= Brbenzimes.- 02522500... Oi
Feplcterninae: blackbirds ;andvAlliecs = a eee i,
33. Fringillidae: Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and
HANI CIS ne RMP at a Rs, salad ae ie Aas aos oP aa eS I SER 742
AS Fungillinaerrmnelline Finches.) ss. 4.) 45. .e 742
Bo CarduchnaesCarduchineshinches- +54, ee aoe 743
C. Drepanidinae: Hawaiian Honeycreepers ........ 756
344 Passendac. Old WondiSpartowsie-o-oe eee eee 764
See loceidae: WEAVCISise sr ee ee ee ee eee ee 765
AC Ploceinaessy picaluWiGcaviers seem. eee 765
SOM Estnldidacwestaldidikinchese. see eee eee 766
AS Estridinacs Estnldimewsimehes .2 450456. e eee 766
Bie Vid inde Why Gans si eeasanee Aint esi ee eee 770
/NIETETSINID BOA aie era tis eRe ye UUM soe OTM ©. Nie ARM RE SIMEON te 0 UN Gel
PNBRE NUD ING Pop tet ok EMI ities Ba ch taNO WW: Gs CRN ca ah cas 2 a WIL
PNBRENID EXC Go. te pole ey ieee, eae Br ee Sih Cte We ea ee ER A 8 789
/\1212) SIND) Decal Deere sae ae aN og Ee a tamale OE Les «eee Oi, Saeco meer Rome 793
PN@ UW RINONBERS Bee eis fe ners esse tg pAb an gs Ses Ne. Benet ne, 797
JUNI DIE Gey Mitte Radar ecia sa 3a CaP or nee oa eRe SNR Ne a 811

Vil

DEDICATION

EUGENE EISENMANN
1906-1981

To Eugene Eisenmann, Chairman of the Committee on Classification and No-
menclature, our friend and colleague, who, as Chairman of the Committee from
1966 until his death in October 1981, directed our efforts toward production of
this Check-list. His charisma and enthusiasm, the legal training that developed
his skill as a moderator able to achieve fruitful compromise, and his broad knowl-
edge of Neotropical birds made him a most effective Chairman. A warm and
sensitive human being, he never failed to give the fullest attention to anyone
approaching him seeking advice or help. We take pleasure in dedicating this work
to his memory.

Vili

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The five previous editions of the Check-list of North American Birds were
published in 1886, 1895, 1910, 1931 and 1957. The present edition, the sixth,
thus follows the first by almost a century. Each edition has included a preface,
and the first edition was accompanied by a Code of Nomenclature which, in its
introduction, outlined a 17-point “plan and form of the proposed American Or-
nithologists’ Union ‘List of North American Birds’.” In the prefaces of all editions
since the first, the respective Committees on Classification and Nomenclature
reviewed to some extent the policies and procedures of their predecessors and
discussed any changes considered. The various prefaces and the Code of Nomen-
clature in particular are important historical documents pertaining to traditions
and points of view that have strongly influenced American systematic ornithology.

Of the 17 points of plan and form, the more important dealt with the geograph-
ical scope of the list, the inclusion of English vernacular names, a system of
numbering and lettering species and subspecies, the composition of a hypothetical
list, the addition of a list of fossil birds, the inclusion of some habitat information
as well as geographic range, and the listing of taxa “‘in systematic order, to the
end that the List may represent a classification as well as a nomenclature of the
birds.” The use of the subspecies category, expressed by trinomials, was also
strongly affirmed. This plan and form for the first edition has been followed, with
relatively minor changes, in the subsequent editions.

Check-lists, like living organisms, tend to evolve toward greater complexity,
although there may be some simplifying deletions. There were no major changes
in the second and third editions, but the number of forms included and details
of range were greatly increased. In discussing classification in the preface to the
third edition, the Committee noted that “it seemed best from the standpoint of
convenience to continue the old Check-list system unchanged” although “‘a slight
modification of the system proposed by Dr. Hans Gadow in 1892-93 would best
reflect our present knowledge of the classification of birds.” The fourth edition
incorporated this change, adopting a modified Gadow classification for higher
categories. The sequence of genera was largely determined by Alexander Wetmore
and Waldron DeWitt Miller, and the sequence of species and subspecies arranged
by Witmer Stone was based primarily on Robert Ridgway’s “Birds of North
and Middle America.” The fifth edition followed essentially the same system of
classification and sequence of taxa. English names for both species and subspecies
were applied in the first four editions, but those for subspecies were dropped in
the fifth. The list of fossil birds had grown so large by the fourth edition that it
was not included as a separate appendix in the fifth; instead, only Pliocene and
Pleistocene records of living species were mentioned along with the contemporary
range. The “summary statement of the habitat of each species and subspecies”
called for in the first edition was never more than perfunctory and had virtually
disappeared by the fifth edition. The number of forms included in the list and the
details of geographic ranges continued to expand, and the fifth edition was par-
ticularly detailed in the ranges of subspecies. Technical changes in nomenclature
were incorporated in each new edition, but the numbering and lettering system
for species and subspecies and criteria for the hypothetical list remained essentially
the same.

The continuous flow of new information on avian relationships and distribution
renders any check-list instantly obsolete in at least some respects. and the need
for revision and addition inevitably increases through time. As the desirability of
a sixth edition of the Check-list became more evident, the Council of the A.O.U.
and its Committee on Classification and Nomenclature considered essentially two
choices: either to follow the format of the fifth edition, revising and updating it,
or to adopt a new and broader approach. The latter alternative was chosen, and
the Committee was charged with developing an appropriate plan. In the plan that
was accepted, the most important changes from previous editions include: (1)
expansion of the geographic scope of the Check-list area to include the Hawaiian
Islands, Middle America and the West Indies; (2) restriction of coverage to the
species level, in view of the great increase in the number of species treated: and
(3) adoption of those major changes in classification that are considered well-
supported by published evidence and widely accepted. Details of these and other
changes in plan, form and policy, and the rationale for each, are given in the
following sections.

GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE

The first point of plan and form of the first edition was “that the term ‘North
American,’ as applied to the proposed List of Birds. be held to include the continent
of North America north of the present United States and Mexican boundary, and
Greenland: and the peninsula of Lower [Baja] California, with the islands naturally
belonging thereto”; Bermuda was also included in the first edition. At that time,
and until well into the 20th century the systematics and distribution of most
Neotropical birds were too poorly known to be treated satisfactorily along with
the comparatively well-studied Nearctic avifauna. The United States-Mexican
border provided, for the most part. a convenient southern boundary that was
reasonably close to the northern limit of the tropics, and a sea barrier separated
the West Indies. Baja California was included because the avifauna of this pen-
insula, which lies mostly within the Temperate Zone, was relatively well known
and of largely Nearctic affinities. Greenland was apparently included because it
is geographically part of the Western Hemisphere and also to extend the usefulness
of the Check-list. At the time there was no comprehensive work in English on the
birds of Greenland, and its inclusion added relatively few forms to the list.

With the systematics and distribution of birds of the West Indies and of Middle
America now reasonably well known. the Committee felt that the inclusion of
those areas within the scope of the Check-list would greatly enhance its usefulness
and would better express the zoogeographic relationship between these largely
tropical regions and North America as it was defined in earlier editions of the
Check-list. The area covered in the sixth edition is delimited as North America
including all of the continental United States and Canada and their adjacent
islands; the Hawaiian Islands: Clipperton Island: the Bermuda Islands; Middle
America, consisting of Mexico and Central America, the latter including Guate-
mala, Belize (formerly British Honduras). El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica and Panama, as well as all islands under their jurisdictions; the West
Indies, including the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Leeward and Windward
islands of the Lesser Antilles. and Swan. Providencia and San Andrés islands. In
the Bering Sea region the boundary corresponds to that delimiting the United

States from the U.S.S.R., which also corresponds to the International Date Line.
Greenland is excluded from the Check-list area. The southern boundary in Middle
America is the Panama-Colombia border; in the Lesser Antilles, Grenada is the
southernmost island included. Excluded are those of the Lesser Antilles extending
along the northern coast of South America and roughly parallel to it, from Aruba
east to Tobago and Trinidad; the term “Netherlands Antilles” is used in the Check-
list to refer only to Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire, collectively, and does not include
the Dutch islands of the Leeward group.

The geographic limits of a regional check-list are unavoidably arbitrary. Inclu-
sion of all species of New World birds in one check-list would be highly desirable,
but this is not now feasible considering the data, resources, and time available to
this Committee. The Committee did, however, consider the historical biogeog-
raphy of the New World in defining the area described in the preceding paragraph.
The widely accepted current theory of plate tectonics and continental drift holds
that, in post-Cretaceous time, South America was separated by sea barriers from
all other continents until the end of the Pliocene, when it became connected with
Middle America by the closing of the Panama Seaway. North America was sep-
arated from Europe in the North Atlantic region by a sea barrier, at least since
the Eocene period. In the Bering Sea region, North America was probably con-
nected intermittently with Asia in the Cenozoic Era (Miocene connection highly
probable) and certainly connected in the Pleistocene. Throughout the Cenozoic
Era there was a continuity of land from North America into Middle America at
least as far south as northern Nicaragua and sometimes as far as central Panama.
Until the land connection at the end of the Pliocene, Middle America was separated
from South America by seaways of varying extent, duration and location. There
were no land connections between the West Indies and North, Middle or South
America from at least the early Cenozoic Era to the present. The details of this
picture will undoubtedly be modified in the future, but the separation of the New
World continents from each other and from the West Indies throughout most of
the evolutionary history of modern birds appears to be well established. The
present composition and distribution of the avifaunas of all of these regions have
also been strongly influenced by Pleistocene events including glaciation, cooling
and warming trends, and wet and dry cycles and changes in sea level associated
with glacial and interglacial periods.

North and Middle America are part of a continuum in terms of physical ge-
ography, but the tradition in American ornithology has been to discuss these as
distinguishable regions as previously defined, primarily for practical convenience.
North America north of Mexico lies entirely in the Temperate to Arctic zones,
but basically Temperate Zone conditions and habitats extend south in the higher
altitudes into tropical latitudes in parts of the Greater Antilles and Middle Amer-
ica. The contemporary avifauna of Middle America consists of a complex mixture
of taxa of temperate and tropical North or South American derivation along with
endemic forms, the latter primarily in montane regions, and a few relatively recent
colonizers from the West Indies. The contemporary avifauna of the West Indies
appears to be largely derived from colonizations from temperate North America
and tropical Middle America, with a lesser degree of direct colonization from
South America. The insularity of the region has also resulted in a large number
of endemic forms. South America, as the longest isolated of the continents and
with a wide variety of climatic zones and habitat types, evolved a distinctive

avifauna of great diversity. The contemporary avifauna of South America has
been less influenced by post-Pliocene invasions from the north than it was by
earlier, overwater invasions that introduced representatives of groups new to the
continent.

Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States in 1959. Because state and
federal government agencies and legislative bodies use the A.O.U. Check-list as
a standard reference in matters pertaining to birds, the avifauna of all of the states
should be included as a public service. Moreover, at least some members of the
native Hawaiian avifauna were derived from ancestral populations of North or
Middle American origin. Inclusion of the Hawaiian Islands within the Check-list
area thus seems appropriate on all counts.

Greenland has no endemic species of birds. Its avifauna includes numerous
species of otherwise entirely Old World distribution that have been included in
previous A.O.U. check-lists solely on the basis of the Greenland records. Deletion
of Greenland from the Check-list area eliminates such essentially Palearctic forms
but does not exclude any species that occur in both North America and Greenland.
The deleted forms that appeared in previous editions are found in Appendix B
of this edition. Finn Salomonsen’s “‘The Birds of Greenland” (1950-51) gives a
complete check-list and bibliography to that date, and eastern Greenland is cov-
ered in Charles Vaurie’s ““The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna’ (1959, 1965).

The Lesser Antilles along the northern coast of South America, and Tobago
and Trinidad in particular, have avifaunas with moderate to strong South Amer-
ican affinities and for that reason are excluded from the Check-list area.

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

Because the A.O.U. Check-list is widely used as an official or quasi-official
reference on the systematics and distribution of birds within its area, the Com-
mittee feels a special responsibility to avoid introducing sweeping changes in
taxonomic concepts that would drastically affect the form and content of the list
unless such proposed changes have been adequately debated and widely accepted
on the basis of published evidence. This policy is not based on inertia or innate
conservatism, but on what we believe to be sound historical perspective. The
shortest interval between the publication of any two Check-lists was nine years,
and the interval since the fifth edition has been 26 years. Boldly innovative
proposals for changes in systematics that will stimulate discussion, debate, and
testing should be introduced in scientific journals or books. Modifications and
counter-proposals can then be published, and the original innovative ideas may
undergo many alterations before a consensus develops. Because the Check-list
cannot quickly be revised and republished as the weight of opinion shifts, the
Committee feels that it should adopt major changes only when a consensus based
on verifiable data has developed. The Committee is fully aware that many aspects
of the present system of avian classification are based more on tradition than on
comprehensive data, but this does not necessarily make the traditional, arrange-
ment wrong. In fact, in many cases, contemporary studies using sophisticated
modern techniques have supported traditional classification. Our view of tradi-
tionally accepted avian classification may be expressed by a legal analogy—it is
innocent until proven guilty; suspicion and accusation without verifiable sup-
porting evidence are not sufficient grounds for corrective action, but responsible
charges should be investigated, a fair trial given if the charges have substance,

Xll

and rehabilitation attempted when mistakes or violations have demonstrably
occurred.

Subspecies. The Committee strongly endorses the concept of the subspecies and
the continued use of trinomials to express it, and we wish to make clear that the
omission of separate listings of subspecies in this edition is not a rejection of the
validity or utility of this systematic category. The omission of subspecies in this
edition is based entirely on practical grounds, especially the need for publication
of the Check-list within a reasonable period of time. Expansion of the geographic
scope, which we consider of major importance, requires the treatment of more
than 2000 species (1913 in the main text), many of which are considered polytypic.
If we had emulated previous committees by evaluating critically all of the described
subspecies within the Check-list area, there would be little hope of publishing the
work before the 21st Century. The Committee therefore agreed, with some res-
ervations, to proceed with a check-list dealing with taxa only down to the species
level. References to subspecies have been included when necessary to clarify
relationships or distribution, or where opinions differ as to specific or subspecific
status.

The subspecies taxon is particularly useful in birds because of the great potential
mobility of most species and the migratory habits of many. The availability of
formal published descriptions of the characteristics of taxonomically recognizable,
geographically circumscribed breeding populations within the overall range of a
species facilitates determination of the area of origin of individuals found outside
that range, and in particular facilitates the tracing of routes of passage and seasonal
residences of migratory forms. The study of intraspecific variation in connection
with subspecies has also resulted in the assembling of data that have been of great
value in ecological studies and in the analysis of the early stages of the process of
evolution.

It is the Committee’s hope and intent that the species-level sixth edition will
serve as a framework for future publications that will carry the taxonomy of the
avifauna within the Check-list area to the subspecies level. We recognize that
many people, including those in government agencies dealing with legislation,
permits and law enforcement, need an authoritative list of subspecies within the
A.O.U. Check-list area. For such purposes the Committee recommends continued
use of the fifth edition plus the 32nd and 33rd supplements (Auk, 1973, 90, pp.
411-419, and 1976, 93, pp. 875-879, respectively) for the area covered therein.
For Middle America and the West Indies, the Committee recommends use of the
Peters’ ““Check-list of Birds of the World”’ (1931 et seg.) and those regional works
that have critically evaluated subspecies included in their areas.

Species. Of all the taxonomic categories within the Linnaean system, the species
has been the most controversial. This is not an appropriate place for a review of
opinions—the differing views have been extensively debated in other publications.
The Committee has considered only those arguments that apply to birds and not
those dealing with quite dissimilar organisms. Our policy is that the species is a
real and fundamental biological entity, and we follow the biological species concept
of Ernst Mayr. Our preferred definition is: a species is a group of populations,
actually or potentially interbreeding, that is reproductively isolated from all other
such groups. This definition is adequate to determine the status of the overwhelm-
ing majority of forms within the Check-list area. The major problems in deter-
mining specific status are posed by those cases in which formerly allopatric pop-
ulations are in contact with limited interbreeding, or in which presently allopatric

Xili

populations are spatially completely isolated from each other and perhaps poten-
tially although not actually able to interbreed. From the 1940’s through about the
1960’s, the predominant trend in avian systematics was to treat such distinguish-
able allopatric populations as subspecies of a single polytypic species. In recent
years there has been a trend away from relatively uncritical lumping as close study
of some populations in zones of contact has shown that there may be assortative
mating, reduced reproductive success in mixed pairs, and subtle (to the human
investigator) behavioral, morphological, physiological or ecological differences
that appear to constitute isolating mechanisms.

Cases of intermediacy between the subspecies and species levels of differentia-
tion are to be expected since evolution is a dynamic and continuing process. The
Linnaean system of nomenclature, originally based on the concept of fixed or
immutable categories, cannot be adapted to the infinite degrees of difference be-
tween allopatric populations; there is therefore no absolutely right or wrong way
to treat taxonomically those populations that are on the borderline between species
and subspecies. The Committee has attempted to evaluate the evidence in each
case, with the advice, when available, of specialists on the groups in question.
Our tendency has been to consider closely related allopatric forms that differ
substantially in ways that might be expected to effect reproductive isolation (such
as visual and vocal signals, various aspects of behavior) as species unless there is
strong evidence of a lack of reproductive isolation. In cases in which such pop-
ulations are taxonomically distinguishable but not in ways that would appear to
bring about reproductive isolation (such as small differences in size, color or form),
our tendency has been to consider them conspecific. We have not always agreed
within the Committee as to the treatment of individual cases, and we are aware
that our collective judgment results in some compromise decisions that may
ultimately prove wrong. In cases in which we felt reasonable doubt or in which
contemporary authorities disagree, we have cited alternative opinions.

Superspecies. The study of allopatric taxa has made it clear that two or more
such taxa may represent similar but distinct species of relatively recent mono-
phyletic origin which are much more closely related to each other than to any
other species. It is useful and informative to call attention to the particularly close
relationship of such a group or groups of species within the genus. For this purpose
we employ the category of superspecies, defined as a group of entirely or essentially
allopatric populations that have differentiated into distinct biological species from
a common ancestor. The species comprising a superspecies are called allospecies.
This definition is essentially that of Amadon (1966, Syst. Zool., 15, pp. 246-249),
who traced the history of the concept and discussed its utility. The superspecies
category does not require new names or formal taxonomic description. In the
“Notes” section of the accounts of allospecies, we have indicated those groups of
species that appear to constitute superspecies as defined above.

A single example may help to clarify the Committee’s approach in dealing with
subspecies, species and superspecies. The genus Sphyrapicus (Picidae), comprising
the sapsuckers, is a well-characterized genus with six taxa in at least two and
possibly as many as four species. Sphyrapicus thyroideus is a distinct species which
has been separated into two slightly different subspecies, S. t. thyroideus and S.
t. nataliae. No modern authority considers these anything more than subspecies,
and thus they are not individually mentioned or discussed in the Check-list. The
fifth edition recognized only one other species, Sphyrapicus varius, divided into
five subspecies: S. v. varius, S. v. appalachiensis, S. v. nuchalis, S. v. daggetti, and

X1V

S. v. ruber. Except for appalachiensis, which is but a weakly marked form of
varius, they differ sufficiently in color as to be (usually) recognizable in the field,
but they are extremely similar in behavior and ecology and, although essentially
allopatric, are known to interbreed to varying extents. For these reasons they were
considered a single polytypic species in the fifth edition. Studies since then have
confirmed that ruber and daggetti interbreed freely where their ranges meet, but
interbreeding otherwise varies from moderate over a narrow zone of contact
(nuchalis and daggetti, nuchalis and ruber) to very rarely or not at all (varius and
nuchalis, varius and ruber) in some other areas. The Committee considered a mass
of complex evidence and decided (not unanimously) to recognize two species,
Sphyrapicus varius (consisting of S. v. varius and S. vy. nuchalis) and Sphyrapicus
ruber (consisting of S. r. ruber and S. r. daggetti). We have noted that these are
considered conspecific by some authorities, and that others would also recognize
nuchalis as a distinct species. Sphyrapicus ruber and S. varius are considered to
be allospecies of a superspecies, and if nuchalis is recognized as specifically distinct
it would also be included as an allospecies. S. thyroideus, which is widely sympatric
with the other forms in western North America, is not included in the superspecies.

Amadon (/oc. cit.) proposed that superspecies status be symbolized by putting
in brackets, following the name of the genus, the chronologically first-named
species in the group of allospecies. The Committee endorses this procedure for
well-studied cases, especially in simple lists; practical considerations preclude its
usage in this Check-list. In the bracketing system, the species in the genus Sphy-
rapicus would be listed as follows:

Sphyrapicus [varius] varius
Sphyrapicus [varius] ruber
Sphyrapicus thyroideus.

Genera. The definition of a genus used by the Committee is: a group of species
of common phylogenetic origin that are more closely related to one another than
to any others and that differ from others by a decided gap. Ifa single species differs
markedly from any others, it may constitute a monotypic genus. The limits of
genera cannot be defined except by arbitrary criteria, yet many subjectively or
arbitrarily defined genera appear to represent natural monophyletic assemblages.
The accurate determination of generic limits is inherently one of the most difficult
problems in taxonomy, but the Committee has attempted to follow certain guide-
lines in making its decisions. We have sought particularly to recognize as genera
those species or groups of species that have reached different adaptive plateaus
with the potential for further diversification in other evolutionary directions. We
have adopted a middle course, avoiding recognition of monotypic genera that do
not appear to meet this criterion but also avoiding submergence of adaptively
distinct forms into large genera, thus obscuring their distinctiveness. We have also
exercised practical judgment in some cases by recognizing more than one genus
in very large groups of species which, even though there seem to be intermediate
forms, appear to fall into two or more natural assemblages. For example, the
parrot genera Aratinga and Ara are large and distinct multispecies groups, but the
differences between them appear to be bridged by one or two species with inter-
mediate characteristics. In our judgment, merging these genera would neither more
accurately represent nor enhance understanding of the apparent relationship be-
tween them. We have placed them adjacent in sequence and noted that they are
closely related. We have also retained the extinct monotypic genus Conuropsis,

as some potentially important characteristics must remain unknown, ee: have
noted its apparent close relationship to Aratinga.

Sequences of genera and species. The 17th point of the “plan and form” of the
first edition called for sequences that “begin with the lowest or most generalized
type, and end with the highest or most specialized.” This was probably intended
to refer to higher categories, but the principle can be logically extended to the
lower ranking taxa as well. There are two obvious major problems in following
this procedure: first, determining which taxa are more generalized and which more
specialized; second, expressing this 1n a linear sequence of names. In attempting
to decide sequences of generalized or primitive to specialized or derived, the
Committee has followed what it considers to be the best published evidence and
its own judgment. In many cases we simply lack sufficient evidence to make sound
inferences about the phylogenetic history of a given taxon. The living forms may
show a confusing mixture of presumably primitive and derived characters rather
than a clear evolutionary trend. In the course of avian evolution there have been
numerous and repeated branchings; even if these were all perfectly known, they
could not be clearly represented by a linear sequence of names. We have attempted
to cluster together those taxa which seem to be more closely related to one another
than to any others, and within and among clusters have attempted to approximate
a primitive to derived sequence. For example, the evolution of three contemporary
species in the genus Sphyrapicus can be represented by the following diagram:

varius ruber thyroideus

We further propose that varius is closest to the probable ancestral stock and that
thyroideus is a more highly derived form whose ancestors diverged at an earlier
time than those of ruber, which shares more derived characters with varius. The
linear sequence that most closely represents this view is varius-ruber-thyroideus,
but we do not intend to suggest thereby that thyroideus is derived from ruber-like
ancestors. An alternative arrangement that lists thyroideus first would suggest that
it was the most primitive, not the most derived form. When there is no convincing
evidence for placing one taxon before or after another, we have either followed
conventional arrangements or altered these somewhat to allow grouping of taxa
that seem to show a primitive-derived sequence. When we found no secure basis
for a primitive-derived sequence of species within a genus, we have followed the
most widely used conventional geographic sequence of species, with roughly the
northernmost form listed first and the southernmost last, or from west to east if
the division of ranges is more oriented to that axis.

A frequently encountered problem in attempting to reflect primitive-derived
sequences in a check-list occurs when a sequence is traced from a presumably
primitive form to the end of a chain of related taxa, whereupon it becomes
necessary to return to a second such chain, derived from the same or similar
primitive taxa, and follow it out the same way. This procedure results in the
admittedly awkward juxtaposition of a more derived taxon and a relatively prim-
itive one in the sequence. For example, in the Carduelinae, a phyletic line of
medium-sized finches is followed from the primitive rosy-finches (Leucosticte) to
the highly derived crossbills (Loxia). The next form in the Check-list sequence is
the Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea). This is not meant to suggest that we

XV1

believe Carduelis to be derived from Loxia or Loxia-like ancestors; we regard
the Common Redpoll as the most primitive (within our area) of a second phyletic
line that also arose from primitive medium-sized finches. This line is followed
through the derived Serinus, where it terminates. The remaining genera, Pyrrhula
and Coccothraustes, are both primarily Old World derivatives of still other phyletic
lines originating from primitive carduelines. As listed in a Check-list sequence,
the most derived species of one phyletic line thus immediately precedes the most
primitive species of another line derived from a common ancestor.

Higher categories. Probably not since the time of the third edition, in which
the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature chose not to use Gadow’s
relatively new system, has a Committee been faced with so many proposals for
radical changes in the systematics of higher categories. As background on the bases
for earlier arrangements, the historical introductions to avian classification in
papers by Sibley (1970, Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., 32, pp. 1-131) and Sibley
and Ahlquist (1972, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., 39, pp. 1-276) provide an excellent
review. Since publication of the fifth edition (and even before), the traditional
arrangement of higher categories has been challenged at many points. In some
cases the recent challenges have been based on new data, in others on new methods
and philosophies of classification. The new data stem from discoveries in mor-
phology and paleontology, biochemistry, genetics, behavior and related fields. The
new methods and philosophies include numerical taxonomy (phenetics) and phy-
logenetic systematics (cladistics). We will not attempt to review all of these subjects
and their consequences, a task that would require at least another volume. The
virtues and shortcomings of the different methods and philosophies are being
hotly debated in journals and symposia at the present time, and only true believers
on the various sides consider the issues to be settled. Systematic revisions based
on interpretations of new data, along with counter-proposals based on different
data, are more frequent than ever. The dilemma that this poses for the Committee
is well illustrated by the case of the flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). In the fifth
edition, this group comprised a suborder Phoenicopteri in the order Ciconiiformes.
This suborder was placed last in sequence, just before the Anseriformes, reflecting
a belief that the flamingos also showed a close relationship to the latter. Subse-
quently, biochemical data from egg-white protein analysis were adjudged to sup-
port that classification, or at least not to refute it. An alternative arrangement was
the placement of the flamingos in a separate order Phoenicopteriformes, indicative
of their distinctiveness and the uncertainty as to their closest relationships. More
recently, fossil evidence and anatomical studies led to various proposals, first that
flamingos and anseriforms had a common ancestry, then that both those groups
were derived from primitive charadriiform stock (with no close relationship to
the Ciconiiformes), and next that the Phoenicopteridae be considered a family
within the Charadriiformes, closest to the Recurvirostridae. The issue remains
controversial. We cite this case not as a horrible example of unwelcome change
but as a good example of how science advances— by the proposal of new hypotheses
based on new evidence, and the testing of these for validity in the light of the
same or different evidence. We feel, as stated earlier, that the Check-list is not
the appropriate place for the testing of boldly innovative ideas in systematics and
that the Committee’s best course in this case is to retain the flamingos as a separate
order, noting that their relationships remain uncertain and citing other treatments.

In other cases, there appears to be consensus for change from tradition. For
example, the penguins (Sphenisciformes) were formerly placed at the beginning

XVil

of the sequence of Neognathae, implying that they were the most primitive living
forms within that superorder. The present consensus is that the penguins are a
specialized group derived from a volant marine ancestor and are best placed
following the Procellariiformes.

A particular difficulty for the Committee was the arrangement and content of
the families of passeriform birds, a matter that is still in ferment. The fourth and
fifth editions both used the same arrangement of passerine families, and many
ornithologists over several generations have come to think of that arrangement
as standard. The Committee feels that the evidence has become overwhelmingly
strong for changes in the traditional system even though all the issues are by no
means settled. The major changes from either the fifth edition or general usage
that are adopted in the sixth edition are described below, in the sequence in which
they occur in the list.

1. The genera Attila, Rhytipterna, Laniocera, Pachyramphus (including Pla-
typsaris) and Tityra (including Erator) are transferred from the Cotingidae to the
Tyrannidae.

2. The genera Auriparus and Psaltriparus are removed from the Paridae and
placed in the families Remizidae and Aegithalidae, respectively. Relationships of
these chiefly Old World families remain uncertain; they follow the Paridae only
because compelling evidence for their proper placement is not yet available.

3. The monotypic genus Donacobius is transferred from the Mimidae to the
Troglodytidae.

4. A large family Muscicapidae is recognized, including in our area the subfam-
ilies Sylviinae, Muscicapinae, Monarchinae, Turdinae and Timaliinae, most of
which were formerly regarded as families. The genus Chamaea, formerly placed
in the monotypic family Chamaeidae, is included in the Timaliinae.

5. The Vireolaniinae and Cyclarhinae, formerly given family rank, are included
as subfamilies in the Vireonidae.

6. A large family Emberizidae is recognized, including the following divisions:

Subfamily Parulinae (formerly family Parulidae), including the genus Zele-
donia (formerly in the monotypic family Zeledoniidae);

Subfamily Coerebinae, including only the genus Coereba, the former family
Coerebidae being considered polyphyletic and other genera formerly included in
it now being placed in either the Thraupinae or Emberizinae;

Subfamily Thraupinae, including the tribes Thraupini (including most genera
in the former families Thraupidae and Coerebidae) and Tersini (formerly the
monotypic family Tersinidae);

Subfamily Cardinalinae, formerly the subfamily Richmondeninae of the fam-
ily Fringillidae, but with Tiaris transferred to the Emberizinae;

Subfamily Emberizinae, including the Emberizinae of the fifth edition plus
Sporophila, Tiaris and other genera of the Emberizinae as used in Volume XIII
of Peters’ ““Check-list of Birds of the World” (also including Diglossa and Eu-
neornis, of the former Coerebidae):

Subfamily Icterinae, formerly the family Icteridae.

7. The family Fringillidae is revised to include the following divisions: Subfam-
ily Fringillinae, including only the genus Fringilla; Subfamily Carduelinae, in-
cluding the Carduelinae of the fifth edition plus Serinus, and excluding Sporophila;
and Subfamily Drepanidinae (formerly the family Drepanididae).

8. The family Passeridae is recognized, in the Check-list area including only
the introduced species of Passer, formerly included in the Ploceidae.

9. The family Ploceidae is represented in the Check-list area only by the in-

XVII

troduced species of Ploceus and Euplectes. Several introduced species, not listed
in previous editions, were formerly placed in the family Ploceidae but are here
assigned to the family Estrildidae.

10. The family Estrildidae, including the subfamilies Estrildinae and Viduinae,
is represented in the Check-list area by several introduced species.

Classifications similar to the above are used in most recent comprehensive
taxonomic works; the major differences among these are in the placement of
relatively few genera and in the ranking of taxa as families, subfamilies or tribes.

The Committee feels that this arrangement expresses probable relationships
much better than the traditional system and that the changes are necessary and
desirable, although we recognize that new evidence will surely require modification
of it. Other proposed changes will doubtless be validated in the future. In order *
to meet publications schedules, we have fixed 31 December 1981 as the latest
date of publication of proposals for systematic changes to be considered by the
Committee.

At the time of this writing, Joel Cracraft (1981, Auk, 98, pp. 681-714) has
published a new classification of birds of the world down to the level of tribes,
based on principles of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics); Cracraft points out
that many of his proposals are tentative and intended to stimulate further testing.
A series of papers by Charles G. Sibley (and co-authors) appearing in late 1981
and early 1982, with others in prospect, revises avian classification largely on the
basis of data obtained from DNA-DNA hybridization. Many parts of these au-
thors’ new classifications differ considerably from each other and from those used
in most current references, including the present Check-list. Adoption by the
Committee of any or all of these major changes would be premature, as the
Committee’s publication deadline does not allow sufficient time for critical eval-
uation to be published; we can only recommend serious consideration of these
new proposals in the future.

In summary, our interpretation of the original charge that the Check-list should
represent “‘a classification as well as a nomenclature of the birds” is that it should
constitute both a workable and a working hypothesis of avian systematics. By our
recognition of the included taxa and our grouping and sequencing of them, we
hypothesize a set of relationships and phylogenetic events. We have also attempted
to point out the cases of greatest uncertainty and controversy, indicating alternative
hypotheses that may be considered. We wish our hypothesis to be workable, in
the sense of providing a classification that is as close as possible to a consensus
of the views of authorities respected for their work in avian systematics, so that
other scientists and interested persons in all fields may use it with reasonable
confidence as a standard reference. While the Check-list should be authoritative,
it should never be considered sacrosanct. The collective opinion of a committee
frequently tends toward conservatism and tradition, which helps to avoid the risk
of eccentricity or hasty and premature judgments but may result in overreluctance
to accept new ideas. We also wish to have our classification regarded and evaluated
as a working hypothesis—a set of proposals to be challenged and vigorously tested,
then supported, modified, or rejected and replaced, all to the ultimate advancement
of ornithological knowledge.

FORMAT

The basic format of the Check-list consists of headings of systematic categories
above the species level (class to subgenus) and, following the heading for genus

X1X

(or subgenus, if any), accounts of species included therein. The species accounts
include the scientific name, the preferred English name, the original citation and
type locality, a general summary of the habitat(s) occupied, the geographical dis-
tribution, and, when necessary, notes on relevant matters not covered in the
foregoing. Fossil records are not listed; these may be found in Pierce Brodkorb’s
‘Catalogue of Fossil Birds” (1963-1978, Bull. Fla. State Mus., Biol. Sci.). Policies
followed for each of the portions of the species accounts are discussed beyond.

CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION

All species for which there is a published record of occurrence within the Check-
list area are included, either in the main text or in the appendices. In general, only
records which appeared in print by 31 December 1981 have been considered,
although unpublished records new to the area have been included if the Committee
was able to verify them. Records of occurrence within 160 kilometers (100 miles)
offshore from any coast within the Check-list area are included unless the locality
of the records lies outside the specified limits of that area. For example, no records
of occurrence west of the United States-Russian boundary in the Bering Sea region
are included even though these could be less than 160 kilometers from U.S.
territory, but records within 160 kilometers of the Hawaiian Islands are included.

For inclusion of a species in the main text, records of occurrence must be
documented either by a specimen or an unequivocally identifiable photograph. A
recording of vocalizations diagnostic for a species could constitute equally valid
documentation, but there are no cases in which inclusion in the Check-list is based
solely on a recorded vocalization. Specimens provide by far the best evidence as
they can be re-examined in many ways and may yield valuable data beyond a
simple record of occurrence, but collecting of specimens is not always possible,
practical or advisable. Photographs, preferably published, are the next best kind
of evidence, and several species are included on the basis of photographic doc-
umentation. Much of the distributional data for species whose occurrence in the
Check-list area is well documented is based on sight records. Distributional records
based on band recoveries are treated in the same manner as observational records.
Where such reports significantly extend the otherwise known range of a species,
the nature of the record is specified in the text.

Established introductions. Introduced species (deliberate or inadvertent) are
deemed to be established if there are persistent records for at least 10 years and
satisfactory evidence of maintaining a reasonably stable or increasing population
through successful reproduction. Dates of first introduction are given when known
with reasonable certainty. All such established introduced species are included in
the appropriate place in the main text.

Appendix A. Species recorded in the Check-list area only on the basis of ob-
servation are listed in Appendix A. The Committee recognizes that sight records,
as they are usually called, can be as satisfactory as photographs for records of
occurrence, and that many regional organizations have rigorous standards of ac-
ceptance for sightings. Unfortunately, not all sight records can be satisfactorily
evaluated, and even some published sightings are rejected by groups concerned
with validation of regional lists. The Committee could not assume the enormous
task of evaluating all published sight records and decided that its best course was
to place in Appendix A all species whose occurrence within our area is based
entirely on observational data accepted by the appropriate regional group. The
scientific and English names for these species are also included in the main text

in brackets, with reference to Appendix A, at the appropriate place in the species
sequence. Observational records considered noteworthy and valid are included in
the species accounts in the primary list for those species that are also documented
by specimens or photographs. However, Appendix A does not include records of
occurrence that appear to be human-assisted in any important way; these are
treated in other appendices.

Appendix B. This appendix is roughly equivalent to the single hypothetical list
of earlier editions of the Check-list. Included in Appendix B are all species that
are no longer accepted in the main text; see p. 777 for detailed criteria. The scientific
and English names are included in the main text (in brackets) at the appropriate
place in the species sequence, with reference to Appendix B.

Appendix C. This appendix includes forms of doubtful identity or of hybrid
origin that have been given a formal scientific name. Forms of doubtful identity
are those such as Audubon’s Sylvia carbonata, which cannot be identified as
belonging to any known species and of which no specimens exist, or those based
on unique type specimens, such as Emberiza townsendi. These species do not
appear in the main text but are indexed.

Appendix D. This appendix provides a simple list of deliberately introduced
species or escaped captives of which there are records but that are deemed neither
to have become established nor of sufficient importance to warrant treatment in
Appendix B. They do not appear in the main text.

A.O.U. NUMBERS

The policy of providing A.O.U. Numbers for species is continued (see discussion
on p. 797 preceding the List of A.O.U. numbers).

NAMES

Scientific names. The Check-list follows the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology, July 1958,
effective on date of publication 6 November 1961, and subsequent amendments
approved by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Unset-
tled questions on nomenclature are discussed in the Notes sections under the
relevant taxonomic category.

Each scientific name is followed by the original citation journal abbreviations
in accordance with the BIOSIS List of Serials), the originally designated type
locality, and any valid emendations or restrictions of the latter by subsequent
revisers. The Committee has checked most but not all the citations in the original
publications; scholars for whom these data are critical are advised to consult
original sources.

English names. The Committee follows the policy guidelines of Eisenmann
(1955, Trans. Linn. Soc. N.Y., 7, pp. 1-128) and Eisenmann in Meyer de Schauen-
see’s ‘““The Species of Birds of South America and Their Distribution” (1966) in
regard to choice of names. With respect to orthography and related matters, we
follow Cheesman and Oehser (1937, Auk, 54, pp. 333-340) and Parkes (1978,
Auk, 95, pp. 324-326). Opinions were sought and received from the Check-list
Committee of the American Birding Association and others with a major interest
in English names, and we appreciate their cooperation and detailed analysis of
English name problems. There is much concern about changes in both scientific
and English names of birds. However, absolute stability is not possible in either

Xxi

set of names. Progress in systematic ornithology often dictates changes in scientific
names in accordance with nomenclatural codes, and a broadening world-wide
experience with birds has indicated that some changes in English names help to
avoid confusion and promote uniformity.

In general, the policy guidelines are as follows:

1. Retain well established names for well known and widely distributed species,
even if the group name or a modifier is not precisely accurate, universally appro-
priate, or descriptively the best possible. For example, the group names flycatcher,
warbler and oriole are applied to New World species that are not confamilial with
Old World taxa to which these same English group names are applied, but in both
areas the names are so well established and the differences in relationship so well
known that there is little confusion. Species such as the Common Tern are not
everywhere “common,” the Tennessee Warbler occurs in many other areas, and
the Purple Finch is more red than purple. Changing such long established names
would only contribute to confusion, not lessen it.

2. For species or groups with extensive extralimital distributions, use English
names that are generally accepted on a world-wide basis, provided that such a
name does not duplicate another well-established one and is not otherwise in-
appropriate. For example, we have adopted ““Common Moorhen” for Gallinula
chloropus and ““moorhen” as the group name for all species of Gallinula, and
likewise have adopted “harrier” as the group name for hawks of the genus Circus.
These group names have long been established for these widely distributed forms
in the rest of the English-speaking world. In a few cases of widely distributed
species having long established, perhaps equally appropriate names in North
America and in Eurasia (such as “Oldsquaw”’ and “Long-tailed Duck,” respec-
tively, for Clangula hyemalis), we have retained the American name.

3. Use modifiers for all single-word or group names that are applied to more
than one species. For example, Gray Catbird, not simply Catbird, is used for
Dumetella carolinensis, as the closely-related Melanoptila glabrirostris is called
the Black Catbird. Troglodytes troglodytes is usually known as “The Wren” in
English-speaking regions of the Old World where it is the only species of wren
present; this unmodified name is inappropriate for the Check-list area, where there
are other congeneric and confamilial species known as wrens. In general, modifiers
that are comparative terms should have parallel construction, as in Greater Yel-
lowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) and Lesser Yellowlegs (7. flavipes); however, we
have not rigidly adhered to this policy in cases of well established names such as
Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fus-
cus).

4. In the New World tropics there are many species for which there are no well
established English names. Some earlier authors of reference works on Neotropical
birds knew some species only from a few study skins and coined names that often
proved seriously inappropriate in the light of later knowledge. Previously pub-
lished names should be used, however, if they are reasonably appropriate and/or
well established. We have followed Eisenmann (/oc. cit.) and Eisenmann in Meyer
de Schauensee (/oc. cit.) in conserving such names and in adopting newer ones to
replace those that were not well established and were also descriptively inaccurate
or suggested wrong relationships or distributions, or were obscure and uninfor-
mative patronyms. A new name should be informative about some distinctive
aspect of the bird’s appearance, habits, relationships or distribution, or some
combination of these that is not too lengthy. For example, we have adopted

XXil

Chihuahuan Raven for Corvus cryptoleucus, a name suggested to us by several
persons; normally, we would not replace a well known name such as White-necked
Raven, no matter how inappropriate, but our policy would require the additional
modifier ““American” (because of an African species by the same name), producing
a name cumbersome as well as inappropriate.

5. When two taxa previously recognized as different species with different En-
glish names are merged, a name applicable to both is needed. If neither taxon has
an English name that is suitable for both, a new name must be provided. The few
such names proposed by the Committee are intended to be informative rather
than fanciful. For example, the taxa listed in the fifth edition as the Myrtle Warbler
(Dendroica coronata) and Audubon’s Warbler (D. auduboni) are considered con-
specific in this Check-list under the scientific name D. coronata, which has priority.
The preferred English name is Yellow-rumped Warbler, which has been used in
recent years in most publications; this name is equally descriptive of all popula-
tions of both forms. Where we have merged two or more forms or divided one
form into two or more, we have in the “Notes” section suggested appropriate
English names for the taxa if treated in the other mode.

6. Vernacular names derived from a language other than English may be adopt-
ed when these are well established and not inappropriate. Many well known names
are, of course, derived from classical or other European languages and some are
based on verbal names from unwritten native languages. The endemic Hawaiian
avifauna includes many species for which Hawaiian-language names are well
established and used in English-language publications. We have generally followed
authorities on Hawaiian birds in the use of these names, but for species belonging
to widespread groups, we have chosen English names that we felt were more
informative (e.g., Hawaiian Goose instead of Nene, Hawaiian Crow instead of
Alala).

We are fully aware that it is impossible to achieve universal agreement on the
best choices for English names, and some differences in preference are inevitable.
The Committee hopes that its choices will be acceptable to those who use primarily
English names; those requiring greater uniformity may use Linnaean nomencla-
ture.

HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION

Habitat. This section is intended to provide a concise overview of the kinds of
habitats characteristically occupied by a given species. At the very least, this
Overview gives an indication of whether the species has broad or limited envi-
ronmental tolerances, of its altitudinal range if relevant, and of the vegetational
association usually frequented. The descriptions of habitats use similar phrasing
but are not standardized. For many species detailed data on habitat occupancy
can be found in regional works and monographs, especially those dealing with the
Temperate Zone, and we have not attempted to be similarly exhaustive. For many
other species, especially those in tropical regions, the range of habitats occupied
is familiar only to specialists or little known to anyone. We believe that even
generalized habitat information in conjunction with geographic range allows a
better perception of the spatial and ecological distribution of a species than is
otherwise possible, and for that reason we have included both kinds of data. If
deficiencies in knowledge of habitat occupancy are made evident by the Check-
list and this stimulates further study, so much the better.

XXil1

Many tropical regions include a range of altitudes that support tropical, sub-
tropical, temperate and paramo zones, and in such cases the zones occupied by
a species are indicated with capital letters (e.g., Subtropical Zone). As the altitu-
dinal limits of such zones vary with local conditions and especially with latitude,
we use the designation ““Zone” in a general sense and follow the approximations
suggested by Meyer de Schauensee in ““A Guide to the Birds of South America”
(1970, p. xii) converted to metric units. These are: Tropical Zone, sea level to
1450-1600 m; Subtropical Zone, 1450-1600 to 2400-2800 m; Temperate Zone,
2400-2800 to 3000-3800 m; Paramo Zone, 3000-3800 m to snow line, if present.
For migratory species, any distinct differences in habitats used for breeding and
for wintering have been indicated in a general way. Emphasis is on the breeding
habitat, particularly if the species is widely dispersed in a variety of habitats in
winter or if the wintering habitat is poorly known.

Distribution. Geographic ranges are described in detail with the intent of leaving
no doubt as to whether or not a species has been recorded within a particular
geographic entity, down to the level of states or provinces in large countries and
to portions of such units if they, too, are large. Such detailed range accounts are
given only for regions within the Check-list area; detailed extralimital ranges are
not given as these are better provided in works dealing specifically with those
areas.

The Committee considered at length the use of maps to designate ranges for all
or most of the included species and reluctantly concluded that this was not feasible
within the constraints of time and budget. Written descriptions can be altogether
sufficient for ranges of species confined to islands or isolated montane regions or
highly restricted lowland habitats. Such descriptions are at least adequate for
species with ranges of limited geographic extent even if varied habitats are in-
cluded, but written descriptions do not provide the means for easy visualization
of the ranges of widely distributed continental species. Nevertheless, a written
description does provide the essential data for determining range (especially in
conjunction with habitat information), and one can readily ascertain if some
particular locality is within the overall distribution of the species.

The terms Gulf-Caribbean slope and Pacific slope are frequently used in the
distributional accounts of Middle American birds. Throughout most of Middle
America, there are mountain ranges that run generally parallel to the long axis of
mainland Middle America and divide it into two slopes. The direction of prevailing
winds from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea is roughly from northeast
to southwest, so that moisture carried by these winds tends to be precipitated in
lowlands on the Gulf-Caribbean side and in the mountains, leaving the Pacific
slope relatively dry. This condition prevails, in general, from tropical Mexico to
northern Costa Rica. The Gulf-Caribbean slope tends to be much wetter and to
support more humid forests than the Pacific slope, which tends toward desert in
northwestern Mexico and to thorn scrub and deciduous forest south to north-
western Costa Rica. Farther south, the axis of Middle America shifts to a more
east-west configuration, and humid conditions occur on both slopes, although
there are local areas of aridity. Especially from northern Costa Rica north through
tropical Mexico, many species are found only on either the wetter or the drier
slope. Belize lies entirely within the Caribbean slope, and El Salvador lies entirely
within the Pacific slope, which accounts for the absence of some latitudinally wide-
ranging species from one country or the other.

The sequence of localities in extensive geographic distributions within the Check-

XX1V

list area is as follows: northwest to northeast, defining the northern limit of the
range; then south to the southwestern limit and east to the southeastern limit,
defining the southern limit. A simplified example (omitting intermediate localities)
for a wide-ranging continental species would be from northern Alaska east to
Newfoundland, south to southern California, and east to the Atlantic coast of
Georgia. This system defines a roughly quadrangular space, and the intermediate
localities omitted in this example would fill in the details. Gaps or other com-
plexities within the circumscribed range are mentioned parenthetically. Extra-
limital ranges, if any, follow the same sequence of compass directions.

Many species have smaller or more complex ranges that do not even approx-
imate a quadrangle, but the same basic sequence of localities is used with mod-
ifications as needed. In Middle America many distributions follow the northwest
to southeast axis of the isthmus, and the descriptive sequence accords well with
this. This sequence is used purely for standardization and is not intended to suggest
the course of distributional history of the species.

In the Hawaiian Islands, the sequence of localities is from northwest to south-
east, roughly following the axis of the archipelago.

Ranges for intraspecific groups that are considered by some authors to represent
separate species are given separately for each “‘group.”’ For nonmigratory species,
the geographic area of known and regular residence (Resident heading) is described,
along with mention of any records of unusual occurrence outside that area. For
migratory species, the distribution is described under two headings: Breeds and
Winters, which are self-explanatory; in some cases where breeding and wintering
ranges Overlap, some sedentary (resident) populations of an otherwise migratory
species may be included. For species that have distinct and easily defined sedentary
populations (and especially if different “groups” are involved), separate breeding,
wintering and resident sections may be included within the limits of these ranges.
In migratory species in which breeding or wintering ranges do not encompass all
geographic areas where transients occur, a separate migration paragraph is added
following the wintering range section; it should be emphasized that this separate
statement is primarily for the purpose of adding these areas and, although occa-
sionally included for clarification of migratory patterns (especially if spring and
fall routes are different), its omission does not necessarily imply absence of mi-
gration. These sections are followed by any records of casual or accidental oc-
currence outside the usual range.

For each species recorded in the Check-list area only accidentally, there is a a
brief and combined Habitat & Distribution account, followed by specific record(s)
and citations pertaining to the Check-list area; species of casual occurrence are
treated similarly, but citations are not given. For species listed in Appendices A,
B and C, only those distributional data relevant to the actual or supposed occur-
rence of the species within the Check-list area are given.

“Accidental” is applied to a species whose inclusion is based on one or two
(rarely more) records and which, on grounds of reasonable probability, is literally
accidental within the Check-list area and unlikely to occur there regularly. An
example is Fregata ariel, a tropical pelagic bird of the Southern Hemisphere that
has been recorded in Maine.

“‘Casual” is applied to a species whose inclusion is based on two or a few records,
not enough to constitute regular occurrence but for which subsequent records are
not improbable. Examples would be some of the Siberian species recorded in the
westernmost Aleutians, not far off their usual migration routes.

XXV

Geographic names. It is a practical impossibility to name all the localities re-
ferred to in the Check-list in the language of their country. It is not even practical
to attempt complete consistency in the use of a given language; translating all
names into English, for example, would lead to absurdities. The principal languages
used within the Check-list area are English and Spanish, but there are a few
localities where the official language is French or Dutch. The Committee’s general
policy is to give English place names for large geographical units (countries and
larger), large physical features (major mountain ranges, islands, oceans, etc., es-
pecially ifinternational in scope), and for other places with well established English
names or spellings; examples include Germany (not Deutschland), Brazil (not
Brasil), Mexico (not México), Panama (not Panama), Mexico City (not Ciudad
de México), the Isle of Pines (not Isla de Pinos) and the Caribbean Sea (not Mar
Caribe). For smaller political units (states and smaller) and smaller geographical
features (small islands, mountains, streams, etc.), place names are generally given
in the language of the country (including appropriate diacritical marks); examples
include Volcan Irazt (Costa Rica), Isla Tiburén (off Sonora) and Darién (province
in Panama). In the case of state or province names that are the same as a larger
political unit, the words “‘state of’ or ““province”’ are added for further clarification;
examples include the state of México (in Mexico), the state of Yucatan (on the
Yucatan Peninsula), and Panama province (in Panama). In a few cases we attempt
to conform to common usage as it appears in well known regional works: for
example, in recent West Indian publications by James Bond, San Andrés, Prov-
idencia and St. Barthélemy are used instead of St. Andrew, Old Providence and
St. Bartholomew islands, respectively, and we follow that format. In cases where
various choices are available, we have referred to the Atlas Plate series of the
National Geographic Society and followed the etymology therein.

Any policy is bound to involve compromises and exceptions that will not find
unanimous favor. Our objective is to adopt names that will be clearly recognized
and understood, regardless of language, by the greatest number of potential users
of the list rather than to achieve a multilingual check-list. In no sense are we
proposing a standardized format for place names within the area covered.

PROCEDURE AND FUTURE NEEDS

Following the publication of the fifth edition, a Special Committee to Study
Problems Relating to Avian Classification and the A.O.U. Check-list was estab-
lished in 1960, consisting of Alden H. Miller (Chairman), Dean Amadon, W. Earl
Godfrey, George H. Lowery, Jr., and Robert W. Storer. Asa result of their findings,
the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature was reestablished in 1962 for
the purpose of producing the sixth edition of the Check-list; Miller was named as
Chairman, and in 1963, Amadon, Emmet R. Blake, Eugene Eisenmann, Ned K.
Johnson, Lowery, Storer and Harrison B. Tordoff were named as members. After
Miller’s death in 1965, Lowery was appointed Chairman Pro-tem. In 1966, Ei-
senmann was named Chairman and Thomas R. Howell and Kenneth C. Parkes
were added to the Committee, bringing the total membership to nine. Richard C.
Banks replaced Tordoff, who resigned in 1972. In 1975, Parkes was named Vice-
Chairman, and Lester L. Short was added to the Committee (and appointed
Secretary) to replace Amadon, who had resigned. In 1976, Blake resigned and was
replaced by Burt L. Monroe, Jr.; Lowery resigned in 1977 for reasons of health
and was not replaced. In 1972, Lloyd F. Kiff began preparing a file of distributional

XXV1

records for the Committee, and his extensive data were later given to Monroe for
use in preparation of the species accounts.

In the final years of the Committee’s activities, the preparation of the manuscript
by Monroe was the major factor ensuring production of the Check-list within the
proposed time. The accuracy and consistency of the text reflect his time-consuming
writing, proof-reading, checking of details, and handling of correspondence within
and outside the Commitee, made possible through the generous allowance of time
for these activities by the administration of the University of Louisville.

From 1977 through 1981, the Committee, consisting of Eisenmann, Banks,
Howell, Johnson, Monroe, Parkes, Short and Storer, produced the final manuscript
for the sixth edition. Each member had been assigned certain families and was
charged with preparing a list of the included taxa in a preferred sequence, with
rationale and discussion about controversial points. This required evaluation of
the validity of all the taxa from the family to the species (including the informal
category of superspecies) and evaluation of the status of taxa regarded as either
species or subspecies by different authors. When the available data were inadequate
to permit an estimate of a primitive to derived sequence, conventional arrange-
ments were followed. The completed list and a memorandum discussing the basis
for the arrangement were circulated to the entire Committee for review. Any
matters of disagreement were discussed, and advice of specialists outside the
Committee was solicited whenever appropriate. Differences of opinion were de-
cided by majority vote of the Committee.

The preliminary and final drafts of the systematic and distributional parts of
the Check-list, from higher categories to species accounts (including original ci-
tations, habitat description, geographic ranges and notes), as well as appendices
A-C, the section on A.O.U. numbers, and the index, were prepared by Monroe;
Howell composed the original draft of the Preface, and Banks and Monroe com-
piled the material for inclusion in Appendix D. Drafts of the species accounts
were prepared and circulated to the Committee for criticism, and the substantive
changes proposed were discussed in correspondence and at meetings and submitted
to a vote. Early accounts requiring major revision were rewritten and recirculated,
some groups going through as many as three preliminary drafts. A first draft of
the entire Check-list was completed by August 1980 and was circulated to regional
authorities and specialists in a variety of matters. Minor additions and corrections
were routinely incorporated, but all substantive changes proposed were voted on
by the Committee. A second complete draft was prepared in December 1981, and
this and all still unresolved issues pertaining to the form and content of the list
were discussed and voted on at a meeting of the Committee in Louisville, Ken-
tucky, from 28 January to | February 1982.

Eisenmann as Chairman initiated the activities of the Committee, chaired its
meetings, guided discussions on policy, and participated as a working member,
sharing in all of the Committee’s functions. Short as Secretary took minutes and
kept records and assumed a large burden of responsibility for organizational mat-
ters as well as participating in all other Committee activities. Eisenmann died in
October 1981, and Monroe was appointed Acting Chairman to oversee the final
stages of Committee operation and publication of the Check-list.

The Committee was aided by information and advice from a large number of
people. The names of all those who contributed something of value to the list
would fill many pages, and the Committee acknowledges its debt to them and its
appreciation for their assistance. We especially wish to thank the major regional

XXV1i

reviewers (Keith A. Arnold, Andrew J. Berger, James Bond, Paul A. Buckley,
John Bull, Jon Dunn, Charles A. Ely, Kimball Garrett, Daniel D. Gibson, W. Earl
Godfrey, J. B. Gollop, George A. Hall, C. Stuart Houston, John P. Hubbard, H.
Lee Jones, Brina Kessel, Douglas P. Kibbe, Robert L. Pyle, J. Van Remsen, Robert
S. Ridgely, William B. Robertson, Arnold Small, Henry M. Stevenson, F. Gary
Stiles, Max C. Thompson and Glen E. Woolfenden).

At the conclusion of its task, the Committee realized once again that a check-
list of such magnitude will inevitably be incomplete or otherwise deficient in some
aspects of virtually all areas. Even our general policies will not be approved by
all potential users of the list. We offer the Check-list in its present form as a
document containing, we hope, the maximum amount of essential and useful data
for those seeking information on the systematics and distribution of birds within
the prescribed geographic area, considering the limits of time and budget and the
availability of data.

On the latter point, the Committee feels strongly and unanimously the need for
continued collection of specimens to resolve unsettled questions of relationship
and distribution. At the time of publication of the first A.O.U. Check-list, Amer-
ican ornithology was, in part, still in the pioneering stage, and specimens were
needed for correct identification and locality documentation. This is still the
situation in many areas included in the sixth edition, and in all regions specimens
provide the basic data for studies of systematics and distribution. However, sup-
port for such studies is only one reason for continued collecting. Properly prepared
and precisely labeled specimens are analogous to books in a library—some are
more important and useful than others, but every one has value, each contributes
to cumulative knowledge, and the whole constitutes an inexhaustible source of
information for researchers now and in the future. Contemporary research requires
specimens of many kinds, from traditional museum study skins and osteological
and preserved whole-body preparations to samples of organs, tissues, cells, se-
cretions, and intracellular structures and substances. Under the best of circum-
stances, a single specimen may provide data on all of these things. Fossil material
is of continuously increasing importance, as are specimens of eggs, embryos and
nests. Knowledge derived from specimens is essential to the accuracy and veri-
fiability of purely observational field studies, and even the conception and planning
of such studies require the data base provided by collections.

We wish to stress that judicious and ethical collecting is not only compatible
with wise management practices but is ultimately essential for effective programs
of wildlife conservation. Even with the most sophisticated instruments and math-
ematical procedures, analysis still requires sound original data. If data are not
already available, they must be obtained—in the field or laboratory, or both—
and collecting is an integral part of this process. The A.O.U. Committee on
Scientific and Educational Uses of Wild Birds (1975, Auk, 92, pp. 1A—27A)
proposed in its report a code of ethics for collectors, designed to prevent abuses
and to assure the protection of endangered populations. We emphasize that the
number of individual birds taken by scientific collecting in any given period of
time is infinitesimally small compared to the numbers lost through natural mor-
tality and human activities unrelated to ornithological research. The greatest threat
to avian survival is the alteration of environmental conditions and destruction of
habitats by man—primitive or technologically advanced—and the best hope for
countering this threat is the presentation of scientifically valid reasons for an
alternative course of action. We regard the advancement of ornithological knowl-

XXVili

edge to be of enormous importance for its inherent value and also for use in
planning the maintenance of environmental conditions that will enhance the qual-
ity of human life. We therefore support the continued acquisition of such knowIl-
edge through appropriate scientific means consistent with these goals.

Committee: EUGENE EISENMANN, Chairman
BurT L. MOnrROE, JR.,
Acting Chairman and
Editorial Coordinator
KENNETH C. PARKES, Vice-Chairman
LESTER L. SHORT, Secretary
RICHARD C. BANKS
THOMAS R. HOWELL
NED K. JOHNSON
ROBERT W. STORER
+ Deceased.

XXI1X

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THE CHECK-LIST: SPECIES

Class AVES: Birds
Subclass NEORNITHES: True Birds
Superorder PALEOGNATHAE: Ratites and Tinamous
Order TINAMIFORMES: Tinamous

Family TINAMIDAE: Tinamous

Genus TINAMUS Hermann

Tinamus Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., pp. 164, 235. Type, by
subsequent designation (Apstein, 1915), ““Le Magoua”’ Buffon = Tetrao
major Gmelin.

Tinamus major (Gmelin). GREAT TINAMOU.

Tetrao major Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 767. Based largely on ““Le
Magoua”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 507, pl. 24. (in Americae australis,
praesertim Cayennae et Gujanae = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Puebla and central Veracruz south
along the Gulf-Caribbean slope of northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, southern
Quintana Roo, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of
Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest) and Panama (except the drier central
regions), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia and central Brazil.

Genus NOTHOCERCUS Bonaparte
Nothocercus Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 881. Type, by
subsequent designation (Salvadori, 1895), Tinamus julius Bonaparte.
Nothocercus bonapartei (Gray). HIGHLAND TINAMOU.

Tinamus Bonapartei G. R. Gray, 1867, List Birds Br. Mus., pt. 5, p. 97.
(valley of Aragua, Venezuela.)

2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Humid foothill and montane forest, especially in ravines (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Guanacaste) and extreme western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui massif); and the
mountains from Colombia and western and northern Venezuela south through
Ecuador to northwestern Peru.

Genus CRYPTURELLUS Brabourne and Chubb

Crypturellus Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14,
p. 322. Type, by original designation, C. tataupa (Temminck) = Tinamus
tataupa Temminck.

Crypturellus soui (Hermann). LITTLE TINAMOU.

Tinamus soui Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 165. Based on “Le
Soui”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 512, and ““Le Soui ou Petit Tinamou,
de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 829. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid and subhumid forest edge, second growth, thickets, shrubbery
bordering cultivated fields, and overgrown pastures (Tropical and lower Subtrop-
ical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern Veracruz
and northern Oaxaca south through Tabasco, northern Chiapas, Campeche, south-
ern Quintana Roo, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes
of Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest) and Panama (including Isla del Rey in
the Pearl Islands, where probably introduced), and in South America (also Trin-
idad) from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to
western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and
central and southeastern Brazil.

Crypturellus cinnamomeus (Lesson). THICKET TINAMOU.

Tinamus (nothura) cinnamomea Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 210.
(La Union, Centre Amérique = La Union, El Salvador.)

Habitat.— Brushy forest edge, second growth, dense scrub and thickets, pri-
marily in semi-arid regions but locally entering humid lowland forest (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from central
Sinaloa south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste), and on the Gulf-Carib-
bean slope from eastern San Luis Potosi and northern Tamaulipas south to the
Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guatemala (Petén), Belize, and the interior valleys
of eastern Chiapas, central Guatemala and northern Honduras.

Notes.— Also known as RUFESCENT TINAMOU. C. cinnamomeus and C. boucardi,
while widely sympatric, hybridize along zones of habitat contact in the interior
of Honduras (see Monroe, 1968, A.O.U. Ornithol. Monogr., no. 7, p. 42). The
relationship of C. cinnamomeus to various South American forms remains uncer-
tain. Frequently, C. idoneus (Todd, 1919), an isolate in northeastern Colombia
and western Venezuela that is morphologically very similar, is treated as a sub-
species of C. cinnamomeus, but others have included idoneus and the Middle
American populations in a broader species, C. noctivagus (Wied, 1820), to include
nominate C. noctivagus of southeastern Brazil, C. atrocapillus (Tschudi, 1844) of

ORDER TINAMIFORMES 3

western Amazonia, C. duidae Zimmer, 1938, of the upper Orinoco, and other
related forms. More recently, a superspecies relationship of C. cinnamomeus (and
idoneus) with the wide-ranging, largely Amazonian C. undulatus (Temminck,
1815) has been suggested.

Crypturellus boucardi (Sclater). SLATY-BREASTED TINAMOU.

Tinamus boucardi (Sallé MS) Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 391.
(Playa Vicente and Teotalcingo = Teotalcingo, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, advanced second growth and bordering thickets (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Veracruz (Cerro de Tuxtla) south along
the Gulf-Caribbean slope of northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Quin-
tana Roo, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua to Costa Rica (to the
latitude of Puerto Limon, occurring also on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de
Guanacaste).

Notes.— Also known as BOUCARD’S TINAMOU. C. boucardi and C. kerriae are
closely allied and constitute a superspecies. The relationships of the northern
Colombian C. columbianus (Salvadori, 1895), variously treated as a separate
species, a race of C. boucardi, or a race of the South American C. erythropus
(Pelzeln, 1863), remain uncertain (see Blake, 1977, Man. Neotrop. Birds, 1, pp.
41-44). See also comments under C. cinnamomeus.

Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman). CHOCO TINAMOU.

Crypturus kerriae Chapman, 1915, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 636.
(Baudo, Choco, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill forest (upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Rio Mono to Cerro Quia
in southeastern Darién) and northwestern Colombia (foothills of the Serrania de
Baudo in Choco).

Notes.—See comments under C. boucardi.

Superorder NEOGNATHAE: Typical Birds

Order GAVITFORMES: Loons

Notes.— Evidence from fossils (Storer, 1956, Condor, 58, pp. 413-426) and
from egg-white proteins (Sibley and Ahlquist, 1972, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist.
Bull., 39, pp. 53-58) suggests that the loons’ closest living relatives are the Charad-
riiformes.

Family GAVIIDAE: Loons

Genus GAVIA Forster

Gavia J. R. Forster, 1788, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 38. Type, by subsequent
designation (Allen, 1908), Colymbus imber Gunnerus = Colymbus immer
Brinnich.

Notes.— Authors in the Old World use the group name Diver for this genus.

4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, has been frequently used in Old World literature for
Gavia but has now been suppressed (Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1956, Opin.
DecisRend> 135ps3):

Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). RED-THROATED LOON. [11.]

Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 621. Based on
Colymbus maximus stellatus Willughby, Ornithology, p. 256, pl. 62. (Tame
River, Warwickshire, England.)

Habitat.— Ponds and lakes in coastal and alpine tundra, and in coastal flats
south of tundra (breeding); primarily bays, seacoasts and estuaries, less frequently
on lakes and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from Arctic coasts and islands from
Alaska to Greenland, south along the Pacific coast through the Aleutian Islands
to the Queen Charlotte Islands and (formerly) Vancouver Island, in the interior
of the continent to central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, James Bay and (formerly) the north shore of Lake Superior,
and along the Atlantic coast to southeastern Quebec (including Anticosti Island),
Miquelon Island and northern Newfoundland (Ball Island); and in Eurasia from
Iceland and Arctic islands and coasts south to the British Isles, southern Scan-
dinavia, northern Russia, Lake Baikal, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Kamchatka
and the Commander Islands. Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in
northeastern Alberta and Newfoundland.

Winters in North America primarily along the Pacific coast south to northern
Baja California and northwestern Sonora, and on the Atlantic coast south to
Florida, ranging regularly to the Gulf coast of Florida; and in Eurasia south to
the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, and along the western Pacific coast
to China and Formosa.

Casual in inland areas of North America south through the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado and New Mexico, and in the eastern states to Texas and the Gulf
coast (sight reports for Arizona).

Gavia arctica (Linnaeus). ARCTIC LOON. [10.]

Colymbus arcticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 135. (Gn Europa
& America boreali = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes in tundra and taiga (breeding): primarily seacoasts, bays and
estuaries, less frequently on lakes and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds [pacifica group] in eastern Siberia from the Arctic coast
(west to the Indigirka River) south to Anadyrland, and in North America from
the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada, and Banks, Prince of Wales, Victoria and
northern Baffin islands, south to St. Lawrence Island, southern Alaska (the base
of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island), southwestern Yukon, southern Mac-
kenzie, northeastern Alberta, northern Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, Belcher
Islands and northwestern Quebec; [arctica group] in Eurasia from the British Isles
east across Arctic coasts to the Lena River, and south to southern Scandinavia,
central Russia and Lake Baikal; and [viridigularis group] in eastern Siberia (east
of arctica but not in the Arctic east of the Indigirka River) south to Transbaicalia,
Amurland, Sakhalin and Kamchatka, and in western Alaska in the Cape Prince
of Wales region. Recorded in summer and possibly breeding [pacifica group] in

ORDER GAVIIFORMES 5

northwestern British Columbia, northern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan,
and north to Melville Island.

Winters [pacifica group] south to Japan and along the Pacific coast of North
America south to southern Baja California and southern Sonora, casually in the
interior of western North America south to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas;
[arctica group] in Eurasia south to the Mediterranean, Black, Caspian and Aral
seas; and [viridigularis group] in Eurasia from the breeding range south to Man-
churia, Ussuriland, Japan and the Kurile Islands, probably also to Korea and
northern China, and casually in North America from western and southern Alaska
south to British Columbia.

Casual [pacifica group] in central and eastern North America from the Great
Lakes region, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Maine
south to the Gulf coast and southern Florida, most frequently recorded along the
Atlantic coast from Maine to New York (Long Island), also (group uncertain) in
the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu); and [arctica group] north to the Faroe Islands, Bear
Island and Spitsbergen.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as BLACK-THROATED DIVER. The pacif-
ica group is frequently treated as a separate species, G. pacifica (Lawrence, 1858)
[PAcIFIC Loon, 10], distinct from G. arctica [BLACK-THROATED LOON], because
of reported sympatric breeding in eastern Siberia and western Alaska; however,
since some specimens show intergradation between the pacifica and viridigularis
groups, treatment as a single species is continued. A few authors would also
consider G. viridigularis Dwight, 1918 [GREEN-THROATED Loon, 10.1], as a species
distinct from G. arctica, but intergradation of the two forms occurs widely in
eastern Siberia east of the Lena River and Lake Baikal.

Gavia immer (Briinnich). COMMON LOON. [7.]

Colymbus Immer Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 38. (Faeroes.)

Habitat.— Lakes and ponds, occasionally river banks, from tundra south to
coniferous forest in either open or wooded situations (breeding); primarily sea-
coasts, bays and estuaries, in migration regularly along lakes and rivers (non-
breeding).

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska (Seward Peninsula, west-
ern Aleutian Islands, and the Brooks Range), northern Yukon, northwestern and
southern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
southern Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland south to northern California
(at least formerly), northwestern Montana, North Dakota, northern Iowa, northern
Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, northern Pennsylvania, northern New
York, southern New England and Nova Scotia; also both coasts of Greenland,
Iceland, Scotland (in 1970) and (probably) Bear Island. Summers regularly outside
the breeding range south, at least casually, to southern California, Sonora, Texas
and the Gulf coast, and in northern Europe and on Jan Mayen.

Winters in North America primarily along the Pacific coast from the Aleutians
south to Baja California and Sonora, and along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from
Newfoundland south to southern Florida and west to southern Texas; and in the
western Palearctic along the Atlantic coast south to northwestern Africa, casually
to the eastern Atlantic islands and through Europe to the Mediterranean and Black
seas.

6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

In migration occurs on inland waters through most of the continental United
States.

Casual in Cuba (Havana).

Notes.—In the Old World known as GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. G. immer and
the closely related G. adamsii constitute a superspecies; they are considered con-
specific by some authors.

Gavia adamsii (Gray). YELLOW-BILLED LOON. [8.]

Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 167. (Rus-
sian America = Alaska.)

Habitat.— Tundra lakes (breeding); seacoasts, bays and estuaries, less frequently
on lakes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern and western Alaska
(south to St. Lawrence Island and the southern Seward Peninsula) east to Banks,
Victoria and Prince of Wales islands and northern Keewatin, and south to east-
central Mackenzie and east-central Keewatin; and in Eurasia from extreme north-
western Russia east to Siberia (including Novaya Zemlya). Summers outside the
breeding range east to northeastern Keewatin (Melville Peninsula) and northern
Baffin Island, and south to southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake) and southern
Keewatin.

Winters in North America along the Pacific coast of Alaska, casually south in
coastal areas to California and extreme northern Baja California, and inland to
Alberta; and in Eurasia in the breeding range, casually west to Greenland and
south to southern Europe, China, Korea and Japan.

Casual or accidental in Saskatchewan, Nevada (Lake Tahoe), Minnesota (Duluth
area) and New York (Long Island); a report from Colorado is based on a mis-
identified specimen of G. immer.

Notes.— Known in the Old World as WHITE-BILLED DIVER. See comments under
G. immer.

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES: Grebes

Notes.— The relationships of the grebes are uncertain. Their similarities with
the loons and fossil Hesperornithiformes are generally believed to be a result of
convergent evolution. According to Sibley and Ahlquist (1972, Peabody Mus.
Nat. Hist. Bull., 39, p. 58), the total available evidence indicates that the loons
and grebes, while members of the large complex of aquatic nonpasserine birds,
are probably more closely related to some other group than to each other.

Family PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes

Genus TACHYBAPTUS Reichenbach

Tachybaptus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. ii. Type, by
monotypy, Colymbus minor Gmelin = Colymbus ruficollis Pallas.

Limnodytes Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Tex., 1, p. 63; 2, p. 970. Type, by
original designation, Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus.

Notes.— For reasons for recognizing Tachybaptus as a genus distinct from Pod-
iceps, see Storer, 1976, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 18, pp. 113-126.

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES if

Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus). LEAST GREBE. [5.]

Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 223. Based on
“‘La Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 6, p. 64, pl.
5, fig. 2. (in Dominica = Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water lakes, streams, ponds, lagoons and temporary bodies of
water, generally in sluggish or quiet situations (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Baja California, Sinaloa, east-central and
southern Texas and the Bahamas (except Grand Bahama) south through most of
Middle America (including Cozumel Island), the Greater Antilles (east to Puerto
Rico, possibly the Virgin Islands) and South America (also Tobago and Trinidad)
to southern Peru and northern Argentina.

Casual north to southern California (bred once, Imperial Dam, 1946), southern
Arizona, Sonora, and central and eastern Texas. Accidental in Louisiana (Baton
Rouge), sight reports for Florida.

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson

Podilymbus Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 8, p. 595. Type, by mono-
typy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham = Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus). PIED-BILLED GREBE. [6.]

Colymbus Podiceps Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. Based on
“The Pied-Bill Dopchick”’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, p. 91, pl. 91. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, sluggish streams and marshes, in migration and winter
also in brackish bays and estuaries.

Distribution.— Breeds in southeastern Alaska (Copper River region, at least
formerly), and from southwestern and central British Columbia, south-central
Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, central
Ontario, southwestern Quebec, central Maine, southern New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island and Nova Scotia south locally through temperate North America,
Middle America, the West Indies and South America to central Chile and southern
Argentina (Chubut).

Winters through most of the breeding range from southern British Columbia
(west of the Rockies) and the central United States (east of the Rockies) southward,
casually farther north. Northern populations are migratory, at least in part, and
winter south to Panama; tropical populations are essentially sedentary.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands; north to southern Alaska, southern Yukon,
Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland; and on Bermuda. Accidental in Great
Britain and the Azores.

Notes.— P. podiceps and P. gigas are closely allied and may constitute a super-
species, although both are reported to breed on Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.

Podilymbus gigas Griscom. ATITLAN GREBE.

Podilymbus gigas Griscom, 1929, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 379, p. 5. (Panajachel,
5300 ft., north shore of Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Reed and cattail beds, less frequently open water (Subtropical Zone).

8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident on Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (elevation, 1555 meters).
Notes.—Also known as GIANT PIED-BILLED GREBE. See comments under P.
podiceps.

Genus PODICEPS Latham

Podiceps Latham, 1787, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 294. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus.
Dytes Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 44. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Dytes cornutus Kaup = Colymbus auritus

Linnaeus.

Pedetaithya Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 44. Type, by
monotypy, Colymbus subcristatus Jacquin = Colymbus grisegena Bod-
daert.

Proctopus Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 49. Type, by mono-
typy, Colymbus auritus Linnaeus.

Notes.— Podiceps has been considered by many authors to be a junior synonym
of Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, but the latter name has been officially suppressed
(see comments under Gavia).

Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus). HORNED GREBE. [3.]

Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 135. (in summis
Europe & Americe lacubus = Vaasa, Finland.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds and lakes, occasionally along sluggish streams (breed-
ing); bays, estuaries and seacoasts, and in migration commonly in inland fresh-
water habitats, especially lakes and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from central Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin and northern Manitoba
south to eastern Washington, northeastern Idaho, southwestern and northern
Montana, northern South Dakota, northwestern Minnesota, central Wisconsin
and extreme western Ontario (formerly from northern Ontario, southern Quebec
and New Brunswick south to northern Utah, northwestern Nebraska, northeastern
Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Indiana and southern New England); and in
Eurasia from Iceland, northern Scotland and Scandinavia east across northern
Russia and northern Siberia, south to central Russia, Lake Baikal, Amurland,
Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Winters in North America on the Pacific coast from the Aleutians and south-
coastal Alaska south to southern California and on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
from Nova Scotia south to southern Florida and west to southern Texas, rarely
on inland waters from southern Canada and the Great Lakes southward; and in
Eurasia from the seas off Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles and Norway
south to the northern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, casually to Madeira,
the Azores and northern Africa, and on the Pacific coast from Japan south to
Korea.

In migration regularly in North America through the Mississippi and Ohio
valleys, and in western Europe.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), the Gulf of California,
Bermuda, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen and the Commander Islands.

Notes.—In Old World literature known as SLAVONIAN GREBE.

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES 9

Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert). RED-NECKED GREBE. [2.]

Colymbus grisegena Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 55. Based on
“Le Jougris’” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 931. (No locality given =
France.)

Habitat.— Lakes and large ponds with margins of reeds or sedges, occasionally
along quiet rivers (breeding); primarily seacoasts, bays and estuaries, less fre-
quently large inland bodies of water, in migration regularly on lakes, ponds and
rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, cen-
tral Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan,
central Manitoba and western and south-central Ontario south to St. Lawrence
Island (at least formerly), the Alaska Peninsula, central Washington, northern
Montana, northeastern South Dakota and south-central Minnesota, rarely to
southwestern Oregon, northern Michigan, southern Quebec and New Hampshire;
and in Eurasia from Scandinavia and western Russia south to eastern Europe and
Asia Minor, and from eastern Siberia south to Japan.

Winters in North America from the Aleutians south on the Pacific coast to
southern California (rarely), and from the Bay of Fundy south on the Atlantic
coast to Florida, casually west along the Gulf coast to coastal Louisiana, and
central and southeastern Texas; and in Eurasia primarily along the coasts of
Norway and the North, Baltic, Caspian, Aegean, Adriatic and Black seas, rarely
to the Mediterranean, and along the Pacific coast from Kamchatka south to Korea.

Migrates regularly through the Great Lakes region, rarely through the Ohio and
upper Mississippi valleys, and casually elsewhere in interior North America.

Casual north to Hudson Bay, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands
and Spitsbergen.

Podiceps nigricollis Brehm. EARED GREBE. [4.]

Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturgesch. Végel Dtsch., p.
963. (Germany.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds and lakes, in migration and winter also salt lakes,
bays, estuaries and seacoasts.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from south-central British Columbia,
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba and western Min-
nesota south to northern Baja California, central Arizona, central and northeastern
New Mexico and south-central Texas, east to northeastern Illinois (Cook County),
northern Iowa, eastern Nebraska, central Kansas and central Oklahoma, and south
locally to central Mexico (recorded Chihuahua, Nayarit, Jalisco and Puebla); in
South America (formerly) on temperate lakes in the Eastern Andes of Colombia;
in Eurasia locally from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Russia and
eastern Siberia south to the Mediterranean region, northern Africa (formerly),
Asia Minor and Ussuriland; and locally in eastern and southern Africa.

Winters inland in North America from central California, northern Nevada,
northern Utah, northern New Mexico and central Texas, and on the Pacific coast
from southern British Columbia, south through most of Mexico to Guatemala;
in Eurasia from the British Isles south to the Mediterranean Sea, eastern Africa,
Iran and northern India, and on the Pacific coast from Japan south to southern

10 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

China; and essentially in the breeding range in South America (formerly) and
Africa. : .

Casual in southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, and eastern North America
from the Great Lakes and New England south to the Gulf coast and Florida; also
in Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-NECKED GREBE. The distinct, isolated, rufous-
necked form in Colombia, now apparently extinct, has sometimes been recognized
as a separate species, P. andinus (Meyer de Schauensee, 1959). P. nigricollis
(including andinus), P. taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894, of Lago de
Junin, Peru, and P. occipitalis Garnot, 1826, of the Andes and temperate South
America, may constitute a superspecies. P. caspicus (Hablitzl, 1783), used by
some authors for P. nigricollis, has been officially suppressed (Int. Comm. Zool.
Nomencl., 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 121).

Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues

Aechmophorus Coues, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14, p. 229.
Type, by original designation, Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence.

Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). WESTERN GREBE. [1.]

Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep.
Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. liv, 892, 894. (Pacific coast from Washington
Territory to California = Fort Steilacoom, Washington.)

Habitat.— Marshes, lakes and bays, in migration and winter also sheltered sea-
coasts, less frequently along rivers (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, south-central British Colum-
bia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba south to
southern California, north-central Utah, southwestern Colorado, southwestern
and northeastern New Mexico, western Nebraska, northwestern Iowa and western
Minnesota; and locally in Mexico from Chihuahua and Durango south to northern
Guerrero, Puebla and San Luis Potosi.

Winters along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia, and from Utah,
Colorado, New Mexico and western and southern Texas south to southern Baja
California, northern Guerrero, Puebla and San Luis Potosi.

Casual north to southwestern and south-coastal Alaska (west to Adak in the
Aleutians) and southern Yukon, and east to the Great Lakes, upper Mississippi
Valley and southeastern Texas, very rarely to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from
New England to Florida.

Notes.—Two “color” morphs (referred to as “‘light-phase”’ and “‘dark-phase’’)
exist in the populations of A. occidentalis, with light-phase birds becoming more
scarce in the northern breeding populations. A high degree of assortative mating
has been revealed in recent field studies (see Ratti, 1979, Auk, 96, pp. 573-586;
Nuechterlein, 1981, Auk, 98, pp. 335-349), suggesting that further research may
reveal the two forms to represent distinct species; if so, dark-phase birds will be
called A. occidentalis, light-phased ones A. clarkii (Lawrence, 1858) [CLARK’S
GREBE, 1.1] (see Dickerman, 1963, Condor, 65, pp. 66-67; lectotype from Chi-
huahua).

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 11

Order PROCELLARIITIFORMES: Tube-nosed Swimmers

Notes.— We follow Alexander et a/. (1965, Ibis, pp. 401—405) in the arrangement
of families and genera of the order.

Family DIOMEDEIDAE: Albatrosses

Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus

Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 132. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Diomedea exulans Linnaeus.

Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. WANDERING ALBATROSS. [81.1.]

Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 132. Based pri-
marily on ““The Albatross”? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 88, pl. 88. (intra
tropicos Pelagi & ad Cap. b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on Antarctic islands from the South Atlantic
east to the Auckland and Antipodes islands in the South Pacific, and ranges at
sea generally throughout the southern oceans north to lat. 30°S.

Accidental in California (The Sea Ranch, Sonoma County, 11-12 July 1967;
Paxton, 1968, Auk, 85, pp. 502-504) and Panama (Bay of Panama, August 1937;
Murphy, 1938, Condor, 40, p. 126); a report from Florida is unsatisfactory.

Notes.— While there will always be uncertainty as to the validity of the northern
occurrences with respect to possible transport by man, vagrancies in our area by
other southern albatrosses (e.g., D. cauta and D. chlororhynchos) \end support
that the foregoing reports are based on natural wanderings.

[Diomedea irrorata Salvin. WAVED ALBATROSS.] See Appendix A.

Diomedea albatrus Pallas. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. [82.]

Diomedea albatrus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 28. (ad oran Kam-
tschatcae orientalum . . . ad Insulam Beringii = in the Bering Sea off Kam-
chatka.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on the ground on small oceanic islands.

Distribution. — Breeds in small numbers on Torishima, in the Seven Islands of
Izu; formerly bred on Kita-no-shima (in the Parry group), Kobishi (in the Senkaku
Archipelago, southern Ryukyu Islands) and Nishi-no-shima, Tome-shima and
Muko-shima (in the Bonin Islands). Reported breeding from Wake Island is erro-
neous, being based on D. immutabilis.

Ranges at sea (commonly prior to 1900, casually in the 20th Century) from
Siberia, the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska south to the China coast and through
the North Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands (primarily the Leeward chain) and
southern Baja California.

Diomedea nigripes Audubon. BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. [8 1.]

Diomedea nigripes Audubon, 1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 327. (Pacific Ocean,
lat. 30°44'N., long. 146°[W].)

12 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on the open sand on oceanic islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure. Midway, Pearl
and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa and
Kaula), and on Torishima in the Seven Islands of Izu: bred formerly in the northern
Bonin Islands (Muko-shima), Volcano Islands (Iwo Jima), Marianas (Agrihan),
Marshall Islands (Taongi), and on Marcus, Wake and johnston islands.

Ranges at sea in the Bering Sea, and in the North Pacific from the Gulf of
Alaska south to Baja California and the Revillagigedo Islands, and from Kam-
chatka south to the coast of China and the Caroline Islands.

Notes.— Occasional hybrids between D. nigripes and D. immutabilis are reported
from the Hawaiian Islands (Midway).

Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild. LAYSAN ALBATROSS. [82.1.]

Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. 48.
(Laysan Island.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in open grassy areas on oceanic islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on most of the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to
Nihoa, Nithau and Kauai, and rarely on Moku Manu off Oahu), in the Ogasawara
Islands (on Torishima), and, at least formerly. in the Seven Islands of Izu (on
Torishima), and on Marcus, Johnston and Wake islands.

Ranges at sea in the Bering Sea, and in the North Pacific from the Gulf of
Alaska south (at least uncommonly) to the coast of California and Baja California,
and from Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands south to the coast of Japan.

Accidental in Arizona (Yuma).

Notes.—See comments under D. nigripes.

Diomedea melanophris Temminck. BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS. [82.2.]

Diomedea melanophris Temminck, 1828, Planches Color., livr. 77, p. 456
and text. (Cap. Nouvelle Hollande, et mers antarctiques = Cape of Good
Hope.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on islands off southern South America, Ker-
guelen in the southern Indian Ocean, and islands off southern New Zealand, and
ranges at sea in southern oceans generally north to the Tropic of Capricorn.

Accidental on Martinique (Vauclin, 12 November 1956; Bond, 1959, Birds W.
Indies, 4th Suppl., p. 10), near Greenland, and in Iceland, the Faroe Islands,
British Isles, Spitsbergen and Norway (sight records for waters off the Atlantic
coast of North America from Newfoundland to Florida).

Notes.— Although emended to D. melanophrys by Temminck in 1839, the con-
sistent use of the acceptable spelling D. melanophris by him in 1828 renders the
former an unjustified emendation.

Diomedea cauta Gould. SHy ALBATROSS. [82.3.]

Diomedea cauta Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1840), p. 177. (Bass’s
Straits [off southeastern Australia].)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on islands off southern Australia and New
Zealand, and ranges at sea widely in the southern Pacific and Indian oceans, less
commonly in the South Atlantic.

ORDER PROCELLARITFORMES 13

Accidental off the coast of Washington (lat. 47°55'N., long. 125°37'W., ca. 39
miles west of the mouth of Quillayute River, 1 September 1951; Slipp, 1952, Auk,
69, pp. 458-459).

Notes.—Also known as WHITE-CAPPED ALBATROSS. The specimen from off
Washington has been referred to the race breeding in Australian waters, D. c.
cauta.

Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. [83.]

Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 568. Based on
the ““Yellow-nosed Albatross’? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 309,
pl. 94. (Ad caput bonae spei, et in mari australi extra tropicos = off Cape
of Good Hope.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on islands in the South Atlantic and southern
Indian oceans, and ranges widely at sea in these southern oceans east to Australian
and New Zealand waters.

Casual or accidental in Quebec (Gulf of St. Lawrence), New Brunswick (mouth
of Bay of Fundy), Maine (East Freyburg, and off Machias Seal Island), New York
(off Freeport, Long Island), Maryland (Ocean City), Louisiana (Holly Beach) and
Texas (South Padre Island), also sight records offshore from Newfoundland and
Maine south to Florida.

[Diomedea chrysostoma Forster. GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS.] See Appen-
dix B.

[Genus PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach]

Phoebetria Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. v. Type, by orig-
inal designation, Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin = Diomedea palpebrata
Forster.

[Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster). LIGHT-MANTLED ALBATROSS.] See Ap-
pendix B.

Family PROCELLARIIDAE: Shearwaters and Petrels

Notes.—See comments under Hydrobatidae.

[Genus MACRONECTES Richmond]

Ossifraga (not Wood, 1835) Hombron and Jacquinot, 1844, C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 18, p. 356. Type, by monotypy, Procellaria gigantea Gmelin.

Macronectes Richmond, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 76. New name
for Ossifraga Hombron and Jacquinot, preoccupied.

[Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). ANTARCTIC GIANT-PETREL.] See Ap-
pendix A.

Genus FULMARUS Stephens

Fulmarus Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13 (1), p. 233. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus.
Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot, 1844, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357.

14 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus). NORTHERN FULMAR. [86.]

Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 51. Based pri-
marily on ““Mallemucke” Martens, Spitsbergen Groenland Reise, p. 68, pl.
N, fig. c. (in mari septentrionali intra circulum arcticum = Spitsbergen.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding primarily on sea cliffs, less frequently on low and
flat rocky islands.

Distribution. — Breeds in western North America on islands in the Bering Sea
(Hall, St. Matthew and the Pribilofs), in the Aleutians (Buldir, Davidof, Gareloi,
Bobrof and Chagulak islands) and in the northern Gulf of Alaska (on Seal, Semidi,
Barren and Chiswell islands); in the Canadian Arctic on Devon Island, eastern
Baffin Island (south to Cumberland Sound and Admiralty Bay) and Newfoundland
(since 1973); and from coastal Greenland (north of Disko Bay and the Liverpool
coast) east through Jan Mayen, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, north-
western France, Norway, Bear Island, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, northern
Novaya Zemlya and the Chukotski Peninsula (Plover Bay). Summers regularly
outside the breeding range in the Bering and Chukchi seas, in Arctic Canada west
to Banks and Melville islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the English Channel
and North Sea, and along the coast of Kamchatka.

Winters at sea in the southern Bering Sea and Pacific Ocean from the Aleutians
south to Japan, the Seven Islands of Izu, the Hawaiian Islands and southern Baja
California; and in the Atlantic Ocean from Greenland, Labrador, Spitsbergen and
northern Norway south to the Newfoundland Banks, Georges Bank off Massa-
chusetts, and northern France, less commonly but regularly off the east coast of
the United States to South Carolina.

Casual in Ontario, Quebec and continental Europe.

Notes.—Known in Old World literature as the FULMAR. F. glacialis and F.
glacialoides may constitute a superspecies.

Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith). SOUTHERN FULMAR.

Procellaria glacialoides Smith, 1840, Illus. Zool. S. Afr., pt. 11, pl. 51. (neigh-
bourhood of the South African coast.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on cliffs around Antarctica and on Antarctic
islands in the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, and ranges at sea in
southern oceans north to southern Australia, New Zealand, central South America
and South Africa.

Accidental off western Mexico (near Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Friedmann et a/., 1950,
Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 29, p. 15). The locality of Townsend’s specimen reported
from the “‘mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon’ is deemed erroneous (Stone,
1930, Auk, 47, pp. 414-415).

Notes.— Also known as SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR. F. antarcticus Stephens, 1826,
often used for this species, cannot be definitely identified as to species (Falla, 1937,
Br. Aust. N. Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. (B), 2, pp. 158-164). See also comments
under F. glacialis.

Genus DAPTION Stephens

Daption Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13 (1), p. 239. Type, by original
designation, Procellaria capensis Linnaeus.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 15

Daption capense (Linnaeus). CAPE PETREL. [102.]

Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 132. Based
primarily on “The white and black Spotted Peteril’? Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 2, p. 90, pl. 90, right fig. (ad Cap. b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in cliff niches and burrows on Antarctic and
subantarctic islands in the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and in New
Zealand waters, and ranges at sea regularly in southern oceans north to the Tropic
of Capricorn, less frequently to the Equator.

Accidental in Maine (Harpswell, Cumberland County, June 1873; Norton, 1922,
Auk, 39, pp. 101-103), Ireland, continental Europe, Sicily and Ceylon. Sight
reports in the Pacific Ocean off California have been questioned, although one
(off Monterey, 1962) seems to be well documented; a record from off the coast of
Acapulco, Guerrero, is regarded as “indefinite” (Friedmann et al., 1957, Pac.
Coast Avifauna, no. 33, p. 402), and an early California specimen (“coast of
California, opposite Monterey,” before 1853; Lawrence, 1853, Ann. Lyc. Nat.
Hist. N.Y., 6, pp. 4—7) is regarded as of uncertain origin. Some authors question
the origin of all Northern Hemisphere records.

Notes.— Also known as PINTADO PETREL and CAPE PIGEON.

Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte

Pterodroma Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 768. Type, by
subsequent designation (Coues, 1866), Procellaria macroptera Smith.

Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl). BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. [98.]

Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool., abth. 1, p. 142. (No locality
given = Dominica.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on mountain summits.

Distribution.— Breeds at high elevations on Hispaniola (Morne La Selle east to
western end of Sierra de Baoruco), eastern Cuba (Monte La Bauja), Jamaica (Blue
Mountains, formerly), Guadeloupe, Dominica (where probably extirpated) and
(possibly) Martinique.

Ranges at sea in the Caribbean and western Atlantic Ocean from about the
Tropic of Cancer south to eastern Brazil, rarely to the Atlantic coast of North
America from Maine to Florida (although regular and sometimes in large numbers
off North Carolina).

Accidental in Ontario, New York, western Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, western
Florida (Leon County) and England.

Notes.— The possibly extinct, dark form that bred on Jamaica has been regarded
by some to represent a distinct species, Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, 1866 [JAMAI-
CAN PETREL]. P. hasitata and P. cahow constitute a superspecies; they are consid-
ered conspecific by some authors. In addition, the Pacific forms P. phaeopygia
and P. externa are considered by some to be representatives of the complex and
conspecific with P. hasitata. All four species are best treated as constituting a
superspecies.

16 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray). BERMUDA PETREL.

4zstrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, 1916, Auk, 33, p. 194. (Gurnet Head
Rock, Bermuda.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows in sandy areas on islets.
Distribution. — Breeds in Bermuda, persisting in small numbers on islets in Castle
Roads, formerly also the Bahamas (Crooked Island, bone deposits in caves).
Ranges at sea but not definitely recorded away from the breeding grounds.
Notes.— Also known as the CAHOw. See comments under P. hasitata.

Pterodroma phaeopygia (Salvin). DARK-RUMPED PETREL. [98.5.]

(strelata pheopygia Salvin, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 9, p. 507, pl.
88, figs. 1 and 2. (Chatham Island, Galapagos.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows at higher elevations on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds [sandwichensis group] in the interior highlands of the
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Maui and Hawaii, probably also on Molokai and Lanai,
formerly also Oahu); and [phaeopygia group] in the Galapagos Islands (Isabela,
San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Floreana and San Cristobal.

Ranges at sea [sandwichensis group] in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands;
and [phaeopygia group] along the Pacific coast of Middle America in the vicinity
of Clipperton Island and off Costa Rica.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, P. sand-
wichensis (Ridgway, 1884) [HAWAIIAN PETREL, 98.5] and P. phaeopygia [GA-
LAPAGOS PETREL]. See also comments under P. hasitata.

Pterodroma externa (Salvin). WHITE-NECKED PETREL. [98.7.]

(strelata externa Salvin, 1875, Ibis, p. 373. (Island of Masafuera and Juan
Fernandez.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds [externa group] on Mas Afuera Island in the
Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile, and [cervicalis group] on Raoul Island in the
Kermadecs north of New Zealand, and ranges [both groups] primarily in the South
Pacific, occasionally north as far as lat. 21°N.

Casual [externa group] off the Pacific coast of Middle America (ca. 20 miles
northwest of Clipperton Island; Loomis, 1918, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 2,
p. 95); also near Hawaiian waters (lat. 19°45'N., long. 161°52’W., 135 miles
southwest of Kaula, 16 November 1965, specimen USNM); also a sight record
[cervicalis group] for Hawaiian waters (ca. 60 miles east of Hawaii, W. King and
D. Husted), and others (not identified to group) from Hawaiian waters within 100
miles of island areas.

Netes.—The two widely isolated and distinct breeding groups are sometimes
regarded as separate species, P. externa [JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL] and P. cervicalis
(Salvin, 1891) [WHITE-NECKED PETREL]. See also comments under P. hasitata.

[Pterodroma rostrata (Peale). TAHITI PETREL.] See Appendix A.

[Pterodroma alba (Gmelin). PHOENIX PETREL.] See Appendix A.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 17

Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster). MOTTLED PETREL. [99.]

Procellaria inexpectata J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Anim., p. 204. (in Oceano
antarctico = Antarctic Ocean.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding primarily along inland mountain bluffs and in bur-
rows on small islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in New Zealand (inland ranges of North and South islands,
this population now much reduced) and on islands in the region (Curvier and
Stewart islands, islets in Preservation Inlet and around Puysegue Point, and in
the Snares, Auckland, Antipodes, Bounty and Chatham groups).

Ranges at sea in Antarctic waters between New Zealand and South America,
and throughout much of the Pacific from Japan, the southern Bering Sea and Gulf
of Alaska south to the Hawaiian Islands and California (mostly far-offshore waters).

Casual along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California, and in the
vicinity of the Galapagos Islands. Accidental in New York (Mount Morris, Liv-
ingston County, 1880).

Notes.— Also known as SCALED PETREL.

[Pterodroma solandri (Gould). SOLANDER’S PETREL.] See Appendix A.

Pterodroma ultima Murphy. MURPHyY’S PETREL. [100.1.]

Pterodroma ultima Murphy, 1949, in Mayr and Schuz (eds.), Ornithol. Biol.
Wiss., p. 89. (Oeno Island, south Pacific.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in burrows in the Austral, Tuamotu and other
islands in the south-central Pacific Ocean, and ranges at sea north, possibly reg-
ularly, to the tropical North Pacific.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands at Kure, French Frigate Shoals, and off Oahu
(7 miles southwest of Barber’s Point), in Oregon (Lincoln County, 15 June 1981;
specimen USNM), and at sea ca. 350 miles west of Santa Barbara, California (lat.
34°19’'N., long. 126°24'W.); a report of P. solandri from off California (between
Cape Mendocino and Point Reyes, within 60 miles of shore, 21 May 1981, 20
individuals, photograph, R. Pitman; Am. Birds, 35: 973, 1981) apparently also
pertains to P. ultima.

Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel). KERMADEC PETREL. [98.4.]

Procellaria neglecta Schlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procell.,
p. 10. (Kermadec and Sunday Islands.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in burrows on islands in the South Pacific
(Kermadecs and Lord Howe east to the Juan Fernandez group), and ranges at sea
generally through the South Pacific.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, 30 April 1923, A. Wetmore; Gould
and King, 1967, Auk, 84, pp. 592-593) and England.

The specific identity of a bird photographed in Pennsylvania (Heintzelman,
1961, Wilson Bull., 73, pp. 262-267) and reported as P. neglecta is uncertain
(Palmer, 1962, Handb. North Am. Birds, 1, p. 211); the record may be referable
to either P. neglecta or P. arminjoniana. Reports from Mexican waters are con-
sidered hypothetical (Friedmann et al., 1957, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 33, p.
403).

18 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— Also known as VARIABLE PETREL and sometimes treated under the name
P. phillipii (G. R. Gray, 1862). P. neglecta and P. arminjoniana constitute a
superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Pterodroma arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori). HERALD PETREL. [98.2.]

A: strelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869, Ibis, p. 62. (near Trin-
idad [= Trindade] Island, in the South Atlantic.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on islands on bare rock under overhanging
ledges or plants [arminjoniana group] in the South Atlantic and Indian oceans,
and [heraldica group] in the South Pacific, and ranges at sea generally in the oceans
near the respective breeding grounds.

Casual [arminjoniana group] in the North Atlantic off North Carolina and east
of the Lesser Antilles (lat. 21°51'N., long. 43°35’W.). Accidental [arminjoniana
group] in New York (Caroline Center near Ithaca) and England; and [heraldica
group] in the Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate Shoals, 14 March 1968; Amerson,
1971, Atoll Res. Bull., no. 150, p. 125).

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, P. armin-
jJoniana [TRINDADE or SOUTH TRINIDAD PETREL, 98.2] and P. heraidica (Salvin,
1888) [HERALD PETREL, 98.7]. See also comments under P. neglecta.

Pterodroma cookii (Gray). COOK’S PETREL. [98.3.]

Procellaria Cookii G. R. Gray, 1843, in Dieffenbach, Travels N. Z., 2, p. 199.
(New Zealand.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands off the coast of New Zealand (Little and Great
Barrier, off North Island; and Codfish, off Stewart Island).

Ranges at sea from the northern and eastern Pacific Ocean south to New Zealand
and Peru, and uncommonly but regularly to the Aleutians (near Adak), off Cali-
fornia (especially Davidson Seamount), and off Mexico (between the Revillagigedo
Islands and southern Baja California).

Notes.— Also known as BLUE-FOOTED PETREL. P. cookii and P. defilippiana
(Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869), from the Juan Fernandez Islands, constitute a
superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Pterodroma hypoleuca (Salvin). BONIN PETREL. [99.1.]

Céstrelata hypoleuca Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 359. (Krusenstern Is., in North
Pacific Ocean = Hawaiian Leeward Islands, probably Laysan; see Murphy,
1951, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1512, pp. 17-18.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows in oceanic islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Nihoa),
and in the Bonin and Volcano islands.

Ranges at sea in the western North Pacific in the vicinity of the breeding grounds
and from Sakhalin south to Formosa and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Notes.— The relationships of this species and several closely allied forms that
breed in southern waters from Australia and New Zealand east to South America,
P. nigripennis, P. axillaris (Salvin, 1893), P. leucoptera (Gould, 1844) and P.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 19

longirostris remain doubtful and controversial; some authors include P. cookii in
the complex in addition to the above.

Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild). BLACK-WINGED PETREL. [100.2.]

Cstrelata nigripennis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. 57.
(Kermadec Islands.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in burrows in the Kermadec and Austral islands,
off New Zealand, and ranges at sea, primarily in the South Pacific near the breeding
grounds.

Accidental in Hawaiian waters (ca. 60 miles west of Hawaii, 12 November
1965; Berger, 1972, Hawaiian Birdlife, p. 239).

Notes.—See comments under P. hypoleuca.

[Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger). STEJNEGER’S PETREL.] See Appen-
dix A.

Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte

Bulweria Bonaparte, 1843, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna (1842), 8, p. 426.
Type, by monotypy, Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby.

Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine and Selby). BULWER’S PETREL. [101.]

Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornithol., 2, pl. 65. (Madeira
or the small islands adjacent.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in rocky holes, crevices in cliffs, and on the ground
under thick vegetation.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Pacific Ocean in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway
east to Kaula Rock, and on small islets around the main islands), on small islands
off the coast of China, in the Bonin, Volcano, Marquesas and Phoenix islands,
and on Johnston Island; and in the Atlantic Ocean in the Azores, Madeira, Canary
and Cape Verde islands.

Ranges at sea in the western Pacific Ocean in the breeding areas and from Japan
to Formosa and the Moluccas; in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from England to the
Cape Verde Islands, casually to the Mediterranean Sea and the western Atlantic
(off Trinidad); and to the equatorial, western and central Indian Ocean. A sight
report from Florida is unsatisfactory.

Notes.— B. bulwerii and B. fallax constitute a superspecies; they are sometimes
considered conspecific.

Bulweria fallax Jouanin. JOUANIN’S PETREL. [101.1.]

Bulweria fallax Jouanin, 1955, Oiseau, 25, pp. 158, 159, 160. (en mer au
point approximatif[lat.] 12°30’N., [long.] 55°E. [northwestern Indian Ocean].)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds presumably on small islands in the Indian
Ocean off Arabia, and ranges at sea primarily in the northwestern Indian Ocean.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Lisianski Island, 4 September 1967; Clapp,
1971, Condor, 73, p. 490).

Notes.—See comments under B. bulwerii.

20 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus

Procellaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 131. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.

Adamastor Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 594. Type, by
original designation, Procellaria haesitata Forster = Procellaria cinerea
Gmelin.

[Procellaria cinerea Gmelin. GRAY PETREL.] See Appendix B.

Procellaria parkinsoni Gray. BLACK PETREL.
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, 1862, Ibis, p. 245. (New Zealand.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands and at high elevations in
mountains.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off New Zealand (Great Barrier and Little
Barrier) and, at least formerly, in the mountainous interior ranges of both North
and South islands, New Zealand.

Ranges at sea west to Australia and east, apparently regularly, to the vicinity
of the Galapagos Islands and waters off the west coast of Middle America (ca. 50
miles off Guatemala, 14 April 1973, and 17 miles off the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa
Rica, 21 April 1973, plus many sight records between Mexico and Panama prob-
ably referable to this species; Jehl, 1974, Auk, 91, pp. 687-689).

Notes.— Also known as PARKINSON’S PETREL. P. parkinsoni, P. westlandica Falla,
1946, of New Zealand, and P. aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758, of New Zealand and
South American waters, constitute a superspecies; they are sometimes considered
conspecific.

Genus CALONECTRIS Mathews and Iredale

Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, 1915, Ibis, pp. 590, 592. Type, by original
designation, Procellaria leucomelas Temminck.

Notes.— For reasons for separation of Calonectris from Puffinus, see Kuroda,
1954, Class. Phyl. Tubinares, pp. 102-104, 117.

Calonectris leuacomelas (Temminck). STREAKED SHEARWATER. [88.1.]

Procellaria leuacomelas Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., livr. 99, pl. 587.
(seas of Japan and Nagasaki Bay.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on small wooded islands from the Bonin and
Pescadores groups to the coast of Japan, and ranges at sea in the western Pacific
Ocean from Korea and Japan to Borneo and New Guinea, casually to Ceylon.

Accidental in Monterey Bay, California, 3 October 1975 (Morejohn, 1978, Auk,
95, p. 420), and 9 October 1977 (Roberson, Morlan and Small, 1977, Am. Birds,
31, pp. 1097-1098), also a sight record in October 1978. The inclusion of the
Hawaiian Islands in the range by Vaurie (1965, Birds Palearctic, 1, p. 25) was
based on an unsubstantiated report by a Japanese fishing vessel “in Hawaiian
waters.”

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 21

Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli). CORY’S SHEARWATER. [88.]

Procellaria diomedea Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 74. (No locality
given = Tremiti Islands, Adriatic Sea.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows and crevices on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (in the Azores, on Berlenga
Island off Portugal, and in the Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands) and the
Mediterranean Sea (from Gibraltar locally east to the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans,
Turkey and the Near East).

Ranges at sea in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean from about lat.
44°N. to lat. 36°S., reaching the coasts of North America (from Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia south to Florida), Brazil and Europe (north irregularly to England
and France).

Casual in the Gulf of Mexico (from Texas to Florida), the Bahamas (Grand
Bahama), Cuba (off Gibara), Barbados, Trinidad, the Faroe Islands, continental
Europe, Syria, South Africa and New Zealand.

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson

Puffinus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130. Type, by tautonymy,
Puffinus Brisson = Procellaria puffinus Briinnich.

Ardenna Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. iv. Type, by original
designation, Procellaria minor Faber = Procellaria gravis O’Reilly.

Thyellodroma Stejneger, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 11 (1888), p. 93. Type,
by original designation, Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinus chlororhyn-
chus Lesson.

Neonectris Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 12. Type, by original
designation, Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Procellaria tenuirostris Tem-
minck.

Hemipuffinus Iredale, 1913, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 20. Type, by original
designation, Puffinus carneipes Gould.

Puffinus creatopus Coues. PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER. [91.]

Puffinus creatopus (Cooper MS) Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 16, p. 131. (ex insula “San Nicholas” prope California = San Nic-
olas Island, California.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off Chile (Mas a Tierra and Santa Clara in the
Juan Fernandez group, and Isla Mocha in Arauco Bay).

Ranges at sea mostly adjacent to land masses off the Pacific coast of the Amer-
icas, north at least as far as the southern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska.

Notes.— P. creatopus and the closely allied P. carneipes constitute a superspecies
and are sometimes considered to be conspecific.

Puffinus carneipes Gould. FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER. [95.1.]

Puffinus carneipes Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 13, p. 365.
(Small islands off Cape Leeuwin, western Australia.)

22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off the south coast of western Australia (from
Cape Leeuwin to Archipelago of the Recherche), on Lord Howe Island, on islands
off New Zealand (eastern coast of North Island), and on St. Paul Island in the
Indian Ocean.

Ranges at sea from the breeding areas throughout most of the Pacific Ocean to
the Hawaiian Islands, the west coast of North America (from the southern Bering
Sea and Gulf of Alaska south, uncommonly, to California), waters off Japan and
the Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile, and to the Indian Ocean (north to the Arabian
Sea and Ceylon).

Notes.— Also known as PALE-FOOTED SHEARWATER. See comments under P.
creatopus.

Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly). GREATER SHEARWATER. [89.]

Procellaria Gravis O’Reilly, 1818, Voy. Greenland Adj. Seas, p. 140, pl. 12,
fig. 1. (Latitude of Cape Farewell and Staten Hook, frequently Newfound-
land in summer.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on oceanic islands.

Distribution. — Breeds in the South Atlantic Ocean on Tristan da Cunha (Night-
ingale and Inaccessible islands), on Gough Island, and in the Falkland Islands.

Ranges at sea throughout the Atlantic Ocean from Greenland and Iceland south
to Tierra del Fuego and South Africa, occurring between May and September off
the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland to Florida, in June in
the Davis Strait off Labrador and Greenland, and between August and October
off Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the west coast of Europe (including the western
Mediterranean east to Algeria and Sardinia).

Casual in the Gulf of Mexico (from eastern Texas to Florida), West Indies (off
Puerto Rico and St. Lucia), Costa Rica (Tortuguero), Trinidad and continental
Europe, also sight reports for California (Monterey Bay) and the New Zealand
region.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as GREAT SHEARWATER.

Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin). WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER. [96.1.]

Procellaria pacifica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 560. Based on the
“Pacific Petrel” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 416. (circa insulam
Europa aliasque maris pacifici = Kermadec Islands.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows near sea level on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off the western coast of Mexico (on San Bene-
dicto, in the Revillagigedo group), in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Kauai
and Oahu, and on small islets around the main islands), in the central and western
Pacific Ocean (from the Pescadores and Bonin Islands south to the Tonga, Austral
and Pitcairn groups), in waters off southern Australia and around New Zealand,
and in the Indian Ocean (from the Seychelles and Cocos-Keeling south to the
Mascarenes and Western Australia).

Ranges at sea in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Middle America and
South America (from Baja California, the Tres Marias Islands and Nayarit south
to Panama, Colombia and Ecuador) and throughout most of the central and
western Pacific Ocean north to Japan and Formosa; and in the Indian Ocean north
to the Arabian and southern Red seas.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 23

Puffinus bulleri Salvin. BULLER’S SHEARWATER. [96.2.]
Puffinus bulleri Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 354. (New Zealand.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands off North Island, New Zealand (Poor Knights,
Whale, and possibly Three Kings and Mayor).

Ranges at sea in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America (from
the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska south to California), near the Hawaiian
and Galapagos islands, off the Kurile Islands, and off the west coast of South
America (Peru and Chile).

Accidental inland in southern California (Salton Sea).

Notes.— Also known as GRAY-BACKED or NEW ZEALAND SHEARWATER.

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). SooTry SHEARWATER. [95.]

Procellaria grisea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 564. Based mainly on
the “Grey Petrel’’? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 399. (in hemi-
sphaerio australi, inter 35° et 50° = New Zealand.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on small islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off southeastern Australia (off New South Wales
and Tasmania) and widely in New Zealand waters (including Stewart, Snakes,
Auckland and Chatham islands); and off the southern coast of South America
(Wollaston and Deceit, probably also Huafo and Mocha, off Chile; off Tierra del
Fuego; and in the Falkland Islands).

Ranges at sea throughout the Pacific Ocean north to the southern Bering Sea,
Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, Formosa and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the
entire Pacific coast of the Americas; in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North
America from Labrador and Newfoundland south to Florida and Cuba (also in
the Gulf of Mexico west to Texas), off eastern South America north to Brazil, off
the west coast of Europe from Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark
south to Portugal and the Mediterranean Sea (east to Algeria and Italy), and off
the west coast of Africa north to Fernando Po and Angola.

Casual inland in the United States, mostly after storms; recorded from southern
California, southern Arizona, Alabama (Attalla) and North Carolina (Twin Oaks).

Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER. [96.]

Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., livr. 99, text facing
pl. 587. (dans les mers au nord du Japon et sur les cétes de la Corée =
Japan.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on small islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off the coast (and locally along the mainland
coast) of southeastern Australia from South Australia (Nuyts Archipelago) east to
Victoria and Tasmania, and north to New South Wales (Bateman’s Bay).

Ranges at sea in southern Australian and New Zealand waters, and north through
the Pacific Ocean to the Bering and Chukchi seas, and south along the west coast
of North America to Baja California (Los Coronados Islands).

Casual in Hawaiian waters, off Guerrero, and in the Indian Ocean (Ceylon, and
the Mekran coast of Baluchistan, Pakistan), also questionable sight reports from
the Gulf of California and Costa Rican waters.

Notes.— Also known as SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.

24 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Puffinus nativitatis Streets. CHRISTMAS SHEARWATER. [96.3.]

Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis Streets, 1877, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 7, p. 29.
(Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean].)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on oceanic islands on the ground beneath vegetation
or in shallow tunnels.

Distribution. — Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands (east to Kauai and Moku Manu,
off Oahu), in the Phoenix, Marquesas, Tuamotu and Austral islands, and on Wake,
Christmas and Easter islands.

Ranges at sea in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

Accidental at sea between Clipperton Island and the mainland of Mexico.

Puffinus puffinus (Briinnich). MANX SHEARWATER. [90.]

Procellaria Puffinus Brimnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 29. (E Feroa & Nor-
vegia = Faroe Islands.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on turfy coastal islands, on cliffs of rocky
islands, and occasionally inland in mountainous regions.

Distribution. — Breeds in the North Atlantic on islands off Newfoundland (since
1977) and Massachusetts (Penikese Island, 1973), and from Iceland and the Faroe
and Shetland islands south around most of the British Isles to western France
(Brittany), in Madeira and the Azores, and around much of the Mediterranean
Sea (formerly also on Bermuda).

Ranges at sea to the western Atlantic along the coast of North America (recorded
regularly at sea from Newfoundland south to Maryland and Bermuda, casually
to Florida), to the eastern Atlantic from Iceland and Norway south to the Canary
Islands, east throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas, and to the east coast
of South America from Trinidad to Argentina.

Casual or accidental on the Gulf coast of Texas (Nueces County, North Padre
Island) and Florida (Santa Rosa County), and in Greenland, continental Europe,
South Africa and South Australia.

Notes.— Species limits in the superspecies complex, which includes P. puffinus,
the two following species, and two species from the Australian-New Zealand
region, P. gavia (Forster, 1844) and P. huttoni Mathews, 1912, are uncertain.
Variable treatments include the entire complex as a single species, or with the
recognition of three species (P. puffinus, P. gavia and P. huttoni), the other forms
united with one of the three; Murphy (1952, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1586, pp. 1-
21) unites auricularis and newelli with the puffinus group, and opisthomelas with
the gavia group. Except for newelli, it seems best to consider all as allospecies of
a superspecies; see also comments under P. auricularis.

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues. BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER. [93.]

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16,
p. 139. (Cape San Lucas, Baja California.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows and small caves on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds off the Pacific coast of Baja California (on Guadalupe,
San Martin, San Benito and Natividad islands).

Ranges at sea along the Pacific coast of North America from central California

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 25

(casually north to Vancouver Island and Washington) south to Baja California,
Sonora and (at least casually) Guerrero.
Notes.—See comments under P. puffinus.

Puffinus auricularis Townsend. TOWNSEND’S SHEARWATER. [93.1.]

Puffinus auricularis C. H. Townsend, 1890, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 13, p. 133.
(Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on oceanic islands.

Distribution. — Breeds [newelli group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, possibly
also on Molokai and Hawaii, and probably formerly on Maui); and [auricularis
group] in the Revillagigedo Islands (on Clarion, San Benedicto and Socorro), off
western Mexico.

Ranges at sea in the vicinity of the breeding grounds, recorded [auricularis
group] north to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and south to Clipperton
Island and Oaxaca; a sight report for Panama requires confirmation.

Notes.— The two groups are occasionally regarded as distinct species, P. auricu-
laris [TOWNSEND’S SHEARWATER, 93.1] and P. newelli, Henshaw, 1900 [NEWELL’s
SHEARWATER, 93.2], but because of similar morphology and vocalizations, con-
specific treatment seems warranted. See also comments under P. puffinus.

Puffinus assimilis Gould. LITTLE SHEARWATER. [92.1.]

Puffinus assimilis Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Aust., pt. 4, app., p. 7. (New
South Wales = Norfolk Island.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in burrows and crevices on coastal cliffs and
islands in the eastern Atlantic (Azores south to Gough Island) and off Australia
and New Zealand, and ranges at sea in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, 18 February 1968; Clapp and
Woodward, 1968, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 124, p. 9), Nova Scotia (Sable Island,
1 September 1896), South Carolina (Sullivan’s Island, August 1883) and conti-
nental Europe, also additional sight records from Puerto Rico and off the North
Carolina coast.

Notes.— Also known as ALLIED SHEARWATER. See comments under P. /hermi-
nieri.

Puffinus lherminieri Lesson. AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER. [92.]

Pufflnus [sic] Lherminieri Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 102. (ad
ripas Antillarum = Straits of Florida.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in rock crevices and on the ground under dense
vegetation on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Caribbean and western Atlantic region on Crab
Cay (off Isla de Providencia, east of Nicaragua), on Tiger Rock (off Bocas del
Toro, Panama), on Los Roques (off northern Venezuela), on Bermuda, in the
Bahamas, off Puerto Rico (Mona Island, and Cayo del Agua off Culebra), in the
Virgin Islands, and widely in the Lesser Antilles (from St. Martin south to islets
off Tobago); in the eastern Atlantic on the Cape Verde Islands; in the Indian Ocean
(islands in the southern Persian Gulf south to the Mascarene, Seychelles and

26 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Maldive groups); and in the Pacific Ocean from the Bonin and Volcano islands
south to the Palau, New Hebrides, Society, Tuamotu and Galapagos islands.

Ranges at sea in the western Atlantic from Massachusetts (at least casually, also
sight reports north to Nova Scotia) south to Florida and throughout the West
Indies to the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama, and in the Gulf of
Mexico west (at least casually) to Louisiana and Texas; in the tropical Indian
Ocean north to the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and India: and in the eastern Pacific
along the coast of Middle America from Oaxaca south to Panama and Colombia,
and in the tropical Pacific from the general breeding range south to Indonesia.
New Guinea and northern Australia.

Accidental in Ontario (Almonte) and England.

Notes.—P. /herminieri and P. assimilis constitute a superspecies; they are con-
sidered conspecific by some authors.

Family HYDROBATIDAE: Storm-Petrels

Notes.—Some authors consider this group to be a subfamily of the Procellari-
idae.

Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius

Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Eur., pp. xciii, 131, 238.
Type. by monotypy, “Thalassidroma” (= Procellaria) wilsonii Bonaparte =
Procellaria oceanica Kuhl.

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). WILSON’s STORM-PETREL. [109.]

Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, 1820. Beitr. Zool., abth. 1, p. 136. (No locality
given = South Georgia.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands and in coastal areas.

Distribution. — Breeds around the continent of Antarctica, on subantarctic islands
off southern South America (Wollaston, Deceit, Herschel, South Georgia, South
Orkneys, South Shetlands and probably other nearby islands) and on islands in
the southern Indian Ocean (Crozets and Kerguelen).

Ranges at sea throughout the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico north to Texas,
the Gulf coast, Labrador and the British Isles, and east in the Mediterranean to
Sardinia, throughout the Indian Ocean north to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, in
Australian and New Zealand waters north to Indonesia and New Guinea. and in
the South Pacific north along the west coast of South America to Peru and occa-
sionally Ecuador.

Casual north in the Pacific Ocean off North America (recorded from California,
Oaxaca and Panama, also sight records from Washington, Michoacan, Guatemala
and Costa Rica). Accidental in southern Ontario (Long Beach, Lake Muskoka).
southwestern Quebec (Lake Deschénes). northern and western New York, Penn- ©
sylvania (Greensburg, Reading) and interior Florida (Gainesville).

[Oceanites gracilis (Elliot). WHITE-VENTED STORM-PETREL.] See Appen-
dix A.
Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach

Pelagodroma Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. iv. Type, by
original designation. Procellaria marina Latham.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES Ud

Pelagodroma marina (Latham). WHITE-FACED STORM-PETREL. [111.]

Procellaria marina Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 826. Based on the
“Frigate Petrel’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 410. (in Mari australi;
latitudine 37 = off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, lat. 35°-37°S.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows beneath heavy vegetation on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands off Australia (from Abrolhos east to Bass Strait
and Broughton Islands) and in New Zealand waters (Kermadec, Chatham, Auck-
land, Antipodes and others near the mainland); in the Atlantic Ocean on Salvage,
Canary (possibly) and Cape Verde islands, and on Tristan da Cunha and Gough
Island in the South Atlantic; and in the southern Indian Ocean, at least formerly,
on Amsterdam and St. Paul islands.

Ranges at sea in the Indian and Pacific oceans from the Arabian Sea south and
east throughout the Australian and New Zealand breeding range across the Pacific
to the Galapagos Islands and the west coast of South America (off Ecuador); in
the Atlantic from the Azores (casually north to the British Isles) south along the
west coast of Africa to the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, occurring
west to the coasts of Uruguay and Argentina.

Casual off the North American coast from Massachusetts south to North Car-
olina.

[Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte]

Fregetta Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 1113. Type, by original
designation, Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould.

[Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot). WHITE-BELLIED STORM-PETREL.] See Appen-
dix B.

Genus HYDROBATES Boie

Hydrobates Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 562. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884), Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus.

Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus). BRITISH STORM-PETREL. [104.]

Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 131. (in albo
Oceano = Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on small rocky islands in the northern and
eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Mediterranean Sea, and ranges at sea through-
out the Mediterranean and Black seas and the eastern Atlantic and western Indian
oceans.

Accidental in Nova Scotia (Sable Island, 10 August 1970; McNeil and Burton,
1971, Auk, 88, pp. 671-672); there is also an old specimen (USNM) from the
“Bay of Fundy” lacking further data. A specimen taken at McClellanville, South
Carolina, in 1972 and reported as H. pelagicus, was subsequently identified as
Oceanodroma castro (Am. Birds, 27: 44, 1973).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the STORM PETREL.

Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach

Oceanodroma Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. iv. Type, by
original designation, Procellaria furcata Gmelin.

28 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Cymochorea Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 75. Type.
by original designation, Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot.

Halocyptena Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 78. Type.
by original designation, Halocyptena microsoma Coues.

Loomelania Mathews, 1934, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 54, p. 119. Type, by
original designation, Procellaria melania Bonaparte.

[Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray). RINGED STORM-PETREL.] See Appendix B.

Qceanodroma furcata (Gmelin). FORK-TAILED STORM-PETREL. [105.]

Procellaria furcata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 561. Based on the
““Fork-tail Petrel’”’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 535. (in glacie maris, Amer-
icam & Asiam interfluentis = Bering Sea.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in burrows or holes under rocks.

Distribution.— Breeds in the North Pacific from southern Alaska (the Aleutian
Islands, islands in the Gulf of Alaska, and the Alexander Archipelago) south along
the west coast of North America to islets off northern California (De! Norte and
Humboldt counties), and from the Commander Islands south to the Kuriles.

Ranges at sea from western Alaska (the Bering Sea, casually the southern Chuk-
chi Sea) south through the Bering Sea and North Pacific along the west coast of
North America to central (casually southern) California, to the Hawaiian Islands
and Marcus Island, and to Japan and the Volcano Islands.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). LEACH’Ss STORM-PETREL. [106.]

Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot. 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 25
(1817), p. 422. (sur les bords maritimes de la Picardie. se tient sur Ocean,
jusqu’au Brésil = Picardy, France.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the North Pacific from the Shumagin and Aleutian
islands and south-coastal Alaska south along the North American coast to Baja
California (Los Coronados, San Benito and Guadalupe islands), and from the
Commander Islands south to the Kuriles and northern Hokkaido, Japan; and in
the North Atlantic from southern Labrador south to Newfoundland, Maine (Casco
Bay) and Massachusetts (Penikese Islands), and from southern Iceland, the Faroe
Islands and Norway to northern Scotland.

Ranges at sea in the Pacific Ocean from the breeding areas south to the Hawaiian,
Revillagigedo and Galapagos islands. and in the western Pacific to Indonesia and
New Guinea; and in the Atlantic Ocean south along both coasts to Florida, the
West Indies, Caribbean Sea, South America (Venezuela east to eastern Brazil) and
South Africa, casually to the eastern Atlantic islands, Mediterranean Sea and
western Europe.

Casual or accidental in Ohio, southern Ontario, northern Quebec, Vermont,
the District of Columbia, along the Gulf coast (from Texas east to Florida) and
the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Cabo Velas), and in Greenland and New Zealand.

Notes.— O. /eucorhoa and the closely allied O. monorhis (Swinhoe, 1867), of
Japan and Korea, probably constitute a superspecies; some authors consider them

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 29

to be conspecific. The breeding population on Guadalupe Island, here regarded
as a race of O. leucorhoa, has been treated variously as a subspecies of O. monorhis
or as a distinct species, O. socorroensis C. H. Townsend, 1890 [DUSkKY-RUMPED
STORM-PETREL, 105.2].

Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). ASHY STORM-PETREL. [108.]

Cymochroa homochroa Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16,
p. 77. (Farallone Islands, Pacific coast of North America = Farallon Islands,
California.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in natural cavities under rocks and in
burrows.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off the coast of California (on Bird in Marin
County, in the Farallon Islands and on San Miguel and Santa Cruz in the Channel
Islands) and, rarely, northern Baja California (in Los Coronados Islands).

Ranges at sea off the coast of California and Baja California from Marin County
south to the San Benito Islands.

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt). BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL. [106.2.]

Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, 1851, Sketch Madeira, p. 123. (Deserta Islets,
near Madeira.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in burrows and rocky crevices.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands in the Pacific Ocean in the Hawaiian Islands
(no nest located, indirect evidence for nesting on Kauai, possibly also Maui), off
Japan, in the Galapagos Islands, and possibly on Cocos Island, off Costa Rica;
and in the Atlantic Ocean in the Azores (probably), Salvage, Madeira, Cape Verde,
Ascension and St. Helena islands.

Ranges at sea primarily in the vicinity of the breeding grounds, occurring casual-
ly off the coast of Brazil and the British Isles.

Casual or accidental off the Pacific coast of California and Costa Rica, off the
Atlantic coast of North America (Delaware to North Carolina), on the central
coast of Texas, in Florida (Escambia, Gulf and Pinellas counties, and Key West)
and Cuba, and inland in Missouri (Weldon Spring), Ontario (Ottawa), Indiana
(Martinsville), Pennsylvania (Chambersburg) and the District of Columbia.

Notes.— Also known as MADEIRA or HARCOURT’S STORM-PETREL.

Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte). WEDGE-RUMPED STORM-PETREL. [106.3.]

Thalassidroma Tethys Bonaparte, 1852, Tagebl. Dtsch. Naturforsch. Aertze,
Weisbaden, Beilage, no. 7, p. 89. (Galapagos Islands.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds in the Galapagos Islands (Tower and Pitt) and on islands
off the coast of Peru (San Gallan and Pescadores).

Ranges at sea along the west coast of the Americas from Costa Rica south to
the coast of Chile (lat. 20°S.), occasionally north as far as the Revillagigedo
Islands and Guatemala.

Casual off California (Monterey region) and Baja California (Guadalupe Island).

Notes.— Also known as GALAPAGOS STORM-PETREL. The northern specimens

30 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

have been referred to the Peruvian breeding race, O. t. kelsalli (Lowe, 1925):
specimens of both kelsa/li and nominate O. t. tethys from the Galapagos popu-
lation have been reported from the Bay of Panama.

Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte). BLACK STORM-PETREL. [107.]

Procellaria melania Bonaparte, 1854, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 662. (coast
of California = vicinity of San Francisco.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in burrows, crannies under rocks and
crevices in cliffs.

Distribution. — Breeds on Sutil Island, adjacent to Santa Barbara Island in the
Channel Islands, off southern California; on Los Coronados and San Benito islands,
off the Pacific coast of Baja California; and on islands in the northern third of the
Gulf of California (Consag Rock, San Luis Islands and Partida Island).

Ranges at sea along the Pacific coast of the Americas from central California
(Marin County) south to Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (to lat. 8°S.).

Notes.—O. melania and the closely related O. matsudariae Kuroda, 1922, of
the Volcano Islands and Japanese waters, constitute a superspecies; they are con-
sidered conspecific by some authors.

+Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant. GUADALUPE STORM-PETREL.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, 1887, Bull. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2, p. 450. (Guadalupe Island, Baja California.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in burrows among coniferous trees at high eleva-
tions.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Bred formerly on Guadalupe Island, Baja California;
not certainly recorded since 1912. Known only from the vicinity of the breeding
grounds.

Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin). MARKHAM’S STORM-PETREL.

Cymochorea markhami Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 430. (coast
of Peru, lat. 19°40’S., long. 75°W.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeding grounds unknown: ranges at sea along the
Pacific coast of South America from northern Peru to central Chile, occasionally
to the Galapagos Islands.

Accidental near Clipperton Island and off western Costa Rica (at Cocos Island).

Notes.— This species and O. tristrami constitute a superspecies; some authors
consider them conspecific, in which case SooTy STORM-PETREL may be used for
the broader specific unit.

Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin. Sooty STORM-PETREL. [107.1.]

Oceanodroma tristrami (Stejneger MS) Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 25,
pp. xiv, 347, 354. (Sendai Bay, [Honshu,] Japan.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in burrows and rocky crevices.

Distribution. — Breeds in the western Hawaiian Islands (Pearl and Hermes Reef,
Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and possibly Kure and Midway), in the
Seven Islands of Izu (Torishima) and in the Volcano Islands (Kita Iwo).

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 31

Ranges at sea from the Hawaiian Islands (east at least to Kauai) to Japanese
waters and the Bonin Islands.
Notes.—See comments under O. markhami.

Oceanodroma microsoma (Coues). LEAST STORM-PETREL. [103.]

Halocyptena microsoma Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16,
p. 79. (San Jose del Caba [sic], Lower California = San José del Cabo, Baja
California.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islets in crevices or among loose stones.

Distribution.— Breeds on the Pacific side of Baja California in the San Benito
Islands and in the northern third of the Gulf of California (Consag Rock, and San
Luis and Partida islands).

Ranges at sea along the west coast of North America from southern California
(San Diego County), south to Oaxaca, less frequently south as far as Panama and
northern South America (Colombia and Ecuador, to lat. 2°S.).

Notes.— This species has formerly been treated in the monotypic genus Ha/lo-
cyptena.

[Order SPHENISCIFORMES: Penguins]

Notes.— Evidence from fossils, morphology and egg-white proteins, as sum-
marized by Sibley and Ahlquist (1972, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., 39, pp.
36-43) indicates that the penguins are most closely related to the Procellariiformes.

[Family SPHENISCIDAE: Penguins]

[Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson]

Spheniscus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 52; 6, p. 96. Type, by monotypy,
Diomedea demersa Linnaeus.

[Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall. GALAPAGOS PENGUIN.] See Appen-
dix B.

Order PELECANIFORMES: Totipalmate Swimmers
Suborder PHAETHONTES: Tropicbirds

Family PHAETHONTIDAE: Tropicbirds

Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus
Phaéthon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 134. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus.
_Phaethon lepturus Daudin. WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD. [1 12.]

Phaéton [sic] lepturus Daudin, 1802, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., ed. Didot, Quadr.,
14, p. 319. (Mauritius.)

32 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on tropical islands in rocky crevices, holes o or caves,
especially on cliffs, occasionally in trees.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea from
Bermuda, the Bahamas and throughout the Greater and Lesser Antilles south to
islets off Tobago, Fernando de Noronha (off Brazil), Ascension Island, and islands
in the Gulf of Guinea; in the Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian Islands (main
islands west to Kauai, rarely on Midway) and the Bonin and Volcano islands
south to New Caledonia and the Fiji, Marquesas and Tuamotu islands; and in
the Indian Ocean from the Seychelles and Andaman Islands south to the Mas-
carenes and Christmas Island.

Ranges at sea throughout the breeding areas and tropical waters in the western
Atlantic, rarely north along the east coast of North America to North Carolina
(casually in the Gulf Stream to Nova Scotia), casually in the Gulf of Mexico
(mostly recorded off Florida), and (probably) casually in the Caribbean Sea (recorded
off Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, and northern Colombia); in the Pacific Ocean from
Japan to Australia and (casually) New Zealand; and in the Indian Ocean south to
South Africa.

Accidental in California (Newport Bay, Orange County), Arizona (Scottsdale),
Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) and western New York.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-BILLED TROPICBIRD.

Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD. [113.]

Phaéthon ethereus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 134. (in Pelago
inter tropicos = Ascension Island.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on tropical islands in crevices and holes, usually
on cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands in the Caribbean region (on Culebra and Ne
ques off Puerto Rico, on small islets in the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles
south to Tobago and Grenada, and on Swan Key in Almirante Bay, Panama, also
on Los Hermanos and Los Roques off Venezuela), the eastern Atlantic (off Africa,
including the Cape Verde Islands) and the South Atlantic (off Brazil); in the eastern
Pacific off Mexico (Revillagigedo, Tres Marias and Isabela islands), in the Gulf
of California (Consag Rock, and San Pedro Martir and San Jorge islands) and
northern South America (the Galapagos and islands off the coast from Colombia
to Ecuador and Peru); and in the northern Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Persian
Gulf.

Ranges at sea in the breeding areas in the western Atlantic region throughout
the Lesser Antilles and off northern South America, less frequently through the
Greater Antilles and south to Brazil, casually north off the Atlantic coast of North
America from Florida to New York (Long Island) and Rhode Island; in the Pacific
regularly from southern California and Baja California south to Peru, irregularly
north to Washington, west to the Hawaiian Islands (recorded French Frigate Shoals
and Nihoa) and south to Chile; and in the tropical Indian Ocean.

Casual or accidental in southern Arizona, Madeira and southern Africa; an old
report from the Newfoundland Banks is unsubstantiated.

Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert. RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD. [113.1.]

Phaeton [sic] rubricauda Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 57. Based
on “Paille-en queue de I’Isle de France’’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl.
979. (Mauritius.)

ORDER PELECANIFORMES 33

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on small islands on the ground, in crevices and
under vegetation, occasionally on cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Pacific Ocean from the western Hawaiian (Kure
east to Nuhau, also on Lanai and Kahoolawe, irregularly on Manana Island off
Oahu, and possibly on islets off Molokai), Bonin and Volcano islands south to
northeastern Australia (Raine Island) and Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec, Tua-
motu and Pitcairn islands; and in the Indian Ocean near Mauritius, in the Cocos-
Keeling Islands, and off the northwestern coast of Australia.

Ranges at sea throughout the breeding range and in the Pacific from Japan and
the Hawaiian Islands (throughout) south to Australia and New Zealand; and in
the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf south to South African and
Australian waters.

Casual east in the Pacific to California, and to waters off Guadalupe, the Revil-
lagigedo and Clipperton islands. Accidental off the coast of Chile.

Suborder PELECANI: Boobies, Pelicans, Cormorants and Darters
Family SULIDAE: Boobies and Gannets

Genus SULA Brisson

Sula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 60; 6, p. 494. Type, by tautonymy,
Sula Brisson = Sula leucogaster Boddaert.

Subgenus SULA Brisson

Parasula Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 55. Type, by original
designation, Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews = Sula dactylatra Lesson.

Sula dactylatra Lesson. MASKED Boosy. [114.]

Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 8, p. 601. (L’ile de l’As-
cension = Ascension Island.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on open ground on oceanic islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Atlantic-Caribbean region off the Yucatan Pen-
insula (Cayo Arcas, Cayo Arenas and Alacran reef), in the southern Bahamas
(Santo Domingo Cay), southwest of Jamaica (the Pedro and Serranilla cays), off
Puerto Rico (Monito Island), in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach and Sula cays), in
the Lesser Antilles (Dog Island off Anguilla, and in the Grenadines), off Venezuela
(Islas de Aves east to Los Hermanos), and on islands off Brazil east to Ascension
Island; in the Pacific off Mexico (on Clarién and San Benedicto islands in the
Revillagigedo group, and on Clipperton Island), from the Hawaiian (Kure east to
Kaula Rock, and on Moku Manu off Oahu) and Ryukyu islands south to eastern
Australia (New South Wales) and the Kermadec and Tuamotu islands, and in the
Galapagos and on islands off Ecuador, Peru and Chile (San Ambrosia and San
Félix); and in the Indian Ocean from the Gulf of Aden and Cocos-Keeling and
Christmas islands south to the Mascarenes and northwestern Australia.

Ranges at sea in the Atlantic-Caribbean region from the Bahamas, Antilles and
the Yucatan Peninsula south through the breeding range, casually north through
the Gulf of Mexico from Tamaulipas and Texas east to Florida, along the Atlantic
coast to North Carolina, and along the coast of Middle America; and in the Pacific
and Indian oceans generally throughout the breeding range south to western Mex-
ico (Oaxaca), eastern Australia and South Africa.

34 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual off southern California (sight report).
Notes.— Also known as BLUE-FACED or WHITE Boopy.

Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards. BLUE-FOOTED Boosy. [114.1.]

Sula Nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), sér. 6, 13, p. 37,
pl. 14. (la c6té pacifique de l’Amérique = Pacific coast of America, pre-
sumably Chile.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on open ground on islands.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California (from Consag Rock
and George Island southward), off western Mexico (Isabela, the Tres Marietas and
the Tres Marias islands), in the Gulf of Panama (Isla Villa, Farallon del Chirt
and Isla Pachequilla in the Pearl Islands, and Isla Bona), in the Galapagos Islands,
and along the coast of South America from Colombia to northern Peru.

Ranges at sea in the eastern Pacific from Baja California and the Gulf of Cal-
ifornia south along the coast of Middle America and South America to the Gala-
pagos Islands and central Peru, casually north to central and southeastern Cali-
fornia and southwestern Arizona (Havasu Lake, Phoenix).

Accidental in Washington (Everett) and Texas (Cameron County).

Sula leucogaster (Boddaert). BROWN Boosy. [115.]

Pelecanus Leucogaster Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 57. Based
on “Le Fou, de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 973. (No local-
ity given = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on the ground on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands in the Atlantic-Caribbean region from islets
off the Yucatan Peninsula, Florida Keys (formerly) and Bahamas south through
the Antilles and along the coasts of Middle America and northern South America
(east to Los Hermanos), and from the Cape Verde Islands and the Gulf of Guinea
south to the coast of central Brazil and Ascension Islands; in the Pacific from
Consag Rock and George Island in the Gulf of California south to Isabela, the
Tres Marias, Revillagigedo and Clipperton islands, on islets off Costa Rica, in the
Bay of Panama (Isla Bona, Farallon Rock and the Pearl Islands), off Colombia
(Gorgona Island), and from the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Nithau and Moku
Manu off Oahu), the Bonin and Volcano islands and the Seven Islands of Izu
south to the South China Sea, northern Australia, New Caledonia and the Tonga
and Tuamotu islands; and in the Indian Ocean from the.Red Sea and the Malay
Peninsula south to the Seychelles, Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands.

Ranges at sea generally in the breeding range, and in the Atlantic-Caribbean
region north, at least rarely, to the Gulf coast (Texas east to Florida), along the
Atlantic coast north as far as New York and Massachusetts (casually Nova Scotia),
and to Bermuda; in the Pacific from Baja California south to Ecuador, casually
north to southern California, southern Nevada (Lake Mead) and southwestern
Arizona (Havasu Lake), and from Hawaiian waters and Japan south to Australia
and (rarely) New Zealand; and in the Indian Ocean south to South Africa.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-BELLIED BOOBY.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES 35

Sula sula (Linnaeus). RED-FOOTED Boosy. [116.]

Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 218. Based in part
on “The Booby” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 87, pl. 87. (in Pelago
indico = Barbados, Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding in small trees and bushes on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands in the Atlantic-Caribbean region off Belize
(Half Moon Cay), in the Swan Islands (Little Swan), off Puerto Rico (Mona,
Monito, Desecheo and Culebra islands), in the Virgin Islands (Dutchcap and,
formerly, Cockroach and Sula cays), in the Grenadines (Battowia and Kick-’em-
Jenny), off Venezuela (Los Roques east to Los Hermanos) and off Brazil (Fernando
de Noronha and Trindade islands); in the Pacific off Mexico (the Tres Marias
islands, and Clarion and San Benedicto in the Revillagigedo group), off Costa Rica
(Cocos Island), in the Galapagos Islands, and from the Hawaiian (Kure east to
Kauai, Oahu and Moku Manu islet) and Bonin islands south to northern Australia,
New Caledonia, and the Fiji, Samoa and Tuamotu islands; and in the Indian
Ocean from Aldabra east to Cocos-Keeling Island.

Ranges at sea in the breeding areas in the Atlantic-Caribbean region from
Quintana Roo and Belize south along the coasts of Middle America and South
America to eastern Brazil, casually north to the Gulf coast (from Texas east to
western Florida) and through the Greater Antilles to southern Florida; in the
Pacific throughout the Hawaiian Islands (rare east of Oahu) and from Sinaloa
south to Panama; and in the Indian Ocean north to the Bay of Bengal.

Accidental in California (Farallon Islands).

Subgenus MORUS Vieillot

Morus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 63. Type, by monotypy, ““Fou de Bassan”’
Brisson = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.

Sula bassanus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN GANNET. [117.]

Pelecanus Bassanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 133. (in Scotia,
America = Bass Rock, Scotland.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding primarily on open ground on flat-topped islands,
less frequently on rocky slopes and cliffs along coasts.

Distribution.— Breeds on islands in eastern North America in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence (on Bonaventure, Anticosti and Bird Rocks in the Magdalen Islands),
off Quebec (Perroquet Island, formerly), in Newfoundland (Cape St. Mary, and
on Baccalieu and Funk islands), in Nova Scotia (near Yarmouth, formerly) and
off New Brunswick (Gannet Rock); and in Europe around Iceland, the Faroe
Islands, British Isles, northern France and Norway.

Ranges at sea off eastern North America from southern Labrador, Greenland
and areas near the breeding range south along the Atlantic coast to Florida, and
west along the Gulf coast to southern Texas; and in Europe east and south to
northern Russia, Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, throughout the Mediterranean Sea,
and along the Atlantic coast to northwestern Africa and (casually) the Cape Verde
Islands.

Casual inland in the St. Lawrence Valley, New England and the Great Lakes

36 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

west to Michigan, Indiana and Ohio; and in Eurasia to Spitsbergen, Bear Island
and continental Europe. Accidental on Victoria Island (Holman) and in Kentucky.
Notes.— Known in most literature as the GANNET. The gannets of the world, S.
bassanus, S. capensis (Lichtenstein, 1823) of South Africa, and S. serrator (G. R.
Gray, 1843) of Australia and New Zealand, probably constitute a superspecies.

Family PELECANIDAE: Pelicans

Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus

Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 132. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus.

Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. vii. Type, by
original designation, Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham = Pelecanus eryth-
rorhynchos Gmelin.

Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. vii. Type, by
original designation, Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = Pelecanus occidentalis
Linnaeus.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN. [125.]

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 571. Based on
the “Rough-billed Pelican” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 586. (in
America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Rivers, lakes, estuaries and bays, breeding on the ground, usually on
islands in inland lakes.

Distribution. — Breeds from south-central British Columbia (Stum Lake), north-
eastern Alberta, northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba and southwestern
Ontario south locally to extreme northern California, western Nevada, northern
Utah, northern Colorado, northeastern South Dakota and southwestern (formerly
central) Minnesota, with sporadic breeding on the central coast of Texas and from
central to southern California (formerly on Salton Sea). Recorded in summer (and
possibly breeding) in southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake).

Winters along the Pacific coast from central California and southern Arizona
south along the western lowlands (less frequently in the interior) of Mexico to
Guatemala and Nicaragua (sight reports for Costa Rica), and from Florida and
the Gulf states south along the Gulf coast of Mexico to Tabasco and the state of
Yucatan, casually in the breeding range in western North America.

Wanders irregularly after the breeding season through most of eastern North
America from Hudson Bay, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to
the Gulf coast and (rarely) the West Indies (Bimini and Great Inagua in the
Bahamas, Cuba and Puerto Rico). Accidental in Alaska (Petersburg), northern
Mackenzie (Liverpool Bay) and Victoria Island (Holman).

Notes.—In American literature usually known as the WHITE PELICAN.

Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus. BROWN PELICAN. [126.]

Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 215. Based
mainly on ““The Pelican of America”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 93,
pl. 93. (in Africa, Asia, & in America = Jamaica.)

ORDER PELECANIFORMES a

Habitat.—Open marine situations along coasts, breeding on islands on the
ground or in small bushes and trees.

Distribution. — Breeds on islands along the Pacific coast from central California
(the Channel Islands, formerly north to Monterey County) south to Isabela and
the Tres Marias Islands (and including islands in the Gulf of California), in the
Bay of Fonseca (Honduras), off Costa Rica (Guayabo and Bolafios) and Panama
(mostly in the Pearl Islands, and islets off Isla Coiba and in the Bay of Panama),
in the Galapagos Islands, and along the South American coast from Ecuador to
Chile (Isla de Chiloé); and along the Atlantic, Gulf and Caribbean coasts from
North Carolina south around Florida and west to southern Texas, in the West
Indies in the southern Bahamas (Great Inagua and Caicos islands) and the Greater
Antilles east to the Virgin Islands and St. Martin, off the Yucatan Peninsula and
Belize (Man-of-war Cay), and off the north coast of Venezuela from Los Roques
east to Tobago and Trinidad.

Ranges along the Pacific coast of the Americas from southern British Columbia
south to Cape Horn; and throughout the Atlantic, Gulf and Caribbean coastal and
insular areas from North Carolina (casually north to New England) south to eastern
Venezuela (rarely to northern Brazil). =

Casual in inland areas of North America north to Idaho, Wyoming, North
Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Ontario, and to Nova Scotia.

Notes.— The large South American form in Peru and Chile is sometimes regarded
as a distinct species, P. thagus Molina, 1782.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants

Notes.—See comments under Anhingidae.

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson

Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 60; 6, p. 511. Type, by
tautonymy, Phalacrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus). GREAT CORMORANT. [119.]

Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 133. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers and seacoasts, breeding primarily in trees, although in
North America nesting mostly on cliffs and ranging along seacoasts.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America along the Atlantic coast from the north
shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Quebec (Lake, Outer Wapitagun, Anticosti,
Magdalen and St. Mary islands) and southwestern Newfoundland (Guernsey Island,
Coal River and Port au Prince Peninsula) south to Prince Edward Island (Cape
Tryon and East Point) and Nova Scotia (south to Shelburne County), formerly
south to the Bay of Fundy; in the Palearctic from southern Greenland, Iceland,
the Faroe Islands and Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean and southern
Europe, and across central Asia to Sakhalin, Japan, Formosa and China; and in
New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.

Winters in North America in the breeding range and south regularly to North

38 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Carolina, casually to southern Florida, the Gulf coast west to Louisiana, and inland
to Lake Ontario and West Virginia; in Eurasia from the breeding range south to
the Mediterranean and Black seas, the Persian Gulf, India, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, the Philippines and Bonin Islands; and generally in the breeding range
in the Australian region.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK or COMMON CORMORANT and, in Old World
literature, as the CORMORANT. The African P. /ucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823) is con-
sidered by some to be conspecific with P. carbo; these two, along with P. capillatus
(Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) of Japan and Korea, constitute a superspecies.

Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson). DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. [120.]

Carbo auritus Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 8, p. 605. Based on “‘Le
Cormoran dilophe”’ Vieillot, in Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, pl. 275.
(in Nouvelle-Zélande, error = North America; restricted to upper Saskatch-
ewan River by Todd, 1963, Birds Labrador Peninsula, p. 105.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers, swamps and seacoasts, breeding on the ground or in
trees in fresh-water situations, and on coastal cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds in the southeastern Bering Sea (Cape Peirce), southern
Alaska (from Carlisle Island in the eastern Aleutians east to Yakutat Bay, and
inland to Lake Louise), and from southwestern British Columbia, northern Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern James Bay, the north shore of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland south in coastal areas (on the Atlantic
coast between New England and Florida in but a few isolated colonies) and very
locally throughout interior of North America (in widely scattered colonies) to Baja
California, coastal Sonora, southwestern Arizona, southern New Mexico, north-
central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida, and in the northern-
most Bahamas, Cuba, the Isle of Pines and (formerly) Man-of-war Cay off Belize.

Winters along the Pacific coast from the Aleutians and southern Alaska south
to Baja California, the Revillagigedo Islands and Guerrero; and in the southern
(casually central) United States from New Mexico and Texas east to the Gulf
coast, north in the Mississippi Valley to Tennessee, and on the Atlantic coast from
New England south to Florida, the Bahamas and Greater Antilles (east, at least
casually, to the Virgin Islands).

In migration regularly through the Great Plains and Mississippi and Ohio val-
leys, irregularly north to southern Mackenzie and south to islands off the Yucatan
Peninsula and Belize.

Casual north to Yukon, Hudson Bay, Baffin Island and Labrador, and in Ber-
muda and the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe).

Notes.—P. auritus probably constitutes a superspecies with P. olivaceus, with
which it is marginally sympatric.

Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt). OLIVACEOUS CORMORANT. [121.]

Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, 1805, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. Observ.
Zool. Anat. Comp., p. 6. (prope banco ad Magdalenas fluminis ripas, lat.
8°55’ = El Banco, Magdalena, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Rivers, lakes, marshes and seacoasts, breeding in trees (Tropical to
Temperate zones).
Distribution. — Resident from Sonora, southern New Mexico, north-central and

ORDER PELECANIFORMES 39

eastern Texas, and western Louisiana south throughout Middle America (including
islands off the Yucatan Peninsula) and South America (also islands north of
Venezuela from Aruba to Trinidad) to Tierra del Fuego; and on Cuba, the Isle of
Pines and in the Bahamas (Cat Island, San Salvador and Great Inagua).

Casual or accidental in southeastern California (Imperial Dam), southern Ari-
zona, Colorado, western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southern Illinois, Mississippi,
Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the northern Lesser Antilles, also sight reports for
southern Nevada.

Notes.— Also known as NEOTROPIC CORMORANT. The name P. brasilianus
(Gmelin, 1789), sometimes used for this species, is regarded as indeterminate.
See also comments under P. quritus.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). BRANDT’S CORMORANT. [122.]

Carbo penicillatus M. Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg,
3, col. 55. (No locality given = Vancouver Island.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, breeding on open ground in rocky areas, ranging primarily
at sea and, less commonly, inshore on brackish bays.

Distribution.— Breeds along the Pacific coast in south-coastal Alaska (Seal Rocks,
Hinchinbrook Entrance, Prince William Sound, since 1972), and from Washington
(Matia Island) south to Baja California (Isla Natividad and in San Cristobal Bay,
formerly on Guadalupe Island, Pacific coast; and San Pedro Martir, Salsipuedes
and Roca Blanca islands, Gulf of California).

Ranges generally near the breeding areas but occurs from southern Alaska south
to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and widely in the Gulf of California.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas. PELAGIC CORMORANT. [123.]

Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 303. (maris
Camtschatici orientalis et Americanarum insularum incola = Aleutian
Islands.)

Habitat.— Primarily seacoasts, breeding on cliffs on islands and along rocky
coasts.

Distribution. — Breeds from the southern Chukchi Sea (Cape Lisburne and Cape
Thompson, Alaska) south through the Bering Sea to the Aleutian Islands, and
along the Pacific coast of North America to northern Baja California (Los Corona-
dos Islands), and from Wrangel Island east along the Arctic coast of Siberia to
the Bering Strait, and south to northern Japan (Hondo).

Winters from the Aleutians and southern Alaska south to central Baja California
(casually to Cape San Lucas), and from Kamchatka south to China.

Casual north to Point Barrow, Alaska; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Mid-
way and Laysan).

[}Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas. PALLAS’ CORMORANT.] See Appen-
dix B.
Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). RED-FACED CORMORANT. [124.]

Pelecanus Urile Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 575. Based on the “‘Red-
faced Corvorant” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 584, and the ““Red-faced Shag”

40 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 601. (in Camtschatcae fupeatds
maritimis = Kamchatka.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts and rocky islands, breeding on cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds in the southern Bering Sea (on St. Paul and St. George
in the Pribilofs, on Cape Peirce, and in the Walrus Islands), in the Aleutian Islands
(from Attu eastward), and along the coast of southern Alaska (east to Cape St.
Elias); also in the Commander Islands and off Japan (Hokkaido).

Winters generally throughout the breeding range, occurring casually north to
St. Michael in Norton Sound, Alaska, and south to southeastern Alaska (Sitka)
and Japan (Honshu).

[Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson). GUANAY CORMORANT.] See Ap-
pendix A.

[Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot). RED-LEGGED Cor-
MORANT.]| See Appendix B.

Family ANHINGIDAE: Darters

Notes.— By some authors considered a subfamily of the Phalacrocoracidae.

Genus ANHINGA Brisson

Anhinga Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 60; 6, p. 476. Type, by tautonymy,
Anhinga Brisson = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.

Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). ANHINGA. [118.]

Plotus Anhinga Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 218. Based on the
““Anhinga”’ Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Brisson, Ornithologie,
6, p. 476. (in America australi = Rio Tapajos, Para, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water swamps, lakes and sluggish streams at low elevations
and, in tropical regions, primarily around brackish lagoons and in mangroves,
nesting in trees (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central and eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma,
southern and eastern Arkansas, southern Missouri (formerly), western Tennessee,
southern Illinois (formerly), north-central Mississippi, southern Alabama, south-
ern Georgia and coastal North Carolina south to southern Florida, Cuba and the
Isle of Pines, and from Sinaloa and the Gulf coast south along both lowlands of
Mexico and through Middle America and South America (also Tobago and Trin-
idad) west of the Andes to Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia,
northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Winters in the southeastern United States from central South Carolina, southern
Georgia, Florida and the Gulf coast southward, being essentially resident in the
breeding range in Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Middle America and South America.

Casual after the breeding season north to southern California, Arizona, New
Mexico, Nebraska, Michigan, southern Ontario, Ohio, New York and Maryland,
and to the Florida Keys and Bahamas (Andros); the origin of some of these
individuals, especially those reported in California, is questionable, and they may
represent escapes from captivity.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES 4]

Notes.— Also known as AMERICAN DARTER. The relationship of A. anhinga to
the Old World forms A. rufa (Daudin, 1802) of Africa, A. melanogaster Pennant,
1769, of Southeast Asia, and 4. novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) of the Australian
region, remains in doubt; some authors suggest that all forms constitute a single
superspecies.

Suborder FREGATAE: Frigatebirds
Family FREGATIDAE: Frigatebirds

Genus FREGATA Lacépéde

Fregata Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 15. Type, by subsequent
designation (Daudin, 1802), Pelecanus aquilus Linnaeus.

Fregata magnificens Mathews. MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD. [128.]

Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 20.
(Barrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands = Barrington Island, Gala-
pagos.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in mangroves, low trees and shrubs.

Distribution.— Breeds along the Pacific coast off Baja California (Santa Margarita
Island), Nayarit (Isabel and the Tres Marietas islands), Oaxaca (Natartiac Island
in Laguna Superior, Juchitan), Honduras (Isla Pajaro in the Gulf of Fonseca),
Costa Rica (Isla Bolafios), Panama (many islets in the Gulf of Chiriqui and Bay
of Panama) and South America (Colombia, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands):
in the Atlantic-Caribbean region in Florida (Marquesas Key), on the central coast
of Texas (Aransas county) and the coast of Veracruz (Laguna de Tamiahua), off
the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize (Man-of-war Cay), widely in the Bahamas and
Antilles (east to Barbuda in the northern Lesser Antilles), in the Cayman (Little
Cayman) and Swan (Little Swan) islands, on islands north of Venezuela (Los
Hermanos and Margarita east to Tobago), in the Grenadines of the southern Lesser
Antilles, and locally along the South American coast to southern Brazil; and in
the Cape Verde Islands, off western Africa.

Ranges at sea along the Pacific coast from northern California (casually from
south-coastal Alaska) south to northern Peru; throughout the Gulf of Mexico,
Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic from North Carolina (casually from New
England and Nova Scotia) south to northern Argentina; and in the eastern Atlantic
in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands.

Casual or accidental in the interior of North America, mostly after storms, north
to Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Quebec and Newfoundland, and in
Arizona and New Mexico; also in the British Isles, on continental Europe and in
the Azores.

Fregata minor (Gmelin). GREAT FRIGATEBIRD. [128.1.]

Pelecanus minor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 572. Based mainly on
the “Lesser Frigate’”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 590. (No locality
given = Christmas Island, eastern Indian Ocean.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands in trees or on low vegetation.

42 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds in the Pacific Ocean in the Revillagigedo Islands (San
Benedicto and Clarion), off Costa Rica (Cocos Island), in the Galapagos Islands,
and from the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Nihoa, also one breeding record for
Moku Manu islet off Oahu) and the South China Sea south to northeastern Aus-
tralia (Raine Island) and the Fiji and Tuamotu islands; in the South Atlantic on
Trindade Island, off Brazil; and in the Indian Ocean from Aldabra and the Sey-
chelles east to Christmas Island.

Ranges at sea generally in the vicinity of the breeding areas, and occurring
throughout the Hawaiian Islands, north to Japan and south to southeastern Aus-
tralia and New Zealand; not certainly recorded from the Pacific coast of North
or South America.

Accidental in Oklahoma (Perry, 3 November 1975).

Fregata ariel (Gray). LESSER FRIGATEBIRD. [128.2.]

Atagen Ariel (Gould MS) G. R. Gray, 1845, Genera Birds, 3, p. [669]. col.
pl. [185]. (No locality given = Raine Island, Queensland.)

Habitat.— Pelagic, breeding on islands primarily in low bushes or trees.

Distribution.— Breeds in the South Pacific off northern Australia (Northwest
Australia east to Raine Island, Queensland), in New Caledonia, and from the
Howland, Line and Marquesas islands south to the Fiji, Tonga and Tuamotu
islands; in the South Atlantic at Trindade Island, off Brazil; and in the western
Indian Ocean in the Aldabra Islands.

Ranges widely at sea, especially in the Pacific Ocean, north regularly through
Indonesia, the South China Sea and western Pacific to Korea, Japan and Kam-
chatka, and casually to the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure); also recorded in the
South Atlantic not far from the breeding grounds, and in the Indian Ocean in the
Mascarene Islands.

Accidental in Maine (Deer Island, Hancock County, 3 July 1960; Snyder, 1961,
Auk, 78, p. 265) and Siberia.

Notes.— Also known as LEAST FRIGATEBIRD.

Order CICONITFORMES: Herons, Ibises, Storks and Allies
Notes.—The monophyly of the Ciconiiformes, the relationships among the
subgroups within it, and the relationships between this order and others are by

no means clear. For a summary of these problems, see Sibley and Ahlquist (1972,
Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., 39, pp. 72-86).

Suborder ARDEAE: Bitterns, Herons and Allies
Family ARDEIDAE: Bitterns and Herons
Tribe BOTAURINI: Bitterns

Genus BOTAURUS Stephens

Botaurus Stephens, 1819, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11 (2), p. 592. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ardea stellaris Linnaeus.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 43

Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler). PINNATED BITTERN.

Ardea pinnata (Lichtenstein MS) Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 662.
(Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds locally in the lowlands of Middle America in southeastern
Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, the state of Yucatan, and Quintana Roo), Belize, El
Salvador (Laguna Jocotal) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio district, Guanacaste, Tur-
rialba); and widely in South America in central Colombia and western Ecuador,
and east of the Andes from southern Venezuela and the Guianas south to northern
Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.

Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett). AMERICAN BITTERN. [190.]

Ardea lentiginosa Rackett, 1813, in Pulteney, Cat. Birds Shells Plants Dor-
setshire, ed. 2, p. 14. (Piddletown, Dorset, England.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and brackish marshes, generally in tall vegetation.

Distribution. — Breeds from extreme southeastern Alaska, central British Colum-
bia, southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec
and Newfoundland south to southern California, central Arizona (formerly),
southern New Mexico, central Kansas, central Missouri, central and western Ten-
nessee, western Kentucky, central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, northeastern West
Virginia, eastern Maryland and eastern Virginia; and locally in Texas, Louisiana,
Florida, and in Mexico south to Puebla and the state of México.

Winters from southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, western
Oregon, northern Nevada, northern and central Utah, northern Arizona, central
New Mexico, northern Texas, central Oklahoma, central Arkansas, the Ohio Val-
ley (rarely) and New York (casually farther north) south to southern Mexico and
Cuba, rarely (or formerly) to Costa Rica and Panama, and to the Swan and Cayman
islands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands), Bahamas and Bermuda.

Casual north to Keewatin and Labrador, and in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe
Islands, British Isles, continental Europe, the Azores and Canary Islands.

Genus IXOBRYCHUS Billberg

Ixobrychus Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1 (2), p. 166. Type,
by subsequent designation (Stone, 1907), Ardea minuta Linnaeus.

Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin). LEAST BITTERN. [191.]

Ardea exilis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 645. Based on the ““Minute
Bittern” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 66. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Tall vegetation in marshes, primarily fresh-water, less commonly in
coastal brackish marshes and mangrove swamps (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in western North America in southern Oregon,
interior and southern coastal California, central Baja California and southern
coastal Sonora; in eastern North America from southern Manitoba, northeastern
North Dakota, northwestern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northern Michigan,
southern Ontario, extreme southern Quebec, eastern Maine and southern New

44 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Brunswick south to western and southern Texas, the Gulf coast, Florida and the
Greater Antilles, and west to central Montana, Utah (Great Salt Lake, formerly),
eastern Colorado and south-central New Mexico; in Middle America in Guatemala
(Duefias and Atitlan), El Salvador (Lake Olomega), Honduras (Lake Yojoa, Copén),
Nicaragua (Los Sabalos), Costa Rica (Guanacaste), Panama (Canal Zone) and
undoubtedly elsewhere, especially in Mexico; and widely in South America in
central Colombia (Temperate Zone), along the coast of Peru, and east of the Andes
from Venezuela and the Guianas south to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.
Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in Nova Scotia.

Winters from southern California, southern Texas and northern Florida south
throughout the Greater Antilles, Middle America and South America (south to
the limits of the breeding range). Breeding populations south of the United States
are mostly sedentary; North American breeding birds winter as far south as Pan-
ama and Colombia.

Casual north to southern British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Alberta, southern Quebec and Newfoundland, and throughout most of the western
states where breeding has not been verified. Accidental in Bermuda, Iceland and
the Azores.

Notes.—Two Old World species, J. minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) and I. sinensis
(Gmelin, 1789), along with /. exilis, probably constitute a superspecies.

Tribe TIGRISOMATINI: Tiger-Herons

Genus TIGRISOMA Swainson

Tigrisoma Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 362. Type, by original designation,
Ardea tigrina “Latham” [= Gmelin] = Ardea lineata Boddaert.

Heterocnus Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 5, p. xiv. Type, by original
designation, 7igrisoma cabanisi Heine = Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson.

Notes.— Members of this genus are sometimes known under the group name
TIGER-BITTERN.

Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert). RUFESCENT TIGER-HERON.

Ardea lineata Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 52. Based on “L’O-
noré rayé, de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., p. 860. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Interior of shaded forests and along forest streams, less commonly
in swamps and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Middle America on the Caribbean slope of extreme
eastern Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama (east to
San Blas), and on the Pacific slope of Panama in Darién; and in South America
from Colombia and Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Argentina, Uruguay and central Brazil.

Casual or accidental in northern Honduras (Lake Yojoa, sight record) and
Chiapas (presumably a vagrant).

Tigrisoma fasciatum (Such). FASCIATED TIGER-HERON.
Ardea fasciata Such, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 117. (Brazil.)

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 45

Habitat.— Along forest streams in humid, hilly regions (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope foothills of the Cordi-
llera Central and Cordillera Talamanca) and Panama (primarily Caribbean slope
from Bocas del Toro to San Blas, and in Darién); and in South America east of
the Andes from Colombia and Venezuela south to northern Argentina and south-
eastern Brazil.

Notes. — For use of 7. fasciatum instead of T. salmoni Sclater and Salvin, 1875,
see Eisenmann, 1965, Hornero, 10, pp. 225-234.

Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson. BARE-THROATED TIGER-HERON.

Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson, 1834, in Murray, Encycl. Geogr., p. 1383.
(Real del Monte, [Hidalgo,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, mangroves and occasionally moist woodland, pri-
marily along the banks of streams and lagoons (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southern San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including Cozu-
mel Island and Isla Cancun) to eastern Panama (on the Pacific slope primarily,
including the Pearl Islands, Isla Coiba and several smaller islets; on the Caribbean
slope only in the San Blas area); also in the lower Atrato Valley of northwestern
Colombia.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Heterocnus.

Tribe ARDEINI: Typical Herons

Genus ARDEA Linnaeus

Ardea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 141. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ardea cinerea Linnaeus.

Ardea herodias Linnaeus. GREAT BLUE HERON. [194.]

Ardea Herodias Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 143. Based mainly
on “The Ash-colour’d Heron of North-America”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
3, p. 135, pl. 135. (in America = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and brackish marshes, along lakes, rivers and lagoons,
and mangroves, breeding primarily in trees, less commonly on the ground, rock
ledges and coastal cliffs (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [herodias group] from south-coastal and southeastern
Alaska (west to Prince William Sound), coastal and southern British Columbia,
northern Alberta, southern Keewatin, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, south-
ern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south, at
least locally, throughout the United States and much of Mexico to Guerrero,
Veracruz, the Gulf coast and interior southern Florida, also in the Galapagos
Islands; and [occidentalis group] in southern coastal Florida (north to the Tampa
area, and including the Florida Keys), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, St. Thomas, Ane-
gada, the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, and Los Roques off the northern coast

46 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

of Venezuela, with breeding probably elsewhere in the Greater Antilles and on
other islands off Venezuela.

Winters [herodias group] from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, the coasts
of British Columbia and Washington, central Oregon, southern Idaho, western
Montana, northern Wyoming, central Nebraska, central Missouri, the Ohio Valley,
southern Ontario and the southern New England coast south throughout the
southern United States, Middle America, Bermuda and the West Indies to north-
ern Colombia, northern Venezuela, western Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands;
and [occidentalis group] primarily in the vicinity of the breeding range and along
the coasts of Venezuela and on islands offshore (east to Tobago and Trinidad).

Wanders widely [herodias group] west to Cook Inlet, Alaska, and north to the
Arctic coast of Alaska (rarely), central British Columbia, southern Keewatin,
Hudson Bay (rarely), northern Quebec, Anticosti Island and Newfoundland; and
[occidentalis group] north in peninsular Florida and casually along the Gulf coast
west to Texas and the Atlantic coast to North Carolina, and in the Bahamas.
Accidental [herodias group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui, Hawaii), north-
western Alaska (Wainwright) and Greenland; and [occidentalis group] in Penn-
sylvania.

Notes.— The white and mixed white and blue forms have often been considered
as a separate species, A. occidentalis Audubon, 1835 [GREAT WHITE HERON, 192],
but are now generally regarded as being conspecific with A. herodias. A. cinerea,
A. cocoi and A. herodias are closely related and constitute a superspecies; some
authors consider them conspecific.

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus. GRAY HERON.

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 143. Gn gas
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in habitats similar to A. herodias from the
British Isles and Scandinavia east to Sakhalin and throughout much of Eurasia
south locally to South Africa and the East Indies, wandering within this range
after the breeding season.

Casual in Greenland. Accidental in the Lesser Antilles (Cars Bay, Montserrat,
20 September 1959, bird banded at Lac de Grand-Lieu, France; Baudouin-Bodin,
1960, Oiseau, 30, p. 274) and Trinidad.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the HERON. See comments under A.
herodias.

Ardea cocoi Linnaeus. WHITE-NECKED HERON.

Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 237. Based in part on
‘Le Heron hupé de Cayenne”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 400. (in Cayana =
Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Along rivers, lagoons, marshes and swamps, breeding primarily in
trees (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and east-
ern Darién) and throughout South America (also Trinidad) south to southern
Chile and southern Argentina.

Casual in central Panama (west to the Canal Zone). Accidental in the Falkland
Islands.

Notes.— Also known as Cocor HERON. See comments under 4. herodias.

ORDER CICONITFORMES 47

Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger

Casmerodius Gloger, 1842, Gemein. Handb. Hilfsb. Naturgesch. (1841), p.
412. Type, by subsequent designation (Salvadori, 1882), Ardea egretta
Gmelin.

Notes.— By some authors merged in Egretta, by others in Ardea.

Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus). GREAT EGRET. [196.]

Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 144. (¢n Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swampy woods, tidal estuaries, lagoons, mangroves and
along streams, breeding primarily in tall trees (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America locally from southern Oregon and
southern Idaho south through California, Nevada and southwestern Arizona, and
from southeastern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, central Minnesota,
southwestern Wisconsin, central Illinois, southern Indiana, southern Ontario,
northern Ohio, Vermont (probably) and Maine south (west to eastern Colorado,
southern New Mexico and south-central Texas) through the Gulf states, along
both coasts of Mexico (also locally in the interior), and through the Bahamas,
Antilles, Middle America and South America to southern Chile and southern
Argentina; in the Old World from central Europe east to Ussuriland and Japan,
and south to Turkey, Iran, India, China, most of Southeast Asia, the East Indies,
the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand; and locally in Africa
south of the Sahara and in Madagascar.

Winters in North America from northern California, central Nevada, central
Arizona, central New Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf coast and coastal North
Carolina south throughout Mexico and the remainder of the breeding range in
the Americas to the Straits of Magellan; in the Old World from the Mediterranean
coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, central India, China, Korea and Japan
south through the breeding range in Southeast Asia to Australia and New Zealand:
and in the breeding range in Africa and Madagascar.

Wanders north irregularly in North America to southwestern British Columbia,
southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba, southern Que-
bec and Newfoundland; and in Europe to the British Isles, Scandinavia and the
Baltic states. Casual in southeastern Alaska (Juneau), the Falkland and Canary
islands, Mediterranean region and southern Africa; accidental in the Hawaiian
Islands (Oahu).

Notes.— Also known as COMMON or AMERICAN EGRET and, in Old World lit-
erature, as GREAT WHITE HERON.

Genus EGRETTA Forster

Egretta T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 59. Type, by monotypy,
Ardea garzetta Linnaeus.

Florida Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
R. Pac., 9, pp. xxi, xlv, 659, 671. Type, by monotypy, Ardea caerulea
Linnaeus.

Hydranassa Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, p. 660. Type, by original designation, Ardea ludoviciana
Wilson = Egretta ruficollis Gosse.

Dichromanassa Ridgway, 1878, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, pp.

48 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

224, 246. Type, by original designation, Ardea rufa Boddaert = Ardea rufes-
cens Gmelin. :
Mesophoyx Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 3, p. xxxviii. Type, by
original designation, Ardea intermedia Wagler.
Leucophoyx Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 3, p. xxxix. Type, by
original designation, Ardea candidissima Gmelin = Ardea thula Molina.

[Egretta intermedia (Wagler). INTERMEDIATE EGRET.] See Appendix B.

Egretta eulophotes (Swinhoe). CHINESE EGRET. [196.2.]

Herodias eulophotes Swinhoe, 1860, Ibis, p. 64. (Amoy, China.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in fresh-water habitats in northern Korea and
southeastern China, and winters to Japan, wandering south to the Philippines and
the East Indies.

Accidental in Alaska (Agattu Island in the Aleutians, 16 June 1974; Byrd, Trapp
and Gibson, 1978, Condor, 80, p. 309).

Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus). LITTLE EGRET. [196.1.]

Ardea Garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 237. (in Oriente =
northeastern Italy.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds locally in marshy areas in southern Europe,
Africa, Madagascar, and from Southeast Asia and Japan south to New Guinea,
and winters principally in Southeast Asia and the African and Australian regions.

Accidental in Quebec (Cacouna area, 14 May—6 September 1980), Newfound-
land (Flatrock, Conception Bay, 8 May 1954), Barbados (Graeme Hall Swamp,
16 April 1954), Martinique (6 October 1962), Trinidad and Surinam.

Notes.—E. garzetta and E. thula may constitute a superspecies.

Egretta thula (Molina). Snowy EGRET. [197.]
Ardea Thula Molina, 1782, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 235. (Chili = Chile.)

Habitat.— Marshes, lakes, ponds, lagoons, mangroves and shallow coastal hab-
itats, breeding in bushes and trees (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from northern California, northern Nevada, southeastern
Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska (formerly), central Kansas, central Okla-
homa, central and eastern (also locally in extreme western) Texas, the lower
Mississippi Valley (north casually or formerly to southeastern Missouri and south-
ern Illinois), and the Gulf and Atlantic coasts (north to Maine) south, primarily
in coastal lowlands and locally in the interior, through the Greater Antilles (east
to the Virgin Islands) and Middle America. and throughout South America to
southern Chile and central Argentina.

Winters from northern California, southwestern Arizona, the Gulf coast and
coastal South Carolina south throughout the breeding range in the West Indies,
Middle America and South America.

Wanders irregularly north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, central Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec
and Newfoundland (sight report from southwestern Mackenzie); also to the Baha-

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 49

mas and throughout the Lesser Antilles, casually to Bermuda and the Hawaiian
Islands (Oahu, Maui, Hawaii). Accidental in southeastern Alaska (Juneau) and
on Tristan da Cunha.

Notes.— This species is frequently placed in the monotypic genus Leucophoyx.
See also comments under FE. garzetta.

Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus). LITTLE BLUE HERON. [200.]

Ardea cerulea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 143. Based mainly on
““The Blew Heron” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 76, pl. 76. (in America
septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds, lakes, meadows, streams and mangroves, breeding
in trees and low shrubs, primarily in fresh-water habitats (Tropical to Temperate
zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern California (casually, since 1979), southern
Sonora, southeastern New Mexico, north-central Texas, central Oklahoma, central
Kansas, southern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, southwestern Kentucky,
northwestern Tennessee, central Alabama, southern Georgia and the Atlantic coast
(north to Maine) south along both coasts of Mexico and Middle America, through
the Gulf coast region and West Indies, and in South America (also Tobago and
Trinidad) from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas west of the Andes to central
Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, central Brazil and Uruguay; also
sporadically in central Minnesota (Pope and probably Grant counties).

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, the Gulf coast and
coastal Virginia south throughout most of the breeding range.

Wanders irregularly north to central California, southeastern Saskatchewan,
southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, southern Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Casual or
accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu), southwestern British Columbia and
northwestern Washington (same individual), Utah and Greenland.

Notes.— This species is often placed in the monotypic genus Florida.

Egretta tricolor (Miller). TRICOLORED HERON. [199.]

Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 111. Based on “La
Demi-Aigrette” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 7, p. 378, and “Heron bleuatre a
ventre blanc, de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 350. (Amer-
ica = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds and rivers, breeding primarily near salt water in
mangroves, on trees and in grasses virtually on the ground, very rarely in inland
fresh-water situations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central Baja California, southern Sonora, south-
eastern New Mexico, north-central and northeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and
the Atlantic coast (north to southern Maine) south along both coasts of Middle
America to northern South America, on the Pacific coast to central Peru and on
the Caribbean-Atlantic coast to northeastern Brazil (also islands off the north coast
of Venezuela); and in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (east to St. Thomas and St.
Croix), and on Providencia and San Andrés islands in the western Caribbean Sea.
Casual or rare breeding inland in North Dakota (Long Lake) and central Kansas
(Cheyenne Bottoms).

50 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, southeastern Texas,
the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast (north to New Jersey, casually farther) south
through the remainder of the breeding range.

Wanders irregularly north to Oregon, California, central Arizona, southern New
Mexico, Colorado and, east of the Rockies, to southern Manitoba, northern Min-
nesota, central Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec,
southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; also to the Lesser Antilles (south to
Barbados).

Notes.— Also known as LOUISIANA HERON. This species is frequently placed in
the monotypic genus Hydranassa.

Egretta rufescens (Gmelin). REDDISH EGRET. [198.]

Ardea rufescens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 628. Based on “‘Aigrette
rousse”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 378, and ““L’Aigrette rousse, de la
Louisiane”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 902. (in Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Brackish marshes and shallow coastal habitats, breeding in low trees,
primarily in red mangrove (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Breeds in Baja California (north to San Quintin on the Pacific
coast and Angel de la Guarda in the Gulf of California), Sonora (Tobari Bay),
Sinaloa (Isla Las Tunas) and Oaxaca (Mar Muerto); along the Gulf coast of Texas
(Cameron to Chambers counties), Louisiana (North Island) and Alabama (Cat
Island); in southern Florida (north to Merritt Island and the Tampa area), the
northwestern Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros and Great Inagua), Cuba,
the Isle of Pines and Hispaniola (formerly Jamaica); and on the coast of the
Yucatan Peninsula, including offshore islands.

Winters primarily in coastal areas of the breeding range, north irregularly to
central coastal and southern California, southwestern Arizona, the Gulf coast
(from Texas to Florida) and Georgia (casually north to Virginia); and south along
the Pacific coast to Costa Rica, and in the Caribbean to Belize, Puerto Rico and
the northern coast of Venezuela (also the Netherlands Antilles east to Margarita
Island).

Casual inland, generally as postbreeding wanderers, to southern Colorado, cen-
tral Texas, southern Illinois and Kentucky, and to Costa Rica (Caribbean coast)
and Isla Coiba (off Panama).

Notes.— This species is often placed in the monotypic genus Dichromanassa.

Genus BUBULCUS Bonaparte

Bubulcus (Pucheran MS) Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 722.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1871), Ardea ibis “‘Hassel-
quist’”’ [= Linnaeus].

Notes.—By some merged in the Old World genus Ardeola Boie, 1822, or in
Egretta; affinities remain uncertain.
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus). CATTLE EGRET. [200.1.]

Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 144. Based on Ardea Ibis
Hasselquist, Iter Palaestinum, p. 248. (in A24gypto = Egypt.)

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 51

Habitat.— Wet pasturelands and marshes, both fresh-water and brackish situ-
ations, also dry fields, nesting in trees (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in the Western Hemisphere locally from northwestern
and central California, southern Idaho, northern Utah, Colorado, North Dakota,
southern Saskatchewan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, northern Ohio
and Maine south, primarily in coastal lowlands (very scattered inland localities)
through Middle America, the Gulf and Atlantic states, West Indies and South
America (also Tobago and Trinidad) to northwestern Chile and northern Argen-
tina; in southern Europe from the Mediterranean region east to the Caspian Sea,
and south throughout most of Africa (except the Sahara), including Madagascar
and islands in the Indian Ocean; and in Southeast Asia from India east to eastern
China, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands, and south throughout the Philippines and
East Indies to New Guinea and probably also northern Australia (introduced and
established widely elsewhere in Australia).

Winters in the Americas through much of the breeding range from southern
California, eastern Texas, the Gulf states and Florida south through the West
Indies, Middle America and South America; and in the Old World from southern
Spain and northern Africa south and east through the remainder of the breeding
range in Africa, Asia and Australia.

Wanders north, at least casually, to southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan), southern
Canada (British Columbia east to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland), and in Eurasia
to Iceland, the British Isles, continental Europe and the eastern Atlantic islands.

Introduced (in 1959) and established on most of the larger Hawaiian Islands,
wandering to Midway and Johnston Island.

Notes.— Also known as BUFF-BACKED HERON. This species apparently spread to
the New World (Guianas in South America) in the late 1870’s, reaching Florida
by the early 1940’s; the range is still expanding.

Genus BUTORIDES Blyth

Butorides Blyth, 1852, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. (1849), p. 281. Type, by
monotypy, Ardea javanica Horsfield = Ardea striata Linnaeus.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in the Old World Ardeola.

Butorides striatus (Linnaeus). GREEN-BACKED HERON. [201.]

Ardea striata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 144. (in Surinami =
Surinam.)

Habitat.— Ponds, rivers, lakes, lagoons, marshes, swamps and mangroves,
breeding in trees in wooded areas in both fresh-water and brackish habitats (Trop-
ical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [virescens group] from southwestern British Columbia
(including Vancouver Island), western Washington, western Oregon, northern
California, west-central and southern Nevada, southern Utah, north-central New
Mexico, the western edge of the Great Plains states (north to eastern Colorado
and eastern South Dakota), central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, north-central
Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and southern New Brunswick south
through Middle America, the eastern United States and West Indies to eastern
Panama (including the Pearl Islands), islands off the north coast of Venezuela
(Aruba east to La Tortuga and Blanquilla) and Tobago.

52 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters [virescens group] from western Washington (rarely at Lake Washington),
coastal and southeastern California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, southern
Louisiana, northern Florida and South Carolina south throughout the breeding
range to northern Colombia and northern Venezuela.

Resident [striatus group] in the Americas from eastern Panama (eastern Panama
province and Darién), Colombia and Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trin-
idad) south to southern Peru, Chile (rarely), central Argentina and Uruguay, also
in the Galapagos Islands; and in the Old World from the Red Sea to the Gulf of
Aden, in Africa south of the Sahara, on islands in the Indian Ocean, and from
northern China, the Amur Valley and Japan (northern populations in eastern Asia
are migratory) south throughout southeast Asia, the East Indies and the Philippines
to Australia and southern Polynesia.

Wanders [virescens group] north to eastern Washington, Idaho, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, Nova Scotia and
southwestern Newfoundland, and south to Surinam; and [striatus group] north to
Costa Rica (Guanacaste and Cocos Island) and St. Vincent, in the Lesser Antilles.
Accidental [virescens group] in Bermuda, Greenland and England, also a sight
report from the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii).

Notes.— Also known as LITTLE HERON. The two groups are sometimes regarded
as separate species, B. striatus [STRIATED HERON] and B. virescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
[GREEN HERON], but intergradation occurs in central Panama. Some authors also
consider B. striatus and B. sundevalli (Reichenow, 1877), of the Galapagos Islands,
as conspecific, since intermediate specimens (as well as both forms) have been
obtained there; the extent of hybridization, however, has not been determined.

Genus AGAMIA Reichenbach

Agamia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xvi. Type, by original
designation, Agamia picta Reichenbach = Ardea agami Gmelin.

Agamia agami (Gmelin). CHESTNUT-BELLIED HERON.

Ardea Agami Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 629. Based on “Agami”
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, and ““Le Heron Agami de Cayenne”
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 859. (in Cayanna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Shady forest streams and ponds in humid forest (Tropical, occasion-
ally to Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally from southeastern Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco,
Chiapas and Quintana Roo) south through eastern Guatemala (Petén), Belize,
northern Honduras (La Ceiba), Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as AGAMI HERON.

Genus PILHERODIUS Bonaparte

Pilherodius Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2 (1857), p. 139. Type,
by monotypy, Ardea alba var. 8 Gmelin = Ardea pileata Boddaert.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 53

Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert). CAPPED HERON.

Ardea pileata Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 54. Based on ““Heron
blanc, hupé de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 907. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Forest regions near rivers and ponds, occasionally in wooded savanna
and cultivated regions (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Panama (primarily in Darién but recorded
west to Canal Zone), Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Surinam south, east
of the Andes, to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, northern Paraguay and eastern
Brazil (to Santa Catarina).

Tribe NYCTICORACINI: Night-Herons

Genus NYCTICORAX Forster

Nycticorax T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 59. Type, by tautonymy,
Nycticorax infaustus Forster = Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus.

Nyctanassa Stejneger, 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 10, p. 295, note. Type,
by original designation, Ardea violacea Linnaeus.

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus). BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON. [202.]

Ardea Nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 142. (in Europa
australi = southern Europe.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, ponds, lakes, lagoons and mangroves, breeding in
trees in wooded areas near water, occasionally in reeds (Tropical to Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in the Western Hemisphere from central Washington,
southern Idaho, central Wyoming, east-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, northwestern and central Minnesota, central Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northeastern New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia south locally through the United States, Middle America,
the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and South America to Tierra del Fuego and the
Falkland Islands; from the Hawaiian Islands (Niihau east to Hawaii) south locally
through the islands of Polynesia; and in the Old World from the Netherlands,
central and southern Europe and northwestern Africa east to south-central Russia,
and south locally through East and South Africa, on Madagascar, and from Asia
Minor east across Southeast Asia to eastern China and Japan, and south to the
Philippines and East Indies.

Winters in the Western Hemisphere from southern Oregon, southern Nevada,
northern Utah, central New Mexico, southern Texas, the lower Ohio Valley, Gulf
coast and southern New England south throughout the breeding range, becoming
more widespread in winter (including through the Lesser Antilles); in the Hawaiian
Islands and Polynesia (sedentary population); and in the Old World in Africa
south of the Sahara (most European populations), and from Asia Minor across
Southeast Asia to Japan, and southward.

Wanders north in North America to southern British Columbia, northern Wis-
consin, central Ontario, central Quebec and Newfoundland; and in Europe to
Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia and the eastern Atlantic

54 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

islands. Casual in the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Midway), southwestern
Alaska (St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, and Shemya and Atka in the Aleutians),
Bermuda and Greenland.

Notes.— JN. nycticorax and N. caledonicus (Gmelin, 1789), of Polynesia and the
Australian region, may constitute a superspecies.

Nycticorax violaceus (Linnaeus). YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON. [203.]

Ardea violacea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 143. Based on ““The
Crested Bittern’? Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 79, pl. 79. (in America
septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, lakes, lagoons and mangroves, breeding in trees
in wooded situations near water, occasionally in arid areas on islands (Tropical
to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from central Baja California (both coasts), central Sonora,
central and northeastern Texas, central Oklahoma, northeastern Kansas, south-
eastern Nebraska, southern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario (questionably), the lower Ohio Val-
ley, eastern Tennessee, eastern West Virginia, southeastern Pennsylvania and
Massachusetts south along both coasts of Mexico (including Socorro Island in the
Revillagigedo group, and Isla Maria Madre in the Tres Marias group), the Gulf
coast, Bahamas, Antilles, Middle America and coastal South America on the
Pacific to extreme northern Peru (including the Galapagos Islands) and on the
Caribbean-Atlantic to eastern Brazil.

Winters from central Baja California, central Sonora, the Gulf coast and coastal
South Carolina south throughout the remainder of the breeding range.

Wanders, at least casually, north as far as central California, southern Arizona,
southern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, North Dakota, southeastern Saskatch-
ewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New
Brunswick, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and to Bermuda (where recently also
introduced).

Notes.— This species is placed by some authors in the genus Nyctanassa.

Tribe COCHLEARIINI: Boat-billed Herons

Notes.—Sometimes maintained as a separate family or subfamily.

Genus COCHLEARIUS Brisson

Cochlearius Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 506. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Cochlearius Brisson = Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus.

Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus). BOAT-BILLED HERON.

Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 233. Based on
‘La Cuilliere’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 506. (in Guiana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Marshes, mangroves and humid forest, usually near ponds or streams
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa in the Pacific lowlands and Tamaulipas
in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands south through Middle America (including islands
off the Yucatan Peninsula) and South America (also Trinidad) west of the Andes

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 55

to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia and
northern Argentina.

Suborder THRESKIORNITHES: Ibises and Spoonbills
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE: Ibises and Spoonbills
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE: Ibises

Genus EUDOCIMUS Wagler

Eudocimus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type, by subsequent
designation (Reichenow, 1877), Scolopax rubra Linnaeus.

Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus). WHITE IBIS. [184.]

Scolopax alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145. Based on ““The
White Curlew” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 82, pl. 82. (in America =
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Marshes, mangroves, lagoons and lakes, breeding in trees near water,
especially in wooded swamps (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from central Baja California (lat. 27°N.), central Sinaloa,
southern and eastern Texas, southern Louisiana, Florida, southeastern Georgia
and coastal North Carolina (rarely Virginia) south along both slopes of Middle
America, through the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica and
Hispaniola), and along the coasts of South America to northwestern Peru and
French Guiana.

Wanders north, at least casually, to southern California, southern Arizona,
central New Mexico, eastern Colorado, southeastern South Dakota, southern
Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and Nova Scotia; reports from
northern California are regarded as based on escapes. Casual in Puerto Rico, also
a sight report from the Bahamas (New Providence).

Notes.— Despite slight overlap in mixed colonies in Venezuela, FE. a/bus and
E. ruber appear to constitute a superspecies. Hybridization between the two occurs
in captivity and among the mixed Florida colony but has not been reported under
natural conditions in South America.

Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus). SCARLET Isis. [185.]

Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145. Based mainly
on “The Red Curlew” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 84, pl. 84. (in
America.)

Habitat.— Primarily in coastal swamps and lagoons, mangroves and occasion-
ally along rivers and in drier interior areas, breeding in trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Colombia and Venezuela (also Margarita
Island and Trinidad) south, east of the Andes, to eastern Ecuador and southern
Brazil.

Accidental in Texas, Florida (1874), Alabama, Nova Scotia (possibly a man-
assisted vagrant) and Grenada; reports from Louisiana, the Bahamas, Cuba,
Jamaica, Honduras and Costa Rica are all open to question. Attempted intro-

56 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ductions in southern Florida through eggs placed in nests of E. a/bus have been
generally unsuccessful.
Notes.—See comments under E. albus.

Genus PLEGADIS Kaup

Plegadis Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 82. Type, by mono-
typy, Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus.

Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus). GLossy IBIs. [186.]

Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 241. Based
mostly on Numenius rostro arcuato Kramer, Elench. Veget. Anim. Aus-
triam Inf. Obsv., p. 350, and “Le Courly verd”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5,
p. 326, pl. 27, fig. 2. (in Austria, Italia = Neusiedler See, Lower Austria.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, lagoons and lakes, breeding in trees in wooded
situations near water.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America locally from Maine (Stratton Island)
and Rhode Island south to Florida, and west on the Gulf coast to Louisiana (Bird
Island), also inland, at least casually, in Arkansas (Blytheville); in northwestern
Costa Rica (Guanacaste, since 1978): in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola
and Puerto Rico); in South America in northern Venezuela (Aragua); and locally
in the Old World from southeastern Europe east to eastern China, India and the
Malay Peninsula, and south through East Africa to South Africa and Madagascar,
and through the East Indies to Australia. Reported breeding in eastern Texas has
not been verified.

Winters in the Americas from northern Florida and (casually) the Gulf coast
of Louisiana south through the Greater Antilles (casually the Bahamas and north-
ern Lesser Antilles), in northwestern Costa Rica, and in northern Venezuela; and
in the Old World from the Mediterranean region east to Southeast Asia and south
widely through Africa, the East Indies and Australia.

Wanders north, at least casually, in North America to central Oklahoma, Mis-
souri1, lowa, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince Edward Island,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and in Eurasia to Iceland, the
Faroe Islands, British Isles and Scandinavia. Casual in Bermuda, Panama, Colom-
bia and the eastern Atlantic islands; sight reports from eastern Texas, Honduras
and Costa Rica are not certainly identifiable to species.

Notes.—P. falcinellus and P. chihi are sometimes considered conspecific, but
sympatric breeding occurs in Louisiana (Bird Island) and possibly in eastern Texas.
Despite limited sympatry, the two probably constitute at least a superspecies.

Plegadis chihi (Vieillot). WHITE-FACED IBIs. [187.]

Numenius chihi Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 303.
Based on “Cuello jaspeado” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 3, p.
197 (no. 364). (Paraguay et dans les plaines de Buenos-Ayres = Paraguay
and the campos of Buenos Aires, Argentina.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, ponds and rivers, mostly in fresh-water areas,
breeding in low trees or on the ground in marshes (Tropical to Temperate zones).
Distribution. — Breeds in North America locally from central California, eastern

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 7)

Oregon, southern Idaho, Montana (probably), southern North Dakota and (for-
merly) southwestern Minnesota south to Colima, Zacatecas, the state of México,
Veracruz, southern and eastern Texas, southern Louisiana (east to Bird Island),
coastal Alabama, and occasionally (or formerly) in Florida (Brevard County and
Lake Okeechobee); and in South America in northern Colombia and northern
Venezuela, and from southwestern Peru, central Bolivia, Paraguay and extreme
southern Brazil south to central Chile and central Argentina.

Winters from southern California, Baja California, and the Gulf coast of Texas
and Louisiana south through both lowlands of Mexico to Guatemala and El
Salvador; and in the general breeding range in South America.

Wanders north, at least casually, to southern British Columbia, southeastern
Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and Minnesota. Casual in
the Hawaiian Islands, and in North America east to Arkansas, Ohio, New York
(Long Island, where breeding suspected) and Maryland, along the Gulf coast to
Florida, and south, at least formerly, to Costa Rica (Térraba valley).

Notes.—See comments under P. falcinellus.

Genus MESEMBRINIBIS Peters

Mesembrinibis Peters, 1930, Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 256.
Type, by original designation, Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin.

Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin). GREEN IBIS.

Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 652. Based mainly
on ““Courly verd de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 820. (in
Cayanna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Swampy woods and along the banks of forest ponds and streams
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Panama, Colombia, southern Venezuela and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay,
northeastern Argentina and extreme southeastern Brazil.

Casual north to Costa Rica (Sarapiqui), also sight reports for northeastern Hon-
duras (Rio Platano).

Genus THERISTICUS Wagler

Theristicus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1231. Type, by monotypy,
Tantalus melanopis Gmelin.

Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert). BUFF-NECKED IBIS.

Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 57. Based on
“Courly a col blanc de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 976.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in marshes and wet fields through most of
South America south to Cape Horn.

Accidental in Panama (near Pacora, eastern Panama province; Wetmore, 1965,
Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (1), p. 127) and the Falkland Islands.

Notes.— 7. caudatus and the high Andean 7. melanopis (Gmelin, 1789) con-
stitute a superspecies; they have been considered conspecific by some authors.

58 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Subfamily PLATALEINAE: Spoonbills

[Genus PLATALEA Linnaeus]

Platalea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus.

[Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus. WHITE SPOONBILL.] See Appendix B.

Genus AJAIA Reichenbach

Ajaia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xvi. Type, by original
designation, Ajaia rosea Reichenbach = Platalea ajaja Linnaeus.

Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). ROSEATE SPOONBILL. [183.]

Platalea Ajaia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140. Based mainly on
Ajaia Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204. (in America aus-
trali = Rio Sao Francisco, eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, ponds, rivers and lagoons, breeding in low trees
and bushes, occasionally on the ground (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally from northern Sinaloa, the Gulf coast of Texas
and southwestern Louisiana (Cameron Parish), and southern Florida south along
both coasts of Middle America and through the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle
of Pines and Hispaniola), Bahamas (Great Inagua) and South America to central
Chile and central Argentina.

Wanders north to central (rarely) and southern California, southwestern Ari-
zona, the Gulf states from Louisiana to Florida, along the Atlantic coast to North
Carolina; also widely through much of the West Indies (rare in Lesser Antilles).
Casual or accidental north to southern Nevada, Colorado, Nebraska, southeastern
Kansas, Arkansas, Indiana, Pennsylvania and Maryland, and south to southern
Chile and the Falkland Islands.

Suborder CICONIAE: Storks
Family CICONIIDAE: Storks
Tribe LEPTOPTILINI: Jabirus and Allies

Genus JABIRU Hellmayr

Jabiru Hellmayr, 1906, Abh. Math. Phys. KI. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711.
Type, by original designation, Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein.

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein). JABIRU. [189.]

Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, 1819, Abh. Phys. K]. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1816—-
17), p. 163. Based on “‘Jabira’”’ Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200. (north-
eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Marshes, savanna, lagoons and coastal estuaries, breeding in trees
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Middle America in southeastern Mexico
(Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo), Belize, Honduras, El Salvador,

ORDER CICONIIFORMES 59

Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, central
Bolivia, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay.

Wanders casually north to Veracruz (Cosamaloapan) and Texas (Kleberg and
Brooks counties, Houston, Corpus Christi and Austin, the last an 1867 record
possibly in error as to locality). Accidental in Oklahoma (near Tulsa).

Tribe MYCTERIINI: Wood Storks

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus

Mycteria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140. Type, by monotypy,
Mycteria americana Linnaeus.

Mycteria americana Linnaeus. WooD STORK. [188.]

Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140. Based
mainly on “‘Jabiru-guacu”’ Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 201. (in America
calidiore = Brazil.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, lagoons and mangroves, breeding in trees (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, the Mexican Plateau (rarely),
the Gulf coast (from eastern Texas to Florida), and the Atlantic coast (from South
Carolina to southern Florida) south locally along both lowlands of Middle America
(including many offshore islands), in Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic),
and through South America to western Ecuador, eastern Peru, Bolivia and northern
Argentina.

Wanders north to southern California, southern Arizona, in the Gulf states to
Arkansas and western Tennessee, and in the Atlantic states to Massachusetts,
casually to northern California, southern Idaho, Montana, Colorado, Nebraska,
southeastern South Dakota, Missouri, Illinois, southern Michigan, southern On-
tario, New York, Maine and southern New Brunswick. Casual in Jamaica; acci-
dental in northwestern British Columbia (Telegraph Creek).

Notes.— Formerly known as Woop IBIS.

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES: Flamingos

Notes.— The taxonomic position of the flamingos is controversial; recent evi-
dence suggests a relationship with the Charadrii of the Charadriiformes (see Olson
and Feduccia, 1980, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., no. 316, pp. 1-73).

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE: Flamingos

Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus
Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139. Type, by mono-
typy, Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus.
Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus. GREATER FLAMINGO. [182.]

Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139. Based
largely on ‘““The Flamingo” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 73, pl. 73.
(in Africa, America, rarius in Europa = Bahamas.)

60 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Mud flats, lagoons and lakes, generally of high salinity, ee on
mud mounds in shallow water.

Distribution. — Resident locally in the Americas along the Yucatan Peninsula
(Rio Lagartos), in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, and probably Gonave
and Beata islands), in the southern Bahamas (Acklins Island and Great Inagua),
in the Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire) and in the Galapagos Islands; and in the
Old World locally along the Mediterranean and northwestern African coasts, in
the rift lakes of East Africa, in South Africa, and from southern Russia and the
Caspian Sea south to the Persian Gulf and northwestern India. Formerly bred in
the Florida Keys (probably), widely in the Bahamas, along the north coast of South
America from Colombia to the Guianas, and in the Cape Verde Islands.

Wanders to southern Florida (where a semi-domesticated flock is also estab-
lished at Miami), widely through the Bahamas and Antilles, along the coasts of
the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island) and South America from
Colombia to northern Brazil; and widely through Europe and to the Canary Islands.
Casual or accidental along the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida, along the Atlantic
coast north to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, inland north to Kansas and
Michigan, and to Bermuda; reports from California certainly pertain to escaped
individuals, and some of the foregoing vagrant records (especially the northern
ones) may likewise pertain to such escapes.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the FLAMINGO. The Old World
populations have often been considered a separate species, P. roseus Pallas, 1811;
with that viewpoint, P. ruber would be called AMERICAN FLAMINGO. P. ruber
(including roseus) and the South American P. chilensis Molina, 1782, appear to
constitute a superspecies.

Order ANSERIFORMES: Screamers, Swans, Geese and Ducks
Suborder ANSERES: Swans, Geese and Ducks
Family ANATIDAE: Swans, Geese and Ducks
Subfamily ANSERINAE: Whistling-Ducks, Swans and Geese
Tribe DENDROCYGNINI: Whistling-Ducks

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson

Dendrocygna Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 365. Type, by subsequent
designation (Eyton, 1838), Anas arcuata Horsfield.

Notes.—The group name TREE-DUCK was formerly used for members of this
genus.

Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot). FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK. [178.]

Anas bicolor Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 5, p. 136. Based
on “Pato roxo y negro” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 3, p. 443
(no. 436). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Shallow fresh and brackish waters, preferring marshes, lagoons, wet
cultivated fields and occasionally forest, nesting on the ground among reeds and
marshy vegetation (primarily Tropical Zone).

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 61

Distribution.— Breeds from southern California (locally north to Merced County,
at least formerly), southwestern Arizona, central and eastern Texas, and the Gulf
coast of Louisiana south to Nayarit, Jalisco (Lake Chapala), the valley of México
and northern Veracruz; locally in southern Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
central Honduras (Lake Yojoa) and, probably, northwestern Costa Rica; in South
America from Colombia, northern Venezuela and the Guianas south to western
Ecuador and eastern Peru, and from Paraguay and central and eastern Brazil south
to central Chile and central Argentina; and in the Old World in East Africa,
Madagascar, India, Ceylon and southwestern Burma.

Winters from southern California (at least formerly), southern Arizona (at least
formerly), the Gulf coast and southern Florida south to Oaxaca and Tabasco, and
in the breeding range elsewhere in the American tropics, South America and the
Old World.

Casual north to southern British Columbia, western Washington, central Ore-
gon, Nevada, Utah, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, southern Ontario, south-
ern Quebec, Maine, southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia; also to Guatemala (Lago de Retana), Bermuda, the Bahamas, Virgin Islands,
Lesser Antilles (south to St. Vincent and Barbados) and Morocco. Accidental in
Panama (La Jagua, eastern Panama province), presumably from South America.

Notes.—D. bicolor and D. arcuata (Horsfield, 1824), of the Australian region,
may constitute a superspecies.

Dendrocygna arborea (Linnaeus). WEST INDIAN WHISTLING-DUCK.

Anas arborea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 128. Based mainly on
“The Black-billed Whistling Duck’? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 193,
pl. 193. Gn America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Primarily mangroves and forested swamps, nesting on the ground in
reedy areas, in cavities in trees, or among dense bromeliads in palm trees.

Distribution.— Resident throughout the Greater Antilles (including the Isle of
Pines, Grand Cayman, and Ile-4- Vache off Hispaniola), in the Bahamas (Andros,
San Salvador and Inagua islands) and in the northern Lesser Antilles (at least on
Barbuda and Antigua).

Accidental in Bermuda; a sight report from Florida (Belle Glade) may be based
on an individual escaped from captivity.

Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus). WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK. [178.1.]

Anas viduata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 205. (in Carthagene
lacubus = Cartagena, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, lagoons (fresh-water and brackish) and rivers,
nesting on the ground among reeds and grasses, occasionally in hollow trees
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Guanacaste and the Gulf of Nicoya area)
and irregularly in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province, wandering casually
to the Canal Zone); through most of South America from Colombia and Venezuela
(also Curacao and Trinidad) south to central Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina
and Uruguay; in Africa from the Sahara south to Angola in the west and Natal
in the east; and in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.

Casual in the Antilles (Cuba, the Dominican Republic on Hispaniola, and
Barbados).

62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus). BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK.
[177.]

Anas autumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 127. Based on “‘The
Red-billed Whistling Duck’? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 194, pl. 194.
(in America = West Indies.)

Habitat.— Marshes (fresh-water and brackish), lagoons and the borders of ponds
and streams, nesting on the ground in grassy areas or in hollow trees, and often
foraging in cultivated fields (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Sonora, southern Arizona, the valley of
México (Distrito Federal), and central and southeastern Texas south through most
of Middle America and South America (also Trinidad) west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina,
Paraguay and southern Brazil; also one breeding record for northwestern Ten-
nessee (Reelfoot Lake, 1978), possibly based on escaped individuals.

Casual in southern California, Colorado, southern New Mexico, Kansas, Iowa,
Michigan, Louisiana, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the Lesser Antilles;
records from southern Florida may pertain to escapes from captivity, and early
records in the West Indies may be of birds introduced from South America.

Tribe CYGNINI: Swans

Genus CYGNUS Bechstein

Cygnus Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 2, p. 404, footnote.
Type, by monotypy, Anas olor Gmelin.

Subgenus OLOR Wagler

Olor Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1234. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), Cygnus musicus Bechstein = Anas cygnus Linnaeus.
Clangocycnus Oberholser, 1908, Emu, 8, p. 3. Type, by monotypy, Cygnus

buccinator Richardson.

Cygnus columbianus (Ord). TUNDRA SWAN. [18.]

Anas Columbianus Ord, 1815, in Guthrie, Geogr., ed. 2 (Am.), 2, p. 319.
Based on the “Whistling Swan” Lewis and Clark, Hist. Exped. Rocky
Mount. Pac., 2, p. 192. (below the great narrows of the Columbia River =
The Dalles, Oregon.)

Habitat.— Open tundra ponds, lakes and sluggish streams, occasionally swampy
bogs, breeding mainly on islets, less frequently in raised areas along shores, win-
tering primarily in sheltered fresh-water situations, less frequently on bays and
estuaries, in migration often in flooded fields.

Distribution.— Breeds [columbianus group] from northwestern Alaska (Point
Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales) south to St. Lawrence Island and the Alaska
Peninsula, and east near the Arctic coast to Baffin Island, thence south around
Hudson Bay to Churchill and the Belcher Islands; and [bewickii group] from
northern Russia east along the Arctic coast (including Novaya Zemlya and other
islands) to northern Siberia.

Winters [columbianus group] on the Pacific coast of North America from south-

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 63

ern British Columbia south to Oregon, and in the interior through the valleys of
California to northern Baja California (casually), western Nevada, northern Utah,
southern Arizona and southern New Mexico, also on the Gulf coast of southern
Texas, and along the Atlantic coast from Maryland to North Carolina, casually
north to Maine, south to Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to Louisiana, and
in the interior of North America in the Great Lakes region; and [bewickii group]
in Eurasia south to the British Isles, northern Europe, the Caspian Sea, Japan,
Korea and the coast of China.

In migration occurs widely [columbianus group] through the interior of North
America on large bodies of water, primarily in the Great Basin, upper Mississippi
Valley and Great Lakes, also across the Appalachians in southern Pennsylvania
and northern West Virginia.

Casual or accidental [columbianus group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway),
Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Bermuda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Newfoundland, England,
Japan and the Commander Islands; and [bewickii group] in the Aleutians (Adak),
Oregon, California, Saskatchewan and Maryland (some of these reports are prob-
ably based on escaped individuals, although the bird from Adak and one from
California were recoveries of birds banded in Siberia), and in the Old World in
Iceland, and south to the Mediterranean region.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes considered full species, C. columbianus
[WHISTLING SWAN, 180] and C. bewickii Yarrell, 1830 [BEwicK’s Swan, 180.1],
although free interbreeding occurs when the two are in contact. See also comments
under C. cygnus.

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus). WHOOPER SWAN. [179.]

Anas Cygnus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 122. Gn Europa, America
septentrionali = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, marshes and quiet-flowing rivers, breeding in reed beds
and weedy margins in the taiga zone (including in large bogs), more rarely in open
tundra or steppe, wintering also in sheltered bays and estuaries.

Distribution.— Breeds from Greenland (formerly), Iceland, the Faroe Islands
(formerly), Scotland, Scandinavia and northern Russia east to Anadyrland and
Kamchatka, and south to Poland, the Caspian Sea, Turkestan and Ussuriland.

Winters south to central Europe, the eastern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian
seas; and from Korea and Japan south to eastern China (casually to India and the
Bonin Islands), and east to the central Aleutian Islands (at least as far as Atka).

Casual in the Pribilof Islands, western and south-coastal Alaska, Jan Mayen,
Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and south to northern Africa. Accidental in Maine
(Washington County, 1903).

Notes.— The relationships of C. cygnus, C. columbianus and C. buccinator are
uncertain at the species level. C. cygnus and C. buccinator have been considered
conspecific by some authors; an extreme view unites all three into a single species,
despite geographical overlap in the ranges of the two Old World forms. For the
present, it seems best to retain all three as distinct species.

Cygnus buccinator Richardson. TRUMPETER SWAN. [181.]

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 464. (Hudson’s Bay.)

64 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Ponds, lakes and marshes, breeding in areas of reeds, sedges or similar
emergent vegetation, primarily on fresh-water, occasionally in brackish situations,
wintering on open ponds, lakes and sheltered bays.

Distribution. — Breeds in northern Alaska (casually, from the Canning River east
to Demarcation Point), in western Alaska (Noatak River Valley, Seward Peninsula
and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta), widely in central and southern Alaska (from the
middle Yukon River south to the Kenai Peninsula and Yakutat Bay), in south-
eastern Alaska (casually), and locally from southern British Columbia, west-central
and southeastern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to southeastern
Oregon, eastern Idaho and northwestern Wyoming. Formerly bred from northern
Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba and James Bay south to Nebraska,
Iowa, Missouri and Indiana.

Winters from southern Alaska, western British Columbia, southern Alberta
(rarely) and Montana south to northern (casually southern) California, occasionally
to Utah, New Mexico and eastern Colorado; formerly wintered south to the
Mexican border (one record from Tamaulipas), the Gulf coast of Texas and Lou-
isiana, Mississippi Valley, and Atlantic coast to North Carolina.

Introduced and established in Nevada (Ruby Lake), and in southwestern South
Dakota, with casual wintering from the latter population to Missouri (banding
recovery and sight reports).

Notes.—See comments under C. cygnus.

Subgenus CYGNUS Bechstein

Cygnus olor (Gmelin). MUTE SWAN. [178.2.]

Anas Olor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 501. Based in part on the “Mute
Swan” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 436, and Pennant, Arct. Zool.,
2, p. 543. (in Russia, Sibiria, Persico etiam littore maris caspii = Russia.)

Habitat.— Open and quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and sluggish rivers,
breeding in reed beds and similar emergent vegetation primarily in fresh-water
areas, wintering also in brackish and protected marine situations.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and Russia
southeast through central Europe to Asia Minor, and east to eastern Siberia and
Ussuriland.

Winters from the breeding range south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian
seas and northwestern India, and from Korea south to eastern China, wintering
casually to the Azores, northern Africa, Japan and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Introduced and established in North America, with breeding recorded locally
from southern Saskatchewan, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern
Ontario, southern New York and Connecticut south to central Missouri, northern
Illinois, northwestern Indiana and, in the Atlantic region, Virginia; also in the
Faroe Islands, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Recorded after the breed-
ing season from the breeding range, Minnesota, the Great Lakes and Maine south
to the Ohio Valley and Virginia. Some of these records, as well as isolated reports
elsewhere in North America, may pertain to escapes from captivity.

Tribe ANSERINI: Geese

Genus ANSER Brisson

Anser Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 58; 6, p. 261. Type, by tautonymy,
Anser domesticus Brisson = Anas anser Linnaeus.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 65

Notes.—See comments under Chen.

Anser fabalis (Latham). BEAN Goose. [171.1.]

Anas Fabalis Latham, 1787, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 297. (Great
Britain.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, bogs, sluggish rivers, swamps and wet meadows from
the coastal tundra to the taiga, breeding along watercourses, on open heath and
in open grassy plains, wintering in brackish and marine situations as well as on
fresh-water lakes and ponds.

Distribution.— Breeds from Scandinavia, northern Russia (including Novaya
Zemlya) and northern Siberia south to northern Mongolia, Lake Baikal, Amurland
and Anadyrland.

Winters south to the Mediterranean Sea, Iran, China and Japan.

In migration ranges regularly in spring east to the western Aleutian Islands (east
casually as far as Adak), and casually to St. Lawrence Island, in the Pribilofs, and
on the Seward Peninsula (Safety Sound).

Casual to Iceland, the eastern Atlantic islands and northern Africa.

Notes.— A. fabalis and A. brachyrhynchus constitute a superspecies; they are
regarded as conspecific by some authors.

Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon. PINK-FOOTED Goose. [171.2.]

Anser Brachyrhynchus Baillon, 1834, Mém. Soc. R. Emulation Abbeville, sér.
2, no. 1 (1833), p. 74. (Abbeville, lower Somme River, France.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in habitats similar to those of the preceding
species in eastern Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen and possibly also Franz Josef
Land and the Kola Peninsula, and winters in northwestern Europe.

Accidental in Newfoundland (St. Anthony, 10 May-—3 June 1980, photograph;
Am. Birds, 34: 755, 1980); a report from Massachusetts in 1924 is regarded as of
dubious authenticity.

Anser erythropus (Linnaeus). LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOsSE. [171.3.]

Anas erythropus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. (in Europa
septentrionali = northern Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in taiga from Scandinavia to eastern Siberia,
and winters widely on marshes, lakes and ponds from Europe and the Mediter-
ranean region east to India and eastern China.

Accidental in North Dakota (Mallard Island, Lake Sakakawea, McLean County),
Ohio (Ottawa National and Magee wildlife refuges), western Pennsylvania and
Delaware (Bombay Hook); some of these records may be of individuals escaped
from captivity.

Anser albifrons (Scopoli). GREATER WHITE-FRONTED Goose. [171.]

Branta albifrons Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 69. (No locality given =
northern Italy.)

Habitat.— Arctic tundra and open areas in subarctic forest zone, breeding along
small lakes and ponds, in deltas and estuaries, and in relatively dry areas of open
low vegetation (scrubby trees, heath, sedges and grasses), wintering in sheltered

66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

inland and coastal marshes, pastureland and open terrain with small bodies of
water, in migration often in flooded fields.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska south to Bnistol
Bay and Cook Inlet, and east across northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie and
southern Victoria Island to northern Keewatin; in western Greenland; and in
northern Eurasia from the Kanin Peninsula east to Anadyrland. Recorded in
summer on Melville Island.

Winters in North America from southern British Columbia south in the coastal
states and western Mexico to Jalisco. on the Mexican Plateau to the state of México,
on the Gulf coast from Texas and Louisiana south to Veracruz and Campeche.
and rarely in the lower Mississippi Valley from Missouri southward: and in Eurasia
from the British Isles and southern Scandinavia south to the eastern Atlantic
islands (rarely), Mediterranean Sea, Asia Minor, India, and from Manchuria and
Japan south to eastern China.

In migration occurs in North America primarily west of the Mississippi River.
casually in eastern North America from southern Ontario, southern Quebec and
Labrador south to the Gulf coast (east to north-central Florida) and North Car-
olina, formerly to Cuba.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Aleutians (Attu, Amchitka, Adak) and Pribilofs
(St. Paul).

Notes.— Usually known as WHITE-FRONTED Goose. The Greenland race, A. a.
flavirostris Dalgety and Scott, 1948. has been recorded from Quebec and the
Atlantic seaboard south to Georgia: other North American records, including
stragglers to the east coast, pertain to North American subspecies.

[Anser anser (Linnaeus). GRAYLAG GOOSE.] See Appendix B.

[Anser indicus Latham. BAR-HEADED GOosE.] See Appendix B.

Genus CHEN Boie

Chen Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 563. Type, by monotypy, Anser hyper-
boreus Pallas = Anas caerulescens Linnaeus.

Exanthemops Elliot, 1868, Birds N. Am., 2 (9), pl. 44. Type, by monotypy,
Anser rossii Cassin.

Philacte Bannister, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 22. p. 131. Type,
by monotypy, Anas canagica Sevastianov.

Notes.—Some authors merge Chen in Anser, we retain Chen pending definition
of generic limits in the geese.

Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). SNow Goose. [169.]

Anas cerulescens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. Based on “The
Blue-winged Goose” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 152, pl. 152. (mn
Canada = Hudson Bay, northeastern Manitoba.) [Blue morph.]

Anser hyperboreus Pallas, 1769. Spic. Zool., 1. fasc. 6, p. 25. (in terris boreal-
ibus ad Orientem 130° longitudinis sive circa Lenam et Ianam fluvios =
northeastern Siberia.) [White morph.]

Habitat.— Open tundra generally near water, breeding on raised hummocks and
ridges, wintering in both fresh-water and salt marshes. wet prairies and extensive
sandbars, foraging also in pastures, cultivated lands and flooded fields.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 67

Distribution. — Breeds from northern Alaska (Point Barrow) east along the Arctic
coast and islands of Canada to northwestern Greenland and Ellesmere and Baffin
islands, south to Southampton Island and along both coasts of Hudson Bay to
the head of James Bay, also in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island, possibly also
on the Chukotski Peninsula); isolated breeding reports from Oregon (Malheur
Lake) and North Dakota (Arrowwood).

Winters in western North America from the Puget Sound areas of British Colum-
bia and Washington south to the interior valleys and (rarely) the southern coast
of California, northern Baja California, northwestern Sonora and southwestern
Arizona; from Chihuahua and southern (rarely northern) New Mexico south (locally
and rarely) to Jalisco, Durango and Guanajuato (a report from Oaxaca is without
foundation); from Kansas and Missouri south to the Gulf coast (from Florida to
northern Veracruz), most commonly from Louisiana and Texas south to northern
Tamaulipas; on the Atlantic coast from New York (Long Island) to Florida (pri-
marily from Chesapeake Bay to Noith Carolina); and in eastern Asia in Japan
and eastern China.

Migrates chiefly along the Pacific coast and through Alberta and western Sas-
katchewan, occurring widely in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains;
through the Great Plains and Mississippi Valley, with large staging areas in the
Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska and Iowa; and through Quebec and Ontario to the
Atlantic wintering grounds.

Casual south to southern Mexico (Tabasco), the Greater Antilles (east to the
Virgin Islands), Bahamas and Bermuda; also in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu,
Maui), Aleutians (Attu, Alaid), Pribilofs (St. Paul), New England (coastal area),
eastern Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, continental Europe, the Azores and
Korea. Accidental in Honduras (Campin, near La Lima) and the Marshall Islands.

Notes.— The blue morph and white morph were formerly considered two dis-
tinct species, C. caerulescens [BLUE Goose, 169.1] and C. hyperborea [SNow
Goose, 169]; the name caerulescens has priority. Blue morphs are concentrated
in the center of the range, breeding mostly in populations north and northeast of
Hudson Bay and wintering primarily on the Gulf coast. Hybridization in the wild
between this species and C. rossii occurs infrequently; also occasional hybrids
between C. caerulescens and Branta canadensis, and between the former and Anser
albifrons, have been reported.

Chen rossii (Cassin). Ross’ Goose. [170.]

Anser Rossii Cassin, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13, p. 73. (Great
Slave Lake.)

Habitat.— Arctic tundra lakes, usually breeding on islands therein, frequently
associated with C. caerulescens, in migration and winter in both fresh-water and
brackish marshes and wet prairies, foraging in grassy areas, pastures and cultivated
fields.

Distribution.— Breeds primarily in the Queen Maud Gulf area of northern Mac-
kenzie and northwestern Keewatin, with other colonies on southern Southampton
Island and along the west coast of Hudson Bay south to Cape Churchill: probably
also on Banks Island in northern Mackenzie.

Winters in the interior valleys of California (casually to southern Arizona), and
to southern (casually northwestern) New Mexico, Texas and the Gulf coast of
Louisiana.

Migrates primarily through Alberta and western Saskatchewan and the western

68 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

states (casually west to British Columbia and Washington, and east to Wyoming,
Colorado and Utah), and through the Great Plains (uncommonly east to southern
Manitoba and the Dakotas, rarely to Minnesota, Illinois and Missouri).

Casual in northern Alaska (Barrow, Tashekpuk Lake, Canning River Delta),
southeastern Alaska (Stikine River Delta), Chihuahua (Laguna Bustillos), Ontario,
Quebec, and along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to Florida.

Notes.—See comments under C. caerulescens.

Chen canagica (Sevastianov). EMPEROR Goose. [176.]

Anas Canagica Sevastianov, 1802, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolitanae,
13, p. 349, pl. 10. (Kanaga Island, Aleutian Islands.)

Habitat.— Lowland marsh areas of Arctic tundra, generally not far from the
coast, nesting on the edges of ponds, lakes and potholes, migrating to upland areas
to forage, and wintering in salt-water areas along reefs, rocky beaches and cliff
shores.

Distribution.— Breeds along the coast of western Alaska from Kotzebue Sound
south to Kuskokwim Bay, on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, and in north-
eastern Siberia from Koliutschin Bay east to East Cape and south to the Gulf of
Anadyr.

Winters throughout the Aleutians, along the Alaska Peninsula (east to Sanak
Island and Bristol Bay), on Kodiak Island, irregularly south along the Pacific coast
from southeastern Alaska and British Columbia to California (casually, once as
far south as Orange County), and in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Laysan, and the main islands from
Kauai east to Hawaii) and northern Alaska (east to Barrow).

Notes.— This species is frequently placed in the monotypic genus Philacte.

Genus BRANTA Scopoli

Branta Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 67. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Bannister, 1870), Anas bernicla Linnaeus.

Leucopareia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. ix. Type, by
monotypy, Anas leucopsis Bechstein.

Eubranta Verheyen, 1955, Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg., 31, no. 36, p. 9. Type,
by subsequent designation (Parkes, 1958), Anas leucopsis Bechstein.

Branta bernicla (Linnaeus). BRANT. [173.]

Anas Bernicla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. (in Europa boreali
= Sweden.)

Habitat.— Arctic tundra, breeding in low and barren terrain, river deltas, sandy
areas among puddles and shallows, wintering primarily in marine situations that
are marshy, along lagoons and estuaries, and on shallow bays.

Distribution.— Breeds [bernicla group] in North America from Prince Patrick.
Melville and Ellesmere islands south to northern Keewatin (Adelaide Peninsula),
Prince of Wales Island (probably), and Southampton, Coats and western Baffin
islands, and in the Palearctic in northern Greenland, Spitsbergen and Franz Josef
Land: and [nigricans group] in North America from western (Kuskokwim Bay)
and northern Alaska east to northern Mackenzie and Banks, Melville and Prince

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 69

Patrick islands (probably also Victoria Island), and in the Palearctic along the
coast of Siberia east to the Chukotski Peninsula and Anadyrland.

Winters [bernicla group] in eastern North America on the Atlantic coast from
Maine to North Carolina (rarely to Florida), and in Europe (formerly widespread,
now local) from the British Isles and North Sea south to the Mediterranean region,
casually the Azores; and [nigricans group] in western North America along the
Pacific coast from southern British Columbia south to southern Baja California,
casually north to southeastern Alaska, and in eastern Eurasia south, at least rarely,
to the coast of northern China and Korea.

Casual [bernicla group] in the interior of North America from Manitoba and
Ontario south to Texas and the Gulf coast, and in western North America (pri-
marily coastal areas) from southeastern Yukon and southern British Columbia
south to California; and [nigricans group] in the Hawaiian Islands, western North
America east to Saskatchewan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Colorado and Kansas,
and south to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Louisiana, and along the Atlantic
coast from Massachusetts to Virginia. Accidental [bernicla group] in Barbados.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as BRENT Goose. The two groups have
been regarded by some authors as separate species, B. bernicla [WHITE-BELLIED
BRANT, 173] and B. nigricans (Lawrence, 1846) = B. orientalis Tougarinov, 1941
[BLACK BRANT, 174]; mixed pairs and intermediates have been reported from
Prince Patrick and Melville islands, but the extent of interbreeding is not known.

Branta leucopsis (Bechstein). BARNACLE Goose. [175.]

Anas leucopsis Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 2, p. 424. (auf
dem Zuge, Deutschland = Germany.)

Habitat.— Rivers and marshes in Arctic regions, breeding primarily on rocky
outcrops, ledges and crevices, less frequently on low islands, wintering in marshes
and grasslands, generally near the coast.

Distribution.— Breeds in eastern Greenland, Spitsbergen and southern Novaya
Zemlya.

Winters from the breeding range south to the British Isles, northern Europe and
the Russian coast, casually to southern Europe and northern Africa.

Casual in North America, most frequently from Labrador west to Baffin Island
and James Bay, and south to Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, less
frequently along the Atlantic coast south to South Carolina, and on rare occasions
inland as far as Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Illinois and Tennessee, and south
to the Gulf coast (recorded Texas and Alabama); and in the Old World to Bear
Island, the Mediterranean region, the Azores and northern Africa. Some of these
reports very likely pertain to escapes from captivity, but the majority of the
northeastern North American and most of the Old World reports probably are of
wild vagrants.

Branta canadensis (Linnaeus). CANADA GOOsE. [172.]

Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. Based mainly
on ““The Canada Goose” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 92, pl. 92. (in
Canada = City of Quebec.)

Habitat.—A variety of habitats near water, from temperate regions to tundra,
breeding on marshes, meadows, small islands, rivers and open situations com-

70 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

manding clear views in fresh-water or brackish areas, also on man-made structures
and in vegetation, wintering from tidewater areas and marshes to inland refuges
and flooded fields.

Distribution. — Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska and northern Canada east
to Baffin Island, western Greenland and Labrador, and south to the Commander
Islands (formerly), Aleutians (Buldir), central California (San Francisco Bay region),
northern Utah, southern Kansas, northern Arkansas, western Tennessee, western
Kentucky, central Ohio, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and Newfoundland,
occasionally to Maine (formerly to Massachusetts and undoubtedly farther south
on the Atlantic coast).

Winters from Kamchatka, south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to Prince
William Sound), British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, the Great Lakes region and Atlantic coast of Newfoundland
south to northern Baja California, the northern Mexican states (casually south to
Jalisco and Veracruz), the Gulf coast and northern Florida (casually to the Florida
Keys).

Introduced and established in Iceland, the British Isles, Sardinia and New Zea-
land; in addition, there are many feral, usually nonmigratory (although free-flying)
populations in the United States, both within and outside the normal breeding
range, and often of a subspecies other than that expected in the wild.

Casual north to Melville Island, and in the Hawaiian Islands, central Siberia
and Japan. Accidental in Bermuda, the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence) and
Cuba, questionably in Jamaica.

Notes.— The northern populations of small Canada Geese have been variously
treated taxonomically as three separate species, B. hutchinsii (Richardson, 1832)
[HUTCHINS’ or RICHARDSON’S GOOSE, 172.3], B. minima Ridgway, 1885 [CACK-
LING Goose, 172.2], and B. /eucopareia (Brandt, 1836) [TUNDRA Goose, 172.1];
as a single species under the name B. hutchinsii [CACKLING GOOSE]; or as one or
more subspecies of B. canadensis. Consideration of the entire complex as a single
species seems best for the present.

[Branta ruficollis (Pallas). RED-BREASTED GOOsE.] See Appendix B.

Genus NESOCHEN Salvadori

Nesochen Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 27, pp. xil, 81, 126. Type,
by original designation, Anser sandvicensis Vigors.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Branta.

Nesochen sandvicensis (Vigors). HAWAIIAN Goose. [175.1.]

Anser sandvicensis Vigors, 1833, List Anim. Garden Zool. Soc., ed. 3, p. 4.
(Hawaiian Islands.)

Habitat.— Uplands, primarily sparsely vegetated lava flows with no standing
water.

Distribution. — Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Hawaii (population small
and locally distributed, the surviving native populations having been increased
by introductions from captive stock); recently reintroduced in the Haleakala area
of Maui, where it may formerly have bred.

Notes.— Also known as NENE.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES Th

Subfamily ANATINAE: Ducks
Tribe TADORNINI: Shelducks

[Genus TADORNA Lorenz von Oken]

Tadorna Lorenz von Oken, 1817, Isis von Oken, 1, p. 1183. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Anas tadorna Linnaeus.

Casarca Bonaparte, 1828, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 56. Type, by monotypy,
Anas rutila Pallas = Anas ferruginea Pallas.

[Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas). RUDDY SHELDUCK.] See Appendix B.

[Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus). COMMON SHELDUCK.] See Appendix B.
Tribe CAIRININI: Muscovy Ducks and Allies

Genus CAIRINA Fleming

Cairina Fleming, 1822, Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260. Type, by monotypy, Anas
moschata Linnaeus.

Cairina moschata (Linnaeus). Muscovy DUCK.

Anas moschata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. (in India, error =
Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest streams, ponds, marshes and swamps, nesting primarily in
hollow trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the lowlands from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south
through most of Middle America (including Cozumel Island) and South America
west of the Andes to western Colombia and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Casual in Trinidad. This species is widely domesticated, and reports of stragglers
in North America north of Mexico likely pertain to escapes or individuals from
attempted but unsuccessful introductions (especially those in Texas and Florida).

Notes.— Also known as the Muscovy.

Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton

Sarkidiornis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 20. Type, by original des-
ignation, Anser melanotos Pennant.

Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant). COMB DUCK.

Anser melanotos Pennant, 1769, Indian Zool., p. 12, pl. 11. (Ceylon.)

Habitat.— Primarily ponds, wooded swamps, savanna lagoons and forested
streams (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in tropical America from eastern Panama (Rio Chu-
cunaque in eastern Darién, casually west to La Jagua, eastern Panama province)
south through northern South America to central Peru, Bolivia, northern Argen-
tina and Uruguay; and in the Old World in Africa (south of the Sahara), Mada-
gascar, and from India east to southeastern China and Ceylon.

WZ CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— The tropical American form has sometimes been treated as a species,
S. sylvicola Vhering and Ihering, 1907 [AMERICAN CoMB-DUCK], distinct from the
Old World S. melanotos.

Genus AIX Boie

Aix Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 329. Type, by subsequent designation
(Eyton, 1838), Anas sponsa Linnaeus.

Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). WooD DuCK. [144.]

Anas Sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 128. Based mainly on
“The Summer Duck’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 97, pl. 97. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Quiet inland waters near woodland, such as wooded swamps, flooded
forest, ponds, marshes and along streams, where nesting in holes in trees and bird
boxes, wintering on both fresh-water and brackish marshes, ponds, streams and
estuaries.

Distribution. — Breeds in western North America from southern British Colum-
bia and southwestern Alberta south to central (rarely southern) coastal California
and the interior valleys (Sacramento and San Joaquin) of that state, west-central
Nevada, southern Oregon, northern Idaho and western Montana; and in eastern
North America from east-central Saskatchewan, central and southeastern Mani-
toba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island
and Nova Scotia south (east of the Rockies) to central and southeastern Texas,
the Gulf coast, southern Florida and Cuba.

Winters at least irregularly throughout the breeding range in western North
America (most commonly near coastal areas and in the interior valleys of Cali-
fornia, casually east to central Montana, northern Utah and southeastern Arizona);
in eastern North America primarily in the southern parts of the breeding range
north to southern Kansas, southern Iowa, the Ohio Valley and New England
(occasionally farther north), and west to southern New Mexico; and in Cuba and
the Bahamas.

Casual in southeastern Alaska (Juneau, Stikine River), Newfoundland, northern
Mexico (recorded Sinaloa, Durango and Distrito Federal) and Jamaica (at least
formerly). Accidental in Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles (Saba) and Azores; Euro-
pean reports are likely based on escapes or on small, local, unestablished flocks.

Tribe ANATINI: Dabbling Ducks
Genus ANAS Linnaeus

Anas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 122. Type, by subsequent
designation (Lesson, 1828), Anas boschas Linnaeus = Anas platyrhynchos
Linnaeus.

Spatula Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 564. Type, by monotypy, Anas cly-
peata Linnaeus.

Dafila Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12 (2), p. 126. Type, by monotypy,
Dafila caudacuta Stephens = Anas acuta Linnaeus.

Mareca Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12 (2), p. 130. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Eyton, 1838), Mareca fistularis Stephens = Anas pene-
lope Linnaeus.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES iz)

Querquedula Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12 (2), p. 142. Type, by
tautonymy, Anas circia Linnaeus = Anas querquedula Linnaeus.

Nettion Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 95. Type, by mono-
typy, Anas crecca Linnaeus.

Chaulelasmus ‘“‘G. R. Gray” Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 56.
Type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus.

Eunetta Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 650. Type, by mono-
typy, Anas falcata Georgi.

Anas crecca Linnaeus. GREEN-WINGED TEAL. [139.]

Anas Crecca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 11, p. 126. (in Europe aquis
dulcibus = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes, marshes, ponds, pools and shallow streams, breeding in inland
fresh-water areas with dense rushes or other emergent vegetation, in migration
and winter in both fresh-water and brackish situations around marshes, lakes,
estuaries and rice fields.

Distribution.— Breeds [crecca group] in North America in the Pribilof (group
uncertain) and Aleutian islands (east to Akutan), and in Eurasia from the British
Isles east to eastern Siberia and the Commander, Kurile and Bering islands, and
south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussur-
iland and Japan; and [carolinensis group] in North America from western and
northern Alaska (including the eastern Aleutians), northern Yukon, northwestern
and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, northern Quebec, north-central Labrador and Newfoundland south to
central Oregon, northern Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, central South Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northern Maine and
Nova Scotia, with sporadic local breeding south to southern California, eastern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, Kansas, Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Indiana,
northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, northeastern West Virginia, and on the Atlantic
coast to Delaware.

Winters [crecca group] in North America in the Aleutians, and in Eurasia from
Iceland, the British Isles, northern Europe, the Black and Caspian seas, Korea and
Japan south to tropical Africa, India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, southeastern
China and the Philippines; and [carolinensis group] in the Hawaiian Islands, and
in North America from southern Alaska (Kodiak Island), southern British Colum-
bia, central Montana, South Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
the Great Lakes, New York, New England, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south
to Baja California, central Mexico, the Gulf coast, southern Florida and the Baha-
mas, rarely to northern Central America (Belize and northern Honduras), the
Antiiles (recorded south to Tobago) and Bermuda.

Casual [crecca group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Oahu), on continental
North America from Alaska and Labrador south on the Pacific coast to southern
California, in the interior to Nevada, Ohio and Pennsylvania, and on the Atlantic
coast to Florida, and in Micronesia, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen and the
eastern Atlantic islands; and [carolinensis group] in Colombia, Greenland, the
British Isles, continental Europe, Morocco and Japan. Accidental [carolinensis
group] in Costa Rica.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the TEAL. The two groups within
the species have often been considered as separate species, A. crecca [COMMON

74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

TEAL, 138] and A. carolinensis Gmelin, 1789 [GREEN-WINGED TEAL, 139]; inter-
gradation between the two groups occurs in the Aleutians. i

Anas formosa Georgi. BAIKAL TEAL. [139.1.]

Anas formosa Georgi, 1775, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich., 1, p. 168. (um
Irkutsk .. . und dem ganzen siidlichen Baikal = Lake Baikal, Siberia.)

Habitat.—Small ponds, pools or edges of streams, generally in forested areas,
breeding in marshy areas with reeds and emergent vegetation.

Distribution.— Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenisei River east to western
Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and south to Lake Baikal, Transbaicalia and the Sea
of Okhotsk.

Winters from eastern China, Korea and Japan south to India and Burma.

Casual in western and northern Alaska from Wainwright south to the Pribilofs
and Nanvak Bay, and in fall and winter on the Pacific coast from British Columbia
south to southern California, although more southerly reports may be based on
escapes. Birds reported from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina
and Europe are almost certainly based on escaped individuals.

Anas falcata Georgi. FALCATED TEAL. [137.1.]

Anas falcata Georgi, 1775, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich., 1, p. 167. (Baikal
region, Siberia.)

Habitat.— Primarily in fresh-water on and around ponds, small lakes and quiet
rivers, foraging and wintering also in rice fields.

Distribution. — Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenisei River east to the Sea
of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, and south to Lake Baikal, Mongolia, Amurland,
Sakhalin and Japan.

Winters from Japan south to Korea and eastern China, less frequently to Iran,
India, Burma, Viet Nam and southeastern China.

Casual in Alaska in the Pribilof (St. George, St. Paul) and Aleutian islands (Attu,
Shemya, Amchitka, Adak), and in the Commander Islands. Reports from British
Columbia (Vernon), Washington (Willapa Bay) and California (San Francisco,
Newport Bay) may pertain to escaped individuals; records from Virginia, North
Carolina and Europe almost certainly do.

Anas rubripes Brewster. AMERICAN BLACK Duck. [133.]

Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, 1902, Auk, 19, p. 184. (Lake Umbagog, New
Hampshire shore.)

Habitat.—A wide variety of wetland habitats in both fresh-water and marine
situations, in and around marshes, swamps, ponds, lakes, bays, estuaries and tidal
flats, favoring wooded swamps for breeding.

Distribution. — Breeds from northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to northern
South Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, central
Indiana, central Ohio, central West Virginia, and on the Atlantic coast to North
Carolina; also sporadic breeding west to southern Alberta and south to the northern
Gulf states and Georgia.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 75

Winters from southeastern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan,
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to
southern Texas, the Gulf coast and south-central Florida.

Casual visitant (in summer in the northern areas, in migration and winter in
western and southern localities) from central Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Kee-
watin and Baffin Island south to northern California, northern Utah, Colorado
and western Texas. Accidental in Puerto Rico, the British Isles, Sweden and the
Azores; some of the extralimital records (especially one from Puerto Rico) and
peripheral reports in the southwest (e.g., California) may pertain to escaped or
released individuals.

Notes.— Formerly known in American literature as the BLACK DUCK. See com-
ments under A. platyrhynchos.

Anas fulvigula Ridgway. MOTTLED DuCK. [134.]

Anas obscura, var. fulvigula Ridgway, 1874, Am. Nat., 8, p. 111. (St. John’s
river, Florida = Dummits, Brevard County.)

Habitat.— Primarily in coastal wetlands, both fresh-water and brackish situa-
tions, in marshes and ponds, foraging also in ungrazed fields and in rice.

Distribution.— Breeds along the Gulf coast from southern Louisiana and Texas
south to Tamaulipas; in peninsular Florida from Alachua County south to Cape
Sable; and locally inland in southeastern Colorado, western Kansas, Oklahoma
(rarely) and northeastern Texas.

Winters in the breeding range and, at least casually, along the entire Gulf coast
from western Florida to central Texas and south to Veracruz.

Casual in the Great Plains region from Kansas and Oklahoma south to northern
Texas, and in the Florida Keys (Key Largo).

Notes.—Some individuals taken in the Great Plains region from Colorado to
Oklahoma show indications of hybridization with A. platyrhynchos (Hubbard,
1977, Bull. N.M. Dept. Game Fish, no. 16, pp. 31—34). See also comments under
A. platyrhynchos.

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. MALLARD. [132.]

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 125. (in Europe
maritimis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Primarily shallow waters such as ponds, lakes, marshes and flooded
fields, nesting on the ground and occasionally in trees in old crow nests, in migra-
tion and winter mostly in fresh-water and cultivated fields, less commonly in
brackish situations.

Distribution.— Breeds [platyrhynchos group] in North America from northern
Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Kee-
. watin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec and southern
Maine south to the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, southern California, the southern
Great Basin, southern New Mexico, and from Oklahoma east through the Ohio
Valley to Virginia, with local breeding (possibly through introduction or semi-
domestic stock) to the Gulf coast and Florida, and in the Palearctic in southwestern
Greenland, Iceland, and from Scandinavia east to eastern Siberia and south to
the Mediterranean region, central Asia and Japan; and [diazi group] from south-

76 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

eastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and west-central Texas south in the high-
lands of Mexico to Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México, Distrito Federal,
Tlaxcala and Puebla.

Winters [platyrhynchos group] in North America generally from southern Alaska
(west coastally to the Aleutian Islands, rare in central Alaska) and southern Canada
south to central Mexico (at least to Michoacan, the state of México and Veracruz),
the Gulf coast, southern Florida and western Cuba, and in Eurasia from Iceland,
the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and the southern part of the breeding range
south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northern Africa, India, Burma and Borneo;
and [diazi group] generally in the region of the breeding range.

Introduced and established [p/atyrhynchos group] in the Hawaiian Islands, Aus-
tralia and New Zealand; in addition, wild populations throughout most of the
normal range are supplemented frequently by escapes from captivity.

Casual or accidental [p/atyrhynchos group] in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica (near Turrialba), Panama (Canal Zone), the Bahamas (Andros, New
Providence), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), Trinidad, Spitsbergen,
Bear Island, and the Marshall and Gilbert [=Kiribati] islands.

Notes.— Extensive hybridization in southeastern Arizona, southern New Mex-
ico and west-central Texas compels merger of the two groups, formerly recognized
as distinct species, A. platyrhynchos and A. diazi Ridgway, 1886 [MEXICAN DUCK,
133.1]. A. platyrhynchos (including diazi), A. fulvigula, A. rubripes, A. wyvilliana,
A. laysanensis and possibly several Old World forms are all closely related; at
least the first three appear to constitute a superspecies. In various treatments,
some or even all the taxa mentioned are treated as conspecific under the name
A. platyrhynchos. A. rubripes hybridizes frequently with A. platyrhynchos in an
area of broad overlap, largely the result of introductions of the latter in the range
of the former, but these two forms differ somewhat behaviorally and they tend
to segregate as species.

Anas wyvilliana Sclater. HAWAIIAN Duck. [132.1.]

Anas wyvilliana Sclater, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 350. (Hawaiian
Islands.)

Habitat.— Coastal lagoons, marshes and mountain streams, nesting (at least at
present) primarily on small islets.

Distribution.— Resident in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai and possibly Niihau,
formerly on all main islands except Lanai and Kahoolawe); recent introductions
from captive stocks to Oahu and Hawaii have bred successfully.

Accidental in Sinaloa (Mazatlan, prior to 1859 = type of A. aberti Ridgway,
1878); the validity of this record has been questioned.

Notes.— Also known as the KOLoA. See comments under 4. platyrhynchos.

Anas laysanensis Rothschild. LAYSAN Duck. [132.2.]

Anas laysanensis Rothschild, 1892, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. 17. (island
of Laysan.)

Habitat.— Brackish lagoons, and adjacent dense brush and sedges.

Distribution.— Resident in small numbers on Laysan Island, in the Hawaiian
Islands.

Notes.— Also known as LAYSAN TEAL. See comments under A. platyrhynchos.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES WT

Anas poecilorhyncha Forster. SPOT-BILLED Duck. [134.1.]

Anas poecilorhyncha J. R. Forster, 1781, Zool. Indica, p. 23, pl. 13, fig. 1.
(Ceylon.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on small streams and ponds in eastern Asia
from Siberia and Sakhalin south to India, Ceylon and Southeast Asia, and winters
south to the Philippines.

Accidental in Alaska in the Aleutians (Adak, 10 April 1970-18 April 1971;
Byrd, Gibson and Johnson, 1974, Condor, 76, p. 290) and on Kodiak Island (30
October—1 November 1977; Trapp and MacIntosh, 1978, W. Birds, 9, pp. 127-
128).

Anas bahamensis Linnaeus. WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL. [143.1.]

Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. Based on the
“Tlathera Duck” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 93, pl. 93. (in Bahama =
Bahama Islands.)

Habitat.— Shallow ponds, lakes, lagoons and inlets in fresh-water or brackish
situations, usually with dense vegetation bordering water, sometimes foraging in
cultivated fields.

Distribution. — Resident in the Bahamas (from Abaco south to the Caicos), Greater
Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles (south to Guadeloupe), islands off the north
coast of Venezuela (Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), northern
Colombia (Magdalena Valley), coast of northern Venezuela, Galapagos Islands,
Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to northern Chile, and eastern South
America from the Guianas south through eastern Brazil to central Argentina and
Uruguay.

Casual in peninsular Florida. Accidental in Wisconsin (Lake Winnecone), Illi-
nois (Steward Lake), Texas (Laguna Atascosa), Alabama (Magnolia Springs), Vir-
ginia (Pungo, Chincoteague) and Delaware (Assawoman); some of these reports,
as well as one from New Jersey representing a South American race, probably
pertain to escapes from captivity.

Notes.— Also known as BAHAMA PINTAIL or DUCK.

Anas acuta Linnaeus. NORTHERN PINTAIL. [143.]

Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 126. (in Europe mari-
timis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers, marshes and ponds in grasslands, barrens, dry tundra,
open boreal forest or cultivated fields, in migration and winter in both fresh-water
and brackish situations.

Distribution.— Breeds [acuta group] in North America from northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Victoria Island, northern Kee-
watin, Southampton Island, northern and eastern Quebec, New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia south, at least locally, to southwestern and south-coastal Alaska,
along the Pacific coast to southern California, and to northern Arizona, southern
New Mexico, Kansas, central Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern
Ohio, northern New York and Massachusetts, casually or sporadically to western
Kentucky, Maryland and Virginia, also once on Ellesmere Island; and in the

78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Palearctic from western Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Spitsbergen and
Scandinavia east across Arctic areas to the Chukotski Peninsula, Kamchatka and
the Commander Islands, and south to the British Isles, central Europe, Caspian
Sea, Transcaucasia and the Kurile Islands. In summer recorded casually to Banks
and Baffin islands, and in Newfoundland.

Winters [acuta group] in the Hawaiian Islands; in the Americas from southern
Alaska (coastal areas west to the Aleutian and Kodiak islands), coastal British
Columbia, central Washington, southern Idaho, central Utah, northern Arizona,
northern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, Kansas, central Missouri, the Ohio Val-
ley (uncommonly), and along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts, south
throughout the southern United States, Middle America, Bermuda and the West
Indies (south at least to Guadeloupe) to northern Colombia, northern Venezuela
and the Guianas; and in the Old World from the British Isles, southern Scandi-
navia, southern Russia, Turkestan and Japan south to northern and eastern Africa,
the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Philippines and islands of Micronesia.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutians, Labrador and Newfoundland.

Resident [eatoni group] in the southern Indian Ocean on the Crozets and Ker-
guelen Island.

Casual [acuta group] to Bear Island, Madeira and the Azores.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON PINTAIL and, in Old World literature, as the
PINTAIL. The two groups are sometimes treated as separate species, A. acuta and
A. eatoni (Sharpe, 1875), or with A. eatoni split as two additional species, A. eatoni
on Kerguelen and A. drygalskii Reichenow, 1904, in the Crozets. Some authors
consider the South American A. georgica Gmelin, 1789, and A. acuta as com-
prising a superspecies.

Anas querquedula Linnaeus. GARGANEY. [139.2.]

Anas Querquedula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 126. (in Europe
aquis dulcibus = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Shallow inland lakes, ponds and streams bordered with dense emer-
gent vegetation, reed beds or marshes, wintering primarily on fresh-water but also
in marine or brackish situations.

Distribution. — Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Rus-
sia and eastern Siberia (east to Amurland and Kamchatka) south to southern
Europe, the Black and Caspian seas, Turkey. Transcaucasia, Mongolia and Ussur-
iland.

Winters from the Mediterranean Sea (rarely), Iraq, Arabia, India, eastern China,
Formosa and Japan south to southern Africa, the Maldive Islands, Ceylon, Greater
Sunda Islands, New Guinea and Australia.

In migration occurs rarely (but regularly) in the western Aleutians (casually east
to Adak).

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, the Pribilofs (St. Paul Island), Iceland and the
Faroe Islands. Accidental in British Columbia (Sea and Iona islands), Alberta
(Two Hills, Galahad), Manitoba (St. Ambroise), New Brunswick (St. John), Bar-
bados and the Azores, also additional sight reports of drakes from California,
Prince Edward Island, Massachusetts, Delaware and North Carolina; some of
these vagrants, particularly those in eastern North America, may pertain to escaped
individuals.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 79

Anas discors Linnaeus. BLUE-WINGED TEAL. [140.]

Anas discors Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 205. Based mainly on
“The White-face Teal’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 100, pl. 100. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds, sloughs, lakes and sluggish streams, in migration
and winter in both fresh-water and brackish situations.

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mac-
kenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Que-
bec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and southwestern New-
foundland south to northeastern California, central Nevada, central Utah, southern
New Mexico, western and southern Texas, central Louisiana, western Arkansas,
central Tennessee and eastern North Carolina, locally also to southern California,
the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Winters from southern California, southwestern Arizona, western and southern
Texas, the Gulf coast and North Carolina on the Atlantic coast (casually north to
the southern Ohio Valley and Chesapeake Bay) south throughout Middle America
and the West Indies to central Peru, central Argentina and southern Brazil.

Casual in the Hawaiian and Aleutian (Adak) islands; north to northern Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, Anticosti Island and southern Labrador; and to Bermuda
and Uruguay. Accidental in Greenland and Europe.

Notes.— A. discors and A. cyanoptera are closely related and natural hybrids are
known; some authors have suggested superspecific status for the two despite rather
broad overlap of breeding range.

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot. CINNAMON TEAL. [141.]

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 5, p. 104.
Based on “‘Pato Alas azules” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 3, p.
437 (no. 434). (dans l’ Amérique meridionale sur la riviére de la Plata et a
Buenos Ayres = Rio de la Plata and Buenos Aires, Argentina.)

Habitat.— Shallow lake margins, reed beds, ponds, lagoons, sluggish streams
and marshes, primarily in fresh-water but found in winter occasionally in marine
situations (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from southern British Columbia,
southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan (probably), eastern Montana, cen-
tral North Dakota, southwestern South Dakota (probably), western Nebraska and
central Kansas south to northern Baja California, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Tamaulipas
and central Texas.

Winters from central California, southern Nevada, central Utah, southeastern
Arizona, southern New Mexico and central Texas south through Middle America
to Colombia, northern Venezuela and northern Ecuador.

Resident in South America in Colombia (Eastern Andes, and the Cauca and
Magdalena valleys), and from central Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Brazil
south to the Straits of Magellan.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Maui, Hawaii); north to south-central
and southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, central British Columbia, central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and Minnesota; and in eastern North
America from southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New York and New Jersey
south to the Gulf coast, Florida, the Bahamas (Grand Bahama), Cuba and Jamaica.

Notes.—See comments under 4A. discors.

80 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Anas clypeata Linnaeus. NORTHERN SHOVELER. [142.]

Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. (in Europe
maritimis = southern Sweden.)

Habitat.—Shallow fresh-water areas with surrounding marsh, reed beds and
other types of emergent vegetation, especially in muddy, sluggish water situations,
in migration and winter in both fresh-water and brackish habitats, and in cultivated
fields.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and southern Mackenzie, and northern Manitoba south to north-
western and eastern Oregon (absent west of the coast ranges from central British
Columbia southward), northern Utah, northern Colorado, northern Nebraska,
northern Missouri and central Wisconsin, casually (or formerly) east to southern
Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, and south
to southern California, central Arizona (probably), southern New Mexico, south-
eastern Texas, central Kansas, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
western Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware, and casually to northern Ala-
bama; and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles and Scandinavia east across
northern Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka and the Commander Islands, and
south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, southern Russia, Mongolia,
Transbaicalia and Sakhalin.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands; in the Americas from the coast of southern
British Columbia, central Arizona, northern New Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf
coast and South Carolina on the Atlantic coast south through Middle America
and the West Indies to Colombia, the Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad, rarely
in southern Alaska (in the Aleutians, on Kodiak Island, and in southeastern
Alaska), and north to Minnesota, the Great Lakes, New England and Nova Scotia;
and in the Old World from the British Isles, central Europe, southern Russia,
eastern China and Japan south to northern and eastern Africa, the Indian Ocean,
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Philippines and Micronesia.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutian Islands.

Casual or accidental in northern Alaska, Labrador, Newfoundland, Bermuda,
Spitsbergen, Bear Island, the eastern Atlantic islands, South Africa and the Gilbert
Islands [=Kiribati].

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the SHOVELER. interclavionsbiEs of
the shovelers of the world remain to be determined.

Anas strepera Linnaeus. GADWALL. [135.]

Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 125. (in Europe aquis
dulcibus = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Marshes and grassy areas in both fresh-water and brackish situations,
casually breeding in brushy or grassy areas away from water or on islands in lakes,
in migration and winter on open water of any kind (but preferring marshy fresh-
water situations to other types).

Distribution. — Breeds [strepera group] in North America from southern Alaska
(the Alaska Peninsula, and east to Prince William Sound and, rarely, southeastern
Alaska), southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, cen-
tral Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Prince Edward Island,
Anticosti Island (rarely) and the New Brunswick-Nova Scotia border south locally

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 81

to southern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, southern New Mex-
ico, northern Texas, southern Kansas, Iowa, central Minnesota, southern Wis-
consin, northern Ohio, northern Pennsylvania (formerly) and, on the Atlantic
coast, to North Carolina, with one isolated breeding in northern Alabama (Wheeler
Refuge); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles and southern Scandinavia
east to eastern Siberia, and south to the Mediterranean region, Algeria, Turkey,
Iran, Afghanistan, northern China and Sakhalin.

Winters [strepera group] in North America from southern Alaska (west to the
Aleutian and Kodiak islands), southern British Columbia, Idaho, Colorado, south-
ern South Dakota, Iowa, the southern Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay on the
Atlantic coast (rarely from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) south to northern
Baja California, Oaxaca, the state of México, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, the state
of Yucatan, the Gulf coast throughout, Florida, the Bahamas (New Providence),
western Cuba and (formerly) Jamaica; and in Eurasia from the British Isles, central
Europe, and the Black and Caspian seas south to northern and eastern Africa, and
east to India, Burma, Thailand, eastern China and Japan.

Formerly resident [couesi group] in the northern Line Islands (Washington and
New York islands); now extinct.

Casual or accidental [strepera group] in the Hawaiian Islands, Pribilofs, western
and northern Alaska, northern Manitoba, Bermuda, Greenland, the Faroe Islands,
Nigeria, Ceylon and the Marshall Islands.

Notes.— The two groups have sometimes been regarded as separate species, A.
strepera [COMMON GADWALL] and A. couesi (Streets, 1876) [COUES’ GADWALL].

Anas penelope Linnaeus. EURASIAN WIGEON. [136.]

Anas penelope Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 126. Based on “The
Wigeon or Whewer” Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 88, pl. 99. (in Europe
maritimis & paludibis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Extensive marshes and lakes with good vegetation along shores,
breeding in fresh-water in taiga, forested areas, less commonly in open moors and
cultivated country, wintering primarily in fresh-water and brackish situations in
coastal areas but migrating extensively through inland regions.

Distribution.— Breeds in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles and Scandinavia
east to eastern Siberia and Kamchatka, south to northern Europe, central Russia
and Transcaucasia.

Winters in the Old World from Iceland, the British Isles, northern Europe,
southern Russia and Japan south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northern and
eastern Africa, Arabia, India, the Malay Peninsula, southern China, Formosa and
the Philippines, casually to Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes and Greenland; and regularly
in North America on the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska south to northern
Baja California, and on the Atlantic-Gulf coast from Labrador and Newfoundland
south to Florida and west to southern Texas, casually in the Hawaiian Islands.

In migration occurs regularly (primarily in the spring) in southeastern Alaska
(rare elsewhere in Alaska), and irregularly in the interior of North America from
the southern parts of the Canadian provinces south to Arizona, Texas and the
Gulf coast.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the Antilles (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Barbuda
and Barbados), Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and the Caroline and Mar-
shall Islands.

82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN WIGEON and, in Old World literature, as the
WIGEON. A. penelope and A. americana constitute a superspecies; occasional hybrids
between the two species have been reported.

Anas americana Gmelin. AMERICAN WIGEON. [137.]

Anas americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 526. Based on “Le Canard
jensen, de la Louisiane”? Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 955, and the
““American Wigeon”’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 567. (in America a Cayenna
insulisque vicini Oceani ad sinum Hudsonis usque = New York.)

Habitat.—Large marshes and lakes, breeding in fresh-water situations with
exposed shorelines, wintering in both fresh-water and brackish areas and foraging
in marsh edges, sloughs and sheltered bays.

Distribution.— Breeds from central (rarely western) Alaska, central Yukon,
northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and
southern Nova Scotia south to south-coastal Alaska (Cook Inlet east to Yakutat
Bay), in the interior through much of British Columbia, northwestern and eastern
Washington and eastern Oregon to northeastern California, northern Nevada,
northern Utah, northern New Mexico, central Colorado, South Dakota, north-
western Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario and northern New York,
sporadically to the Atlantic coast (recorded breeding in Maine, Massachusetts and
Delaware); the breeding range east of Manitoba and Minnesota is highly local.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands; and from southern Alaska, southwestern Brit-
ish Columbia, Oregon, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, sporadically across
the central United States to the southern Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, and on
the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia south throughout the southern United States,
Middle America and the West Indies to Panama, northern Colombia, northern
Venezuela (rarely), Tobago and Trinidad.

Casual or accidental in the Aleutians, islands in the Bering Sea, Banks Island,
Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Europe, the Azores, Japan, and the Com-
mander, Caroline and Marshall islands.

Notes.—See comments under A. penelope.

Tribe AYTHYINI: Pochards and Allies

[Genus NETTA Kaup]

Netta Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 102. Type, by mono-
typy, Anas rufina Pallas.

[Netta rufina (Pallas). RED-CRESTED POCHARD.] See Appendix B.

Genus AYTHYA Boie

Aythya Boie, (before May) 1822, Tageb. Reise Norwegen, p. 351. Type, by
monotypy, Anas marila Linnaeus.

Nyroca Fleming, (June) 1822, Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260. Type, by tautonymy,
Anas nyroca Gildenstadt.

Aristonetta Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R.R. Pac., 9, p. 793. Type, by original designation, Anas valisineria Wilson.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES $3

Perissonetta Oberholser, 1921, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (1920), p. 110. Type, by
original designation, Anas collaris Donovan.

Aythya ferina (Linnaeus). COMMON POCHARD. [146.1.]

Anas ferina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 126. (in Europe mari-
timis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds and sluggish streams, breeding in fresh-water situations
bordered with emergent vegetation, wintering in sheltered fresh-water and brackish
areas, rarely in bays and estuaries.

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia,
central Russia and southern Siberia south to Spain, central Europe, Tunisia (for-
merly), the Black and Caspian seas, Turkey and Lake Baikal.

Winters from the British Isles, central Europe, southern Sweden and southern
Russia south to the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, Arabia, India, Burma,
eastern China and Japan, rarely to the eastern Atlantic islands, Formosa and the
Philippines.

In migration occurs rarely (but regularly) in the Aleutians (east to Adak), casually
in the Pribilofs (St. Paul, St. George).

Casual or accidental in south-coastal Alaska (Homer), the Faroe Islands and
Guam, also a sight report from Saskatchewan.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the POCHARD. Relationships among
A. ferina, A. valisineria and A. americana are close, and some authors have
suggested that the first two form a superspecies.

Aythya valisineria (Wilson). CANVASBACK. [147.]

Anas valisineria Wilson, 1814, Am. Ornithol., 8, p. 103, pl. 70, fig. 5. (United
States.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds, lakes, rivers and bays, breeding in fresh-water marshes
bordered by emergent vegetation, and wintering on deep, fresh-water lakes and
Tivers as well as on sheltered bays and estuaries.

Distribution. — Breeds from central Alaska, northern Yukon, western and south-
ern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central and northeastern Manitoba, and
western Ontario south to south-coastal Alaska (Anchorage area east to Bering
River delta), and locally in inland areas to northeastern California, northern Nevada,
northern Utah, central New Mexico, central Kansas, northwestern lowa and extreme
southern Ontario (Walpole Island).

Winters along the Pacific coast from the central Aleutians (in small numbers
west to Adak) and south-coastal Alaska south to Baja California, and from Ari-
zona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, the Great Lakes and, on the Atlan-
tic coast, from New England (sporadically north in the western states to southern
Canada) south to southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula),
the Gulf coast and Florida.

In migration occurs in southern Ontario and (rarely) southwestern Quebec.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, western Aleutians, Pribilofs (St.
Paul), Clipperton Island, Guatemala, Honduras, eastern Canada (north to New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia), Bermuda, Cuba and the Marshall Islands, also sight
reports from Puerto Rico and the Swan Islands.

Notes.—See comments under 4A. ferina.

84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Aythya americana (Eyton). REDHEAD. [146.]
Fuligula americana Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 155. (North America.)

Habitat.— Large marshes, lakes, lagoons, rivers and bays, breeding in extensive
fresh-water marshy areas, wintering mostly in brackish and marine lagoons and
bays, less frequently in inland fresh-water situations.

Distribution. — Breeds locally in south-central and southeastern Alaska, and from
central British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, west-
central and southern Manitoba, and northwestern and central Minnesota south
to southern California, southern Arizona, central New Mexico. northern Texas
(Panhandle), central Kansas and northern Iowa, sporadically in eastern North
America from Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec. New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia south to Illinois, northwestern Indiana. northern Ohio, western Penn-
sylvania (formerly) and central New York.

Winters from British Columbia on the Pacific coast, in the interior from Nevada,
Utah, Colorado, Kansas, the middle Mississippi and Ohio valleys. and the Great
Lakes (occasionally north to the upper Great Lakes and southern Ontario), and
from New England on the Atlantic coast south throughout the southern United
States and most of Mexico to Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica and the Bahamas.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Pribilofs (St. Paul). northern and western Alaska,
Kodiak Island, southern Yukon. Nova Scotia, Bermuda, Greenland and Sweden,
also a sight report for Guam.

Notes.—See comments under 4. ferina.

[Aythya baeri (Radde). BAER’s POCHARD.] See Appendix B.

Aythya collaris (Donovan). RING-NECKED DUCK. [150.]

Anas collaris Donovan, 1809, Nat. Hist. Br. Birds, 6, p. 147 and text. (Lin-
colnshire, England, specimen found in Leadenhall market, London.)

Habitat.— Marshes, lakes. rivers and swamps. breeding in fresh-water marshes,
sloughs, bogs and swamps with relatively dense vegetation, wintering primarily
on fresh-water and brackish situations of larger lakes. rivers and estuaries.

Distribution.— Breeds in east-central and southeastern Alaska. and from central
British Columbia, southern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie. north-
ern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, New-
foundland and Nova Scotia south to northwestern Washington, eastern Oregon,
northeastern California, central Nevada, southeastern Arizona, southern Colo-
rado, northern Nebraska, northern Iowa, northern Illinois. central Michigan,
southern Ontario, western Pennsylvania (formerly). northern New York and Mas-
sachusetts; also north-central Florida (Alachua County).

Winters on the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska, in the interior from
southern Nevada, southern Arizona. northern New Mexico. northern Texas, and
the lower Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and on the Atlantic coast from New
England south through the southern United States, Middle America and the West
Indies to Panama (east to Canal Zone and eastern Panama province) and Grenada.

Casual in northern, western and southern Alaska. and in the Hawaiian Islands,
Bermuda, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trinidad), Iceland, Europe and
the Azores.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 85

Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus). TUFTED Duck. [149.1.]

Anas Fuligula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 128. (in Europe
maritimis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Marshes, ponds, lakes, swamps, bays and estuaries, breeding pri-
marily near marshy ponds and small lakes, wintering mostly in marine and brack-
ish areas, less commonly in fresh-water.

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Bear Island (probably)
and Scandinavia east to Ussuriland, Sakhalin and the Commander Islands, and
south to central Europe, the Mediterranean Sea (rarely), Syria, Transcaucasia,
northern Mongolia and Japan.

Winters from Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and Japan south
to northern Africa, Arabia, India, the Malay Peninsula, eastern China and the
Philippines.

In migration ranges regularly to the western and central Aleutians, casually
north to the Pribilofs, St. Lawrence Island and Barrow, and east in southern Alaska
to Unalaska and Kodiak islands, and to Cordova.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands; elsewhere along the Pacific coast of North
America from southern British Columbia south to southern California; on the
Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to New Jersey and inland to Lake Michigan,
southern Ontario, southern Quebec and central New York; and in Greenland,
Spitsbergen, the eastern Atlantic islands, Seychelles, the Greater Sunda Islands
and Micronesia. ;

Aythya marila (Linnaeus). GREATER SCAUP. [148.]

Anas Marila Linnaeus, 1861, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 39. (in Lapponica =
Lapland.)

Habitat.— Large lakes, rivers, bays and estuaries, breeding near small ponds
and lakes primarily in forested tundra and northern borders of the taiga, frequently
in open tundra and moors, and wintering mostly in open marine or brackish
situations, less commonly on open inland fresh water.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western Alaska (Kotzebue Sound
south locally to the Aleutians, Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island) east across
northern Yukon, northwestern, north-central and southern Mackenzie, southern
Keewatin, around Hudson and James bays, and northern Quebec (possibly also
Labrador), casually or irregularly south to southeastern Alaska (Copper-Bering
River deltas), northwestern British Columbia, central Manitoba, southeastern
Michigan (St. Clair Flats), Anticosti and Magdalen islands, and Newfoundland
(other southern reports open to question); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the Faroe
Islands (formerly) and Scandinavia east across Arctic Russia to eastern Siberia,
Kamchatka and the Commander Islands.

Winters in North America along the Pacific coast from the Aleutians and south-
eastern Alaska south to Baja California, in the eastern Great Lakes, from the Ohio
and lower Mississippi valleys south to the Gulf coast (southern Texas east to
Florida), and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to Florida; and in
Eurasia from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic and North
seas south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, the Persian Gulf and
northwestern India, and on the Pacific coast from Sakhalin and Japan south to
Korea and eastern China, rarely to Formosa and the Philippines.

86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, throughout most of interior North America,
in Sinaloa, the Bahamas (New Providence), Greenland, Jan Mayen and Bear
Island, and south to the Azores and northern Africa; a sight report from Costa
Rica requires confirmation.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the ScAup. The extent of overlap in
breeding range of the closely related A. marila and A. affinis may not adequately
reflect their actual sympatry, as they are easily confused in the field.

Aythya affinis (Eyton). LessER SCAUuP. [149.]
Fuligula affinis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 157. (North America.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries and marshes, breeding mostly near grass-
margined ponds and small lakes, sometimes in grassy areas away from water,
wintering in both fresh-water and marine situations, generally in sheltered areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and
southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba and western Ontario south to southern
interior British Columbia, northern Idaho, northern Wyoming, northern North
Dakota, and northwestern and (formerly) central Minnesota, casually or irregularly
east to southern Ontario and west-central Quebec. and south to western Wash-
ington (Everett), northeastern California, southern Idaho, northeastern Colorado,
central Nebraska, eastern Iowa, northern Illinois and northern Ohio.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands and southern Alaska (rare at Kodiak and
Cordova), and from southern British Columbia, southern Idaho, Utah, north-
eastern Colorado, Kansas, Iowa, the southern Great Lakes region and New England
south throughout the southern United States, Middle America and the West Indies
(uncommon in Lesser Antilles) to northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Tobago
and Trinidad.

In migration occurs regularly east to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and New-
foundland.

Casual in Bermuda, western Ecuador and Greenland, also a sight report for
Surinam.

Tribe MERGINI: Eiders, Scoters, Mergansers and Allies

Genus SOMATERIA Leach

Somateria Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, app., p. xlviii. Type, by
monotypy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus.

Eider Jarocki, 1819, Spis. Ptakow Gab. Zool. Krol. Warsz. Uniw., p. 62.
Type, by monotypy, Anas mollissima “Gmelin” [= Linnaeus].

Lampronetta J. F. Brandt, 1847, Fuligulam (Lampronettam) Fischeri Nov.
Avium Rossicarum Spec., pp. 18, 19 and plate. Type, by monotypy, Fuli-
gula (Lampronetta) fischeri Brandt.

Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus). COMMON EIDER. [159.]

Anas mollissima Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. Based on “The
Great Black and White Duck” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 98, pl. 98.
(in Europa boreali, pelagica = Island of Gotland, Sweden.)

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 87

Habitat.— Rocky seacoasts and islands, breeding on shores of ponds and lagoons
with outlets to the sea, wintering primarily along seacoasts, and in bays or estuaries,
occurring rarely on open fresh-water.

Distribution. — Breeds in western North America from the Arctic coast of Alaska
and Canada east to northeastern Mackenzie, on southern Banks and southern
Victoria islands, and south (locally) in Alaska to the Aleutians, Alaska Peninsula
and south-coastal Alaska (east probably to Glacier Bay); in eastern North America
on southern Ellesmere, Cornwallis, Devon, Somerset and Baffin Islands, along
coasts and on islands in Hudson and James Bays, and along coasts from northern
Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to eastern Quebec (mouth of St.
Lawrence River), New Hampshire, Maine and Nova Scotia; in the western Pale-
arctic from Greenland (both coasts), Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Spitsbergen and
Franz Josef Land south to the northern British Isles, northern Europe and southern
Scandinavia; and in the eastern Palearctic from Wrangel Island, the New Siberian
Islands and northeastern coast of Siberia south to Kamchatka and the Commander
Islands.

Winters in western North America from the Bering Sea ice pack south to the
Aleutians and Cook Inlet, and on the Pacific coast south (rarely) to Washington
and Oregon; in eastern North America in open water of Hudson and James bays,
and from Labrador south along the Atlantic coast to New York (Long Island),
casually south as far as Florida and inland to the Great Lakes; in the western
Palearctic from the breeding range south to central Europe, casually to the Azores
and southern Europe; and in eastern Eurasia south to Kamchatka.

Casual in interior North America south to Colorado, Kansas and Iowa.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the EIDER.

Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). KING EIDER. [162.]

Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. Based mainly
on “The Gray-headed Duck’? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 154, pl. 154.
(in Canada, Svecia = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts and large river valleys, breeding in the Arctic near fresh-
water ponds and pools, usually in open tundra, rarely in rocky situations, and
wintering primarily offshore along rocky coasts.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America along the Arctic coast and islands from
northern Alaska east to Greenland, the west coast of Hudson Bay, James Bay and
(probably) northern Labrador; and in Eurasia along the Arctic coast from northern
Russia (including Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya) east to the Chukotski Pen-
insula and St. Lawrence and St. Matthews islands.

Winters in the Pacific region from Kamchatka and the Bering Sea south to the
Kurile, Aleutian and Shumagin islands, rarely to the southern mainland coast of
Alaska, casually as far south on the Pacific coast as southern California; in the
Atlantic from Labrador and Greenland south to New England, less frequently to
New York (Long Island) and New Jersey, and casually as far south as Florida; in
the interior of North America uncommonly to the Great Lakes, casually to Kansas,
Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia and central South Carolina; and
in western Eurasia to Iceland and the Scandinavian and northern Russian coasts.

Casual in Alberta, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Jan Mayen, Bear Island,
continental Europe and Japan.

88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Somateria fischeri (Brandt). SPECTACLED EIDER. [158.]

Fuligula Fischeri J. F. Brandt, 1847, Fuligulam (Lampronettam) Fischeri
Nov. Avium Rossicarum Spec., p. 18, pl. 1. (St. Michael, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Ponds, lakes and open sea, breeding around sedgy or grassy ponds.
lakes, deltas and tidal inlets, and wintering in marine situations near coasts.

Distribution.— Breeds on the Arctic coast of Alaska from Point Barrow south
to St. Lawrence Island and the mouth of the Kuskokwim River, and along the
Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana Delta east to the Chukotski Peninsula.

Winters probably offshore in the western Bering Sea; recorded irregularly in
coastal Alaska, and south casually to southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island).

Accidental in Norway; the origin of the individual supposedly taken at Bitter-
water Lake, San Benito County, California, in 1893 is questionable.

Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton

Polysticta Eyton, 1836, Cat. Br. Birds, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, Anas stelleri
Pallas.

Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). STELLER’s EImDer. [157.]

Anas Stelleri Pallas, 1769. Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 6. p. 35, pl. v. (E. Kam-
tschatka = Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— Arctic ponds, lakes and seacoasts. breeding in grassy edges of tundra
ponds and lakes, occasionally on barren rocky tundra, wintering in shallow marine
habitats around bays, reefs, lagoons and inlets.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America along the Arctic coast of Alaska from
Point Barrow eastward, and south to St. Lawrence Island and Hooper Bay: and
in Eurasia along the Arctic coast of Siberia from the New Siberian Islands and
Lena Delta (casually Scandinavia and Novaya Zemlya) east to the Chukotski
Peninsula. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in northern Yukon and
northwestern Mackenzie.

Winters in North America in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and east along
the southern coast of Alaska to Cook Inlet (rarely to Prince William Sound),
casually along the Pacific coast to southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island);
and in Eurasia from Scandinavia and northern Siberia south to the Baltic Sea,
southern Kamchatka, and the Commander and Kunile islands.

Casual or accidental in Quebec (Godbout), Maine (Scarborough), Massachusetts
(off Scituate), Baffin Island, Greenland, the British Isles. Spitsbergen and conti-
nental Europe.

Genus CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte
Camptorhynchus “Eyton” Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 58. Type,
by monotypy, Anas labradoria Gmelin.
+Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin). LABRADOR DUCK. [156.]

Anas labradoria Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 537. Based on “The Pied
Duck’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 559, and Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2,
p. 99, pl. 99. (in America boreali = Labrador.)

Habitat.— Breeding unknown: winter habitat included sandy bays and estuaries.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 89

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Alleged to have bred in Labrador. Recorded along
the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick south to New York
(Long Island) and New Jersey (also one report from Chesapeake Bay); and inland
in Quebec (Laprairie near Montreal) and New York (Elmira), where the last known
individual was allegedly taken on 12 December 1878.

Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson

Histrionicus Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornithol., 2, p. 415. Type, by original des-
ignation, Anas histrionica Linnaeus.

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus). HARLEQUIN DUCK. [155.]

Anas histrionica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 127. Based on “The
Dusky and Spotted Duck” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 99, pl. 99. (in
America = Newfoundland.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, shallow fast-flowing water and rocky islets, breeding along
mountain streams in forested regions, in rocky coastal areas, and occasionally on
open tundra, wintering primarily in turbulent coastal waters, especially in rocky
regions.

Distribution. — Breeds in western North America from western Alaska, northern
Yukon, northern British Columbia and southern Alberta south to the Alaska
Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, Vancouver Island, eastern Oregon (also in the
Sierra Nevada of California), central Idaho, western Wyoming and (formerly)
southwestern Colorado; in eastern North America from southern Baffin Island
south to central and eastern Quebec and eastern Labrador, possibly also northern
New Brunswick and Newfoundland; and in the Palearctic in Greenland and Ice-
land, and from the Lena River in Siberia east to Kamchatka, and south to northern
Mongolia and the Kurile Islands.

Winters along the Pacific coast of North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian
islands south to central (rarely southern) California; on the Atlantic coast from
southern Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia south to New York (Long
Island), less commonly to the Great Lakes, casually farther inland south to north-
ern New Mexico, Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky and West Virginia, on the Atlantic
coast to Florida, and on the Gulf coast from western Florida to Texas; and in
eastern Eurasia from Manchuria and Kamchatka south to Korea and southern
Japan.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Laysan), western Mac-
kenzie, southern Canada (Alberta east to Manitoba), Sonora (Puerto Penasco),
and widely through Europe.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the HARLEQUIN.

Genus CLANGULA Leach

Clangula Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, app., p. xlviii. Type, by
monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). OLDSQUAW. [154.]

Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 11, p. 126. Based mainly
on “‘The Long-tailed Duck from Hudson’s-Bay” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
3, p. 156, pl. 156. (in Europa & America arctica = northern Sweden.)

90 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Mostly around shallow fresh-water lakes, primarily in taiga but also
in tundra and along coasts and fjords (breeding); primarily open sea along coastal
areas and large inland lakes, less commonly along rivers and on smaller lakes
(nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from the Arctic coast of Alaska east
across northern Canada and throughout the Arctic islands to Ellesmere and Baffin
islands and northern Labrador, south to southern and central Alaska and north-
western British Columbia, and from eastern and south-central Mackenzie and
most of Keewatin south around Hudson and James bays; and in the Palearctic
from Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen and Scandinavia east across Arctic Russia
to the Chukotski Peninsula, Anadyrland, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands.

Winters along the Pacific coast of North America from the Bering Sea south to
central (rarely southern) California; along the Atlantic coast from Greenland and
Labrador south to South Carolina; in the interior of North America on the Great
Lakes; in Europe from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia and western Russia
south to central Europe and the Black Sea, casually to southern Europe, Madeira
and the Azores; and in Asia from Caucasia to Iran, Lake Baikal, Korea, eastern
China and Japan.

Casual throughout the interior of North America from southern Canada south
to southern Arizona, New Mexico, southern Texas, the Gulfcoast, and the Atlantic
coast to southern Florida. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway) and
northwestern Sinaloa (near Guamuchil), also sight reports for Baja California and
Sonora.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as LONG-TAILED DUCK.

Genus MELANITTA Boie

Melanitta Boie, 1822 (before May), Isis von Oken, col. 564. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Eyton, 1838), Anas fusca Linnaeus.

Oidemia Fleming, 1822 (May), Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Anas nigra Linnaeus.

Pelionetta Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 107. Type, by
monotypy, Anas perspicillata Linnaeus.

Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus). BLACK SCOTER. [163.]

Anas nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. Gn Lapponia, Anglia =
Lapland and England.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water lakes and pools on grassy or bushy tundra and in the
northern taiga (breeding); mostly coastal waters, less commonly on large inland
lakes and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in Alaska (from Cape Lisburne and
the Alaska Range south to the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island) and scattered
localities in central and eastern Canada (southern Keewatin, northern Quebec and
Newfoundland); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, Spitsbergen and
Scandinavia east across northern Russia and Siberia to Anadyrland, Sakhalin and
Kamchatka. Summers widely (and possibly breeds) from southern Yukon and
southern Mackenzie east to Labrador and Newfoundland.

Winters in North America primarily on the Pacific coast from the Pribilof and
Aleutian islands south to southern California and (rarely) northern Baja California,
on the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to South

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 9]

Carolina and Florida; and in Eurasia from the breeding regions south to the
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas (casually to Greenland, northern Africa
and the eastern Atlantic islands), Korea, eastern China and Japan.

Casual throughout the interior of North America south to Arizona, New Mexico,
Texas and the Gulf coast (from southern Texas east to Florida).

Notes.— Also known as COMMON SCOTER.

Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). SURF SCOTER. [166.]

Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 125. Based on
“‘The Great Black Duck from Hudson’s-Bay”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
2, p. 155, pl. 155. Gn Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Brushy or forested areas near bogs, ponds or sluggish streams (breed-
ing); primarily marine littoral areas, less frequently in bays or on fresh-water lakes
and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from the Mackenzie River delta east across central Mac-
kenzie and northern Manitoba to Hudson Bay in northern Ontario and west-
central Quebec, and south to western (from Kotzebue Sound to the Alaska Pen-
insula) and central Alaska, southern Yukon, central British Columbia, central
Alberta and northern Saskatchewan; also in eastern Quebec and Labrador. Sum-
mers widely in northern Alaska, and across northern Canada from southern Kee-
watin east to Newfoundland.

Winters primarily along the Pacific coast from the eastern Aleutian Islands and
southeastern Alaska south to central Baja California and Sonora, on the Great
Lakes, on the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy south to Florida, and rarely
(but regularly) to the Gulf coast (Texas east to Florida).

Casual throughout the interior of North America south to Arizona, New Mexico,
Texas and the Gulf states, and in Bermuda, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, British
Isles, continental Europe and eastern Siberia. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands
(Oahu) and Japan.

Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus). WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. [165.]

Anas fusca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. (in oceano Europzo =
Swedish coast.)

Habitat.— Ponds, lakes and sluggish streams, primarily in open tundra or prairie
with dense ground cover, less frequently in mixed tundra-taiga (breeding); mostly
open sea and brackish waters along coasts, less frequently on open fresh water in
inland areas (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds [deglandi group] in North America from northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin and
northern Manitoba south to central Alaska, southern Yukon, south-central British
Columbia, northeastern Washington, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatche-
wan, northern North Dakota, southern Manitoba and northern Ontario, occurring
in summer (and possibly breeding) to northeastern Mackenzie and from Hudson
Bay east to Labrador and Newfoundland, and in Asia from central and eastern
Siberia south to Lake Baikal, Amurland, Sakhalin and Kamchatka; and [fusca
group] in Eurasia from Spitsbergen (formerly) and Scandinavia east across north-
ern Russia to central Siberia, and south to west-central Russia.

92 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters {deglandi group] in North America primarily on the Pacific coast from
the Aleutians and Alaska Peninsula south to northern Baja California, on the
Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and New-
foundland south to South Carolina (rarely to Florida), and in Asia from Kamchatka
south to Korea, eastern China and Japan: and [fusca group] in Eurasia from the
breeding grounds south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas.

Casual [deglandi group] on Melville Island, through the interior to North Amer-
ica south to Arizona, New Mexico, southern Texas and the Gulf coast (east to
Florida), and in Greenland; and [fusca group] in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe
Islands, Bear Island, the Azores, northern Africa and Afghanistan.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as separate species, VW fusca [VELVET
ScOTER] and M. deglandi (Bonaparte, 1850) [WHITE-WINGED ScOTER], the latter
also including the eastern Asiatic form M. f stejnegeri (Ridgway, 1887), whose
relationships appear to be with deglandi but whose status is uncertain.

Genus BUCEPHALA Baird

Bucephala Baird, 1858. in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxii. L. 787, 788, 795. Type. by original designation,
Anas albeola Linnaeus.

Glaucionetta Stejneger, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8. p. 409. Type, by
original designation, Anas clangula Linnaeus.

Clanganas Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas. 2, p. 974. Type, by omginal
designation, Anas islandica Gmelin.

Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus). COMMON GOLDENEFYE. [151.]

Anas Clangula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 125. (in Europa:
sepius maritima = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Ponds, lakes, rivers and coastal bays, nesting in hollow trees and
stubs near water, and in bird boxes, wintering primarily in bays and estuaries,
less commonly on rivers and lakes.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western Alaska (Kotzebue Sound),
northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin.
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and
Newfoundland south to central Alaska, southern British Columbia, northern
Washington, central Montana. southern Saskatchewan (absent from grassland
region of Alberta and most of Saskatchewan), northern North Dakota, northern
Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern
New York, northern Vermont, Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; and in
Eurasia from Scandinavia east across Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka. and south
to northern Europe, Lake Baikal, Manchuria and Sakhalin.

Winters in North America primarily on the Pacific coast from the Aleutians
and southeastern Alaska south to southern California (casually to northern Baja
California, Sinaloa and Durango), on the Great Lakes, in the interior in the
Mississippi and Ohio valleys and south to the Gulf coast (southern Texas east to
western Florida), and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
south to Florida, also irregularly elsewhere in the interior of the United States
south to Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas; and in Eurasia from the breed-
ing range south to the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iran. southeastern China and
Japan.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 93

Casual in Bermuda, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Azores and northern Africa.
Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the GOLDENEYE.

Bucephala islandica (Gmelin). BARROW’S GOLDENEYE. [152.]

Anas islandica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 541. Based on “‘Hravn
Oend”’ O. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodromus, p. 16. (in Islandia = Iceland.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, rivers and seacoasts, breeding in tree cavities (occa-
sionally on the ground) generally near lakes and ponds having borders of dense
emergent vegetation, wintering mostly on lakes and rivers, and in coastal estuaries
and bays, especially where rocky.

Distribution. — Breeds from central and southwestern Alaska (base of the Alaska
Peninsula), southern Yukon, western Mackenzie (probably), northern British
Columbia and southwestern Alberta south to south-coastal and southeastern Alaska,
southern British Columbia and northern Washington, locally at higher elevations
to the Sierra Nevada of eastern California (at least formerly), eastern Oregon,
northern Montana, northwestern Wyoming and (formerly) southwestern Colo-
rado; in northeastern Quebec and northern Labrador; and in southwestern Green-
land and Iceland.

Winters primarily along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and southeastern
Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) south to central (casually southern) California; in
the interior of western North America locally from southern British Columbia
and northern Montana to the Colorado River Valley of southeastern California
and southwestern Arizona, and to Utah and Colorado; and in the Atlantic region
(primarily coastal) from the upper St. Lawrence drainage, Gulf of St. Lawrence
and Nova Scotia south to New York (Long Island), rarely to South Carolina.

Casual in the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, to the eastern shore of Hudson Bay
and Newfoundland, in the interior of North America from southern Canada south
to southern New Mexico, Texas, Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee and western North
Carolina; also in the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Spitsbergen and continental
Europe.

Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus). BUFFLEHEAD. [153.]

Anas Albeola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124. Based on the
“Little Black and White Duck’’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 100, pl. 100.
(in America = Newfoundland.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, rivers and seacoasts, breeding in tree cavities in mixed
coniferous-deciduous woodland near lakes and ponds, wintering on sheltered bays
and estuaries as well as open fresh-water situations.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alaska, southern Yukon, western and south-
ern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario
south to southern British Columbia, northern Washington, northern Montana,
southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and (locally) south-
ern Ontario; also locally (or formerly) south to the mountains of Oregon and
northern California, and to northwestern Wyoming, northern Iowa and south-
eastern Wisconsin.

Winters from the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula on the Pacific coast,
the Great Lakes in the interior, and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land on the Atlantic, south in coastal states and the Ohio and Mississippi valleys

94 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(irregularly elsewhere in the interior) to the southern United States, northern Baja
California, the interior of Mexico (to Jalisco, the state of México, Distrito Federal
and Tamaulipas), the Gulf coast and Florida, casually to the Greater Antilles
(Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico) and the Hawaiian Islands.

Casual in the Yucatan Peninsula, Bermuda, Greenland, Iceland, the British
Isles, continental Europe, Japan, and the Kurile and Commander islands.

Genus MERGELLUS Selby

Mergellus Selby, 1840, Cat. Generic Sub-Generic Types Aves, p. 47. Type,
by monotypy, Mergus albellus Linnaeus.

Notes. — Mergellus and Lophodytes are sometimes merged in Mergus.

Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus). SMEw. [131.1.]

Mergus albellus Linneaus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 129. Gn Europa =
Mediterranean, near Izmir, Turkey.)

Habitat.— Lakes, ponds, bays and rivers, breeding in the taiga in cavities in
trees (rarely on the ground) near water, wintering on lakes, sheltered bays and
rivers.

Distribution. — Breeds from Scandinavia east through northern Russia and Sibe-
ria to Kamchatka, south to southern Russia, Amurland, the Sea of Okhotsk and
northern Sakhalin.

Winters from Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Russia and Kamchatka
south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, eastern China,
Korea and Japan.

In migration (and casually at other seasons) ranges rarely but regularly to the
Aleutian Islands (Attu east to Adak), casually north to the Pribilofs (St. Paul and
St. George islands) and east to Kodiak Island and the coast of British Columbia
(Vancouver Island), also a sight report from Washington.

Casual or accidental in California (San Mateo), southern Ontario, New York
(Buffalo), Rhode Island (Newport), Iceland, northern Africa and Burma; some of
the eastern North American reports may pertain to escaped individuals.

Genus LOPHODYTES Reiche ach

Lophodytes Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. ix. Type, by
original designation, Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Mergellus.

Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). HOODED MERGANSER. [131.]

Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 129. Based on
“The round-crested Duck” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 94, pl. 94.
(in America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Streams, lakes, swamps, marshes and estuaries, breeding in tree cav-
ities in forested regions near water, often near fast-flowing streams, wintering
mostly in fresh-water areas but also regularly in estuaries and sheltered bays.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska (north to the Taku and Chilkat
rivers, casually to the Copper River delta), central British Columbia and south-

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 95

western Alberta south to southwestern Oregon, central Idaho and northwestern
Montana (casually to northern Colorado); and from central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and southern Nova
Scotia south (primarily from the mountains of New England, New York and the
Appalachians westward) through eastern North Dakota, central lowa, southeastern
Kansas and central Arkansas to northern Louisiana, central Mississippi, northern
Alabama, northern Georgia and (rarely) central Florida. Occurs in summer (and
probably breeds) north to southern Mackenzie, northern Ontario and northern
Quebec.

Winters along the Pacific coast in south-coastal Alaska (rarely, Prince William
Sound), and from southern British Columbia south to northern Baja California,
on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from New England south to Florida and west to
Texas and Tamaulipas, irregularly in the interior from southern Canada south to
the Mexican border, casually farther (recorded Distrito Federal and Veracruz),
and in the northern Bahamas and Greater Antilles (recorded regularly in Cuba,
casually in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands).

In migration occurs casually in southwestern Alaska (including the Aleutian
and Pribilof islands) and Newfoundland.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Hawaii), Bermuda, Mar-
tinique, the British Isles and continental Europe.

Genus MERGUS Linnaeus

Mergus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 129. Type, by subsequent
designation (Eyton, 1838), Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus serrator Lin-
naeus.

Notes.—See comments under Mergellus.

Mergus merganser Linnaeus. COMMON MERGANSER. [129.]

Mergus Merganser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 129. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Mostly lakes and rivers, nesting in tree cavities, nest boxes or cliff
crevices, generally near clear waters in forested regions and mountainous terrain,
wintering primarily on open lakes and rivers or brackish lagoons, rarely in marine
coastal situations.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from central and south-coastal Alaska
(west to the lower Kuskokwim River and Kodiak Island), southern Yukon, south-
ern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
central Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland south to the mountains of
central California, central Nevada, central Arizona, and southwestern and north-
ern New Mexico (also once in northern Chihuahua), and east of the Rocky Moun-
tains south to southern Saskatchewan, southwestern South Dakota (at least for-
merly), northeastern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern
Ontario, New York, eastern Pennsylvania (probably), northwestern New Jersey,
central Massachusetts, southern Maine and west-central Nova Scotia, locally and
casually farther south (recorded breeding in Virginia and North Carolina); and in
Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles and Scandinavia east across Russia and
Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and south to northern Europe, central
Russia, the northern Himalayas, northern Mongolia, Ussuriland and Sakhalin.

96 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) north to central Mackenzie, southern
Keewatin and northern Quebec.

Winters in North America from the Aleutian Islands, central (rarely) aad south-
coastal Alaska, and British Columbia east across southern Canada to Newfound-
land, and south to southern California, northern Baja California (rarely), northern
Mexico (Sonora east to Tamaulipas, casually to Jalisco, Guanajuato and Distrito
Federal) and the Gulf coast from southern Texas east to central Florida; and in
Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Japan and the Kurile Islands
south to the northern Mediterranean region, Black Sea, Iran, northern India and
eastern China.

Casual or accidental in the Pribilof Islands, Bermuda, Greenland, the Faroe
Islands, Spitbergen, Bear Island, northwestern Africa, Formosa and the Ryukyu
Islands; a report from Puerto Rico is erroneous.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the GOOSANDER.

Mergus serrator Linnaeus. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. [130.]

Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 129. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Rivers, ponds, lakes and coastal areas, breeding along inland waters,
generally on small islands with low shrubby growth, wintering mainly in estuaries
and sheltered bays, less frequently on inland fresh waters.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, northern Baffin Island, Labrador and New-
foundland south to the Aleutian Islands, southern and southeastern Alaska, north-
ern British Columbia, northern Alberta, southwestern and central Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan,
southern Ontario, northern New York, southern Quebec, northern Vermont, Maine,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, casually south along the Atlantic coast to New
York (Long Island); and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe
Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia and northern Europe east across northern Russia
and Siberia to Kamchatka and the Commander Islands.

Winters in North America primarily along coasis and on large inland bodies of
water from southern Alaska (west to the Aleutian Islands), the Great Lakes and
Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California, southern Texas and the Gulf coast
(east to Florida), casually also elsewhere in the interior from southern Canada
south to northern Sonora, southern Arizona, northern Chihuahua and southern
New Mexico; and in the Old World from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles,
Scandinavia, Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands south to the Mediterranean, Black
and Caspian seas, southern Russia, eastern China and Japan.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Molokai, Hawaii), Pribilofs,
Bermuda, the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence), Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jan Mayen,
Spitsbergen, the eastern Atlantic islands and northern Africa; a report from St.
Croix, in the Virgin Islands, is erroneous.

Tnbe OXYURINI: Stiff-tailed Ducks

Genus OXYURA Bonaparte

Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 2, p. 390. Type, by
monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson = Anas jamaicensis Gmelin.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES 97

Nomonyx Ridgway, 1880, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 3, p. 15. Type, by original
designation, Anas dominica Linnaeus.

Oxyura jamaicensis (Gmelin). RUDDy DUCK. [167.]

Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 519. Based on the “Jamaica
Shoveler’”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 513. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Marshes, lakes and coastal areas, breeding mostly on fresh-water
marshes with dense emergent vegetation, wintering on sheltered brackish and
marine coastal areas as well as lakes and rivers (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in east-central Alaska (casually), and
from central and northeastern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, north-
ern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba and western Ontario south
to southern California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and south-
ern Texas, and southwestern Louisiana, with scattered, sporadic or former breed-
ing from southern Ontario, southern Quebec and Nova Scotia south to northern
Iowa, southwestern illinois, northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Delaware, South
Carolina and northern Florida, also in Mexico in southern Baja California and
the valley of México (and once at Duefias, Guatemala); in the West Indies in the
Bahamas (New Providence), throughout the Greater Antilles, and in the Lesser
Antilles south to Grenada; and in South America in the Andes from Colombia
south to western Argentina and southern Chile.

Winters in North America from southern British Columbia, Idaho, Colorado,
Kansas, the Great Lakes and on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts south
throughout the southern United States and most of Mexico to Honduras (also a
sight record from Nicaragua and a doubtful record from Costa Rica), and through-
out the Bahamas; and in the Antilles and South America generally resident within
the breeding range.

In migration occurs rarely east to the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland.

Introduced and established in England.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Hawaii), southeastern Alaska, southern
Yukon and Bermuda.

Oxyura dominica (Linnaeus). MASKED Duck. [168.]

Anas dominica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 201. Based mainly
on “La Sarcelle de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 6, p. 472, pl. 41,
fig. 2. (in America meridionali = Santo Domingo, Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and brackish pools, ponds, lagoons, swamps and sluggish
streams, generally with dense aquatic vegetation (primarily Tropical Zone, ranging
locally to Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally from Nayarit, the Gulf coast of Texas and the
Greater Antilles (including Grand Cayman) south through Middle America (both
slopes, but not recorded Nicaragua) and the Lesser Antilles, and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to southeastern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Casual inland in central Texas, and in southern Louisiana, Florida, the Bahamas
and Tobago. Accidental in Wisconsin, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland and
Tennessee.

98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Order FALCONIFORMES: Diurnal Birds of Prey

Notes.— That the diurnal birds of prey form a natural group has been questioned.
The Cathartidae share several characters with the Ciconiidae (Ligon, 1967, Univ.
Mich. Mus. Zool., Occas. Pap., no. 651). Other authors consider the Accipitridae
and Falconidae to be convergent. With a few exceptions, we follow the arrangement
of Amadon (in Peters, 1979, Birds World, 1, ed. 2).

Suborder CATHARTAE: American Vultures
Superfamily CATHARTOIDEA: American Vultures
Family CATHARTIDAE: American Vultures

Genus CORAGYPS Geoffroy

Coragyps Geoffroy, 1853, in Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Ois., p. 66. Type, by
monotypy, Vultur urubu Vieillot = Vultur atratus Bechstein.

Coragyps atratus (Bechstein). BLACK VULTURE. [326.]

Vultur atratus Bechstein, 1793, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. V6gel, 1, Anh., p.
655. Based on “The black vulture or carrion crow” Bartram, Travels Car-
olina, pp. 152, 289. (St. John’s River, Florida.)

Habitat.— Nearly ubiquitous except in heavily forested regions, more commonly
in lowland than highland habitats (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Arizona, Chihuahua, western Texas,
eastern Oklahoma, eastern Kansas (formerly), Missouri, southern Illinois, south-
ern Indiana, central Ohio, south-central Pennsylvania and New Jersey south to
the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and throughout Middle America and South
America (also Trinidad and Margarita Island, off Venezuela) to central Chile and
central Argentina. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) north to New
Jersey, New York (Long Island) and southern Maine.

Wanders casually north to Colorado, North Dakota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia; also
questionably recorded (sight reports only) from southern California and the Antilles
(Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada). Some populations appear to be partly migra-
tory, especially the northernmost ones in the eastern United States and those in
Middle America.

Genus CATHARTES Illiger
Cathartes Mliger ,1811, Prodromus, p. 236. Type, by subsequent designation
(Vigors, 1825), Vultur aura Linnaeus.
Cathartes aura (Linnaeus). TURKEY VULTURE. [3235.]

Vultur aura Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 86. Based mainly on the
“Tzopilotle s. Aura’? Hernandez, Nova Plant Anim. Min. Mex. Hist., p.
331. Gn America calidiore = state of Veracruz.)

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 99

Habitat.— Forested and open situations, more commonly in the latter, from
lowlands to mountains (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, south-
ern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario, New York, south-
ern Vermont, southwestern New Hampshire and Massachusetts south throughout
the remaining continental United States, Middle America and South America
(also Trinidad and Margarita Island, off Venezuela) to the Straits of Magellan;
also in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines and Jamaica). Recorded in
summer (and possibly breeding) north to northern Manitoba, east-central Ontario,
southern Quebec, northern Vermont and Maine.

Winters mainly from northern California, Arizona, Chihuahua, Texas, the Great
Plains (north to Nebraska), Ohio Valley and Maryland (casually north to southern
Canada) south to the Gulf coast, Florida and the northern Bahamas (casually to
Bimini and New Providence), and through the breeding range in Middle America,
the Greater Antilles and South America.

Introduced and established in Puerto Rico.

Casual north to east-central Alaska, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Labrador
and Newfoundland, and on Bermuda, Hispaniola, St. Croix (in the Virgin Islands)
and the Cayman Islands.

Cathartes burrovianus Cassin. LESSER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE.

Cathartes Burrovianus Cassin, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2,
p. 212. (in the vicinity of Vera Cruz = near Veracruz Llave, Veracruz.)

Habitat.—Lowland savanna, grasslands, marshy areas and open woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in eastern and southern Mexico (southern
Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, northern Chiapas, the Yucatan Peninsula, and
on both slopes of Oaxaca), Belize, eastern Honduras (Mosquitia), northeastern
Nicaragua (Puerto Cabezas) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio region, recorded rarely
elsewhere), and from Panama (both slopes) south through most of South America
east of the Andes to northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Genus GYMNOGYPS Lesson

Gymnogyps Lesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 6, col. 1037. Type, by
monotypy, Vultur californianus Shaw.

Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw). CALIFORNIA CONDOR. [324.]

Vultur californianus Shaw, 1798, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturalists’ Misc., 9,
pl. 301 and text. (coast of California = San Francisco or Monterey.)

Habitat.— Mountainous country at low and moderate elevations, especially rocky
and brushy areas with cliffs available for nest sites, foraging also in grasslands,
oak savanna, mountain plateaus, ridges and canyons.

Distribution. — Resident at present in very small numbers in the coastal ranges
of California from Monterey and San Benito counties south to Ventura County,
ranging, at least casually, north to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, and east

100 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada (north as far as Fresno County) and the
Tehachapi Mountains, with breeding sites apparently confined to Los Padres
National Forest in Santa Barbara, Ventura and extreme northern Los Angeles
counties. Formerly resident along the Pacific coast and in part inland west of the
Cascade-Sierra Nevada ranges, apparently from southern British Columbia south
to northern Baja California (although there are no confirmed breeding records
outside of California). Recent reports of condors east to southwestern Utah and
southeastern Arizona, as well as within or around the former range in Baja Cal-
ifornia, seem to be without foundation.

Genus SARCORAMPHUS Dumeéeril

Sarcoramphus Dumeril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 32. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Vigors, 1825), Vultur papa Linnaeus.

Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus). KING VULTURE.

Vultur Papa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 86. Based on “The
Warwovwen, or Indian Vulture”’ Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 4, pl. 4, and
“The King of the Vultures” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 2, pl. 2. Gn
India occidentali, error = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Primarily lowland forested regions, locally from densely forested sit-
uations to open country in moist to arid habitats (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Sinaloa, Puebla and Veracruz south through Mid-
dle America and South America, mostly east of the Andes, to northern Argentina
and Uruguay. Former reports from Florida (St. Johns River) probably perm to
Polyborus plancus.

Casual in Trinidad.

Suborder ACCIPITRES: Secretarybirds, Kites, Eagles,
Hawks and Allies

Superfamily ACCIPITROIDEA: Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies
Family ACCIPITRIDAE: Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies
Subfamily PANDIONINAE: Ospreys
Notes.—Sometimes regarded as a family, the Pandionidae.

Genus PANDION Savigny
Pandion Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, 1, pp. 69, 95. Type, by monotypy,
Pandion fluvialis Savigny = Falco haliaetus Linnaeus.
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus). OSPREY. [364.]

Falco Halietus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 91. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Primarily along rivers, lakes and seacoasts, occurring widely in migra-

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 101

tion, often crossing land areas between bodies of water (Tropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska, northern
Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Man-
itoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland
south locally to Baja California (both coasts), the Tres Marias Islands (off Nayarit),
Sinaloa, central Arizona, southwestern and central New Mexico, southern Texas,
the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and in the Bahamas, on small cays off Cuba,
in the Virgin Islands, and along the coasts and on islands off the Yucatan Peninsula
and Belize; and in the Old World from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern
Russia and northern Siberia south, at least locally, through much of Eurasia and
most of Africa and Australia to South Africa, the Himalayas, Tasmania, New
Caledonia and the Solomon Islands.

Winters in the Americas from central California, southern Texas, the Gulf coast,
Florida and Bermuda south through Middle America (including Cocos Island off
Costa Rica, and in the Revillagigedos), the West Indies and South America (also
the Galapagos Islands) to southern Chile, northern Argentina and Uruguay; and
in the Old World from the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, India and
eastern China south throughout the remainder of the breeding range.

In migration occurs regularly on islands in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu
and Bonin chains southward.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai eastward), Aleutians and Pribilofs, north
to northern Yukon and northern Quebec, on Guadalupe Island (off Baja Cali-
fornia), and in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the eastern Atlantic
islands.

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE: Kites, Eagles, Hawks and Allies

Genus LEPTODON Sundevall

Leptodon Sundevall, 1836, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. (1835), p. 114. Type, by
monotypy, “Falco cayanensis et palliatus auct.” = Falco cayanensis Latham.

Leptodon cayanensis (Latham). GRAY-HEADED KITE.

Falco cayanensis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 28. Based on the
““Cayenne Falcon” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 59. (in Cayana =
Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Primarily heavily forested humid lowlands, often near marshes and
streams, less frequently open woodland or arid situations (Tropical and Subtrop-
ical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally from Oaxaca and southern Tamaulipas south
through Middle America and South America (also Trinidad) west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to Paraguay, northern Argentina and
southern Brazil.

Genus CHONDROHIERAX Lesson

Chondrohierax Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 7, col. 61. Type,
by monotypy, Chondrohierax erythrofrons Lesson = Falco uncinatus Tem-
minck.

102 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Chondrohierax uncinatus (Temminck). HOOK-BILLED KITE. [327.1.]

Falco uncinatus (Iliger MS) Temminck, 1822, Planches Color., livr. 18, pls.
103-104. (Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil = Bahia.)

Habitat.— Lowland forests, especially in swampy situations, ranging over open
marsh and in open woodland (Tropical to lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [uncinatus group] from southern Sinaloa, Distrito Fed-
eral, southern Texas (Falcon Dam, Santa Ana) and Tamaulipas south through
Middle America and South America (also on Grenada in the Lesser Antilles, and
on Trinidad) east of the Andes to central Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argen-
tina and southern Brazil; and [wilsonii group] in eastern Cuba.

Notes.—The two groups are often regarded as distinct species, C. uncinatus
[HOOK-BILLED KITE] and C. wilsonii (Cassin, 1847) [CUBAN KITE].

Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot

Elanoides Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 24 (1817), p. 101.
Type, by monotypy, ““Milan de la Caroline” = Falco forficatus Linnaeus.

Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus). AMERICAN SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. [327.]

Falco forficatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 89. Based on ““The
Swallow tail’d Hawk’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 4, pl. 4. (in Amer-
ica = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Lowland forested regions, especially swampy areas, ranging into open
woodland (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds locally from South Carolina south to Florida, and west
to Louisiana and (formerly) central Texas; and from southeastern Mexico (Cam-
peche and Quintana Roo) south through most of Middle America (except El
Salvador) and South America (also Trinidad) to eastern Peru, southern Bolivia,
northern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. Formerly bred north to Okla-
homa, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, northwestern Minnesota and southern
Wisconsin.

Winters primarily in South America from Colombia and Venezuela southward;
recorded occasionally in winter in Middle America, casually in Florida.

In migration occurs regularly in the western Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica),
and in Mexico from Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south to the Distrito Federal
and Oaxaca, and eastward through the Yucatan Peninsula.

Casual west and north to southeastern Arizona (sight record), New Mexico,
eastern Colorado, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario,
New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia, also a
sight report from the Bahama Islands (west of Grand Bahama). Accidental in
Bermuda, Tobago and England.

Notes.—In American literature usually known as the SWALLOW-TAILED KITE.

Genus GAMPSONYX Vigors

Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 69. Type, by monotypy, Gampsonyx
swainsonil Vigors.

Notes.— For inclusion of this genus is the Accipitridae, see Brodkorb, 1960,
Auk, 77, pp. 88-89.

)

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 103

Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors. PEARL KITE.

Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 69. (tableland of Bahia,
about ten leagues west-southwest from the Bay of San Salvador, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open, primarily deciduous woodland and savanna, mostly in semi-
arid regions (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of western Nicaragua (from near
Chinandega to Granada); and in South America west of the Andes from western
Colombia south to extreme northwestern Peru, and east of the Andes from north-
ern Colombia, northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south to
southeastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Casual (possibly resident) in Panama (west to Bocas del Toro and Coclé).

Genus ELANUS Savigny

Elanus Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, 1, pp. 69, 97. Type, by monotypy,
Elanus caesius Savigny = Falco caeruleus Desfontaines.

Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines). BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE. [328.]

Falco ceruleus Desfontaines, 1789, Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Paris (1787), p. 502,
pl. 15. (Algiers.)

Habitat.—Savanna, open woodland, marshes, partially cleared lands and cul-
tivated fields, mostly in lowland situations (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident [/eucurus group] locally from northwestern Oregon south
(west of the deserts) to northwestern Baja California, in peninsular Florida (for-
merly), from southern Oklahoma, western Louisiana, east-central and southeast-
ern Texas, Tamaulipas and Oaxaca south through Middle America (both slopes)
to eastern Panama, thence eastward in northern South America to Surinam, from
southern Bolivia and central and eastern Brazil south to central Argentina, and
in central Chile; [caeruleus group] from southern Europe, southern Arabia, India,
Southeast Asia, southern China and the Philippines south to southern Africa,
Ceylon, the East Indies and New Guinea; and [notatus group] throughout Aus-
tralia. The range [/eucurus group], especially in Middle America, has greatly
expanded since 1960.

Casual straggler [/eucurus group] north and east to Washington (where possibly
breeding), eastern Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and northern
and western Texas, in the Mississippi Valley north to Missouri and southern
Illinois, east through the southeastern United States from Louisiana to South
Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and to Trinidad. Accidental [/eucurus group] in
Massachusetts.

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes considered as three allospecies, E.
caeruleus [BLACK-WINGED Kite], E. /eucurus (Vieillot, 1818) [WHITE-TAILED KITE]
and E. notatus Gould, 1838 [BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE], of a superspecies.

Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson

Rostrhamus Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 1, p. 55. Type, by monotypy,
Rostrhamus niger Lesson = Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot.
. Helicolestes Bangs and Penard, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 62, p.
38. Type, by original designation, Falco hamatus Ulinger = Temminck.

104 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot). SNAIL KITE. [330.]

Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 18,
p. 318. Based on “Gavilan de Estero Sociable” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat.
Pax. Parag., 1, p. 84 (no. 16). (Corrientes, near Rio de la Plata, Argentina.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, primarily in lowlands (Tropical, rarely Sub-
tropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Florida (Lake Okeechobee region, and locally
throughout the Everglades basin and the upper St. John’s River, formerly more
widely in peninsular Florida), Cuba and the Isle of Pines; in the Pacific lowlands
of Oaxaca; locally on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from Veracruz, Campeche and
Quintana Roo south to Nicaragua; in northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific lowlands
around Gulf of Nicoya and Guanacaste); locally in Panama (recorded Chiriqui,
eastern Panama province and San Blas); and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes throughout to northern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.

Casual or accidental in southern Texas (Jim Wells County) and Trinidad; and
north casually in Florida (primarily dispersal due to drought) to Wakulla, Sumter
and Putnam counties.

Notes.— Also known as EVERGLADE KITE.

Rostrhamus hamatus (Temminck). SLENDER-BILLED KITE.

Falco hamatus (Illiger MS) Temminck, 1821, Planches Color., livr. 11, pl.
61 and text. (Brazil.)

Habitat.— Lowland forests, usually near ponds, swamps or sluggish streams
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (Tuira Valley, along the Rio Paya,
Darién); and locally in South America east of the Andes from northern Colombia,
northern Venezuela and Surinam south to eastern Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian
Brazil.

Genus HARPAGUS Vigors

Harpagus Vigors, 1824, Zool. J., 1, p. 338. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), Falco bidentatus Latham.

Harpagus bidentatus (Latham). DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE.

Falco bidentatus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 38. Based on the
‘‘Notched Falcon”? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 34. Gan Cay-
ana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Forests and open woodland, primarily in humid lowlands (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Oaxaca and Quintana Roo south in the
Gulf-Caribbean lowlands to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from
dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, eastern
Bolivia and east-central Brazil.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 105

Genus ICTINIA Vieillot

Ictinia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by monotypy, “‘Milan cresserelle”’
Vieillot = Falco plumbeus Gmelin.

Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson). MISSISSIPPI KITE. [329.]

Falco misisippiensis [sic] Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 80, pl. 25, fig.
1. (a few miles below Natchez [Mississippi].)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland and prairies, breeding in trees, usually near
watercourses.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Arizona, northern New Mexico, southeast-
ern Colorado, north-central Kansas, central Arkansas, southern Missouri, south-
ern Illinois, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, the northern portions of the
Gulf states, South Carolina and (probably) North Carolina south to central and
southeastern New Mexico, western and south-central Texas, the Gulf coast and
north-central Florida, the range expanding along its northern border in recent
years; formerly bred north to central Colorado, Iowa, southern Indiana and south-
ern Ohio.

Winters apparently for the most part in central South America, where recorded
from Paraguay and northern Argentina (in Chaco and Formosa); scattered reports
indicate casual or occasional wintering north as far as southern Texas.

In migration occurs regularly from Tamaulipas and Chiapas south through
Middle America and Colombia.

Casual straggler north to central California, southern Nevada, northern Colo-
tado, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, New Jersey, New York (Staten Island) and Massachusetts.

Notes.— J. mississippiensis and I. plumbea constitute a superspecies: some authors
regard them as conspecific. If merged into a single species, PLUMBEOUS KITE would
be the most suitable English name, although some authors have proposed GRAY
KITE.

Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin). PLUMBEOUS KITE.

Falco plumbeus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 283. Based on the ““Spotted-
tailed Hawk” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 106. (in Cayenna =
Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Primarily forested lowlands, including moist forest, pines and man-
groves, mainly in edge situations or in open woodland (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from Tamaulipas, eastern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz and
Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Pearl Islands,
where perhaps only a migrant), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to southern Peru,
southern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southeastern Brazil.

Winters primarily in the South American portion of the breeding range, casually
south to Buenos Aires. Winter reports from Middle America have not been sub-
stantiated.

Notes.—See comments under /. mississippiensis.

106 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus HALIAEETUS Savigny

Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, 1, pp. 68, 85. Type, by monotypy,
Haliaeetus nisus Savigny = Falco albicilla Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Busarellus.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus). BALD EAGLE. [352.]

Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 124. Based on
“The Bald Eagle’”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 1, pl. 1. (an America,
Europa = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Primarily near seacoasts, rivers and large lakes, breeding in tall trees
or on cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alaska (southern Brooks Range), northern
Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern
Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south
locally to the Commander (formerly) and Aleutian islands (west to Buldir), south-
ern Alaska, Baja California (both coasts), central Arizona, southwestern and central
New Mexico, and the Gulf coast from southeastern Texas east to southern Florida
(including the Florida Keys); absent as a breeding bird through much of the Great
Basin (bred formerly) and most of the prairie and plains regions, also very locally
distributed in interior North America, with populations reduced in recent years.

Winters generally throughout the breeding range but most frequently from
southern Alaska and southern Canada southward.

In migration occurs widely but sporadically over most of the North American
continent.

Casual along the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia, also a sight report from
Puerto Rico.

Notes.—H. leucocephalus and H. albicilla constitute a superspecies.

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus). WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. [351.]

Falco Albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed.-10, 1, p. 89. (in Europa, Amer-
ica = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Rocky coasts, rivers and large lakes, in regions of tundra, forests,
deserts or mountains.

Distribution. — Breeds from western Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, northern
Russia and northern Siberia south to northern Europe (formerly to northeastern
Africa), Syria, Iran, Turkestan and Kamchatka: a report of breeding on Baffin
Island (Cumberland Sound) has not been confirmed.

Winters in the breeding range and south, at least casually, to the Mediterranean
and Red seas, India, Formosa, Japan and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Casual in the Aleutian Islands (Attu, where probably breeding, and Unalaska),
off Massachusetts (near Nantucket Lightship) and in eastern Greenland.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-TAILED or GRAY SEA-EAGLE. See comments under
H. leucocephalus.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 107

Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas). STELLER’S SEA-EAGLE. [352.1]

Aquila pelagica Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, p. 343 and plate. (in
Insulis inter Camtshatcam et Continentem Americes, praesertim in infami
naufragio et monte Beringii insula = Tauisk, on Sea of Okhotsk.)

Habitat.— Sea coasts and the lower portions of coastal rivers.

Distribution.— Breeds from northwestern Siberia (west to Yakutsk) and Kam-
chatka south to Sakhalin, possibly also in Korea.

Winters from the breeding range south to Korea, Japan and the Seven Islands
of Izu.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Midway), the Aleutians
(Attu, Unalaska, Unmak), the Pribilofs (St. Paul), Kodiak Island, Bering Island
and eastern China.

Genus CIRCUS Lacépéde

Circus Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 4. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Lesson, 1828), Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus.

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN HARRIER. [331.]

Falco cyaneus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 126. Based on “The
Blue Hawk” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 33, pl. 225. (in Europa,
Africa = vicinity of London, England.)

Habitat.— Prairies, moorlands, steppe and marshes (breeding); coastal marshes,
meadows, grasslands and cultivated fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds [hudsonius group] in North America from northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, central (and probably northern) Ontario, southern Quebec
and Newfoundland (probably) south to northern Baja California, southern Ari-
zona, southern New Mexico, southern and eastern Texas, western Oklahoma,
southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, central Kentucky, West
Virginia, southeastern Virginia and (formerly) Florida; and [cyaneus group] in
Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia
south to the northern Mediterranean region, southern Russia, Turkestan, Amur-
land, Ussuriland, Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands.

Winters [hudsonius group] in the Americas from Alaska (casually), southern
British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan (rarely), South Dakota,
Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York
and Massachusetts (casually farther north) south through the United States, Middle
America and the Antilles (rare in Lesser Antilles) to northern Colombia, northern
Venezuela and Barbados; and [cyaneus group] in Eurasia from the British Isles,
southern Scandinavia and southern Japan south to northwestern Africa, Asia
Minor, India, Burma, eastern China, Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands.

In migration occurs casually [group unknown] in the Aleutian and Commander
islands.

Casual or accidental [Audsonius group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Oahu),
Labrador, Bermuda and the Bahamas; and [cyaneus group] in Iceland and the
Faroe Islands.

108 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, C. cyaneus
[HEN Harrier] and C. hudsonius (Linnaeus, 1766) [AMERICAN HARRIER Gr MARSH
Hawk]. C. cyaneus and the South American C_ cinereus Vieillot, 1816. constitute
a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson

Accipiter Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 28: 6, p. 310. Type, by tautonymy,
Accipiter Brisson = Falco nisus Linnaeus.

Accipiter superciliosus (Linnaeus). Tiny HAWK.

Falco superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 128. Gn Sun-
namo = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, especially in forest edge and open woodland (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Nicaragua (vicinity of Waspam and Grey-
town) south through Costa Rica, Panama and South America west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru. central Bolivia. northern
and eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and extreme northeastern Argentina.

[Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus). EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK.] See Appendix B.

Accipiter striatus Vieillot. SHARP-SHINNED HAwk. [332.]

Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 42.
pl. 14. (Santo Domingo = Haiti.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland. either coniferous or deciduous, primarily
the former in more northern and mountainous sections of the range (Tropical to
Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds [striatus group] from western and central Alaska, northern
Yukon. western and southern Mackenzie. northern Saskatchewan. central Man-
itoba, central Ontario. central Quebec. southern Labrador and Newfoundland
south to central California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas.
the northern parts of the Gulf states, and South Carolina. and south through the
highlands of Mexico to Oaxaca; also in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola
and Puerto Rico).

Winters [striatus group] from southern Alaska. the southernmost portions of
the Canadian provinces (casually), and Nova Scotia south through the United
States and Middle America to central Panama. casually to the Bahamas, Jamaica
and (probably) Mona Island off Puerto Rico; also in the breeding range in the
Greater Antilles.

Resident {chionogaster group] in the highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala. El
Salvador, Honduras and north-central Nicaragua: and [erythronemius group] in
South America in the mountains of Venezuela, the Andes from Colombia to
Bolivia, and from central Brazil and Paraguay south to northern Argentina and
Uruguay.

Casual or accidental [striatus group] in northern Alaska and Bermuda.

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, A. striatus

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 109

[SHARP-SHINNED HAwk], A. chionogaster (Kaup, 1852) [WHITE-BREASTED HAwk]
and A. erythronemius (Kaup, 1850) [RUFOUS-THIGHED HAwk]; others would rec-
ognize A. erythronemius as a species, including chionogaster as a subspecies thereof.

Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot). BICOLORED HAWK.

Sparvius bicolor Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 10, p. 325.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones,
in southern South America to Temperate Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from Oaxaca, Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula south
through Middle America and South America west of the Andes to northwestern
Peru and east of the Andes to northern Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil;
and in Chile and extreme western Argentina north to about lat. 34°S.

Notes.— The distinct form from Bolivia and western Brazil south to northern
Argentina has sometimes been treated as a separate species, A guttifer Hellmayr,
1917, as has the isolated A. chilensis R. A. Philippi and Landbeck, 1864, of Chile
and western Argentina. See also comments under A. cooperii.

Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte). COOPER’S HAwk. [333.]

Falco Cooperii Bonaparte, 1828, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 1, pl. 10, fig. 1. (near
Bordentown, New Jersey.)

Habitat.— Primarily mature forest, either broadleaf or coniferous, mostly the
former, foraging and wintering in open woodland and forest edge as well.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southern Quebec,
Maine, New Brunswick (rarely), Prince Edward Island and (rarely) Nova Scotia
south to Baja California, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, southern Texas, Lou-
isiana, central Mississippi, central Alabama and central Florida.

Winters from Washington, Colorado, Nebraska, southern Minnesota, southern
Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York and New England
south through the southern United States and Mexico to Guatemala and Hon-
duras, casually to Costa Rica and Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Notes.— A. cooperii and A. gundlachi may constitute a superspecies; some authors
also consider A. bicolor as part of this same superspecies.

Accipiter gundlachi Lawrence. GUNDLACH’S HAWK.

Accipiter Gundlachi Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 252.
(Hanabana, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland and mangroves, primarily in the lowlands
but ranging into the highlands.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba.

Notes.—See comments under A. cooperii.

Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus). NORTHERN GOSHAWK. [334.]

Falco gentilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 89. (in Alpibus =
Dalecarlian Alps, Sweden.)

110 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Deciduous and coniferous forest, forest edge and open woodland,
foraging also in cultivated regions, primarily in mountains towards the south.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, north-
erm Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin (probably),
northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central and northeastern Quebec, Lab-
rador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska
Peninsula), central California, southern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, southern
New Mexico, the eastern foothills of the Rockies (including the Black Hills of
western South Dakota), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northern Minnesota, central Michigan, Pennsylvania, central New York and
northwestern Connecticut, and in the Appalachian and (probably) Great Smoky
mountains south to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; locally in
central Mexico (Jalisco and probably elsewhere); and in Eurasia from the British
Isles (rarely), Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the
Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas, eastern China and Japan.

Winters throughout the breeding range, and in North America south irregularly
or casually as far as southern California, northern Mexico (recorded Sonora, Sina-
loa, Durango and Chihuahua), south-central Texas, the northern portions of the
Gulf states, and west-central Florida, and in Eurasia casually to northern Africa,
India and Burma.

Casual on southeastern Baffin Island.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the GOSHAWK. The following species
are closely allied to A. gentilis and may form a superspecies; A. henstii (Schlegel,
1873) of Madagascar; A. melanoleucus Smith, 1830, of Africa; and A. meyerianus
(Sharpe, 1878) of the Papuan region.

Genus GERANOSPIZA Kaup

Ischnosceles (not Ischnoscelis Burmeister, 1842) Strickland, 1844, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 13, p. 409. Type, by original designation, Falco gracilis
Temminck = Sparvius caerulescens Vieillot.

Geranospiza Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 143. New name for /schnosceles
Strickland.

Geranospiza caerulescens (Vieillot). CRANE HAWK.

Sparvius cerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 10, p.
318. (L’Amérique méridionale = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and open woodland, including swamps and borders of
marshes, almost always near water (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Mexico (Sonora on the Pacific slope and Tamau-
lipas on the Gulf-Caribbean) south through Middle America and South America
west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.— Middle American birds have been considered a separate species, G.
nigra (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847) [BLACKISH CRANE-HAwkK], by some authors but
populations in Panama and northwestern South America are intermediate between
nigra and caerulescens.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 111

Genus LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup

Leucopternis Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 210. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (G. R. Gray, 1844), Falco melanops Latham.

Leucopternis plumbea Salvin. PLUMBEOUS HAWK.

Leucopternis plumbea Salvin, 1872, Ibis, p. 240, pl. 8. (Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Panama (from Veraguas eastward on the Carib-
bean slope, and on both slopes in Darién) south on the Pacific coast of South
America to extreme northwestern Peru.

Notes.— L. plumbea and the South American L. schistacea (Sundevall, 1851)
[SLATE-COLORED HAwkK], constitute a superspecies; they are regarded as conspecific
by some authors.

Leucopternis princeps Sclater. BARRED HAWK.

Leucopternis princeps Sclater, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1865), p. 429,
pl. 24. (Costa Rica, in montibus = Tucurrique, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Moist mountain forests (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident from Costa Rica (cordilleras Central and Talamanca)
and Panama south through western Colombia to northern Ecuador.

Leucopternis semiplumbea Lawrence. SEMIPLUMBEOUS HAWK.

Leucopternis semiplumbeus Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7,
p. 288. (Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in northeastern Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Costa
Rica, Panama, northern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Leucopternis albicollis (Latham). WHITE HAwK.

Falco albicollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 36. Based on the ““White-
necked Falcon”? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 30. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and, less frequently, open woodland (Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas
south mostly on the Caribbean drainage of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and
Nicaragua, and both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama to South America, from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus BUTEOGALLUS Lesson

Buteogallus Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 2, p. 83. Type, by monotypy,
Buteogallus cathartoides Lesson = Falco aequinoctialis Gmelin.

112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Urubitinga Lafresnaye, 1842, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 786. Type, by
tautonymy, Falco urubitinga Gmelin.

Hypomorphnus Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 263. Type, by orig-
inal designation, Falco urubitinga Gmelin.

Heterospizias Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 1, pp. x, 158, 160. Type, by
monotypy, Falco meridionalis Latham.

Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe). COMMON BLACK-HAwk. [345.]

Falco anthracinus W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sdugeth. Végel, etc., Mex.,
p. 3. (Veracruz.)

Habitat.—Lowland forest, swamps and mangroves, in both moist and arid
habitats but generally near water, foraging often on tidal flats or in open woodland
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident |anthracinus group] from central Arizona, southwestern
Utah, southern New Mexico, and western and (formerly) southern Texas south
through Middle America (including Cozumel and Cancun islands off Quintana
Roo, and Utila and Guanaja islands off Caribbean Honduras) to northern Colom-
bia, and east through coastal Venezuela (also Trinidad) to Guyana, and in the
Lesser Antilles on St. Vincent; and [gundlachii group] in Cuba (including small
coastal cays) and the Isle of Pines. Northernmost breeding populations in the
southwestern United States usually migrate southward in nonbreeding season.

Casual or accidental [anthracinus group] in southern Nevada (breeding
attempted), Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles (St. Lucia, the Grenadines and
Grenada), also a sight report for Colorado; reports from southern Florida (Miami
area) are probably on escaped individuals, and may pertain in part to B. urubitinga.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK HAwk. Some authors treat the Cuban form as
a distinct species, B. gundlachii (Cabanis, 1855) [CUBAN BLACK-HAwkK]; others
would consider B. subtilis to be conspecific with B. anthracinus (and gundlachii).
It appears that B. anthracinus (with gundlachii), B. subtilis and the South American
B. aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1788) constitute a superspecies.

Buteogallus subtilis (Thayer and Bangs). MANGROVE BLACK-HAWK.

rubitinga subtilis Thayer and Bangs, 1905, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv.,
46, p. 94. (Gorgona Island, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident along the Pacific coast of El Salvador (possibly north
to Chiapas), Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama (including the Pearl Islands), Colom-
bia (including coastal islands), Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbes).

Notes.—See comments under B. anthracinus.

Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin). GREAT BLACK-HAWK.

Falco Urubitinga Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 265. Based in part on
the ““Brasilian Eagle” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (1), p. 41. (in Brasilia =
northeastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Moist lowland forest and open woodland, primarily near large streams,
lakes, ponds or marshes (Tropical and occasionally lower Subtropical zones).

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 113

Distribution.— Resident from northern Mexico (central Sonora on the Pacific
slope and southern Tamaulipas on the Gulf-Caribbean) south through Middle
America and South America (also Tobago and Trinidad) west of the Andes to
northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern
Argentina and Uruguay.

Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham). SAVANNA HAWK.

Falco meridionalis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 36. Based on the
“‘Rufous-headed Falcon” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 33. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Wet savanna, marshes with scattered trees, and open swamps, rarely
in drier savanna away from water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from western Panama (from Chiriqui eastward, rare or
absent from Darién) south in South America (also Trinidad) west of the Andes
to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina
and Uruguay.

Notes.— Usually placed in the monotypic genus Heterospizias.

Genus PARABUTEO Ridgway

Parabuteo Ridgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
3, pp. 248, 250. Type, by monotypy, Buteo harrisi Audubon = Falco uni-
cinctus Temminck.

Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck). HARRIS’ HAwk. [335.]

Falco unicinctus Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr. 53, p. 313. (Brésil
... dans les environs du Rio-Grande, prés Boa-Vista = Boa Vista, western
Minas Gerais, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Primarily savanna, open woodland and semi-desert, especially in the
vicinity of marshes, swamps and large bodies of water (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southern Kansas (Meade County and vicinity, cas-
ually or formerly), and from northern Baja California, southeastern California
(formerly, recently reintroduced), southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and
central Texas south through Middle America (rare and local from Chiapas to
Nicaragua, unrecorded in Belize and Honduras) and South America (including
Margarita Island off Venezuela) to central Chile and central Argentina.

Casual in northern and eastern Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana (sight reports
from southern Nevada and southern Utah). Stragglers reported from southwestern
California, Iowa (Hillsboro), Ohio (Harrisburg), New York (Westchester County)
and several localities in Florida likely pertain to escapes from captivity.

Notes.— Also known as BAY-WINGED HAWK.

Genus BUSARELLUS Lesson

Busarellus “‘Lafresnaye” Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 7, col.
468. Type, by original designation, Circus busarellus Vieillot = Falco nigri-
collis Latham.

Notes.—Some authors suggest that this genus is closely related to Haliaeetus.

114 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Busarellus nigricollis (Latham). BLACK-COLLARED HAWK.

Falco nigricollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 35. Based on the “Black-
necked Falcon” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 30. (in Cayana =
Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, wet savanna and swamps, less frequently around
lakes and lagoons (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from Sinaloa and Veracruz south along both slopes of
Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to southern Bolivia, northern Argentina
and Uruguay.

Genus HARPYHALIAETUS Lafresnaye

Harpyhalietus Lafresnaye, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 173. Type, by orig-
inal designation, Harpyia coronata Vieillot.

Urbitornis J. Verreaux, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 145. Type, by
original designation, Circaetus solitarius Tschudi.

Harpyhaliaetus solitarius (Tschudi). SOLITARY EAGLE.

Circaétus solitarius Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 264. (Republica
Peruana = Rio Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru.)

Habitat.— Heavily wooded foothills and mountains, both in moist forest and
pines (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Mexico (recorded southeastern Sonora, Jalisco
and Oaxaca), Guatemala (San Geronimo), Honduras (Valle de Talanga), Costa
Rica (Volcan de Poas, Cordillera Talamanca and Golfo Dulce), Panama (Veraguas,
eastern Panama province and Darién) and South America from Colombia and
northern Venezuela south to central Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.
Although often listed for Nicaragua, there is no specific record.

Notes.—H. solitarius is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the South
American H. coronatus (Vieillot, 1817) [AMERICAN CROWNED or CROWNED EAGLE].

Genus BUTEO Lacépéde

Buteo Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 4. Type, by tautonymy, Falco
buteo Linnaeus.

Asturina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, pp. 24, 68. Type, by original designation,
Asturia [sic] cinerea Vieillot = Falco nitidus Latham.

Craxirex Gould, 1839, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3 (6), p. 22. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Polyborus galapagoensis Gould.

Tachytriorchis Kaup, 1844, Class. Sdugeth. Végel, p. 123. Type, by monotypy,
Buteo pterocles Temminck = Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot.

Notes.— Species of this genus are known in Old World literature under the group
name BUZZARD.

Buteo nitidus (Latham). GRAY HAwkK. [346.]

Falco nitidus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 41. Based on the “Plum-
beous Falcon” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 37. (in Cayana =
Cayenne.)

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 115

Habitat.— Open woodland, pasturelands, and generally open country with scat-
tered trees, primarily in arid situations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Arizona, Sonora, Jalisco, Hidalgo,
Tamaulipas and (casually) southern Texas south through Middle America, and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay and
southern Brazil. Northernmost breeding populations in Arizona and Texas are
usually migratory southward in nonbreeding season.

Casual in southern New Mexico, and western and southeastern Texas.

Notes.—Some authors have suggested that populations south to northwestern
Costa Rica constitute a species, B. plagiatus (Schlegel, 1862), distinct from B.
nitidus [GRAY-LINED HAWK], which ranges from southwestern Costa Rica south-
ward. Sometimes treated in the monotypic genus Asturina.

Buteo magnirostris (Gmelin). ROADSIDE HAwk. [343.1.]

Falco magnirostris Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 282. Based mainly on
“‘Espervier a gros bec de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 464.
(in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, pastureland, savanna and, less fre-
quently, the canopy of denser moist forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Jalisco, southern Nuevo Leon and southern
Tamaulipas south through Middle America (including Cozumel and Holbox islands
off Quintana Roo; Roatan, Barbareta and Guanaja in the Bay Islands, off Carib-
bean Honduras; and Coiba, Taboguilla, Iguana and the Pearl islands off Panama),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west
of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Bolivia, northern
Argentina and Uruguay.

Accidental in southern Texas (Cameron County).

Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). RED-SHOULDERED HAwkK. [339.]

Falco lineatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 268. Based on the ““Barred-
breasted Buzzard” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (1), p. 56, and the ““Red-
shouldered Falcon”? Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 206. (in insula Longa =
Long Island, New York.)

Habitat.— Moist and riverine forest, and in eastern North America in wooded
swamps, foraging in forest edge and open woodland (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern California south, west of the Sierran divide,
to northern Baja California; and from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, central Minnesota,
northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec
and southern New Brunswick south to Veracruz, Tamaulipas, central and southern
Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida (to Florida Keys); also locally in the valley of
México (recorded Zacatecas and Distrito Federal).

Winters, at least sporadically, through the breeding range, but in eastern North
America primarily from eastern Kansas, central Missouri, the Ohio Valley, north-
western Pennsylvania, New York and southern New England southward.

Casual north to Washington (Nisqually), southern Oregon, Colorado, North
Dakota and southern Manitoba, and in southern Arizona, Sinaloa and Jalisco.
Accidental in Scotland; a report from Jamaica is highly questionable.

Notes.—B. lineatus and B. ridgwayi may constitute a superspecies.

116 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Buteo ridgwayi (Cory). RIDGWAY’s HAWK.

Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, 1883, Q. J. Boston Zool. Soc., 2, p. 46. (Santo
Domingo = Samana, Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest edge and open woodland, foraging frequently in rel-
atively open country.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola and surrounding small islands (Beata,
Gonave, Ile-a-Vache, Alto Velo, Grand Cayemite and Petite Cayemite).

Notes.—See comments under B. /ineatus.

Buteo platypterus (Vieillot). BROAD-WINGED HAwk. [343.]

Falco pennsylvanicus Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 6, p. 92, pl. 54, fig. 1.
(l’ Amérique septentrionale = near the Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania.) [Not
Falco pennsylvanicus Wilson, 1812, ibid., p. 13 = Falco velox Wilson.]

Sparvius platypterus Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl.
Méth., Ornithol., 3, livr. 93, p. 1273. New name for Falco pennsylvanicus
Wilson, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Broad-leaved and mixed forest, preferring denser situations, less fre-
quently in open woodland, in migration also in open country.

Distribution.— Breeds in central Alberta and central Saskatchewan, and from
central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia south to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida.

Winters primarily in southern Florida (mostly coasts and the Florida Keys,
casually farther north), and from Guatemala (casually from Sinaloa and southern
Texas) south through Middle America and South America to eastern Peru, Bolivia
and southern Brazil, occasionally also in the breeding range in eastern North
America.

In migration occurs regularly in the eastern Plains states, eastern New Mexico,
eastern and southern Mexico, and western Cuba, casually west to California, Utah,
Arizona, Colorado and western New Mexico: in recent years reported regularly
in fall and winter in coastal California.

Resident in the Antilles on Cuba and Puerto Rico, and from Antigua south to
Grenada and Tobago.

Casual north to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern Sas-
katchewan and northern Ontario, and to Hispaniola (questionably) and Barbados.

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot. SHORT-TAILED HAwkK. [344.]

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 4, p. 477.
(No locality given = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Generally open country, from mangrove and cypress swamps to open
pine-oak woodland, avoiding heavily forested situations (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in peninsular Florida (from St. Marks and San
Mateo south to Lake Okeechobee. in winter mostly south of Lake Okeechobee),
and from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south through Middle America (including Coz-
umel Island off Quintana Roo) and South America west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina,

ORDER FALCONIFORMES II)

Paraguay and southern Brazil; a sight report from Hispaniola (Dominican Repub-
lic) is doubtful.

Notes.—Suggestions that B. albigula Philippi, 1899, of the South American
Andes, and B. brachyurus are conspecific require confirmation.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. SWAINSON’S HAwkK. [342.]

Buteo vulgaris (not Swainson, 1832) Audubon, 1837, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl.
372. (near the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Buteo Swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 3. New name for
Buteo vulgaris Audubon, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Savanna, open pine-oak woodland and cultivated lands with scat-
tered trees, in migration and winter also in grasslands and other open country.

Distribution.— Breeds locally in east-central Alaska, Yukon and Mackenzie, and
from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and
southern Minnesota and western Illinois south to southern California (rarely),
Baja California (formerly), Sonora, Durango, Chihuahua, central and southern
Texas, and western Missouri.

Winters primarily on the pampas of southern South America (south to Uruguay
and Argentina), irregularly north to Costa Rica and Panama, casually north to
the southwestern United States and southeastern Florida.

In migration occurs regularly in most of Middle America, and rarely east along
the Gulf coast to Florida; occasionally a common fall migrant through the Florida
Keys.

Casual in northeastern North America from southern Ontario, southern Quebec,
New York and Massachusetts south to Pennsylvania and Virginia; a report from
Jamaica is highly questionable.

Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot. WHITE-TAILED HAwk. [341.]

Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 4, p.
477. (? Amérique meridionale = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open country, primarily savanna, prairie and arid habitats of mes-
quite, cacti and bushes, very rarely in open forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Arizona (formerly, one breeding record
in 1897), Sonora, Durango, Zacatecas and central and southeastern Texas south
through Middle America (including Isla Taboga off Panama), and in South Amer-
ica from Colombia, Venezuela (also the Netherlands Antilles, Margarita Island
and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to extreme eastern Peru,
Bolivia and central Argentina.

Casual in southwestern Louisiana, also a sight report for St. Vincent, in the
Lesser Antilles.

Notes.— The relationship between B. albicaudatus and the South American

B. polyosoma (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) and B. poecilochrous Gurney, 1879,
needs clarification.

Buteo albonotatus Kaup. ZONE-TAILED HAwkK. [340.]

Buteo albonotatus ““G. R. Gray” Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 329. (No
locality given = Mexico.)

118 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Arid semi-open country, especially open deciduous or pine-oak
woodland, often nesting in tall trees along streams (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident (although partly migratory in northern part of breeding
range) from northern Baja California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico and
western Texas south locally through Middle America (including the Pearl Islands
off Panama, but not recorded Belize), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Bolivia, Paraguay and southeastern Brazil; also recorded in western Peru (Lima
area).

Casual north to southern California (where breeding attempted in Santa Rosa
Mountains in 1979 and 1980) and southern Nevada (sight record).

Buteo solitarius Peale. HAWANAN HAwk. [344.1.]
Buteo solitarius Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p. 62. (Island of Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Open forest and forest edge from sea level to highlands.
Distribution. — Resident in small numbers on Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands.
Accidental on Oahu (Pearl Harbor), also sight reports for Kauai and Maui.

Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin). RED-TAILED HAwkK. [337.]

Falco jamaicensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 266. Based on the
““Cream-colored Buzzard” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (1), p. 49. (in
Jamaica.)

Habitat.—A wide variety of open woodland and open country with scattered
trees, rarely in denser forest (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, western
Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to south-
eastern Alaska, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, southern Texas,
the Gulf coast and Florida, and in the highlands of Middle America to Costa Rica
and western Panama (east to Canal Zone); in the Tres Marias and Socorro islands
off western Mexico; and in the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahamas, Abaco, Andros),
Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles (Saba south to Nevis).

Winters from southern Canada south throughout the remainder of the breeding
range, occurring also in the lowlands of Middle America.

Accidental in Bermuda and England.

Notes.—The dark and variable populations breeding in western, central and
south-coastal Alaska, and in western Canada have sometimes been regarded as a
distinct species, B. harlani (Audubon, 1831) [HARLAN’s HAwkK, 338]. Relation-
ships between B. jamaicensis, the South American B. ventralis Gould, 1837, and
the Old World B. buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) complex are uncertain.

Buteo regalis (Gray). FERRUGINOUS HAwk. [348.]

Archibuteo regalis G. R. Gray, 1844, Genera Birds, 1, pl. vi. (No locality
given = Real del Monte, Hidalgo.)

Habitat.—Open country, primarily prairies, plains and badlands, breeding in
trees near streams or on steep slopes, sometimes on mounds in open desert.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 119

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Washington, southern Alberta, southern
Saskatchewan and (formerly) southwestern Manitoba south to eastern Oregon,
Nevada, northern and southeastern Arizona, northern and (formerly) southwest-
ern New Mexico, north-central Texas, western Oklahoma and western Kansas.
Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in northeastern California.

Winters primarily from the central and southern parts of the breeding range
(casually north to Alberta and Saskatchewan, and east to western Missouri) south
to Baja California, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo and Tamaulipas.

In migration occurs east to western Minnesota.

Casual east to Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, New Jersey, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi and Alabama.

Notes.— Also known as FERRUGINOUS ROUGHLEG.

Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan). ROUGH-LEGGED HAwk. [347.]

Falco lagopus Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 616. (No locality given =
Denmark.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest, tundra and generally barren country, breeding
on cliffs or in trees, wintering also in grasslands and open cultivated areas.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska (also
Kodiak Island, and Umnak in the eastern Aleutians), northern Yukon, the Arctic
islands (north to Prince Patrick, Victoria, Bylot and southwestern Baffin islands)
and northern Labrador south to northern and southeastern Mackenzie, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec and Newfoundland; and in Eurasia
in the Arctic from Scandinavia east to northern Siberia, Kamchatka and the Sea
of Okhotsk.

Winters in North America from south-central Alaska (casually), southern Can-
ada (southern British Columbia east to southern Quebec and Newfoundland) south
to southern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas,
Missouri, Tennessee and Virginia, casually to eastern Texas and the Gulf coast
(sight records from northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua and Florida); and
in Eurasia from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and central Russia south
to southern Europe, southern Russia, Manchuria, Ussuriland and Japan.

Casual or accidental in the central and western Aleutians, Bermuda, Iceland,
the Faroe Islands, southern Europe and northern Africa.

Genus MORPHNUS Dumont

Morphnus Dumont, 1816, Dict. Sci. Nat., 1, suppl., p. 88. Type, by subsequent
designation (Chubb, 1816), Falco guianensis Daudin.

Morphnus guianensis (Daudin). CRESTED EAGLE.

Falco guianensis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 78. Based on “Petit
Aigle de la Guiane”’ Mauduyt, Encycl. Méth., Hist. Nat. Ois., 1, p. 475.
(Guiane = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in northern Guatemala (Petén), northern Hon-
duras (San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba), Costa Rica (Cuabre and Cafias Gordas region)
and Panama (both slopes, but doubtfully on Isla Coiba), and in South America

120 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, primarily east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (pos-
sibly) and southeastern Brazil. Although listed for Nicaragua, there are no specific
records.

Genus HARPIA Vieillot

Harpia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by monotypy, “Aigle destructeur”
Buffon = Vultur harpyja Linnaeus.

Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus). HARPY EAGLE.

Vultur Harpyja Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 86. Based on
““Yzquauhtli’” Hernandez, Nova Plant Anim. Min. Mex. Hist., p. 34. (in
Mexico.)

Habitat.— Dense lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco,
Campeche and Chiapas) south through Middle America (excluding El Salvador,
primarily occurring on the Caribbean slope north of Costa Rica), and in South
America, from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, primarily east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southeastern
Brazil.

Genus AQUILA Brisson

Aquila Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 28: 6, p. 419. Type, by tautonymy,
Aquila Brisson = Falco chrysaetos Linnaeus.

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus). GOLDEN EAGLE. [349.]

Falco Chrysaétos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 88. G@n Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Generally open country, in prairies, tundra, open coniferous forest
and barren areas, especially in hilly or mountainous regions, nesting on cliff ledges
and in trees.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern and western Alaska east
across Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northwestern Manitoba, northern
Ontario and northern Quebec to Labrador, and south to southern Alaska (west
to Unalaska in the eastern Aleutians), northern Baja California, the highlands of
northern Mexico (south to Durango, Guanajuato and Nuevo Leon), western and
central Texas (at least formerly), western Oklahoma and western Kansas, and in
eastern North America to New York and New England, probably also in the
Appalachian Mountains to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; and
in Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern
Siberia south to northern Africa, Arabia, Iran, the Himalayas, central China, Korea
and Japan.

Winters in North America from south-central Alaska (casually, the Alaska Range)
and the southern portions of the Canadian provinces south throughout the breed-
ing range, casually to Sonora, Sinaloa, Hidalgo and the Gulf coast from Texas
east to central Florida (sight reports to Florida Keys): and in Eurasia generally in
the breeding range, casually south to eastern China.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 121

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), possibly an escaped or released
individual.

Genus SPIZASTUR Gray

Spizastur G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 3. Type, by original
designation, S. atricapillus (Cuv.) = Buteo melanoleucus Vieillot.

Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot). BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE.

Buteo melanoleucus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 4, p.
482. (la Guyane = Guyana.)

Habitat.— Dense lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz, Chiapas and
the state of Yucatan) south through Middle America (except El Salvador), and in
South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern
Argentina and southeastern Brazil.

Genus SPIZAETUS Vieillot

Spizaétus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by subsequent designation (G.
R. Gray, 1840), “L’Autout huppé” Levaillant = Falco ornatus Daudin.

Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied). BLACK HAWK-EAGLE.

Falco tyrannus Wied, 1820, Reise Bras., 1, p. 360. (Ilha do Chave, below
Quartel dos Arcos, Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, primarily open woodland, forest edge or partially
cleared woods (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz and Oaxaca
south through Middle America (not recorded from the state of Yucatan or El
Salvador), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and
southeastern Brazil.

Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin). ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE.

Falco ornatus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 77. Based on “L’Aigle
Moyen de la Guiane” Mauduyt, Encycl. Méth., Hist. Nat. Ois., 1, p. 475,
and “L’Autour Huppé” Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Afr., 1, p. 76, pl. 2.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Heavy moist forest, occasionally forest edge (Tropical and Subtrop-
ical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Oaxaca south through
Middle America (including Isla Coiba off Panama), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of
the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern
Bolivia, northern Argentina and southeastern Brazil.

122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Suborder FALCONES: Caracaras and Falcons
Family FALCONIDAE: Caracaras and Falcons
Tribe POLYBORINI: Caracaras -

Genus DAPTRIUS Vieillot

Daptrius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 22. Type, by monotypy, Daptrius ater
Vieillot.

Daptrius americanus (Boddaert). RED-THROATED CARACARA.

Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 25. Based on
““Le Petit Aigle d’Amerique”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 417. (Cay-
enne.)

Habitat.— Primarily humid lowland forest, especially along forest edge and in
clearings, less commonly deciduous forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident, at least formerly, from southern Mexico (Chiapas) south
through Middle America (not reported Belize or El Salvador), and in South Amer-
ica from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, east-central Bolivia and central
Brazil; in recent years has disappeared from most of its Middle American range.

Genus POLYBORUS Vieillot

Polyborus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 22. Type, by monotypy, ‘‘Caracara”
Buffon = Falco plancus Miller.

Caracara Merrem, 1826, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. Kiinste,
15, p. 159. Type, by subsequent designation (Hellmary and Conover, 1949),
Falco plancus Miller.

Notes.— For use of Polyborus instead of Caracara, see Amadon, 1954, Auk,
71, pp. 203-204. See also comments under Milvago.

Polyborus plancus (Miller). CRESTED CARACARA. [362.]

Falco plancus J. F. Miller, 1777, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pt. 3, pl. 17. (Tierra
del Fuego.)

Habitat.— Open country, including pastureland, cultivated areas and semi-des-
ert, both arid and moist habitats but more commonly in the former (Tropical and
Subtropical zones, also Temperate Zone in South America).

Distribution.— Resident [plancus group] in central and southern Florida (north
to Brevard County, formerly to Enterprise and St. Augustine), Cuba and the Isle
of Pines, and from northern Baja California, southern Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa,
Zacatecas, Nuevo Leon, central and southern Texas, and (rarely) southwestern
Louisiana south locally through Middle America (including the Tres Marias Islands
off Nayarit, but not reported Belize), and throughout most of South America (also
islands off Venezuela from Aruba east to Trinidad) south to Tierra del Fuego and

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 123

the Falkland Islands; and [/utosus group] formerly on Guadalupe Island, off Baja
California (now extinct).

Casual [p/ancus group] north to central New Mexico and Oklahoma, and to
islands off Panama (Taboga and Pearl) and Jamaica. Individuals reported from
Oregon, Ontario, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and North Carolina are almost cer-
tainly escapes from captivity.

Notes.— The Guadalupe Island form is recognized by many authors as a distinct
species, P. /utosus Ridgway, 1876 [GUADALUPE CARACARA]. The northern forms
south to central South America are also considered by some as P. cheriway (Jac-
quin, 1784) [CRESTED CARACARA], distinct from P. plancus [SOUTHERN CARA-
CARA], although they intergrade near the mouth of the Amazon.

Genus MILVAGO Spix

Milvago Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 12. Type, by monotypy,
Milvago ochrocephalus Spix = Polyborus chimachima Vieillot.

Notes.—Sometimes merged in Polyborus.

Milvago chimachima (Vieillot). YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA.

Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 5,
p. 259. Based on ““Chimachima” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 1,
p. 50 (no. 6). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Open country, savanna, pasturelands and cultivated areas, especially
frequent near cattle (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (north to San José province)
and Panama (including the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.— M. chimachima and the South American M. chimango (Vieillot, 1816)
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Tribe HERPETOTHERINI: Laughing Falcons

Genus HERPETOTHERES Vieillot

Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 18, p. 317.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Falco cachinnans
Linnaeus.

Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus). LAUGHING FALCON.

Falco cachinnans (Rolander MS) Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 90.
(in America meridionali = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Forest, most frequently in humid situations, primarily in forest edge
and open woodland, nesting in tree cavities (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sonora and Tamaulipas south along both slopes
of Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of Andes to
eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tribe MICRASTURINI: Forest-Falcons

Genus MICRASTUR Gray

Brachypterus (not Kugelmann, 1794, nor Latreille, 1819) Lesson, 1836, Compl.
Oeuvres Buffon, 7, p. 113. Type, by monotypy, Falco brachypterus Tem-
minck = Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot.

Micrastur G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 6. New name for
Brachypterus Lesson, preoccupied.

Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot). BARRED FOREST-FALCON.

Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 10, p.
322. (l’ Amérique méridionale = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Moist forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, Puebla and Veracruz south through
Middle America (except the state of Yucatan), and in South America west of the
Andes from Colombia south to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes in northern
Venezuela, and from eastern Peru and central and eastern Brazil (south of the
Amazon) south to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.— The South American M. gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817) is sometimes con-
sidered conspecific with M. ruficollis, but see Schwartz, 1972, Condor, 74, pp.
399-415.

Micrastur mirandollei (Schlegel). SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON

Astur mirandollei Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, livr. 1, Astures,
p. 27. (Surinam.)

Habitat.— Heavy moist lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident, primarily in the Caribbean lowlands, in Costa Rica
and Panama; and in South America from central Colombia, southern Venezuela
and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and
Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot). COLLARED FOREST-FALCON.

Sparvius semi-torquatus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 10,
p. 322. Based on “‘Esparvero Faxado” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.,
1, p. 126 (no. 29). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Heavy forest, especially in thickets and dense areas, and mangroves
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas south
through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 25

Tribe FALCONINI: True Falcons

Genus FALCO Linnaeus

Falco Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 88. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), “F. peregrinus L.” = Falco peregrinus Tun-
stall.

Tinnunculus Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 39. Type,
by subsequent designation (Walden, 1872), Falco columbarius Linnaeus.
Hierofalco Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., 1 (1816), p. 312. Type, by monotypy,

Falco subbuteo Gmelin = Falco rusticolus Linnaeus.

Cerchneis Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 970. Type, by monotypy, Falco
rupicolus Daudin = Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus.

Hypotriorchis Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 970. Type, by original desig-
nation, Falco subbuteo Linnaeus.

Aésalon Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., pp. 40, 190. Type, by
tautonymy, Falco aesalon Tunstall = Falco columbarius Linnaeus.

Rhynchodon Nitzsch, 1829, Observ. Avium Art. Carot. Comm., p. 20. Type,
by subsequent designation (A.O.U. Comm., 1886), Falco peregrinus Tun-
stall.

Rhynchofalco Ridgway, 1873, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, p. 46. Type,
by original designation, Falco femoralis Temminck.

Planofalco Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 2, p. 976. Type, by original
designation, Falco mexicanus Schlegel.

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus. EURASIAN KESTREL. [359.1.]

Falco Tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 90. (in Europe
turribus, etc. = Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open country and partly open situations
from the British Isles and northern Eurasia south to southern Africa, India, eastern
China and Japan, and winters south to the East Indies and Philippines.

Casual in Alaska (Attu and Shemya, in the Aleutians). Accidental in Massa-
chusetts (Nantasket Beach), New Jersey (Cape May Point), the Lesser Antilles
(Martinique), Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN KESTREL and, in Old World literature, as the
KESTREL. See comments under F. sparverius.

Falco sparverius Linnaeus. AMERICAN KESTREL. [360.]

Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 90. Based on ““The
Little Hawk’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 5, pl. 5. (in America =
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open country with scattered trees, cultivated lands
and urban areas, nesting in holes in trees, on cliffs and in crevices of buildings
(Tropical or Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, southern Yukon, west-
ern (and probably northwestern) Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatch-
ewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick,

126 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and southern Newfoundland south to southern
Baja California (including Guadalupe Island), Sinaloa, the highlands of Middle
America (to central Honduras), the Gulf coast and (at least formerly) southern
Florida; in the Bahamas (north to Long Island, Rum Cay and San Salvador) and
the Antilles (rare south of Guadeloupe); the lowland pine savannas of eastern
Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua; and through most of South America (also
the Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad, but absent from heavily forested regions
such as the Amazon basin) south to Tierra del Fuego (including the Juan Fernandez
Islands off Chile).

Winters from south-central Alaska (casually), southern British Columbia, the
northern United States, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec and Nova Scotia
south throughout the breeding range, and including the northern Bahamas and
virtually all of Middle America, the northern populations migrating as far south
as Panama.

Casual or accidental in northern and southwestern Alaska, District of Franklin
(Jenny Lind Island), Barbados, the Falkland Islands, British Isles, Denmark, the
Azores and Malta.

Notes.— Formerly known in American literature as SPARROW HAwkK. Various
Old World taxa, including F. tinnunculus, have been considered to form a super-
species with F. sparverius, but relationships are uncertain.

Falco columbarius Linnaeus. MERLIN. [357.]

Falco columbarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 90., Based on
“The Pigeon-Hawk”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 3, pl. 3. (in Amer-
ica = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open country, nesting in and adjacent to grasslands (using mostly
old crow and magpie nests) in scattered trees and bushes, on the ground under
shrubs, on cliffs, and in cities, in migration and winter also in open woodland,
moorlands, marshes and deserts, and along seacoasts.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska, northern
Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southeastern Keewatin, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south
to southern Alaska, southwestern British Columbia, central Washington, eastern
Oregon, Idaho, northern Montana, northern North Dakota, northern Minnesota,
Iowa (formerly), northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, north-
ern Ohio, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; and in Eurasia
from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles and Scandinavia east across Russia
and Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk, and south to Lake Baikal, Mongolia and
Sakhalin.

Winters in North America west of the Rockies from south-central Alaska,
southern (primarily coastal) British Columbia, Wyoming and Colorado southward,
locally across southern Canada (mostly in cities) in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Man-
itoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland, and in the eastern United States from southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and South Carolina (casually elsewhere north to the Canadian border) south
through Middle America and the West Indies to northwestern Peru,western Ecua-
dor, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela and Trinidad; and in Eurasia from
Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, southern Russia and southern

ORDER FALCONIFORMES be;

Japan south to the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, Asia Minor, northern
India, eastern China and Korea.

Casual in Spitsbergen.

Notes.— Formerly known as PIGEON HAWK.

Falco femoralis Temminck. APLOMADO FALCON. [359.]

Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822, Planches Color., livr. 21, pl. 121 and text.
(Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open country, especially savanna and open woodland, and some-
times in very barren situations (Tropical Zone, in South America to Temperate
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa, Chihuahua (possibly) and Tamaulipas
(formerly north to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and west-central
and southern Texas, the last documented breeding in the United States in 1952
in New Mexico, with an unverified report from southeastern Arizona in the late
1960’s) south locally to Chiapas, the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize; in the pine
savanna of eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua; and from western Pan-
ama south generally throughout South America to Tierra del Fuego and the Falk-
land Islands.

Casual in Guatemala (San Agustin), western Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and, in
recent years, in the former breeding range in the southwestern United States.

[Falco subbuteo Linnaeus. NORTHERN Hospsy.] See Appendix B.

Falco rufigularis Daudin. BAT FALCON.

Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 131. Based on the
“‘Orange-breasted Hobby”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 28. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge and savanna, primarily in humid regions
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora and Tamaulipas south along both
slopes through Middle America (including Coiba, Taboga and the Pearl islands
off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern
Brazil.

Notes.— For use of F. rufigularis instead of F. albigularis Daudin, 1800, see
Eisenmann, 1966, Condor, 68, pp. 208-209.

Falco deiroleucus Temminck. ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON.

Falco deiroleucus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 59, pl. 348. (Dans
Vile Saint Francois, partie méridionale du Brésil = Sao Francisco Island,
- Santa Catarina, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Primarily open forest and forest edge, usually in humid lowlands
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

128 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident locally in southern Mexico (recorded Veracruz and
Campeche), northeastern Guatemala (primarily Petén), Honduras (El Hatillo),
Nicaragua (Matagalpa and the northeastern lowlands), Costa Rica and Panama
(Chiriqui, Coclé and Darién), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to eastern Peru,
Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Falco peregrinus Tunstall. PEREGRINE FALCON. [356.]

Falco Peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, Ornithol. Br., p. 1. (No locality given =
Northamptonshire, England.)

Habitat.—A variety of open situations from tundra, moorlands, steppe and
seacoasts, especially where there are suitable nesting cliffs, to high mountains,
more open forested regions, and even human population centers where large
buildings provide nesting sites.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Mac-
kenzie, Banks, Victoria, southern Melville, Somerset and northern Baffin islands,
and Labrador south to southern Baja California, the coast of Sonora, southern
Arizona, New Mexico, western and central Texas, and Colorado, occasionally in
the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental of northern Mexico, and,
at least formerly, Kansas, Arkansas, northeastern Louisiana, Tennessee, northern
Alabama and northwestern Georgia; in South America in central and southern
Argentina, and central and southern Chile; and in much of the Old World from
Greenland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia and
the Chukotski Peninsula south, at least locally, through Eurasia and Africa to
South Africa, Arabia, India, Ceylon, the East Indies, Australia (including Tas-
mania), New Hebrides, and the Fiji and Loyalty islands. Absent as a breeding
bird through much of continental North America, especially in the eastern part
south of the Canadian Arctic, since the 1950’s; recently re-established as a breeding
bird through introductions in parts of the northeastern United States.

Winters in the Americas from southern Alaska (the Aleutians and Prince Wil-
liam Sound), the Queen Charlotte Islands, coastal British Columbia, the central
and southern United States (rarely farther north) and New Brunswick south through
Middle America, the West Indies and South America to Tierra del Fuego; and in
the Old World generally through the breeding range, with northernmost popula-
tions usually migrating to tropical regions.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Canary Islands.

Notes.— Also known as the PEREGRINE. The North African and Asiatic form is
sometimes regarded as a distinct species, F. pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829. The
South American F. kreyenborgi Kleinschmidt, 1929, appears to be a color morph
of F. peregrinus.

Falco rusticolus Linnaeus. GYRFALCON. [354.]

Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 88. (in Svecia =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Primarily open country in the Arctic, including tundra, open conif-
erous forest, mountainous regions and rocky seacoasts, nesting on cliffs and, occa-
sionally, in trees.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
and Banks, Prince Patrick and Ellesmere islands south to central Alaska (including

ORDER FALCONIFORMES 129

the Aleutians west to Umnak), northwestern British Columbia, southern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, Southampton Island, northern Quebec
and northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland and north-
ern Scandinavia east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to the Chukotski
Peninsula, and south to Anadyrland, Kamchatka and Bering Island.

Winters in North America from the breeding range south irregularly to the
Pribilof and Aleutian islands, southern Alaska, southern Canada and the extreme
northern United States; and in Eurasia from the breeding range south to the British
Isles, western (casually central) Europe, southern Russia, Lake Baikal, Manchuria,
Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands and Japan.

Casual in winter south as far as northern California, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as GyR FALCON. F. rusticolus and the
Asiatic F. altaicus (Menzbier, 1891) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Falco mexicanus Schlegel. PRAIRIE FALCON. [355.]

Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1851, Abh. Geb. Zool. Bergl. Anat., 3, p. 15.
(Mexico = Monterrey, Nuevo Leon.)

Habitat.— Primarily open situations, especially in mountainous areas, steppe,
plains or prairies, nesting on cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan and northern North Dakota south to Baja California,
southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southeastern Coahuila, western and
northern Texas, and (formerly) northwestern Missouri.

Winters from the breeding range in southern Canada south to Baja California,
Sonora, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.

Casual north and east to Manitoba, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana and Tennessee,
and south to Hidalgo. Reports of accidentals in Alabama, Georgia and South
Carolina may pertain to escaped individuals.

Order GALLIFORMES: Gallinaceous Birds
Superfamily CRACOIDEA: Megapodes, Curassows and Guans
Family CRACIDAE: Curassows and Guans

Genus ORTALIS Merrem

Ortalida [accusative case] = Ortalis [pominative] Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar.
Icones Descr., 2, p. 40. Type, by original designation, Phasianus motmot
Linnaeus.

Ortalis ruficauda Jardine. RUFOUS-VENTED CHACHALACA.

Ortalida ruficauda Jardine, 1847, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 20, p. 374.
(Tobago.)

Habitat.— Scrub, second growth and dense forest (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in northeastern Colombia, northern Venezuela (south
to the Arauca and Orinoco rivers), and on Margarita Island and Tobago.

130 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Introduced in the Lesser Antilles in the Grenadines (on Union and Bequia),
where apparently established by the late 17th Century, but there have been no
recent reports from Bequia. Early writings also alluded to its presence on St.
Vincent in the late 17th Century.

Notes.—Also known as RUFOUS-TAILED CHACHALACA. The populations in
Colombia and northwestern Venezuela are sometimes recognized as a distinct
species, O. ruficrissa Sclater and Salvin, 1870; with this treatment, O. ruficauda
is called RUFOUS-TIPPED CHACHALACA.

Ortalis vetula (Wagler). PLAIN CHACHALACA. [311.]

Penelope vetula Wagler, 1830. Isis von Oken, col. 1112. (Mexico = Tampico,
Tamaulipas.)

Habitat.— Thickets, dense second growth, scrub and forest. primarily in semi-
arid regions (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [vetula group] on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from south-
ern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) and Nuevo Leon south through the lowlands
of eastern Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula and Isla Cancun), Belize and
eastern Guatemala to northern Honduras (including Isla Utila in the Bay Islands),
and in the interior valleys of Chiapas, central Honduras and north-central Nic-
aragua; and [/eucogastra group] in the Pacific lowlands from western Chiapas
from Cozumel, Mujeres and Holbox islands are regarded as doubtful.

Introduced and established [vetu/a group] on islands off the coast of Georgia
(Sapelo, Blackbeard and Little St. Simons).

Notes.— The distinct Pacific lowland populations have often been regarded as
a separate species, O. /eucogastra (Gould, 1843) [WHITE-BELLIED CHACHALACA].

Ortalis cinereiceps Gray. GRAY-HEADED CHACHALACA.

Ortalida cinereiceps G. R. Gray, 1867, List Birds Br. Mus., pt. 5, p. 12. (north-
west coast of America = Pearl Islands, Panama.)

Habitat.— Thickets, second growth and forest, especially near streams (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Honduras (Olancho, Mosquitia), eastern and
central Nicaragua, Costa Rica (except the dry northwest), Panama (including Isla
del Rey in the Pearl Islands) and northwestern Colombia.

Notes.—The South American O. garrula (Humboldt, 1805) and O. cinereiceps
constitute a superspecies; they are considered by some as conspecific. With the
broader species concept, CHESTNUT-WINGED CHACHALACA may be used.

Ortalis poliocephala (Wagler). WAGLER’S CHACHALACA.

Penelope poliocephala Wagler, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 1112. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Dense scrub, second growth and forest in semi-arid regions, generally
found near water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa and western Durango
south to Morelos, western Puebla, Oaxaca and extreme western Chiapas (vicinity
of Tonala).

Notes.— Also known as WEST MEXICAN CHACHALACA. Includes O. wagleri G.

ORDER GALLIFORMES 131

R. Gray, 1867 [RUFOUS-BELLIED CHACHALACA], formerly recognized as a distinct
species but now known to intergrade with poliocephala (see Vaurie, 1965, Am.
Mus. Novit., no. 2222, pp. 17-19).

Genus CHAMAEPETES Wagler

Chamaepetes Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1227. Type, by monotypy,
Ortalida goudotii Lesson.

Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin. BLACK GUAN.

Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 159. (Ver-
agua, Panama = Calovévora, Panama.)

Habitat.— Primarily dense, undisturbed, moist montane forest (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Guanacaste) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Genus PENELOPINA Reichenbach

Penelopina Reichenbach, 1862, Avium Syst. Nat., Columbariae, p. 152. Type,
by monotypy, Penelope niger Fraser.

Penelopina nigra (Fraser). HIGHLAND GUAN.

Penelope niger Fraser, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1850), p. 246, pl. 29.
(No locality given.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, less frequently in deciduous woodland (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of extreme eastern Oaxaca (Sierra
Madre de Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador (at least formerly), Honduras
and north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK CHACHALACA.

Genus PENELOPE Merrem

Penelope Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar. Icones Descr., 2, p. 39. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Lesson, 1828), Penelope marail “Linnaeus” [=Gme-
lin] = Penelope jacupema Merrem = Phasianus marail Miller.

Penelope purpurascens Wagler. CRESTED GUAN.

Penelope purpurascens Wagler, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 1110. (Mexico =
probably Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, occasionally in scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south along both slopes
of Middle America to Colombia, western Ecuador and northern Venezuela.

Notes.— P. purpurascens, P. jacquacu Spix, 1825, and P. obscura Temminck,
1815, the latter two South American, may constitute a superspecies.

132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus OREOPHASIS Gray

Oreophasis G. R. Gray, 1844, Genera Birds, 3, p. [485], col. pl. 121 and pl.
[121]. Type, by monotypy, Oreophasis derbianus Gray.

Oreophasis derbianus Gray. HORNED GUAN.

Oreophasis derbianus G. R. Gray, 1844, Genera Birds, 3, p. [485]. col. pl.
121 and pl. [121]. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas (possibly also extreme
eastern Oaxaca) and Guatemala.

Genus CRAX Linnaeus

Crax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 157. Type, by subsequent
designation (Ridgway, 1896), Crax rubra Linnaeus.

Crax rubra Linnaeus. GREAT CURASSOW.

Crax rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 157. Based on “The Red
Peruvian Hen” Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 37, pl. 40. (in America =
western Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Primarily undisturbed, mature forest, mostly humid but also in semi-
arid regions, occasionally in partially cleared areas and scrubby woodland (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas,
Veracruz and Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including Coz-
umel Island) to western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.—C. rubra is part of a large complex that probably constitutes a super-
species, including the South American C. a/berti Fraser, 1852, C. alector Linnaeus,
1766, C. fasciolata Spix, 1825, C. daubentoni G. R. Gray, 1867, C. globulosa
Spix, 1815, and C. blumenbachii Spix, 1825.

Superfamily PHASIANOIDEA: Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Quail

Family PHASIANIDAE: Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Quail
Subfamily PHASIANINAE: Partridges and Pheasants
Tribe PERDICINI: Partridges

Genus PERDIX Brisson
Perdix Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, pp. 26, 219. Type, by tautonymy,

Perdix cinerea Brisson = Tetrao perdix Linnaeus.
Perdix perdix (Linnaeus). GRAY PARTRIDGE. [288.1.]

Tetrao Perdix Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 160. (in Europe agris =
southern Sweden.)

ORDER GALLIFORMES 133

Habitat.— Primarily cultivated regions with marginal cover of bushes, under-
growth or hedgerows, and pastures, steppe and meadows.

Distribution.— Resident in Eurasia from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia
and northern Russia south to southern Europe, Turkey, northern Iran, Turkestan
and Mongolia.

Widely introduced in North America and established locally from southern
British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island
and Nova Scotia south to northeastern California (formerly), northern Nevada,
northern Utah, northern Wyoming, northern South Dakota, northwestern Iowa,
extreme northern Illinois, central Indiana, west-central Ohio, northern New York
and northern Vermont.

Notes.— Also known as HUNGARIAN Or COMMON PARTRIDGE and, in Old World
literature, as the PARTRIDGE.

Genus FRANCOLINUS Stephens

Francolinus Stephens, 1819, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11 (2), p. 316. Type, by
tautonymy, Francolinus vulgaris Stephens = Tetrao francolinus Linnaeus.

Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus). BLACK FRANCOLIN. [288.3.]

Tetrao Francolinus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 275. (in Italia,
Orienta, Africa, Asia = Cyprus.)

Habitat.— Grasslands (primarily tall grass), scrubby and brushy areas, marshes
and, locally, clearings in open forest.

Distribution.— Resident from Cyprus, Asia Minor and the Near East east to
southern Afghanistan, India and Assam.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1959, presently on Kauai,
Molokai, Maui and Hawaii), southwestern Louisiana (Calcasieu and Cameron
parishes), and southern Florida (Palm Beach County).

Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin). GRAY FRANCOLIN. [288.4.]

Tetrao pondicerianus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 760. Based on the
‘“‘Pondicherry Partridge’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p. 774. (in
Coromandel = Pondicherry, India.)

Habitat.—Open dry country with scrub or grass, cultivated fields and desert
scrub.

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Iran east to India and Ceylon.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1958, presently on
Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii), southern Arabia, and the Andaman, Sey-
chelles, Amirante and Mascarene islands.

Francolinus erckelii (Riippell). ERCKEL’S FRANCOLIN. [288.5.]

Perdix Erckelii Riippell, 1835, Neue Wirbelth., Vogel, p. 12, pl. 6. (Taranta
Mts., northeastern Ethiopia.)

Habitat.— Scrub, brush and open areas with scattered trees, primarily in hilly
or mountainous country.

134 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Sudan (Red Sea Province), northern Ethiopia
and Eritrea.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1957, now on all main
islands from Kauai eastward).

Genus ALECTORIS Kaup

Alectoris Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., pp. 180, 193. Type.
by monotypy, Perdix petrosa Auct. (not Gmelin) = Perdix barbara Bon-
naterre.

Alectoris chukar (Gray). CHUKAR. [288.2.]

Perdix Chukar J. E. Gray. 1830, in Hardwicke, Illus. Indian Zool., 1 (2). pl.
54. (India = Srinagar, Kumaon, India.)

Habitat.— Rocky hillsides, mountain slopes with grassy vegetation, open and
flat desert with sparse grasses, and barren plateaus.

Distribution. — Resident in Eurasia from southeastern Europe and Asia Minor
east to southern Manchuria, northern China, Turkestan and the western Hima-
layas.

Introduced widely in North America and established, at least locally, from
south-central British Columbia, northern Idaho, and central and eastern Montana
south to extreme northern Baja California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona,
extreme northwestern New Mexico and south-central Colorado; also in the Hawai-
ian Islands (main islands from Kauai eastward, but no longer on Oahu).

Notes.—A. chukar was long regarded as a subspecies of A. graeca (Meisner,
1804) [Rock PARTRIDGE] of Europe, but see Watson, 1962, Evolution, 16, pp.
11-19, and 1962, Ibis. pp. 353-367.

Genus COTURNIX Bonnaterre

Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Ornithol., 1, livr. 47, pl.
Ixxxvil. Type, by tautonymy, “Caille’’ Bonnaterre = Tetrao coturnix Lin-
naeus.

Coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel. JAPANESE QUAIL. [288.6.]

Coturnix vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1849, in Siebold, Fauna
Jpn., Aves, p. 103, pl. 61. (Japan.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, marshes, cultivated fields and pastures.

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Mongolia and Transbaicalia east through
Amurland to Ussuriland, Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands, and south to Manchuria,
Korea and Japan.

Winters from Transbaicalia (rarely) and central Japan south to the northern
Indochina region, southern China and the Ryukyu Islands.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1921, presently on main
islands from Kauai eastward, except Oahu).

Notes.— Regarded by some authors as conspecific with C. coturnix (Linnaeus,
1758), a widespread Eurasian species, but differences in vocalizations and sym-
patric breeding in northern Mongolia indicate specific status of C. japonica; the
two species constitute a superspecies.

Ww
Nn

ORDER GALLIFORMES |

Tribe PHASIANINI: Pheasants

Genus LOPHURA Fleming

Lophura Fleming, 1822, Philos. Zool., 2, p. 230. Type, by monotypy, Pha-
sianus ignitus [Shaw].

Gennaeus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1228. Type, by monotypy, Pha-
sianus nycthemerus Linnaeus.

Lophura leucomelana (Latham). KALIJ PHEASANT. [309.3.]

Phasianus leucomelanos Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 633. (India =
Nepal.)

Habitat.— Dense scrub, forest undergrowth, thickets and wooded ravines, in
Hawaii in ohia-tree fern and koa forest, and on plantations.

Distribution.— Resident in the Himalayas from Nepal east to northern Assam
and Bhutan.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (on Hawaii in 1962, now
in the North Kona district and on the slopes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea).

Genus GALLUS Brisson

Gallus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, pp. 26, 166. Type, by tautonymy,
Gallus Brisson = Phasianus gallus Linnaeus.

Gallus gallus (Linnaeus). RED JUNGLEFOWL. [309.4.]

Phasianus Gallus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 158. (in India
Orientali: Pouli candor etc. = Island of Pulo Condor, off the mouth of the
Mekong River.)

Habitat.— Forest undergrowth, second growth, scrub and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Resident from the Himalayas, southern China and Hainan south
to central India, Southeast Asia, Sumatra and Java.

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (by early Polynesians, probably about 500
A.D.), established presently on Kauai, formerly on other main islands, with recent
reintroductions not known to have become established except at Waimea Falls
Park, on Oahu; on islands off Puerto Rico (Mona, and possibly Culebra); and in
the Philippines, and on many islands of the East Indies and Polynesia.

Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus

Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 158. Type, by tautonymy,
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus (Phasianus, prebinomial specific name, in
synonymy).

Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus. RING-NECKED PHEASANT. [309.1.]

Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 158. (in Africa,
Asia = Rion, formerly Phasis, Georgian S.S.R.)

Habitat.—Open country (especially cultivated areas, scrubby wastes, open
woodland and edges of woods), grassy steppe, desert oases, riverside thickets,
swamps and open mountain forest.

136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident [colchicus group] from central Russia, Transcaucasia,
Turkestan, Mongolia and Ussuriland south to northern Iran, northern Burma,
China and Korea; and [versicolor group] in Japan, and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Introduced and established [colchicus group] in the Hawaiian Islands (about
1865, presently on all main islands from Kauai eastward), widely in North America
from southern British Columbia (and the Queen Charlotte Islands), central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern
Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Bruns-
wick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south, at least locally, to southern
interior California, northern Baja California, Utah, southern New Mexico, north-
ern and southeastern Texas, northwestern Oklahoma, Kansas, northern Missouri,
southern Illinois, central Indiana, southern Ohio, Pennsylvania, northern Mary-
land, New Jersey and North Carolina (Outer Banks), and in Japan, New Zealand
and Europe; and [versicolor group] in the Hawaiian Islands (common on Hawaii,
with smaller numbers on Kauai, Lanai and possibly Maui).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the PHEASANT. The two groups are
sometimes considered as separate species, P. colchicus [RING-NECKED PHEASANT,
309.1] and P. versicolor Vieillot, 1825 [GREEN or JAPANESE PHEASANT, 309.2].
Within the colchicus group, the Asiatic complex is sometimes treated as a species,
P. torquatus Gmelin, 1789 [RING-NECKED PHEASANT], distinct from the more
western P. colchicus [COMMON or ENGLISH PHEASANT]; most North American
populations are from P. torquatus stock, although birds from European P. colchicus
are mixed with torquatus in many areas.

Genus PAVO Linnaeus

Pavo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 156. Type, by tautonymy, Pavo
cristatus Linnaeus (Pavo, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Pavo cristatus Linnaeus. COMMON PEAFOWL. [309.5.]

Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 156. (in India oriental,
Zeylona = India.)

Habitat.— Open forest, forest edge, second growth, scrub, open areas with scat-
tered trees, and cultivated lands.

Distribution. — Resident throughout India and on Ceylon.

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (initially in 1860, presently established on
Oahu and Hawaii, doubtfully so on Molokai and Mau1); local, semi-domesticated
populations have also persisted for years in various parts of the North American
continent.

Subfamily TETRAONINAE: Grouse

Notes.—Sometimes regarded as a family, the Tetraonidae.

Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot

Dendragapus Elliot, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 23. Type,
by subsequent designation (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1874), Tetrao
obscurus Say.

Canachites Stejneger, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8, p. 410. Type, by original
designation, 7etrao canadensis Linnaeus.

ORDER GALLIFORMES 1357/

Dendragapus canadensis (Linnaeus). SPRUCE GROUSE. [298.]

Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 159. Based on
“*The Black and Spotted Heath-cock”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 118,
pl. 118. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest, primarily spruce and pine, especially with dense
understory of grasses and shrubs.

Distribution.— Resident from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, western and
southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec, Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to south-
coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), north-
ern Oregon, central and southeastern Idaho, northwestern Wyoming, western
Montana, southeastern and central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Man-
itoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, north-central Michigan, southern
Ontario, northern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire and
eastern Maine.

Introduced and established in Newfoundland.

Notes.— The form resident from southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia
and west-central Alberta south to northern Oregon, central Idaho, western Mon-
tana and northwestern Wyoming was formerly regarded as a separate species, D.
franklinii (Douglas, 1829) [FRANKLIN’S GROUSE, 299].

Dendragapus obscurus (Say). BLUE GROUSE. [297.]

Tetrao obscurus Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 14. (near
Defile Creek = about 20 miles north of Colorado Springs, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest, especially fir, mostly in open situations with a
mixture of deciduous trees and shrubs.

Distribution. — Resident [obscurus group] from southeastern Alaska (except coastal
areas), southern Yukon and extreme southwestern Mackenzie south through the
‘mountains of interior British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, eastern Washing-
ton and the Rocky Mountains to eastern Nevada, northern and eastern Arizona,
southwestern and north-central New Mexico, eastern Colorado and (formerly)
western South Dakota; and [fuliginosus group] from coastal southeastern Alaska
(north to Yakutat) and coastal British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte
and Vancouver islands) south in coastal ranges and the Cascades to northwestern
California, and in the Sierra Nevada to southern California (Ventura County) and
extreme western Nevada.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes treated as separate species, D. obscurus
[Dusky GROUSE, 297] and D. fuliginosus (Ridgway, 1873) [Soory GROUSE, 297.1].

Genus LAGOPUS Brisson
Lagopus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, pp. 26, 181. Type, by tautonymy,
Lagopus Brisson = Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus.
Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus). WILLOW PTARMIGAN. [301.]

Tetrao Lagopus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 159. (in Europe
alpinis = Swedish Lapland.)

138 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Open tundra, especially in areas heavily vegetated with grasses, mosses,
herbs and shrubs, less frequently in openings in boreal coniferous forest.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America across the Arctic from northern Alaska
east through Banks, southern Melville and Bathurst islands to western Baffin
Island, and south to the central and eastern Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska,
central British Columbia, extreme west-central Alberta, central Mackenzie, south-
ern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, extreme northern Ontario, the Belcher
Islands (in Hudson Bay), central Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland; and in
Eurasia from the British Isles and Scandinavia east across Russia and Siberia, and
south to Mongolia, Ussuriland and Sakhalin.

Winters mostly in the breeding range, in North America wandering irregularly
(or casually) south to Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, central
Ontario and Maine; and in Eurasia south to northern Europe.

Introduced and established (in 1968, from the Newfoundland population) in
Nova Scotia.

Accidental on Vancouver Island and (prior to introduction) in Nova Scotia.

Notes.—In the Old World known as WILLOW GROUSE.

Lagopus mutus (Montin). ROCK PTARMIGAN. [302.]

Tetrao mutus Montin, 1776, Phys. Salskap. Handl., 1, p. 155. (Alpibus lap-
ponicus = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open tundra, barren and rocky slopes in Arctic and alpine areas, and
relatively barren heaths and moors.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern Alaska east through the
Canadian Arctic islands to Ellesmere and Baffin islands, and south to the Aleutians,
southern Alaska (including Kodiak Island), western British Columbia, central
Mackenzie, central Keewatin, Southampton Island, northern Quebec, northern
Labrador and Newfoundland; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland,
Scotland and Scandinavia east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to
Kamchatka, and at high elevations in the Pyrenees and Alps of southern Europe,
the mountain ranges of central Asia, and in the Kurile Islands and Japan (Honshu).

Winters regularly in North America from the breeding range south to southern
Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northwestern Ontario
and central Quebec, casually to southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver Island);
and in the Palearctic primarily resident in the breeding range.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the PTARMIGAN.

Lagopus leucurus (Richardson). WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN. [304.]

Tetrao (Lagopus) leucurus Richardson, 1831, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Am.
Ornithol., Jameson ed., 4, p. 330. (Rocky Mountains, lat. 54°N.)

Habitat.— Alpine tundra, especially in rocky areas with sparse vegetation.

Distribution. — Resident from south-central Alaska (Alaska Range), central Yukon
and southwestern Mackenzie south to southern Alaska (west to the Kenai Pen-
insula and Lake Clark), southern British Columbia (including Vancouver Island)
and the Cascade Mountains of Washington, and along the Rocky Mountains
(locally, mostly on alpine summits) from southeastern British Columbia and south-
western Alberta south through Montana, Wyoming and Colorado to northern
New Mexico.

Introduced and established in California (high central Sierra Nevada).

ORDER GALLIFORMES 139

Genus BONASA Stephens

Bonasa Stephens, 1819, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11 (2), p. 298. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (A.O.U. Comm., 1886), Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus.

Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus). RUFFED GROUSE. [300.]

Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 275. Based on “‘The
Ruffed Heath-cock or Grous”’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 79, pl. 248.
(in Pensylvania = eastern Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Heavy forest, both coniferous and deciduous, although the presence
of deciduous trees seems essential, in both wet and relatively dry situations from
boreal forest and northern hardwood-ecotone to eastern deciduous forest and oak-
savanna woodland.

Distribution.— Resident from central Alaska, northern Yukon, southwestern
Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-
ern Quebec, southern Labrador, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia south to northwestern California, northeastern Oregon, central and eastern
Idaho, central Utah, central Wyoming, central Montana, southern Alberta, south-
ern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba (absent from prairie regions of three pre-
ceding provinces), central and southeastern Minnesota, northern Illinois, central
Indiana, northern Ohio, in the Appalachians to northern Georgia, western South
Carolina and western North Carolina, and to northeastern Virginia; also locally
south to western South Dakota (Black Hills), eastern Kansas (formerly), central
Arkansas, western Tennessee and northeastern Alabama (formerly).

Introduced and established in Iowa and Newfoundland.

Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson

Centrocercus [subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), pp. 358, 496. Type, by original designation, 7etrao
urophasianus Bonaparte.

Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). SAGE GROUSE. [309.]

Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 213. (Northwestern
countries beyond the Mississippi, especially on the Missouri = North
Dakota.)

Habitat.— Foothills, plains and mountain slopes where sagebrush is present.

Distribution.— Resident locally (formerly widespread) from central Washington,
southern Idaho, Montana, southeastern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan,
southwestern North Dakota and western South Dakota south to eastern California,
south-central Nevada, southern Utah, western Colorado and northern New Mex-
ico, formerly north to southern British Columbia and southeast to the Oklahoma
Panhandle.

Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger

Tympanuchus Gloger, 1842, Gemein. Handb. Hilfsb. Naturgesch. (1841), p.
396. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao cupido Linnaeus.

Pedioecetes Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxi, xliv. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao phasianellus Lin-
naeus.

140 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tympanuchus cupido (Linnaeus). GREATER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN. [305.]

Tetrao Cupido Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 160. Based on ‘“‘Le
Cocq de bois d’Amérique”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, app., p. 1, pl.
1. (in Virginia = Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Tall grasslands (prairie), occasionally cultivated lands of similar types,
formerly in eastern (fire-produced) grassland and blueberry barrens.

Distribution.— Resident locally and in much reduced numbers from eastern
North Dakota, northwestern and central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and
northern Michigan south to northeastern Colorado, Kansas (except southwestern),
southern and northeastern Oklahoma, central Missouri and southern Illinois; also
in southeastern Texas. Formerly occurred (now extirpated or nearly so) from east-
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and southern Ontario
south, east of the Rocky Mountains, to eastern Texas, southwestern Louisiana,
east-central Arkansas, central Indiana, western Kentucky and western Ohio; and
in the east from Massachusetts south to Maryland, after 1835 confined to the
island of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts (where last reported in 1932).

Notes.— Also known as PINNATED GROUSE; the extinct eastern population was
called HEATH HEN. This species and 7. pallidicinctus constitute a superspecies
and are considered to be conspecific by some authors; with this concept, PRAIRIE
CHICKEN Or PINNATED GROUSE may be used. T. cupido and T. phasianellus hybrid-
ize sporadically, but occasionally they interbreed extensively on a local level.

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway). LESSER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN. [307.]

Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicinctus Ridgeway [sic], 1873, For. Stream, 1, p.
289. (prairie of Texas [near lat. 32°N.].)

Habitat.— Arid grasslands, generally interspersed with shrubs and dwarf trees.
Distribution. — Resident locally and in reduced numbers from southeastern Col-
orado, south-central Kansas and western Oklahoma to extreme eastern New Mex-
ico and northern Texas (Panhandle), formerly north to southwestern Nebraska.
Notes.—See comments under 7. cupido.

Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus). SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. [308.]

Tetrao Phasianellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 160. Based on
“The Long-tailed Grous from Hudson’s-Bay” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
3, p. 117, pl. 117. Gn Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, especially with scattered woodlands, arid sagebrush,
brushy hills, oak savanna and edges of riparian woodland.

Distribution.— Resident, at least locally, from central Alaska, central Yukon,
northwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario and west-central Quebec south to eastern Washington, eastern Oregon,
southern Idaho, central Utah, central Colorado, extreme northeastern New Mexico
(at least formerly), central Nebraska, eastern South Dakota, eastern North Dakota,
central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northern Michigan and southern Ontario;
formerly occurred south to southern Oregon, northeastern California, northeastern
Nevada, western Kansas, southern Iowa and northern Illinois, probably also north-
ern Texas.

Notes.—See comments under 7. cupido.

ORDER GALLIFORMES 14]

Subfamily MELEAGRIDINAE: Turkeys

Notes.—Sometimes regarded as a family, the Meleagrididae.

Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus

Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 156. Type, by tautonymy,
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus (Meleagris, prebinomial specific name, in
synonymy).

Notes.—See comments under Agriocharis.

Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. WILD TURKEY. [310.]

Meleagris Gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 156. Based
mainly on the “Wild Turkey”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 44, pl.
44. (in America septentrionali = Mirador, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous
areas, especially in mountainous regions (Subtropical and Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident locally and generally in reduced numbers (formerly
widespread) from central Arizona, central Colorado, northern Kansas, eastern
Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, northern Iowa, southern and eastern Wis-
consin, central Michigan, southern Ontario (formerly), northern New York, south-
ern Vermont, southern New Hampshire and southwestern Maine south to Guer-
rero (possibly Oaxaca), Veracruz, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida.
Reintroduced widely through its former breeding range, and introduced and
established locally north to central California, west-central and southern Nevada,
eastern Utah, central Wyoming, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, south-
western Manitoba and southern Ontario (probably); also in the Hawaiian Islands
(initially in 1788, now on Niihau, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii) and New Zealand.
Notes.— Also known as COMMON or PLAIN TURKEY.

Genus AGRIOCHARIS Chapman

Agriocharis Chapman, 1896, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6, pp. 287, 288.
Type, by monotypy, Meleagris ocellata ““Temminck” [= Cuvier].

Notes.— By some authors merged in Meleagris.

Agriocharis ocellata (Cuvier). OCELLATED TURKEY.

Meleagris ocellata Cuvier, 1820, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., 6, pp. 1, 4, pl. 1.
(Gulf of Honduras = Belize.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest edge and tall second growth (Tropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident in southeastern Mexico (Tabasco and the Yucatan Pen-
insula), northern Guatemala (Petén) and northern Belize.

Subfamily ODONTOPHORINAE: Quail

Genus DENDRORTYX Gould

Dendrortyx Gould, 1844, Monogr. Odontoph., 1, pl. [3] and text. Type, by
monotypy, Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby.

142 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Dendrortyx macroura (Jardine and Selby). LONG-TAILED Woop-
PARTRIDGE.

Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornithol., 1, text to pl. 38 (in
“Ortyx synopsis specierum’’), and pl. 49 and text. (Mexico = mountains
about valley of México.)

Habitat.—Dense underbrush of mountain slopes and relatively undisturbed
humid pine-oak forests (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Jalisco, Michoacan, state of México,
Distrito Federal, Morelos, Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca.

Dendrortyx barbatus Gould. BEARDED WOOD-PARTRIDGE.

Dendrortyx barbatus (Lichtenstein MS) Gould, 1846, Monogr. Odontoph., 2,
pl. [2] and text. (Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forests (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in eastern San Luis Potosi, eastern Hidalgo, eastern
Puebla and Veracruz.

Dendrortyx leucophrys (Gould). BUFFY-CROWNED WOOD-PARTRIDGE.

Ortyx leucophrys Gould, 1844, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1843), p. 132. (Coban,
Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, primarily in dense undergrowth of clearings,
open forest and forest edge (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the mountains of Chiapas (Sierra Madre de
Chiapas), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, north-central Nicaragua and Costa
Rica (central highlands, including Dota Mountains).

Genus ODONTOPHORUS Vieillot

Odontophorus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 51. Type, by monotypy, ““Tocro”’
Buffon = Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin.

Odontophorus gujanensis (Gmelin). MARBLED WOOD-QUAIL.

Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 767. Based in part on
the “Guiana Partridge” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p. 776. (in
Cayenna et Gujana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and shaded second growth (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southern and southwestern Costa Rica (Pacific slope
from Gulf of Nicoya eastward) and Panama (Caribbean lowlands from Coclé
eastward, and Pacific slope in Chiriqui, where probably now extirpated, and from
eastern Panama province eastward), and in South America from northern Colom-
bia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to eastern Bolivia
and central and northeastern Brazil.

Odontophorus erythrops Gould. RUFOUS-FRONTED WOOD-QUAIL.

Odontophorus erythrops Gould, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 99. (Pa-
llatanga, Ecuador.)

ORDER GALLIFORMES 143

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forests, generally in dense forest or heavy
second growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [melanotis group] locally in northern and eastern Hon-
duras (Caribbean slope west to the Sula Valley), Nicaragua (Caribbean slope),
Costa Rica (mostly Caribbean slope) and Panama (both slopes); and [erythrops
group] in western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, O. mel-
anotis Salvin, 1865 [BLACK-EARED WOoOD-QUAIL] and O. erythrops.

Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin. BLACK-BREASTED WOOD-QUAIL.

Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 161.
(Cordillera de Tolé, Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid highland forest, especially on steep wooded slopes (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the central highlands of Costa Rica (west to Cordillera
de Guanacaste) and western Panama (east to Coclé, mostly on the Caribbean
drainage).

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-THROATED WOOD-QUAIL.

Odontophorus dialeucos Wetmore. TACARCUNA WOOD-QUAIL.

Odontophorus dialeucos Wetmore, 1963, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 145, no.
6, p. 5. (1,450 meters elevation, 6! kilometers west of the summit of Cerro
Mali, Serrania del Darién, Darién, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (on Cerro Mali and Cerro Tacarcuna,
at the southern end of the Serrania del Darién, in Darién).

Odontophorus guttatus (Gould). SPOTTED WOOD-QUAIL.

Ortyx guttata Gould, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 79. (Bay of
Honduras = Belize.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, especially dense forest with open
understory (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southern Mexico (Veracruz, northern Oaxaca,
Tabasco, Chipas, Campeche and Quintana Roo), northern Guatemala (Petén and
the Caribbean lowlands) and Belize, and in the highlands of central Guatemala,
Honduras, north-central Nicaragua, Costa Rica and extreme western Panama
(western Chiriqui).

Genus DACTYLORTYX Ogilvie-Grant
Dactylortyx Ogilvie-Grant, 1893, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 22, pp. xiv, 99, 429.
Type, by monotypy, Ortyx thoracicus Gambel.
Dactylortyx thoracicus (Gambel). SINGING QUAIL.

Ortyx thoracicus Gambel, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, p. 77.
(Jalapa, [Veracruz,] Mexico.)

144 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Primarily humid montane (cloud) forest, less frequently tropical
deciduous forest, pine-oak association and humid gallery forest (Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in southwestern Tamaulipas, southeastern San
Luis Potosi, northeastern Puebla and central Veracruz: in western Jalisco and
probably also Colima; in central Guerrero; in the Yucatan Peninsula: and from
extreme eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas) south through the mountains
of Chiapas, Guatemala and El Salvador to central Honduras.

Genus CYRTONYX Gould

Cyrtonyx Gould, 1844, Monogr. Odontoph., 1, pl. [2] and text. Type, by
monotypy. Ortyx massena Lesson = Ortyx montezumae Vigors.

Cyrtonyx montezumae (Vigors). MONTEZUMA QUAIL. [296.]
Ortyx Montezumae Vigors, 1830, Zool. J., 5, p. 275. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak and oak scrub in the highlands, especially in open woodland
with grass understory (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident, at least locally, from central and southeastern Arizona,
southern New Mexico, western and central Texas, northern Coahuila, central
Nuevo Leon and central Tamaulipas south in the mountains of Mexico to west-
central Veracruz and central Oaxaca (La Cieneguilla).

Notes.— Also known as HARLEQUIN QUAIL. C. montezumae and C. ocellatus
constitute a superspecies; conspecificity has been suggested by some authors.

Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Gould). OCELLATED QUAIL.

Ortyx ocellatus Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p. 75. (No
locality given = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Highland pine and pine-oak woodland, occurring in heavy under-
growth or grassy areas, also on grassy slopes and in weedy fields adjacent to forest
(Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de
Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala, El] Salvador, Honduras and north-central Nica-
Tagua.

Notes.—See comments under C. montezumae.

Genus RHYNCHORTYX Ogilvie-Grant

Rhynchortyx Ogilvie-Grant, 1893, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 22, pp. xv, 100, 443.
Type, by monotypy. Odontophorus spodiostethus Salvin [=male] and Odon-
tophorus cinctus Salvin [=female].

Rhynchortyx cinctus (Salvin). TAWNY-FACED QUAIL.

Odontophorus cinctus Salvin, 1876, Ibis, p. 379. (Veragua = Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Caribbean slope of northern and eastern
Honduras (west to the Sula Valley), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, on both slopes of

ORDER GALLIFORMES 145

Panama (rare west of the Canal Zone), and in northwestern Colombia and north-
western Ecaudor.

Genus COLINUS Goldfuss

Colinus Goldfuss, 1820, Handb. Zool., 2, p. 220. Type, by monotypy, Perdix
mexicanus, Caille de la Louisiane, Planches enlum. 149 = Tetrao virgini-
anus Linnaeus.

Colinus cristatus (Linnaeus). CRESTED BOBWHITE.

Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 277. Based mainly
on “La Caille hupée du Mexique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 260, pl. 25,
fig. 2. (in Mexico, Guiania, error = Curagao.)

Habitat.—Thickets, grasslands, cultivated areas and forest edge, generally in
arid habitats north of South America (Tropical Zone, in South America to Tem-
perate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [leucopogon group] on the Pacific slope from western
Guatemala (including the upper Motagua Valley on the Caribbean drainage) south
through El Salvador, Honduras (including the Sula, Comayagua and Quimistan
valleys on the Caribbean slope) and Nicaragua to central Costa Rica; and [cristatus
group] on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce region) and
western Panama (east to western Panama province), and from western Colombia
east through most of Venezuela (also Aruba, Curacao and Margarita Island) to
the Guianas and eastern Brazil.

Introduced and established [cristatus group] in the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas,
now extirpated) and the Grenadines (Mustique).

Notes.— The northern Middle American populations are sometimes recognized
as a separate species, C. /Jeucopogon (Lesson, 1842) [SPOT-BELLIED BOBWHITE]. C.
cristatus may be an allospecies of a superspecies also including C. virginianus and
C. nigrogularis.

Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN BOBWHITE. [289.]

Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 161. Based on
“The American Partridge” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 3, p. 12, pl. 12.
(in America = Virginia.)

Habitat.— Brushy fields, grasslands (primarily long grass), cultivated lands and
open woodland, in both humid and semi-arid situations (Tropical to Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Wyoming, central South Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire and southern
Maine south through the central and eastern United States (west to eastern Col-
orado, eastern New Mexico and west-central Texas) to Florida (except the Florida
Keys), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Gulf coast, and eastern and southern Mexico, west
to eastern Coahuila, western San Luis Potosi, southeastern Nayarit, eastern Jalisco,
Guanajuato, the state of México, Puebla and Oaxaca, east to Tabasco, eastern
Chiapas and extreme northwestern Guatemala (Nenton-Comitan valley), and in
the Pacific lowlands from central Guerrero to southern Chiapas; also in south-

146 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

eastern Arizona (formerly. extirpated late 1890's, reintroduction Bienes not
certainly successful) and eastern Sonora.

Introduced and established in western North America (southwestern British
Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana), the West Indies (Hispan-
iola, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Andros and New Providence in the Bahamas)
and New Zealand. Attempted introductions elsewhere (widely in the Hawaiian
Islands, West Indies and Europe) have been unsuccessful as permanently estab-
lished populations.

Notes.—Known also as COMMON BOBWHITE and, in earlier literature, as the
BoBWHITE. C. virginianus and C. nigrogularis constitute a superspecies: they are
considered conspecific by some authors. See also comments under C. cristatus.

Colinus nigrogularis (Gould). BLACK-THROATED BOBWHITE.

Ortyx nigrogularis Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1842). p. 181.
(Mexico = state of Yucatan.)

Habitat.— Pine savanna, forest clearings, weedy fields, sisal plantations, culti-
vated areas and coastal scrub forest, mostly in arid regions (Tropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident in the Yucatan Peninsula (northern Campeche. the state
of Yucatan, and northwestern Quintana Roo), northern Guatemala (Petén) and
Belize; and in the Mosquitia of eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua.
Notes.—See comments under C. virginianus and C. cristatus.

Genus PHILORTYX Gould

Philortyx Gould, 1846, Monogr. Odontoph.., 2. pl. 6 and text. Type, by mono-
typy. Orty x fasciatus Gould.

Philortyx fasciatus (Gould). BANDED QUAIL.

Ortyx fasciatus Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1842). p. 133. (Cal-
ifornia, error = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open lowland thorn forest. thickets and weedy fields, especially near
cultivated areas (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones.)

Distribution. — Resident in southwestern Jalisco. Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero,
the state of México, Morelos and Puebla.

Notes.—Also known as BARRED QUAIL.

Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler

Callipepla Wagler. 1832. Isis von Oken, col. 277. Type. by monotypy,. Cal-
lipepla strenua Wagler = Ortyx squamatus Vigors.

Lophortyx Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 42. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Tetrao californicus Shaw.

Callipepla squamata (Vigors). SCALED QUAIL. [293.]

Ortyx squamatus Vigors. 1830. Zool. J.. 5, p. 275. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Desert grasslands, deserts with spiny or shrubby ground cover, thorn
scrub, and secondary deserts produced by man (Subtropical and lower Temperate
zones).

ORDER GALLIFORMES 147

Distribution.— Resident from south-central Arizona, northern New Mexico, east-
central Colorado and southwestern Kansas south through western Oklahoma, the
western half of Texas, and the interior of Mexico to northeastern Jalisco, Guana-
juato, Querétaro, Hidalgo and western Tamaulipas.

Introduced and established in central Washington (Yakima and Grant counties)
and eastern Nevada.

Notes.— C. squamata and C. gambelii occasionally hybridize.

Callipepla douglasii (Vigors). ELEGANT QUAIL.

Ortyx douglasii Vigors, 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828), p. 354. (Monterey, error =
Mazatlan, Sinaloa.)

Habitat.—Thorn forest, especially in foothill regions, scrubby thickets and
deciduous forest, primarily in river valleys (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua
south through Sinaloa, northwestern Durango and Nayarit to northwestern Jalisco.

The small population present near Nogales, Arizona, from 1964 to the early
1970’s apparently originated from escaped individuals.

Notes.— This and the next two species previously have been separated from
Callipepla in the genus Lophortyx.

Callipepla gambelii (Gambel). GAMBEL’S QUAIL. [295.]

Lophortyx Gambelii ““Nutt.”’ Gambel, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1, p. 260. (some distance west [=east] of California = southern Nevada.)

Habitat.— Deserts, primarily with brushy or thorny growth such as mesquite,
desert thorn and yucca, also in adjacent cultivated regions (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from east-central California, southern Nevada, south-
ern Utah, western Colorado and northwestern New Mexico south to northeastern
Baja California, Sonora (including Isla Tiburon in the Gulf of California), coastal
Sinaloa, northern Chihuahua and the Rio Grande Valley of western Texas.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1928, now on Lanai,
Kahoolawe and possibly Hawaii), on San Clemente Island (off California), and in
north-central Idaho.

Notes.— C. gambelii and C. californica constitute a superspecies. See also com-
ments under C. squamata and C. douglasii.

Callipepla californica (Shaw). CALIFORNIA QUAIL. [294.]

Tetrao californicus Shaw, 1798, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturalists’ Misc., 9,
text to pl. 345. (California = Monterey.)

Habitat.— Brushy, grassy and weedy areas in both humid and arid regions,
including chaparral, forest edge, cultivated lands, semi-desert scrub, thickets, sage-
brush and, less frequently, open second-growth woodland.

Distribution.— Resident from southern British Columbia (including Vancouver
Island), Washington and western Idaho south through most of Oregon, California
(including Santa Catalina Island) and Utah to southern Baja California. Most of
the populations north of southern Oregon and east of California are apparently
the result of introductions.

148 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (by 1855, presently on Kauai
and Hawaii), on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands (off California), and in central
Chile, Australia (King Island) and New Zealand.

Notes.—See comments under C. douglasii and C. gambelii.

Genus OREORTYX Baird

Oreortyx Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
R. Pac., 9, pp. xlv, 638, 642. Type, by monotypy, Ortyx picta Douglas.

Oreortyx pictus (Douglas). MOUNTAIN QUAIL. [292.]

Ortyx picta Douglas, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, p. 143. (No locality
given = junction of Willamette and Santiam rivers, Linn County, Oregon;
see Browning, 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 90, p. 809.)

Habitat.— Brushy mountainsides, coniferous forest, forest and meadow edges,
dense undergrowth, and in more arid conditions in sagebrush, pinyon and juniper.

Distribution.— Resident from southwestern British Columbia (on Vancouver
Island, where introduced but perhaps also native), western and southern Wash-
ington, and central Idaho south through the mountains of California and northern
and western Nevada to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San
Pedro Martir).

Subfamily NUMIDINAE: Guineafowl

Notes.—Sometimes regarded as a family, the Numididae.

Genus NUMIDA Linnaeus

Numida Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 273. Type, by monotypy,
Numida meleagris Linnaeus = Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus.

Numida meleagris (Linnaeus). HELMETED GUINEAFOWL. [296.1.]

Phasianus Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 158. (in Africa =
Nubia, upper Nile.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, cultivated lands and grasslands.

Distribution.— Resident generally throughout Africa south of the Sahara.

Widely domesticated throughout the world, and escaped individuals are fre-
quently reported. Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1874 on
Hawaii and possibly other main islands, perhaps not well established), in the West
Indies (on Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Barbuda), and on
Ascension, Trindade, and the Cape Verde islands.

Notes.— There are three distinctive groups, the West African galeata group, the
northeastern African meleagris group, and the central and southern African mitrata
group (see Crowe, 1978, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 16, pp. 41-136), that intergrade where
their ranges meet. Of these, N. mitrata Pallas, 1767 [HELMETED GUINEAFOWL],
and N. meleagris [TUFTED GUINEAFOWL] have been considered specifically distinct.
Introductions in the Hawaiian Islands and West Indies are of the West African
race, N. m. galeata Pallas, 1767.

ORDER GRUIFORMES 149

Order GRUIFORMES: Cranes, Rails and Allies

Family RALLIDAE: Rails, Gallinules and Coots

Notes.— The sequence and placement of genera used in this family is essentially
that of Olson (1973, Wilson Bull., 85, pp. 381-416).

Subfamily RALLINAE: Rails, Gallinules and Coots

Genus COTURNICOPS Gray

Coturnicops G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds, p. 120. Type,
by monotypy, Rallus noveboracensis Gmelin = Fulica noveboracensis
Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Micropygia.

Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin). YELLOW RAIL. [215.]

Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 701. Based on the
“Yellow-breasted Gallinule’’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 491. (in Novebo-
raco = New York.)

Habitat.— Marshes and wet meadows, breeding in fresh-water situations, win-
tering in both fresh-water and brackish marshes, as well as in dense, deep grass
and grain fields.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from northwestern Alberta, southern Mackenzie,
central Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec,
New Brunswick and (probably) Nova Scotia south to southern Alberta, southern
Saskatchewan, North Dakota, central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern
Michigan, southern Ontario, Massachusetts and Connecticut (formerly in east-
central California, and to northern Illinois and southern Ohio); and around Lerma
in the valley of Toluca, state of México. Reported in summer in southeastern
Alaska, southern British Columbia, Montana and Colorado.

Winters from coastal North Carolina south to southern Florida, west along the
Gulf coast to central and southeastern Texas, and in the breeding range in Mexico;
also (locally and casually) from Oregon south to southern California.

In migration recorded in Washington, Arizona and New Mexico, and irregularly
through most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Casual in Labrador.

Notes.— Relationships with the Asiatic C. exquisita (Swinhoe, 1873) are uncer-
tain, but that form and C. noveboracensis may constitute a superspecies.

Genus MICROPYGIA Bonaparte

Micropygia Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599. Type, by
virtual monotypy, Micropygia schomburgi ““Cabanis” = Crex schomburg-
kii Schomburgk.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Coturnicops.

Micropygia schomburgkii (Schomburgk). OCELLATED CRAKE.

Crex Schomburgkii (Cabanis MS) Schomburgk, 1848, Reisen Br.-Guiana, 2,
p. 245. (Our Village, on the upper Kukenaam River, Terr. Yuruari, Ven-
ezuela.)

150 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in savanna and marshes of South America
from southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of
the Andes, to extreme eastern Peru, Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.

One record from Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Puntarenas province, 9 March 1967:
Dickerman, 1968, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 88, pp. 25-30).

Genus LATERALLUS Gray

Laterallus G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds, p. 120. Type, by
monotypy, Rallus melanophaius Vieillot.

Laterallus ruber (Sclater and Salvin). RUDDY CRAKE.

Corethrura rubra Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 300.
(in provincia Vere Pacis = Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Marshes and wet fields, primarily in fresh-water situations (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the lowlands from Oaxaca on the Pacific and Tamau-
lipas on the Gulf-Caribbean south along both slopes of Middle America (including
Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo) to Honduras and northern Nicaragua, also a
sight report for northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

Laterallus albigularis (Lawrence). WHITE-THROATED CRAKE.

Corethrura albigularis Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 302.
(Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad.)

Habitat.— Marshes and wet meadows, primarily in fresh-water situations (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Honduras (Rio Segovia [=Coco])
south through Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands
and Pacific region around Golfo Dulce), Panama and northern and western Colom-
bia to western Ecuador.

Notes.—Some authors consider L. a/bigularis to be conspecific with the South
American L. melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819) [RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE], although its
closest relationships may be with L. exilis.

Laterallus exilis (Temminck). GRAY-BREASTED CRAKE.

Rallus exilis Temminck, 1831, Planches Color., livr. 87, pl. 523. (No locality
given = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Lowland marshes, mostly fresh-water situations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Belize (Middlesex), southeastern Honduras
(Rio Segovia [=Coco]), southeastern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (sight
reports), Panama (Isla Coiba, San Blas and the Canal Zone) and South America
(scattered reports from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, northern
Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and southern Paraguay).

ORDER GRUIFORMES 151

Laterallus jamaicensis (Gmelin). BLACK RAIL. [216.]

Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 718. Based on “‘The
Least Water-Hen”’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 142, pl. 278, lower
fig. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Salt marshes, less frequently in wet savanna and fresh-water marshes.

Distribution. — Breeds locally in California (recorded from the San Francisco
Bay area and San Luis Obispo County, formerly also San Diego County); in Kansas
(Finney, Franklin, Barton and Riley counties); along the Atlantic coast from New
York south to central Florida; on the Gulf coast in eastern Texas (Brazoria Refuge,
possibly also Galveston) and western Florida (St. Marks to Clearwater); in Belize
(vicinity of Monkey River); and in western Peru, Chile and western Argentina.
Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) south to extreme northern Baja
California, Veracruz (Tecolutla), and southern Florida (Everglades), and in Cuba
and, at least formerly, Puerto Rico and Jamaica.

Winters along the coast of California from the breeding range north to Tomales
Bay; in the Imperial and lower Colorado River valleys of southeastern California;
along the Gulf coast from southeastern Texas east to Florida; and in the breeding
range in Belize and South America.

In migration recorded sporadically east of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado,
Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania south to
western Texas, San Luis Potosi and the Gulf coast.

Casual or accidental in Arizona, Guatemala (Duefias) and Bermuda. Reports
from Honduras and Costa Rica require confirmation.

Genus CREX Bechstein

Crex Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 2, p. 336. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Crex pratensis Bechstein = Rallus crex Linnaeus.

Crex crex (Linnaeus). CORN CRAKE. [217.]

Rallus Crex Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 153. (in Europe agris,
carectis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, meadows and cultivated grain fields, mostly in lowland
and mountain valleys, occasionally in marshy locations.

Distribution. — Breeds from the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia, north-
ern Russia and central Siberia south to the northern Mediterranean region, Turkey,
Iran and Lake Baikal.

Winters from the Mediterranean region (rarely), south throughout most of Africa,
Madagascar and Arabia.

Casual (at least formerly) on Baffin Island, along the Atlantic coast of North
America (recorded from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, Rhode Island, Con-
necticut, New York, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland), Bermuda,
Greenland, Iceland, the eastern Atlantic islands, India, Australia and New Zealand.

Genus RALLUS Linnaeus

Rallus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 153. Type, by subsequent
designation (Fleming, 1821), Ral/us aquaticus Linnaeus.

Syn CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Rallus longirostris Boddaert. CLAPPER RAIL. [211.]

Rallus longirostris Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 52. Based on
“Rale a long bec, de Cayenne’? Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 849.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Salt and brackish marshes and mangrove swamps, locally (mostly in
the lower Colorado River Valley) in fresh-water marshes (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident [obseoletus group] locally along the Pacific coast from
central California (Marin County) south to central Baja California (Magdalena
Bay), on the Gulf coast of southern Baja California (near La Paz, and on San José
and Espiritu Santo islands), in the interior of southeastern California and south-
western Arizona at the southern end of the Salton Sea and in the lower Colorado
River Valley (where absent in winter), and along the Pacific coast from Sonora
to Nayarit; and [/ongirostris group] along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Con-
necticut south to southern Florida and west to southern Texas (Brownsville), in
the Bahamas and Antilles (south to Antigua, also on Guadeloupe), in Quintana
Roo (Chinchorro Reef, possibly also Cayo Culebra and Holbox Island), the state
of Yucatan (Rio Lagartos) and Belize (Ycacos Lagoon), and along both coasts of
South America (also Margarita Island and Trinidad) south to northwestern Peru
and southeastern Brazil. Northernmost populations tend to be partially migratory.

Wanders casually [obsoletus group] on the Pacific coast to the Farallon Islands,
north to northern California (Humboldt Bay), and south to southern Baja Cali-
fornia (Todos Santos); and [/ongirostris group] on the Atlantic coast north to New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and inland
to central Nebraska (near Stapleton), central New York, Vermont, West Virginia
and central Virginia. ;

Notes.—R. /ongirostris and R. elegans constitute a superspecies; some authors
consider them to be conspecific. The populations along the Pacific coast of North
America and in the Colorado River Valley region have variously been treated as
races of R. /ongirostris, races of R. elegans, or a separate species, R. obsoletus
Ridgway, 1874 [WESTERN RAIL, 210]. See also comments under R. elegans.

Rallus elegans Audubon. KING RAIL. [208.]

Rallus elegans Audubon, 1834, Birds Am. (folio), 3, pl. 203; 1835, Ornithol.
Biogr., 3, p. 27. (Kentucky, South Carolina, Louisiana and north to Camden,
N. J. and Philadelphia = Charleston, South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and, locally, brackish marshes.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, central Minnesota,
southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario, central New
York, Connecticut and (rarely) Massachusetts south through northwestern and
central Kansas, central Oklahoma and most of the eastern United States to western
and southern Texas, southern Louisiana, central Mississippi, central Alabama and
southern Florida; in the Greater Antilles (Cuba and the Isle of Pines); and in the
interior of Mexico (from Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosi south
to Guerrero, Morelos and Puebla).

Winters primarily from southern Georgia, Florida, the southern portions of the
Gulf states, and southern Texas south to Guerrero, Puebla and Veracruz, and in
Cuba and the Isle of Pines; occurs less frequently in winter in the central portions
of the breeding range, and casually to the northern limits.

ORDER GRUIFORMES 153

Casual or accidental in eastern Colorado (Pueblo), North Dakota, southern
Manitoba, east-central Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine and Newfoundland.

Notes.— The breeding population in the interior of Mexico has been treated as
a race of R. /ongirostris by some authors. See also comments under R. /ongirostris.

Rallus limicola Vieillot. VIRGINIA RAIL. [212.]

Raillus limicola Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 28, p. 558.
(Etats Unis = Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and occasionally brackish marshes, mostly in cattails,
reeds and deep grasses (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in North America from southern British Colum-
bia, northwestern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, western and
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (prob-
ably), Nova Scotia and southwestern Newfoundland south to northwestern Baja
California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, west-central Texas, western
Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, northern Indiana, central Ohio, western
Virginia, northern Georgia and coastal North Carolina, also in central Louisiana
and northern Alabama; in the interior of central Mexico (Puebla, Tlaxcala and
the state of México, probably also central Veracruz, Oaxaca and western Chiapas);
and in South America from southwestern Colombia to western Peru, and in
southern Chile and southern Argentina south to the Straits of Magellan.

Winters in North America from southern British Columbia and western Wash-
ington south to northern Baja California, and from northern Sonora, Chihuahua,
central Texas, the Gulf coast and coastal North Carolina south locally through
most of Mexico to central Guatemala, casually in interior North America north
to Montana, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York and Mas-
sachusetts; and in the breeding range in Mexico and South America.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Cuba and Greenland, also a sight report for
Puerto Rico.

[Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. WATER RAIL.] See Appendix B.

Genus ARAMIDES Pucheran

Aramides Pucheran, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 277. Type, by subsequent
designation (Sclater and Salvin, 1869), Fulica cayennensis Gmelin = Fulica
cajanea Miiller.

Notes.— Ripley (1977, Rails World, p. 44) merges this genus with the Old World
Eulabeornis Gould, 1844.

Aramides cajanea (Miller). GRAY-NECKED WOOD-RAIL.

Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 119. Based on
“Poule d’eau, de Cayenne”? Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 352. (Cay-
enne.)

Habitat.— Marshes, mangrove swamps and wet lowland forest (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident from southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Distrito Federal

154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

and Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including Cozumel Island
off Quintana Roo, and the Pearl Islands off Panama), and in South America from
northern Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guinas south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Aramides axillaris Lawrence. RUFOUS-NECKED WOOD-RAIL.

Aramides axillaris Lawrence, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15,
p. 107. (Barranquilla, New Granada [=Colombia].)

Habitat.— Mangroves and coastal lagoons, rarely in wet forest (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally on the Pacific slope of central Mexico (recorded
Sinaloa, Nayarit and Guerrero), in the state of Yucatan (Isla Mujeres and Las
Bocas de Silan), Belize, Honduras (Isla Guanaja in the Bay Islands, and Pacific
coast of Bay of Fonseca), western Nicaragua (San Cristobal and Volcan Mom-
bacho) and Panama (on the Caribbean coast in northwestern Bocas del Toro and
the Canal Zone, and on the Pacific in southern Coclé), and along the coasts of
northern South America (also Trinidad and Isla Los Roques, off northern Ven-
ezuela) south to Ecuador and east to Surinam.

Genus AMAUROLIMNAS Sharpe

Amaurolimnas Sharpe, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. xxviii. Type, by
original designation, A. concolor (Gosse) = Rallus concolor Gosse.

Amaurolimnas concolor (Gosse). UNIFORM CRAKE.

Rallus concolor Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 369. (Basin Spring, and the
neighbourhood of the Black River, in St. Elizabeth’s, Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Swamps, dense thickets along forested streams, humid lowland forest
and dense second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally from southern Mexico (recorded Veracruz,
Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas) south through Middle America (not recorded El
Salvador), and in South America very locally in western Ecuador, Guyana, and
from eastern Colombia and Amazonian Brazil south to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia and southeastern Brazil; also formerly in Jamaica (last reported in 1881).

Genus PORZANA Vieillot

Porzana Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 61. Type, by tautonymy, ““Marouette”
Buffon = Rallus porzana Linnaeus.

Pennula Dole, 1878, in Thrum, Hawaii. Almanac Annual (1879), p. 54. Type,
by monotypy, Pennula millei [sic] Dole = Rallus sandwichensis Gmelin.
Porzanula Frohawk, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 9, p. 247. Type, by

monotypy, Porzanula palmeri Frohawk.

Porzana porzana (Linnaeus). SPOTTED CRAKE.

Rallus Porzana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 262. (in Europa ad
ripas = France.)

ORDER GRUIFORMES [55

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in swamps, wet meadows and marshes
throughout Europe east to northern Russia and Lake Baikal, and winters south
to central Africa and the Bay of Bengal, rarely to the eastern Atlantic islands and
southern Africa.

Accidental in the Lesser Antilles (Marigot, St. Martin, 8 October 1956; Voous,
1957, Ardea, pp. 89-90) and Greenland.

Porzana carolina (Linnaeus). SORA. [214.]

Rallus carolinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 153. Based on ““The
Little American Water Hen” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 144, pl. 144,
and the “‘Soree”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 70, pl. 70. (in America
septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Primarily fresh-water marshes, less frequently in flooded fields, some-
times foraging on open mudflats adjacent to marshy habitat.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Stikine River), northwestern
British Columbia, southern Yukon, west-central and southwestern Mackenzie,
northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, west-central and
southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and south-
western Newfoundland south locally to northwestern Baja California, central
Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, central Okla-
homa, southern Missouri, central Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, West
Virginia and Maryland.

Winters regularly from central California, central Arizona, northern New Mex-
ico, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern South Carolina south through
Middle America (including Cozumel Island and Chinchorro Reef, but not recorded
El Salvador), the West Indies and northern South America (also the Netherlands
Antilles, Tobago and Trinidad) west of the Andes to central Peru and east of the
Andes to eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Venezuela and Guyana; occasionally
occurs in winter north to extreme southern Canada and the northern United States.

Casual or accidental in east-central Alaska, the Queen Charlotte Islands, south-
ern Labrador, Bermuda, Greenland and the British Isles.

Porzana flaviventer (Boddaert). YELLOW-BREASTED CRAKE.

Rallus flaviventer Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 52. Based on
‘Petit Rale, de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 847. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, borders of lakes and ponds, and, less frequently,
swamps (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispan-
iola and Puerto Rico), and from southern Mexico (Michoacan, Guerrero, Puebla,
Veracruz and Chiapas) south through Guatemala (La Avellana), El Salvador (Lake
Olomega), Nicaragua (Rio San Juan) and Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to Panama
(east to eastern Panama province, and on Isla Coiba), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes,
to northern Argentina, Paraguay and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors place this species in the Old World genus Poliolimnas
Sharpe, 1893.

156 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

+Porzana sandwichensis (Gmelin). HAWAIIAN RAIL. [214.1.]

Rallus sandwichensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 717. Based on the
‘Sandwich Rail” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 236. (in insulis
Sandwich = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Open country below the forest belt, presumably in grassy areas.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands;
last specimen taken in 1864, last reported in 1884.

Notes.— Porzana millsi (Dole, 1878) is a synonym.

+Porzana palmeri (Frohawk). LAYSAN RAIL. [214.2]

Porzanula Palmeri Frohawk, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 9, p. 247.
(Laysan Island, lat. 25°46’N., long. 171°49’W.)

Habitat.— Grass tussocks and scattered vegetation in sandy areas, foraging often
in more open areas.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Laysan Island, in the Hawaiian
Islands, where it disappeared between 1923 and 1936.

Introduced and established in the Midway group on Eastern Island (between
1887 and 1891, extirpated around 1944) and subsequently on Sand Island (in
1910, last reported 1943); attempted introductions elsewhere in the western
Hawaiian Islands were unsuccessful.

Genus NEOCREX Sclater and Salvin

Neocrex Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1868), p. 457.
Type, by monotypy, Porzana erythrops Sclater.

Neocrex columbianus Bangs. COLOMBIAN CRAKE.

Neocrex columbianus Bangs, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 171. (Pal-
omina, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, swamps and wet savanna (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in western Colombia and western Ecuador. Recorded
from (and probably resident in) central Panama (Achiote Road just beyond the
Canal Zone border in western Colon, 8 November 1965; Wetmore, 1967, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 80, p. 229).

Notes.— Considered by some authors to be conspecific with N. erythrops, with
which it constitutes a superspecies.

Neocrex erythrops (Sclater). PAINT-BILLED CRAKE. [217.1.]

Porzana erythrops Sclater, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 343, pl. 21.
(Lima, Peru.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in marshes, swamps and wet savanna in
South America in the Galapagos Islands, western Peru, and from eastern Colom-
bia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northwestern Argen-
tina, Paraguay and eastern Brazil.

Accidental in Panama (Bocas del Toro, November 1981, specimen, N. Smith),
Texas (near College Station, Brazos County, 17 February 1972; Arnold, 1978,

ORDER GRUIFORMES ba7

Auk, 95, pp. 745-746) and Virginia (western Henrico County, 15 December 1978;
Blem, 1980, Wilson Bull., 92, pp. 393-394): some of these individuals may have
been transported by man.

Notes.—See comments under N. columbianus.

Genus CYANOLIMNAS Barbour and Peters

Cyanolimnas Barbour and Peters, 1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 9, p. 95.
Type, by monotypy, Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters.

Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters. ZAPATA RAIL.

Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters, 1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club,
9, p. 95. (Santo Tomas, Zapata Peninsula, Cuba, Greater Antilles.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water swamps.
Distribution.— Resident only in the Zapata Swamp in the vicinity of Santo
Tomas and north of Cochinos Bay, in western Cuba.

Genus PARDIRALLUS Bonaparte

Pardirallus Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599. Type, by
monotypy, Rallus variegatus Gmelin = Rallus maculatus Boddaert.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Rallus.

Pardirallus maculatus (Boddaert). SPOTTED RAIL. [212.2.]

Rallus maculatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 48. Based on
“Le Rale tacheté, de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 775. (Cay-
enne.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, swamps, irrigated fields and wet grasslands
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Cuba (Havana, Matanzas and Las Villas prov-
inces), the Isle of Pines (probably), Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) and Jamaica
(at least formerly, a recent sight record from the Black River marshes); in Mexico,
where recorded from Nayarit (near Laguna Agua Brava), Michoacan (Lake Patz-
cuaro, sight record), Puebla (Laguna San Felipe), Veracruz (Tecolutla and near
Tlacotalpan), Guerrero (near Acapulco), Oaxaca (near Putla) and Chiapas (Tuxtla
Gutiérrez and San Cristobal); in Belize (Ycacos Lagoon), Costa Rica (Guanacaste,
Turrialba and near Cartago) and Panama (San Blas and eastern Panama provinces);
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the
Andes to east-central Bolivia, northern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.

Accidental in Pennsylvania (Shippingport, Beaver County), Texas (Brownwood,
Brown County) and the Juan Fernandez Islands (off Chile); the North American
vagrants may have been man-assisted.

Genus PORPHYRULA Blyth

Porphyrula Blyth, 1852, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. (1849), p. 283. Type. by
monotypy, Porphyrula chloronotus Blyth = Porphyrio alleni Thomson.

Notes.—Sometimes merged in the Old World genus Porphyrio Brisson, 1760.

158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Porphyrula martinica (Linnaeus). PURPLE GALLINULE. [218.]

Fulica martinica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 259. (in Martinice
inundatis = Martinique, West Indies.)

Habitat.— Marshes, especially in areas of rank vegetation, primarily in lowlands,
less frequently in highlands in South America (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in the interior of the eastern United States in
southern Illinois (formerly), western Tennessee and central Ohio, and, primarily
in lowlands, on the Pacific coast from Nayarit and on the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean
coast from Maryland and Delaware south through Middle America, eastern and
southern Texas, the Gulf states, Florida, the Greater Antilles and southern Lesser
Antilles (Guadeloupe southward) to South America, where found virtually
throughout south at least to northern Chile and northern Argentina.

Winters from Nayarit, southern Texas, Louisiana and Florida south throughout
the remainder of the breeding range.

Wanders widely but irregularly north to southern California (San Diego), south-
ern Nevada, central Arizona, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wis-
consin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Labrador and Newfoundland, and to the Bahamas and northern Lesser
Antilles (north to Barbuda). Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the Galapagos and
Falkland islands, Tristan da Cunha, Ascension, St. Helena, the British Isles, con-
tinental Europe, the Azores and South Africa.

Notes.— P. martinica and the African P. alleni Thomson, 1842, appear to con-
stitute a superspecies.

Genus GALLINULA Brisson

Gallinula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 50: 6, p. 2. Type, by tautonymy,
Gallinula Brisson = Fulica chloropus Linnaeus.

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus). COMMON MOORHEN. [219.]

Fulica Chloropus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. (in Europa =
England.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, lakes and ponds, pr narily in areas of emergent
vegetation and grassy borders (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in the Western Hemisphere locally from central Califor-
nia, central Arizona, northern New Mexico, western and north-central Texas,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, north-
central Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Vermont and Mas-
sachusetts (also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) south, most frequently in
lowlands, throughout Middle America, Bermuda, the West Indies and most of
South America (also the Galapagos Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Tobago and
Trinidad) to northern Chile and northern Argentina; and in the Old World from
the British Isles, Shetlands, southern Scandinavia, central Russia, southern Siberia,
Sakhalin and Japan south throughout most of Eurasia and Africa to the eastern
Atlantic islands, South Africa, the borders of the northern Indian Ocean (including
Ceylon), the East Indies (to Sumbawa and Celebes), Philippines, Formosa, and
the Ryukyu, Bonin and Volcano islands.

Winters in eastern North America primarily from South Carolina and the Gulf
coast southward, elsewhere in the Americas throughout the breeding range, occa-

ORDER GRUIFORMES 159

sionally north to Utah, Minnesota, southern Ontario and New England; and in
the Old World from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, southern Russia and
eastern China south throughout the remainder of the breeding range, casually to
the Seven Islands of Izu.

Resident in the Hawaiian Islands (presently resident on Kauai, Oahu and Molo-
kai, formerly on all main islands from Kauai eastward, except Lanai).

Casual north to southern Manitoba, central Ontario, eastern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Accidental in Greenland, Iceland,
the Faroe Islands, Spitsbergen and the Commander Islands.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON GALLINULE, in New World literature as the
FLORIDA GALLINULE, and in Old World literature as the MOORHEN. G. chloropus
and the Australian G. tenebrosa Gould, 1846, constitute a superspecies; they are
sometimes considered to be conspecific.

Genus FULICA Linnaeus

Fulica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. Type, by tautonymy,
Fulica atra Linnaeus (Fulica, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Fulica atra Linnaeus. EURASIAN Coot. [220.]

Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. (in Europa = Swe-
den.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in habitats similar to those of F. americana
from Iceland, the British Isles and northern Eurasia south to northern Africa,
India and eastern China, also in New Guinea and Australia, and winters throughout
the breeding range and south to the East Indies and Philippines.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (St. Paul, in the Pribilof Islands), Labrador
(Tangnaivik Island in Anaktalak Bay, and Separation Point in Sandwich Bay),
Newfoundland (Exploits Harbour), Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN Coot and, in Old World literature, as the
Coot.

Fulica americana Gmelin. AMERICAN Coot. [221.]

Fulica americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 704. Based on the
““Cinereous Coot’? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 279. (in America
septentrionali = North America.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water lakes, ponds, marshes and larger rivers, wintering also
on brackish estuaries and bays.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from east-central Alaska (casually),
southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northwestern and central Saskatchewan,
central Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, southern
New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south locally to southern
Baja California, through Middle America to Nicaragua and northwestern Costa
Rica (Guanacaste), and to the Gulf coast, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Greater
Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica and Hispaniola) and Grand Cayman.

Winters widely from southeastern Alaska and British Columbia south through
the Pacific States, and from northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, central
Texas, the lower Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and Maryland (casually north to
the Canadian border east of the Rockies) south throughout Middle America, the

160 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

southeastern United States and West Indies (south to Grenada) to eastern Panama
and (apparently) northern Colombia.

Resident in the Hawaiian Islands (all main islands from Niihau eastward, except
Lanai); and in the Andes of South America from Colombia south to western
Bolivia, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina.

Casual west to the eastern Aleutians, and north to western Alaska (Seward
Peninsula), Franklin District, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Labrador, New-
foundland and western Greenland; also to Clipperton Island, islands of the western
Caribbean sea (Corn and Providencia), Bermuda and Iceland.

Notes.—The Andean F. ardesiaca Tschudi, 1843, has sometimes been treated
as a separate species, but it apparently is a color morph of F. americana (see Gill,
1964, Condor, 66, pp. 109-111). See also comments under F. caribaea.

Fulica caribaea Ridgway. CARIBBEAN Coot. [221.1.]

Fulica caribaea Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 7, p. 358. (St. John,
Virgin Islands.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water lakes and ponds, less frequently in coastal brackish lagoons
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident throughout most of the Antilles (south to Grenada and
Barbados, but absent from the Isle of Pines and unreported from some of the
Lesser Antilles), on Trinidad (questionably on Tobago), on Curacao, and in north-
western Venezuela.

Since 1974 reported from southern Florida (Broward County), primarily in
nonbreeding season. Accidental in Tennessee (Chattanooga).

Notes.— The relationships of F. americana and F. caribaea are not fully under-
stood; the latter may eventually prove to be a morph of F. americana. Individuals
with intermediate characteristics have been reported from southern Florida, Cuba,
Hispaniola and St. Croix.

Family HELIORNITHIDAE: Sungrebes

Genus HELIORNIS Bonnaterre

Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Ornithol., 1, livr. 47, pp.
Ixxxiv, 64. Type, by monotypy, Heliornis fulicarius Bonnaterre = Colym-
bus fulica Boddaert.

Heliornis fulica (Boddaert). SUNGREBE.

Colymbus fulica Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 54. Based on
“Le Grebifoulque, de Cayenne’? Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 893.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water lakes, sluggish streams and lagoons, especially where
overhanging vegetation is dense (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi, central Veracruz, Campeche,
northern Chiapas and Quintana Roo south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of
Central America to Costa Rica (locally also on the Pacific slope around the Gulf
of Nicoya), in Panama (both slopes), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east

ORDER GRUIFORMES 161

of the Andes to eastern Peru, east-central Bolivia, Paraguay and southeastern
Brazil.

Accidental in Trinidad.

Notes.— Also known as AMERICAN FINFOOT.

Family EURYPYGIDAE: Sunbitterns

Genus EURYPYGA Illiger

Eurypyga llliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 257. Type, by monotypy, Ardea helias
“Lin. Gm.” [=Pallas].

Eurypyga helias (Pallas). SUNBITTERN.
Ardea Helias Pallas, 1781, Neue Nord. Beytr., 2, p. 48, pl. 3. (Brazil.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland and foothill forest, primarily along streams, less
frequently in swamps (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of southern Mexico
(recorded Tabasco and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both
slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in the lowlands of South America from
Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to northwestern and eastern Peru,
central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Family ARAMIDAE: Limpkins

Genus ARAMUS Vieillot

Aramus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, ““Courliri”’ Buf-
fon = Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus.

Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus). LIMPKIN. [207.]

Scopolax [sic] Guarauna Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 242. Based
on “Le Courly brun d’Amérique” Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 330, and
““Guarauna”’ Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204. (in America australi =
Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Swampy forest, mangroves and marshy lagoons (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in southeastern Georgia (north to the Altamaha River),
Florida (absent from the Panhandle west of Wakulla County, and a visitant only
in the Florida Keys) and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica,
Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, including Gonave and Tortue islands), and from
Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Campeche and Quintana Roo (including Cozumel
Island) south along both slopes of Middle America, and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern
Argentina and Uruguay.

Casual or accidental in Texas (Jefferson and Cameron counties), Maryland and
the Bahamas.

162 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Family GRUIDAE: Cranes
Subfamily GRUINAE: Typical Cranes

Genus GRUS Pallas

Grus Pallas, 1766, Misc. Zool. p. 66. Type, by tautonymy, Ardea grus Lin-
naeus.

Limnogeranus Sharpe, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. xxxvii. Type,
by original designation, Limnogeranus americanus (L.) = Ardea americana
Linnaeus.

Grus canadensis (Linnaeus). SANDHILL CRANE. [206.]

Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 141. Based on ““The
Brown and Ash-colour’d Crane” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 133, pl.
133. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Open grasslands, marshes, swampy edges of lakes and ponds, river
banks, and occasionally pine savanna.

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, northern Yukon, north-
ern Mackenzie, Banks Island, northern Keewatin (Boothia Peninsula), southern
Devon Island and Baffin Island south locally to the Chukotski Peninsula, Wrangel
and St. Lawrence islands, southern Alaska (the Alaska Peninsula and Cook Inlet),
Oregon, northeastern California, northeastern Nevada, north-central Utah, south-
ern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, South Dakota, Nebraska (formerly), southern
Minnesota, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, northern Ohio (formerly), west-
ern (formerly southern) Ontario and western Quebec (James Bay); also locally
from northeastern Siberia south to the Chukotski Peninsula.

Winters from central California, Sonora, southeastern Arizona, central New
Mexico, western and southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Georgia south
to northern Baja California, Sinaloa, Jalisco, the state of México, Distrito Federal,
Veracruz and central Florida.

In migration recorded regularly throughout North America east to the Great
Lakes, Appalachians and northeastern Mexico.

Resident from southern Mississippi, southern Alabama and southern Georgia
south through Florida to Cuba and the Isle of Pines, formerly also in southeastern
Texas.

Casual in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and in eastern North America from
Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south throughout
the eastern United States. Accidental in Quintana Roo (Chinchorro Reef), Ireland
and Japan.

Grus grus (Linnaeus). COMMON CRANE. [206.1.]

Ardea Grus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 141. (in Europe, Africe =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in marshes and open areas near water from
northern Eurasia south to central Europe, Mongolia and Manchuria, and winters
from the Mediterranean region east to India, and in Southeast Asia.

Accidental in Alaska (Fairbanks), Alberta (Cavendish, Lethbridge and Atha-
baska) and Nebraska (Buffalo and Kearmey counties, also sight reports North Platte

ORDER GRUIFORMES 163

and Elm Creek), and sight reports for New Mexico (Bitter Lake) and Texas (near
Brownfield).

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN CRANE and, in Old World literature, as the
CRANE.

Grus americana (Linnaeus). WHOOPING CRANE. [204.]

Ardea americana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 142. Based on “The
Hooping Crane” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 75, pl. 75, and “The
Hooping-Crane from Hudson’s Bay” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 132,
pl. 132. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes and wet prairies, in migration and winter also
in grain and stubble fields and on shallow lakes and lagoons.

Distribution.— Breeds in south-central Mackenzie (vicinity of Wood Buffalo
National Park) and adjacent northern Alberta; formerly bred from southern Mac-
kenzie, northeastern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba south
to North Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa, and in southeastern Texas and southern
Louisiana.

Winters primarily near the coast of southern Texas (mostly in the vicinity of
the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge), occasionally northeast to southern Loui-
siana; formerly wintered from southern Texas and the Gulf coast (east, at least
casually, to Georgia and Florida), south to Jalisco, Guanajuato and northern
Tamaulipas.

Migrates primarily through the Great Plains from southern Canada and the
Dakotas south to Texas; formerly ranged west to Wyoming, Colorado and New
Mexico, and east to Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and South
Carolina.

Introduced (through introduction of eggs in nests of G. canadensis, not yet
breeding) in Idaho (Grays Lake), these birds summering also in Utah, Montana
and Wyoming, with wintering primarily in central New Mexico (upper Rio Grande
Valley), casually to southeastern Arizona and northwestern Chihuahua (Janos),
in migration also through western Colorado and northern New Mexico.

Casual in migration recently east to Illinois (Pike County) and Missouri (Mingo
National Wildlife Refuge).

Order CHARADRITFORMES: Shorebirds, Gulls, Auks and Allies

Notes.—Some authors suggest that various other orders, such as Gaviiformes,
Phoenicopteriformes and Columbiformes, or taxa therein, are closely related to
or should be included in the Charadriiformes.

Suborder CHARADRII: Plovers and Allies

Family BURHINIDAE: Thick-knees

Genus BURHINUS Illiger

Burhinus Mliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 250. Type, by monotypy, Charadrius
magnirostris Latham.

164 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Burhinus bistriatus (Wagler). DOUBLE-STRIPED THICK-KNEE. [269.2.]
Charadrius bistriatus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 648. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid semi-open country, savanna and openings in dry woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Middle America from southern Mexico (Veracruz,
Tabasco, Oaxaca and Chiapas) south through the Pacific lowlands of Central
America to nothwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste); in the Greater Antilles (His-
paniola); and in South America from northern Colombia east through Venezuela
(also Margarita Island) to Guyana and extreme northwestern Brazil.

Casual or accidental in Texas (King Ranch, Kleberg County, 5 December 1961),
Barbados (perhaps not a natural vagrant) and Curacao.

Family CHARADRIIDAE: Plovers and Lapwings

Subfamily VANELLINAE: Lapwings
Tribe HOPLOXYPTERINI: Spur-winged Lapwings

[Genus HOPLOXYPTERUS Bonaparte]

Hoploxypterus Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418. Type, by
monotypy, Charadrius cayanus Latham.

Notes.— Often merged in Vanellus.

[Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). PIED LAPWING.] See Appendix B.
Tribe VANELLINI: Typical Lapwings 7

Genus VANELLUS Brisson

Vanellus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 94. Type, by tautonymy,
Vanellus Brisson = Tringa vanellus Linnaeus.

Belonopterus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xviii. Type, by
original designation, Tringa cajennensis Latham = Parra cayennensis
Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Hoploxypterus.

Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN LAPWING. [269.]

Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148. (in Europa,
Africa = Sweden.) é

Habitat.— Open fields, pastures, wet meadows, bogs, and grassy banks of ponds
and lakes, in migration and winter also cultivated fields, seacoasts and mudflats.

Distribution.— Breeds from the Faroe Islands (rarely), British Isles, northern
Scandinavia, northern Russia, Transbaicalia and Ussuriland south to Morocco,
the northern Mediterranean region, Black Sea, Iran, Turkestan and northern Mon-
golia.

Winters from the British Isles, central Europe, southern Russia, Asia Minor,
Iraq, Iran, India, Burma, China and Japan south to Madeira, the Canary Islands,
northern Africa, Southeast Asia, Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 165

Casual to northeastern North America from Baffin Island, Labrador and New-
foundland south through southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia and New England to New York (Long Island). Accidental in North
Carolina, South Carolina, Bermuda, the Bahamas (Hog Island), Puerto Rico and
Barbados.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the LAPWING.

Vanellus chilensis (Molina). SOUTHERN LAPWING.

Parra Chilensis Molina, 1782, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 258. (Chile.)

Habitat.— Open country, preferring savanna, short grassy areas and fields, less
commonly in marshes (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in South America mostly east of the Andes from Colom-
bia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to Tierra del Fuego.

Casual or irregular visitant to eastern Panama (Chiriqui, eastern Panama prov-
ince, eastern San Blas and eastern Darién), Trinidad and the Falkland Islands.
Accidental in the Juan Fernandez Islands.

Reports of individuals of this species from southern Florida (north to Collier
and Palm Beach counties) from 1959 to 1962 are apparently based on escaped
birds.

Notes.— Also known as SPUR-WINGED LAPWING.

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE: Plovers

Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson

Pluvialis Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 46; 5, p. 42. Type, by tautonymy,
Pluvialis aurea Brisson = Charadrius pluvialis Linnaeus = Charadrius
apricarius Linnaeus.

Squatarola Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., | (1816), p. 467. Type, by tautonymy,
Tringa squatarola Linnaeus.

Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus). BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. [270.]

Tringa Squatarola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Tundra (breeding); mudflats, beaches, wet savanna, shores of ponds
and lakes, and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern Alaska (Barrow east-
ward) south to western Alaska (Hooper Bay, Nelson Island), and from north-
western Mackenzie and Banks, southern Melville, Bathurst, Devon, Bylot and
western and southern Baffin islands south to the Yukon River, north-central
Mackenzie (Cockburn Point), southern Victoria Island, northern Keewatin (Ade-
laide and Melville peninsulas), and Southampton and Coats islands; and in Eurasia
from north-central Russia east across northern Siberia (including Kolguyev Island,
southern Novaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island) to the
Gulf of Anadyr. Nonbreeding individuals frequently summer in the wintering
range.

Winters in the Americas primarily in coastal areas from southern British Colum-
bia and New Jersey (rarely New England) south along both coasts of the United
States and Middle America, through the West Indies, and along both coasts of

166 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

South America (also the Galapagos and other offshore islands) to central Chile
and northern Argentina, also casually throughout the Hawaiian Islands; and in
the Old World from the British Isles, southern Europe, northern India, Southeast
Asia, southeastern China, southern Japan and the Solomon Islands south to south-
ern Africa, islands of the Indian Ocean, the Malay Peninsula, Australia and New
Zealand.

Migrates primarily along coasts in the Northern Hemisphere from western and
southern Alaska (casually the Aleutians), Labrador (casually) and Newfoundland
southward, and locally through interior North America, especially in the Missis-
sippi and Ohio valleys.

Casual in northern Ellesmere Island, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands,
Azores and Madeira.

Notes.—In Old World literature known as GRAY PLOVER.

Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus). GREATER GOLDEN-PLOVER. [271.]

Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 150. (in Oe-
landia, Canada = Lapland.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds, with habitat requirements similar to those of
P. dominica, from northern Eurasia south to the British Isles, northern Europe,
the Baltic states and Taimyr Peninsula, and winters south to northern Africa, the
Caspian Sea and eastern India, in migration regularly in Greenland.

Casual in Newfoundland (St. John’s, Avalon Peninsula and Cappahayden, 18—
20 April 1961; Stephenville Crossing, 24 May 1963; L’Anse-aux-Meadows, 26
April—14 May 1978).

Notes.— Also known as EURASIAN GOLDEN-PLOVER and, in Old World literature,
as the GOLDEN PLOVER. P. apricaria and P. dominica constitute a superspecies.

Pluvialis dominica (Miller). LESSER GOLDEN-PLOVER. [272.]

Charadrius Dominicus P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 116. Based
on “Le Pluvier doré de S. Dominigue”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 48. (St.
Domingo = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Grassy tundra (breeding); short grasslands, pastures, mudflats, sandy
beaches and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds [dominica group] in North America from northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, and Banks, southern Melville (probably),
Bathurst, Devon and northern Baffin islands south to central Alaska (interior
mountain ranges), southern Yukon, northwestern British Columbia, central Mac-
kenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario (Cape Hen-
rietta Maria), and Southampton and southern Baffin islands; and [fu/va group]
along the Bering coast of Alaska (Wales south to Kuskokwim River, including St.
Lawrence, Nunivak and Nelson islands), and in Eurasia from the Arctic coast of
Siberia (Yamal Peninsula eastward) south to the Stanovoi and Koryak mountains
and the Gulf of Anadyr. Nonbreeding individuals summer in the wintering range
[dominica group] south to northern South America and [fulva group] in the Hawai-
ian Islands.

Winters [|dominica group] in South America from Bolivia, Uruguay and southern
Brazil south to northern Chile and northern Argentina; and [fulva group] in the
Old World from northeastern Africa, the Red Sea, India, southern China, Formosa

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 167

and islands of Polynesia south to the Malay Peninsula, Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, the Tonga and Tuamotu islands and, casually, in coastal southern Cal-
ifornia.

Migrates [dominica group] in spring through Middle America and the interior
of North America (from the Rockies to the Mississippi Valley), casually to the
Pacific and Atlantic coasts, and in fall mostly from Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia to New England, thence southward over the Atlantic, rarely through the
West Indies and the interior of North America; and [fu/va group] in the Hawaiian
Islands, through the Aleutians, along the Pacific coast of North America south to
California, and in Eurasia primarily in eastern Asia and over oceanic islands of
the Pacific.

Casual or accidental [dominica group] in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles
and continental Europe; and [fu/va group] inland in western North America (to
Alberta and Idaho), on Isla Clarion (in the Revillagigedo group), and in Maine,
Chile, Greenland, Europe, the Cape Verde Islands, Mediterranean region, eastern
Africa and Arabia.

Notes.— Also known as AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER. Recent studies suggest that
the two groups breed sympatrically in western Alaska and may represent separate
species, P. dominica [AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER, 272] and P. fulva (Gmelin,
1789) [AsSIATIC GOLDEN-PLOVER, 272.1]. See also comments under P. apricaria.

Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus

Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 150. Type, by tautonymy,
Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus (Charadrius s. Hiaticula, prebinomial spe-
cific name, in synonymy).

Eudromias C. L. Brehm, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 987. Type, by monotypy,
Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus.

Eupoda J. F. Brandt, 1845, in Tchihatchev, Voy. Sci. Altai Orient., p. 444.
Type, by monotypy, Charadrius asiaticus Pallas.

Aegialeus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 18. Type, by orig-
inal designation, Charadrius semipalmatus “‘Aud.”’ [=Bonaparte].

Oxyechus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 18. Type, by
original designation, Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus.

Ochthodromus (not Ochthedromus Le Conte, 1848, Coleoptera) Reichenbach,
1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 18. Type, by original designation, Cha-
radrius wilsonia Ord.

Leucopolius Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417. Type, by
tautonymy, Charadrius niveifrons Cuvier = Charadrius leucopolius Wag-
ler = Charadrius marginatus Vieillot.

Podasocys Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, p. 96. Type,
by original designation, Charadrius montanus Townsend.

Pagolla Mathews, 1913, Birds Aust., 3, p. 83. New name for Ochthodromus
Reichenbach, preoccupied.

Charadrius mongolus Pallas. MONGOLIAN PLOVER. [279.]

Charadrius mongolus Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p.
700. (circa lacus salsos versus Mongoliae fines = Kulussutai, probably on
the Onon River, eastern Siberia.)

168 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Mudflats, beaches and shores of lakes and ponds, breeding on barren
flats and steppe along sandy and stony banks of rivers, lakes and ponds.

Distribution. — Breeds in central and northeastern Asia from the Pamirs east to
western Sinkiang and through Tibet to the Nan Shan ranges, and on the Chukotski
Peninsula, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands; also has bred in North Amer-
ica in northern and western Alaska (Brooks Range, Choris Peninsula, Goodnews
Bay, Seward Peninsula).

Winters in the Old World from the Red Sea, Iran, India, Southeast Asia, south-
eastern China and the Philippines south to southern Africa, the Seychelles, Ceylon,
the Andaman Islands, Java, New Guinea and Australia.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutians (east to Adak), on islands in the
Bering Sea (St. Lawrence and the Pribilofs), and in coastal western Alaska, casually
to northern Alaska (Barrow) and south-coastal Alaska (Cook Inlet).

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Lisiansk1), Oregon (Tillamook Bay, Colum-
bia River), California (Moss Landing) and Louisiana (Grand Isle).

Charadrius collaris Vieillot. COLLARED PLOVER.

Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 27, p.
136. Based on ““Mbatuitui Collar negro” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax.
Parag., 3, p. 291 (no. 392). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Beaches, sandy savanna, and shores of rivers, lakes and ponds (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident primarily in coastal areas from Sinaloa and Veracruz
south through Middle America, in the southern Lesser Antilles (Mustique in the
Grenadines, and Grenada), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also the Netherlands Antilles, Margarita Island, Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
central Argentina, also occasionally in central Chile.

Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus. SNowy PLOVER. [278.]

Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 150. (ad
AZgypti ex Nilo canalem = Egypt.)

Habitat.— Beaches, dry mud or salt flats, and sandy shores of rivers, lakes and
ponds (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in western and central North America along the Pacific
coast from southern Washington to southern Baja California, and locally from
interior southern Oregon, northeastern California, western Nevada, Utah, south-
western Montana, Colorado, central Kansas and north-central Oklahoma south
to southeastern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and north-
central Texas; along the Gulf coast from Florida (south locally to Marco Island
and, probably, the Florida Keys) west to Texas and northeastern Tamaulipas; in
the southern Bahamas (north to Andros, Exuma and San Salvador), Greater Antilles
(east to the Virgin Islands) and Lesser Antilles (St. Martin); on islands off the
north coast of Venezuela (Curacao east to Margarita Island); on the Pacific coast
of Oaxaca (Laguna Superior); along the Pacific coast of South America in Peru
and Chile; and in Eurasia from southern Sweden, central Russia, central Siberia
and Japan south to the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania, North Africa, the Red

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 169

Sea, northwestern India, Ceylon, Java, southeastern China and the southern Ryu-
kyu Islands.

Winters on islands and in coastal areas of North America from northern Oregon,
the Gulf coast and Bahamas south to southern Mexico (casually to Guatemala,
Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama) and the Greater Antilles; in the breeding
range in South America; and in the Old World from the Mediterranean region
and breeding range in Asia south to tropical Africa, Arabia, Ceylon, Southeast
Asia, the East Indies, Philippines, Formosa and the Bonin Islands, casually from
Sakhalin to the Palau Islands.

Casual in the interior of North America north to southern British Columbia
(in coastal regions to the Queen Charlotte Islands), Idaho, Montana, southern
Saskatchewan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and southern Ontario, to the Atlantic coast
of Florida (Merritt Island), and in the Florida Keys; a sight record from the
Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) is questionable.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as KENTISH PLOVER. The western South
American form is sometimes considered as a separate species, C. occidentalis
(Cabanis, 1872); C. alexandrinus, the Australian C. ruficapillus Temminck, 1822,
and the African C. marginatus Vieillot, 1818, constitute a superspecies and are
treated as conspecific by some authors.

Charadrius wilsonia Ord. WILSON’S PLOVER. [280.]

Charadrius wilsonia Ord, 1814, in Wilson, Am. Ornithol., 9, p. 77, pl. 73,
fig. 5. (Shore of Cape Island [=Cape May], New Jersey.)

Habitat.—Sandy beaches, tidal mudflats and savanna pools, rarely far from
coastal areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Baja California, northern Sonora and south-
ern New Jersey south along the Pacific and Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean coasts of
Middle America (not recorded Nicaragua), the southeastern United States and
West Indies (absent in Lesser Antilles south of Dominica, except for the Grena-
dines, where present) to Panama (including the Pearl Islands) and northern South
America east to northeastern Brazil (including islands off the coast of Venezuela);
also one breeding record for southeastern California (Salton Sea).

Winters from Baja California, Sonora, the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas,
and Florida south along the Pacific coast to northwestern Peru and in the Carib-
bean-Gulf-Atlantic region throughout the breeding range to northern South Amer-
ica.

Casual north to southern California (Ventura and San Diego counties), in the
interior to Minnesota (Duluth), Illinois (Glencoe) and the Lake Erie region (south-
ern Ontario, Ohio and Pennsylvania), along the Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia,
and on Barbados.

Notes.— Also known THICK-BILLED PLOVER.

Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. COMMON RINGED PLOVER. [275.]

Charadrius Hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 150. (in Europa
& America ad ripas = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Sandy areas with scattered low vegetation, cultivated fields, short-
grass areas near water, and grassy tundra, in migration and winter also mudflats,
beaches and shores of lakes, ponds and rivers.

170 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island),
and on Ellesmere, Bylot and eastern Baffin islands; and in the Palearctic in Green-
land, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and from Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to the northern Mediterranean region, the Chukotski Pen-
insula, Anadyrland and the Sea of Okhotsk.

Winters from the British Isles, western Europe, the etveeagere region, Per-
sian Gulf, western India and Sakhalin south to the eastern Atlantic islands, the
Canary Islands, southern Africa, the Maldive Islands, northern China, Japan, the
Volcano Islands and (casually) to Australia.

In migration ranges casually to St. Lawrence and the Aleutian islands (Amchitka,
Adak), and the mainland of western Alaska (Wales).

Accidental in the Lesser Antilles (Barbados).

Notes.— Also known as the RINGED PLOVER. C. hiaticula and C. semipalmatus
constitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. [274.]

Tringa hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Ord, 1824, in Wilson,
Am. Ornithol., Ord reprint, 7, p. 65. (coast of New Jersey.)

Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
5, p. 98. New name for Tringa hiaticula Ord, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Sandy areas, and grassy or mossy tundra (breeding): mudflats, shallow
marshes, beaches, flooded fields, and shores of lakes and ponds (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mac-
kenzie, Banks, Victoria and southern Somerset islands, northern Keewatin (Mel-
ville Peninsula), central Baffin Island and the northern Labrador coast south to
the Pribilof and eastern Aleutian islands, western Alaska (the Alaska Peninsula),
the Queen Charlotte Islands, southwestern and central British Columbia, south-:
eastern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northeastern Alberta, northern Saskatche-
wan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario (coast of Hudson and James bays),
central Quebec and, coastally, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southern New Brunswick,
southern Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Nonbreeding birds often summer in
the wintering areas south to Panama.

Winters primarily in coastal areas from central California, central Sonora, the
Gulf coast and South Carolina south through the West Indies, and along both
coasts of Middle America and South America (also the Galapagos Islands, Tobago
and Trinidad) to central Chile and Argentina (Patagonia).

Migrates along both coasts of North America and commonly through the inte-
rior, rarely or casually in the intermountain region from Idaho and Montana to
Arizona, and casually to the Hawaiian Islands and western Aleutians.

Casual in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles, eastern Siberia, and Johnston
and Baker islands in the Pacific.

Notes.—See comments under C. hiaticula.

Charadrius melodus Ord. PIPING PLOVER. [277.]

Charadrius melodus Ord, 1824, in Wilson, Am. Ornithol., Ord reprint, 7, p.
71. (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.)

Habitat.— Sandy beaches, especially where scattered grass tufts are present, in
migration and winter also mudfiats, flooded fields and shores of lakes and ponds.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 1e/al

Distribution.— Breeds locally in the interior of North America from south-
central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and south-central Manitoba south to east-
ern Montana, northwestern North Dakota, southeastern South Dakota (Union
County), and central and eastern Nebraska; in the Great Lakes region (locally,
formerly more widespread) from northern Michigan (Schoolcraft and Alger coun-
ties) and southern Ontario south to the southern shores of lakes Michigan (in
northeastern Illinois and Michigan), Erie (formerly) and Ontario; and in the coastal
areas from northern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, southern Nova Scotia,
southeastern Quebec (including Magdalen Islands) and Newfoundland south along
the Atlantic coast to Virginia and (formerly) North Carolina.

Winters primarily on the Atlantic-Gulf coast from South Carolina south to
Florida and west to eastern Texas, and, less commonly, throughout the Bahamas
and Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands).

Migrates through the interior of North America east of the Rockies (especially
in the Mississippi Valley) as well as along the Atlantic coast.

Casual in southern California, southern Arizona, northwestern Sonora (Puerto
Penasco), southern New Mexico (sight reports), the interior of Texas, Bermuda
and Barbados.

Charadrius dubius Scopoli. LITTLE RINGED PLOVER. [276.]

Charadrius (dubius) Scopoli, 1786, Del Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, p. 93.
(Luzon, Philippines.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds along inland fresh-water areas from northern
Eurasia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northern Africa, Ceylon, Southeast
Asia, the East Indies, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, and winters
from southern Europe, the Caspian and Black seas, India, eastern China and Japan
south to tropical Africa and Australia.

Accidental in the Aleutian Islands (Buldir, 15—16 June 1974; Byrd, Trapp and
Gibson, 1978, Condor, 80, p. 310); earlier reports from Alaska (Kodiak Island)
and California (San Francisco) are regarded as unsatisfactory.

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus. KILLDEER. [273.]

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 150. Based on
“The Chattering Plover’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 71, pl. 71. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Fields, meadows, pastures, mudflats, and shores of lakes, ponds and
rivers, less commonly along seacoasts, breeding in open dry or gravelly situations.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from east-central and southeastern
Alaska, southern Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatche-
wan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec (including the Mag-
dalen Islands), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, western Nova Scotia and
western Newfoundland south to southern Baja California, central Mexico (recorded
breeding to Guerrero and Guanajuato), Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast and southern
Florida; in the southern Bahamas (Inagua, Caicos and Turks islands, probably
also New Providence) and the Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands); and
in western South America along the coast of Peru and extreme northwestern Chile.

Winters from southeastern Alaska (rarely), southern British Columbia, Oregon,
the central United States from Utah east to the Ohio Valley (casually from southern

LZ CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Canada east of British Columbia), and New England south throughout the remain-
der of North America, Middle America, Bermuda, the West Indies and northern
South America (also most islands offshore) west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and eastward to northern Venezuela; also in the breeding range in Peru and Chile.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui) and Pribilofs:; north to western
and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin
and central Labrador; and to Greenland, Iceland. the Faroe Islands, British Isles,
Azores and Madeira.

Charadrius montanus Townsend. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. [281.]

Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
7, p. 192. (tableland of the Rocky Mountains = near Sweetwater River.
Wyoming.)

Habitat.— Open plains at moderate elevations (breeding): short-grass plains and
fields, plowed fields and sandy deserts (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from extreme southern Alberta (Milk River), northern
Montana and northeastern North Dakota (rarely) south through eastern Wyoming,
western Nebraska, Colorado and western Kansas to central and southeastern New
Mexico, western Texas (Brewster County, Davis Mountains). western Oklahoma
(Cimarron County) and western Missouri (Jackson County, formerly).

Winters from central (rarely northern) California, southern Arizona, and central
and coastal Texas south to southern Baja California and northern Mexico (Sonora
east to Tamaulipas). rarely farther south (recorded Zacatecas).

Casual north to western Washington, southwestern Alberta and southwestern
Saskatchewan. Accidental in Massachusetts (Chatham), Virginia (Chincoteague)
and Florida, also sight reports from Minnesota and Georgia.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Eupoda. C. montanus and the Old World
C. veredus and C. asiaticus Pallas. 1773, appear to constitute a superspecies.

[Charadrius veredus Gould. ORIENTAL PLOVER.] See Appendix B.

Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. EURASIAN DOTTEREL. [269.1.]

Charadrius Morinellus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 150. (in
Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Stony steppes. plains. newly plowed fields and marginal grassland
(breeding); open stony or sandy areas. less frequently marshes, mudflats and sea-
coasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in northern and western Alaska (Bar-
Tow to the Seward Peninsula and St. Lawrence Island): and in Eurasia locally in
the mountains of the British Isles, Scandinavia and central Europe, and scattered
across northern Russia and Siberia from the Ural Mountains to the Verkhoyansk
Mountains and the Kolyma, and in northern Mongolia.

Winters in southern Europe, North Africa, Arabia, Iraq and Iran, casually in
the Canary Islands. Madeira, Sakhalin. the Kuriles and Japan.

In migration occurs in coastal western Alaska and the western Aleutians, ca-
sually east along the northern coast of Alaska.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure), Washington (Ocean Shores, West-
port), California (Farallon Islands) and the Commander Islands.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 173

Notes.—In Old World literature known as the DOTTEREL. Often placed in the
monotypic genus Eudromias.

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE: Oystercatchers

Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus

Hematopus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. Type, by monotypy,
Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus.

[Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. EURASIAN OYSTERCATCHER.] See Ap-
pendix B.

Haematopus palliatus Temminck. AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER. [286.]

Hematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol., ed. 2, 2, p. 532. (a
Amérique méridionale = Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Rocky and sandy seacoasts and islands.

Distribution. — Breeds locally along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts (Mon-
omoy) south to Florida, and along the Gulf coast west to central Texas and south
to the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island); in the Bahamas, Greater
Antilles and Lesser Antilles (St. Barthélemy, Guadeloupe and the Grenadines);
along the Pacific coast from central Baja California (San Benito Islands, possibly
also Los Coronados Islands in northern Baja California) and the Gulf of California
south to Guerrero (also the Revillagigedo, Tres Marias and Tres Marietas islands),
along the coast of Costa Rica, and from the Bay of Panama (Pearl Islands and
Los Santos) south to central Chile (Isla de Chiloé); and along the Caribbean-
Atlantic coast of South America (also most islands off Venezuela, possibly also
Tobago and Trinidad) south to south-central Argentina; recorded in summer and
possibly breeding north to Labrador.

Winters on the Atlantic-Gulf coast from North Carolina (casually from New
Brunswick) south to southeastern Mexico, casually to Honduras; on the Pacific
coast of North America from central Baja California (casually from San Luis
Obispo County, California) south to Guatemala and Honduras; and generally in
the breeding range in the West Indies and along the South American coast, casually
on the Caribbean coast north to the Canal Zone and on the Pacific to Costa Rica.

Casual in southern California (north to Point Reyes, and Salton Sea area),
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine and western Argentina.

Notes.— H. palliatus and H. bachmani are closely related and considered con-
specific by some authors [AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER]; they form a hybrid zone
about 200 miles in width in central Baja California. H. ostralegus is also considered
by some as conspecific with the preceding two; the entire complex constitutes a
superspecies. Under a single species treatment, PIED OYSTERCATCHER ay be used
as the English name.

Haematopus bachmani Audubon. AMERICAN BLACK OYSTERCATCHER.
[287.]

Hematopus Bachmani Audubon, 1838, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl. 427, fig. 1
(1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 245). (Mouth of the Columbia River.)

174 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Rocky seacoasts and islands, less commonly sandy beaches.

Distribution.— Resident from the western Aleutians (Kiska eastward) south along
the Pacific coast of North America (including most islands offshore) to central
Baja California (Punta Abreojos and Isla de Natividad); also has bred on Round
Island, in the southern Bering Sea.

Casual in the Pribilof Islands.

Notes.— Known in American literature as the BLACK OYSTERCATCHER. See com-
ments under H. palliatus.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE: Stilts and Avocets

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson

Himantopus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 46; 5, p. 33. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Himantopus Brisson = Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus.

Himantopus mexicanus (Miller). BLACK-NECKED STILT. [226.]

Charadrius Mexicanus P. L.S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117. Based
on the “Echasse de Mexique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 36. (in Mexico.)

Habitat.— Grassy marshes, wet savanna, mudflats, shallow ponds and flooded
fields (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [mexicanus group] locally on the Atlantic coast from
southern New Jersey (formerly), Delaware and Virginia south to southern Florida,
and from southern Oregon, Idaho, northern Utah, southern Colorado, eastern
New Mexico, central Kansas, the Gulf coast of Texas and southern Louisiana,
and the Bahamas south through Middle America, the Antilles (south to Antigua
and Montserrat) and most of South America (also the Galapagos Islands, islands
off Venezuela, and Tobago and Trinidad) to southern Chile and southern Argen-
tina. Recorded in summer and probably breeding [mexicanus group] in eastern
Montana and western South Dakota.

Winters [mexicanus group] from central California, Sonora, the Gulf coast of
Texas and Louisiana, and southern Florida south through Middle America,-the
West Indies and South America to the limits of the breeding range.

Resident [knudseni group] in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Niihau
eastward, except Lanai and Kahoolawe).

Casual [mexicanus group] north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and,
in the Atlantic coastal region, to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland,
and on Bermuda.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, H. mexi-
canus [BLACK-NECKED STILT, 226] and H. knudseni Stejneger, 1887 [HAWAIIAN
STILT, 226.1.]. H. mexicanus (including knudseni) is sometimes considered con-
specific with the Old World H. himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) [PIED or BLACK-
WINGED STILT]; they constitute a superspecies, and indeed all members of this
genus may form a single superspecies.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus

Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 151. Type, by mono-
typy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES N75

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. AMERICAN AVOCET. [225.]

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 693. Based mainly
on the ““American Avoset” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 502, pl. 21. (in
America septentrionali et nova Hollandia = North America.)

Habitat.— Lowland marshes, mudflats, ponds, alkaline lakes, and estuaries,
nesting colonially (usually) on open flats or areas with scattered tufts of grass along
lakes (especially alkaline) and marshes.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, central Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, southwestern Ontario and Min-
nesota south locally to southern California, central Nevada, northern Utah, south-
central Colorado, southern New Mexico and San Luis Potosi, and east to central
Kansas and coastal Texas; also one breeding record for North Carolina (Pea Island,
1968). Formerly bred north to southern Mackenzie. Nonbreeding individuals
frequently summer in the wintering range.

Winters mostly in coastal lowlands from northern California and southern Texas
south to southern Mexico, casually to Guatemala (Pacific lowlands), Belize, Hon-
duras (Copén and Cedefio) and Costa Rica (Chomes), also locally in southern
Florida.

Migrates primarily throughout the western half of the United States, rarely in
eastern North America from southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast and Florida.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (Valdez), the Bahamas (Andros, San Salvador),
Cuba, Jamacia, Puerto Rico, St. Croix (in the Virgin Islands), Barbados, Tobago
and Greenland.

Notes.—Some authors consider all species of this genus as constituting a single
superspecies.

Suborder SCOLOPACTI: Sandpipers, Jacanas and Allies
Superfamily JACANOIDEA: Jacanas
Family JACANIDAE: Jacanas

Genus JACANA Brisson

Jacana Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 121. Type, by tautonymy,
Jacana Brisson = Parra jacana Linnaeus.

Asarcia Sharpe, 1896, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 24, pp. ix, 68, 86. Type, by
monotypy, Parra variabilis Linnaeus = Fulica spinosa Linnaeus.

Jacana spinosa (Linnaeus). NORTHERN JACANA. [288.]

Fulica spinosa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. Based on ‘“*‘The
Spur-winged Water Hen” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 48, pl. 48. (in
America australi = Panama.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, floating vegetation, wet pastures and meadows,
and edges of ponds, lakes and streams (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Sinaloa, southern Texas (rarely north to
Brazoria County) and Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America

176 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(including Cozumel Island) to western Panama (east to Veraguas): also in the
Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica and Hispaniola).

Casual in central Texas (north to Mitchell, Bexar and Victoria counties) and
Puerto Rico; reports from Florida are unsubstantiated.

Notes.— Limited hybridization with J. jacana occurs in western Panama, and
some authors treat J. jacana and J. spinosa as conspecific; they constitute a
superspecies. If combined into a single species, AMERICAN JACANA may be used
for the English name.

Jacana jacana (Linnaeus). WATTLED JACANA.

Parra Jacana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 259. Based mainly on
“‘Jacana quarta species” Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, and ““Le Chi-
rurgien brun”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 125, pl. 11, fig. 1. (in America
australi = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, wet grassy areas, and shores of ponds, lakes
and rivers (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from western Panama (eastern Chiriqui and Veraguas
eastward) south through South America (also Trinidad) to eastern Peru, eastern
Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.—See comments under J. spinosa.

Superfamily SCOLOPACOIDEA: Sandpipers, Phalaropes and Allies
3 Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Sandpipers, Phalaropes and Allies
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE: Sandpipers and Allies
Tribe TRINGINI: Tringine Sandpipers

Genus TRINGA Linnaeus

Tringa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148. Type, by tautonymy,
Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus (Tringa, prebinomial specific name, in synon-
ymy).

Totanus Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 2, p. 282. Type, by
tautonymy, 7otanus maculatus Bechstein = Scolopax totanus Linnaeus.
Glottis Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1, pp. xlii, 304. Type, by tautonymy,

Totanus glottis Bechstein = Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus.

Notes.—Some authors would merge all the genera of the Tringini in 77vinga.

Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus). COMMON GREENSHANK. [253.]

Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, 1767, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, p. 251.
(district of Trondhjem, Norway.)

Habitat.— Marshes, bogs and wet meadows in the taiga or high moorlands
(breeding); marshes, ponds, lakes and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from Scotland and Scandinavia east across Russia and
Siberia to Anadyrland, Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk, and south to Lake
Baikal.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 177

Winters from the Mediterranean region, Iraq, the Persian Gulf, eastern China
and Formosa south to southern Africa, India, Ceylon, the Maldive Islands, East
Indies, New Guinea and Australia, straggling to the eastern Atlantic islands and
New Zealand.

In migration ranges regularly to the western Aleutians (Near Islands) and cas-
ually to the Pribilofs (St. Paul).

Audubon’s record from Sand Key, near Cape Sable, Florida, is regarded as
questionable.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the GREENSHANK. Some authors
have suggested that 7. nebularia and T. melanoleuca constitute a superspecies.

Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin). GREATER YELLOWLEGS. [254.]

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 659. Based on the
“Stone Snipe” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468. (auctumno in arenis littoris
Labrador = Chateaux Bay, Labrador.)

Habitat.— Muskeg and tundra (breeding); marshes, ponds, lakes, stream mar-
gins, lagoons and coastal mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern Alaska (the lower Kuskokwim River, and
from the Alaska Peninsula eastward), southwestern Mackenzie and south-central
British Columbia east across the northern and central portions of the Canadian
provinces to central and southern Labrador, Newfoundland, northeastern Nova
Scotia and southern Quebec (Anticosti Island). Nonbreeding individuals some-
times summer on the wintering grounds, especially along the coasts of the United
States and in the West Indies.

Winters from Oregon (rarely from southwestern British Columbia), central Cal-
ifornia, southern Nevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, southern Texas,
the Gulf coast and coastal South Carolina (rarely from Long Island, New York)
south through Middle America, the West Indies and South America to Tierra del
Fuego.

In migration occurs regularly throughout the North American continent south
of the breeding range.

Casual north to northern Alaska (Barrow), southern Mackenzie, southern Kee-
watin, Southampton and Baffin islands, and northern Quebec, and in the Hawai-
ian, Pribilof (St. George), Aleutian (Shemya, Adak) and Galapagos islands, and
in Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland, the British Isles, Japan and the Marshall
Islands.

Notes.—See comments under 7. nebularia.

Tringa flavipes (Gmelin). LESSER YELLOWLEGS. [255.]

Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 659. Based on the “Yel-
lowshank”’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468. (auctumno in Noveboraco =
New York.)

Habitat.— Tundra and muskeg (breeding); marshes, ponds, wet meadows, lakes
and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from western (rarely) and central Alaska, central Yukon,
northwestern and east-central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario and extreme west-central Quebec south to east-central British

178 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan and southeastern Manitoba, with
unconfirmed breeding reported south to southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois.
Nonbreeding birds occasionally are reported in summer south from the breeding
range as far as Argentina.

Winters from the lowlands of Mexico (most commonly the Gulf-Caribbean,
less frequently the Pacific lowlands and the interior, uncommonly from southern
California), central New Mexico (casually), southern Texas, the Gulf coast and
coastal South Carolina (rarely from Long Island, New York) south through Middle
America, the West Indies and South America (also the Galapagos Islands) to
Tierra del Fuego.

In migration occurs regularly throughout North America south of the breeding
range and east to southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, less commonly in western North America.

Casual in the Hawaiian, Pribilofand Aleutian islands, Labrador, Newfoundland,
Bermuda, the Azores and New Zealand. Accidental in Greenland, the British Isles,
continental Europe, Zambia and the Falkland Islands.

Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein). MARSH SANDPIPER. [255.1.]

Totanus stagnatilis Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 2, p. 292,
pl. 29. (Germany.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in marshes and wet meadows from eastern
Europe east to western Siberia, and winters from the Mediterranean region, Persian
Gulf and Southeast Asia south to southern Africa, India, the East Indies and
Australia.

Accidental in the Aleutian Islands (Buldir, 2 September 1974; Byrd, TADDs and
Gibson, 1978, Condor, 80, p. 310).

[Tringa totanus (Linnaeus). COMMON REDSHANK.| See Appendix B.

Tringa erythropus (Pallas). SPOTTED REDSHANK. [253.2.]

Scolopax erythropus Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raissoné Ois., Adumbr., p.
6. (Holland.)

Habitat.— Marshy sites in bushy tundra and edge of the taiga (breeding); marshes,
ponds, wet meadows and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia
south to central Russia, central Siberia, Anadyrland and Kamchatka.

Winters from the Mediterranean region, Persian Gulf, India and eastern China
south to equatorial Africa, Ceylon and Southeast Asia.

In migration ranges (primarily in fall) regularly in the western and central
Aleutians (Attu, Alaid, Shemya, Buldir, Adak) and, casually, the Pribilofs (St.
Paul).

Accidental in British Columbia (Vancouver), Oregon (Columbia River), New-
foundland (Terra Nova), Massachusetts (Plum Island), Connecticut (New Haven),
New Jersey (Brigantine) and Barbados, also sight records also for Nevada, Ontario,
Ohio, New Jersey and Texas.

Notes.—See comments under 7. totanus in Appendix B.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 179

Tringa glareola Linnaeus. WOOD SANDPIPER. [257.1.]

Tringa Glareola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Edges of ponds in the taiga (breeding); lakes, ponds, streams, wet
meadows, bogs and shallow pools, frequently in wooded regions (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America, at least rarely, in the western and
central Aleutian Islands (Amchitka, probably also Adak and elsewhere); and in
Eurasia from Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to southern
Europe, Turkestan, northern Mongolia, Kamchatka, the Kurile and Commander
islands, and the Chukotski Peninsula.

Winters from the Mediterranean region, Iran, India, northern Thailand and
southern China south to southern Africa, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, East Indies
and Australia.

In migration occurs rarely but regularly on St. Lawrence Island, in the Pribilof
and western and central Aleutian islands, and on mainland western Alaska.

Casual to northern Alaska, on western Pacific islands, and in the Faroe and
eastern Atlantic islands. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Midway), New
York (Gaines, Orleans County) and Barbados.

[Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. GREEN SANDPIPER.] See Appendix A.

Tringa solitaria Wilson. SOLITARY SANDPIPER. [256.]

Tringa solitaria Wilson, 1813, Am. Ornithol., 7, p. 53, pl. 58, fig. 3. (Pocano
Mt., Pa., Kentucky, and New York = Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Taiga, nesting in trees in deserted passerine nests (breeding); fresh-
water ponds, stream edges, temporary pools, flooded ditches and fields, more
commonly in wooded regions, less frequently on mudflats and open marshes
(nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from central and south-coastal Alaska, northern Yukon,
western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba,
and northern and central Ontario east through central Quebec to central and
southern Labrador, and south to northwestern and central British Columbia,
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and northern Minne-
sota; also probably in west-central Oregon (Lane County).

Winters from northern Baja California (at least casually), the Gulf coast, south-
eastern Georgia, Florida and the Bahamas south through Middle America, the
Antilles and South America to Peru, south-central Argentina and Uruguay.

In migration occurs from the southern portions of the breeding range south
over most of the North American continent (rare on the Pacific coast north of
central California).

Casual or accidental in northern and western Alaska, Bermuda, the Galapagos
Islands, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, France and South Africa.

Notes.—T. solitaria and T. ocrophus may constitute a superspecies.

Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte

Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, 1827, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 2, p. 323. Type,
by monotypy, 7otanus semipalmatus Temminck = Scolopax semipalmata
Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under 7ringa.

180 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Gmelin). WILLET. [258.]

Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 659. Based on the
‘“‘Semipalmated Snipe” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 469. (in Noveboraco =
New York.)

Habitat.— Marshy lake margins in western North America, salt marshes in
eastern North America (breeding); marshes, tidal mudflats, beaches, lake margins
and, less frequently, open grassland (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western North America locally from eastern Oregon,
Idaho, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba south
to northeastern and east-central California, western Nevada, central Utah, north-
ern Colorado, western and northern Nebraska, and eastern South Dakota, formerly
in western and southeastern Minnesota and Iowa; in eastern North America locally
along the Atlantic-Gulf coast from southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island
and Nova Scotia south to southern Florida and west to southern Texas (possibly
Tamaulipas); in the Bahamas, Antilles (Cuba, Beata Island off Hispaniola, Ane-
gada and St. Croix in the Virgin Islands, and Antigua, possibly also Barbuda, St.
Martin and Anguilla); on Grand Cayman (in the Caribbean Sea); and on Los
Roques, off northern Venezuela. Nonbreeding individuals occur sporadically in
summer as far south as northern South America.

Winters from northern California (casually from southwestern British Columbia
and western Washington) south along the Pacific coast (including offshore islands)
to the Galapagos Islands and northern Chile; and from Virginia and the Gulf coast
south along the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean coast of the Americas and throughout
the West Indies to northern Brazil.

In migration occurs primarily in coastal areas but also irregularly throughout
most of the interior United States, casually around the Great Lakes.

Casual north to northern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec
and Newfoundland. Accidental in Alaska (Minto Lakes), Bermuda and Europe,
also sight reports from the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui).

Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird

Heteroscelus Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R.R. Pac., 9, pp. xxii, xlvii, 728, 734. Type, by monotypy, 7otanus brevipes
Vieillot.

Notes.—See comments under 7ringa.

Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). WANDERING TATTLER. [259.]

Scolopax incana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 658. Based on the “‘Ash-
coloured Snipe” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds. 3 (1), p. 154. (in insulis Eimeo
et Palmerston = Eimeo [Moorea] Island, Society Group, Pacific Ocean.)

Habitat.— Mountains and hilly regions, primarily along streams and lakes in
areas that are rocky, mossy, or covered with scrubby vegetation, in damp meadows,
and in creek bottoms, occasionally in forest clearings away from water (breeding);
rocky seacoasts and islands, and sandy beaches of oceanic islands (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in mountains of western, central and

ORDER CHARADRITFORMES 181

south-coastal Alaska, central and southern Yukon, and northwestern British
Columbia; and in Eurasia in northeastern Siberia, Anadyrland and the Chukotski
Peninsula. Nonbreeding individuals sometimes occur in summer on the wintering
grounds.

Winters along the Pacific coast of the Americas from southern California (rarely
Oregon and Washington) south regularly to the Revillagigedo Islands and the coast
of Mexico, and locally to Honduras (Bay of Fonseca), Costa Rica (Cocos Island),
Panama (Isla Coiba, Bay of Panama, and rarely to the Caribbean coast of the
Canal Zone), Colombia (Malpelo Island), the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and
Peru (Punta Salinas); and in the Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands, Marianas and
Philippines south to the Fiji, Samoa, Society and Tuamotu islands.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutian Islands and along the Pacific coast
of Central America.

Casual inland in North America (recorded northwestern Mackenzie, east-central
British Columbia, Alberta, eastern Oregon, eastern California, northeastern Baja
California, southwestern Utah and southern Arizona), and in the Pacific from the
Bonin, Volcano and Ryukyu islands, Japan and Formosa south to New Guinea,
Australia and New Zealand. Accidental in Manitoba (Churchill), southern Ontario
(Windmill Point, Fort Erie) and Massachusetts (Monomoy).

Notes.—H. incanus and H. brevipes constitute a superspecies; they are consid-
ered conspecific by some authors, although the breeding ranges seem to overlap
in eastern Siberia.

Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot). GRAY-TAILED TATTLER. [259.1.]

Totanus brevipes Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 6, p. 410.
(Pays inconnu = Timor.)

Habitat.— Mountains and hilly regions, primarily along streams or lakes in
stony, mossy or scrubby situations, occasionally in clearings away from water
(breeding); rocky seacoasts and islets, and sandy beaches on oceanic islands (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds apparently in eastern Siberian mountains from Lake Bai-
kal to the Verkhoyansk Mountains and Anadyrland, possibly also in Kamchatka
and the Kurile Islands; nest and eggs unknown.

Winters from the Malay Peninsula, Philippines, and the Caroline, Mariana and
Marshall islands south to Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean), Java, New
Guinea, Australia and Norfolk Island.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutian (east to Unalaska) and Pribilof
islands, on St. Lawrence Island, and along the coasts of Japan and China, casually
along the coast to northern Alaska (Barrow).

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway) and California (Los Angeles Coun-
ty).

Notes.— Also known as POLYNESIAN TATTLER. See comments under H. incanus.

Genus ACTITIS Illiger

Actitis Illiger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 262. Type, by subsequent designation
(Stejneger, 1885), Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under 77yinga.

182 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus). COMMON SANDPIPER. [263.1.]

Tringa Hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. (¢n Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.—Streams, ponds, lakes and seacoasts, generally with sandy or rocky
margins, less frequently in marshes, breeding along banks of fresh-water habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to the Mediterranean region, northern Iran, Afghanistan,
the Himalayas, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands
and Japan; also in East Africa (Uganda).

Winters from southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, Iraq, eastern China
and southern Japan south to southern Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, islands in the
eastern Indian Ocean, Australia, New Guinea and islands of the western Pacific.

In migration occurs regularly in the western Aleutians (Near Islands), casually
in the Pribilof Islands (St. George), on St. Lawrence Island, and in the Aleutians
east to Adak.

Notes.—A. hypoleucos and A. macularia constitute a superspecies; they are
considered by some authors to be conspecific.

Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). SPOTTED SANDPIPER. [263.]

Tringa macularia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 249. Based mainly
on the “Spotted Tringa”’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pl. 277. (in
Europa & America septentrionali = Pennsylvania.)

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and
central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west
to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), Oregon, southern California (in interior
mountains), central Arizona, southern New Mexico, central Texas, the northern
portions of the Gulf states, North Carolina, Virginia and eastern Maryland. Oc-
casional nonbreeding individuals remain in summer on the wintering grounds.

Winters from southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, southern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, the southern portions of the Gulf
states, and coastal South Carolina south through Middle America, the West Indies
and South America (also the Galapagos Islands, and all islands off the Caribbean
coast) to northern Chile, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

In migration occurs regularly along both coasts and throughout interior North
America, and on Bermuda.

Casual or accidental in Tristan da Cunha, Greenland, the British Isles, conti-
nental Europe, the eastern Atlantic islands, Johnston Island and the Marshall
Islands, also a sight report from the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu).

Notes.—See comments under 4. hypoleucos.

Genus XENUS Kaup

Xenus Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 115. Type, by mono-
typy, Scolopax cinerea Gildenstadt.

Notes.—See comments under 77vinga.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 183

Xenus cinereus (Gildenstadt). TEREK SANDPIPER. [263.2.]

Scolopax cinerea Gildenstadt, 1775, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropol., 19
(1774), p. 473, pl. 19. (ad mare caspium, circa ostium fluuii Terek = shores
of the Caspian Sea at the mouth of the Terek River.)

Habitat.— River meadows, marshes, grassy banks of streams, ponds and lakes,
especially in wooded regions, wintering also on mudflats and shallow estuaries
and bays.

Distribution. — Breeds from Finland, northern Russia and northern Siberia south
to central Russia, Lake Baikal and Anadyrland.

Winters from the Persian Gulf, southern Red Sea, Southeast Asia and Hainan
south to South Africa (along the coast of eastern Africa), Madagascar, India,
Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, East Indies, New Guinea and Australia.

In migration occurs casually in the western Aleutians (Attu, Agattu, Shemya,
Buldir), on St. Lawrence Island, in western and south-coastal Alaska (Nanvak
Bay, Anchorage), and to western Europe, North Africa and New Zealand, also a
sight report for northeastern Manitoba (Churchill).

Tribe NUMENIINI: Curlews

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson

Bartramia Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 7, p. 553. Type, by monotypy,
Bartramia laticauda Lesson = Tringa longicauda Bechstein.

Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). UPLAND SANDPIPER. [261.]

Tringa longicauda Bechstein, 1812, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Vogel, 4 (2), p.
452. (Nordamerika = North America.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, especially prairies, dry meadows, pastures, and (in Alas-
ka) scattered woodlands at timberline, very rarely in migration along shores and
mudflats.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from north-central Alaska (Brooks Range, Alaska
Range and Wrangell Mountains), northern Yukon, northwestern British Colum-
bia, extreme southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, west-central and southern
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Ontario, south-
ern Quebec, central Maine and southern New Brunswick south in the interior to
eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, Idaho, central Colorado, northwestern
Oklahoma, north-central Texas, central Missouri, southern Illinois, northern Ken-
tucky, southern Ohio, West Virginia, central Virginia and Maryland, possibly also
to central Tennessee and (formerly) northern Utah.

Winters in South America from Surinam and northern Brazil south to central
Argentina and Uruguay.

Migrates south through North America (rare along Pacific coast from southern
Alaska to Washington, casually to California, and rare in Arizona, Nova Scotia
and the South Atlantic coastal region), Middle America (not reported northwestern
Mexico), the West Indies and most of South America (also Tobago and Trinidad)
east of the Andes.

Casual or accidental in eastern Quebec, Bermuda, Chile, the Falkland Islands,

184 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tristan da Cunha, Greenland, the British Isles, continental Europe. the Azores
and Australia. :

Notes.— Also known in Old World literature as BARTRAM’S SANDPIPER: formerly
known as UPLAND PLOVER.

Genus NUMENIUS Bnsson

Numenius Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 311. Type, by tauto-
nymy, Numenius Brisson = Scolopax arquata Linnaeus.

Pheopus Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., 1 (1816), p. 485. Type, by tautonymy.
Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus.

Numenius borealis (Forster). ESKIMO CURLEW. [266.]

Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 62, p.
431. (Fort Albany [on James Bay], Hudson Bay).

Habitat.— Open tundra (breeding): grasslands, pastures. plowed fields and, less
frequently, marshes and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Nearly extinct. Bred formerly in northwestern Mackenzie. pos-
sibly west to western Alaska (Norton Sound).

Wintered formerly from south-central Brazil south through Paraguay and Uru-
guay to southern Argentina and Chile (Isla Chiloé); last sight report in winter from
Argentina (near General Lavalle. Province of Buenos Aires, 17 January 1939).

In migration recorded in spring from Guatemala (San Gerénimo), Chihuahua
(Lake Palomas) and regularly north from Texas and Louisiana through the Mis-
sissippi and Missouri river drainages and west of the Great Lakes and Hudson
Bay to the breeding grounds: recorded in fall west of Hudson Bay and regularly
from southern Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the New England coast,
casually to the lower Great Lakes (Michigan and southern Ontario), along the
Atlantic coast (to South Carolina), and in Bermuda and the West Indies (recorded
Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Carriacou in the Grenadines, Grenada and Barbados).

Since the mid-1950’s recorded (primarily sight reports) in spring from Texas
(Galveston to Rockport, 1959-1963, with photographs from Galveston in March—
April 1962, and on Padre Island, 1972) and Manitoba (Lake Manitoba, May
1980). and in fall from the west coast of James Bay (1976). Massachusetts (Plym-
outh Beach, 1970), New Jersey (Cape May, 1959) and South Carolina (Charleston
area, 1956): last recorded specimen from Barbados (4 September 1963).

Casual formerly on the Pribilofs, Colorado, Montana, Baffin Island. Tobago.
Trinidad, the Falkland Islands. Greenland, Iceland and the British Isles.

Notes.—N. borealis and the Asiatic N. minutus Gould, 1841. constitute a su-
perspecies and are regarded as conspecific by some authors.

Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus). WHIMBREL. [265.]

Scolopax Pheopus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 146. (in Europa =
Sweden).

Habitat.— Sedge-dwarf shrub tundra, moorlands and heath (breeding): beaches,
tidal mudflats, marshes, estuaries, flooded fields and pastures (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds [hudsonicus group] in North America from northern Alas-
ka, northern Yukon and northwestern Mackenzie south to western and central

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 185

Alaska (Norton Sound, Alaska Range, Susitna River highlands) and southwestern
Yukon, and along the western side of Hudson Bay from southern Keewatin south
to northwestern James Bay (Lake River, Ontario); and [phaeopus group] in Eurasia
from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and north-
ern Siberia south to the Orkney and Shetland islands, southern Scandinavia,
central Russia, central Siberia, Anadyrland and the Sea of Okhotsk. Recorded in
summer and possibly breeding [hudsonicus group] on Banks and Southampton
islands; nonbreeding birds also may summer in the wintering range, especially
along the Atlantic coast of the United States, in the West Indies, and along the
coasts of California and western South America.

Winters [hudsonicus group] in the Americas in coastal areas from central Cal-
ifornia, the Gulf coast and South Carolina (rarely farther north) south through
Middle America, the West Indies and South America (also the Galapagos Islands)
to southern Chile and southern Brazil (casually to extreme northern Argentina);
and [phaeopus group] in the Old World from the Mediterranean region (occa-
sionally the British Isles), Arabia, India, Southeast Asia and eastern China south
to southern Africa, Madagascar, islands in the Indian Ocean, Australia, New
Zealand, and the Fiji and Phoenix islands.

In migration occurs [hudsonicus group] primarily along the coast from southern
Alaska (from Bristol Bay eastward, most commonly in spring), around Hudson
and James bays, and (in fall) from Labrador and Newfoundland southward, ca-
sually recorded through interior North America from southern Canada south to
Arizona, New Mexico and the Gulf states; and [phaeopus group] through the
eastern Aleutians (Near Islands) and the eastern Atlantic islands, rarely to the
Pribilof and St. Lawrence islands.

Casual [hudsonicus group] in Europe and New Zealand; and [phaeopus group]
in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Oahu), mainland Alaska (Point Barrow), south-
ern Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, New York (Long Is-
land), New Jersey and Barbados, also sight reports from California, Virginia and
southern Florida.

Notes.— The American populations have sometimes been regarded as a separate
species, N. hudsonicus Latham, 1790 [HUDSONIAN CURLEW, 265], distinct from
N. phaeopus [WHIMBREL, 267].

Numenius tahitiensis (Gmelin). BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. [268.]

Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 656. Based on the
“Otaheite Curlew” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 122. (in Tahiti
[Society Islands].)

Habitat.— Montane tundra (breeding); coastal tundra, grassy fields, tidal mud-
flats and beaches (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western Alaska (near the mouth of the Yukon River
and on the Seward Peninsula); nonbreeding birds occur in summer on coastal
tundra from Kotzebue Sound south to Hooper Bay, occasionally in the Hawaiian
Islands.

Winters on Pacific islands from the Hawaiian (most commonly from Midway
east to French Frigate Shoals) and Marshall islands south to the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Marquesas and Tuamotu islands.

In migration occurs regularly in south-coastal Alaska (Cook Inlet to Prince
William Sound), casually in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands.

186 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual west to the Mariana and Caroline islands. Accidental in British Columbia
(Vancouver Island) and Japan.

Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot. SLUENDER-BILLED CURLEW. [268.1.]

Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p.
302. (Egypt.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in boggy areas in steppe country in south-
western Siberia and winters along beaches and mudflats west to the Mediterranean
region, straggling to the British Isles and northwestern Africa.

Accidental in Ontario (Crescent Beach, fall, “about 1925”; Beardslee and Mitch-
ell, 1965, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., 22, pp. 212-213); a sight report for North
Carolina is open to question.

Numenius madagascariensis (Linnaeus). FAR EASTERN CURLEW. [268.2.]

Scolopax madagascariensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 242.
Based on “‘Le Courly de Madagascar’’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 321, pl.
28. (in Madagascar, error = Macassar, Celebes.)

Habitat.— Moorlands and wet meadows (breeding); mudflats, beaches and oc-
casionally marshes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Siberia and Kamchatka south to Transbai-
calia, northern Mongolia, northern Manchuria and Ussuriland.

Winters from Formosa and the Philippines south to the East Indies, New Guinea,
Australia and (rarely) New Zealand.

In migration ranges casually to the Aleutian (Amchitka, Adak) and Pribilof (St.
Paul, St. George) islands, and to western Alaska (Wales).

Numenius arquata (Linnaeus). EURASIAN CURLEW. [264.1.]

Scolopax Arquata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in grasslands and marshes from northern Eur-
asia south to southern Europe and the Gobi Desert region, and winters along
beaches, on mudflats and in wet meadows from the southern parts of the breeding
range south to southern Africa, Madagascar, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia
and the East Indies.

Accidental in Ontario (Crescent Beach, near Buffalo, New York), New York
(Long Island, 1853), Massachusetts (Monomoy, 19 September 1976, and Martha’s
Vineyard, 18 February—18 March 1978) and Greenland, also a sight report for
Nova Scotia.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON CURLEW and, in Old World literature, as the
CurRLEw. N. arquata and N. americanus may constitute a superspecies.

Numenius americanus Bechstein. LONG-BILLED CURLEW. [264.]

Numenius americanus Bechstein, 1812, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Végel, 4
(2), p. 432. (New York.)

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 187

Habitat.— Prairies and grassy meadows, generally near water, in migration and
winter occurring also on beaches and mudflats.

Distribution.— Breeds from south-central British Columbia, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba south to eastern Washington,
northeastern California, central Nevada, central Utah, southern Colorado, central
New Mexico and northern Texas (possibly also Jeff Davis County and along the
Gulf coast), and east to southwestern Kansas.

Winters from central California, southern Arizona (rarely), extreme northern
Mexico, southern Texas, southern Louisiana and coastal South Carolina south to
southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula) and southern
Florida, irregularly to Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

Casual in southern Mackenzie, New Brunswick, Missouri and the Greater An-
tilles (Cuba, Jamaica), also sight reports for eastern James Bay (Brae Island) and
southern Ontario. Accidental in Panama (Canal Zone).

Notes.—See comments under WN. arquata.

Tribe LIMOSINI: Godwits

Genus LIMOSA Brisson

Limosa Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 261. Type, by tautonymy,
Limosa Brisson = Scolopax limosa Linnaeus.

Vetola Mathews, 1913, Birds Aust., 3 (2), p. 191. Type, by original desig-
nation, Scolopax lapponicus Linnaeus.

Limosa limosa (Linnaeus). BLACK-TAILED GODwIT. [252.]

Scolopax Limosa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Marshy grasslands, wet meadows, steppe and moorlands (breeding);
marshes, flooded fields, beaches and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, southern Scandinavia,
the Baltic states, central Russia, central Siberia and Kamchatka south to southern
Europe, southern Russia, Lake Baikal, Mongolia and the Sea of Okhotsk.

Winters from the British Isles, Mediterranean region, India, Burma, China and
the Philippines south to east-central Africa, Ceylon (rarely), Malaysia, the East
Indies, Australia and Tasmania.

In migration occurs casually in spring in the Aleutian (east to Adak), Pribilof
(St. Paul), St. Lawrence and Little Diomede islands.

Casual or accidental in Newfoundland, on Miquelon Island, and in Massachu-
setts (Dartmouth), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), New Jersey (Brigantine), North
Carolina (Bodie Island) and Florida (Merritt Island).

Notes.—L. /imosa and L. haemastica appear to constitute a superspecies.

Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). HUDSONIAN GopwiITt. [251.]

Scolopax Hemastica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147. Based on
“The Red-breasted Godwit’’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 138, pl. 138.
(in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Grassy tundra near water (breeding); marshes, beaches, flooded fields
and tidal mudflats (nonbreeding).

188 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds locally in south-coastal Alaska (Cook Inlet area) and prob-
ably also in western Alaska (Kotzebue Sound and Norton Bay): in Mackenzie
(Fort Anderson and mouth of Mackenzie River area) and northwestern British
Columbia (Chilcat Pass); and around Hudson Bay (in northeastern Manitoba and
northwestern Ontario). Recorded in summer in central and northern Alaska.in
the interior of Southampton Island, and on Akimiski Island in James Bay.

Winters in South America on the coast of Chile (from Isla Chiloé south to the
Straits of Magellan), and from Paraguay, southern Brazil and Uruguay south to
Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands, casually also in New Zealand.

In migration primarily recorded in spring in the interior of North America from
Texas and Louisiana north to Alberta, Saskatchewan and the west side of Hudson
Bay, rarely on the Pacific coast of Guatemala and Costa Rica; in fall mostly
southeastward from James Bay to the Maritime Provinces and New England,
thence by sea southward, regularly recorded on Barbados and casually on Guad-
eloupe.

Casual (primarily in migratory periods) along the Pacific coast of North America
(recorded British Columbia to California), in the interior of the western United
States (from Idaho and Wyoming south to Arizona and New Mexico), in the
interior of the eastern United States (mostly in spring). in Newfoundland, along
the Atlantic coast (south to Florida. primarily in fall), in Mexico (recorded Ta-
maulipas, Veracruz and Oaxaca), the Bahamas (Eleuthera), Greater Antilles (re-
corded definitely from Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico). coastal Venezuela (also
Curacao and Trinidad), Bolivia and Peru.

Notes.—See comments under L. /imosa.

Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus). BAR-TAILED GODwIT. [250.]

Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 147. (in Lap-
ponia = Lapland.)

Habitat.— Coastal tundra and sedge-dwarf shrub tundra of foothills. in migra-
tion and winter also marshes, flooded fields. estuarine areas and beaches.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in Alaska (Wales east to Point Barrow,
and south to the Yukon River Delta): and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia
east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula and
northern Anadyrland.

Winters from the British Isles. North Sea, Mediterranean region. Black Sea:
Iraq and the Persian Gulf south to central Africa, islands of the northern Indian
Ocean and Ceylon, casually to the Azores, Canary Islands, southern Africa, Mad-
agascar, the Seychelles and Maldive Islands: and from southeastern China,
Formosa and the Philippines south to the East Indies, western Polynesia, Australia,
New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.

Migrates through the Hawaiian, Aleutian and Pribilof islands, along the Bering
Sea coast of the Alaska Peninsula, through Europe, and in the Pacific from the
coast of Japan south through the islands of Polynesia to the Gilbert, Samoa and
Tonga islands.

Casual along the Pacific coast from south-coastal Alaska (west to Kodiak) and
British Columbia south to southern California, in the Atlantic coastal region
(recorded Newfoundland, Maine. Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey. Virginia,
North Carolina and Florida), and in Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 189

Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). MARBLED GODwiITt. [249.]

Scolopax Fedoa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 146. Based on ““The
Greater American Godwit” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 137, pl. 137.
(in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Marshes and flooded plains, in migration and winter also on mudflats
and beaches.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba and northern Ontario (west coast and islands of James Bay) south to
central Montana, central North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota and north-
western Minnesota, formerly to central Iowa, east-central Minnesota and southern
Wisconsin; recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in southwestern Alaska
(Bristol Bay). Nonbreeding birds occur in summer in the winter range.

Winters from central California, western Nevada, the Gulf coast and coastal
South Carolina south to Florida, and along both coasts of Middle America (ir-
regular or local south of Mexico) to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile.

Migrates primarily through interior western North America and along the Cal-
ifornia coast, regularly north on the Pacific coast to British Columbia and south-
eastern and south-coastal Alaska, and, primarily in fall, casually through interior
eastern North America and along the Atlantic coast from southern Ontario, Que-
bec and Nova Scotia south to the Greater Antilles (east to Anegada in the Virgin
Islands).

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian (Laysan) and Galapagos islands; reports
from the Lesser Antilles, Tobago and Trinidad are questionable.

Tribe ARENARIINI: Turnstones

Notes.— Formerly considered a subfamily, the Arenariinae, and included the
genus Aphriza, now regarded as related to the knots (Calidris).

Genus ARENARIA Brisson

Arenaria Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 48; 5, p. 132. Type, by tautonymy,
Arenaria Brisson = Tringa interpres Linnaeus.

Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus). RUDDY TURNSTONE. [283.]

Tringa Interpres Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148. Gn Europa &
America septentrionali = Gotland, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Dry, dwarf-shrub tundra, usually near water (breeding); rocky, barren
or pebbly coasts, sandy beaches, mudflats and shores of lakes (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska and the Canadian
Arctic islands (Banks east to Ellesmere and southwestern Baffin islands) south to
western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island and the Yukon River delta), and Southamp-
ton, Coats and Mansel islands, probably also the northern portions of Mackenzie
and Keewatin; and in the Palearctic from northern Greenland, Iceland, northern
Scandinavia, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands south to
central Greenland, the west coast of Norway, islands in the Baltic Sea, and the
northern Siberian coast (east to the Bering Sea). Nonbreeding birds may be found
in summer through the winter range.

190 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters throughout the islands of the Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands south-
ward; in North America in coastal areas from central California, the Gulf coast
and New York (Long Island) south along both coasts of Middle America (including
Mujeres, Cozumel and the Revillagigedo islands, Mexico), through the West In-
dies, and along both coasts of South America (also the Galapagos Islands, Neth-
erlands Antilles, Tobago and Trinidad) to Tierra del Fuego; and in the Old World
from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, the Mediterranean region, Canary
Islands and southeastern China south to southern Africa, India, Indonesia, Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.

Migrates in North America regularly through the Aleutian and Pribilof islands,
from Hudson Bay east to Labrador and Newfoundland (mostly in fall), and along
the Atlantic coast from the Maritime Provinces southward, also in the Old World
primarily along coastal areas between breeding and wintering ranges; in small
numbers through the prairie areas of the Canadian provinces, the lower Great
Lakes, and the Mississippi and Ohio valleys; rarely along the Pacific coast from
southeastern Alaska south to northern California; and casually elsewhere through
the interior of central and western North America, and to Bermuda, Jan Mayen
and Franz Josef Land.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the TURNSTONE. Some authors sug-
gest that A. interpres and A. melanocephala constitute a superspecies.

Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). BLACK TURNSTONE. [284.]

Strepsilas melanocephalus Vigors, 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828), p. 356. (northwest
coast of [North] America.)

Habitat.— Coastal salt-grass tundra (breeding); rocky seacoasts and offshore
islets, less frequently in seaweed on sandy beaches and tidal mudflats (nonbreed-
ing).

Distribution.— Breeds locally along the coast of western and southern Alaska,
from southern Kotzebue Sound south to the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, rarely to
the north side of the Alaska Peninsula. Nonbreeding birds may be found in summer
through the wintering range.

Winters from south-coastal and southeastern Alas > (west to Kodiak) south
along the Pacific coast to southern Baja California anu ventral Sonora.

Casual in the central Aleutians (Amchitka), and inland in central Alaska, Yukon
(Watson Lake), British Columbia (Atlin region and Nulki Lake), Montana (Glacier
National Park), Oregon (Washington County) and California (Salton Sea, Needles,
Volta Wildlife Area). Accidental in Wisconsin (Winnebago County).

Notes.—See comments under 4A. interpres.

Tribe CALIDRIDINI: Calidridine Sandpipers

Genus APHRIZA Audubon

Aphriza Audubon, 1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 249. Type, by monotypy,
Aphriza townsendi Audubon = Tringa virgata Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Arenariini.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 191

Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). SURFBIRD. [282.]

Tringa virgata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 674. Based on the ““Streaked
Sandpiper” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (1), p. 180. (in sinu Sandwich =
Prince William Sound, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Open rocky ground above treeline in interior mountains (breeding):
rocky seacoasts and islands (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in central Alaska (Alaska Range and Fortymile River
system) and Yukon (except southeastern part). Occasional nonbreeding individ-
uals summer as far south as Panama, and others have been recorded in summer
(and possibly breeding) in western Alaska (from Kotzebue Sound south to Hooper
and Goodnews bays).

Winters along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska
(west to Kodiak) south along the Pacific coast of North America, Middle America
(not recorded El Salvador, Honduras or Nicaragua) and South America to the
Straits of Magellan.

Casual in central Alberta (Beaverhill Lake), and on the Gulf coast of Texas
(Port Aransas, Padre Island) and Florida (Escambia and Lee counties), also a sight
report for western Pennsylvania (Presque Isle).

Genus CALIDRIS Merrem

Calidris Anonymous [=Merrem], 1804, Allg. Lit. Ztg., 2, no. 168, col. 542.
Type, by tautonymy, 7ringa calidris Gmelin = Tringa canutus Linnaeus.

Ereunetes Mlliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 262. Type, by monotypy, Ereunetes
petrificatus Mliger = Tringa pusilla Linnaeus.

Erolia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 55. Type, by monotypy, Erolia variegata
Vieillot = Scolopax testacea Pallas.

Pelidna Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., | (1816), p. 490. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Tringa cinclus Linnaeus = Tringa alpina
Linnaeus.

Crocethia Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1 (2), p. 132. Type,
by monotypy, Charadrius calidris Linnaeus = Trynga alba Pallas.

Pisobia Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1 (2), p. 136, tab. A.
Type, by subsequent designation (A.O.U. Committee, 1908), Tringa min-
uta Leisler.

Arquatella Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R.R. Pac., 9, pp. 714, 717. Type, by original designation, 7ringa maritima
Briinnich.

Micropalama Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxii, xlvii, 714. 726. Type, by monotypy, Tringa hi-
mantopus Bonaparte.

Notes.—See comments under Eurynorhynchus.

Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). GREAT KNoT. [234.1.]

Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13 (1), p.
192. (Java.)

Habitat.— Barren or stony mountain tundra (breeding); rocky seacoasts, sandy
beaches and tidal mudflats (nonbreeding).

192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds in the mountains of northeastern Siberia from the lower
Kolyma to Anadyrland, probably also from the Verhoyansk Mountains east to
the Sea of Okhotsk.

Winters from the Persian Gulf, India and Malaysia east and south to the Phil-
ippines, East Indies, New Guinea and Australia.

Migrates regularly along the coast of eastern Asia from Kamchatka south to
Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands, rarely in the interior of Siberia, and casually
in spring through southwestern and western Alaska in the Aleutians (Shemya,
Adak), Pribilofs (St. Paul), and on St. Lawrence Island and the Seward Peninsula.

Calidris canutus (Linnaeus). RED KNoT. [234.]

Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. Gin Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Barren or stony tundra (breeding); primarily seacoasts on tidal mud-
flats and beaches, less frequently in marshes and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in northwestern and northern Alaska
(Seward Peninsula and Delong Mountains, rarely at Point Barrow and Cooper
Island) and the Canadian Arctic islands east to Ellesmere and south to southern
Victoria and Southampton islands, probably also on the Adelaide Peninsula and
Mansel Island; and in the Palearctic from northern Greenland and Spitsbergen
east to the New Siberian and Wrangel islands. Nonbreeding individuals occa-
sionally summer in the wintering range, especially on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
of the United States and in the British Isles.

Winters in the Americas in coastal regions from southern California, the Gulf
coast and Massachusetts south to Tierra del Fuego, generally rare and irregular
north of southern South America: and in the Old World from the British Isles,
southern Europe, the Black Sea, India. Southeast Asia and the Philippines south
to central Africa, Australia and New Zealand, casually to the Azores and Ceylon.

Migrates in North America primarily along the Atlantic coast from New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia south to Florida (rarely in fall in southern Labrador and
Newfoundland), through the Great Lakes region (mostly in spring), along the
Pacific coast from western and southern Alaska and British Columbia southward,
irregularly along the coasts of Middle America (not recorded Belize, El Salvador
or Nicaragua) and South America (also Trinidad), casually elsewhere through the
interior of North America and through the Pribilofs, Aleutians and West Indies
(recorded Greater Antilles except Cuba, the Virgin Islands, Martinique and Bar-
bados); and in the Old World generally in coastal areas through regions between
the breeding and wintering ranges, casually through the eastern Atlantic islands.

Casual in the Hawaiian and Aleutian islands, on islands in the Bering Sea, and
in Bermuda. Accidental in the Galapagos Islands.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the KNOT.

Calidris alba (Pallas). SANDERLING. [248.]

Trynga alba Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raissoné Ois., Adumbr., p. 7. (de
Noordsche Zeekusten = coast of the North Sea.)

Habitat.— Dry sedge, barren or stony tundra (breeding): primarily sandy beach-
es, less frequently on mudfiats and shores of lakes or rivers (nonbreeding).
Distribution. — Breeds in North America in northern Alaska (Barrow), and from

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 193

Prince Patrick, Lougheed and northern Ellesmere islands south to northern Mac-
kenzie, western Victoria Island, northern Keewatin (Melville Peninsula), the
northwest coast of Hudson Bay (Cape Fullerton), and Southampton and northern
Baffin islands; and in the Palearctic in northern Greenland, Spitsbergen, the Tai-
myr Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya, mouth of the Lena River, and the New Siberian
Islands. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer in the winter range.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands; in the Americas in the Aleutians (locally), and
from southern Alaska (west to the Aleutians), the Gulf coast and Massachusetts
south along the coasts of North America and Middle America, through the West
Indies, and along the coasts of South America to Tierra del Fuego; in the Old
World from the British Isles, Outer Hebrides, Mediterranean region, Caspian Sea,
Gulf of Oman, northern India, Burma and China south to South Africa, Mada-
gascar, southern India, the Maldive Islands, Ceylon, the East Indies and Australia;
and on Pacific islands from the Mariana and Marshall islands south to the Phoenix,
Union and Galapagos islands.

In migration occurs in North America along the Pacific coast from the Aleutians
and southern Alaska, the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland, and in the interior
in the prairie areas of the Canadian provinces and from the Great Lakes southward,
rarely elsewhere in the interior and north to Labrador.

Casual in Jan Mayen, Franz Josef Land and New Zealand.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Crocethia.

Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus). SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. [245.]

Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 252. Based on “La
petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 5, p. 222,
pl. 25, fig. 2. Gn Domingo = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Open tundra, generally near water (breeding); mudflats, sandy beach-
es, shores of lakes and ponds, and wet meadows (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from the Arctic coast of western and northern Alaska
(south to Norton Bay), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, Canadian Arctic
islands (Banks, Victoria, King William, central Baffin, and probably also Melville
and Somerset islands), and northern Labrador south to western Alaska (mouth
of the Yukon River), east-central Mackenzie, southeastern Keewatin, northeastern
Manitoba, Southampton Island, northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), north-
ern Quebec and coastal Labrador. Nonbreeding individuals often summer in
coastal North America south to the Gulf coast and Panama.

Winters from southern Florida and the Bahamas south through the West Indies
(possibly along the Gulf-Caribbean coast of Middle America) and along the Ca-
ribbean-Atlantic coast of South America (also Tobago and Trinidad) to Paraguay
and southern Brazil, casually to southern Argentina; and along the Pacific coast
of Middle America and South America from Guatemala (casually Oaxaca) south
to northern Chile.

Migrates primarily along the Atlantic-Gulf coast of North America from New-
foundland southward, through the interior of North America east of the Rockies,
and rarely but regularly through the Pribilofs, along the Pacific coast from British
Columbia southward, and through the interior of western North America.

Casual in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, Bermuda, the Galapagos Islands,
British Isles, continental Europe and the Azores.

Notes.—C. pusilla and C. mauri are often placed in the genus Ereunetes.

194 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Calidris mauri (Cabanis). WESTERN SANDPIPER. [246.]

Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis, 1857, J. Ornithol., 4 (1856), p. 419. (South Car-
olina.)

Habitat.— Coastal sedge-dwarf tundra (breeding); mudflats, beaches. shores or
lakes and ponds, and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds on islands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence. Nunivak) and
along the coasts of western and northern Alaska (from Bristol Bay and the Kashu-
nuk River to the Seward Peninsula and, less frequently. Point Barrow and Camden
Bay). and in northeastern Siberia. Nonbreeding birds summer south at least to
Panama.

Winters from the coast of California (rarely from southern Alaska) and North
Carolina (rarely New Jersey) south along both coasts of North America and Middle
America, and through the West Indies to South America (also the Netherlands
Antilles and Trinidad), on the Pacific coast to northern Peru and the Atlantic
coast east to Surinam.

Migrates most commonly along the Pacific coast from Alaska to South America,
less commonly through the interior from central Alberta. southern Saskatchewan,
southern (casually northeastern) Manitoba and southern Ontario southward, reg-
ularly in small numbers (especially in fall) through the Pribilofs, along the Atlantic
coast from New England (rarely Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) south-
ward, and casually to the Aleutians.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Kauai, Oahu, Maui) and the Galapagos
Islands. Accidental in the Canary Islands. Tasmania and Japan.

Notes.—See comments under C. pusilla.

Calidris ruficollis (Pallas). RUFOUS-NECKED STINT. [242.2.]

Trynga ruficollis Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p. 700.
(circa Lacus salsos Dauuriae campestris = Kulussutai, eastern Siberia.)

Habitat.—Swampy or mossy rundra, especially with scattered willow scrub
(breeding): tidal mudflats and beaches (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in northern and western Alaska (Point
Barrow and Seward Peninsula): and in Eurasia in northeastern Siberia (Chukotski
Peninsula to Anadyrland and Koryakland). Recorded in summer (and possibly
breeding) elsewhere in Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, St. Lawrence Island and Alaska
Peninsula).

Winters from southern China south to the Andaman and Nicobar islands, East
Indies. New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon islands. Australia, Tasmania and
New Zealand.

In migration occurs in coastal northern Alaska (east to the Colville River),
through the Pribilofs and Aleutians. and widely in coastal western, south-coastal
and (casually) southeastern Alaska, also casually along the Pacific coast of British
Columbia (Vancouver Island) and in California (south to San Diego County and
Salton Sea).

Casual or accidental in Maine (Biddeford Pool). Massachusetts (Monomoy,
Scituate), Connecticut (Guilford) and Ohio (Ashtabula).

Notes.— Also known as RED-NECKED STINT or RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER. C.
ruficollis and C. minuta may constitute a superspecies.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 195

Calidris minuta (Leisler). LITTLE STINT. [242.3.]

Tringa minuta Leisler, 1812, Nactr. Bechsteins Naturgesch. Dtsch., pt. 1, p.
74. (region of Hanau au Main, Germany.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on the tundra from northern Scandinavia east
to the New Siberian Islands, and winters in marshes, flooded fields and mudflats
in Africa and the Indian region.

Casual or accidental in the Aleutians (Buldir), on islands in the Bering Sea (St.
Lawrence Island, and St. Paul and St. George in the Pribilofs), and in northern
Alaska (Point Barrow), Ontario (North Bay on James Bay), New Brunswick (Grand
Manan), Massachusetts (Monomoy), Delaware (Kent County) and Bermuda; a
report from Attu in the Aleutians is erroneous.

Notes.—See comments under C. ruficollis.

Calidris temminckii (Leisler). TEMMINCK’S STINT. [241.1.]

Tringa Temminckii Leisler, 1812, Nachtr. Bechsteins Naturgesch. Dtsch., pt.
1, p. 64. (region of Hanau au Main, Germany.)

Habitat.— Mossy or wet tundra, and grassy meadows in the taiga (breeding);
mudflats, shallow marshes, shores of lakes and ponds, flooded fields and, rarely,
tidal flats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Scandinavia east across northern Russia
to northern Siberia, and south to the Chukotski Peninsula and Anadyrland. Non-
breeding individuals summer south to Lake Baikal.

Winters from the Mediterranean region, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, India, southeastern
China and Formosa south to central Africa, Ceylon, the Maldive Islands, Southeast
Asia and Borneo, casually in Japan and the Philippines.

In migration ranges rarely (or casually) to western Alaska (Wales), and to St.
Matthew, St. Lawrence, the Pribilof (St. George) and western Aleutian (Attu,
Shemya, Buldir) islands.

Calidris subminuta (Middendorff). LONG-TOED STINT. [242.1.]

Tringa subminuta Middendorff, 1851, Reise Sib., 2 (2), p. 222. (H6hen des
Westabhanges vom Stanowoi Gebirge und des Nahedes Ausflussesdes Uda =
Stanovoi Mountains, Siberia.)

Habitat.— Mossy or wet tundra (breeding); sandy beaches, mudflats and shores
of lakes and ponds (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in the Commander Islands, in Anadyrland and (probably)
Kamchatka, and on Sakhalin and the northern Kurile Islands.

Winters from eastern India, southeastern China, Formosa and the Philippines
south to Ceylon, the East Indies and northern Australia.

In migration ranges rarely but regularly to the Aleutians (east to Adak), casually
to the Pribilofs (Otter, St. Paul, St. George), St. Lawrence Island and western
mainland Alaska (Wales).

Accidental in the western Hawaiian Islands (Midway) and Oregon (South Jetty,
Columbia River); reports from British Columbia (Vancouver area) require con-
firmation.

Notes.—C. subminuta and C. minutilla appear to constitute a superspecies.

196 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Calidris minutilla (Vieillot). LEAST SANDPIPER. [242.]

Tringa minutilla Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 34, p. 466.
(Amérique jusq’au dela du Canada = Halifax. Nova Scotia.)

Habitat. — Mossy or wet grassy tundra, occasionally in drier areas with scattered
scrubby bushes (breeding); wet meadows, mudflats, flooded fields. shores of pools
and lakes, and, less frequently, sandy beaches (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from western Alaska (Kobuk River), northern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, Southampton Island, northern Quebec
and northern Labrador south to the eastern Aleutians (Unalaska), Alaska Pen-
insula, southeastern Alaska, northwestern British Columbia. northern Saskatch-
ewan, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, eastern Quebec (Anticosti and
Magdalen islands), Nova Scotia (Sable Island) and Newfoundland, with an isolated
breeding in Massachusetts (Monomoy). Nonbreeding birds summer in the win-
tering range, primarily in North America south to California and the Gulf coast.

Winters from coastal Oregon, California, southern Nevada. central Arizona.
southern Utah, central New Mexico. central Texas, the Gulf states and North
Carolina (casually north to Long Island) south through Middle America, the West
Indies and South America (also all islands off the north coast) to the Galapagos
Islands, northern Chile, and central and eastern Peru.

Migrates regularly along coastal areas and through interior North America, west
to the Pribilof and eastern Aleutian islands, and east to western Greenland.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui). north to southern Victoria, Mel-
ville and southern Baffin islands. and in Bermuda, Europe and the Azores.

Notes.—See comments under C. subminuta.

Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot). WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. [240.]

Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 34, p. 461.
(Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Mossy or grassy tundra near water (breeding): grassy marshes, mud-
flats, sandy beaches, flooded fields. and shores of ponds and lakes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Alaska. northern Yukon (possibly), north-
western Mackenzie, and Banks. Melville. Bathurst and northern Bylot islands
south to the mainland coasts of Mackenzie and Keewatin, northwestern Hudson
Bay (Chesterfield Inlet), and Southampton and southern Baffin islands.

Winters extensively in South America. primarily east of the Andes, south to
Cape Horn and Tierra del Fuego, casually west of the Andes to Chile.

Migrates in spring primarily through Central America, eastern Mexico (recorded
Tamaulipas, Veracruz, the state of Yucatan, and Cozumel Island) and the interior
of North America from the Rockies east to the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, less
commonly on the Atlantic seaboard north to the Maritime Provinces; and in fall
from Hudson Bay through the interior and along the Atlantic coast from Labrador
and Newfoundland south through the West Indies and northern South America
(also most islands off Venezuela).

Casual on Prince Patrick Island, and in western North America from south-
coastal Alaska (Copper River delta) and British Columbia south to southern
California and Arizona (also recorded Montana). Accidental in the Galapagos
Islands, Franz Josef Land, the British Isles, continental Europe, the Azores and
Australia.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 197

Calidris bairdii (Coues). BAIRD’S SANDPIPER. [241.]

Actodromus Bairdii Coues, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13, p.
194. (Fort Resolution [Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie].)

Habitat.— Dry coastal and alpine tundra (breeding); mudflats, estuaries, grassy
marshes, and dry grassy areas near lakes and ponds, rarely dry pastures and prairies
away from water (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds from western and northern Alaska (Wales and Point Bar-
row eastward), northern Yukon, and Melville, Ellef Ringnes and Ellesmere islands
south to central Alaska (Ashinuk Mountains and Susitna River highlands), north-
ern Mackenzie, northern Keewatin, southern Melville Peninsula, and Southamp-
ton and south-central Baffin islands; also in northwestern Greenland, and on the
Chukotski Peninsula in northeastern Siberia.

Winters in South America locally in the Andes of Ecuador, and from central
Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay south through Chile and Argentina to Tierra
del Fuego.

Migrates primarily through the central interior of Canada and the central plains
of the United States, and, in spring only, through Venezuela, Colombia, Central
America (rarely, recorded Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala) and Mexico
(casually, recorded Oaxaca and the Tres Marias Islands); less frequently (primarily
juveniles) and mostly in fall through the Pacific region (the entire Pacific coast of
Alaska south to Baja California and Arizona, rarely in Middle America) and along
the Atlantic coast (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and, rarely, Newfoundland
south to Florida and the Gulf coast); and rarely elsewhere in interior North Amer-
ica.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Oahu), the Outer Hebrides, Faroe
Islands, British Isles, continental Europe, and the Kurile and Galapagos islands.
Accidental in South West Africa and Tasmania.

Calidris melanotos (Vieillot). PECTORAL SANDPIPER. [239.]

Tringa melanotos Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 34, p.
462. (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Wet coastal tundra (breeding); wet meadows, mudflats, flooded fields,
and shores of ponds and pools (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds from western and northern Alaska (Wales and Point Bar-
row eastward), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, and Banks, Victoria, Ba-
thurst, Devon, northern Baffin and Southampton islands south to western Alaska
(Goodnews Bay), central Mackenzie, southeastern Keewatin, and the south coast
of Hudson Bay (locally to Cape Henrietta Maria); and along the Arctic coast of
central and eastern Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula eastward.

Winters in southern South America from Peru, Bolivia and southern Brazil
south to central Chile and southern Argentina, casually north to the Gulf coast
and Florida.

Migrates chiefly through interior North America, Middle America and northern
South America, and in fall (uncommon in spring) through eastern North America
(north to Labrador and Newfoundland) and the West Indies, including most
islands off the north coast of South America; also rarely (mostly in fall) through
the Hawaiian, Pribilof and Aleutian islands, to the Pacific coast from British

198 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Columbia southward, and along the coast of eastern Asia from the Kurile Islands
and Sakhalin south to Japan.

Casual north to Prince Patrick Island, and in western Greenland, rental the
British Isles, continental Europe, the Azores, Zambia, Australia, New Zealand
and Polynesia. Accidental in the Galapagos Islands.

Calidris acuminata (Horsfield). SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. [238.]

Totanus acuminatus Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13 (1), p.
192. (Java.)

Habitat.— Grassy tundra (breeding); wet grassy areas, marshes, flooded fields,
mudflats, and shores of lakes and ponds (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in northern Siberia from the Indigirka to the Kolyma,
probably also on the Chukotski Peninsula. Recorded rarely in summer (and pos-
sibly breeding) in western Alaska (Barrow, Kivalina).

Winters from New Guinea, New Caledonia and the Tonga Islands south to
Australia, Tasmania and (rarely) New Zealand.

Migrates regularly through the Hawaiian Islands (mostly in western chain),
western Alaska (north to Cape Seppings and Kotzebue Sound), islands in the
Bering Sea, the Aleutians, and east to Kodiak Island, and from eastern Siberia,
Sakhalin and Japan south through eastern China, the Philippines, East Indies
(occasionally) and Ryukyu Islands; and rarely but regularly (primarily in fall) from
south-coastal and southeastern Alaska south along the Pacific coast to southern
California, and through Pacific islands from Johnston and the Marshall islands
south to the Gilbert and Phoenix islands.

Casual elsewhere in North America, mostly in fall (recorded Alberta, Saskatch-
ewan, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Ontario, New York, Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, Maryland and Florida). Accidental on Tristan da Cunha, and in the
British Isles and northern India; a record from Vera Paz, Guatemala, is an error.

Calidris maritima (Briinnich). PURPLE SANDPIPER. [235.]

Tringa Maritima Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 54. (E Christiansée &
Norvegia = Christians6e, Denmark.)

Habitat.— Mossy tundra, moorlands and heath, and coastal barren flats (breed-
ing); rocky seacoasts and jetties, rarely along shores of large inland bodies of water,
usually in rocky areas (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from Melville, Bathurst, Devon, Bylot
and Baffin islands south to Southampton and Belcher islands, and James Bay
(North Twin Island); and in the Palearctic from western and southeastern Green-
land, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, the
New Siberian Islands and Taimyr Peninsula south to the Faroe Islands, northern
Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia. Recorded in summer (and
possibly breeding) west to Banks and Prince Patrick Islands.

Winters in North America from southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Is-
land, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south along the Atlantic coast to Maryland,
rarely south to Florida, and casually inland to the Great Lakes (west to Minnesota,
Iowa, Wisconsin and Indiana) and along the Gulf coast to southeastern Texas.

In migration occurs on Prince of Wales Island and in coastal areas from Lab-
rador southward.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 199

Casual in Manitoba and the Azores.
Notes.—C. maritima and C. ptilocnemis constitute a superspecies; they are
regarded as conspecific by some authors.

Calidris ptilocnemis (Coues). ROCK SANDPIPER. [236.]

Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, 1873, in Elliott, Rep. Seal Islands [in Affairs in
Alaska], (not paged). (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands.)

Habitat.— Grassy or mossy tundra in coastal or montane areas (breeding); rocky
seacoasts, breakwaters and mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in central western Alaska (from Wales south probably to
Hooper Bay), on islands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Nunivak
and the Pribilofs), in the Aleutian and Shumagin islands (Sanak), and in eastern
Siberia on the Chukotski Peninsula and in the Commander Islands.

Winters from southern Alaska (west to the Aleutians and Alaska Peninsula)
south along the Pacific coast to central (casually southern, at least formerly) Cal-
ifornia; and in Eurasia from the Commander Islands south to the northern Kurile
Islands. A report from northwestern Baja California is probably erroneous.

Notes.—See comments under C. maritima.

Calidris alpina (Linnaeus). DUNLIN. [243.]

. Tringa alpina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. (in Lapponia =
Lapland.)

Habitat.— Wet coastal tundra (breeding); mudflats, estuaries, marshes, flooded
fields, sandy beaches, and shores of lakes and ponds (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Mac-
kenzie (Baillie Island), northeastern Keewatin and southern Somerset Island south
to coastal western Alaska (Nunivak Island, Hooper Bay and Cook Inlet), South-
ampton Island, northeastern Manitoba (Churchill) and northern Ontario (Cape
Henrietta Maria), rarely to south-coastal Alaska (Cook Inlet and Cooper River
delta); and in the Palearctic from eastern Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya
Zemlya and the Arctic coast of Siberia south to the British Isles, Baltic region,
northern Russia and northern China. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding)
north to Melville Island and east to Baffin Island; nonbreeding individuals are
often recorded in summer in the winter range.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands (in smaller numbers), and in North America
along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska south to Baja California and
Sonora, and on the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean coast from Massachusetts south to
Florida, west to Texas, and south to the Yucatan Peninsula; and in the Old World
from the British Isles, Mediterranean and Red seas, Gulf of Aden, India, south-
eastern China and Japan south to the Cape Verde Islands, northern Africa, Arabia,
the Indian coast and Formosa.

Migrates primarily along the Bering Sea coast of Alaska, the Pacific coast from
the Aleutians and southern Alaska southward, the Atlantic coast from eastern
Quebec and Nova Scotia southward, and in smaller numbers through the interior
of North America from southern Canada south to Arizona, New Mexico and the
Gulf coast, most frequently through the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region.

Casual in the Pribilof Islands, Newfoundland, Oaxaca, Guatemala, Costa Rica,

200 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Panama, and the West Indies (irregularly south to Barbados); a report from Nic-
aragua is considered an error. Accidental in Peru (sight report).
Notes.— Also known as RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.

Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan). CURLEW SANDPIPER. [244.]

Tringa Ferruginea Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 624. (Iceland and
Christiansde [Denmark].)

Habitat.— Drier portions of Arctic tundra (breeding): mudflats, marshes and
beaches (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America rarely in northern Alaska (Barrow):
and in Eurasia in northern Siberia from the Yenisei Delta east through the Taimyr
Peninsula and New Siberian Islands to Cape Baranov. Recorded in summer on
Bering Island.

Winters from the British Isles (rarely), Mediterranean region, Iraq, India, Burma,
southern Thailand and the Philippines (rarely) south to southern Africa, Mada-
gascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, southern Australia, Tasmania
and New Zealand.

In migration occurs casually in western Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.

Casual along the Pacific coast of North America from south-coastal Alaska
south to California, and to eastern North America from southern Ontario, Quebec,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to Florida and west along the Gulf coast
to Louisiana (sight reports also from Texas): recorded in interior North America
in Alberta, Utah, Kansas, Illinois and Indiana (sight records from Montana, Wis-
consin and Michigan), and in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Carriacou and Bar-
bados, also sight records from Antigua and the Virgin Islands). Accidental in Peru
and Argentina.

Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte). STILT SANDPIPER. [233.]

Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, 1826, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 2, p. 157.
(Long Branch, New-Jersey.)

Habitat.—Sedge tundra near water, often near wooded borders of the taiga
(breeding); mudflats, flooded fields, shallow ponds and pools, and marshes (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Alaska (west to Prudhoe Bay, probably
rarely Colville River), northern Yukon (probably), northern Mackenzie (Cockburn
Point, Perry River) and southern Victoria Island southeast to southeastern Kee-
watin, northeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), prob-
ably also south locally in Canada to borders of the taiga.

Winters primarily in South America from Bolivia and south-central Brazil south
to northern Chile and northern Argentina, casually northward through Middle
America (regularly around the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica) and the West Indies
to southeastern California, the Gulf coast and Florida.

Migrates mostly through central North America (from the Rockies east to the
Mississippi and Ohio valleys) and Middle America (not recorded Belize), in the
fall also regularly along the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
southward (including the West Indies), and rarely in both migration periods west
of the Rockies primarily along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska south-

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 201

ward, but casually through western Alaska, the Pribilof Islands and south-coastal
Alaska.

Casual on Bathurst Island, and in Bermuda and the Galapagos Islands. Acci-
dental in the British Isles.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Micropalama.

Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson

Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821, Ornithol. Svecica, 2, p. 29. Type, by mono-
typy, Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson = Platalea pygmea Linnaeus.

Notes.— This monotypic genus is distinguished from Calidris primarily by its
highly specialized bill; some authors would merge Eurynorhynchus in Calidris.

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). SPOONBILL SANDPIPER. [245.]

Platalea pygmea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140. Based on
Platalea corpore supra fusco, subtus albo Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici,
Ds ee (in Surinami, error = eastern Asia.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on stone or shell banks in northeastern Siberia,
and winters on mudflats and beaches from southeastern China south to Southeast
Asia.

Accidental in northwestern Alaska (Wainwright Inlet, 15 August 1914), the
Aleutians (Buldir, 2 June 1977) and British Columbia (Vancouver, 31 July—3
August 1978).

Genus LIMICOLA Koch

Limicola C. L. Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1, p. 316. Type, by monotypy,
Numenius pygmaeus Bechstein = Scolopax falcinellus Pontoppidan.

Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan). BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER. [248.1.]

Scolopax Falcinellus Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 263. (No locality
given = Denmark.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on tundra in northern Scandinavia, the Kola
Peninsula and probably also northern Siberia, and winters on marshes, mudflats
and beaches from the Mediterranean region, India and southeastern China south
to the East Indies, Australia and New Zealand.

Casual in the Aleutians on Adak (19 August 1977; Day, et al., 1979, Auk, 96,
pp. 189-190) and Shemya (30 August—6 September 1978, five individuals; Gibson,
1981, Condor, 83, p. 70).

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis
Tryngites Cabanis, 1857, J. Ornithol., 4 (1856), p. 418. Type, by original
designation, Tringa rufescens Vieillot = Tringa subruficollis Vieillot.
Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. [262.]

Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 34, p.
465. (Paraguay.)

202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Dry, grassy tundra (breeding); dry grasslands (usually short grass),
pastures, plowed fields and, rarely, mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Alaska (Barrow and Atkasuk eastward),
northern Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie, and Banks, Melville, Bathurst and
Devon islands south to southern Victoria, Jenny Lind (in Queen Maud Gulf) and
King William islands.

Winters in South America in Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina.

Migrates primarily through the interior of North America (between the Rocky
Mountains and the Mississippi Valley), eastern Mexico (recorded Tamaulipas and
Guanajuato), Central America (not recorded Belize) and northern South America
(also Trinidad) east to Guyana and Surinam, rarely (mostly in fall) through eastern
North America from southern Ontario, eastern Quebec and Nova Scotia south
to southern Florida, and through the West Indies, casually in western North
America from western Alaska, the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and southern
Alaska south to California.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu), Labrador, New-
foundland, the British Isles, continental Europe, Egypt, eastern Siberia, the Kurile
Islands, Japan and Australia.

Genus PHILOMACHUS Merrem

Philomachus Anonymous [=Merrem], 1804, Allg. Lit. This. 2, no. 168, col.
542. Type, by monotypy, 7ringa pugnax Linnaeus.

Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). RUFF. [260.]

Tringa Pugnax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148. (¢n Europa minus
boreali = southern Sweden.)

Habitat.— Grassy tundra, along shores of lakes and ponds, in swampy meadows
and marshes, and rarely in hayfields, in migration and winter also mudflats and
flooded fields.

Distribution.— Breeds in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia
and northern Siberia south to the British Isles (at least formerly), western and
southern Europe, southern Russia, southern Siberia and the Chukotski Peninsula;
also has nested in North America in northwestern Alaska (Point Lay). Occasional
nonbreeding individuals are recorded in summer in the wintering range.

Winters from the British Isles, southern Europe, Iraq, Arabia, the Persian Gulf,
southeastern China and Formosa south to southern Africa, India, Ceylon, the East
Indies, Philippines and Australia.

In migration occurs rarely but regularly in the Hawaiian Islands, through western
and southwestern Alaska (including St. Lawrence, Pribilof and Aleutian islands),
along the east coast of North America (from Massachusetts to North Carolina),
and in the Lesser Antilles (mostly in fall, recorded Guadeloupe, Barbados, St.
Lucia and Grenada).

Casual in western North America (primarily along the Pacific coast) from south-
coastal Alaska south to southern California and Arizona; throughout most of
North America east of the Rockies from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,
northeastern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, Que-
bec and Nova Scotia south to Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida; and in north-
eastern Manitoba (Churchill), Guatemala (Dpto. de Santa Rosa), Costa Rica
(Chomes, sight reports), Panama (Canal Zone), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 203

Islands, Trinidad, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Johnston Island, and
the Marshall Islands.

Tribe LIMNODROMINI: Dowitchers
Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied

Limnodromus Wied, 1833, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 4, p. 716. Type, by
monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin = Scolopax grisea Gmelin.

Limnodromus griseus (Gmelin). SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER. [231.]

Scolopax grisea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 658. Based on the “Brown
Snipe” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464. (in Noveboraci maritimis = Long
Island, New York.)

Habitat.— Grassy or mossy tundra and wet meadows (breeding); mudflats, es-
tuaries, shallow marshes, pools, ponds, flooded fields and sandy beaches (non-
breeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in coastal regions of southern Alaska (Bristol Bay east to
the Stikine River mouth); in central Canada from southern Yukon, southern
Mackenzie and northeastern Manitoba south to east-central British Columbia,
central Alberta and central Saskatchewan; and from the interior of the Ungava
Peninsula south (probably) to northern Ontario (vicinity of Fort Albany). Non-
breeding individuals often occur in summer south to the wintering grounds.

Winters from central California, southern Arizona, the Gulf coast and coastal
South Carolina south through Middle America, the West Indies and South Amer-
ica to central Peru and east-central Brazil.

Migrates regularly along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern
Alaska southward, through the interior of North America in the prairie regions
of the Canadian provinces and from the Great Lakes region south through the
Mississippi Valley, and along the Atlantic coast from southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland southward, occurring casually else-
where in the interior of the United States.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway), Pribilof Islands, Ber-
muda, Greenland, the British Isles and continental Europe.

Notes.—L. griseus and L. scolopaceus constitute a superspecies.

Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say). LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER. [232.]

Limosa scolopacea Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 1, p. 170. (near
Boyer Creek = Council Bluffs, Iowa.)

Habitat.— Grassy tundra and wet meadows (breeding); marshes, shores of ponds
and lakes, mudflats and flooded fields, primarily in fresh-water situations (non-
breeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in coastal western and northern Alaska
(Hooper Bay, and Point Barrow eastward), northern Yukon and northwestern
Mackenzie; and in Eurasia in northeastern Siberia on the Chukotski Peninsula
and in Anadyrland.

Winters from central California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, cen-

204 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

tral Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida south through Mexico (mostly the
western part) to Guatemala, rarely to Costa Rica, and casually to Panama (Bocas
del Toro, and probably Canal Zone).

Migrates primarily through western North America west of the Rocky Moun-
tains, less frequently (and primarily in fall) east of the Rockies from southern
Canada (Alberta east to Quebec and, rarely, Nova Scotia) south to Florida, casually
through the Aleutians and to the Antilles (recorded Cuba, Jamaica and Anegada).

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, with many other records of ““dowitchers”’
from throughout the islands attributed to this species). A record of an individual
of this species in breeding plumage taken in October in Argentina (Buenos Aires)
is open to question; sight records from South America likely pertain to L. griseus.

Notes.—See comments under L. griseus.

Tribe GALLINAGOINI: Snipe

Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup

Lymnocryptes Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 118. Type, by
monotypy, Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus = Scolopax minima Brinnich.

Lymnocryptes minimus (Briinnich). JACK SNIPE. [230.2.]

Scolopax Minima Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 49. (E Christiansée
[Island, Denmark].)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on the tundra from northern Eurasia south to
central Russia and central Siberia, and winters in swamps and flooded fields from
the British Isles, southern Europe, India and southeastern China south to central
Africa, Ceylon and Formosa.

Casual in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Madeira, the Azores, Kurile Islands and
Japan. Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands, Spring 1919), Cali-
fornia (Gridley, Butte County, 20 November 1938), Labrador (Makkovik Bay, 24
December 1927) and Barbados (12 November 1960).

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN JACKSNIPE.

Genus GALLINAGO Brisson

Gallinago Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 5, p. 298. Type, by tautonymy, Gal-
linago Brisson = Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus.

Capella Frenzel, 1801, Beschr. Végel Eyer Wittenberg, p. 58. Type, by mono-
typy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel = Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus.

Notes.— For use of Gallinago instead of Capella, see Mayr, 1963, Ibis, pp. 402—
403.
Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). COMMON SNIPE. [230.]

Scolopax Gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Wet, grassy areas from tundra to temperate lowlands and hilly re-

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 205

gions, in winter and migration also wet meadows, flooded fields, bogs, swamps,
moorlands, and marshy banks of rivers and lakes (Temperate Zone, in migration
and winter also to Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, northern Quebec and central Labrador south to southern Alaska
(west to Unalaska in the Aleutians, probably to Shemya and Attu), central Cali-
fornia, east-central Arizona, northern New Mexico (probably), northern Colorado,
western Nebraska, central Iowa, northeastern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern
Ohio, northern West Virginia, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey,
New England and the Maritime Provinces; in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south to Tierra del Fuego; and in
Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia and
Bering Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia and Bering Island
south to southern Europe, southern Russia, the Himalayas and Kurile Islands.
Reported breeding in central Mexico (Jalisco and Guanajuato) and the Azores is
open to question.

Winters in the Hawaiian Islands (rarely); in the Americas from southern (rarely)
and southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, eastern Washington, Oregon,
Utah, the central United States (Colorado east to western Kentucky and the
northern Gulf states) and Virginia (casually from southern Canada) south through
Middle America, the West Indies and South America to Tierra del Fuego, the
North American breeding populations reaching Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam
and Ecuador; and in the Old World from the British Isles, southern Europe,
Madeira (casually), southern Russia and Japan south to south-central Africa,
Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Java and the Philippines.

In migration occurs regularly in the central and western Aleutian Islands.

Notes.—Known in Old World literature as the SNIPE; the North American
breeding populations are sometimes called WILSON’S SNIPE. The Eurasian race G.
g. gallinago occurs in the Aleutians (east to Buldir, with probable breeding on
Attu and Shemya), and casually in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), Pribilofs, Lab-
rador (Jack Lane’s Bay) and Bermuda. South American forms are sometimes
separated as a distinct species, G. paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816). The African G.
nigripennis Bonaparte, 1839, is considered conspecific with G. ga/linago by some
authors; they constitute at least a superspecies.

[Gallinago media (Latham). GREAT SNIPE.] See Appendix B.

Gallinago stenura (Bonaparte). PIN-TAILED SNIPE. [229.1.]

Scolopax stenura (Kuhl MS) Bonaparte, 1830, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, 4,
p. 335. (Sunda Archipelago.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in wet meadows and marshes from north-
eastern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia, northern Manchuria
and the Sea of Okhotsk, and winters from India, Southeast Asia, southeastern
China and Formosa south to the East Indies, casually to northeastern Africa.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Green Island, Kure, 13 January 1964; Clapp
and Woodward, 1968, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 124, p. 21).

206 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tribe SCOLOPACINI: Woodcocks

Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus

Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145. Type, by tautonymy,
Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus (Scolopax, prebinomial specific name, in syn-
onymy).

Subgenus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. EURASIAN WoopDcock. [227.]

Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 146. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Moist woodland, both deciduous and coniferous, generally with ground
cover of brackens and bushes, also in bogs, heath and moorlands.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from the British Isles, Scandinavia and the area
of the Arctic Circle in Russia and Siberia south to the eastern Atlantic islands,
northern Mediterranean region, southern Russia, northern India, the Himalayas,
Turkestan, Transcaucasia, Japan, the Seven Islands of Izu, Kurile Islands and
Sakhalin.

Winters from the British Isles, southern Europe, Iraq, Iran, India, southeastern
China and Japan south to the Cape Verde Islands, northern Africa, southern India,
the Malay Peninsula, Philippines (rarely) and Ryukyu Islands.

Casual in eastern North America (recorded from Newfoundland, southwestern
Quebec, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia and Alabama, mostly in the
19th century), and in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Spitsbergen. .

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN WOODCOCK and, in Old World literature, as
the WOODCOCK.

Subgenus PHILOHELA Gray

Philohela G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 90. Type, by original
designation, Scolopax minor Gmelin.

Scolopax minor Gmelin. AMERICAN WOODCOCK. [228.]

Scolopax minor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 661. Based on the “Little
Woodcock” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 463, pl. 19, upper fig. (in Americae,
... 1n Carolinae, ... in Noveboraci silvis humidis = New York.)

Habitat.— Moist woodland, primarily deciduous or mixed, thickets along streams
or in boggy areas, and less frequently in wet grassy meadows and flooded fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, south-
central and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northern New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south throughout eastern North
America west to southeastern Minnesota, central Iowa, eastern Kansas (probably
also to the eastern Dakotas and eastern Nebraska), eastern Oklahoma and east-
central Texas, and south to the Gulf states and southern Florida.

Winters in the southeastern United States from eastern Oklahoma, southern
Missouri, Tennessee, the northern portions of the Gulf states, and Virginia south

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 207

to east-central Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida, rarely wintering farther
north in the breeding range.

Casual or accidental in Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Manitoba, north-
eastern Ontario, eastern Quebec and Bermuda, also sight records for the Yucatan
Peninsula and Isla Cancun, Mexico.

Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE: Phalaropes

Notes.— Sometimes considered a family, the Phalaropodidae.

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson

Phalaropus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 50; 6, p. 12. Type, by tauton-
ymy, Phalaropus Brisson = Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus.

Lobipes Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., | (1816), p. 495. Type, by original
designation, 7ringa hyperborea Linnaeus = Tringa lobata Linnaeus.

Steganopus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 24 (1817), p.
124. Type, by monotypy, “Chorlito del tarso comprimeido” Azara = Ste-
ganopus tricolor Vieillot.

Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillot). WILSON’S PHALAROPE. [224.]

Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 32, p.
136. Based on ““Chorlito Tarso comprimido” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax.
Parag., 3, p. 327 (no. 407). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes and wet meadows, in migration and winter also
on lakes, mudflats and salt marshes, and along seacoasts.

Distribution.— Breeds in coastal British Columbia (Vancouver Island), and from
southern Yukon, northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatch-
ewan, west-central and southern Manitoba, central Minnesota, southern Wiscon-
sin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec south in the
interior to south-central California, central Nevada, central Utah, east-central
Arizona, west-central New Mexico, northern Texas, central Kansas, western Ne-
braska, eastern South Dakota, northern Iowa (formerly), northern Illinois, north-
ern Indiana and northern Ohio, with isolated breeding in Massachusetts (Plum
Island). Recorded in summer (nonbreeding) north to central Alaska, central Mac-
kenzie, northern Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Winters primarily in western South America from Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and
Uruguay south through Chile and Argentina, casually as far north as southern
California and southern Texas.

Migrates regularly through western North America (east to the Great Plains,
Texas and southwestern Louisiana), Middle America, Colombia and Ecuador, and
uncommonly through eastern North America from Quebec (including Anticosti
Island) and New Brunswick south to Florida and the Gulf coast; also recorded
regularly in fall on Barbados.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, western and northern Alaska,
elsewhere in the West Indies (recorded Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Puerto Rico,
Guadeloupe and Martinique), the Galapagos and Falkland islands, British Isles,
continental Europe, Africa, islands of the central Pacific (Johnston and Easter),
Australia and Antarctica.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Steganopus.

208 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus). RED-NECKED PHALAROPE. [223.]

Tringa tobata [sic] Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148 [/obata in
Emendanda, p. 824]. Based on ““The Cock Coot-footed Tringa”’ Edwards,
Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 143, pl. 143. Gn America septentrionali, Lapponia =
Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Grass-sedge borders of ponds and lakes (breeding); in winter pri-
marily pelagic, occurring in migration on ponds, lakes, open marshes, estuaries
and bays.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Mac-
kenzie, southern Victoria Island, central Keewatin, and Southampton and south-
ern Baffin islands south to the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, southern Alaska,
northwestern British Columbia, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern
Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, islands
in southern James Bay, northern Quebec, and locally along the Labrador coast;
and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, the northern British Isles, Faroe
and Shetland islands, and Spitsbergen east across Scandinavia, northern Russia
and northern Siberia to the Bering Sea, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands.
Nonbreeding individuals occur in summer along the cost of Newfoundland and
on Miquelon Island.

Winters at sea, in the Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands, central equatorial islands
and the Galapagos south to the Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Australia
(rarely), New Zealand and southern South America, casually north to southern
California; in the South Atlantic off southern South America and Africa, casually
north to the Azores; and in the Indian Ocean from East Africa east to Malaya.

Migrates regularly through the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans along
North American, Middle American and Eurasian coasts, also regularly through
western Europe; less commonly but regularly through interior western North
America from British Columbia and the prairie regions of Alberta, Saskatchewan
and Manitoba south to southern Arizona; rarely or irregularly through the interior
central and eastern North America south to San Luis Potosi, southern Texas, the
Gulf coast and Florida; and casually through Central America (not recorded Belize
or Nicaragua), Cuba and Bermuda, also sight reports from Jamaica, Puerto Rico
and the Bahamas (New Providence).

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Kauai).

Notes.— Also known as NORTHERN PHALAROPE. This species is often placed in
the monotypic genus Lobipes.

Phalaropus fulicaria (Linnaeus). RED PHALAROPE. [222.]

Tringa Fulicaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 148. Based on “The
Red Coot-footed Tringa’’ Edwards, Nat Hist. Birds, 3, p. 142, pl. 142. Gin
America = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Coastal tundra (breeding); in winter primarily pelagic, occurring in
migration on bays and estuaries, less frequently on ponds, lakes and marshes.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western Alaska (Yukon delta and
St. Lawrence Island) east across northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mac-
kenzie, and Banks, Melville, Ellesmere, Bylot, Dundas and northern Baffin islands,
and south to eastern Keewatin, Southampton and Mansel islands, northern Que-
bec, and (probably) northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic from Greenland and

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 209

Iceland east through Arctic islands (Spitsbergen, Bear, Novaya Zemlya and New
Siberian) to northern Siberia. Nonbreeding individuals summer off the coasts of
California and Newfoundland.

Winters at sea off the Pacific coast of South America from Colombia and Ecuador
south to Chile (also regularly off southern California); in the South Atlantic off
Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, and off western Africa; and in the western
Pacific from Japan south, at least casually to New Zealand.

Migrates regularly through the Aleutians and along both coasts of North America
(recorded south to Baja California, Oaxaca, Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida),
irregularly through the interior but casually recorded virtually throughout the
continent north of Mexico; also through the North Atlantic, western Mediterra-
nean Sea, western Europe, and the Pacific Ocean off Japan.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands and Cuba, also sight records from Barbados.
Accidental in India and Antarctica.

Notes.—In Old World literature known as GRAY PHALAROPE.

Suborder LARI: Skuas, Gulls, Terns and Skimmers
Family LARIDAE: Skuas, Gulls, Terns and Skimmers

Subfamily STERCORARIINAE: Skuas and Jaegers

Notes.— The subfamilies of the Laridae are given family rank by some authors,
as the Stercorariidae, Sternidae and Rynchopidae.

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson

Stercorarius Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 56; 6, p. 149. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Stercorarius Brisson = Larus parasiticus Linnaeus.

Coprotheres Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. v. Type, by
original designation, Lestris pomarinus Temminck.

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck). POMARINE JAEGER. [36.]

Lestris pomarinus Temminck, 1815, Man. Ornithol., ed. 1 (1814), p. 514.
(les régions du cercle arcticuq; de passage accidentel sur les cdtes de Hol-
lande et de France = Arctic regions of Europe.)

Habitat.—Swampy or mossy tundra, and flats near seacoasts (breeding); pri-
marily pelagic, casually on large inland bodies of water (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in western and northern Alaska (south
to Hooper Bay) east across the Canadian Arctic islands (north to Melville, Bathurst,
Devon and Baffin islands), and south to northern Mackenzie, Southampton Island
and northwestern Quebec; and in the Palearctic in western Greenland, Spitsbergen,
Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, and in northern Russia and northern Siberia from
the Taimyr Peninsula to Anadyrland. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer off
Alaska and British Columbia (Bering Sea and Aleutians south to Queen Charlotte
Islands), in central Canada (south to northern Alberta and Hudson Bay), and in
the Atlantic from Labrador and Newfoundland south to New England; also off
Scandinavia.

Winters primarily at sea in the Pacific near the Hawaiian Islands (primarily off
Oahu), from central California south to Peru and the Galapagos Islands, and off

210 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

eastern Australia; and in the Atlantic off Florida (possibly as far north as North
Carolina) and the West Indies, and off the coasts of northern South America
(Colombia to Guyana) and Africa.

In migration occurs regularly off both coasts of North America and along the
Gulf coast (west to Texas); not recorded off the Caribbean coast of Middle America
between southern Mexico and Costa Rica.

Casual in the interior of North America (from southern Canada south to Ari-
zona, New Mexico and the Gulf states), and in central Europe, Japan, New Zealand
and Antarctica.

Notes.— Also known as POMARINE Or POMATORHINE SKUA.

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). PARASITIC JAEGER. [37.]

Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. (intra tropicum
Cancri, Europe, Americe, Asiz = coast of Sweden.)

Habitat.— Barren and dwarf-shrub coastal tundra (breeding); mostly pelagic,
less frequently along seacoasts, casually on large inland bodies of water (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska
(Point Barrow eastward), northwestern Mackenzie, and Banks, southern Melville,
Cornwallis, southern Ellesmere and Baffin islands south to the Aleutians, Alaska
Peninsula, Kodiak Island, central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern
Manitoba, Southampton Island, northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), north-
ern Quebec and northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Jan
Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Franz Josef Land south to Iceland, the
northern British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya,
northern Siberia, the Commander Islands, Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk.
Nonbreeding birds occur in summer off the Pacific coast of North America south
to British Columbia, off the Atlantic coast to Newfoundland, and in the interior
to southern Canada; also along the northern coasts of Europe.

Winters mostly in offshore areas in the Pacific from southern California to
southern Chile, and west to eastern Australia and New Zealand; in the Atlantic
from Maine and the British Isles south to Brazil, eastern Argentina, the west coast
of Africa, and the Mediterranean region, occurring west in the Gulf-Caribbean
area to Texas; and in the Indian Ocean in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea.

In migration occurs regularly off the Pacific coast of North America, and along
the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba, rarely
to the Lesser Antilles (Barbados and the Grenadines), and casually through the
interior of North America from southern Canada south to Arizona, Texas and
the Gulf states (most frequently recorded in the Great Lakes region), and along
both coasts of Middle America.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as ARCTIC SKUA.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. LONG-TAILED JAEGER. [38.]

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
32, p. 157. (le Nord de l’Europe, de |’Asie et de l’ Amérique = northern
Europe.)

Habitat.—Open or alpine tundra, flats with sparse vegetation and moorlands
(breeding); pelagic, casually along seacoasts and on inland waters (nonbreeding).

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 211

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in western Alaska (St. Matthew, St.
Lawrence and Nunivak islands, and Hooper Bay), and from northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Keewatin and throughout the
Canadian Arctic islands south to central interior Alaska (Brooks Range, Alaska
Range, Susitna River highlands), southwestern Yukon, southern Keewatin, South-
ampton Island and northern Quebec; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Ice-
land, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Novaya Zemlya south to northern
Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia, Anadyrland, Kamchatka and the
Sea of Okhotsk. Nonbreeding birds occur rarely in summer south to the Aleutian
Islands, south-coastal Alaska, southern Mackenzie and southern Hudson Bay.

Winters mostly at sea in the Pacific off South America from Ecuador to Chile,
and in the Atlantic from about lat. 40° N. south to Argentina (more commonly
in the southern areas).

Migrates primarily well offshore, rarely along the Pacific coast from southeastern
Alaska to Middle America (recorded south to Oaxaca, and off Costa Rica) and
the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to New Jersey (casually to Florida), and
casually through the interior of North America (mostly in the Great Lakes region,
reported occasionally from the prairie regions of the Canadian provinces, the
Great Plains states and Mississippi Valley), along the Gulf coast (Texas to Florida)
and through the Antilles (recorded Cuba, Martinique and Barbados); also off the
coasts of Europe and Africa, casually in the Mediterranean region.

Notes.—In Old World literature known as LONG-TAILED SKUA.

Genus CATHARACTA Brinnich

Catharacta Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 32. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Reichenbach, 1852), Catharacta skua Briinnich.

Catharacta skua Briinich. GREAT SKUA. [35.]

Catharacta skua Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 33. (E. Feroa Islandia =
Iceland.)

Habitat.— Rocky points, moors or pastures near the sea, occasionally sandy
flats in estuaries (breeding); mostly pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds [skua group] in Iceland, and the Faroe, Shetland and
Orkney islands; [antarctica group] in the Falkland Islands and along the coast of
southern Argentina; and [/onnbergi group] widely on southern oceanic islands
such as the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, South Georgia, Bouvet, Marion,
Prince Edward, Crozets, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell and
Antipodes. Nonbreeding birds [skua group] have been recorded in summer from
Franklin District (Barrow Straits, Lancaster Sound, Baffin Bay), northern Quebec,
southern Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Massachusetts (Georges Bank),
Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen and the northern European coast.

Winters at sea [skua group] in the eastern North Atlantic, from lat. 60°N. south
to the Tropic of Cancer, regularly on the Newfoundland Banks and off the coast
from Nova Scotia to Massachusetts, casually south to Florida, and rarely to the
Canary Islands and Mediterranean region; [antarctica group] primarily in the
South Atlantic and along eastern South America from Brazil to the Straits of
Magellan; and [/onnbergi group] in southern oceans, most regularly off Australia.

pa Np, CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Accidental [skua group] in Missouri (Kansas City), New York (Niagara Gorge
between Ontario and New York), Belize (Ambergris Cay). Guyana, Novaya Zem-
lya and continental Europe; and [/onnbergi group] off Iles des Saintes (near Guad-
eloupe. Lesser Antilles, recovery of bird banded in South Shetlands. but see De-
villers, 1977, Auk, 94, p. 427, for doubt as to identity) and near Kerala, India.
Reports of C. s. antarctica and C. s. lonnbergi off the west coast of North America
all pertain to C. maccormicki (see Devillers. op. cit., pp. 417-429). and those from
Barbados and off Puerto Rico may pertain to species other than C. skua.

Notes.—Also known as BROWN SKUA. Some authors prefer to treat the two
southern forms as full species, C. antarctica (Lesson, 1831) [FALKLAND Skua] and
C. lonnbergi Mathews, 1912 [SOUTHERN Skua], distinct from C. skua [NORTHERN
SkuA]. C. skua antarctica and C. chilensis exhibit limited hybridization in areas
where both breed on the coast of Argentina and have been considered conspecific
by earlier authors. Although some have treated C. maccormicki as a race of C.
skua, C. s. lonnbergi and C. maccormicki breed sympatrically without hybridiza-
tion in the South Shetlands.

[Catharacta chilensis (Bonaparte). CHILEAN SKUA.] See Appendix B.

Catharacta maccormicki (Saunders). SOUTH POLAR SKUA. [35.2.]

Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders. 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 3, p. 12.
(Possession Island, Victoria Land, lat. 71°14’S., long. 171°15'W.)

Habitat.— Pelagic. breeding on barren promontories and islands.

Distribution.— Breeds on the South Shetland Islands. and along the coast of
Antarctica.

Ranges at sea regularly to the North Pacific, occurring in the northern spring.
summer and fall from the Gulf of Alaska south to California (occasional reports
of skuas off Mexico and Panama probably pertain to this species), in the Hawaiian
waters (at least casually), and off Japan: and to the North Atlantic, where recorded
certainly off Massachusetts (Georges Bank). New York (Hudson Canyon). North
Carolina (several records. spring only) and Greenland. It is likely that most skua
reports in the central North Atlantic in the northern summer pertain to this species.

Accidental in northern Alaska (off Icy Cape).

Notes.—See comments under C. skua.

Subfamily LARINAE: Gulls

Genus LARUS Linnaeus

Larus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 136. Type. by subsequent
designation (Selby. 1840). Larus marinus Linnaeus.

Hydrocoloeus Kaup. 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., pp. 113, 196.
Type. by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray. 1841), Larus minutus Lin-
naeus.

Microlarus Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 2. p. 982. Type. by original
designation, Sterna philadelphia Ord.

Notes.—The genera Rissa, Rhodostethia, Xema, Creagrus and Pagophila are
merged in Larus by some authors.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 213

Larus atricilla Linnaeus. LAUGHING GULL. [58.]

Larus Atricilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. Based on the
‘Laughing Gull’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 89, pl. 89. (in Amer-
ica = Bahamas.)

Habitat.— Sandy islands with scattered patches of long grass (breeding); sea-
coasts, bays and estuaries, rarely on large inland bodies of water (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds on the Pacific coast of western Mexico in Sonora and
Sinaloa (formerly bred at the southern end of the Salton Sea, southern California);
and in the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean region from southern New Brunswick and
southern Nova Scotia south locally along the coast to Florida and west to southern
Texas, through the West Indies to islands off the north coast of Venezuela (Las
Aves east to Tobago and Trinidad) and to French Guiana, and on islands off
Campeche (Cayo Arcas) and the state of Yucatan (Alacran reef). Nonbreeding
birds occur in summer regularly in southern California (Salton Sea), on the Great
Lakes (especially Erie and Michigan), along the Gulf-Caribbean coast of Middle
America, and along the west coast of Mexico.

Winters along the Pacific coast from southern Mexico south to northern Peru
(casually north to northern California and south to the Galapagos Islands); and
from the Gulf coast and North Carolina south throughout the Gulf-Caribbean
region to the coast of South America (Colombia east to the Amazon delta).

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands; to the interior lakes of Middle America; in
interior North America from Arizona, Colorado, North Dakota, the Great Lakes
region and West Virginia southward; and in Greenland.

Larus pipixcan Wagler. FRANKLIN’S GULL. [59.]

Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 515. (Advena est, neque
educat stagnis Mexicanis Prolem = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes in prairie and steppe (breeding): seacoasts, bays,
estuaries, lakes, rivers, marshes, ponds and irrigated fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds from eastern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southwestern
Manitoba, eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota south locally to east-
central Oregon, southern Idaho, northwestern Utah, northwestern Wyoming,
northeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa. Nonbreeding birds occur in
summer from east-central British Columbia and northeastern Manitoba south to
northern New Mexico, southeastern Wyoming, Kansas, central Iowa and the Great
Lakes (especially Lake Michigan).

Winters primarily along the Pacific coast of South America south to southern
Chile (also the Galapagos Islands), less commonly from Guatemala southward,
and on high Andean lakes in Peru and Bolivia; also rarely in southern coastal
California, and casually along the Gulf coast of Texas and Louisiana.

Migrates regularly through western North America from southern British Co-
lumbia and the Rocky Mountains south to southern California, and through Texas
and eastern Mexico to Veracruz and Oaxaca (casually to the Yucatan Peninsula),
rarely to the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and casually
elsewhere in the Pacific region from southwestern Arizona southward, and to the
Atlantic coast from southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and New-
foundland south to Florida.

214 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, and southwestern and south-coastal Alaska
(Cook Inlet, Kodiak Island, and St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs). Accidental in
the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro Island), on northern Baffin Island, in the An-
tilles (Puerto Rico and St. Barthélemy), on Tristan da Cunha, and in Sweden and
the Marshall Islands.

Larus minutus Pallas. LITTLE GULL. [60.1.]

Larus minutus Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p. 702.
(Circa alueos majorum Sibiriae fluminum = Berezovo, Tobolsk, Siberia.)

Habitat.— Grassy marshes (breeding); seacoasts, bays, estuaries, rivers, lakes,
ponds, marshes and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds locally in North America along the Great Lakes in north-
ern Wisconsin (Manitowoc and Brown counties), northern Michigan (Upper Pen-
insula) and southern Ontario (Rondeau, Pickering. Toronto and Parry Sound,
since 1962), also in Manitoba (Churchill, 1981); and in Eurasia from southern
Scandinavia and northwestern Russia south to northern Europe, south-central
Russia, central Siberia and Lake Baikal.

Winters in North America on the Great Lakes (especially Erie and Ontario),
and along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Virginia; and in the Old World
from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic
coast south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, questionably also in
eastern China.

Migrates primarily through central Europe and western Asia.

Casual along the Atlantic coast north to New Brunswick and south to Florida;
in the interior from northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, Minnesota and
the Great Lakes south to the Gulf coast (Texas east to western Florida), reported
west to Colorado, Kansas and Missouri; along the Pacific coast from southern
British Columbia south to southern California; and in Sierra Leone and Kenya.

Larus ridibundus Linnaeus. COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL. [55.1.]

Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 225. Gin Mari
Europzo = England.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers, bogs, moors, grasslands, swamps and coastal marshes,
in winter also seacoasts, estuaries and bays.

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, central Scandinavia,
northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the Mediterranean Sea, central
Russia, central Siberia, northwestern Mongolia and Kamchatka; also in New-
foundland (Stephenville Crossing, 1977). Nonbreeding birds occur north to Jan
Mayen Island and northern Scandinavia, occasionally south in the wintering re-
gions.

Winters in North America along the Atlantic coast from Labrador, Newfound-
land, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to New York (Long Island), casually
to Florida and inland in the Great Lakes region (especially Erie and Ontario); and
in the Old World from the southern part of the breeding range south to the eastern
Atlantic islands, central Africa, the Persian Gulf, northern India, Malay Peninsula,
eastern China, Formosa and the Philippines.

In migration occurs regularly in western and southwestern Alaska from Nome
south to the Aleutians, including St. Lawrence Island and the Pribilofs.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 215

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Oahu), along the Pacific coast of North
America from south-coastal Alaska to southern California, and in Missouri, Ve-
racruz, the Antilles (Puerto Rico and many of the Lesser Antilles), Greenland and
Guam, also sight reports from Manitoba (Churchill), Kansas and Surinam.

Notes.— Often called the BLACK-HEADED GULL. L. ridibundus and the South
American L. maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823, constitute a superspecies; they are
considered conspecific by some authors.

[Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot. GRAY-HOODED GULL.] See Appendix A.

Larus philadelphia (Ord). BONAPARTE’S GULL. [60.]

Sterna Philadelphia Ord, 1815, in Guthrie, Geogr., ed. 2 (Am.), 2, p. 319.
(No locality given = near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Old birds’ nests in trees in open coniferous woodland (occasionally
on the ground) near ponds and lakes (breeding); seacoasts, bays, estuaries, mud-
flats, marshes, rivers, lakes, ponds and flooded fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, north-
western and central Mackenzie and northern Manitoba south to the base of the
Alaska Peninsula, south-coastal and (rarely) southeastern Alaska, southern British
Columbia, central and southwestern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba and central Ontario (southern James Bay). Nonbreeding birds occur in
summer south in coastal areas to California and New England, and in the interior
to the Great Lakes.

Winters from Washington (casually from south-coastal Alaska) south along the
Pacific coast to southern Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa; in the interior of
Mexico south to western Jalisco and Guanajuato; from the Great Lakes (primarily
Erie and Ontario) south through the Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys to the
Gulf coast from southern Texas east to Florida (rare in the southern part), Ber-
muda, the Bahamas and Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), casually
also in southern New Mexico.

Migrates most commonly through eastern North America from the Mississippi
Valley east to the Appalachians, but casually or sporadically elsewhere throughout
the continent from southern Canada and Newfoundland southward.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Bar-
bados), the British Isles and continental Europe, also sight reports from the Yu-
catan Peninsula and Costa Rica.

Larus heermanni Cassin. HEERMANN’S GULL. [57.]

Larus Heermanni Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, p. 187.
(San Diego, California.)

Habitat.— Flat rocky islets or isolated coasts, often with scattered grass clumps
present (breeding); seacoasts, beaches, bays and estuaries (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds on islets off the Pacific coast of Baja California (Isla Benito
del Centro in the San Benito Islands, and Isla San Roque), in the Gulf of California
(George, Raza, Salsipuedes, Ildefonso and Monserrate islands), locally on islets
off Mexico south to Isla Isabela (off Nayarit), and elsewhere along the coast of
Sinaloa; isolated breeding reports in coastal California (1980) north to Alcatraz

216 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Island. Nonbreeding individuals often spend the breeding season in the post-
breeding range. :

Ranges after the breeding season north to southern British Columbia (Vancou-
ver Island) and south to the Pacific coast of Guatemala.

Casual or accidental in the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro Island), southeastern
California, western Nevada (Pyramid Lake), southern Arizona, New Mexico (Pinos
Altos Mountains), Oklahoma (Tulsa). Texas (Reagan County). Michigan (Lake
St. Clair) and Ohio (Lorain).

Larus modestus Tschudi. GRAY GULL.

Larus modestus Tschudi, 1843, Arch. Naturgesch., 9. p. 389. (in Oceani
pacifici littoribus = Lurin, south of Lima, Peru.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on interior deserts in Chile and ranges in
nonbreeding season along the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to
central Chile.

Accidental off Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 22 May 1925, W. Beebe; Slud, 1967,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 134, p. 279) and off Colombia (Gorgona Island). also
sight reports for Panama (Pacific entrance to Canal, and south of Isla Otoque in
the Bay of Panama).

Larus belcheri Vigors. BAND-TAILED GULL. [54.2.]

Larus belcheri Vigors. 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828). p. 358. (No locality given =
Peru.)

Habitat & Distribution. — Breeds |belcheri group] along the Pacific coast of South
America in Peru and northwestern Chile, and [at/anticus group] on the Atlantic
coast in northern Argentina, and winters along seacoasts and in bays and estuaries
from western Ecuador to central Chile, and from Uruguay to central Argentina,
respectively.

Casual in Panama (Pacific coast of Canal Zone. several sight records, one adult
photographed) and Florida (near Pensacola. September 1968, weakened individual
caught, photographed and kept in captivity for more than a decade: Marco Island,
6 June 1970, adult photographed: Cape Romano, 11 November 1974—29 January
1975, photographed: and near Marco. January—11 February 1976, adult photo-
graphed).

Notes.— Recent evidence points to the specific status of the two South American
populations, L. belcheri [BELCHER’s GULL] and L. atlanticus Olrog, 1958 [OLROG’s
GULL] (see Devillers, 1977, Le Gerfaut, 67. pp. 22-43). Photographs of birds in
nonbreeding plumage (Pensacola and Cape Romano individuals) have been iden-
tified as the Pacific L. b. belcheri: other reports and photographs of birds in
breeding plumage cannot be identified to group. The possibility of the Florida
birds being escaped captives or man-assisted vagrants remains.

[Larus crassirostris Vieillot. BLACK-TAILED GULL.] See Appendix A.

Larus canus Linnaeus. MEw GULL. [55.]

Larus canus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 136. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES ZAW

Habitat.—Seacoasts, beaches, bays and mudflats, breeding along rocky or sandy
coasts or inland along large lakes and rivers.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska (Brooks
Range and Kotzebue Sound), central Yukon, and northwestern and southern
Mackenzie south to the Alaska Peninsula, southern Alaska, coastal British Colum-
bia (to Vancouver Island), southern Yukon, northern Alberta (probably) and cen-
tral Saskatchewan, also in northeastern Manitoba (Churchill); and in Eurasia from
_ the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia
south to northern Europe, the Black and Caspian seas, Lake Baikal, northern
Mongolia, Anadyrland, the Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands.
Nonbreeding birds occur in summer north to the northern coast of Alaska and
northern Keewatin, and south to Washington, central Alberta and central Sas-
katchewan.

Winters in North America from southern Alaska (west to the Aleutians) south
along the Pacific coast to northern Baja California, casually inland to eastern
Washington, eastern Oregon, interior California, southern Nevada and Arizona,
and casually to the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and New-
foundland south to Massachusetts (sight records farther south); and in the Old
World from the breeding range south to the Mediterranean region, northern Africa,
Iraq, the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, coastal China and Japan.

In migration occurs regularly in interior British Columbia and northern Yukon.

Casual in the western Aleutians, southern Ontario (lakes Erie and Ontario),
Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island and the eastern Atlantic islands.
Accidental in Wyoming (Lake Fork River) and Colorado (Denver); a report from
Florida is questionable.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON or SHORT-BILLED GULL. Some authors suggest
that the larger Asiatic form, which has been reported from the western Aleutians,
is a separate species, L. kamtschatschensis Bonaparte, 1857 [KAMCHATKA GULL,
56.1]. Some (possibly most) Atlantic coast records are referable to the European
L. c. canus Linnaeus (photographs).

Larus delawarensis Ord. RING-BILLED GULL. [54.]

Larus Delawarensis Ord, 1815, in Guthrie, Geogr., ed. 2 (Am.), 2, p. 319.
(Delaware River, below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, bays, estuaries, rivers, lakes, ponds, irrigated fields and
plowed lands, breeding on rocky, grassy and sandy islets or isolated shores, occa-
sionally on marshy lands.

Distribution.— Breeds in western North America from southern interior British
Columbia (Lake Okanagan), western and central Washington, northeastern Alberta,
northwestern and central Saskatchewan, and north-central Manitoba south to
northeastern California (Honey Lake), south-central Idaho, south-central Colo-
rado, southeastern Wyoming and northeastern South Dakota (Waubay Lake); and
in eastern North America from north-central Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince
Edward Island, southern Labrador and northeastern Newfoundland south to east-
ern Wisconsin, northern Illinois (Lake Calumet), northern Michigan, southern
Ontario, northern Ohio (Lucas County), northern New York (Little Galloo Island),
central New Hampshire and New Brunswick. Nonbreeding individuals occur in
summer north to central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie and south-
eastern Keewatin, and south through the wintering range.

218 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters from southern British Columbia south along the Pacific coast to south-
ern Mexico (casually to El Salvador), in the interior from the Great Lakes to
central Mexico and the Gulf coast (Texas to Florida, casually south to the state
of Yucatan), and along the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida,
the Bahamas and Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands).

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Costa Rica (Chomes) and the Lesser Antilles
(south to Barbados), also sight reports from Caribbean Honduras.

Larus californicus Lawrence. CALIFORNIA GULL. [53.]

Larus Californicus Lawrence, 1854, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p. 79. (near
Stockton, California.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, bays, estuaries, mudflats, marshes, irrigated fields, lakes,
ponds and agricultural lands, nesting on open sandy or gravelly areas on islands
or along shores of lakes and ponds, generally with scattered grasses present.

Distribution. — Breeds from southern Mackenzie south through eastern Alberta,
Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, central Montana, east-central North Dakota
and northeastern South Dakota to north-central Colorado (Weld County), and
west to southern interior British Columbia, south-central Washington, south-
eastern Oregon, northeastern California, western Nevada and northern Utah.
Nonbreeding birds occur in summer north to southeastern Alaska and northern
British Columbia, in northern New Mexico, and casually south through the win-
tering range.

Winters from southern Washington and eastern Idaho south, mostly along the
Pacific coast, to southern Baja California, the Pacific coast of Mexico (to Colima),
and locally in the interior of Mexico (to the state of México).

In migration occurs regularly in western North America south of the breeding
range and east to New Mexico.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and Revillagigedos (Socorro Island),
east to the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley regions (recorded Minnesota,
Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio and New York), and to the Gulf coast
of Texas, also questionable sight reports from the Atlantic coast (south to Virginia)
and Florida. Reports from Guatemala are erroneous.

Notes.— The species listed from L. californicus through L. marinus are closely
interrelated; this complex poses one of the most complicated problems in orni-
thological systematics today.

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan. HERRING GULL. [51.]

Larus Argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 622. (No locality
given = Christiansde, Denmark.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, bays, estuaries, lakes and rivers, nesting along rocky or
sandy coasts, on tundra, on islands in larger lakes and rivers, and on cliffs.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, Southampton and western Baffin islands,
northern Quebec and northern Labrador south to southwestern, southern and
southeastern Alaska, south-central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Sas-
katchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, north-
eastern Illinois, central Michigan, southern Ontario, northern Ohio, northern New
York, and along the Atlantic coast to northeastern South Carolina; and in the

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 219

Palearctic from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia and northern
Europe east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to Kamchatka, the Chu-
kotski Peninsula, Anadyrland and the Sea of Okhotsk, and south locally to Italy.
Nonbreeding birds summer south through much of the wintering range, especially
in coastal areas.

Winters in the Americas from the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, the Great
Lakes region and Newfoundland south (mostly at sea and along coasts, large rivers
and lakes) through North America, Middle America (rare south of Mexico) and
the West Indies to Panama and Barbados; and in the Old World mostly in the
breeding range south to central Europe, the Mediterranean region, Black and
Caspian seas, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, India, central China, Formosa, and the
Ryukyu and Bonin islands.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands and Greenland.

Notes.— The central and southern Eurasian L. cachinnans Pallas, 1811, is con-
sidered conspecific with L. argentatus by some authors. For other comments on
relationships or hybridization, see notes under L. californicus, L. thayeri, L. fuscus,
L. schistisagus, L. glaucescens, L. hyperboreus and L. marinus.

Larus thayeri Brooks. THAYER’S GULL. [43.1.]

Larus thayeri Brooks, 1915, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 59, p. 373.
(Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Land.)

Habitat.— Seacoasts, estuaries and bays, less commonly on large inland lakes
and rivers, nesting on cliffs facing sounds.

Distribution.— Breeds from Banks, southern Melville, Bathurst, Axel Heiberg
and central Ellesmere islands south to southern Victoria Island, northern Kee-
watin, and northern Southampton, Coats (formerly) and northwestern Baffin islands.
Nonbreeding birds sometimes summer in the wintering range.

Winters primarily on the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia south
to central Baja California, less commonly in south-coastal and southeastern Alaska,
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the eastern Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario), casually
in the interior south to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the Gulf
coast of Texas and west-central Florida (St. Petersburg), and casually on the
Atlantic coast to Maryland, also sight reports south to central Florida.

Notes.—L. thayeri was formerly regarded as a race of L. argentatus but
is now generally regarded as a distinct species (see N. Smith, 1966, A. O. U.
Ornithol. Monogr., no. 4, pp. 1-97); recent field studies indicate that L. thayeri
and L. glaucoides kumlieni (once also regarded as a separate species, L. kumlieni
Brewster, 1883 [KUMLIEN’S GULL]), interbreed in mixed colonies on Baffin Island,
but the extent and nature of this interbreeding has not yet been determined (see
Weber, 1981, Cont. Birdlife, 2, pp. 6-8).

Larus glaucoides Meyer. ICELAND GULL. [43.]

Larus glaucoides ““Temm.” Meyer, 1822, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb.
Dtsch. Végelkd., p. 197. (Meere der arktischen Zone, z. B. in Island, zuwei-
len im Herbst an den Kiisten der Ost- und Nordsee = Iceland.)

Habitat.— Primarily coastal waters, casually on large inland bodies of water,
nesting on steep cliffs and ledges facing sounds and fjords.
Distribution.— Breeds in North America on southern Baffin Island (Foxe Pen-

220 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

insula and Home Bay southward) and in extreme northwestern Quebec (Erik Cove,
Digges Island), and in the Palearctic in Greenland, Iceland and Jan Mayen. Non-
breeding birds summer south, at least casually, to British Columbia, Saskatchewan,
the Great Lakes and New Jersey, and west to northern Alaska.

Winters in North America from Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence
south on the Atlantic coast to Virginia (casually to Florida), and inland (rarely)
to the Great Lakes (especially Lake Erie), and in the Palearctic from Iceland, the
Faroe Islands and Scandinavia south, at least rarely, to the British Isles, northern
Europe and the Baltic region.

Casual in Idaho, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Nebraska, Novaya Zemlya,
southern Europe and Madeira; also sight reports west to British Columbia and
Washington, and south, east of the Rockies, to the Gulf coast (from southeastern
Texas east to western Florida, but some or perhaps most of these reports probably
pertain to L. thayeri).

Notes.—See comments under L. californicus and L. thayeri.

Larus fuscus Linnaeus. LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. [50.]

Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coastal regions, bays, estuaries, and inland on lakes and rivers, nest-
ing on tundra, along sandy or rocky coasts, and on islands in lakes and larger
rivers.

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northern Scandinavia
and northern Russia south to the British Isles and France. Nonbreeding individuals
often summer in the wintering range.

Winters from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and the Baltic south to
central Africa, the Red Sea and Persian Gulf; also in small numbers (but regularly
and apparently increasing) in North America from the Great Lakes region, Lab-
rador, eastern Quebec, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast
(west to Texas) and Florida.

Casual in northwestern Mackenzie, Victoria Island, northeastern Manitoba,
Colorado, Puerto Rico and St. Martin (in the Lesser Antilles). Accidental in Alaska
(Icy Cape), California (Monterey), Panama (Canal Zone) and Greenland; a report
from Australia is erroneous.

Notes.— Some authors have considered L. argentatus and L. fuscus as conspe-
cific, but they are widely sympatric with only local hybridization. See also com-
ments under L. californicus.

Larus schistisagus Stejneger. SLATY-BACKED GULL. [48.]

Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884, Auk, 1, p. 231. (Bering Island and Petro-
paulski, Kamtschatka = Bering Island, Commander Islands.)

Habitat.— Mostly rocky seacoasts, breeding on cliffs and rocky islands, occa-
sionally on flat sandy shores with bushes.

Distribution. — Breeds from the Gulf of Anadyr and the western Bering Sea coast
south through Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands to Sakhalin and Japan. Reported
breeding at Harrowby Bay, northwestern Mackenzie, has been seriously ques-
tioned (see H6hn, 1958, Can. Field Nat., 72, pp. 5-6).

Winters from the Bering Sea and Kamchatka south to Japan, the Seven Islands

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 2

of Izu, Volcano and Ryukyu islands, and the coast of eastern China. Wanders
rarely in nonbreeding season to western Alaska (Point Barrow south to St. Law-
rence, Nunivak, and the Pribilof and Aleutian islands).

Casual in south-coastal Alaska (Anchorage, Kodiak, Homer). Accidental in the
Hawaiian Islands (Kure) and British Columbia (Victoria).

Notes.— Occasional hybrids between L. argentatus and L. schistisagus are
reported; some authors consider the two conspecific. See also comments under
L. californicus.

Larus livens Dwight. YELLOW-FOOTED GULL. [49.1.]

Larus occidentalis livens Dwight, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 11.
(San Jose Island, Lower [=Baja] California.)

Habitat.—Seacoasts, bays and estuaries, breeding on islands.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Gulf of California from George Island and Consag
Rock south to Espiritu Santo and San Pedro Nolasco islands.

Winters in southwestern California (Salton Sea), the Gulf of California, and
along the coast of Sonora, casually north to coastal southern California (San Diego
County).

Casual off Guerrero.

Notes.— This species was formerly considered a race of L. occidentalis, but
differences in morphology, behavior and vocalizations indicate that it is specifically
distinct. Some authors feel L. /ivens is closely related to the Southern Hemisphere
L. dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823. See also comments under L. californicus.

Larus occidentalis Audubon. WESTERN GULL. [49.]

Larus occidentalis Audubon, 1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 320. (Cape Dis-
appointment [Washington].)

Habitat.— Seacoasts, bays and estuaries, breeding on rocky islands and coastal
cliffs.

Distribution.— Breeds along the Pacific coast from southwestern British Colum-
bia south to west-central Baja California (Isla Asunci6n) and Guadalupe Island.

Winters from southern British Columbia south to southern Baja California,
casually to the coast of Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate Shoals, Oahu) and southwestern
Arizona; a report from the Revillagigedo Islands (Isla Clarion) probably pertains
to this species. Accidental in southwestern Alaska (Bristol Bay) and Illinois (Chi-
cago).

Notes.—See comments under L. californicus, L. livens, L. glaucescens and L.
marinus.

Larus glaucescens Naumann. GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL. [44.]

Larus glaucescens J. F. Naumann, 1840, Naturgesch. Végel Dtsch., 10, p.
351. (Nord-Amerika = North America.)

Habitat.— Primarily coastal waters, nesting on cliffs, rock ledges, grassy slopes
or barren flats.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from the southern Bering Sea (including
the Pribilof and Aleutian islands), and southern and southeastern Alaska south

TDD CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

along the Pacific coast to northwestern Oregon; and in the Commander Islands.
Nonbreeding birds often summer in the wintering range.

Winters in North America from the southern Bering Sea and southern Alaska
south along the Pacific coast to southern Baja California and the Gulf of California,
casually to Sonora, and inland to Idaho and southwestern Arizona; and in Asia
from Bering Island to Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands and Japan.

In migration occurs casually inland to Alberta.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands. Accidental in the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro
Island), Yukon (Windy Pass), Manitoba (Churchill) and Oklahoma (Capron).

Notes. — Frequent hybridization between L. glaucescens and L. occidentalis occurs
in mixed colonies from southern British Columbia to western Oregon, and these
two will probably prove to be conspecific; hybridization also occurs between L.
glaucescens and L. argentatus, at least on a limited basis, in south-coastal and
southeastern Alaska. See additional comments under L. californicus.

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus. GLAUCOUS GULL. [42.]

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper. p. 226

(note). (Northern Norway.) z

Habitat.— Primarily in coastal waters, less commonly along large inland bodies
of water, breeding on sea cliffs, rocky coasts or borders of tundra lakes.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America on Arctic coasts and islands from west-
ern and northern Alaska (south to Hooper Bay, and St. Matthew, Hall and, at
least formerly, the Pribilof islands), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, and
Prince Patrick, Ellef Ringnes and northern Ellesmere islands south to northern
Keewatin, northern Quebec, northern Labrador (south to Hopedale), and to South-
ampton, Coats, Belcher and southern Baffin islands; and in the Palearctic from
northern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Franz Josef
Land east across northern Russia and northern Siberia (including Novaya Zemlya
and the New Siberian Islands) to Anadyrland. Nonbreeding individuals often occur
in the wintering range, and in summer south casually to northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, southeastern Quebec and New England.

Winters in North America from the southern Chukchi Sea (rarely) and Bering
Sea south along the Pacific coast to Oregon (casually to southern California), and
on the Atlantic coast from Labrador south to Virgi’ : (rarely but regularly to
Florida, and inland to the Great Lakes); and in the Paiearctic from the breeding
range south to the British Isles, northern Europe and central Siberia, casually to
the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands; in coastal Baja California (San Benito Islands);
in the interior of North America from southern Canada (where more regular in
occurrence) south to Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Texas and the Gulf coast; and
in the eastern Atlantic islands.

Notes.— Extensive hybridization occurs between L. hyperboreus and L. argen-
tatus in Iceland (although sympatry without interbreeding exists in Canada), and
between L. hyperboreus and L. glaucescens in the eastern Bering Sea region. See
also comments under L. californicus.

Larus marinus Linnaeus. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. [47.]

Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. (in Europa =
Gotland, Sweden.)

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 223

Habitat.— Primarily seacoasts, less commonly on large inland bodies of water,
nesting on rocky coasts and islands, occasionally on inland lakes.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America along the Atlantic coast from northern
Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south to the St. Lawrence River,
Anticosti Island, and (along the coast) to North Carolina, also in southern Ontario
on Lake Huron (Little Haystack Island, Presquile Park); and in the Palearctic
from Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Shetlands, Spitsbergen, Bear Island,
northern Scandinavia and northern Russia south to the British Isles, northern
Europe and central Russia. Nonbreeding individuals occasionally summer north
to southern Baffin Island, west to Hudson Bay, and south through the wintering
range.

Winters in North America along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south
to North Carolina, less commonly but regularly to Florida, Bermuda and inland
on the Great Lakes; and in Eurasia from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles,
Scandinavia and northern Europe south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian
seas, casually to the eastern Atlantic islands.

Casual or accidental in northeastern Manitoba, Montana, Colorado, Nebraska,
the Ohio Valley (south to Kentucky), along the Gulf coast (Florida west to eastern
Texas), and to the Bahamas (San Salvador) and Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona
Island, Puerto Rico, St. Barthélemy and Barbados).

Notes.— Occasional hybridization between L. marinus and L. argentatus has
been reported. Some authors consider L. marinus and L. dominicanus as consti-
tuting a superspecies, but others ally the former to L. occidentalis; see further
comments under L. californicus and L. occidentalis.

Genus RISSA Stephens

Rissa Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13 (1), p. 180. Type, by monotypy,
Rissa brunnichii Stephens = Larus tridactylus Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Larus.

Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus). BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. [40.]

Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 136. (in Europa
septentrionali = Great Britain.)

Habitat.—Steep cliffs along coasts or on islands, occasionally on ledges of build-
ings (breeding); primarily pelagic, sometimes along seacoasts, bays and estuaries,
casually on large inland bodies of water (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in Alaska along the Chukchi and Bering seacoasts from
Cape Lisburne south to the Aleutians, and east along the Pacific coast to Glacier
Bay and Dixon Harbor; in northeastern North America from eastern Somerset,
Prince Leopold, Bylot and Cobourg islands south locally through northern and
central Baffin Island, Labrador (probably) and Newfoundland to southeastern
Quebec (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Anticosti and Bonaventure islands, and Percé and
Bird rocks); and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Jan
Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian,
Bennet and Wrangel islands south to the British Isles, northern Europe, the north-
ern Russian coast, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Kurile and Commander islands.
Nonbreeding birds occur in summer along the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada,
occasionally south along the Pacific coast to California.

224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters along the Pacific coast of North America from the southern Bering Sea
and southern Alaska south to northwestern Baja California, casually to Nayarit
(San Blas); along the Atlantic coast (mostly offshore) from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to North Carolina, less frequently to
Bermuda and eastern Florida; and in the Old World from the breeding range south
to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region and Japan, casually to the Cape
Verde Islands, West Africa and the Baltic Sea.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Laysan); and in the interior of
North America from Alberta, Idaho, Montana, Manitoba, Minnesota and the
Great Lakes region south to the Gulf coast (Texas east to western Florida), and
in Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. Accidental in the Bahamas (Andros),
Cuba, and off Jamaica.

Rissa brevirostris (Bruch). RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. [41.]

Larus (Rissa) brevirostris “Brandt” Bruch, 1853, J. Ornithol., 1, p. 103. (Nord-
Westkiiste von Amerika = Northwestern America.)

Habitat.— Steep cliffs on islands (breeding); primarily pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in Alaska in the Pribilof (St. George, St. Paul) and Aleu-
tian (Buldir, Bogoslof and Fire) islands, probably also the Commander Islands.

Winters in the northern North Pacific Ocean, occurring east to the Gulf of
Alaska (Kodiak and Middleton islands).

Casual or accidental in east-central Alaska (near junction of Kandik and Yukon
rivers), west-central Yukon (Fortymile), northwestern Oregon and Nevada (near
Las Vegas), also a sight report for southwestern Washington.

Genus RHODOSTETHIA MacGillivray

Rhodostethia MacGillivray, 1842, Man. Br. Ornithol., 2, p. 252. Type, by
original designation, Larus rossii Richardson = Larus roseus MacGillivray.

Notes.—See comments under Larus.

Rhodostethia rosea (MacGillivray). Ross’ GULL. [61.]

Larus roseus MacGillivray, 1824, Mem. Wernerian Soc., 5, p. 249. (Igloolik,
Melville Peninsula.)

Habitat.— Arctic coasts, river deltas and swampy tundra (breeding); mostly
pelagic in Arctic waters (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in northern Siberia from the Kolyma Delta to Aby, Malaya
(on the Alazeya River), Sredne Kolymsk and the Chaun River, also along the
lower Indigirka River and on the southern Taymyr Peninsula; bred in 1977 and
1978 in the Cheyne Islands (east of Bathurst Island), in 1980 in northeastern
Manitoba (Churchill, three nests located), and once in west-central Greenland
(Disko Bay).

Winter range unknown, probably pelagic in open Arctic waters.

In migration occurs along the Arctic coast of Alaska (primarily at Point Barrow),
rarely on St. Lawrence Island, and casually in the Pribilofs; also recorded in
migration on the Boothia and Melville peninsulas, on Cornwallis and eastern
Baffin islands, in Keewatin (McConnell River), and in Greenland and the Arctic

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 225

islands of the Old World, casually to the Faroe Islands, British Isles and continental
Europe.

Accidental in southwestern British Columbia (Victoria), Illinois (Chicago), New-
foundland (Fogo Island), Massachusetts (Newburyport) and Japan.

Genus XEMA Leach

Xema Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, app. 2, p. lvii. Type, by mono-
typy, Larus sabini Sabine.

Notes.—See comments under Larus.

Xema sabini (Sabine). SABINE’S GULL. [62.]

Larus sabini J. Sabine, 1819, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 12, p. 522, pl. 29.
(Sabine Islands near Melville Bay, west coast of Greenland.)

Habitat.— Coastal wet meadows and salt-grass flats (breeding); primarily pelagic,
casually along coasts or in inland waters (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from coastal western Alaska (Kotzebue
Sound to Bristol Bay), northwestern Mackenzie, and Banks, Victoria, Bathurst,
northwestern Devon and Bylot islands south locally to King William, southern
Southampton and southwestern Baffin islands, and northern Keewatin: and in the
Palearctic in northern Greenland and Spitsbergen, and from the New Siberian
Islands and northern Siberia south to the Taimyr Peninsula and Lena Delta.
Nonbreeding birds occur in summer to northern Ellesmere Island (probably breed-
ing), central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario
and northeastern Quebec, casually at sea south to wintering areas.

Winters at sea in the eastern Pacific from Panama south to central Chile; and,
less commonly, in the Atlantic (primarily tropical areas, rarely the North Atlantic).

In migration recorded regularly along the Pacific coast of North America from
Alaska to northern Baja California and Costa Rica; along the Atlantic coast from
Labrador to New England (casually to Florida); and around Iceland and the coasts
of Europe.

Casual through the interior of North America (mostly in migration but occa-
sionally in winter) from Alberta, Montana, North Dakota and the Great Lakes
south to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, the Gulf coast and Cuba; in Caribbean
Panama (Canal Zone); and to Japan and the North Sea.

[Genus CREAGRUS Bonaparte]

Creagrus Bonaparte, 1854, Naumannia, 4, p. 213. Type, by original desig-
nation, Larus furcatus Néboux.

Notes.—See comments under Larus.

[Creagrus furcatus (Néboux). SWALLOW-TAILED GULL.] See Appendix A.

Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup

Pagophila Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., pp. 69, 196. Type,
by monotypy, Larus eburneus Phipps.

Notes.—See comments under Larus.

226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Pagophila eburnea (Phipps). vORY GULL. [39.]

Larus eburneus Phipps, 1774, Voy. North Pole, App., p. 187. (Spitsbergen.)

Habitat.— Associated with the Arctic ice pack and drift ice, nesting on steep
cliffs or low rocky islets near ice or snow. :

Distribution. — Breeds in Arctic North America on Seymour, southeastern Elles-
mere, northern Baffin and, at least formerly, Prince Patrick, the Polynia and
Meighen islands; and in the Palearctic in northern Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz
Josef Land, northern Novaya Zemlya and North Land.

Winters in North America primarily over drift ice south to the southern Bering
Sea (Pribilof Islands) and northern Canada, casually south to south-coastal and
southeastern Alaska and British Columbia, the Great Lakes (primarily Superior,
Erie and Ontario), and along the Atlantic coast from Labrador, Newfoundland,
eastern Quebec and Nova Scotia south to New Jersey; and in the Palearctic from
southern Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to the Commander Islands, casually to the British Isles
and northern Europe.

Casual or accidental in southern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Min-
nesota, Iowa (Appanoose County) and Ontario, also sight reports for Washington
and North Carolina.

Subfamily STERNINAE: Terns

Notes.—See comments under Stercorariinae.

Genus STERNA Linnaeus

Sterna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 137. Type. by tautonymy,
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus (Sterna, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Thalasseus Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 563. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (Wagler, 1832), “Th. cantiacus’” = Sterna cantiaca Gmelin = Sterna
sandvicensis Latham.

Sternula Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 563. Type. by monotypy. Sterna
minuta Linnaeus = Sterna albifrons Pallas.

Hydroprogne Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 91. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1846), Sterna caspia Pallas.

Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 994. Type, by monotypy,
Gelochelidon meridionalis Brehm = Sterna nilotica Gmelin.

Sterna nilotica Gmelin. GULL-BILLED TERN. [63.]

Sterna nilotica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 606. Based on the “Egyptian
Tern” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 356. (in Aegypto = Egypt.)

Habitat.— Gravelly or sandy beaches (breeding): salt marshes, estuaries, lagoons
and plowed fields, less frequently along rivers, around lakes and in fresh-water
marshes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in western North America in southern California
(at southern end of Salton Sea), and on the coasts of Sonora (Bahia de Tobari)
and Sinaloa, probably also on Montague Island (Baja California) and elsewhere
in the Gulf of California; in eastern North America along the Atlantic-Gulf coast
from New York (Long Island) south to Florida (occasionally also inland at Lake

to
~~

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 2

Okeechobee and Haulover) and west to southern Texas, probably also to Tamau-
lipas and Veracruz; in the Bahamas (Great Inagua, Harbour Island), the Virgin
Islands (probably Anegada and Sombrero, formerly Cockroach Cay); in South
America on the Pacific coast of Ecuador, and on the Atlantic coast of Brazil,
Uruguay and northern Argentina; and in the Old World from northern Europe,
central Russia, southern Mongolia and eastern China south to Mauritania, north-
western Africa, Asia Minor, Iran, India, Ceylon and southern China, also in
Australia. Nonbreeding birds often summer in the wintering range.

Winters in the Americas in coastal areas from Oaxaca, the Gulf coast and
northern Florida south through Middle America, the West Indies and South
America to Peru on the Pacific coast and northern Argentina on the Atlantic
(including most islands off the north coast of Venezuela); and in the Old World
from tropical Africa, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, eastern China and
the Philippines south to southern Africa, Java and Borneo, also in Australia and
Tasmania.

Casual north to southern Arizona, Illinois, Ohio, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, and to Bermuda, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia and Japan: sight
reports from northern California are open to question.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Gelochelidon.

Sterna caspia Pallas. CASPIAN TERN. [64.]

Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropol., 14, p. 582, pl.
22. (Mare Caspium = Caspian Sea, southern Russia.)

Habitat.— Sandy or gravelly beaches and shell banks (breeding); seacoasts, bays,
estuaries, lakes, marshes and rivers (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in western North America from coastal and eastern
Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Utah and northwestern Wyoming south
(mostly in the interior) to southern California (San Diego Bay, Salton Sea) and
western Nevada (Lahontan Reservoir); in western Mexico in Baja California
(Scammon Lagoon) and on the coast of Sinaloa (Isla Larici6n): in the interior of
North America from northeastern Alberta, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatch-
ewan, north-central Manitoba and southern James Bay south to North Dakota
(McLean County), northeastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, central Michi-
gan, southern Ontario, northwestern Pennsylvania (formerly) and New Jersey
(probably); at scattered localities along the Atlantic coast in Newfoundland (Long
Harbour River), southeastern Quebec (Fog Island, Natashquam), Virginia
(Metomkin and formerly Cobbs islands), North Carolina (Oregon Inlet) and South
Carolina (Cape Romain); along the Gulf coast from Texas east to Florida; and in
the Old World from southern Scandinavia, northern Europe, southern Russia, the
Black and Caspian seas, northern Mongolia, Ussuriland and eastern China south
to the Mediterranean region, Persian Gulf, Ceylon, Australia and New Zealand,
also along the coasts of Africa and in the interior at Lake Rudolph. Nonbreeding
birds often summer in the James Bay and Great Lakes regions, and along both
coasts of the United States, less frequently south in Middle America to Costa
Rica.

Winters in the Americas primarily in coastal areas from central California south
to Baja California and Oaxaca, and from North Carolina south along the Atlantic-
Gulf coasts to eastern Mexico, less frequently along both coasts and on inland
lakes of Middle America (not recorded El Salvador) to northern Colombia and

228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Venezuela, and rarely to the Bahamas and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico):
and in the Old World from the breeding range south to tropical Africa, the Persian
Gulf, India and (rarely) Southeast Asia.

Migrates in North America primarily along coasts from British Columbia (rarely)
and Nova Scotia southward, less frequently along large rivers in the interior.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu. Maui): in southeastern Alaska: in the
interior of western North America from central Alberta and southern Saskatch-
ewan south to Colorado and New Mexico; and in the Old World north to the
Faroe Islands, British Isles and Japan.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Hydroprogne.

Sterna maxima Boddaert. ROYAL TERN. [65.]

Sterna maxima Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.. p. 58. Based on the
““Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 988.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open sandy beaches (breeding); seacoasts, lagoons and estuaries, rarely
on lakes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds locally on the Pacific coast in southern California (San
Diego Bay, rarely), in west-central Baja California (Scammon Lagoon, Isla San
Roque), along the coast of Sonora and Sinaloa, and in the Tres Marias Islands
(erroneously reported from Isla Isabela); in the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean region
from the Gulf coast (west to southern Texas) and Maryland (Chesapeake Bay)
south through the West Indies to islands off the north coast of Venezuela (Neth-
erlands Antilles east to Los Roques, and Trinidad) and French Guiana, also in
the state of Yucatan (Cayo Arcas and Alacran reef): in South America on the coast
of Uruguay: and in West Africa (islands off Mauritania). Nonbreeding individuals
occur in summer in coastal areas in the Americas north to central California and
New York, and south throughout the wintering range (rarely on the Pacific coast
south of Mexico).

Winters from central California, the Gulf coast and North Carolina south along
both coasts of the Americas to Peru, Uruguay and Argentina; and on the west
coast of Africa from Morocco to Angola.

Casual north on the Atlantic coast to Maine and Nova Scotia. Accidental in
the British Isles and Mozambique.

Notes.— This and the following two species are often placed in the genus Thal-
asseus.

Sterna elegans Gambel. ELEGANT TERN. [66.]

Sterna elegans Gambel, 1849. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4 (1848),
p. 129. (Mazatlan [Sinaloa]. Pacific coast of Mexico.)

Habitat.—Sandy beaches and flats (breeding): seacoasts, bays, estuaries and
mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds along the Pacific coast from southern California (San
Diego Bay) south to central Baja California (Scammon Lagoon, Isla San Roque),
and from the Gulf of California (Raza, Trinidad and George islands) south along
the coast of Sonora and Sinaloa to (probably) Nayarit (Isabela Island). Nonbreed-
ing birds occur in summer along the Pacific coast from central California to Costa
Rica.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 229

Winters along the Pacific coast from Guatemala south to central Chile (most
commonly from Ecuador south, rare north of Panama).

Wanders north regularly to central (rarely northern) California. Accidental in
Texas (Corpus Christi).

Notes.—See comments under S. maxima.

Sterna sandvicensis Latham. SANDWICH TERN. [67.]

Sterna Sandvicensis Latham, 1787, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 296.
(Sandwich, Kent, England.)

Habitat.—Sandy beaches and flats (breeding); seacoasts, bays, estuaries and
mudflats (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds [sandvicensis group] locally on the Atlantic coast of North
America in Virginia (Fisherman’s Island), North Carolina (Oregon Inlet) and South
Carolina; along the Gulf coast from southern Texas east to southern Mississippi
(Petit Bois Island), Alabama (formerly) and Florida; in the Bahamas, off southern
Cuba (Cayo Los Ballenatos), and on islets in the Virgin Islands (off Culebra, St.
Thomas and Anegada); off the state of Yucatan (Cayo Arcas, Alacran reef), for-
merly off Belize (Northern Two Cays); and in the Old World from the British
Isles and southern Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian
seas; and [eurygnatha group] on islands off the coast of Venezuela (Netherlands
Antilles, Las Aves, Los Roques, and on Soldado Rock off northern Trinidad, the
latter colony assigned by some authors to the sandvicensis group) and French
Guiana, and along the coast of northern Argentina. Nonbreeding individuals occur
in summer throughout the wintering range, most commonly in the Atlantic-Gulf-
Caribbean region.

Winters [sandvicensis group] along the Pacific coast from Oaxaca to Ecuador
and Peru, in the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean region from Florida (casually from Vir-
ginia) and the Gulf coast south throughout the West Indies, and along coasts to
southern Brazil and Uruguay, and in the Old World generally from the southern
portions of the breeding range south to the eastern Atlantic islands, southern
Africa, the Persian Gulf and India; and [ewrygnatha group] from the islands off
Venezuela (including Tobago and Trinidad) and the Colombian coast south along
the Atlantic coast to northern Argentina.

Casual [sandvicensis group] north along the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts.
Accidental [sandvicensis group] in southern California (San Diego Bay) and south-
ern Ontario (Lucknow), also sight reports [ewrygnatha group] for Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, and northern Lesser Antilles (St. Martin).

Notes.— The North American form is also known as CABOT’S TERN. The South
American breeding form is usually regarded as a separate species, S. eurvgnatha
Saunders, 1876 [CAYENNE TERN], but interbreeding with S. sandvicensis occurs
(see Junge and Voous, 1955, Ardea, 43, pp. 226-247). See also comments under
S. maxima.

Sterna dougallii Montagu. ROSEATE TERN. [72.]

Sterna Dougallii Montagu, 1813, Suppl. Ornithol. Dict., [not paged], see under
Tern, Roseate (with plate). (The Cumbrey Islands in Firth of Clyde [Scot-
land].)

Habitat.—Sandy beaches, open bare ground, grassy areas and under tumbled

230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

boulders, primarily on islands (breeding); seacoasts, bays and estuaries (nonbreed-
ing).

Distribution.— Breeds locally along the Atlantic coast of North America from
Maine and Nova Scotia south to North Carolina (Core Bank); in the Florida Keys
(Dry Tortugas), the Bahamas, Jamaica (Pedro Cays), Hispaniola (Beata Island,
Cayos de los Pajaros), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles and islands
off Venezuela (Netherlands Antilles, Las Aves and Los Roques); off Caribbean
Honduras (on Sandy Cay near Utila in the Bay Islands); in Bermuda (formerly);
and in the Old World locally from the British Isles and northern Europe south to
the Azores, Madeira and southern Africa, and from Ceylon and the Andaman
Islands south in the Indian Ocean along the east coast of Africa and to the Sey-
chelles and western Australia, also in the Pacific Ocean from China and the Ryukyu
Islands south to the Philippines, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and northern
and eastern Australia. Breeding populations in the Northern Hemisphere show
serious declines in recent years.

Winters in the Americas primarily in the eastern Caribbean from the West
Indies southward, ranging along the Atlantic coast of South America to eastern
Brazil; and in the Old World from the eastern Atlantic islands and northern Africa
south through the breeding range, and in the Indian and Pacific ocean areas
generally near the breeding grounds.

In migration occurs along the Atlantic coast of North America south to Florida,
casually on the Gulf coast west to Texas; also in western Europe and the western
Mediterranean region.

Accidental in Indiana (Miller), western New York (Niagara River), Gorgona
Island (off Pacific coast of Colombia, recovery of a bird banded on Long Island,
New York), and central and southern Europe. An old report from the Pacific coast
of Oaxaca is questionable.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus. COMMON TERN. [70.]

Sterna Hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 137. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.—Sandy, pebbly or stony beaches, matted vegetation (including tops
of muskrat houses) and grassy areas (breeding); seacoasts, estuaries, bays, lakes,
rivers and marshes (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in the interior of North America from northern Alberta,
south-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northwestern and central Man-
itoba, central Ontario (including southern James Bay), southern Quebec, southern
Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia south to eastern Washington, south-
eastern Alberta, northeastern Montana, North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota,
central Minnesota, northeastern Illinois, northwestern Indiana (Lake County),
southern Michigan, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania (Presque Isle),
central and northern New York, and northwestern Vermont, and locally along
the Atlantic coast to North Carolina (to Wrightsville Beach); locally on the Gulf
coast in Texas (Port Isabel to Galveston Bay), Mississippi (Petit Bois Island) and
western Florida (St. George Island); in Bermuda, the Greater Antilles (islets off
Hispaniola east to the Virgin Islands) and the Netherlands Antilles; and in the
Old World from the British Isles, northern Europe, northern Russia, north-central
Siberia and Mongolia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, Mediterranean region,
Black and Caspian seas, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, Turkestan, Ladakh and Tibet.
Nonbreeding individuals occur in summer on James Bay, throughout the Great

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 231

Lakes region, along the Atlantic-Gulf coast (west to southern Texas), south in
Middle America to Costa Rica, and throughout the West Indies.

Winters in the Americas from southern California (casually) and Baja California
(rarely) south along the Pacific coast of Middle America and South America to
Peru, and from South Carolina, Florida and the Gulf coast (rarely) south through
the West Indies and along the Caribbean-Atlantic coast of Middle America and
South America to northern Argentina; and in the Old World from the southern
portions of the breeding range south to southern Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, the
Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, and the Louisiade and Solomon islands.

In migration occurs regularly in interior North America in the Mississippi and
Ohio valleys, casually elsewhere (reported north to Yukon, and south to Arizona
and New Mexico), and on the Pacific coast north to British Columbia; also regular
in western Alaska (the western Aleutian, Pribilof and St. Lawrence islands).

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai east-
ward), Labrador, and interior South America (Ecuador, Bolivia).

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan. ARCTIC TERN. [71.]

Sterna paradisea Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 622. (ChristiansGée,
Denmark.)

Habitat.— Rocky or grass-covered coasts and islands, tundra, and sometimes
along inland lakes and rivers (breeding); mostly pelagic, rarely in coastal bays and
estuaries (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, Banks, Bathurst and northern Ellesmere islands, Labrador
and Newfoundland south to the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, southern Yukon,
northwestern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, extreme northern Ontario (including James Bay), central Que-
bec, New Brunswick and, along the Atlantic coast, locally to Maine (Casco Bay)
and Massachusetts, also in Washington (Puget Sound, since 1977); and in the
Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, north-
ern Russia and northern Siberia south to northern Europe, Anadyrland, the Com-
mander Islands and Gulf of Shelekhova.

Winters primarily in the Southern Hemisphere in subantarctic and Antarctic
waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, from off central Chile, central
Argentina and South Africa to the Weddell Sea and (rarely) Antarctic continent.

Migrates primarily at sea, casually through the Hawaiian Islands, along the
Pacific coast from Alaska to southern California, along the Atlantic coast from
New England to Florida (and west along the Gulf coast to Texas), and off the
Pacific coast of South America from Colombia to Chile.

Casual or accidental in interior California, northern and central Alberta, Idaho,
Colorado (near Denver), Minnesota (Duluth), southern Ontario (Toronto), New
York (Cayuga Lake), Georgia (Okefenokee Swamp), Cuba, the Black Sea and New
Zealand.

[Sterna sumatrana Raffles. BLACK-NAPED TERN.] See Appendix B.

Sterna forsteri Nuttall. FORSTER’sS TERN. [69.]

Sterna hirundo (not Linnaeus) Richardson, 1832, in Swainson and Richard-
son, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 412. (on the banks of the Saskatchewan

232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

[River] = about 10-50 miles west of Cumberland House, Saskatchewan.)
Sterna Forsteri Nuttall, 1834, Man. Ornithol. U.S. Can., ed. 1, 2, p. 274.
New name for Sterna hirundo Richardson, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Fresh-water and salt marshes, in migration and winter also seacoasts,
bays, estuaries, rivers and lakes.

Distribution. — Breeds in the interior of North America from southeastern British
Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba and southern
Ontario (formerly) south through east-central Washington and eastern and south-
central Oregon to southern California (San Diego Bay), western Nevada, south-
central Idaho, north-central Utah, northern and eastern Colorado, central Kansas,
western Nebraska, northern Iowa, northeastern Illinois (at least formerly), north-
western Indiana and east-central Michigan (Bay County); along the Atlantic coast
from southern New York (Long Island) south locally to North Carolina and,
formerly, South Carolina (Bulls Bay); and along the Gulf coast from northern
Tamaulipas and Texas east to southern Louisiana.

Winters along the Pacific coast from central California and Baja California south
to Oaxaca and Guatemala (Duefias), casually to Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya); and
along the Atlantic-Gulf coast from Virginia (casually farther north) south to Flor-
ida, west to Texas, south to northern Veracruz, casually to Costa Rica (Chomes);
and in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico, also a questionable
sight report from the Virgin Islands).

Migrates primarily through interior North America, casually to the Pacific coast
(north to southern British Columbia) and Atlantic coast (north to southern Quebec,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia); birds from the Atlantic coast breeding popu-
lations apparently disperse northward, at least to New England, prior to fall migra-
tion.

Accidental at sea several hundred miles east of Pernambuco, Brazil.

[Sterna trudeaui Audubon. TRUDEAU’S TERN.] See Appendix B.

Sterna antillarum (Lesson). LEAST TERN. [74.]

Sterna antillarum Lesson, 1847, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, 20, p. 256. (Gua-
deloupe, West Indies.)

Habitat.— Seacoasts, beaches, bays, estuaries, lagoons, lakes and rivers, breeding
on sandy or gravelly beaches and banks of rivers or lakes, rarely on flat rooftops
of buildings.

Distribution.— Breeds along the Pacific coast from central California (southern
San Francisco Bay) south to southern Baja California and Chiapas; in the interior
of North America locally along the Colorado, Red, Missouri, Mississippi and
Ohio river systems from southern South Dakota, western Iowa, southwestern
Missouri, northwestern Indiana, central Kentucky and northwestern Ohio south
to central New Mexico, western Kansas, central Oklahoma, northeastern Texas,
central Louisiana and western Tennessee; along the Atlantic-Gulf coast from
Maine (Scarborough) south to Florida and west to Texas (Port Isabel); in the
Atlantic-Caribvean region in Bermuda, throughout the Bahamas and Greater
Antilles, in the Lesser Antilles (St. Martin, St. Kitts and Antigua), off Belize (Grassy
Cay), in Honduras (on Sandy Cay near Utila Island, and at Puerto Caxinas), and
on islands off Venezuela (Netherlands Antilles, Los Roques and Margarita, pos-
sibly also Trinidad). Nonbreeding birds occur in summer north, at least casually,

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 233

to west-central California (San Francisco Bay), eastern Wyoming, central Colo-
rado, Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois and central Michigan,
and south through the wintering range.

Winters along the Pacific coast from Baja California south to southern Mexico,
probably also to northwestern South America, and along the coast of South Amer-
ica from Colombia east to eastern Brazil.

In migration occurs throughout the Gulf-Caribbean region (including the Lesser
Antilles and Trinidad), and along both coasts of Middle America (not recorded
El Salvador or Nicaragua).

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Washington (Ocean Shores), northwestern Ore-
gon (mouth of Columbia River), southwestern Arizona, Minnesota, Nova Scotia
and northeastern Argentina.

Notes.—S. antillarum and the Old World S. albifrons Pallas, 1764 [LITTLE
TERN], are often considered conspecific, but see Massey, 1976, Auk, 93, pp. 760-—
773). The two species, in addition to S. superciliaris and S. lorata Philippi and
Landbeck, 1861, of South America, S. saundersi Hume, 1877, of the northwestern
Indian Ocean region, and S. nereis (Gould, 1843), of Australia, appear to constitute
a superspecies.

Sterna superciliaris Vieillot. YELLOW-BILLED TERN.

Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dist. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 32, p.
176. Based on “‘Hati Ceja blanca’? Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.,
3, p. 377 (no. 415). (Paraguay.)

Habitat and Distribution.— Breeds along rivers and lakes in South America east
of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to southern Peru,
central Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and Uruguuay, and winters in
the breeding range, wandering to coastal areas, Tobago and Trinidad.

Accidental in Panama (Coco Solo, Canal Zone, 17—20 October 1977, J. Pujals,
photograph; Ridgely, 1981, Birds Panama, rev. ed., p. 366).

Notes.—See comments under S. antillarum.

Sterna aleutica Baird. ALEUTIAN TERN. [73.]

Sterna aleutica Baird, 1869, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 321. (Kadiak =
Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Habitat.—Grassy or mossy flats, on small offshore islands and coastal spits,
around lagoons or near river mouths (breeding); pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in Alaska from the Chukchi Sea coast (Cape Krusenstern
and Kotzebue Sound) south along the western coast to the Aleutians (west to Attu)
and Alaska Peninsula, and east along the southern coast (including Kodiak Island)
to Yakutat and Dry bays; and in Asia on the east coast of Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

Winters at sea, range unknown.

Casual in the Commander Islands and Japan.

Sterna lunata Peale. GRAY-BACKED TERN. [76.1.]

Sterna lunata Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p. 277. (Vincennes Island,
Paumotu Group, Kauehi Island, Tuamotu Islands.)

Habitat.— Sandy beaches or bare ground on islands (breeding); mostly pelagic
(nonbreeding).

234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds from the Hawaiian Islands (most of the western chain
east to Kaula and Moku Manu off Oahu) and Wake Island south to the Phoenix,
Fiji, Line and Tuamotu islands.

Winters at sea in the central Pacific Ocean, wandering casually to the Moluccas.

Sterna anaethetus Scopoli. BRIDLED TERN. [76.]

Sterna (Anaethetus) Scopoli, 1786, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, p. 92.
(in Guinea = Panay, Philippine Islands.)

Habitat.— Mostly pelagic, breeding on islands usually in rocky areas or on coral,
occasionally on sand, but generally in crevices, on ledges or partially concealed.

Distribution. — Breeds in the Pacific Ocean on islets in northwestern Costa Rica
(off Nicoya Peninsula) and possibly Panama (Frailes del Sur, off Azuero Peninsula),
and from Formosa south to the East Indies, New Guinea and Australia; in the
Atlantic-Caribbean region in the Bahamas, Cuba (Cayo Mono Grande), Jamaica
(Morant and Pedro cays, and off Port Royal), Hispaniola (Navassa, Seven Brothers
and Beata islands), Puerto Rico (Mona Island, and Desecheo Island off Culebra),
the Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Belize (Saddle, Ellen and Curlew cays, at least
formerly), off Venezuela (Las Aves and Los Roques, formerly on Aruba and off
Tobago), off Mauritania, and on islands in the Gulf of Guinea; and in the Indian
Ocean from off western India south to the Seychelles, Mauritius, and the Laccadive
and Maldive islands.

Ranges at sea in the Pacific off Middle America (recorded off Guerrero and
Panama), and widely in the western Pacific from the breeding range north to
Japan, Marcus Island, and the Volcano and Ryukyu islands; in the Atlantic-
Caribbean region widely in the West Indies, north along the Atlantic coast (most
abundantly after storms) from Florida to North Carolina (casually to Massachu-
setts), casually along the Gulf coast from Florida west to Texas, and rarely along
the north coast of Venezuela; and in the Indian Ocean from India and Ceylon
south in the breeding range, and to the east coast of Africa.

Accidental in Caribbean Costa Rica and Newfoundland, and at Cape Horn.

Notes.— Also known as BROWN-WINGED TERN.

Sterna fuscata Linnaeus. SOOTY TERN. [75.]

Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 228. Based mainly on
““L’Hirondelle-de-mer brune”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 6, p. 220, pl. 21, fig.
2. (in Insula Domincensi = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Primarily pelagic, nesting in colonies on islands on sandy beaches,
bare ground or coral, most often with scattered grasses present, less commonly
on rocky ledges.

Distribution. — Breeds in the Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to
Moku Manu and Manana off Oahu), islands off western Mexico (Clipperton,
Revillagigedo, Tres Marias and Isabela), and the Ryukyu, Bonin, Marcus and
Wake islands south to Australia, and Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec and Tua-
motu islands, also in the Galapagos Islands and on San Felix Island off Chile; in
the Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean region on small islands along the Gulf coast of Texas
(Matagorda Bay to Kleberg County), Louisiana (Chandeleur Islands) and the Yuca-
tan Peninsula (Cayos Arcas, Alacran reef, and formerly Mujeres and Cancun
islands), in North Carolina (Morgan Island, 1978), in Florida (Franklin County,

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 235

Tampa region, Dry Tortugas, Key West), throughout the Bahamas, off Cuba (Cayo
Mono Grande and Cayo de la Piedras), in the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles,
off Belize (Round Cay) and probably also Honduras (Isla Roatan), off the north
coast of Venezuela (Isla de Aves, islets off Tobago and Trinidad, and formerly
Margarita), off Brazil (Rocas Reef, Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin Vas
Rocks) and in the tropical Atlantic (Ascension, and islets off St. Helena and
Principe); and in the Indian Ocean from the Mascarene, Seychelles, Laccadive,
Maldive and Andaman islands to western Australia.

Ranges at sea in the Pacific throughout the Hawaiian Islands, off the west coast
of Middle America from Sinaloa to Panama, and widely in the tropical and
subtropical Pacific Ocean, throughout most of the Caribbean-Gulf region, regularly
from Texas east to Florida (especially after storms) and casually north along the
Atlantic coast to New England and Nova Scotia, also to Bermuda and along the
coast of South America east to the Guianas; and widely throughout the tropical
and subtropical Indian Ocean.

Casual inland after storms in the Atlantic states north to New York, and to
western Texas, Tennessee and West Virginia.

Genus PHAETUSA Wagler

Phaetusa Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1224. Type, by monotypy, Sterna
magnirostris Lichtenstein = Sterna simplex Gmelin.

Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin). LARGE-BILLED TERN.

Sterna simplex Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 606. Based on the “Simple
Tern” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 355. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds along rivers and lakes in South America in
western Ecuador, and from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trin-
idad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay,
northern Argentina and Uruguay, and ranges to seacoasts in the nonbreeding
season.

Casual in Panama (Coco Solo, Canal Zone, and vicinity; and near El Rincon,
Herrera). Accidental in Bermuda, Cuba (Nipe Bay) and Aruba, also records (of
individuals whose origin has been questioned) for Illinois (photograph, Lake Cal-
umet, Chicago) and Ohio (sight report, Evans Lake, near Youngstown).

Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque

Chlidonias Rafinesque, 1822, Ky. Gazette, new ser., 1, no. 8, p. 3, col. 5.
Type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops Rafinesque = Sterna surinamensis
Gmelin = Sterna nigra Linnaeus.

[Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas). WHISKERED TERN.] See Appendix B.

Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck). WHITE-WINGED TERN. [78.]

Sterna leucoptera Temminck, 1815, Man. Ornithol., ed. 1 (1814), p. 483. (les
bords de la Méditerranée, etc. = Mediterranean Sea.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on marshes from eastern Europe east to south-
ern Siberia, Sakhalin and Manchuria, and winters along coasts, rivers and lakes

236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

from tropical Africa, India, Southeast Asia and eastern China south to southern
Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, the East Indies, New Guinea, Australia and, rarely,
New Zealand, migrating through Europe, Korea and Japan.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (Nizki Island in the Aleutians), Wisconsin (Lake
Keshkonong), Indiana (Gary), New Brunswick (Grand Point, Portobello Creek
and Miscou Island), Massachusetts (Salisbury), Delaware (Little Creek and Port
Mahon), Virginia (Chincoteague), the Bahamas (Great Inagua), Barbados and
Guam, also a sight report for Georgia.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN.

Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus). BLACK TERN. [77.]

Sterna nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 137. (in Europa = near
Uppsala, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Marshes, sloughs and wet meadows, primarily fresh-water (breeding):
pelagic, as well as along seacoasts, bays, estuaries, lagoons, lakes and rivers (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from southwestern and east-central
British Columbia, northern Alberta, south-central Mackenzie, northwestern Sas-
katchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario (probably), southern Quebec,
southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south locally to south-central Califor-
nia, northern Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri (formerly),
south-central Illinois, Kentucky (formerly), Ohio, Pennsylvania, western New
York, northwestern Vermont and Maine (one old record from Fort Yukon, east-
central Alaska); and in the Old World from northern Europe, north-central Russia
and central Siberia south to the Mediterranean Sea, Asia Minor, Turkestan, and
the Caspian and Aral seas. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer south on the
Pacific coast to Panama, and in eastern North America to the Gulf coast.

Winters in the Americas along both coasts from Panama south to Peru and
Surinam; and in the Old World primarily in tropical Africa south to Angola and
Tanzania, casually to Madeira and northern China.

In migration occurs throughout the interior of North America south of the
breeding range: along both coasts and through the interior of Middle America;
along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia south to Florida and the West Indies
(rarely south to Barbados); and often far at sea.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands and Bermuda. Accidental in Alaska (Wrangell,
and Walker Lake in the Brooks Range), southern Yukon, Chile and northern
Argentina.

Genus ANOUS Stephens

Anotis Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13 (1), p. 139. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Anoiis niger Stephens = Sterna sto-
lida Linnaeus.

Anous stolidus (Linnaeus). BROWN Noppy. [79.]

Sterna stolida Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 137. Based mainly on
Hirundo marina minor, capite albo Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 1, p. 31, pl. 6,
fig. 2, and ““The Noddy” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 88, pl. 88. (in
Americe Pelago = West Indies.)

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 25

Habitat.— Primarily pelagic, nesting on islands on bare ground, rock ledges,
sandy beaches or in trees.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian (Kure east to
Moku Manu and Manana islets off Oahu), Ryukyu and Bonin islands south to
northern Australia, Norfolk Island and the Taumotu Archipelago, and from islands
off western Mexico (Revillagigedo, Tres Marias, Tres Marietas and Isabela) south
to Costa Rica (Cocos Island, possibly also on the Santa Elena Peninsula) and the
Galapagos Islands; in the Gulf-Caribbean region from the Bahamas and Florida
Keys (Dry Tortugas) south through most of the Antilles to islands off the coasts
of the Yucatan Peninsula (Alacran reef), Belize, Venezuela (Las Aves east to
Margarita, Tobago and Trinidad) and French Guiana; in the Atlantic Ocean on
Trindade, Ascension, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Gough, also islands in
the Gulf of Guinea; and in the Indian Ocean region from the Red Sea, Gulf of
Aden and Laccadive Islands south to Madagascar and the Seychelles.

Winters at sea, generally in the vicinity of the breeding grounds, ranging casually
(mostly after storms) to the Gulf coast (west to Texas), the Atlantic coast (north
to North Carolina), and the coasts of Middle America (Caribbean coast and islands
off Honduras and Nicaragua, and both coasts of Panama).

Casual in Bermuda. Accidental in Massachusetts.

Notes.— Also known as Noppy TERN and COMMON Noppy.

Anous minutus Boie. BLACK Noppy. [79.1.]

Anous minutus Boie, 1844, Isis von Oken, col. 188. (New Holland = Raine
Island, Australia.)

Habitat.— Primarily pelagic, breeding on islands in trees or on rock ledges.

Distribution.— Breeds in the tropical Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian Islands
(throughout), and Marcus and Wake islands south to New Guinea, northeastern
Australia and the Tuamotu Archipelago, also off the coast of Middle America on
Clipperton Island, and on Cocos Island (off Costa Rica); in the Caribbean region
off Belize (formerly on Southwest Cay in Glover’s Reef, no recent records) and
off Venezuela (Los Roques and possibly Las Aves); and in the tropical South
Atlantic from St. Paul’s Rocks and Fernando de Noronha to St. Helana and
(formerly) Inaccessible Island.

Winters at sea in the vicinity of the breeding grounds.

Casual in the Florida Keys (Dry Tortugas, summers since 1962), also a sight
report from Honduras (Isla Utila). Accidental on the central coast of Texas (Nueces
County).

Notes.— Some authors treat A. tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) [LESSER Noppy]
of the Indian Ocean as conspecific with A. minutus; they constitute a superspecies.
With a single species concept, WHITE-CAPPED Noppy is the appropriate English
name.

Genus PROCELSTERNA Lafresnaye

Procelsterna [subgenus] Lafresnaye, 1842, Mag. Zool. [Paris], ser. 2, 4, Ois.,
pl. 29, p. 1. Type, by monotypy, Procelsterna tereticollis Lafresnaye = Sterna
cerulea Bennett.

238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Procelsterna cerulea (Bennett). BLUE-GRAY Noppy. [79.2.]

Sterna cerulea F. D. Bennett, 1840, Narr. Whaling Voy., 2, p. 248. (Christmas
Island, Pacific Ocean.)

Habitat.— Primarily pelagic, nesting in recesses and shallow cavities on rocky
islands, and in the open on sandy islets.

Distribution. — Breeds in the tropical Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian Islands
(Gardner Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa and Kaula) south to
the Samoa and Tuamotu archipelagos, and to Henderson, Easter and San Ambro-
sia (off Chile) islands; also on Lord Howe, Norfolk and the Kermadec islands
north of New Zealand.

Winters at sea in the general vicinity of the breeding grounds.

Notes.— Also known as GRAY TERNLET. The southwestern Pacific populations
are sometimes recognized as a distinct species, P. albivittata Bonaparte, 1856.

Genus GYGIS Wagler

Gygis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1223. Type, by monotypy, Sterna
candida Gmelin = Sterna alba Sparrman.

Gygis alba (Sparrman). WHITE TERN. [79.3.]

Sterna alba Sparrman, 1786, Mus.-Carlson., fasc. 1, pl. 11. (in India orientali,
ad promontorium Bonae Spet Insulasquae maris pacifici = Ascension
Island.)

Habitat.— Primarily pelagic, breeding on islands on bare limbs or crotches in
branches of trees (no nest), less commonly on rocky ledges or coral, sometimes
in old nests of Anous minutus and on various man-made structures.

Distribution. — Breeds [candida group] on islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean
from the Hawaiian (Kure east to Kaula, and on Oahu), Caroline and Marshall
islands south to Norfolk, the Kermadec, Tonga and Society islands, also on Clip-
perton Island, Cocos Island (off Costa Rica), in the Galapagos Islands, and on
Easter and Sala-y-Gomez islands, and in the Indian Ocean in the Seychelles; and
[alba group] in the Pacific in the Marquesas Islands, and in the South Atlantic on
Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin Vas Rocks, Ascension and St. Helena.

Winters at sea generally near the respective breeding ranges.

Accidental [candida group] in the Revillagigedo Islands (Oneal Rock near Socorro)’
and on Bermuda (photograph of individual referable to this group).

Notes.— Also known as WHITE Noppy or FAIRY TERN, the latter name now
restricted to Sterna nereis (Gould, 1843) of the southwest Pacific. Some authors
suggest that the two groups may represent distinct species, G. alba and G. candida
(Gmelin, 1789).

Subfamily RY NCHOPINAE: Skimmers
Notes.—See comments under Stercorariinae.

Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus

Rynchops Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 138. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Rynchops nigra Linnaeus.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 239

Notes.— Treatment of Rynchops as masculine results from a decision by the
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature ruling that all genera end-
ing in -ops are to be considered as of masculine gender.

Rynchops niger Linnaeus. BLACK SKIMMER. [80.]

Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 138. Based mainly
on the “Cut Water’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 90, pl. 90. (in
America = coast of South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Primarily near coasts on sandy beaches, shell banks, coastal islands,
tropical rivers, and locally, gravelly rooftops, in migration and winter also bays,
estuaries, lagoons and mudflats (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in western North America in southern California (San
Diego, Salton Sea) and along the coast of Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit; locally on
the Atlantic-Gulf coast from Massachusetts (Plymouth), New York (Long Island)
and New Jersey south to southern Florida (Miami area), and from western Florida
(south to the Tampa Bay region) along the Gulf coast to Texas and south to
Tabasco (possibly also the Yucatan Peninsula); and in South America along the
Pacific coast in western Ecuador, and on the Caribbean-Atlantic coast from Colom-
bia south (including in the larger rivers) to northern Argentina.

Winters from southern California and Sonora south along the Pacific coast of
Middle America and South America to southern Chile; and in the Atlantic-Carib-
bean region from Florida (rarely from North Carolina) west along the Gulf coast
to Texas and south along the coast of Middle America and South America (also
Margarita Island and Trinidad) to central Argentina. Postbreeding individuals
wander rarely north to central California and (usually following storms) to New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Casual inland in coastal states, on the Mexican Plateau, and to Arizona, New
Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, southern Ontario and Quebec; also to
Bermuda, the Bahamas (Bimini, Great Inagua), Cuba, Hispaniola (off the coast),
the Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe and Grenada.

Notes.— The morphologically distinct South American race, R. n. cinerascens
Spix, 1825, has been recorded as a vagrant in Costa Rica and Panama. Some
authors consider all species of the genus Rynchops to constitute a superspecies.

Suborder ALCAE: Auks and Allies ©
Family ALCIDAE: Auks, Murres and Puffins
Tribe ALLINI: Dovekies

Genus ALLE Link

Plautus Gunnerus, 1761, Trondheimske Selks. Skr., 1, p. 263, pl. 6. Type,
by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus = Alca alle Lin-
naeus. (Unavailable name; see Wetmore and Watson, 1969, Bull. Br. Orni-
thol. Club, 89, pp. 6-7.)

Alle Link, 1806, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46. Type, by
monotypy, Alle nigricans Link = Alca alle Linnaeus.

240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Alle alle (Linnaeus). DOVEKIE. [34.]

Alca Alle Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 131. Gn Europe Americz
arctice oceano = Scotland.)

Habitat.—Crevices on steep coastal cliffs (breeding); mostly pelagic, less fre-
quently along seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in the Palearctic in Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spits-
bergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and North Land; also
probably islands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence and Little Diomede), and possibly
in North America on eastern Ellesmere Island. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer
south to Baffin Island, and along the Atlantic coast to Maine.

Winters offshore from the breeding range south to Southampton Island, Ungava
Bay, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy (irregularly along the Atlantic
coast as far as North Carolina), and in the eastern Atlantic to the Canary Islands,
Azores, France and the Baltic Sea, also casually south to southern Florida, Cuba,
the Bahamas (Grand Bahama), Bermuda, Madeira and the western Mediterranean
Sea.

Casual along the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada (Point Barrow), Melville
Island and Keewatin, and in the interior of northeastern North America west to
central Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario and New York; also
in the British Isles and interior of Europe. Accidental in western Florida (Bay
County) and the Pribilof Islands (St. George).

Notes.— Also known as LITTLE AUK.

Tribe ALCINI: Murres and Auks

Genus URIA Brisson

Uria Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 52; 6, p. 70. Type, by tautonymy,
Uria Brisson = Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan.

Uria aalge (Pontoppidan). COMMON MuRRE. [30.]

Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 621, pl. 26. (Island =
Iceland.)

Habitat.— Coastal cliffledges (breeding); pelagic and along rocky seacoasts (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America along the Pacific coast from western
Alaska (Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound, Diomede Islands) south through Norton
Sound and the Bering Sea (St. Matthew, Nunivak and the Pribilof islands) to the
Aleutians, and from south-coastal Alaska to central California (including the Far-
allon Islands, and south to Monterey County, formerly Santa Barbara County);
in eastern North America from Labrador (locally) and southeastern Quebec (north
shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Anticosti and Bonaventure islands, and Bird Rocks)
south to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (at least formerly); and in the Palearctic
from Greenland, Iceland, Bear Island and Novaya Zemlya south to northern
France and central Norway, and from the Commander Islands and Kamchatka
south to southern Sakhalin, eastern Korea and Japan.

Winters primarily offshore in areas near the breeding grounds, in the Pacific
south regularly to southern California and (rarely) northern Baja California; in

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 241

eastern North America south to Maine, casually as far as Virginia (Back Bay);
and in the Palearctic to northern Europe.

Accidental in Florida (Fort Pierce).

Notes.— Also known as THIN-BILLED MurRRE and, in Old World literature, as
the GUILLEMOT.

Uria lomvia (Linnaeus). THICK-BILLED MuRRE. [31.]

Alca Lomvia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 130. (in Europa boreali =
Greenland.)

Habitat.— Steep, coastal cliffs (breeding); mostly pelagic, less frequently along
rocky coasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne,
Kotzebue Sound, Diomede Islands) south through the Pribilofs to the Aleutians,
east to Kodiak, Middleton and St. Lazaria islands, in northwestern Mackenzie
(Cape Parry), and from Prince Leopold, Cobourg, Bylot and eastern Baffin islands
south to northern Hudson Bay (Coats Island and Chesterfield Inlet), northern
Quebec (Ungava Bay to Cape Chidley), Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
Newfoundland (Bird Rock), formerly to Maine (Penobscot Bay); and in the Pale-
arctic from Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, the
New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island and northern Siberia south to northern
Russia, Kamchatka, and the Commander and Kurile islands.

Winters primarily offshore from the breeding range in North America south to
southeastern Alaska, casually to central California (Monterey Bay), in northern
Canada south to Hudson Bay, casually to northern Yukon; along the Atlantic
coast to New Jersey, casually south to South Carolina (sight reports for Florida)
and inland to the Great Lakes region (recorded from Michigan, Ontario and
Quebec south to Iowa, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania); and in the Palearctic
south to northern Europe and Japan.

Notes.— Also known as BRUNNICH’S MurRRE and, in Old World literature, as
BRUNNICH’S GUILLEMOT.

Genus ALCA Linnaeus

Alca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 130. Type, by tautonymy, Alca
torda Linnaeus (Alca, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Alca torda Linnaeus. RAZORBILL. [32.]

Alca Torda Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 130. (in Europe borealis
oceano = Stora Karls6, Baltic Sea.)

Habitat.— Coastal cliffs and on rocky shores and islands (breeding); mostly
pelagic, less commonly along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from extreme southeastern Baffin Island
and the coast of Labrador south to southeastern Quebec (north shore of Gulf of
St. Lawrence, Cape Whittle, Bird Rocks, and Anticosti, Bonaventure and Mag-
dalen islands), eastern Newfoundland, southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan),
eastern Maine (Machias Seal Island and Matinicus Rock) and Nova Scotia; and
in the Palearctic from Greenland east to the British Isles, Scandinavia and northern
Russia. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) on Digges Island, off north-
western Quebec.

242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters offshore from the breeding grounds in North America south to New
York (Long Island), casually to South Carolina and Florida (Brevard County):
and in the Palearctic from southern Scandinavia and the Baltic to the western
Mediterranean Sea, casually to the Canary Islands.

Casual on Lake Ontario and the Gulf coast of Florida (St. George and Santa
Rosa islands). Accidental in Pennsylvania (Pittston).

Notes.—Also known as RAZOR-BILLED AUK.

Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre

Plautus (not Gunnerus) Briinnich, 1771, Zool. Fund.. p. 78. Type, by mono-
typy. “Bnillefuglen” = Alca impennis Linnaeus.

Pinguinus Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Ornithol., livr. 47, pp.
Ixxxili, 28. Type, by subsequent designation (Ogilvie-Grant. 1898), Alca
impennis Linnaeus.

+Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus). GREAT AUK. [33.]

Alca impennis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1. p. 130. (in Europa arc-
tica = Norwegian Sea.)

Habitat.— Low coastal rocky islands (breeding): mostly at sea (nonbreeding).

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly dred in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Bird
Rocks). Newfoundland (Funk Island). Greenland, Iceland and the Outer Hebrides
(St. Kilda). possibly in the Faroe Islands and on Lundy, doubtfully on the Isle of
Man.

W intered from the breeding grounds south to Maine and Massachusetts, casually
to South Carolina; and to the British Isles, France, Spain, Denmark and Scan-
dinavia.

Last verified record. two taken in Iceland on 3 June 1844.

Tribe CEPPHINI: Guillemots

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas

Cepphus Pallas. 1769, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5. p. 33. Type, by monotypy.
Cepphus lacteolus Pallas = Alca grylle Linnaeus.

Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus). BLACK GUILLEMOT. [26.]

Alca Grylle Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 130. (in Europ borealis
oceano = Gotland, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Holes under rocks (rarely in ground) on rocky islands, in crevices in
base of coastal cliffs. and (in Alaska) in or under beach flotsam (breeding): mostly
pelagic. less frequently along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in northern Alaska (along the Chukchi and Beaufort sea-
coasts from Cape Thompson east at least to Barter Island, probably also on St.
Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea) and northern Yukon (Herschel Island): in
eastern North America from Ellesmere, Devon, Somerset. Bylot and eastern Baffin
islands south to the Melville Peninsula. Southampton Island. northern Ontario
(Cape Henrietta Maria). the eastern shore of Hudson and James bays, northern
Labrador. Newfoundland. shores and islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, New

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 243

Brunswick, Maine and southern Nova Scotia; and in the Palearctic from Green-
land, Iceland, Scandinavia, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya and the New Sibe-
rian, Wrangel and Herald islands south to the British Isles, southern Scandinavia
and the coast of northern Siberia. Recorded in summer west to Banks Island and
northern Keewatin.

Winters mostly at sea from the breeding grounds south in the Bering Sea ice
front to the Pribilof Islands, and in eastern North America from the breeding
grounds south to New England, rarely New York (Long Island) and New Jersey:
and in the Palearctic to northern Europe.

Casual or accidental in Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, east-
ern Pennsylvania (Delaware River near Chester) and South Carolina.

Notes.—C. grylle and C. columba constitute a superspecies.

Cepphus columba Pallas. PIGEON GUILLEMOT. [29.]

Cepphus Columba Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 348. (in oceano
arctico pariterque circa Camtschatcam et in omni freto inter Sibiriam et
Americam = Kamchatka and Bering Strait.)

Habitat.— Crevices in coastal cliffs or among rocks along shores, also under old
docks and piers (breeding); mostly pelagic and along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in western North America from northern Alaska (Cape
Lisburne and Cape Thompson) south through Norton Sound and the Bering Sea
(Diomede, St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Hall and Bogoslof islands, and Cape New-
enham and Cape Peirce) to the Aleutians, and south along the Pacific coast to
southern California (to Santa Barbara Island, and on the mainland to San Luis
Obispo County); and in Eurasia from the Chukotski Peninsula south to the Kurile
Islands. Nonbreeding individuals occur in summer elsewhere in the Bering Sea
(Nunivak and Pribilof islands).

Winters in North America from the Pribilofand Aleutian islands south to central
California (casually to San Diego County); and in Eurasia generally near the
breeding grounds, casually to Sakhalin and Japan (Hokkaido).

Notes.—See comments under C. grylle.

[Cepphus carbo Pallas. SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT.] See Appendix B.
Tribe BRACHYRAMPHINI: Brachyramphine Murrelets

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt

Brachyramphus M. Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg,
2, no. 22, col. 346. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840),
Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin.

Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin). MARBLED MURRELET. [23.]

Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 583. Based on the
““Marbled Guillemot” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 517, pl. 22, right fig. (in
America occidentali et Camtschatca = Prince William Sound, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forests near coasts, nesting on large horizontal branches
high up in trees, or on islands on open barren ground (breeding); mostly pelagic
(nonbreeding).

244 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds in Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Barren Islands), central Cal-
ifornia (Santa Cruz County) and Siberia (Okhotsk); few nests known. Occurs in
summer and probably breeds in North America from southern Alaska (the Aleu-
tians, Alaska Peninsula and south-coastal region) south to central California, and
in Asia from the Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands south
to Korea, Japan and the Kurile Islands.

Winters offshore in North America from southern Alaska (casually the Aleutians
and Pribilofs) south to central (casually southern) California; and in Eurasia from
the summer range south regularly to Japan.

Accidental in Indiana (Brown County) and Quebec (near Montreal).

Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors). KITTLITZ’S MURRELET. [24.]

Uria brevirostris Vigors, 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828), p. 357. (San Blas [Mexico],
error = North Pacific.)

Habitat.— Coastal cliffs, and barren ground, rock ledges and talus above tim-
berline in coastal mountains, generally near glaciers (breeding); mostly pelagic and
along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in Alaska in mountains, primarily coastal, from Port
Hope south to the Aleutians and east to Glacier Bay.

Winters generally offshore from the Aleutians east to Glacier Bay.

Casual in northeastern Siberia and the Kurile Islands. Accidental in southern
California (La Jolla, possibly not a natural vagrant).

Tribe SYNTHLIBORAMPHINI: Synthliboramphine Murrelets

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt

Synthliboramphus M. Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg,
2, no. 22, col. 347. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840),
Alca antiqua Gmelin.

Endomychura Oberholser, 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51, p.
201. Type, by original designation, Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus de
Vesey.

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (Xantus de Vesey). XANTUS’ MURRELET.
[253]

Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus de Vesey, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 11 (1859), p. 299. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California = 14
miles off the coast of Cape San Lucas, Baja California.)

Habitat.—On islands on the ground, in crevices beneath large rocks, or under
dense clumps of vegetation (breeding); mostly pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds on islands off southern California (San Miguel, Anacapa
and Santa Barbara, possibly other of the Channel Islands) and western Baja Cal-
ifornia (Los Coronados, Todos Santos, San Benito, Natividad and Guadalupe).

Winters primarily from central California (Monterey Bay) south to southern
Baja California, casually farther north (recorded from the Farallon Islands, Oregon,
Washington, and off Moresby Island, British Columbia).

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 245

Notes.— Breeding populations on Guadalupe Island, presently known as S. h.
scrippsi (Green and Arnold, 1939), may represent a species distinct from S. hypo-
leucus, as there is some evidence that both breed in the San Benito Islands and
on Santa Barbara Island (with limited hybridization). S. hypoleucus and S. craveri
appear to constitute a superspecies; the two are considered conspecific by some
authors, but both apparently breed in the San Benito Islands with very little
hybridization. These two species were formerly placed in the genus Endomychura.

Synthliboramphus craveri (Salvadori). CRAVERI’'S MURRELET. [26.]

Uria Craveri Salvadori, 1865, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Milano, 8, p. 387. (Golfo della California, Lat. 27°50'12” Long.
110°10'45” = Raza Island, Gulf of California.)

Habitat.—In rock crevices on islands (breeding); mostly pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds on most islands in the Gulf of California (north to Consag
Rock), and probably north along the west coast of Baja California to Magdalena
Bay and the San Benito Islands.

Winters at sea in the Gulf of California and to the coast of Sonora (possibly
farther south off western Mexico). Wanders after the breeding season north along
the Pacific coast of Baja California and southern California to Monterey Bay.

Accidental in Oregon (Lane County).

Notes.—See comments under S. hypoleucus.

Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). ANCIENT MURRELET. [21.]

Alca antiqua Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 554. Based on the “‘Antient
Auk” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 512. (in mari inter Camtschatcam, insulas
Kuriles et Americam intermedio = Bering Sea.)

Habitat.— Rocky seacoasts in crevices, under rocks, and occasionally in burrows
in the ground (breeding); mostly pelagic, casually on large inland bodies of water
(nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western North America from southern Alaska (the
Aleutian, Sanak and Kodiak islands) south to British Columbia (Queen Charlotte
Islands), casually to northwestern Washington (Carroll Island); and in eastern Asia
from the Commander Islands and Kamchatka south to Amurland, Sakhalin, the
Kurile Islands, Korea and Dagelet Island.

Winters primarily offshore in North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian
islands south to central (rarely southern) California and (casually) northern Baja
California (Ensenada); and in Asia from the Commander Islands south to Formosa
and the Ryukyu Islands.

Casual in the interior of western North America (in southern Yukon, and from
southern British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho, Montana and southern Manitoba
south to Nevada, Utah, Colorado and Nebraska) and in the upper Midwest and
Great Lakes region (from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario and
southern Quebec south to central Illinois and northern Ohio). Accidental in Lou-
isiana (Lake Pontchartrain).

Notes.—S. antiquus and the Japanese S. wumizusume (Temminck, 1835)
[JAPANESE Or TEMMINCK’S MURRELET] constitute a superspecies.

246 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tribe AETHIINI: Auklets

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt

Ptychoramphus M. Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg,
2, no. 22, col. 347. Type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas). CASSIN’s AUKLET. [16.]

Uria Aleutica Pallas, 1811, Zoogr., Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 370. (Russia ad Oceanum
orientalem = North Pacific Ocean.)

Habitat.— On islands in burrows in the ground (breeding); mostly pelagic, less
frequently along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds locally on coastal islands from southern Alaska (west to
Buldir in the Aleutians) south to southern Baja California (Asuncién, San Roque
and Guadalupe islands).

Winters along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia (Vancouver
Island), rarely from southeastern Alaska, south to southern Baja California.

Casual inland in Washington and Oregon.

Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup

Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw.. p. 155. Type.
by monotypy, Alca psittacula Pallas.

Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Pallas). PARAKEET AUKLET. [17.]

Alca psittacula Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool. 1, fase. 5. p. 13. pl. i; pl. v. figs. 4—
6. (in mari Kamtschatkam ... et circa insulas partim versus Iaponiam
partim versus Americam septentrionalem sparsas = Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— Rocky seacoasts in cliff crevices. among boulders on beaches, and on
rocky slopes with dense vegetation (breeding); mostly pelagic, less commonly in
coastal regions (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western Alaska from the Diomede Islands, Fairway
Rock, Sledge Island and Norton Sound south through the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence,
St. Matthew and the Pribilof islands) to the Aleutians, and east to islands in Prince
William Sound: and in eastern Siberia along the Gulf of Anadyr and the in the
Commander Islands.

Winters off the Pacific coast of North America from the Pnbilof and Aleutian
islands south, at least formerly, to southern California; and in Eurasia from the
Bering Sea south to Sakhalin. the Kurile Islands and Japan.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure. Midway) and northern Alaska (Point
Barrow). Accidental in Sweden.

Genus AETHIA Merrem

Aethia Merrem, 1788, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Ges. Nat. Eintheil. Végel, 1, Ten-
tamen Nat. Syst. Avium, pp. 7, 13, 20. Type. by monotypy, Alca cristatella
Pallas.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 247

Aethia pusilla (Pallas). LEAST AUKLET. [20.]

Uria pusilla Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 373. (circa Camtschat-
cam = Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— Talus slopes and beach rock rubble, occasionally in small crevices
in coastal cliffs (breeding); mostly pelagic, and at upwellings along rocky seacoasts
and islands (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western Alaska from the Diomede Islands south A eh
islands of the Bering Sea (including the Pribilofs) to the Aleutian, Shumagin and
Semidi islands; and in eastern Siberia along the Chukotski Peninsula.

Winters in the southern Bering Sea, at sea off the Aleutians, and from the coast
of eastern Siberia south to Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands and northern
Japan.

Casual north to northern Alaska (Point Barrow) and east to northern Mackenzie
(Kittigazuit). Accidental in California (San Mateo County).

Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin). WHISKERED AUKLET. [19.]

Alca pygmaea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 555. Based on the “Pygmy
Auk” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 513. (circa insulam avium, inter Asiam
septentrionalem et Americam = islands in the Bering Sea.)

Habitat.— Crevices in talus slopes, among boulders along beaches, and on lava
flows on high slopes (breeding); mostly pelagic, occurring off rocky seacoasts and
islands (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in southwestern Alaska in the Aleutians (east at least to
Unimak Pass and west to Buldir), possibly also in the Near Islands; and in eastern
Siberia in the Commander and southern Kurile islands.

Winters at sea off the Aleutians, and from the Commander Islands and Kam-
chatka south to the Kurile Islands, casually to Japan.

Casual north in the Bering Sea to St. Lawrence Island and Bristol Bay.

Aethia cristatella (Pallas). CRESTED AUKLET. [18.]

Alca cristatella Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 18, pl. iii; pl. v, figs.
7-9. (Ultimarum versus Japoniam maxime incola et circa insulam Mat-
mey = Hokkaido to Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— Talus slopes and beach boulder rubble, occasionally in crevices in
cliffs (breeding); mostly pelagic, occurring off rocky islands and seacoasts (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in western Alaska on Bering Sea islands (from the Diomedes
south, including King, St. Lawrence and St. Matthew, to the Pribilofs), and in the
Aleutians east at least to the Shumagin and Semidi islands, but not in the Near
Islands); and in eastern Siberia from the Chukotski Peninsula south to Sakhalin
and the central Kurile Islands. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer north to
northern Alaska (Wainwright and Barrow), and to the Wrangel and Herald islands,
off northern Siberia.

Winters in open waters of the Bering Sea and around the Aleutians, east to the
vicinity of Kodiak; and in Asia south to Japan.

248 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Accidental inland in Alaska (Nulato), in California (Marin County), and in the
North Atlantic off the northeastern coast of Iceland.

Tribe FRATERCULINI: Puffins

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte

Cerorhinca Bonaparte, 1828, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 2, p. 427. Type, by
monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte = Alca monocerata Pallas.

Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). RHINOCEROS AUKLET. [15.]

Alca monocerata Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 362. (circa pro-
montorium S. Eliae Americae et ad littora insulae Kadiak = Cape St. Elias,
Alaska.)

Habitat.— On wooded islands in ground burrows (breeding); mostly pelagic, less
frequently along rocky seacoasts (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds on islands along the Pacific coast of North America from
south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (Barren, Middleton, St. Lazaria and
Forrester islands) south to western Washington (Destruction Island, formerly
Whidbey and Smith islands) and northern California (Castle Island in Del Norte
County, and the Farallons): and in eastern Asia from southern Sakhalin and the
southern Kurile Islands south to Korea and Japan. Nonbreeding birds occur in
summer south casually to southern California (San Pedro).

Winters off the Pacific coast of North America from southern British Columbia
(casually from southern Alaska) south to Baja California (Santa Margarita Island):
and in Asia in the southern part of the breeding range.

Casual in the Aleutian and Commander islands.

Notes.— Also known as HORN-BILLED PUFFIN.

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson

Fratercula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 52; 6, p. 81. Type, by tautonymy,
Fratercula Brisson = Alca arctica Linnaeus.

Lunda Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 363. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Alca cirrhata Pallas.

Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas). TUFTED PUFFIN. [12.]

Alca cirrhata Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 7, pl. i; pl. v, figs. 1-3.
(in Mari inter Kamtschatcam et Americam Archipelagumque Kurilum =
Bering Sea.)

Habitat.— Coastal slopes in ground burrows, sometimes under boulders and
piles of rocks, occasionally under dense vegetation (breeding); primarily pelagic
(nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds along the Pacific coast of North America from the Diomede
Islands and Cape Thompson south through islands of the Bering Sea (including
the Pribilofs) to the Aleutians, and east from Kodiak Island, the Alaska Peninsula
and southeastern Alaska south to central California (to the Farallons, formerly to
Anacapa Island): and in eastern Asia from the Kolyuchin Islands and East Cape

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 249

south to Kamchatka, the Commander and Ku rile islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin
and northern Japan.

Winters offshore from southern Alaska and Kamchatka south through the breed-
ing range to central (rarely southern) California and southern Japan.

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) and Maine.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Lunda.

Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus). ATLANTIC PUFFIN. [13.]

Alca arctica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 130. (in Europe borealis
oceano = northern Norway.)

Habitat.— Rocky island slopes and seacoasts, usually in burrows, rarely in cliff
crevices (breeding); primarily pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution. — Breeds in eastern North America from Labrador south in coastal
areas to southeastern Quebec (Mingan, Anticosti, Bonaventure and Magdalen
islands, and Gaspé Peninsula), Newfoundland, southwestern New Brunswick
(Machias Seal Island) and eastern Maine (Seal Island and Matinicus Rock), also
on Digges Island off northwestern Quebec; and in the Palearctic from Greenland,
Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Novaya Zemlya south to
the British Isles, northern Europe, southern Scandinavia and the coast of northern
Russia.

Winters in the North Atlantic off North America from Labrador south to Mas-
sachusetts, casually to New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia; and in Eurasia from
the breeding range south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northwestern Africa, the
western Mediterranean region, and southern Europe.

Accidental in Ohio (Toledo area), Ontario (Ottawa), southwestern Quebec (Lake
St. Peter) and Vermont (Rutland).

Notes.— Also known as COMMON PUFFIN and, in Old World literature, as the
PUFFIN. F. arctica and F. corniculata constitute a superspecies.

Fratercula corniculata (Naumann). HORNED PUFFIN. [14.]
Mormon corniculata Naumann, 1821, Isis von Oken, col. 782. (Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— On rocky islands in cliff crevices and among boulders, rarely in ground
burrows (breeding); mostly pelagic (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds on islands and along coasts of the Chukchi and Bering
seas from the Diomede Islands and Cape Lisburne south to the Aleutian Islands,
and along the Pacific coast of western North America from the Alaska Peninsula
and south-coastal Alaska south to British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands,
and probably elsewhere along the coast); and in Asia from northeastern Siberia
(Kolyuchin Bay) south to the Commander Islands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the
northern Kurile Islands. Nonbreeding birds occur in late spring and summer south
along the Pacific coast of North America to southern California, and north in
Siberia to Wrangel and Heard islands.

Winters from the Bering Sea and Aleutians south, at least casually, to the western
Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Laysan), and off North America to southern Cal-
ifornia; and in Asia from northeastern Siberia south to Japan.

Accidental in Mackenzie (Basil Bay) and inland in Washington (Coolee City).

Notes.—See comments under F. arctica.

250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Order COLUMBIFORMES: Sandgrouse, Pigeons and Doves

Notes.— Various taxa within this order have sometimes been included within
the Charadriformes.

Suborder PIEROCLETES: Sandgrouse
Family PTEROCLIDIDAE: Sandgrouse

Genus PTEROCLES Temminck

Pterocles Temminck, 1815, Pig. Gall, 3. pp. 238. 712. Type. by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840). Tetrao alchata Linnaeus.

Pterocles exustus Temminck. CHESTNUT-BELLIED SANDGROUSE. [311.1.]

Pterocles exustus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 60, pls. 354. 360.
(west coast of Africa, Egypt and Nubia = Senegal.)

Habitat.— Deserts and arid scrub, in the Hawaiian Islands in dry keawe scrub
forest and rocky grasslands at low and moderate elevations.

Distribution.— Resident across northern Africa (south of the Sahara) from Sen-
egal east to Somalia and Kenya, and from Arabia and Syria east to Baluchistan
and India.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (North Kona district of
Hawaii, since 1961).

Suborder COLUMBAE: Pigeons and Doves
Family COLUMBIDAE: Pigeons and Doves

Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus

Columba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 162. Type, by subsequent
designation (Vigors. 1825). Columba oenas Linnaeus.

Patagioenas Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852). p. xxv. Type. by
monotypy. Columba leucocephala Linnaeus.

Lithoenas Reichenbach. 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xxv. Type, by
monotypy. Columba livia “Linnaeus” = Gmelin.

Chloroenas Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852). p. xxv. Type, by
monotypy. Columba monilis Vigors = Columba fasciata Say.

(Enoenas [subgenus] Salvadori, 1893. Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 21, p. 248. Type,
by subsequent designation (Ridgway, 1916), Columba nigrirostris Sclater.

Notes.— For modern usage of Patagioenas and Oenoenas as genera distinct from
Columba, see Johnston. 1962. Condor, 64. pp. 69-74: for contrary opinion, see
Corbin, 1968, Condor. 70, pp. 1-13.

Columba livia Gmelin. Rock Dove. [313.1.]

Columba domestica 8 livia Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 769. (No locality
given = southern Europe.)

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 251

Habitat.—In the wild state along rocky seacoasts or inland in gorges, river
valleys, caves and desert oases, nesting on cliff ledges or in holes and fissures; feral
birds in the Western Hemisphere occasionally in natural habitats, more abun-
dantly near human settlement, especially in cities, nesting on building ledges,
bridge structures, monuments, and in abandoned houses and barns.

Distribution.— Resident from the Faroe Islands, southern Scandinavia, Russia,
western Siberia, Manchuria and northern China south through the British Isles,
western Europe and the Mediterranean region to Madeira, the Canary Islands,
Azores, Sahara region, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, Ceylon and Burma.

Introduced and established in most inhabited portions of the world, especially
around larger cities, including virtually all of the Western Hemisphere, West Indies
and Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as ROCK PIGEON; established, feral populations are some-
times called FERAL or COMMON PIGEON.

Columba cayennensis Bonnaterre. PALE-VENTED PIGEON.

Columba cayennensis Bonnaterre, 1792, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Ornithol., 1,
livr. 51, p. 234. Based on “Le Pigeon Ramier de Cayenne” Holandre,
Abrege Hist. Nat., 2, p. 214. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Savanna, open woodland and mangrove swamps, both in humid and
semi-arid situations (Tropical Zone, in South America to Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Tabasco, the Yucatan Peninsula and
eastern Chiapas south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Middle America to
Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of
the Andes to southwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, southern
Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.— Also known as RUFOUS PIGEON.

Columba speciosa Gmelin. SCALED PIGEON.

Columba speciosa Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 783. Based primarily
on “‘Pigeon ramier, de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 213. (in
Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open woodland and forest clearings, foraging
occasionally in open areas near forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Veracruz and Oaxaca south on the Gulf-Caribbean
slope of Middle America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from
dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and
east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and southeastern
Brazil.

Columba squamosa Bonnaterre. SCALY-NAPED PIGEON. [314.1.]

Columba squamosa Bonnaterre, 1792, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Ornithol., 1, livr.
51, p. 234. Based on “‘Le Pigeon Ramier de la Guadeloupe” Holandre,
Abrege Hist. Nat., 2, p. 214. (Guadeloupe.)

D2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid forest and woodland, occasionally in drier areas.

Distribution. — Resident in the Greater Antilles (rare on Jamaica), Lesser Antilles
(not recorded Anguilla, St. Barthélemy or Désirade), and islands off the north
coast of Venezuela (Curacao, Bonaire, Los Testigos and Los Frailes, formerly also
Aruba).

Casual in southern Florida (Key West).

Notes.— Also known as RED-NECKED PIGEON.

Columba leucocephala Linnaeus. WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON. [314.]

Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 164. Based
mainly on “The White-crown’d Pigeon” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1,
p. 25, pl. 25. (in America septentrionali = Bahama Islands.)

Habitat.— Mangroves (breeding), foraging in open forest, woodland and scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds in southern Florida (mangrove islets in the Florida Keys
from Elliott to Marquesas keys, and throughout Florida Bay), the Bahamas, An-
tilles (south to Barbuda and Antigua), Cayman Islands, and islands of the western
Caribbean Sea (Cozumel off Quintana Roo, cays off Belize, the Bay and Hog
islands off Honduras, Providencia and Corn islands, and possibly on Swan Cay,
Veraguas, Panama). Nonbreeding individuals occur in summer in southern pen-
insular Florida (southern Dade and Monroe counties).

Winters throughout most of the breeding range, regularly in southern peninsular
Florida, the Florida Keys and northern Bahamas, ranging in Middle America to
coastal areas (recorded Quintana Roo, Belize, Honduras and western Panama),
and in the Lesser Antilles south to St. Lucia.

Casual on the mainland of southern Florida (north to Fort Pierce region): a
report from Oaxaca (Salina Cruz) is questionable.

Columba flavirostris Wagler. RED-BILLED PIGEON. [313.]

Columba flavirostris Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 519. (Mexico = Ve-
Tacruz.)

Habitat.— Most frequently in semi-arid or arid woodland near water, less com-
moniy in more humid regions (usually at higher elevations), foraging in open
pastureland and areas with scattered trees (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Sonora, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Nue-
vo Leén and southern Texas (lower and middle Rio Grande Valley) south mostly
in the lowlands (less commonly in interior regions below 4000 feet) through Middle
America (including the Tres Marias Islands, but absent or rare on most of the
Caribbean slope from Guatemala southward) to central Costa Rica.

Notes.—C. flavirostris and C. inornata appear to constitute a superspecies.

Columba inornata Vigors. PLAIN PIGEON.

Columba inornata Vigors, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 446. (near Havana, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Primarily woodland, including pine and rain forests, and open areas
with scattered trees, foraging also in cultivated areas.
Distribution.— Resident in the Greater Antilles (including Tortue Island off His-

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 253

paniola, but now rare and surviving in reduced numbers everywhere except on
Hispaniola, where locally common).
Notes.—See comments under C. /flavirostris.

Columba fasciata Say. BAND-TAILED PIGEON. [312.]

Columba fasciata Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 10 (note).
(small tributary of the Platte = Plum Creek, near Castle Rock, Douglas
County, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Temperate and mountain forests, primarily in oaks, less commonly
in coniferous forest, and locally in lowlands, foraging also in cultivated areas
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds [fasciata group] from southwestern British Columbia (in-
cluding Vancouver Island) south through the mountains of Washington, Oregon,
California and extreme western Nevada to southern Baja California; from southern
Nevada, Arizona, central Utah, north-central Colorado, New Mexico and western
Texas south through the mountains of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Hon-
duras to (at least formerly) north-central Nicaragua. Regular in summer (and
probably breeding) north to southeastern Alaska (south of Thomas Bay) and west-
central British Columbia.

Winters [fasciata group] from central California, central Arizona, central New
Mexico (rarely) and western Texas southward through the breeding range, occur-
ring widely in Mexico in foothills at lower elevations than in the breeding season,
rarely north to southwestern British Columbia, west to islands off the coast of
California, and east to Nevada.

Resident {albilinea group] in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(east to eastern Veraguas); and in South America in the mountains from Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and Colombia south to Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.

Casual [fasciata group] in western and northern Alaska (near Nome, upper
Ikpikpuk River), and from central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, Idaho, Mon-
tana and North Dakota south to Wyoming, western Kansas, Oklahoma and west-
ern Texas; many reports exist for eastern North America (from Minnesota, Mich-
igan, southern Ontario, New Hampshire, New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia
south to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida), but these may pertain
largely or entirely to individuals escaped from captivity.

Notes.— The two groups have sometimes been considered as distinct species,
C. fasciata and C. albilinea Bonaparte, 1854 [WHITE-NAPED PIGEON]. C. fasciata,
C. caribaea and the South American C. araucana Lesson, 1827, may constitute
a superspecies.

Columba caribaea Jacquin. RING-TAILED PIGEON.

Columba (caribea) Jacquin, 1784, Beytr. Ges. Végel, p. 30. Based on “Pigeon
a queue annelée de la Jamaique’”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 138. (Kari-
bdische Inseln = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Forested mountains and hills.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—See comments under C. fasciata.

254 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Columba subvinacea (Lawrence). RUDDY PIGEON.

Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 135:
(Dota, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid forests, in mountains (Costa Rica and western Panama) or
primarily in lowlands (eastern Panama and South America), occurring both in
dense forest and along forest edge (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(east to Veraguas); and from eastern Panama (eastern Panama province, San Blas
and eastern Darién), Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to east-central Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—It has been suggested by Wetmore (1968, Smithson. Misc. Coll., 150
(2), pp. 17-18) that the small lowland race in eastern Panama, C. s. berlepschi
Hartert, 1898, may represent a distinct species.

Columba nigrirostris Sclater. SHORT-BILLED PIGEON.

Columba nigrirostris Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 390. (In statu
Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicane = Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, primarily dense forest but foraging
in clearings and second growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Veracruz, eastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, east-
ern Chiapas and Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central
America to Costa Rica (including southwestern portion on the Pacific slope),
Panama (both slopes) and northwestern Colombia (Choc6).

Notes.— The specimen described as C. chiriquensis (Ridgway, 1915) pertains to
C. nigrirostris (see Wetmore, 1968, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (2), p. 15). C.
nigrirostris and C. goodsoni appear to constitute a superspecies.

[Columba goodsoni Hartert. DUsky PIGEON.] See Appendix A.

Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte

Streptopelia Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. iris, 40, p. 17. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Columba risoria Linnaeus.

Streptopelia risoria (Linnaeus). RINGED TURTLE-DOVE. [315.2.]

Columba risoria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 165. (in India.)

Habitat.— Feral populations occur in open woodland and parks around human
habitation; related species in the wild state inhabit arid country with trees and
shrubs, often near human habitation.

Distribution.— Origin and native country uncertain; long domesticated and
worldwide in captivity.

Introduced and established in southern California (Los Angeles region), west-
central Florida (Pinellas County), the Bahamas (New Providence), Puerto Rico,
and apparently also in eastern Texas (Houston region).

Notes.—Also known as BARBARY Dove. The use of the name S. risoria is
tentative; the domestic stock, from which the introductions were made, may have

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 255

been derived from either S. roseogrisea (Sundevall, 1857) of Africa or S. decaocto
(Frivaldszky, 1838) of Eurasia, these two forms considered conspecific by some
authors. For the present, it seems best to retain the usage of S. risoria.

Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli). SPOTTED Dove. [315.1.]

Columba (chinensis) Scopoli, 1786, Del Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, p. 94.
(China = Canton.)

Habitat.— Woodland, forest edge, agricultural country with trees, and especially
in suburban residential areas and cultivated lands around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Afghanistan, the Himalayas and eastern
China south to Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, East Indies and Philippines.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai
eastward); in southern California (primarily from Santa Barbara and Bakersfield
south to San Diego and the Salton Sea) and extreme northwestern Baja California
(Tijuana area); and in Mauritius, Celebes, Australia, New Zealand, and various
islands of Polynesia. A small population still persists on St. Croix, in the Virgin
Islands (introduced in 1964).

Genus GEOPELIA Swainson

Geopelia Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 348. Type, by monotypy, Geo-
pelia lineata Mus. Carl. pl. 67 = Columba striata Linnaeus.

Geopelia striata (Linnaeus). ZEBRA Dove. [315.3.]

Columba striata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 282. Based on “La
Tourterelle rayée des Indes” Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 109, and “The
Transverse Striped or Bared Dove’ Edwards, 1, p. 16, pl. 16. (in India
orientali = Java.)

Habitat.—Open country with trees and shrubby growth, parks, gardens and
cultivated areas, especially near human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident from the Malay Peninsula and Philippines south to the
East Indies (east to Tanimbar and the Kei Islands).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1922, now on all main
islands from Kauai eastward).

Notes.— Also known as BARRED Dove. Often considered conspecific with the
Australian G. placida Gould, 1844 [PEACEFUL Dove], but now regarded as spe-
cifically distinct.

Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte

Zenaida Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 41. Type, by tautonymy,
Zenaida amabilis Bonaparte = Columba zenaida Bonaparte = Columba
aurita Temminck.

Zenaidura Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 96. Type, by original
designation, Columba carolinensis Linnaeus = Columba macroura Lin-
naeus.

Melopelia Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 98. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Columba meloda Tschudi = Co-
lumba asiatica Linnaeus.

256 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Zenaida asiatica (Linnaeus). WHITE-WINGED Dove. [319.]

Columba asiatica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 163. Based on
“The Brown Indian Dove” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 76, pl. 76. (in
Indiis = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Generally arid regions with scrubby thickets or riverine forest. open
cultivated lands with scattered trees, and mangroves (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern California, southern Nevada, central
Arizona, central New Mexico, northern Chihuahua and southwestern Texas south
to southern Baja California, through most of Middle America (including Isla
Tiburon off Sonora, and Cozumel and Cancun islands off Quintana Roo) to Hon-
duras, and locally in the Pacific lowlands to western Panama (Herrera and south-
western Coclé, breeding presumed): in the Bahamas (Great Inagua, Caicos and
Turks islands) and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico. and Mona and Vieques
islands): on islands of the western Caribbean Sea (Providencia and San Andrés):
and along the western coast of South America from southwestern Ecuador south
to northern Chile.

Winters generally in the breeding range, but northern birds are mostly migratory
(individuals from the western United States have been recovered south to Costa
Rica), casually ranging north to northern California (Humboldt County) and Col-
orado, and occurring regularly along the Gulf coast east to Florida; West Indian,
Middle American and South American breeding populations are mostly sedentary,
although stragglers have been recorded from the northern Bahamas (Grand Ba-
hama, Acklin’s Island), and in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix).

In migration occurs rarely but regularly (in fall) in southeastern Alaska.

Introduced and established in southern Florida.

Casual in the Pacific Northwest (north to southwestern British Columbia, also
a sight report for Montana), in northeastern North America (from northern On-
tario, New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia south to New York, Connecticut
and Massachusetts) and along the Atlantic coast (in the Carolinas).

Zenaida aurita (Temminck). ZENAIDA Dove. [317.]

Columba Aurita Temminck, 1810. in Knip, Les Pigeons, Les Colombes, p.
60, pl. 25. (Martinique.)

Habitat.— Open woodland. second growth, scrub, cultivated lands and, locally,
around human habitation (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (also the Cayman
Islands), Lesser Antilles (south to Grenada), and formerly in the Florida Keys
(reportedly common in Audubon’s day a century ago, nesting on islands near
Indian Key): also along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (in the state of Yucatan
and Quintana Roo). and on Holbox. Cancun and Mujeres islands. A specimen
from Belize and reports from Cozumel Island are of dubious authenticity.

Casual in southern Florida (Key West, also sight reports north to Osceola Coun-
ty).

Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs). EARED DOVE.

Peristera auriculata Des Murs, 1847, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1,
p. 381, pl. 6. (central provinces of Chile.)

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES La |

Habitat.— Arid or semi-arid country, usually with some trees or bushes, open
woodland and areas of cultivation (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the southern Lesser Antilles (Grenada and the Gren-
adines), and throughout most of South America from Colombia, Venezuela (in-
cluding islands from the Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad) and
the Guianas south to Tierra del Fuego.

Casual on Barbados, St. Lucia and Martinique; accidental in the Falkland Is-
lands. An individual photographed in Panama (Coco Solo, Canal Zone) may have
been an escape from captivity.

Notes.— Z. auriculata and Z. macroura constitute a superspecies.

Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus). MOURNING Dove. [316.]

Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 164. Based mainly
on “The Long-tailed Dove” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 15, pl. 15. (in
Canada, error = Cuba.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, cultivated lands with scattered trees and bushes,
arid and desert country (generally near water) and second growth (Tropical to
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, south-
central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Maine,
southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to southern
Baja California, Sonora (in Pacific lowlands), in the interior mountains and Central
Plateau of Mexico to Oaxaca and Puebla, and to northern Tamaulipas (in the
Caribbean lowlands), Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida; in the Bahamas
and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico, and Culebra and Vieques islands); in
the Revillagigedo (Clari6n and Socorro) and Tres Marias islands off western Mex-
ico; and in Costa Rica and Panama (east to western Panama province), probably
also elsewhere in northern Middle America. Occurs casually in summer (and
possibly breeding) in southeastern Alaska.

Winters primarily from northern California east across the central United States
to Iowa, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York and New England
(uncommonly to the northern limits of the breeding range), and south throughout
the breeding range and over most of Middle America to central Panama.

Casual north to western and central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mac-
kenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Labrador and New-
foundland. Accidental in Greenland and Colombia.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (on Hawaii in 1963, pres-
ently a small population in the North Kona region).

Notes.—See comments under Z. auriculata and Z. graysoni.

Zenaida graysoni (Lawrence). SOCORRO DOVE.

Zenaidura graysoni (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y..,
10, p. 17. (Socorro Island, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and scrub.

Distribution.— EXTINCT in the wild. Formerly resident on Socorro Island, in
the Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico; several recent searches (April 1978,
April 1981) found only Z. macroura (a new invader to Socorro) and confirm the

258 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

extirpation in the wild of Z. graysoni, although there are still living birds in
captivity at this time.

Notes.— The taxonomic status of this form is in doubt. Although eeimidered
by many authors as conspecific with Z. macroura, differences in morphology,
vocalizations and behavior support the maintenance of specific status for Z. gray-
soni.

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson

Ectopistes Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 362. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (Swainson, 1837), Columba migratoria Linnaeus.

+Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). PASSENGER PIGEON. [315.]

Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 285. Based
mainly on “The Pigeon of Passage” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 23.
pl. 23. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest, foraging in open country and cultivated lands adjacent to
forest.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Bred formerly from central Montana, east-central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario,
southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to eastern Kansas,
Oklahoma, Mississippi and Georgia.

Wintered from Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, Tennessee and North Carolina
south to Texas. the Gulf coast and northern Florida, occasionally north to Indiana,
southern Pennsylvania and Connecticut.

Casual or accidental to Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, British Columbia, Mackenzie,
Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, Baffin Bay, northern Quebec,
Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, Cuba (Havana market) and Mexico
(recorded Puebla, Veracruz, Distrito Federal and Tabasco): also in Scotland, Ire-
land and France, although the European individuals may have been escapes from
captivity. Last specimen obtained in the wild taken at Sargento, Pike County,
Ohio, on 24 March 1900; last living individual died in captivity in the Cincinnati
Zoological Gardens, Cincinnati, Ohio, on 1 September 1914.

Genus COLUMBINA Spix

Columbina Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 57. Type. by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Columbina strepitans Spix = Columba
picui Temminck.

Columbigallina Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 977. Type, by monotypy,
Columba passerina Linnaeus.

Scardafella Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 24. Type, by
original designation, Columba squamosa Temminck (not Bonnaterre) =
Columba squammata Lesson.

Columbina inca (Lesson). INCA Dove. [321.]

Chamepelia inca Lesson, 1847, Descr. Mamm. Ois., p. 211. (Mexico [prob-
ably west coast].)

Habitat.— Open country with scattered trees or scrubby growth, most frequently

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 259

in arid or semi-arid situations, and around cultivated areas, farmlands, parks and
gardens (Tropical, less frequently Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southeastern California (Parker Dam
area), central Arizona, southern New Mexico and central Texas south through
Mexico (except the Yucatan Peninsula), Guatemala (rare in Petén and Caribbean
lowlands), Honduras (Pacific lowlands and arid interior valleys) and Nicaragua
(highlands and Pacific lowlands) to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste and
highlands to vicinity of San José); and, at least formerly, in the Florida Keys (Key
West), where now apparently extirpated.

Wanders casually to southern California, southern Nevada, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas and Louisiana. The origin of some of the vagrants and of the Key West
breeding populations may have been individuals escaped from captivity.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Scardafella. Some authors consider C. inca
and the South American C. squammata (Lesson, 1831) [SCALED Dove] to be
conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Columbina passerina (Linnaeus). COMMON GROUND-DOVE. [320.]

Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 165. Based mainly
on “The Ground Dove” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 26, pl. 26. (in
America inter tropicos = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open country with trees and bushes, sandy reefs, open sandy areas
in forest and savanna, cultivated lands, and around human habitation in villages
and towns (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern California (north to Orange County),
central Arizona, southern New Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf coast, South Car-
olina, Bermuda and the Bahamas south through Mexico (including Socorro Island
in the Revillagigedos, the Tres Marias and Tres Marietas islands off western
Mexico, and islands off the Yucatan Peninsula, but rare in the central highlands),
the Antilles and Central America (mostly in the highlands and arid interior, but
also in the Caribbean lowland savanna, and in the Bay Islands off Honduras) to
central Costa Rica (Guanacaste and the arid central highlands); in western Panama
(Azuero Peninsula region); and in northern South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (including islands from the Netherlands Antilles east to Trinidad) and the
Guianas south to Ecuador and eastern Brazil.

Wanders casually north to northern California, southern Nevada, Wyoming,
Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Ontario, Pennsylvania and New York.

Notes.— Also known as SCALY-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE.

Columbina minuta (Linnaeus). PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE.

Columba minuta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 285. Based on “La
petite Tourterelle brun d’Amérique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 116, pl.
8, fig. 2. (in America = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Savanna (including pine savanna), open country with scattered trees,
second-growth woodland and cultivated areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America in
Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Belize, Guatemala,
and, locally, northeastern Nicaragua (probably also in eastern Honduras) and
extreme northeastern Costa Rica; along the Pacific coast of Middle America locally

260 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

from central Oaxaca south to Costa Rica (not recorded Honduras or Pacific low-
lands of Nicaragua, but present in the central highlands of Nicaragua) and Panama
(east to eastern Panama province, also recorded on Caribbean slope in Canal
Zone); and disjunctly in South America in northern Colombia, Venezuela (also
Trinidad), the Guianas, both slopes of Peru, eastern and central Brazil, east-central
Bolivia and northern Paraguay. :

Columbina talpacoti (Temminck). RUDDY GROUND-DoveE. [320.1.]

Columba talpacoti Temminck, 1811, in Knip, Les Pigeons, Les Colombi-
gallines, p. 22. (’? Amérique méridionale = Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open second growth, cultivated lands, savanna, scrubby areas, and
around human habitation (Tropical, less frequently Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sinaloa, eastern San Luis Potosi and
Tamaulipas south through Middle America (including Cozumel and Cancun is-
lands off Quintana Roo, and Coiba and Pearl islands off Panama), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago and Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and northern Uruguay.

Casual in southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley north to San Patricio Coun-
ty) and Chile.

Notes.—South American populations in western Ecuador and northwestern
Peru have sometimes been treated as a separate species, C. buckleyi (Sclater and
Salvin, 1877).

Genus CLARAVIS Oberholser

Peristera (not Rafinesque, 1815) Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 360. Type,
by original designation, Columba cinerea Temminck = Peristera pretiosa
Ferrari-Perez.

Claravis Oberholser, 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51, p. 203.
New name for Peristera Swainson, preoccupied.

Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez). BLUE GROUND-DOVE.

Columba cinerea (not Scopoli, 1786) Temminck, 1811, in Knip, Les Pigeons,
Les Colombes, p. 126, pl. 58. (au Brésil = Brazil.)

Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, 1886, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 9, p. 175. New
name for Columba cinerea Temminck, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Forest edge, second-growth woodland and forest clearings, generally
in humid lowlands and foothills (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Chiapas on the Pacific slope, and from eastern
San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas on the Gulf-Caribbean slope south
through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to central Peru and east of
the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay and southeastern
Brazil.

A sight report from southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) is unverified.

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 261

Claravis mondetoura (Bonaparte). MAROON-CHESTED GROUND-DOVE.

Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 765.
(Caracas, Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, especially with heavy undergrowth or bam-
boo (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the mountains of Middle America in Vera-
cruz, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and western Pan-
ama (Chiriqui); and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and north-
western Venezuela south to Peru and western Bolivia.

Notes.—C. mondetoura and C. godefrida (Temminck, 1811), of eastern South
America, constitute a superspecies; some authors regard them as conspecific.

Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson

Leptotila Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 349. Type, by monotypy,
Pleristera]. rufaxilla Nat. Lib. v. pl. 24 = Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus.

Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte. WHITE-TIPPED DOVE. [318.]

Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 99. (de la
Nouvelle-Grenade = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, second growth, clearings and, less fre-
quently, cultivated areas around human habitation, primarily in arid or semi-arid
regions (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, west-
ern Durango, Nayarit (including the Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco, San Luis Potosi,
Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south through Middle
America (including the Pearl Islands and many other small islands off Panama),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Netherlands Antilles east
to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south to Peru, eastern Bolivia, central
Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-FRONTED Dove. Includes the South America L.
brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1856), regarded by some as a separate species. L. verreauxi
and the South American L. megalura Sclater and Salvin, 1879, appear to constitute
a superspecies.

Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard and Bernard). GRAY-FRONTED DOVE.

Columba Rufaxilla Richard and Bernard, 1792, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1, p. 118. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, occurring in forest edge, clearings,
heavy undergrowth, and occasionally open situations adjacent to forest, in South
America frequently also in open woodland, and on Grenada commonly in arid
scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [plumbeiceps group] from southern Tamaulipas, eastern
San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, the state of México, Puebla and northern Oaxaca south
on the Gulf-Caribbean slope (except the state of Yucatan) through Belize, northern
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (also Pacific slope in southwest) and Costa Rica

262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(both slopes) to northwestern Panama (Bocas del Toro), and in the Western Andes
and Cauca Valley of Colombia; [battyi group] on the Pacific slope of western
Panama (southern Veraguas and western Herrera), and on Cébaco and Coiba
islands: [we//si group] on Grenada (where surviving in small numbers), formerly
also on offshore islands (Glover’s and Green), possibly also on Tobago but not
known from St. Vincent, although sometimes listed for that island: and [rufaxilla
group] in South America from eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern
Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.— Three groups in this species are often considered distinct species, L.
plumbeiceps Sclater and Salvin, 1868 [GRAY-HEADED Dove], which includes battyi,
L. wellsi (Lawrence, 1884) [GRENADA Dove]. and L. rufaxilla [GRAY-FRONTED
Dove]; Wetmore (1968, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (2), pp. 42-44) would also
recognize L. battyi Rothschild, 1901 [BROWN-BACKED Dove], as a distinct species.
See also comments under L. jamaicensis.

Leptotila jamaicensis (Linnaeus). CARIBBEAN DOVE.

Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 283. Based on
Columba minor ventre candido Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 303, pl. 262,
fig. 1, and ““Le Pigeon de la Jamaique” Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 134.
(in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Open situations with shrubs or scattered trees, and arid woodland.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica, Grand Cayman, the Yucatan Peninsula
(including Holbox, Mujeres, Cancun and Cozumel islands), islands off Caribbean
Honduras (Barbareta in the Bay Islands, and Little Hog Island), and Isla San
Andrés in the western Caribbean Sea.

Introduced and established in the Bahamas (New Providence).

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-BELLIED Dove. L. jamaicensis and L. rufaxilla
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Leptotila cassinii Lawrence. GRAY-CHESTED DOVE.

Leptotila cassinii Lawrence, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19, p.
94. (Line of the Panama Railroad, New Granada = Atlantic slope, Canal
Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, second-growth woodland, forest edge, thickets
and, locally, shady pastures and gardens (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from Tabasco and north-
ern Chiapas south through Belize, northern Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua,
and on both slopes from Costa Rica through Panama to northern Colombia.
Notes.— Also known as CASSIN’S DOVE.

Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse

Geotrygon Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 316 (footnote). Type, by subsequent
designation (Reichenbach, 1853), Columba cristata Latham [=Gmelin, not
Temminck] = Geotrygon sylvatica Gosse = Columbigallina versicolor Laf-
resnaye.

Oreopeleia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xxv. Type, by

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 263

original designation, ““Columba martinicana” Brisson = Columba martin-
ica Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Starnoenas.

Geotrygon veraguensis Lawrence. OLIVE-BACKED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon veraguensis Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 349.
(Veragua [Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and adjacent second-growth woodland (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica and Panama
(also on Pacific slope in eastern Panama province), and in western Colombia and
northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as VERAGUAS QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte. KEY WEST QUAIL-DOVE. [322.]

Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 100. (Flor-
ide = Florida.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest and scrub, primarily in semi-arid situations.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Andros,
New Providence, Eleuthera, San Salvador and North Caicos), Cuba, the Isle of
Pines, Hispaniola (including Gonave, Tortue and Catalina islands), Puerto Rico
and Vieques Island (possibly also Mona Island).

Casual in southern Florida (the Florida Keys, and southern mainland in Monroe
and Palm Beach counties, mostly near coasts). Formerly reported as common and
breeding at Key West (Audubon, 1830’s).

Notes.— G. chrysia and G. mystacea constitute a superspecies; they are consid-
ered conspecific by some authors.

Geotrygon mystacea (Temminck). BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE.

Columba mystacea Temminck, 1811, in Knip, Les Pigeons, Les Colombes,
p. 124, pl. 56. (’ Amerique = probably Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest and woodland, generally in undergrowth, usually in
semi-arid situations.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques and, probably, Cu-
lebra islands), in the Virgin Islands (except Anegada), and in the Lesser Antilles
(from Saba and Barbuda south to St. Lucia).

Notes.—See comments under G. chrysia.

Geotrygon albifacies Sclater. WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon albifacies Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 98. (environs
of Jalapa, [Veracruz,] Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Veracruz,
Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and north-
central Nicaragua.

264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.—G. albifacies and G. chiriquensis are often considered as conspecific
with the South American G. /inearis (Prévost, 1843), but retention of three species
constituting a superspecies complex seems more satisfactory. In the event all are
combined into a single species, G. /inearis, the name WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE
would still be appropriate.

Geotrygon chiriquensis Sclater. CHIRIQUI QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon chiriquensis Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 143. (vi-
cinity of the Town of David in the Province of Chiriqui in the State of
Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest undergrowth and coffee plantations (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under G. albifacies.

Geotrygon lawrencii Salvin. PURPLISH-BACKED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon lawrencii Salvin, 1874, Ibis, p. 329. (Calobre, Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill forest (upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Veracruz (Cerro de Tuxtla and Volcan
San Martin, in the Sierra de Tuxtla); and in the mountains of Costa Rica and
Panama (east to Darién).

Notes.—G. /awrencii, G. costaricensis and G. goldmani are closely related, but
the degree of relationship is uncertain: G. /awrencii and G. costaricensis are re-
portedly sympatric in Costa Rica, while G. /awrencii and G. goldmani overlap in
eastern Panama.

Geotrygon costaricensis Lawrence. BUFF-FRONTED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon costaricensis Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y.. 9, p. 136.
(Costa Rica = Las Cruces de la Candelaria, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, especially in heavy undergrowth (Subtropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(east to Veraguas).

Notes.— Also known as CostA RICAN QUAIL-DOvVE. See comments under G.
lawrencil.

Geotrygon goldmani Nelson. RUSSET-CROWNED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon goldmani Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60. NOMS. pa.
(Mount Pirri, at 5000 feet altitude, head of Rio Limon, eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest in dense undergrowth (upper
Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of eastern Panama (eastern Panama
province and Darién) and extreme northwestern Colombia (Jurado).

Notes.—Also known as GOLDMAN’S QUAIL-Dove. See comments under G.
lawrencii.

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 265

Geotrygon caniceps (Gundlach). GRAY-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.

Columba caniceps Gundlach, 1852, J. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 315.
(Cuba.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest (Cuba) and mountain forest (Hispaniola).

Distribution.— Resident in Cuba and Hispaniola (mountains of the Dominican
Republic, not known from Haiti).

Notes.— Also known as MOUSTACHED QUAIL-DOVE.

Geotrygon violacea (Temminck). VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE.

Columba violacea Temminck, 1810, in Knip, Les Pigeons, Les Colombes, p.
67, pl. 29. (le Nouveau Monde = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, less frequently in semi-arid forest
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica
(humid Caribbean lowlands and foothills, also in semi-arid Guanacaste lowlands
on Pacific slope) and Panama (from Colon eastward), and in South America from
northern Colombia, Venezuela and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to Bolivia,
northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and eastern Brazil.

Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus). RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE. [322.1.]

Columba montana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 163. Based mainly
on “The Mountain Partridge’ Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 304, pl. 261, fig.
1. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, second-growth woodland, coffee
and cacao plantations, and occasionally semi-arid woodland (Tropical and lower
Subtropical, locally to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Antilles (south to Grenada, but absent from
Barbados and the Grenadines); and from southern Sinaloa and Veracruz south
along both slopes of Middle America (including Isla Coiba and San José, in the
Pearl Islands, but not recorded El Salvador), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, Bolivia, northeastern Argentina, northern Paraguay and southeastern Brazil.

Casual in southern Florida (Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas).

Geotrygon versicolor (Lafresnaye). CRESTED QUAIL-DOVE.

Columbigallina versicolor Lafresnaye, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 9, p. 321.
(Jamaique = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of mountain forest.
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Jamaica.

Genus STARNOENAS Bonaparte.

Starnenas Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 41. Type, by monotypy,
Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus.

Notes.—Some authors merge Starnoenas in Geotrygon.

266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Starnoenas cyanocephala (Linnaeus). BLUE-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE. [323.]

Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 163. Based
on “The Turtle-Dove from Jamaica” Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 45, pl.
49. (in America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest undergrowth, occasionally highland forest.

Distribution. — Resident on Cuba.

Recorded from the Isle of Pines (one specimen, 1909), Jamaica (apparently
through attempted introduction) and southern Florida (Key West and Miami,
specimens, American Museum of Natural History and San Diego Natural History
Museum, respectively), but these reports are likely based on introductions or
escaped individuals.

Order PSITTACIFORMES: Parrots and Allies

Notes.— The Psittaciformes are sometimes divided into a various number of
families.

Family PSITTACIDAE: Lories, Parakeets, Macaws and Parrots
Subfamily PLATYCERCINAE: Australian Parakeets and Rosellas

Genus MELOPSITTACUS Gould

Melopsittacus Gould, 1840, Birds Aust., pt. 1, pl. [10] (=5, pl. 44 of bound
volume). Type, by monotypy, Psittacus undulatus Shaw.

Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw). BUDGERIGAR. [382.2.]

Psittacus undulatus Shaw, 1805, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturalists’ Misc., 16,
pl. 673. (New Holland = New South Wales, Australia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and scrubby areas, especially in semi-arid habitats,
suburban areas and parks.

Distribution. — Resident (though nomadic) through most of the interior of Aus-
tralia, rarely ranging to coastal areas.

Introduced and established in west-central Florida (Charlotte to Citrus counties);
recently escaped cage birds may be seen almost anywhere in North America.

Notes.— Also known as SHELL PARAKEET Or BUDGERYGAH.

Subfamily PSITTACINAE: Typical Parrots

Genus PSITTACULA Cuvier

Psittacula Cuvier, 1800, Legons Anat. Comp., 1, table at end. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Mathews, 1917), Psittacus alexandri Linnaeus.

Psittacula krameri (Scopoli). ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET. [382.3.]

Psittacus krameri Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 31. (No locality
given = Senegal.)

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 267

Habitat.— Open woodland, savanna, cultivated lands, and areas around human
habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in North Africa from Senegal east (south of the Sahara)
to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan; and in southern Asia from Afghanistan, India and
Nepal south to Ceylon and Burma.

Introduced and established in small numbers in southern Florida (Dade County,
since 1950’s), Egypt, the Near East, Zanzibar, Mauritius, Singapore, Hong Kong
and Macao; small introduced groups have also persisted in the Hawaiian Islands
(on Oahu since 1971, breeding reported on Hawaii in 1981, and sight reports from
Kauai), southern California (Los Angeles area, since 1956), and Virginia (Hamp-
ton, since 1973).

Subfamily ARINAE: New World Parakeets, Macaws and Parrots

Genus PYRRHURA Bonaparte

Pyrrhura Bonaparte, 1856, Naumannia, 6, Consp. Gen. Psittacorum, gen. 14.
Type, by subsequent designation (Salvadori, 1891), Psittacus vittatus Shaw
[not Boddaert] = Psittacus frontalis Vieillot.

Pyrrhura picta (Miller). PAINTED PARAKEET.

Psittacus pictus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., pl. 75. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in western Panama (Azuero Peninsula); and in South
America from northern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni (Cabanis). SULPHUR-WINGED PARAKEET.

Conurus hoffmanni Cabanis, 1861, Sitzungber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde
Berlin, 13 November. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, secondary forest, wooded ridges and hillsides,
occasionally wandering to lowland forest (Subtropical, rarely Tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (from Cordillera de
Talamanca and Dota Mountains southward, including to Volcan Irazi) and west-
ern Panama (Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro, occurring also in the lowlands of the
latter).

Notes.— Also known as HOFFMANN’S CONURE.

Genus MYIOPSITTA Bonaparte
Myiopsitta Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 6, p. 150. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Psittacus monachus Boddaert.
Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert). MONK PARAKEET. [382.4.]

Psittacus monachus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 48. Based on
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 768. (No locality given = Montevideo,
Uruguay.)

268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Open woodland, savanna, arid scrubland, riverine forest. cultivated
lands and orchards, especially around human habitation (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Brazil
south to central Argentina. :

Introduced and established in Puerto Rico: in the northeastern United States
from southern New York and Connecticut south to New Jersey. with individual
reports south and west to Kentucky and Virginia. but the present distribution in
North America is very local and its status in doubt, particularly since control
measures are in progress; and possibly also in Texas (Austin) and southern Florida
(Dade County and Key Largo, present status in doubt).

[Genus NANDAYUS Bonaparte]

Nandayus Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool.. ser. 2. 6, p. 150. Type, by
monotypy, Psittacus melanocephalus (not Linnaeus) Vieillot = Psittacus
nenday Vieillot.

[Nandayus nenday (Vieillot). BLACK-HOODED PARAKEET.] See Appen-
dix B.

Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadon

Conuropsis Salvadori, 1891, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 20, pp. xiii, 146, 203. Type.
by original designation, Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus.

Notes.— Some authors merge this genus in Aratinga.

+Conuropsis carolinensis (Linnaeus). CAROLINA PARAKEET. [382.]

Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 97. Based on
the “Parrot of Carolina” Catesby. Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 11. pl. 11. Gn
Carolina, Virginia = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Riverine forest. cypress swamps and deciduous woodland, foraging
in open situations including cultivated lands and gardens.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly ranged from eastern Nebraska (reports
from the Dakotas questionable), lowa. southeastern Wisconsin, southern Michigan
(probably), Ohio, Pennsylvania and central New York south to southern Okla-
homa (Texas records doubtful), the Gulf states (Louisiana eastward) and south-
central Florida. Last specimen taken in the wild on the north fork of the Sebastian
River, Brevard County. Florida. on 12 March 1913; last known living individual
died in the Cincinnati Zoo, 21 February 1918, although there are questionable
sight reports for Florida in 1926 and South Carolina in 1936.

Genus ARATINGA Spix

Aratinga Spix, 1824. Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1. p. 29. Type. by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray. 1855). Psittacus luteus Boddaert = Psittacus sol-
Stitialis Linnaeus.

Notes.— Members of Aratinga and other related genera are sometimes referred
to by the group name CoNuRE. See also comments under Conuropsis.

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 269

Aratinga holochlora (Sclater). GREEN PARAKEET.

Conurus holochlorus Sclater, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 4, p. 224.
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, most frequently highland pine forest, less frequently
humid montane forest or lowland forest, locally arid scrub, foraging also in farm-
lands and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [holochlora group] in southwestern Chihuahua and
northeastern Sinaloa, wandering to southern Sonora; on Socorro Island, in the
Revillagigedos; and from southern Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south to Gu-
anajuato, the state of México, Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Chiapas; and [rub-
ritorquis group] in the highlands of central and eastern Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras and northern Nicaragua.

Reports from southern Florida are based on escaped individuals.

Notes.— The distinct Central American populations are often treated as a sep-
arate species, A. rubritorquis (Sclater, 1887) [RED-THROATED PARAKEET]. A. hol-
ochlora and A. strenua constitute a superspecies; they are sometimes considered
conspecific, but differences are retained in areas of sympatry.

Aratinga strenua (Ridgway). PACIFIC PARAKEET.

Conurus holochlorus strenuus Ridgway, 1915, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p.
106. (Ometepe, Nicaragua.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, primarily in arid lowland areas, less commonly to
highland forest, foraging often in cultivated lands (Tropical, less frequently Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from Oaxaca
and Chiapas south to southwestern Nicaragua.

Notes.—See comments under A. holochlora.

Aratinga finschi (Salvin). CRIMSON-FRONTED PARAKEET.

Conurus finschi Salvin, 1871, Ibis, p. 91, pl. 4. (Bugaba, Chiriqui, Veragua
[=Panama].)

Habitat.—Open humid woodland, forest edge, cultivated lands and pastures
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa
Rica (primarily Caribbean slope and Golfo Dulce lowlands on Pacific slope, wan-
dering elsewhere on latter in dry season on cordilleras Guanacaste and Central)
and western Panama (Caribbean slope in western Bocas del Toro and western
Chiriqui, and Pacific lowlands in western Veraguas).

Notes.— A. finschi and the South American 4A. /eucophthalmus (P. L. S. Miiller,
1776) [WHITE-EYED PARAKEET] constitute a superspecies; they are sometimes re-
garded as conspecific.

Aratinga chloroptera (de Souancé). HISPANIOLAN PARAKEET.

Psittacara chloroptera de Souancé, 1856, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 8, p. 59.
(Saint-Domingue = Hispaniola.)

DT) CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Mountain forest, ranging also to open woodland and second growth
in the lowlands.

Distribution. — Resident on Hispaniola, on Mona Island (formerly, last individ-
ual taken in 1892), and probably also on Puerto Rico (based on hearsay evidence,
but certainly not there after 1883).

Introduced (but not certainly established) in southern Florida and Puerto Rico.

Notes.—A. chloroptera and A. euops constitute a superspecies.

Aratinga euops (Wagler). CUBAN PARAKEET.

Sittace euops Wagler, 1832, Abh. Math. Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 1, p.
638, pl. 24, fig. 2. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Heavy forest, sometimes foraging in open country.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba (widespread, most common in remote forested
areas) and the Isle of Pines (apparently surviving in small numbers).

Notes.—See comments under 4. chloroptera.

Aratinga nana (Vigors). OLIVE-THROATED PARAKEET.
Psittacara nana Vigors, 1830, Zool. J., 5, p. 273. (Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Lowland and foothill forest, clearings, scrub, second growth, culti-
vated lands and plantations, in both humid and semi-arid habitats (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [astec group] on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle
America from southern Tamaulipas and Veracruz south (including Holbox Island,
off Quintana Roo) to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro); and
[nana group] on Jamaica.

Notes.— The two groups are often considered as separate species, A. astec (de
Souancé, 1875) [AzTEC PARAKEET] and 4. nana [JAMAICAN PARAKEET].

Aratinga canicularis (Linnaeus). ORANGE-FRONTED PARAKEET.

Psittacus canicularis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 98. Based mainly
on “The Red and Blue-headed Parakeet”? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p.
176, pl. 176. Gn America = northwestern Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, arid scrubland, swamps, open woodland, forest
edge and, occasionally, around towns and villages, mostly in arid or semi-arid
situations, usually nesting in excavations in termitaria (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from central
Sinaloa and western Durango south to northwestern Costa Rica (to the Gulf of
Nicoya and San José region), also in the arid Comayagua Valley on the Caribbean
slope of Honduras.

An individual photographed in New Mexico (Las Cruces, July-August 1971)
was almost certainly a bird escaped from captivity.

Introduced (but not certainly established) in southern Florida and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Relationship of A. canicularis and the South American A. azurea (Gme-
lin, 1789) at the superspecies level has been suggested by some authors.

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 08 i |

Aratinga pertinax (Linnaeus). BROWN-THROATED PARAKEET.

Psittacus pertinax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 98. Based mainly
on “The Brown-throated Parrakeet’’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 177,
pl. 177. (in Indiis = Curacao.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, semi-desert, mangrove, savanna, cultivated lands and
plantations, most frequently in the dry habitats (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in western Panama (Pacific slope from western Chiriqui
to eastern Panama province, ranging to Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone); and
along the north coast of South America (including islands from the Netherlands
Antilles east to Margarita) from northern Colombia east to the Guianas and
northern Brazil.

Introduced and established (before 1860) on St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands
(from the population on Curacao), spreading in recent years to eastern Puerto
Rico, Culebra Island and St. John.

Notes.— Known on St. Thomas as the CARIBBEAN PARAKEET. The isolated Pan-
ama population is sometimes regarded as a distinct species, A. ocularis (Sclater
and Salvin, 1865) [VERAGUAS PARAKEET].

Genus ARA Lacépéde

Ara Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 1. Type, by subsequent designation
(Ridgway, 1916), Psittacus macao Linnaeus.

Ara severa (Linnaeus). CHESTNUT-FRONTED MACAw.

Psittacus severus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 97. Based on Psit-
tacus severus Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 1, p. 13. (in Indiis = Am-
azon River.)

Habitat.— Forested lowlands and foothills, riverine woodland, swamps and cof-
fee plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (Darién, ranging, at least for-
merly, west to eastern Panama province and the Canal Zone), Colombia, Vene-
zuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, and
Amazonian and central Brazil.

An individual existing for several years in the wild state at Austin, Texas, was
undoubtedly an escaped bird.

Ara militaris (Linnaeus). MILITARY MACAw.

Psittacus militaris Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 139. (No locality
given = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, riverine forest, and dry forest, especially pine-oak,
primarily in arid or semi-arid habitats (Tropical, less commonly Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Mexico from southeastern Sonora, southwestern Chi-
huahua, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, southern Nuevo Leon and
central Tamaulipas south to the state of México, Guerrero and Oaxaca (west of

DI 22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); and in South America in a series of isolated pop-
ulations in northern Venezuela, Colombia (east and south of the range of A.
ambigua), eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia and northwestern Ar-
gentina.

Notes.—A. militaris and A. ambigua may constitute a superspecies.

Ara ambigua (Bechstein). GREAT GREEN MACAw.

Psittacus ambiguus Bechstein, 1811, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Végel, 4 (1),
p. 65. Based on “Le Grand Ara Militaire” Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr., 1,
p. 15, pl. 6. (South America = northwestern Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, clearings, forest edge and open country near forests
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Honduras (Olancho,
Mosquitia), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, locally on both slopes of Panama, and in
northwestern Colombia, with an isolated population in western Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as GREEN or BUFFON’S MACAw. See comments under A.
militaris.

Ara chloroptera Gray. RED-AND-GREEN MACAw.

Macrocercus macao (not Psittacus macao Linnaeus) Vieillot, 1816, Nouv.
Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 2, p. 262. (British Guiana.)

Ara chloroptera G. R. Gray, 1859, List Birds Br. Mus., pt. 3 (2), p. 26. New
name for Macrocercus macao Vieillot, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province, San Blas
and Darién, formerly also Canal Zone), and in South America from northern and
eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru and eastern Bolivia, thence eastward across Paraguay and northern Argentina
to southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as GREEN-WINGED Or RED-BLUE-AND-GREEN MACAW.

Ara macao (Linnaeus). SCARLET MACAw.

Psittacus Macao Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 96. Based mainly
on ‘“‘The Red and Blue Maccaw’”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 158, pl.
158. (in America meridionali = Pernambuco, eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open woodland, clearings, open country with scattered
trees, and cultivated lands, in both humid and arid situations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones.)

Distribution.— Resident locally from Tamaulipas, Veracruz, northern Oaxaca,
Tabasco, Chiapas and southern Campeche south along both slopes of Middle
America (including Isla Coiba, off Panama), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Now much reduced in numbers or extirpated
throughout most of its Middle American range.

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES O47

+Ara tricolor Bechstein. CUBAN MACAw.

Ara tricolor Bechstein, 1811, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Vogel, 4 (1), p. 64, pl.
1. Based on “L’Ara tricolor” Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr., 1, p. 13, pl. 5.
(South America, error = Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest edge and open country with scattered trees, especially palms.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Cuba (except Oriente Prov-
ince), possibly also the Isle of Pines; last specimen taken in the Ciénaga de Zapata
in 1864.

Notes.— Early accounts indicate that there may have been additional species of
Ara on other West Indian islands; some scientific names have been proposed (see
Appendix C) although no specimens exist.

Ara ararauna (Linnaeus). BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAw.

Psittacus Ararauna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 96. Based mainly
on “The Blue and Yellow Maccaw”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 159,
pl. 159. (in America meridionali = Pernambuco, eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, riverine forest, swamps and savanna, foraging in
open areas near forested regions (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (Pacific slope in eastern Panama
province and Darién), Colombia, southern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia,
Paraguay, and central and eastern Brazil.

Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte

Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 6, p. 149. Type, by
monotypy, Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson.

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson). THICK-BILLED PARROT. [382.1.]

Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p.
439. (Table land, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Highland pine-oak forest, foraging less frequently in pine forest at
low elevations or in deciduous forest (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in the mountains of Chihuahua and Durango, probably
elsewhere in the Sierra Madre Occidental of central and northern Mexico.

Wanders widely, recorded from central Sonora south to Jalisco, Michoacan, the
state of México (Popocatépetl) and central Veracruz (Cofre de Perote and Jalapa);
recorded formerly north to south-central and southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua,
Dragoon, Galiuro and Patagonia mountains) and, possibly, southwestern New
Mexico (unverified reports from the Animas Mountains).

Notes.— Often considered conspecific with R. terrisi (but see Hardy, 1967, Con-
dor, 69, pp. 537-538); they constitute a superspecies.

Rhynchopsitta terrisi Moore. MAROON-FRONTED PARROT.

Rhynchopsitta terrisi Moore, 1947, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 60, p. 27. (Sierra
Potosi, about 7500 feet, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.)

274 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Highland pine-oak forest (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Sierra Madre Oriental of southeastern Coahuila,
Nuevo Leon and western Tamaulipas.

Notes.—See comments under R. pachyrhyncha.

Genus BOLBORHYNCHUS Bonaparte

Bolborhynchus Bonaparte, 1857, Rem. Observ. Blanchard, Psittacides, p. 6.
Type, by subsequent designation (Richmond, 1915), Myiopsitta catharina
Bonaparte = Psittacula lineola Cassin.

Bolborhynchus lineola (Cassin). BARRED PARAKEET.

Psittacula lineola Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, p. 372.
(vicinity of the National bridge, Mexico = Puerto Nacional. Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Primarily montane humid forest, wandering to lowland moist forest
and open woodland, in South America regularly in open forest and savanna
(Subtropical, less commonly upper Tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the highlands of Middle America from south-
ern Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Chiapas) south through Guatemala,
Honduras and Costa Rica to western Panama (Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro and
Veraguas); and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and northwestern
Venezuela south to central Peru.

Genus FORPUS Boie

Forpus Boie, 1858, J. Ornithol., 6, p. 363. Type. by subsequent designation
(Hellmayr, 1929), Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus.

Forpus passerinus (Linnaeus). GREEN-RUMPED PARROTLET.

Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 103. Based on
Psittacus minimus Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 1, p. 14. (in Amer-
ica = Surinam.)

Habitat.—Semi-arid scrubland, savanna, cultivated lands, forest edge, man-
groves, gardens and parks (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in northeastern Colombia, northern Venezuela (also
Trinidad), the Guianas and Brazil south to the Amazon basin: also recorded from
Curacao, where possibly introduced.

Introduced and established on Jamaica (common) and Barbados (rare and ap-
parently decreasing); attempted introduction on Martinique was unsuccessful.

Notes.— Also known as GUIANA PARROTLET. F. passerinus and F. xanthopter-
ygius constitute a superspecies; they are sometimes considered conspecific. If the
broad treatment is used, COMMON PARROTLET would be an appropriate name.

[Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix). BLUE-WINGED PARROTLET.] See Appen-
dix B.

Forpus cyanopygius (de Souancé). BLUE-RUMPED PARROTLET.

Psittacula cyanopygia de Souancé, 1856, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 8, p. 157.
(No locality given = northwestern Mexico.)

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 275

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland and open country with scattered
trees, mostly in arid regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southern Sonora, Sinaloa, western Durango, Zaca-
tecas, Nayarit (including the Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco and Colima.

Notes.— Also known as MEXICAN PARROTLET.

Forpus conspicillatus (Lafresnaye). SPECTACLED PARROTLET.

Psittacula conspicillata Lafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 11, p. 172. (in
Colombia aut Mexico = Honda, upper Magdalena River, Tolima, Colom-
bia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, savanna and forest clearings (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and east-
ern Darién), Colombia and southwestern Venezuela.

Genus BROTOGERIS Vigors

Brotogeris Vigors, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 400. Type, by original designation,
Psittacus pyrrhopterus Latham.

Brotogeris jugularis (Miller). ORANGE-CHINNED PARAKEET.

Psittacus jugularis P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 80. Based on
“Petit Perruche a gorge jaune d’Amerique” Daubenton, Planches Enlum..,
pl. 190, fig. 1. Gn America = Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, secondary forest, forest edge, arid scrub and plan-
tations, most commonly in arid regions, less frequently wandering into humid
forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Mexico (Pacific lowlands of Guerrero,
Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala (Pacific lowlands), El Salvador, Honduras (Pa-
cific lowlands and arid interior valleys), Nicaragua (Pacific drainage, and locally
in cleared areas on Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (Pacific lowlands and humid
Caribbean region south at least to Limon), Panama (both slopes, including Coiba
and Taboga islands), northern Colombia and northern Venezuela.

Notes.— Also known as TOoviI PARAKEET.

Brotogeris versicolurus (Miiller). CANARY-WINGED PARAKEET. [382.5.]

Psittacus versicolurus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 75. (No
locality given = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, scrubland and open areas with scattered trees, less
frequently in dense forest, in both arid and humid situations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Colombia, northern Brazil and French
Guiana south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, northern Ar-
gentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Introduced and established in southern California (Los Angeles County), west-
central (Pinellas County) and southeastern Florida, Puerto Rico and western Peru
(Lima).

276 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus TOUIT Gray

Touit G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds, p. 89. Type, by original
designation, Psittacus huetii Temminck.

Touit costaricensis (Cory). RED-FRONTED PARROTLET.

Urochroma costaricensis Cory, 1913, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.. Ornithol.
Ser., 1, p. 283. (vicinity of Puerto Limon, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Turrialba to Puerto Limon, and Cor-
dillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro).

Notes.—T. costaricensis and T. dilectissima constitute a superspecies; they are
frequently considered conspecific. If combined, the broad species T. dilectissima
is called RED-WINGED PARROTLET.

Touit dilectissima (Sclater and Salvin). BLUE-FRONTED PARROTLET.

Urochroma dilectissima Sclater and Salvin, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1870), p. 788, pl. 47. (south of Mérida. Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and open woodland (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and Dar-
ién), northern and western Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and northwestern
Ecuador.

Notes.—See comments under 7. costaricensis.

Genus PIONOPSITTA Bonaparte

Pionopsitta Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 6, p. 152. Type, by
monotypy, Psittacus pileatus Scopoli.

Pionopsitta pyrilia (Bonaparte). SAFFRON-HEADED PARROT.

Psittacula pyrilia Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 807. note.
(Rio Hacha, Santa Marta, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién), northern
Colombia and western Venezuela.

Pionopsitta haematotis (Sclater and Salvin). BROWN-HOODED PARROT.

Pionus hematotis Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 300.
(In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida = Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and montane forest, forest edge and coffee planta-
tions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(recorded Veracruz, Oaxaca, northern Chiapas, southern Campeche and Quintana

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES QT

Roo) south to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and from
western Colombia to western Ecuador.

Genus PIONUS Wagler

Pionus Wagler, 1832, Abh. Math. Phys. KI. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 1, p. 497.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Psittacus menstruus
Linnaeus.

Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus). BLUE-HEADED PARROT.

Psittacus menstruus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 148. Based mainly
on “The Blue-headed Parrot” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 226, pl.
314. (in Surinamo = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, open woodland, forest edge and
clearings, foraging also in cultivated lands (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Costa Rica (from Rio Pacuare on the Carib-
bean slope eastward and, rarely, in the Golfo Dulce region on the Pacific) and
Panama (both slopes, including Coiba and the Pearl islands), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, central Bolivia,
and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil.

Pionus senilis (Spix). WHITE-CROWNED PARROT.

Psittacus senilis Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 42, pl. 31, fig. 1.
(No locality given = Veracruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, open woodland (including pine-oak), forest edge, sec-
ondary woodland, savanna, and open country with scattered trees (Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from
San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through eastern Mexico (including
Campeche and Quintana Roo) and Central America to Costa Rica (both slopes)
and western Panama (western Chiriqui and western Bocas del Toro).

Genus AMAZONA Lesson

Amazona Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 3, p. 189. Type, by subsequent
designation (Salvadori, 1891), C. farinosa = Psittacus farinosus Boddaert.

Notes.— Members of the genus Amazona are sometimes referred to under the
group name AMAZON.

Amazona albifrons (Sparrman). WHITE-FRONTED PARROT.

Psittacus albifrons Sparrman, 1788, Mus. Carlson., fasc. 3, pl. 52. Based on
the ““White-crowned Parrot’”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 281. (No
locality given = southwestern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland, secondary forest, scrub and sa-
vanna, more frequently in arid situations, occasionally in humid forest, foraging
also in cultivated lands (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

278 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, western Durango and
southeastern Veracruz south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula) to Honduras and on the Pacific slope to north-
western Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

Notes.—See comments under A. xantholora.

Amazona xantholora (Gray). YELLOW-LORED PARROT.

Psittacus albifrons (not Sparrman) Kuhl, 1820. Consp. Psittacorum, p. 80.
(No locality given.)

Chrysotis xantholora G. R. Gray, 1859, List Birds Br. Mus., pt. 3 (2). p. 83.
New name for Psittacus albifrons ““Latham™ [=Kuhl]. preoccupied. (Hon-
duras = probably Belize.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and second-growth woodland in arid situations.
very rarely in humid forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident throughout the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel
Island), in Belize, and on Isla Roatan (in the Bay Islands. Honduras).

Notes.— Although superficially similar to A. al/bifrons, A. xantholora appears
more closely related to the A. /ewcocephala superspecies of the West Indies.

Amazona leucocephala (Linnaeus). CUBAN PARROT.

Psittacus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1 p. 100. Based
mainly on “The White-headed Parrot” Edwards. Nat. Hist. Birds. 4, p.
166, pl. 166. (in America = eastern Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forested areas. open woodland and arid scrub.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (Great Inagua and Abaco, formerly also
on Long, Crooked, Acklin and Fortune islands), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the
Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, formerly also Little Cayman).

Notes.—A. leucocephala, A. collaria and A. ventralis are closely related and
constitute a superspecies: some authors consider them to be conspecific. See also
comments under 4. xantholora.

Amazona collaria (Linnaeus). YELLOW-BILLED PARROT.

Psittacus collarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 102. Based on
Psittacus minor, collo miniaceo Sloane. Voy. Jamaica, 2. p. 297. (in Amer-
ica = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest at higher elevations, foraging in cultivated lands.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—See comments under 4. /eucocephala.

Amazona ventralis (Miller). HISPANIOLAN PARROT.

Psittacus ventralis P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 79. Based on
““Perroquet a ventre pourpre, de la Martinique’’ Daubenton, Planches En-
lum., pl. 548. (Martinique, error = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, foraging in cultivated lands.

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 279

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gondve, Grand Cayemite,
Beata and Saona islands).

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico and in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix
and St. Thomas).

Notes.—See comments under 4. /eucocephala.

Amazona vittata (Boddaert). PUERTO RICAN PARROT.

Psittacus vittatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 49. Based on
‘‘Perroquet de St. Domingue”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 792. (Santo
Domingo, error = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Forested regions and open woodland.
Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (a smal] population surviving in the
Luquillo National Forest and vicinity), and formerly also Culebra Island.

Amazona agilis (Linnaeus). BLACK-BILLED PARROT.

Psittacus agilis Linnaeus, IWSSaSystlNat eds 10s ls ps99 Based ons uae
Little Green Parrot” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 168, pl. 168. (in
America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Forested areas in hills and mountains.
Distribution.— Resident at higher elevations in western Jamaica (absent from
Blue and John Crow mountains in eastern Jamaica).

Amazona viridigenalis (Cassin). RED-CROWNED PARROT. [382.6.]

Chrysotis viridigenalis Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, p.
371. (South America, error = northeastern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, especially lowland deciduous forest and pine-oak
woodland, foraging also in cultivated lands (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and ex-
treme northeastern Veracruz.

Introduced and established in southern California (Los Angeles area, breeding
in San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County), southern Florida (Dade County), and
Puerto Rico; a small group has also persisted since 1970 in the Hawaiian Islands
(on Oahu).

Casual (probably) in southern Texas (several sight records, lower Rio Grande
Valley northwest to Falcon Dam, apparently based on wild vagrants although the
possibility of escaped cage birds cannot be excluded).

Notes.— Also known as GREEN-CHEEKED PARROT. A. viridigenalis and A. finschi
are closely related and constitute a superspecies.

Amazona finschi (Sclater). Li1LAC-CROWNED PARROT.

Chrysotis finschi Sclater, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 298. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, pine-oak woodland and secondary forest, in both
semi-arid and humid situations, foraging also in cultivated lands (Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of western Mexico from south-

280 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

eastern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua south to Oaxaca (the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec). -
Introduced and possibly established in southern California (Los Angeles
County).
Notes.—See comments under 4. viridigenalis.

Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus). RED-LORED PARROT.

Psittacus autumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1. p. 102. Based on
“The Lesser Green Parrot” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 164, pl. 164.
(in America = southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, mangrove swamps and secondary
forest, less frequently in deciduous woodland, pine-oak forest or pine savanna,
foraging also in cultivated lands (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi south on the
Gulf-Caribbean slope (including the Bay Islands off Honduras, but absent from
the Yucatan Peninsula) to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (on the Pacific
mainly in the southwestern region) and Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl
islands), and in South America in northern and western Colombia, western Ec-
uador, northwestern Venezuela, and the upper Amazon basin of Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-CHEEKED PARROT. The population isolated in
the Amazon basin is sometimes treated as a separate species, 4. diadema (Spix,
1824).

Amazona farinosa (Boddaert). MEALY PARROT.

Psittacus farinosus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 52. Based on
“Le Perroquet Meunier de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 861.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south on
the Gulf-Caribbean slope (except the Yucatan Peninsula) to Nicaragua, on both
slopes of Costa Rica and Panama (including Isla Coiba and other islets), and in
South America from Colombia and Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as BLUE-CROWNED PARROT.

[Amazona amazonica (Linnaeus). ORANGE-WINGED PARROT.] See Appen-
dix B.

Amazona oratrix Ridgway. YELLOW-HEADED PARROT.

Chrysotis levaillantii (not Amazona levaillantii Lesson, 1831) G. R. Gray,
1859, List Birds Br. Mus., pt. 3 (2), p. 79. (Petapa, Oaxaca.)

Amazona oratrix Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 587. New name for
Chrysotis levaillantii Gray, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland and pine ridges (Tropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope of Mexico (including the Tres Mar-

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 281

ias Islands) from Colima south to Oaxaca (the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); on the
Gulf-Caribbean slope of Mexico from southern Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south
to Veracruz and Tabasco; and in Belize.

Introduced and possibly established in southern California (Los Angeles region)
and southern Florida (Dade County).

Notes.— Although 4. oratrix and A. auropalliata are frequently considered con-
specific with A. ochrocephala, the close approach of A. oratrix and A. auropalliata
in Pacific Oaxaca without evidence of interbreeding, and the presence of both A.
auropalliata and A. ochrocephala in Caribbean Honduras, suggest that the best
treatment would be as allospecies of a superspecies complex. With a single species,
YELLOW-HEADED PARROT is the appropriate name.

Amazona auropalliata (Lesson). YELLOW-NAPED PARROT.

Psittacus (amazona) auro-palliatus Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p.
135. (Realejo, centre Amérique [=Nicaragua].)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, thorn scrub, open woodland and pine savanna,
primarily in dry or semi-arid regions, foraging also in coffee plantations and
cultivated lands (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from extreme
eastern Oaxaca south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste); in the Sula Valley
of northern Honduras (where possibly introduced); in the Bay Islands off Carib-
bean Honduras (Roatan, Barbareta and Guanaja); and in the Mosquitia of eastern
Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua.

Notes.—See comments under 4. oratrix.

Amazona ochrocephala (Gmelin). YELLOW-CROWNED PARROT.

Psittacus ochrocephalus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 339. Based in part
on “Le Perroquet Amazone du Brésil”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 272, pl.
26, fig. 1. (¢n America australi = Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Deciduous and humid lowland forest, savanna, plantations and cul-
tivated lands (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Sula Valley of northern Honduras (where present
since at least mid-19th Century, probably a native population); and from western
Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl islands), Colombia, Venezuela (probably
also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia
and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—See comments under 4. oratrix.

Amazona arausiaca (Miiller). RED-NECKED PARROT.

Psittacus arausiacus P. L. S. Miiller, 1766, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 79. Based
on the “‘Blue-faced Green Parrot” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 43, pl.
230. (Dominica.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest.

Distribution.— Resident on Dominica, in the Lesser Antilles, surviving in re-
duced numbers.

Notes.—A. arausiaca and A. versicolor may constitute a superspecies. Species

282 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

of Amazona may also have been present on Martinique and Guadeloupe, for
which names have been proposed although no specimens exist (see Appen-
dix C).

Amazona versicolor (Miller). St. LUCIA PARROT.

Psittacus versicolor P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 78. Based on
‘“*Perroquet, de la Havane”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 360. (Havana,
error = St. Lucia.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest.

Distribution. — Resident on St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles, where surviving in
much reduced numbers.

Notes.—See comments under 4. arausiaca.

Amazona guildingii (Vigors). St. VINCENT PARROT.

Psittacus Guildingii Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p. 80. (St.
Vincent [Lesser Antilles].)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, rarely in lowland forest.
Distribution. — Resident on St. Vincent, in the Lesser Antilles.

Amazona imperialis Richmond. IMPERIAL PARROT.

Psittacus augustus (not Shaw, 1792) Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1836), p. 80. (South America, error = Dominica.)

Amazona imperialis (Ridgway MS) Richmond, 1899, Auk, 16, p. 186 (Cs
text). New name for Psittacus augustus Vigors, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Mountain forest at higher elevations.
Distribution.— Resident on Dominica, in the Lesser Antilles, where surviving
in small numbers.

Order CUCULIFORMES: Cuckoos and Allies
Family CUCULIDAE: Cuckoos, Roadrunners and Anis
Subfamily CUCULINAE: Old World Cuckoos

Genus CUCULUS Linnaeus

Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 110. Type, by tautonymy,
Cuculus canorus Linnaeus (Cuculus, prebinomial specific name, in syn-
onymy).

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus. COMMON CUCKOO. [388.2.]

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 110. (an Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge and clearings, taiga, open country with
scattered trees and, occasionally, treeless regions with bushy growth.

ORDER CUCULIFORMES 283

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to northern Africa, the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor,
the Himalayas, Burma, Southeast Asia and eastern China.

Winters from the Sahara (rarely Sudan), India and Southeast Asia south to
South Africa, the East Indies, New Guinea and the Philippines, casually to the
eastern Atlantic islands, Ceylon, and the Bonin, Moluccas and Palau islands in
the western Pacific.

In migration occurs in the Mediterranean region, Arabia, the Ryukyu Islands
and Formosa, ranging casually to the western and central Aleutian (Buldir, Kiska,
Amchitka, Adak) and Pribilof (St. Paul) islands.

Casual on the western Alaskan mainland (Tutakoke River mouth), Iceland and
the Faroe Islands. Accidental in Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard) and the Lesser
Antilles (Barbados).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the CUCKoo. Some authors regard
C. canorus and the African C. gularis Stephens, 1815, as conspecific; they con-
stitute a superspecies.

Cuculus saturatus Blyth. ORIENTAL CUCKOO. [388.1.]

Cuculus saturatus (Hodgson MS) Blyth, 1843, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 12, p.
942. (Nepal.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, primarily coniferous, less frequently deciduous
woodland or mixed coniferous-deciduous areas, locally in montane forest.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Russia, central Siberia) Anadyrland and
Kamchatka south to the Himalayas, northern Burma, southern China, Formosa
and Japan.

Winters from the Malay Peninsula and Philippines south through the East Indies
and New Guinea to northern and eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island.

In migration occurs on islands of the western Pacific from the Ryukyu and
Bonins southward.

Casual in western and southwestern Alaska (Wales, St. Lawrence Island, the
Pribilofs, and Rat Island in the Aleutians).

Notes.— Also known as HIMALAYAN CUCKOO.

Subfamily COCCYZINAE: New World Cuckoos

Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot

Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 28. Type, by monotypy, ““Coucou de la
Caroline” Buffon = Cuculus americanus Linnaeus.

[Coccyzus pumilus Strickland. DWARF CuCcKOoo.] See Appendix A.

Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson). BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. [388.]

Cuculus erythropthalmus Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 4, p. 16, pl. 28, fig.
2. (No locality given = probably near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, both deciduous and coniferous (breed-
ing); scrub (arid or humid) as well as forest, although most frequently in lowland
humid regions (nonbreeding).

284 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central and southeastern Alberta, southern Sas-
katchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, central Ontario, southwest-
ern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south, at
least locally, to southeastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, east-
ern Oklahoma, north-central Texas (once successfully in southern Texas), northern
Arkansas, Tennessee, northern Alabama and the Carolinas.

Winters in South America (also Trinidad) from northern Colombia and northern
Venezuela south to Ecuador, northern Peru and central Bolivia.

Migrates regularly through the southeastern United States; irregularly through
Mexico (recorded from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas southward, mostly in Gulf-Ca-
ribbean lowlands, including Cozumel Island) and Middle America (not recorded
El Salvador); and casually west to the Pacific region from southern British Co-
lumbia south to central California, Arizona and New Mexico, and through the
Bahamas (Grand Bahama, New Providence) and the Antilles (recorded Cuba, the
Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Barbuda).

Casual or accidental in Newfoundland, Paraguay, northern Argentina, Green-
land, the British Isles, continental Europe and the Azores.

Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus). YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. [387.]

Cuculus americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 111. Based on
“The Cuckoo of Carolina” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 9, pl. 9. (in
Carolina = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, especially where undergrowth is thick, parks and
riparian woodland (breeding); forest, woodland and scrub (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from interior California (rarely north to western Wash-
ington, questionably to southwestern British Columbia), northern Utah, northern
Colorado, the Dakotas, southern Manitoba (rarely), Minnesota, southern Ontario,
southwestern Quebec and southern New Brunswick south to southern Baja Cal-
ifornia, southern Arizona, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, the
Gulf coast and Florida Keys, sporadically farther south in Mexico (recorded Za-
catecas and the state of Yucatan) and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, His-
paniola, Gonave Island, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix in the Virgin Islands), probably
also in the Bahamas (Great Inagua) and Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts).

Winters from northern South America (also Tobago and Trinidad) south to
eastern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina.

Migrates regularly through the southern United States, Middle America and
the West Indies.

Casual or accidental north to central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, Labrador,
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles,
continental Europe and the Azores.

Notes.—Some authors suggest that C. americanus and the South American C.
euleri Cabanis, 1873, constitute a superspecies.

Coccyzus minor (Gmelin). MANGROVE CUCKOO. [386.]

Cuculus minor Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 411. Based mainly on “Petit
Vieillard” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 401, and the ““Mangrove Cuckoo”
Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (2), p. 537. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

ORDER CUCULIFORMES 285

Habitat.—Open woodland, lowland forest edge, scrub, deciduous forest and
mangroves (Tropical and, rarely, Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from Sinaloa south on the Pacific slope of Middle America
to western Panama (Veraguas); from Tamaulipas south in the Gulf-Caribbean
lowlands of Middle America (including Holbox, Mujeres and Cozumel islands off
the Yucatan Peninsula, and the Bay Islands off Honduras) to eastern Nicaragua;
and from southern Florida (Tampa Bay and Miami areas southward in coastal
areas, including the Florida Keys) and the Bahamas south throughout the Antilles
(rare in Cuba, except on cays, not recorded Isle of Pines) and islands in the
Caribbean Sea (Cayman, Swan, Providencia and San Andrés) to Venezuela (also
Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad), the Guianas and northern Brazil.

Winters throughout the breeding range, and occurs, at least casually, elsewhere
in peninsular Florida (including the interior) and south to central Panama (Canal
Zone and the Pearl Islands).

Accidental in southeastern Texas (Port Bolivar, also sight reports elsewhere).

Notes.— C. minor and C. ferrugineus are considered to be closely related and
conspecific (or members of a superspecies) by some authors, although this is
questioned by others. In addition, the suggestion that the South American C.
melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817, also belongs in this superspecies has been made, but
others do not support such a treatment.

Coccyzus ferrugineus Gould. Cocos CUCKOO.

Coccyzus ferrugineus Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 105. (Cocos
Island.)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland, second growth and, occasionally, scrub.
Distribution. — Resident on Cocos Island, off Costa Rica.
Notes.—See comments under C. minor.

[Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte. GRAY-CAPPED CUCKOO.] See Appendix A.

Genus SAUROTHERA Vieillot

Saurothera Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 28. Type, by monotypy, “Coucou a
longbec”’ Buffon = Cuculus vetula Linnaeus.

Saurothera merlini d’Orbigny. GREAT LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Saurothera merlini d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba,
Ois., p. 152 [p. 115 in Spanish edition], pl. 25. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, especially in thickets or dense undergrowth.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence and Eleu-
thera), and on Cuba (including Cayo Santa Maria and Cayo Coco) and the Isle of
Pines.

Notes.— All species of the genus Saurothera appear to constitute a superspecies.

Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte. PUERTO RICAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Saurothera vetula (not Linnaeus, 1758) Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 32, p. 348. (Porto Rico = Puerto Rico.)

286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (1), p. 97. New
name for Saurothera vetula Vieillot, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Open woodland, primarily with heavy undergrowth, brushy hillsides
and coffee plantations.

Distribution. — Resident on Puerto Rico and (formerly) Vieques Island. possibly
at one time on St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands.

Notes.—See comments under S. merlini.

Saurothera longirostris (Hermann). HISPANIOLAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Cuculus longirostris Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 186. (Hispan-
iola.)

Habitat.— Woodland with dense undergrowth and thickets.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave. Tortue and Saona
islands).

Notes.—See comments under S. mer/ini.

Saurothera vetula (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Cuculus Vetula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 111. Based mainly
on Cuculus major Sloane. Voy. Jamaica. 2. p. 312. pl. 258. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Open hilly woodland with dense undergrowth. and arid lowland
woodland.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.—See comments under S. merlini.

Genus HYETORNIS Sclater

Ptiloleptis (not Ptiloleptus Swainson, 1837, emended to Ptiloleptis by G. R.
Gray. 1849) Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 121. Type. by monotypy.
Cuculus pluvialis Gmelin.

Hyetornis Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds. pp. xiii. 321. New name for
Ptiloleptis Bonaparte, preoccupied.

Hyetornis pluvialis (Gmelin). CHESTNUT-BELLIED CUCKOO.

Cuculus pluvialis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat.. 1 (1), p. 411. Based in part on
the “Old man or rainbird” Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2. p. 321, pl. 258, fig. 1.
(in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Thickets in open woodland or scrub in hills or mountains.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—H. pluvialis and H. rufigularis appear to constitute a superspecies.

Hyetornis rufigularis (Hartlaub). BAY-BREASTED CUCKOO.

Coccyzus rufigularis “Herz. c. Wiirttemb.” Hartlaub, 1852, Naumannia, 2,
p. 55. (Mountain forests of Spanish Santo Domingo = Dominican Repub-
lic.)

Habitat.— Heavily forested hills and mountains, also arid lowland scrub.

ORDER CUCULIFORMES 287

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (primarily the Dominican Republic, rare
in Haiti) and Gonave Island.
Notes.—See comments under H. pluvialis.

Genus PIAYA Lesson

Piaya Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 2, p. 139. Type, by original des-
ignation, Cuculus cayanus Gmelin [=Linnaeus].

Piaya cayana (Linnaeus). SQUIRREL CUCKOO.

Cuculus cayanus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 170. Based on “Le
Coucou de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 122, pl. 8, fig. 2. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, second-growth woodland, scrubby
areas, thickets, plantations, and open country with scattered trees (Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, Durango,
Zacatecas, southern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through
Middle America (doubtfully recorded from Holbox and Mujeres islands, but casual
on Isla Cancun, off Quintana Roo), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern
Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and
Uruguay.

Piaya minuta (Vieillot). LITTLE CUCKOO.

Coccyzus minutus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 275.
Based in part on “Le petit Coucou de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4,
p. 124, pl. 16, fig. 2. (No locality given = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Thickets, shrubby areas and dense undergrowth, generally near water
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (Canal Zone and eastern Panama
province eastward), Colombia and Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE: Ground-Cuckoos and Roadrunners

Genus TAPERA Thunberg

Tapera Thunberg, 1819, G6teborgs Kung]. Vetensk. Vitterhets-Samh. Handl.,
3, p. 1. Type, by monotypy, Japera brasiliensis Thunberg = Cuculus na-
evius Linnaeus.

Tapera naevia (Linnaeus). STRIPED CUCKOO.

Cuculus nevius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 170. Based on “Le
Coucou tacheté de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 127, pl. 9, fig. 1.
(in Cayania = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Dense second-growth areas, thickets, brushy regions, fields and scrub
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas and southern Quintana Roo) south along both slopes of Middle America,
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to southwestern Ecuador and
east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Genus DROMOCOCCYX Wied

Dromococcyx Wied, 1832, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 4 (1), p. 351. Type, by
monotypy, Macropus phasianellus Spix.

Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix). PHEASANT CUCKOO.

Macropus phasianellus Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 53, pl. 42.
(forest of Rio Tonantins, Amazon Valley, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Dense undergrowth and thickets of deciduous forest and second-
growth woodland, forest edge and scrubby growth (Tropical Zone.)

Distribution. — Resident from southern Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas and
the Yucatan Peninsula) south through Middle America (not recorded Belize), and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Colombia, northern Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina
and southeastern Brazil.

Genus MOROCOCCYX Sclater

Morococcyx Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 322. Type, by mono-
typy, Coccyzus erythropyga Lesson.

Morococcyx erythropygus (Lesson). LESSER GROUND-CUCKOO.

Coccyzus erythropyga Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 210. (San-Carlos,
Centre Amérique = San Carlos, Nicaragua.)

Habitat.— Deciduous woodland undergrowth, thickets, shrubby growth, scrub,
and edges of fields and pastures in tangled growth, primarily in arid regions
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from southern
Sinaloa south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste), occurring also in the arid
interior valleys on the Caribbean slope of Guatemala (Motagua) and Honduras
(Quimistan, Sula, Comayagua and Aguan).

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler
Geococcyx Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 524. Type, by monotypy, Ge-
ococcyx variegata Wagler = Saurothera californiana Lesson.
Geococcyx velox (Wagner). LESSER ROADRUNNER.

Cuculus velox A. Wagner, 1836, Gelehrte Anz., Miinchen, 3, col. 96. (Mex-
ico = outskirts of Mexico City.)

Habitat.— Arid semi-open country with tangles, thickets and scrubby under-

ORDER CUCULIFORMES 289

growth, including open deciduous forest, pine-oak woodland and savanna (Trop.
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in western Mexico from extreme southern Sonora south
to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and in the interior of Middle America from central
Mexico (Michoacan, state of México, Morelos, Puebla and west-central Veracruz,
with an isolated population in the state of Yucatan) south through Guatemala, El
Salvador and Honduras to central Nicaragua.

Geococcyx californianus (Lesson). GREATER ROADRUNNER. [385.]

Saurothera Californiana Lesson, 1829, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, 6, p. 420.
(Californie = San Diego, California.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, chaparral, edges of cultivated lands, and arid open
situations with scattered brush, locally in cedar glades and pine-oak woodland
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern California, western and central Nevada,
southern Utah, Colorado, southern Kansas, central and eastern Oklahoma, south-
western Missouri, western Arkansas and north-central Louisiana south to southern
Baja California, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, northeastern Jalisco, eastern Mi-
choacan, the state of México, Distrito Federal, Puebla, Veracruz, Tamaulipas and
the Gulf coast of Texas.

Notes.— Often called the ROADRUNNER in American literature.

Genus NEOMORPHUS Gloger

Neomorphus Gloger, 1827, in Froriep, Notizen, 16, col. 278, note. Type, by
original designation, Coccyzus geoffroyi Temminck.

Neomorphus geoffroyi (Temminck). RUFOUS-VENTED GROUND-CUCKOO.

Coccyzus geoffroyi Temminck, 1820, Planches Color., livr. 2, pl. 7. (No lo-
cality given = Para, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Nicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (primarily
Caribbean slope, on Pacific drainage in Cordillera de Guanacaste) and Panama
(both slopes), and in South America from Colombia south, east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE: Anis

Genus CROTOPHAGA Linnaeus
Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105. Type, by monotypy,
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus.
Crotophaga major Gmelin. GREATER ANI.

Crotophaga major Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 363. Based in part on
“Le grand Bout-de-petun” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 180, pl. 18, fig. 2,
and Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 102, fig. 1. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

290 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Thickets and second growth (generally near water). swamps and
marshes (Tropical Zone, locally to Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (on the Caribbean lane from
western Colon eastward, on the Pacific from the Canal Zone eastward). Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western
Colombia and east of the Andes virtually throughout to northern Argentina:
several specimens taken along the Rio Tamesi, southern Tamaulipas, suggest a
resident population in northeastern Mexico (Colson, 1978, Auk, 95, pp. 766-767).

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. SMOOTH-BILLED ANI. [383.]

Crotophaga Ani Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.. ed. 10. 1. p. 105. Based mainly
on the “Razor-billed Blackbird” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2. app.. p.
3, pl. 3, and Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2. p. 298, pl. 256. fig. 1. G@m America,
Africa = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Open situations with brush or scrub, fields, plantations. gardens and
forest clearings (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in central and southern Florida (Tampa Bay and Merritt
Island region southward, most abundantly from Lake Okeechobee area to Dade
County); from the Bahamas south throughout the Antilles (including the Cayman
Islands): on islands off Quintana Roo (Holbox and Cozumel). Honduras (Swan
and Bay islands) and Nicaragua (Corn, Providencia and San Andrés); and in
southwestern Costa Rica (Pacific slope north to the Gulf of Nicoya region). Panama
(both slopes, including Coiba and the Pearl islands). and South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island. Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes
virtually throughout to northern Argentina.

Casual north along the Atlantic coast to North Carolina, in southern Louisiana
and northern Florida, and to the mainland of Honduras (Trujillo region, where
possibly breeding). Accidental in New Jersey (Petty Island in the Delaware River).

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson. GROOVE-BILLED ANI. [384.]

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 440.
(Table land. Temiscaltepec = Temascaltepec. state of México.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open country, including scrub, thickets, cultivated
lands, savanna and second growth (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southern Baja California (Cape district. formerly):
from southern Sonora, central and southern (casually western and southeastern)
Texas and southern Louisiana (rarely, one breeding record, Plaquemines Parish)
south along both slopes of Middle America (including Mujeres. Holbox and Co-
zumel islands off Quintana Roo) and along both coasts of South America to
extreme northern Chile and Guyana (also the Netherlands Antilles): and in north-
western Argentina.

Wanders regularly east along the Gulf coast to peninsular Florida, and casually
northward to southern California, southern Nevada. central Arizona. central New
Mexico, Colorado. South Dakota. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern On-
tario, Ohio and Maryland. Reports from Trinidad are erroneous.

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 291

Order STRIGIFORMES: Owls
Family TYTONIDAE: Barn-Owls

Genus TYTO Billberg

Tyto Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1 (2), tab. A. Type, by
monotypy, Strix flammea auct. = Strix alba Scopoli.

Tyto alba (Scopoli). COMMON BARN-OWL. [365.]

Strix alba Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 21. (Ex Foro Juli = Friuli,
northern Italy.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open country in a wide variety of situations, often
around human habitation, breeding in buildings, caves, crevices on cliffs, burrows
and hollow trees, rarely in trees with dense foliage, such as palms (Tropical to
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Americas from southwestern British Columbia,
western Washington, Oregon, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, southern
Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York,
southern Vermont and Massachusetts south through the United States and Middle
America (including many islands around Baja California and in the Gulf of Cal-
ifornia, the Tres Marias Islands, Bay Islands off Honduras, and Pearl Islands off
Panama), Bermuda, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (except Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada and the
Grenadines), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also the Neth-
erlands Antilles, Tobago and Trinidad) south to Tierra del Fuego; and in the Old
World from the British Isles, Baltic countries, southern Russia and southern Si-
beria south throughout most of Eurasia and Africa to southern Africa, Madagascar,
the Malay Peninsula, the East Indies (except Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines)
and Australia, and east in the western Pacific to the Society Islands. Northernmost
populations in North America are partially migratory, wintering south to southern
Mexico and the West Indies.

Wanders casually north to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia. Accidental in Alaska (Delta Junction).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1958, now on all main
islands from Kauai eastward) and on Lord Howe Island.

Notes.— Known in most literature as the BARN OwL. 7. alba and the closely
related 7. glaucops are regarded as species since sympatry occurs on Hispaniola.
Some authors suggest that the populations in the Australian region may constitute
a separate species, 7. delicatula (Gould, 1837), as apparently both North American
and Australian forms have become established on Lord Howe Island without
evidence of interbreeding.

Tyto glaucops (Kaup). ASHY-FACED BARN-OWL.

Strix glaucops Kaup, 1853, in Jardine, Contrib. Ornithol. (1852), p. 118.
(Jamaica, error = Hispaniola.)

292 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Open woodland and scrub, breeding in limestone caves and SELSEGLES,
foraging also around old buildings and ruins.

Distribution. — Resident on Hispaniola.

Notes.— Also known as HISPANIOLAN BARN-OWL. See comments under T. alba.

Family STRIGIDAE: Typical Owls

Genus OTUS Pennant

Otus Pennant, 1769, Indian Zool., p. 3. Type. by monotypy. Otus bakka-
moena Pennant.

Gymnasio Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2. 6, p. 543. Type. by
monotypy. Strix nudipes Daudin.

Notes.—See comments under Gymnoglaux.

Otus sunia (Hodgson). ORIENTAL Scops-OwL. [374.1.]
Strix sunia Hodgson, 1836, Asiat. Res., 19. p. 175. (Nepal.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in forest and woodland from Mongolia, Man-
churia, Amurland, Sakhalin and Japan south to northern China, Korea, the Ryu-
kyu Islands. and Seven Islands of Izu. and winters from southeastern China, the
Ryukyus and Japan south to Southeast Asia and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Accidental in Alaska in the Aleutian Islands on Buldir (5 June 1977: Day, ef
al., 1979, Auk, 96. p. 189) and Amchitka (late June 1979: Roberson, 1980. Rare
Birds W. Coast. p. 230).

Notes.—O. sunia and other Old World forms are sometimes merged in the
Eurasian O. scops (Linnaeus. 1758) [ComMon Scops-Ow1], but studies of vocal-
izations and behavior indicate their specific status. See also comments under O.
flammeolus.

Otus flammeolus (Kaup). FLAMMULATED OWL. [374.]

Scops (Megascops) flammeola “Licht.” Kaup, 1853. in Jardine, Contrib. Or-
nithol. (1852), p. 111. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Montane forest. primarily ponderosa pine association, in migration
widely through wooded areas in lowlands and mountains (upper Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds locally from southern British Columbia (Kamloops, Pen-
ticton), north-central Washington, eastern Oregon, southern Idaho and northern
Colorado south to southern California, southern Arizona. southern New Mexico
and western Texas (Guadalupe and Chisos mountains): also in southeastern Coa-
huila (probably). Nuevo Leon (La Esperanza). the state of México (Chimalpa) and
Veracruz (Las Vigas).

Winters from central Mexico (Sinaloa, Jalisco, Michoacan and Distrito Federal)
south in the highlands to Guatemala and E] Salvador, casually north to southern
California.

In migration occurs east to Montana, central Colorado, eastern New Mexico
and western Texas.

Casual or accidental in southeastern Texas (Port Aransas). Louisiana (Baton

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 293

Rouge), Alabama (Shelby County), Florida (Reddington Beach) and the Gulf of
Mexico (ca. 75 miles southeast of Galveston, Texas).

Notes.— Also known as FLAMMULATED SCREECH-OWL. O. scops and O. flam-
meolus are closely related and have been considered conspecific by some authors;
differences in vocalizations suggest specific treatment, and consideration as a
superspecies seems the preferred option (see Marshall, 1978, A. O. U. Ornithol.
Monogr., no. 25, p. 8).

Otus asio (Linnaeus). EASTERN SCREECH-OWL. [373.]

Strix Asio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 92. Based on “‘The Little
Owl” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 7, pl. 7. (an America = South
Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, deciduous forest, parklands, residential areas in
towns, scrub, and riparian woodland in drier regions.

Distribution.— Resident from southern Saskatchewan (probably), southern
Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, south-
western Quebec and Maine south through the eastern United States to eastern
San Luis Potosi, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (Florida
Keys), and west to eastern Montana, the Dakotas, eastern Colorado, Kansas,
western Oklahoma and west-central (casually extrerne western) Texas. Recorded
in summer (and probably breeding) in central Alberta.

Casual in Nova Scotia (Indian Lake), with sight reports from New Brunswick.

Notes.— Formerly known as the SCREECH OwL. Relationships of North and
Middle American Otus are discussed in Marshall (1967, W. Found. Vertebr. Zool.,
Monogr., no. 1, pp. 1-72), in which the four groups of O. asio are recognized on
the basis of vocalizations and behavior as “incipient species’; these groups are
now considered to be allospecies of a superspecies. Long distance dispersal ap-
parently accounts for overlap and mixed pairs in marginally poor habitat along
the Arkansas River in Colorado and the Rio Grande in Texas; the overlap does
not appear to represent hybridization. If these four species (O. asio and the fol-
lowing three species) are treated as a single species, O. asio, COMMON SCREECH-OWL
is the appropriate English name.

Otus kennicottii (Elliot). WESTERN SCREECH-OWL. [373.2.]

Scops Kennicottii Elliot, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19, p. 99.
(Sitka, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Woodland, especially oak and riparian woodland, and scrub (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to
Cordova), coastal and southern British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Mon-
tana, southeastern Colorado and extreme western Oklahoma south to southern
Baja California, northern Sinaloa, in the Mexican highlands through Chihuahua
and Coahuila as far as the Distrito Federal, and to western Texas (east to Big
Bend).

Notes.— Also known as KENNICOTT’S SCREECH-OWL. Populations of this species
in southern Sonora, western Chihuahua and Sinaloa have been treated by some
authors as a separate species, O. vinaceus (Brewster, 1888) [VINACEOUS

294 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

SCREECH-OwL], but differences in voice and behavior are lacking and intergra-
dation occurs (see A. H. and L. Miller, 1951, Condor, 53, pp. 172-176). See also
comments under O. asio.

Otus seductus Moore. BALSAS SCREECH-OWL.

Otus vinaceus seductus Moore, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, p. 156. (5
miles northeast of Apatzingan, Michoacan, altitude 1000 feet.)

Habitat.— Deciduous woodland, mesquite and heavy second growth (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the lowlands of Colima, and in the Rio Balsas drain-
age of Michoacan and western Guerrero.

Notes.—See comments under O. asio.

Otus cooperi (Ridgway). PACIFIC SCREECH-OWL.

Scops cooperi Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1, p. 116. (Santa Ana,
Costa Rica.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, swamp forest and mangroves (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident along the Pacific coast of Middle America from Oaxaca
(Puerto Angel region, Nejapa) south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste
region).

Notes.— Also known as COOPER’S SCREECH-OWL. See comments under O. asio.

Otus trichopsis (Wagler). WHISKERED SCREECH-OWL. [373.1.]

Scops trichopsis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 276. (Mexico = mountains
of southwestern Puebla.)

Habitat.— Montane pine-oak association (Subtropical and lower Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Arizona, northeastern Sonora, Chi-
huahua, Durango, San Luis Potosi and Nuevo Leon south through the mountains
of Mexico (west to Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan and Guerrero, and east
to west-central Veracruz), Guatemala, El] Salvador and Honduras to northern
Nicaragua.

Casual in southwestern New Mexico (Peloncillo Mountains).

Notes.— Also known as WHISKERED OWL or SPOTTED SCREECH-OWL.

Otus guatemalae (Sharpe). VERMICULATED SCREECH-OWL.

Scops brasilianus Subsp. 8. Scops guatemal@ Sharpe, 1875, Cat. Birds Br.
Mus., 2, pp. ix, 112, pl. 9. (Central America, from Veraguas northwards
to Mexica= = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and montane forest, pine-oak association, lowland
deciduous forest (both humid and arid), open woodland and plantations (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [guatemalae group] from southeastern Sonora and Ta-
maulipas south on both slopes of Mexico to Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 29

(including Cozumel Island), and thence south, mostly in the highlands, through
Guatemala (including Petén) and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua; and [ver-
miculatus group] locally from northeastern Costa Rica and Panama south to
northern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, O. guate-
malae [MIDDLE AMERICAN SCREECH-OwL] and O. vermiculatus (Ridgway, 1887)
[VERMICULATED SCREECH-OWL].

Otus choliba (Vieillot). TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL.

Strix choliba Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 7, p. 39. Based
on “Choliba” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2, p. 218 (no. 48).
(Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, forest border and clearings, open
country with scattered trees, parklands and residential areas (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Costa Rica (San José region) south through
Panama (including the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia and
Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trinidad) south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and Paraguay; erroneously recorded from Hon-
duras.

Otus barbarus (Sclater and Salvin). BEARDED SCREECH-OWL.

Scops barbarus Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 56.
(Santa Barbara, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Open woodland in humid montane and pine forest (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas and northern Guatemala.

Notes.— Also known as BRIDLED SCREECH-OWL.

Otus clarkii Kelso and Kelso. BARE-SHANKED SCREECH-OWL.

Otus clarkii L. and E. H. Kelso, 1935, Biol. Leaflet, no. 5, [not paged]. (Ca-
lobre, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and hedgerows (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central
eastward), Panama (recorded from western Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Darién)
and extreme northwestern Colombia.

Notes.— Also known as BARE-LEGGED SCREECH-OWL. Once called Otus nudipes
in the literature, based on Bubo nudipes Vieillot, 1807, now regarded as a nomen
dubium.

Otus nudipes (Daudin). PUERTO RICAN SCREECH-OWL.

Strix nudipes Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 199. (Porto Rico and
Cayenne = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Dense woodland, thickets and caves.

296 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques and Culebra islands)
and in the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda and St.
Croix).

Notes.— Also known as PUERTO RICAN BARE-LEGGED OWL.

Genus GYMNOGLAUX Cabanis |

Gymnoglaux Cabanis, 1855, J. Orithol., 3, p. 466. Type. by monotypy.
Noctua nudipes Lembeye (not Strix nudipes Daudin) = Gymnoglaux law-
rencii Sclater and Salvin.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Otus.

Gymnoglaux lawrencii Sclater and Salvin. BARE-LEGGED OWL.

Gymnoglaux lawrencii Sclater and Salvin, 1868. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p.
327, pl. 29. (Cuba = Remedios, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Densely foliaged trees. thickets and caves.
Distribution. — Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Genus LOPHOSTRIX Lesson

Lophostrix Lesson, 1836, Compl. Ouevres Buffon, 7, p. 261. Type, by mono-
typy. Strix griseata Latham = Strix cristata Daudin.

Lophostrix cristata (Daudin). CRESTED OWL.

Strix cristata Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol.. 2. p. 307. Based on “La
Chouette a aigrette blanche” Levaillant. Ois. Aff.. 1. p. 43. (Guiana.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, and second-growth woodland
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas)
south through Middle America (not recorded Belize), and in South America from
Colombia, western Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus PULSATRIX Kaup

Pulsatrix Kaup, 1848, Isis von Oken. col. 771. Type, by monotypy, Strix
torquata Daudin = Strix perspicillata Latham.

Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham). SPECTACLED OWL.

Strix perspicillata Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 58. Based on the
“Spectacle Owl” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl.. 1. p. 50. pl. 107. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland and foothill forest. second-growth woodland and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas)
south through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south. west of the Andes to western Ecuador and

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 297

east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, Paraguay and
southeastern Brazil.

Genus BUBO Duméril

Bubo Duméril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 34. Type, by tautonymy, Strix bubo
Linnaeus.

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). GREAT HORNED OwL. [375.]

Strix virginiana Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 287. Based mainly on the
“Virginia Eared Owl” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 119. (in omni
America, etc. = Virginia.)

Habitat.— A wide variety of forested habitats, moist or arid, deciduous or ev-
ergreen lowland forest to open temperate woodland, including second-growth
forest, swamps, orchards, parklands, riverine forest, brushy hillsides and semi-
desert, nesting primarily in large nests of other species, sometimes on cliffs, in
barns or on artificial platforms (Tropical to Paramo zones, most commonly Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, north-
western and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south throughout the
Americas (except the West Indies and most other islands) to Tierra del Fuego.

Winters generally throughout the breeding range, with the northernmost pop-
ulations being partially migratory, wintering south to southern Canada and the
northern United States. j

Genus NYCTEA Stephens

Nyctea Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13 (2), p. 62. Type, by tautonymy,
Strix erminea Shaw = Strix nyctea Linnaeus = Strix scandiaca Linnaeus.

Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus). Snowy Ow L. [376.]

Strix scandiaca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 92. (in Alpibus
Lapponie = Lapland.)

Habitat.— Tundra, primarily where mounds, hillocks or rocks are present, nest-
ing on the ground, in winter and migration occurring also in open country such
as prairie, marshes, fields, pastures and sandy beaches.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in the western Aleutians (Attu, Buldir),
on Hall Island (in the Bering Sea), and from northern Alaska, northern Yukon
(Herschel Island), and Prince Patrick and northern Ellesmere islands south to
coastal western Alaska (to Hooper Bay), northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin,
northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), Southampton and Belcher islands, northern
Quebec and northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic in northern Greenland, and
from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, southern Novaya Zemlya and north-
ern Siberia south to the British Isles (rarely), southern Scandinavia, the limits of
tundra in Eurasia, and the Commander Islands.

Winters irregularly from the breeding range in North America south to south-
ern Canada, Minnesota and New York, casually or sporadically to central Cali-

298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

fornia (Santa Cruz County), southern Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, central
and southeastern Texas, the Gulf states and Georgia (sight reports from central
Florida); and in Eurasia south to Iceland, the British Isles, northern continental
Europe, central Russia, northern China and Sakhalin.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the Azores, Mediterranean region, Iran, north-
western India and Japan.

Genus SURNIA Duméril

Surnia Duméril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 34. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), Strix funerea Gmelin = Strix ulula Linnaeus.

Surnia ulula (Linnaeus). NORTHERN HAWK-OwL. [377.]
Strix Ulula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 93. Gn Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, forest edge
and clearings, old deciduous forest burns, dense brushy areas (especially tamarack),
swamps, scrubby second-growth woodland and muskeg, nesting in hollow trees
and, occasionally, in old crow nests.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from the limit of trees in western and
central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern
Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Lab-
rador and Newfoundland south to south-coastal Alaska (Kodiak Island), southern
British Columbia, south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani-
toba, northern Minnesota, south-central Ontario, northern Michigan (Isle Royale),
southern Quebec and New Brunswick; and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia,
northern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia, northern Mongolia,
northern Manchuria and Sakhalin.

Winters from the breeding range southward, in North America ‘raieenclanly to
southern Canada and northern Minnesota, casually to western Oregon, Idaho,
Montana, North Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, southern Michigan, northern Ohio,
Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and in Eurasia to the British Isles, continental
Europe and southern Russia.

Accidental in Nebraska (Raymond).

Notes.— Known widely as the HAWK OwL.

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie

Glaucidium Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 970. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Strix passerina Linnaeus.

Glaucidium gnoma Wagler. NORTHERN PyGMy-OwL. [379.]
Glaucidium Gnoma Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 275. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, both dense and open situations, in coniferous, hard-
wood, mixed and p:ne-oak associations, primarily in humid habitats, less fre-
quently in arid ones, and foraging in open situations such as meadows adjacent
to forest (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident from central (and probably northern) British Columbia
(absent from Queen Charlotte Islands), southwestern Alberta and western Mon-
tana south, mostly in mountainous regions, to southern California, the interior

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 299

of Mexico, Guatemala and central Honduras, extending east as far as central
Colorado, central New Mexico and extreme western Texas; also in the Cape district
of southern Baja California. Recorded rarely but regularly (and possibly breeding)
in southeastern Alaska (west to Yakutat).

Notes.— Relationships between the various New World species of G/aucidium
are presently not well understood. A superspecific relationship between G. gnoma
and G. jardinii has been proposed. Within G. gnoma, particularly in Arizona,
populations in close proximity display differences in ecology (a northern form in
coniferous forest, a southern one in pine-oak) and vocalizations, suggesting that
two sibling species, G. gnoma and G. pinicola Nelson, 1910, are involved; further
study is required to determine relationships.

Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte). ANDEAN PYGMy-OwL.

Palenopsis jardinii Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 654. (Andes
of Quito, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Dense montane moist forest, forest edge and tangled undergrowth
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of central Costa Rica and Panama
(recorded Chiriqui and Veraguas); and in the Andes of South America from
Colombia and western Venezuela south to Peru and central Bolivia.

Notes.— Also known as MOUNTAIN PyGMy-OwL. See comments under G.
gnoma.

Glaucidium minutissimum (Wied). LEAST PYGMy-OwL.

Strix minutissima Wied, 1830, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 3 (1), p. 242. (Interior
of the Province of Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge, in western Mexico
in lowland deciduous and gallery forest, locally in eastern Mexico to humid mon-
tane forest (Tropical to lower Subtropical zones, locally to upper Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Mexico from southern Sinaloa
to south-central Oaxaca (Puerto Escondido area); on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of
Middle America (not recorded Yucatan Peninsula or Nicaragua) to Costa Rica,
Panama (also Pacific slope in eastern Panama province, Canal Zone and Darién)
and northwestern Colombia; and locally in eastern South America in Guyana,
southeastern Peru, Paraguay, and central and northeastern Brazil.

Notes.— The populations on the Pacific slope of Mexico may constitute a distinct
species, G. palmarum Nelson, 1901; in addition, the affinities of two races, G. m.
sanchezi Lowery and Newman, 1949, and G. m. occultum Moore, 1947, are
uncertain. Further study of this complex is required to determine relationships.
See also comments under G. gnoma.

Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin). FERRUGINOUS PyGMy-OwL. [380.]

Strix brasiliana Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 289. Based on ““Le Hibou
de Brésil’’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 1, p. 499. (in Brasilia = Ceara, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, coffee plantations, scrubby pastures,
thorn scrub, partially cleared lands, and open situations with scattered trees and
bushes, primarily in arid habitats (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from south-central Arizona (north to Phoenix area),
Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (north to Starr
and Kenedy counties) south through Mexico (including Isla Cancun off Quintana
Roo), Belize, Guatemala (Pacific slope and arid interior valleys), El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Pacific slope, very rare on Caribbean drainage)
and Panama (Pacific slope east to western Panama province), and in South Amer-
ica from the coastal lowlands of Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia,
central Argentina and Uruguay (also on Pacific coast of Peru and northern Chile).

Notes.— Also known as FERRUGINOUS OWL. Patagonian G. nanum (King, 1827)
variously has been treated as conspecific or as forming a superspecies with G.
brasilianum. See also comments under G. gnoma.

Glaucidium siju (d’Orbigny). CUBAN PyGMy-OwL.

Noctua siju d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p.
41, pl. 3. (Cuba.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and forest edge.
Distribution. — Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.
Notes.—See comments under G. gnoma.

Genus MICRATHENE Coues

Micrathene Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, p. 51. Type,
by original designation, Athene whitneyi Cooper.

Micropallas Coues, 1889, Auk, 6, p. 71. Type, by original designation, Athene
whitneyi Cooper.

Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper). ELF OwL. [381.]

Athene whitneyi Cooper, 1861, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 1, 2, p. 118. (Fort
Mojave, latitude 35° [N.], Colorado Valley [Arizona].)

Habitat.— Desert with giant cacti, oak woodland and riparian woodland, es-
pecially with sycamores (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from extreme southern Nevada (Colorado River, opposite
Fort Mohave, Arizona), southeastern California (formerly west to central Riv-
erside County), central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, western Texas (Big
Bend), Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley)
south to Sonora, Guanajuato and Puebla, probably elsewhere in central Mexico;
also in southern Baja California (Cape district) and the Revillagigedo Islands
(Socorro).

Winters from southern Sinaloa, Michoacan and Morelos south to Guerrero and
northern Oaxaca, certainly also elsewhere in central Mexico; resident on Socorro
Island and in Baja California, where recorded north to lat. 28°10’N., possibly only
as a vagrant.

In migration occurs casually in east-central New Mexico.

Genus ATHENE Boie

Athene Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 549. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1841), A. noctua (Retz.) Boie, Pl. enl. 439. Str. passerina
Auct. = Strix noctua Scopoli.

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 301

Speotyto Gloger, 1842, Gemein. Hanb. Hilfsb. Naturgesch. (1841), p. 226.
Type, by monotypy, Strix cunicularia Molina.

Athene cunicularia (Molina). BURROWING OwL. [378.]

Strix Cunicularia Molina, 1782, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 263. (Chili =
Chile.)

Habitat.— Open grasslands, especially prairie, plains and savanna, sometimes
in open areas such as vacant lots near human habitation or airports, nesting in
mammal burrows in the ground (Tropical to Paramo zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, southern Al-
berta, southern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba south through eastern
Washington, central Oregon and California (including the Farallon and Channel
islands) to Baja California (including many coastal islands, and on Guadalupe
Island), east to western Minnesota, northwestern Iowa, western Missouri, Okla-
homa, eastern Texas and Louisiana (Baton Rouge), and south to central Mexico
(including Isla Clarion in the Revillagigedo group, but southern limits of the
breeding range in the interior in Mexico not known); in Florida (north to Suwannee
and Duval counties), the Bahamas, western Cuba (western Pinar del Rio), eastern
Cuba (near Guantanamo), Hispaniola (including Gonave and Beata islands) and,
at least formerly, the northern Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Redonda
and Marie Galante); and locally in South America from Colombia and Venezuela
(including Margarita Island) south to northern Tierra del Fuego.

Winters in North America and Middle America in general through the breeding
range, except for the northern portions in the Great Basin and Great Plains regions,
and regularly south to southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, casually to
Honduras (Monte Redondo), Costa Rica (Los Cuadros on Volcan Irazt) and
Panama (Divala in Chiriqui); and through the breeding range in the West Indies
and South America, casually to Cuba.

Casual north and east in eastern North America to Wisconsin, Michigan, south-
ern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick (sight record), Massachu-
setts and North Carolina, and in the Gulf states to Alabama and northwestern
Florida.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Speotyto.

Genus CICCABA Wagler

Ciccaba Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1222. Type, by monotypy, Ciccaba
huhula = Strix huhula Daudin.

Ciccaba virgata (Cassin). MOTTLED OWL.

Syrnium virgatum Cassin, 1849, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4 (1848),
p. 124. (South America = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Dense forest, open woodland and second growth, both in arid and
humid regions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Gu-
anajuato, San Luis Potosi, southern Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south through
Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to Bolivia, Paraguay and northeastern
Argentina.

Notes.— Also known as MOTTLED Woop-OwWL.

302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Ciccaba nigrolineata Sclater. BLACK-AND-WHITE OWL.

Ciccaba nigrolineata Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 131. (In
Mexico Meridionali = Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge, less frequently in
deciduous woodland and mangrove swamps (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern and southern Mexico (southeastern San
Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas and southern Quintana Roo) south locally
through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia east to north-
western Venezuela and south, west of the Andes, to western Ecuador and north-
western Peru.

Notes.—C. nigrolineata and the South American C. huhula (Daudin, 1800) are
regarded as conspecific by some authors; they constitute at least a superspecies.

Genus STRIX Linnaeus

Strix Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 92. Type, by tautonymy, Strix
stridula Linnaeus (Strix, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy) = Strix
aluco Linnaeus.

Strix occidentalis (Xantus de Vesey). SPOTTED OwL. [369.]

Syrnium occidentale Xantus de Vesey, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 11 (1859), p. 193. (Fort Tejon, California.)

Habitat.— Dense forest, both coniferous (primarily fir) and hardwood, the latter
especially in shaded, steep-walled canyons (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains and in humid coastal forest from
southwestern British Columbia (north to Atka Lake, east to Manning Provincial
Park) south through western Washington and western Oregon to southern Cali-
fornia (San Diego County) and, probably, northern Baja California (Sierra San
Pedro Martir); and in the Rocky Mountain region from southern Utah (Zion
Canyon and Navajo Mountain) and central Colorado south through the mountains
of Arizona, New Mexico, extreme western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains), north-
ern Sonora, Chihuahua and Nuevo Le6n to Jalisco, Michoacan and Guanajuato.

Notes.—Some authors consider S. occidentalis and S. varia (along with S.
fulvescens) as constituting a superspecies.

Strix varia Barton. BARRED OWL. [368.]

Strix varius Barton, 1799, Fragm. Nat. Hist. Pa., p. 11. (Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania.)

Habitat.— Dense woodland and forest (coniferous or hardwood), swamps,
wooded river valleys, and cabbage palm-live oak hammocks, especially where
bordering streams, marshes and meadows (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Washington, southern and eastern Brit-
ish Columbia, and extreme northwestern Montana (Lincoln County) east across
central Alberta and central Saskatchewan, and from southern Manitoba, central
Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to central and southern Texas, the Gulf

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 303

coast and southern Florida, and west to southeastern South Dakota (formerly),
eastern Nebraska, central Kansas and central Oklahoma: and in the Central Plateau
of Mexico from Durango south to Guerrero (Mount Teotepec) and Oaxaca (La
Parada and Cerro San Felipe), and east to San Luis Potosi, Puebla and Veracruz.
Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in southeastern Alaska, south-
western British Columbia and northeastern Oregon.

Northernmost populations are partially migratory, individuals occasionally
ranging to the Gulf coast.

Notes.—S. varia and S. fulvescens are closely related and constitute a super-
species; they are considered conspecific by some authors. See also comments under
S. occidentalis.

Strix fulvescens (Sclater and Salvin). FULVous OwL.

Syrnium fulvescens Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 58.
(Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest and pine-oak association (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Oaxaca (Totontepec), Chiapas.
Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

Notes.—See comments under S. varia.

Strix nebulosa Forster. GREAT GRAY OWL. [370.]

Strix nebulosa J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 62, p.
424. (Severn River [northwestern Ontario].)

Habitat.— Dense coniferous and hardwood forest, especially pine, spruce, paper
birch and poplar, nesting primarily in old hawk nests, in migration and winter
also in second growth, especially near water, foraging in wet meadows.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from central Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba and northern Ontario
south locally in the interior to the mountains of southwestern Oregon, California
(central Sierra Nevada), northern Idaho, western Montana, northwestern Wyo-
ming, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Min-
nesota, northern Wisconsin and south-central Ontario; and in Eurasia from north-
ern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia,
northern Mongolia, northern Manchuria, Amurland and Sakhalin. Recorded in
summer (and possibly breeding) in southern Quebec.

Winters generally through the breeding range, in central and eastern North
America wandering south irregularly to southern Montana, North Dakota, south-
ern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario and
central New York, casually as far as southern Idaho, Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana,
Ohio, and from southern and eastern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
south to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Genus ASIO Brisson

Asio Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, pp. 28, 477. Type, by tautonymy, Asio
Brisson = Strix otus Linnaeus.
Rhinoptynx Kaup, 1851, Arch. Naturgesch., 17, p. 107. Type, by subsequent

304 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

designation (Sharpe, 1875), Otus mexicanus Cuv. = Bubo clamator Vieil-
lot. ;

Asio otus (Linnaeus). LONG-EARED OWL. [366.]
Strix Otus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 92. (in Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, especially near
water, less frequently in hardwoods or second growth, roosting in very dense,
thick cover, less commonly in caves or cracks in canyon walls.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from southern and eastern British Co-
lumbia, northern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, cen-
tral Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec. New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south to northwestern Baja California (lat. 30°N.). southern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern Nuevo Leon, western and central Texas,
central Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, central Illinois, western and northern In-
diana, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania (also in the mountains to western Virginia).
New York and New England; and in Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia.
northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the Azores, Canary Islands, north-
western Africa, southern Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas, Manchuria,
Formosa and Korea.

Winters in North America from southern Canada south to northern Baja Cal-
ifornia (casually to Los Coronados, Cedros and Tiburon islands), Jalisco, the state
of México, Distrito Federal, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and Georgia, casually to Florida, Bermuda and Cuba: and in the Old World
from the breeding range south to northern Africa, Iraq, India and southern China.

Casual or accidental in southeastern Alaska (Taku River), Labrador (Red Bay)
and western Cuba.

Asio stygius (Wagler). STYGIAN OWL.

Nyctalops stygius Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1222. (Brazil or South
Africa = Minas Gerais, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid or semi-arid forest (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Middle America in northeastern Sinaloa,
northwestern Durango, Guerrero (Omilteme), Veracruz (Mirador), Chiapas (Vol-
can Tacana), Guatemala (Coban), Belize and north-central Nicaragua; in the
Greater Antilles (Cuba. the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola and Gonave Island): and
locally in South America in Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Par-
aguay and northern Argentina. Recorded also (and possibly resident) on Cozumel
Island, Quintana Roo.

Asio clamator (Vieillot). STRIPED OWL.

Bubo Clamator Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept.. 1 (1807). pl. 20.
(depuis Caienne jusq’a la Baie d’ Hudson = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open grassy and shrubby areas, savanna, forest edge and lowland
moist forest, generally in open woodland situations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally on the Gulf-Caribbean slope in northern Oaxaca,
Veracruz, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, on the Pacific slope in El Sal-
vador, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 305

eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago) and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.
Notes.— Frequently placed in the monotypic genus Rhinoptynx.

Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). SHORT-EARED OwL. [367.]
Strix flammea Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas, 1, p. 617, pl. 25. (Sweden.)

Habitat.—Open country, including prairie, meadows, tundra, moorlands,
marshes, savanna and open woodland, in the Hawaiian Islands also around towns,
nesting on the ground.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai east-
ward), and on Ponape in the Caroline Islands; in North America from northern
Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, southern Baffin
Island (probably), northern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south
to the eastern Aleutian Islands (west to Unalaska), southern Alaska, central (and
formerly southern) California, northern Nevada, Utah, northeastern Colorado,
Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, New Jersey and northern (formerly coastal) Virginia; in the Greater Antilles
(Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles,
Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to southern Europe,
Afghanistan, Transbaicalia, northern Mongolia, northern Manchuria, Anadyr-
land, Sakhalin, the northern Kurile Islands and Kamchatka.

Winters generally in the breeding range, in the Hawaiian Islands ranging casually
to the western islands (Kure, Midway, and casually east to French Frigate Shoals):
in North America and Middle America mostly from southern Canada south to
southern Baja California (casually to Los Coronados Islands and Isla Tiburon),
Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, the Gulf coast and southern Florida; and in the Old
World south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region, northeastern Af-
rica, Asia Minor, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, southern China and Japan, casually
to the Azores, eastern Atlantic islands, Borneo, the Philippines and Ryukyu Is-
lands.

Casual or accidental in the Revillagigedo Islands (Clarion), Guatemala (Volcan
de Agua), the Bahamas (Grand Turk), Lesser Antilles (St. Barthélemy), Bermuda
and Greenland.

Genus PSEUDOSCOPS Kaup

Pseudoscops Kaup, 1848, Isis von Oken, col. 769. Type. by monotypy,
Ephialtes grammicus Gosse.

Pseudoscops grammicus (Gosse). JAMAICAN OWL.

Ephialtes grammicus Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 19 (footnote). (Bluefields
Mountains and Tait-Shafton, Jamaica = Tait-Shafton.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and open country with scattered trees.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Genus AEGOLIUS Kaup

Aegolius Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 34. Type, by mono-
typy, Strix tengmalmi Gmelin = Strix funereus Linnaeus.

306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus). BOREAL OWL. [371.]

Strix funereus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 93. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Dense coniferous forest, mixed coniferous-hardwood forest. and
thickets of alder, aspen or stunted spruce, most commonly in proximity to open
grassy situations, nesting mostly in old woodpecker holes in paper birch and
poplar.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America to tree line from central Alaska, central
Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, central (and probably northern) Quebec. Labrador and Newfoundland
(probably) south to southern Alaska (Kodiak Island), northern British Columbia.
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan. southern Manitoba. northeastern Minne-
sota (near Grand Marais), western and central Ontario, southern Quebec (Mag-
dalen Islands) and New Brunswick (Grand Manan). also in northwestern Wyoming
(Yellowstone and Grand Teton) and Colorado (Rocky Mountain National Park):
and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia
south to the mountains of southern Europe, the western Himalayas, western China,
Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Winters generally in the breeding range, in North America south irregularly
to southern British Columbia, central Montana. North Dakota. southern Min-
nesota, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York and
New England, casually to southern Oregon, Idaho, Colorado. Nebraska, Illinois.
Pennsylvania and New Jersey: and in Eurasia to southern Europe. Ussuriland.
the Kurile Islands and Japan.

Accidental in the Pribilofs (St. Paul).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as TENGMALM’S OWL.

Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin). NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL. [372.]

Strix acadica Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 296. Based on the “Acadian
_ Owl” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 149. pl. 5, fig. 2. (in America
septentrionali = Nova Scotia.)

Habitat.— Dense coniferous or mixed coniferous-hardwood forest. cedar groves,
alder thickets and tamarack bogs, occurring in migration and winter also in dense
second growth, brushy areas, arid scrub and open buildings.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska
Peninsula), central British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte Islands),
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern
Quebec (possibly also Anticosti Island), northern New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south to the mountains of southern California (also on
Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands), locally in the highlands of Mexico to
Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe), and to extreme western Texas, central Oklahoma,
central Missouri, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, central Ohio, West
Virginia, western Maryland and New York (Long Island): also in the mountains
of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. %

Winters generally throughout the breeding range. south irregularly or casually
to desert regions of southern California and southern Arizona, to the Gulf coast
(eastern Texas eastward), and through the Atlantic states to central Florida.

Casual or accidental on islands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence Island. and St.
Paul in the Pribilofs), Newfoundland and Bermuda.

ORDER STRIGIFORMES 307

Notes.— A. acadicus and A. ridgwayi are closely related and have been consid-
ered conspecific [SAW-WHET OwL] by a few authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Aegolius ridgwayi (Alfaro). UNSPOTTED SAW-WHET OWL.

Cryptoglaux ridgwayi Alfaro, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 217. (Cerro
de la Candelaria, near Escast, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.—Open pine-oak woodland and moist montane forest edge, also re-
corded from farm buildings (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Chiapas (Volcan Tacana), Guatemala (Sa-
capulas, Quetzaltenango and Soloma), El Salvador (Los Esesmiles) and Costa Rica
(Volcan Irazi, and Candelaria and Dota mountains). The accuracy of locality of
a specimen reportedly taken in Oaxaca (Amatepec) has recently been questioned:
occurrence of this species west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec requires confir-
mation.

Notes.—See comments under 4. acadicus.

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Goatsuckers, Oilbirds and Allies
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE: Goatsuckers
Subfamily CHORDEILINAE: Nighthawks

Genus LUROCALIS Cassin

Lucrocalis Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p. 189. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Caprimulgus nattereri Tem-
minck = Caprimulgus semitorquatus Gmelin.

Lurocalis semitorquatus (Gmelin). SHORT-TAILED NIGHTHAWK.

Caprimulgus semitorquatus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1031. Based
on the “White-collared Goatsucker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p.
599. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (up to montane forest in South
America), foraging in partly open situations adjacent to forest (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones, in South America to Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from northeastern Nicaragua (Rio Banbana) south
through Costa Rica (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific southwest) and Panama
(both slopes, including Isla Cébaco), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south to central and eastern Peru, central
Bolivia, northern Argentina and central Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as SEMICOLLARED NIGHTHAWK. The Amazonian and An-
dean forms in South America are often treated as separate species, L. rufiventris
Taczanowski, 1884, and L. nattereri (Temminck, 1822), respectively.

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson

Chordeiles [subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), pp. 337, 496. Type, by original designation, Capri-
mulgus virginianus Gmelin = Caprimulgus minor Forster.

308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Chordeiles acutipennis (Hermann). LESSER NIGHTHAWK. [421.]

Caprimulgus acutipennis Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 230.
Based mainly on “Crapaud-volant ou Tette-chevre de la Guiane” Dau-
benton, Planches Enlum., pl. 732. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open country, desert regions, scrub, savanna and cultivated areas,
primarily in arid habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central interior California, southern Nevada, ex-
treme southwestern Utah, central Arizona, central New Mexico, and central and
southeastern Texas south to southern Baja California, and through the lowlands
of both slopes of Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island)
to Belize and Guatemala, also locally in Honduras (arid interior valleys on Ca-
ribbean drainage), Nicaragua (Tipitapa), Costa Rica (Pacific slope of Guanacaste,
and Puerto Cortés area) and Panama (Coclé and western Panama province); and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, generally throughout. to Peru, central Bolivia,
Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Winters from southern Baja California, central Sinaloa, Durango and Veracruz
(casually from southern California and southwestern Arizona) south through Mid-
dle America and South America to the limits of the breeding range. casually to
Chile.

Migrates regularly through Middle America (including the Bay Islands off Hon-
duras), most commonly on the Pacific slope. ranging casually east to southern
Louisiana.

Casual or accidental in Colorado (Trinidad), north-central New Mexico, Okla-
homa (Boise City), Ontario (Point Pelee), Alabama (Dauphin Island), Florida (St.
George Island and Dry Tortugas) and Bermuda.

Notes.— Also known as TRILLING NIGHTHAWK.

Chordeiles minor (Forster). COMMON NIGHTHAWK. [420.]

Caprimulgus minor J. R. Forster, 1771, Cat. Anim. N. Am., p. 13. Based on
“The Whip-poor Will” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, app., p. 16. (No
locality given = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—A wide variety of open and semi-open situations, especially in sa-
vanna, grasslands, fields, and around human habitation, including cities and towns,
frequently breeding on flat gravel roofs of buildings (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Sas-
katchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Lab-
rador and Nova Scotia south to southern British Columbia (including Vancouver
Island), southern California (San Bernardino Mountains), southern Nevada, south-
ern Arizona, northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua, Texas, Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast
and southern Florida, and south locally in Middle America through Mexico (re-
corded Durango, and in eastern Mexico south to Chiapas and the Yucatan Pen-
insula), the pine savanna of Belize and the Mosquitia of eastern Honduras and
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica and Panama (east to eastern Panama province).

Winters throughout South America south to northern Argentina.

In migration occurs throughout Middle America and the West Indies, including
most islands in the Caribbean Sea and those off Venezuela. and (in fall) in south-
eastern Alaska.

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 309

Casual north to south-coastal, central and northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
Melville Island, coastal Labrador, Newfoundland and Greenland: in Bermuda and
Europe; and at sea near the Azores.

Notes.— Also known as BOOMING NIGHTHAWK. C. minor and C. gundlachii are
often treated as conspecific, despite differences in vocalizations (but see Eisen-
mann, 1962, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 2094, pp. 9-10); they constitute a superspecies.

Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence. ANTILLEAN NIGHTHAWK. [420.1.]

Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence, 1857, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p. 165.
(Cuba.)

Habitat.— Open and semi-open situations.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Florida Keys (Stock Island, near Key West), the
Bahamas, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands, including small cays off
Cuba, Gonave and Tortue) and Cayman Islands. Occurs in summer also on the
southern Florida mainland.

Winters presumably in South America.

In migration recorded in the Swan Islands, in the western Caribbean Sea.

Casual in summer in Louisiana (New Orleans).

Notes.—See comments under C. minor.

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE: Nightjars

Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould

Nyctidromus Gould, 1838, Icones Avium, pt. 2, pl. [12] and text. Type, by
monotypy, Nyctidromus derbyanus Gould = Caprimulgus albicollis Gme-
lin.

Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin). COMMON PAURAQUE. [419.]

Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1030. Based on the
“‘White-throated Goatsucker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p. 596.
(in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge and clearings, shrubby areas, second
growth, arid scrub, roadsides and plantations, less commonly in denser forest
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa, southern Texas (McMullen and Refugio
counties, probably north to Zavala, Frio and De Witt counties), Nuevo Leon and
Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Tres Marias,
Mujeres and Cozumel islands off Mexico, and the Pearl Islands off Panama), and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.— Formerly known as the PAURAQUE.

Genus PHALAENOPTILUS Ridgway.

Phalenoptilus Ridgway, 1880, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 3, p. 5. Type, by original
designation, Caprimulgus nuttallii Audubon.

310 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (Audubon). COMMON PooRWILL. [418.]

Caprimulgus Nuttallii Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 350, pl.
495. (upper Missouri = between Fort Pierre and mouth of the Cheyenne
River, South Dakota.)

Habitat.—Scrubby and bushy areas, prairie, desert, rocky canyons, open wood-
land and broken forest, primarily in arid or semi-arid habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, Montana,
southeastern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan (probably), southwestern (and
formerly also southeastern) South Dakota and Nebraska south through eastern
Washington, central and eastern Oregon and California to southern Baja Califor-
nia, Jalisco, Durango, San Luis Potosi and Coahuila, and east to eastern Kansas,
northwestern Oklahoma and central Texas.

Winters in southern parts of the breeding range in California and Arizona
(probably also farther east), sometimes in a torpid condition, and south to the -
limits of the breeding range in Mexico.

Accidental in southern Manitoba (Treesbank), Minnesota (Swift County) and
eastern Oklahoma (Oklahoma City).

Notes.— Formerly known as the POORWILL.

Genus SIPHONORHIS Sclater

Siphonorhis Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 77. Type, by original
designation, Caprimulgus americanus Linnaeus.

+Siphonorhis americanus (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN PAURAQUE.

Caprimulgus americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 193. Based
on the “Small wood owl” Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 296, pl. 255, fig. 1.
(in America calidiore = Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Scrubby woods and partly open situations in arid or semi-arid re-
gions.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Jamaica; last collected in Tre-
lawny in September 1859.

Notes.—S. americanus and S. brewsteri are closely related and constitute a
superspecies.

Siphonorhis brewsteri (Chapman). LEAST PAURAQUE.

Microsiphonorhis brewsteri Chapman, 1917, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37,
p. 329. (Tabano, Province of Azua, Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Semi-arid situations in the lowlands, especially in scrubby woodland.
Distribution. — Resident locally on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).
Notes.—See comments under S. americanus.

Genus NYCTIPHRYNUS Bonaparte

Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, 1857, Riv. Contemp., 9, p. 215. Type, by subsequent
designation (Oberholser, 1914), Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi.

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 311

Otophanes Brewster, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 88. Type, by original designation,
Otophanes mcleodii Brewster.

Nyctagreus Nelson, 1901, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 171. Type, by original
designation, Caprimulgus yucatanicus Hartert.

Nyctiphrynus mcleodii (Brewster). EARED POORWILL.

Otophanes mcleodii Brewster, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 89. (Sierra Madre of Chihua-
hua, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open oak woodland and pine-oak association in semi-arid situations
(upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Chihuahua (including near the Sonora-Chi-
huahua border), Jalisco, Colima and Guerrero.

Casual (possibly resident) in Oaxaca (San Gabriel Mixtepec).

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Otophanes.

Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus (Hartert). YUCATAN POORWILL.

Caprimulgus yucatanicus Hartert, 1892, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 16, pp. xv. 525,
575. (Tizimin, Yucatan.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and partly open situations in arid and semi-arid
lowlands, foraging at night in open areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guatemala (Petén)
and Belize.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Otophanes.

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus (Tschudi). OCELLATED POORWILL.

Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 268. (Re-
publica Peruana = Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident (presumably) in northern Nicaragua (where known from
a single specimen taken at Pefia Blanca, Depto. de Jinotega); and in South America
west of the Andes from western Colombia to western Ecuador, and east of the
Andes from eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil south to Par-
aguay and northeastern Argentina; a sight report for Panama (Canal Zone) requires
confirmation.

Genus CAPRIMULGUS Linnaeus

Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 193. Type, by tauton-
ymy, Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus (Caprimulgus, prebinomial specific
name, in synonymy).

Antrostomus Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 8. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin.

Antiurus Ridgway, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, p. 98. Type, by original
designation, Stenopsis maculicaudus Lawrence.

Setochalcis Oberholser, 1914, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 86, p. 11. Type, by
original designation, Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson.

Bil CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin. CHUCK-WILL’S-wIDOow. [416.]

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1028. Based
mainly on ““The Goat Sucker of Carolina” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1,
p. 8, pl. 8. (in Virginia et Carolina = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, pine-oak association and live-oak groves, in mi-
gration and winter also in open woodland, scrub and palmetto thickets.

Distribution. — Breeds from eastern Kansas, southern Iowa, central Illinois, cen-
tral Indiana, extreme southern Ontario, central and eastern Ohio, central West
Virginia (probably), Maryland, New Jersey and southern New York (Long Island)
and (probably) Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard) south to south-central and
southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida and the northern Bahamas
(Andros, one record). Recorded sporadically in summer north to southern Wis-
consin, southern Michigan and Pennsylvania.

Winters from southeastern Texas and Louisiana south through Middle America
(reported on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of eastern Mexico and the Pacific slope of
Oaxaca, on both slopes south of Mexico, but not recorded Belize) to Colombia,
and from northern Florida and the Bahamas south through ine Greater Antilles
(east to the Virgin Islands).

Casual in Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Venezuela.

Notes.— Some authors suggest that C. carolinensis and C. rufus (plus C. otiosus)
constitute a superspecies.

Caprimulgus rufus Boddaert. RUFOUS NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus rufus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 46. Based on
““Crapaud-Volant ou Tette-Chévre de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches En-
lum., pl. 735. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth and forest edge in lowlands and
foothills (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Costa Rica south through Panama
(primarily the Pacific slope, including Isla Coiba), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes
to Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Notes.—Smaller forms of this species occurring from Costa Rica to Venezuela
may represent a distinct species, C. minimus Griscom and Greenway, 1937
[RUDDY NIGHTJAR], with the large C. rufus ranging from the Guianas southward.
See also comments under C. carolinensis and C. otiosus.

Caprimulgus otiosus (Bangs). St. LucIA NIGHTJAR.

Antrostomus rufus ottosus Bangs, 1911, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 188.
(St. Lucia, West Indies.)

Habitat.— Open woodland in lowlands (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (St. Lucia) and (presumably)
northern Venezuela (recorded Zulia, Aragua and Miranga).

Notes.— The distributional status of this species in Venezuela is uncertain, and
thus its taxonomic status is unresolved. Specimens from Venezuela, all taken
between August and May, possibly represent transients from St. Lucia but generally
average smaller in size; more probably they constitute a resident population.

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 313

Various authors have considered C. otiosus to be a subspecies of C. rufus; however,
it seems best to retain C. ofiosus as specifically distinct until its status is deter-
mined. See also comments under C. carolinensis and C. rufus.

Caprimulgus cubanensis (Lawrence). GREATER ANTILLEAN NIGHTJAR.

Antrostomus Cubanensis Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p.
260. (Cienaga de Zapata, and on the coast of Manzanillo, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, especially along borders of swamps.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba, the Isle of Pines and Hispaniola.

Notes.— Differences in vocalizations suggest that the population on Hispaniola
may represent a species, C. ekmani (L6nnberg, 1929) [HISPANIOLAN NIGHTJAR],
distinct from the form on Cuba and the Isle of Pines, C. cubanensis [CUBAN
NIGHTJAR].

Caprimulgus salvini Hartert. TAWNY-COLLARED NIGHTJAR.

Antrostomus macromystax (not Caprimulgus macromystax Wagler, 1831)
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1874, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 2, p. 409. (Mirador,
Vera Cruz.)

Caprimulgus salvini Hartert, 1892, Ibis, p. 287. New name for Antrostomus
macromystax Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Open woodland in lowlands (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [salvini group] from Nuevo Leon and southern Ta-
maulipas south through eastern San Luis Potosi and Veracruz to northern Oaxaca
and Chiapas; and [badius group] in the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel
Island), Belize (including Half Moon Cay, possibly as a vagrant) and Guatemala
(presumably the Caribbean lowlands).

One record [sa/vini group] from Nicaragua (Matagalpa), probably representing
a vagrant.

Notes.— Distinct vocalizations attributed to the badius group suggest that the
groups may represent separate species, C. salvini and C. badius (Bangs and Peck,
1908) [YUCATAN NIGHTJAR]. C. salvini is considered by some authors as conspe-
cific with the South American C. sericocaudatus (Cassin, 1849) [SILKy-TAILED
NIGHTJAR], with which it forms a superspecies.

Caprimulgus ridgwayi (Nelson). BUFF-COLLARED NIGHTJAR. [416.1.]

Antrostomus ridgwayi Nelson, 1897, Auk, 14, p. 50. (Tlalkisala, Guerrero,
Mexico.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, including scrub, second-growth woodland, decid-
uous forest, and hillsides with scattered trees, more frequently in arid situations
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango south
through western Mexico and the southern portions of the Central Plateau to
Morelos, Oaxaca and Chiapas; and in the Motagua Valley of Guatemala, the
interior of Honduras, and central Nicaragua. Recorded in summer (and probably
breeding) in southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Gua-
dalupe Canyon).

Notes.— Also known as RIDGWAY’S WHIP-POOR-WILL.

314 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson. WHIP-POOR-WILL. [417.]

Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 5, p. 71, pl. 41, figs. 1-
3. (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, both arid and humid, from lowland moist
and deciduous forest to montane forest and pine-oak association, breeding in the
tropics primarily in the mountain habitats (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern California (north to Los Angeles and San
Bernardino counties, rare and local), southern Nevada, central Arizona, central
Mexico and extreme western Texas south through the highlands of Mexico, Gua-
temala and El Salvador to Honduras; and from north-central Saskatchewan, south-
ern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia south, east of the Great Plains (west to southeastern South Dakota, eastern
Nebraska, eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma) to extreme northeastern
Texas, northern Louisiana, northern Mississippi, north-central Alabama, central
Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, east-central North Carolina and eastern
Virginia.

Winters from northern Mexico (Sonora eastward), southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and east-central South Carolina (casually farther north, on the Atlantic coast
to New Jersey) south through Middle America to western Panama (western Chi-
riqui), casually to southern California and Cuba.

Casual in southern Baja California, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatch-
ewan, Utah (possibly breeds), Colorado and northern Quebec. Accidental in south-
eastern Alaska (Kupreanof Island).

Notes.—C. vociferus and C. noctitherus, considered conspecific by some authors,
may constitute at least a superspecies.

Caprimulgus noctitherus (Wetmore). PUERTO RICAN NIGHTJAR.

Setochalcis noctitherus Wetmore, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 235.
(Bayamon, Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Heavily wooded areas in dry lowland forest.

Distribution. — Resident on Puerto Rico, where now restricted to the south-
western portion of the island.

Notes.— Also known as PUERTO RICAN WHIP-POOR-WILL. See comments under
C. vociferus.

Caprimulgus saturatus (Salvin). DUSKY NIGHTJAR.

Antrostomus saturatus Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203. (Volcan
de Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.—Open montane forest and woodland, forest clearings and edge, and
second growth, foraging in more open situations adjacent to forest (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the central highlands of Costa Rica, and in western
Panama (vicinity of Volcan Bart, western Chiriqui).

Caprimulgus cayennensis Gmelin. WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus cayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1031. Based
mainly on ““Engoulevent de Cayenne” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 545,

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES Se)

and the ““White-necked Goatsucker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p.
599. (in Cayennae cultis = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open situations, especially grassy hillsides with scattered bushes, and
savanna (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Martinique); and in Costa Rica
and Panama, and in South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela (also
islands from the Netherlands Antilles to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to northern Brazil.

Accidental in Puerto Rico (sight report).

Caprimulgus maculicaudus (Lawrence). SPOT-TAILED NIGHTJAR.

Stenopsis maculicaudus Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p.
459. (Para [Brazil].)

Habitat.— Grasslands and savanna (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds locally in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of southern Mex-
ico (southern Veracruz, northeastern Oaxaca and northern Chiapas), and in the
Mosquitia of northeastern Nicaragua (probably also eastern Honduras); and in
South America from eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east
of the Andes, to southeastern Peru, east-central Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.

Apparently at least partly migratory from the Middle American breeding
grounds, as there are few records during the nonbreeding season; recorded also
from central Honduras (Lake Yojoa), probably as a transient. Presumably resident
in the South American portion of the breeding range.

Caprimulgus indicus Latham. JUNGLE NIGHTJAR. [416.2.]

Caprimulgus indicus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 588. Based on the
“Indian Goatsucker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 196. (in
India.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open woodland and forest from Manchuria
and Japan south to India, Ceylon and eastern China, and winters in a variety of
woodland and partly open habitats from the Himalayas, eastern China and Japan
south to the East Indies and New Guinea.

Casual in the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin. Accidental in Alaska (Buldir Island
in the Aleutians, 31 May 1977; Day, et al., 1979, Auk, 96, p. 189).

Notes.— Also known as GRAY NIGHTJAR.

Family NYCTIBIIDAE: Potoos

Genus NYCTIBIUS Vieillot

Nyctibius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 38. Type, by monotypy, “Grand En-
goulevent de Cayenne” Buffon = Caprimulgus grandis Gmelin.

Nyctibius grandis (Gmelin). GREAT PoTtoo.

Caprimulgus grandis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1029. Based mainly
on “Le grand Tette-chévre tacheté du Brésil’’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p.
485, and the “Grand Goatsucker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p.
590. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

316 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Dense lowland forest, forest edge and clearings. less commonly in
open meadows (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Guatemala (Polochic and Salinas riv ay east-
ern Honduras (Olancho), Nicaragua (San Emilio), Costa Rica and Panama (Ca-
ribbean lowlands throughout, and Pacific lowlands in eastern Panama province
and Darién), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, east-central Bolivia and southeastern
Brazil.

Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin). COMMON POTOO.

Caprimulgus griseus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1029. Based on “En-
goulevent gris” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 548, and the “Grey Goat-
sucker’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p. 592. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, and areas with scattered trees,
also sometimes around human settlements (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sinaloa, southern San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including Isla
Roatan in the Bay Islands, Honduras), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and
Uruguay; and in the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Gonave Island,
also a sight report from Mona Island off Puerto Rico).

Notes.— Also known as LESSER PoToo. Two groups within the species may be
defined on the basis of differences in vocalizations and are regarded as separate
species by some authors, NV. jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1789) [JAMAICAN POTOO], oc-
curring in the West Indies and from Mexico south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope
to Honduras and on the Pacific slope to central Costa Rica, and N. griseus [GRAY
Potoo], ranging from eastern Nicaragua southward. Further studies are needed
to determine the status of these two groups.

Family STEATORNITHIDAE: Oilbirds

Genus STEATORNIS Humboldt

Steatornis Humboldt, 1814. in Humboldt and Bonpland, Voy. Inter. Am.,
1, p. 416. Type, by monotypy, “Guacharo” = Steatornis caripensis Hum-
boldt.

Steatornis caripensis Humboldt. OILBIRD.

Steatornis caripensis Humboldt, 1817, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, p. 52.
(caverns of Caripe, Cumana. Venezuela.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)
and the Guianas south to Peru and northwestern Bolivia, nesting and roosting in
caves, and foraging at night for oil palm fruits (its exclusive food) in open woodland
where palms occur.

Casual (although probably resident) in Panama (Rio Tacarcuna, eastern Darién,
19 March 1954, and Canal Zone, 11 May 1974).

ORDER APODIFORMES 317

Order APODIFORMES: Swifts and Hummingbirds

Notes.— The degree of relationship between the swifts and hummingbirds has
yet to be established (see Sibley and Ahlquist, 1962, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist.
Bull., 39, pp. 198-206).

Family APODIDAE: Swifts
Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE: Cypseloidine Swifts

Genus CYPSELOIDES Streubel

Cypseloides Streubel, 1848, Isis von Oken, col. 366. Type, by subsequent
designation (Sclater, 1865), Hemiprocne fumigata Streubel.

Cypseloides niger (Gmelin). BLACK SwIFT. [422.]

Hirundo nigra Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1025. Based on ““Le Martinet
de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 514, pl. 46, fig. 3. (in insulae
S. Dominici et Cayennae = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Primarily montane areas (except in the most northern part of the
range), nesting in crevices or shallow caves in steep rock faces and canyons, usually
near or behind waterfalls (occasionally in seacaves), foraging over both forest and
open areas in montane habitats (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds locally from southeastern Alaska (north to the Stikine
River), northwestern and central British Columbia, and southwestern Alberta
south through the Pacific states to southern California; in northwestern Montana,
Colorado, central Utah (Provo Canyon) and north-central New Mexico (probably);
locally from Nayarit, Puebla and Veracruz south through southern Mexico, Gua-
temala and Honduras to Costa Rica; and in the Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispan-
iola, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and
St. Vincent).

Winters in Mexico (presumably), through the breeding range from Chiapas to
Costa Rica, and in the Greater Antilles (except Puerto Rico); sight reports from
northern South America (Trinidad and Guyana) may pertain to other species.

In migration occurs from California, Arizona (casually) and New Mexico south
through Mexico (including Baja California, with records at sea in the Pacific off
Chiapas and Guatemala), and through the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles.

Casual in south-coastal Alaska (Wooded Islands), also sight reports from Texas
and the Florida Keys (Dry Tortugas).

Cypseloides cryptus Zimmer. WHITE-CHINNED SWIFT.

Cypseloides cryptus Zimmer, 1945, Auk, 62, p. 588. (Inca Mine, Rio Tavara,
Peru.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, both lowlands and highlands, ranging also over
more open habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds presumably in South America (recorded Colombia, Ven-
ezuela, Guyana, Ecuador and eastern Peru), possibly in Middle America; recorded

318 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

locally from the Caribbean slope in Belize, Honduras (San Esteban), Nicaragua
(El Recreo), Costa Rica (San José, and the Térraba region) and Panama (San Blas
and Isla Coiba).

Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway. SPOT-FRONTED SWIFT.

Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16, p. 44. (Volcan
de Irazt, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Montane areas, nesting on rock ledges near waterfalls (Subtropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Known only from Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazt, and Puntarenas
province), Colombia (Santander) and Venezuela (Aragua, where nesting has been
verified).

Cypseloides rutilus (Vieillot). CHESTNUT-COLLARED SWIFT.

Hirundo rutila Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p. 528.
(No locality given = Trinidad.)

Habitat.— Lowland and montane forest, nesting on rock faces near or behind
waterfalls (occasionally in seacaves). foraging also over open country (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Puebla and
Veracruz south through Middle America (not reported Nicaragua), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad), Guyana and French Guiana
(probably) south, on the eastern slope of the Andes, to eastern Peru and western
Bolivia. Possibly migratory in part, especially the northern Middle American
populations.

Notes.—Sometimes placed in the genus Chaetura.

Genus STREPTOPROCNE Oberholser

Streptoprocne Oberholser, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 69. Type, by
original designation, Hirundo zonaris Shaw.

Semicollum [subgenus] Brooke, 1970, Durban Mus. Novit., 9, p. 16. Type,
by original designation, Acanthylis semicollaris de Saussure.

Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw). WHITE-COLLARED SwIFT. [422.1.]

Hirundo zonaris Shaw, 1796, in J. F. Miller, Cimelia Phys., p. 100, pl. 44.
(No locality given = Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest and open country, lowlands and highlands, nesting on cliffs
near or behind waterfalls (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas south
through Middle America (including Isla Coiba off Panama), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to Peru, Bolivia, northwestern
Argentina, and central and southeastern Brazil; and in the Greater Antilles (Cuba,
Jamaica, Hispaniola, Tortue Island, and possibly also the Isle of Pines).

Wanders irregularly north in the Lesser Antilles to Grenada and the Grenadines.
Accidental in western Florida (western Escambia County) and the northern Lesser

ORDER APODIFORMES 319

Antilles (Saba), also sight reports from southern Texas (Rockport) and Vieques
Island (off Puerto Rico).
Notes.—In the West Indies known as ANTILLEAN CLOUD SwiIFT.

Streptoprocne semicollaris (de Saussure). WHITE-NAPED SWIFT.

Acanthylis semicollaris de Saussure, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 11, p. 118.
(les grandes foréts, du Mexique = San Joaquin, near City of Mexico.)

Habitat.— Forest and partly open country, lowlands and highlands, nesting on
ledges in caves (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in northern and central Mexico (recorded Sinaloa, Chi-
huahua, Nayarit, Hidalgo, Morelos and the state of México).

Notes.— Relationships of this species are uncertain; it is sometimes placed in
the genus Aerornis W. Bertoni, 1901.

Subfamily CHAETURINAE: Chaeturine Swifts

Genus CHAETURA Stephens

Chetura Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 13 (2), p. 76. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Swainson, 1829), Chaetura pelasgia [sic] = Hirundo
pelagica Linnaeus.

Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). CHIMNEY SwIFT. [423.]

Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 11, p. 192. Based on
“The American Swallow” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, app., p. 8, pl.
8. (in America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open situations and woodland, especially around human habitation,
now nesting and roosting primarily in chimneys, originally on cliffs or in hollow
trees.

Distribution.— Breeds in eastern North America east of the Rocky Mountains
from east-central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
(probably) south to eastern New Mexico, south-central and southern Texas, the
Gulf coast and south-central Florida, with one confirmed breeding record for
southern California (Ventura, 1977); recently recorded in summer (and probably
breeding) elsewhere in southern California and Arizona.

Winters in western Peru, and in the upper Amazon basin of eastern Peru,
northern Chile and northwestern Brazil.

Migrates regularly through the lowlands of eastern Mexico, the Caribbean slope
of Middle America (including Cozumel Island, the Bay Islands off Honduras, and
Taboga Island off Panama, casually on the Pacific slope of eastern Panama),
Colombia and western Venezuela, casually west to Montana, Utah, California
(primarily southern portion), Arizona and New Mexico, and through the Bahamas,
Greater Antilles (recorded Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Tortue Island), and the
Cayman Islands.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (St. George Island in the Pribilofs), Bermuda
and Greenland; sight reports from Alberta are questionable.

Notes.— C. pelagica, C. vauxi and C. chapmani may constitute a superspecies.

320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Chaetura vauxi (Townsend). VAUX’s SwiFT. [424.]

Cypcelus [sic] Vauxi J. K. Townsend, 1839, Narr. Journey Rocky Mount.,
etc., p. 348. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, foraging and migrating also over open country
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in western North America from southeastern Alaska,
northwestern and southern British Columbia, northern Idaho and western Mon-
tana south, chiefly from the Cascades and Sierra Nevada westward, to central
California (Santa Cruz County); in southwestern Tamaulipas and southeastern
San Luis Potosi; on the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island); from
Oaxaca, Veracruz and Chiapas south to Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl
islands); and in northern Venezuela (Lara to Monagas). Recorded in summer (and
probably breeding) in western Mexico from Sinaloa and Nayarit to Jalisco.

Winters from central Mexico (casually from central California) south throughout
the breeding range in Middle America, and in Venezuela; casual in winter in
southern Louisiana and western Florida (Tallahassee).

In migration occurs east of the breeding range from Idaho, Nevada and Utah
south through the southwestern United States, Baja California and western Mex-
ico.

Notes.— Populations from southern Mexico southward have often been treated
as a separate species, C. richmondi Ridgway, 1910 [DUsKY-BACKED SwiFt]; further,
the form in the Yucatan Peninsula and on Cozumel Island was formerly considered
by some authors to be a distinct species, C. gaumeri Lawrence, 1882 [YUCATAN
SwiFT], but intergradation between gaumeri and richmondi is now known to occur.
See also comments under C. pelagica.

Chaetura chapmani Hellmayr. CHAPMAN’S SwIFT.

Chetura chapmani Hellmayr, 1907, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 19, p. 62. (Ca-
paro, Trinidad.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in forested and partly open regions (Tropical
to lower Temperate zones) from eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and
the Guianas south locally to southwestern and northeastern Brazil, the southern-
most population migratory northward.

Ranges casually to (and possibly resident in) central Panama (Gatun, Canal
Zone, 11 July 1911, and Mandinga, San Blas, 30 January 1957).

Notes.— Also known as DARK-BREASTED SwiFT. See comments under C. pelag-
ica.

Chaetura brachyura (Jardine). SHORT-TAILED SWIFT.

Acanthylis brachyura Jardine, 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 18, p. 120.
(Tobago.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, savanna and mangroves, foraging also over open
country and human settlements (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, the population ap-
parently partly migratory), and from Panama (Canal Zone and Darién), Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes

ORDER APODIFORMES Sl

to eastern Peru and central Brazil; also west of the Andes in southwestern Ecuador
and northwestern Peru.

Accidental in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix). Reports from Grenada are regarded
as doubtful.

Chaetura andrei Berlepsch and Hartert. ASHY-TAILED SWIFT.

Chaetura andrei Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902, Novit. Zool., 9, p. 91. (Caicara,
Orinoco River, Venezuela.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in lowland forest in central Venezuela and
Surinam, and from eastern Brazil south to Paraguay, northern Argentina and
southern Brazil, ranging in winter from the breeding range north, at least casually,
to Venezuela and Colombia.

Accidental in Panama (Juan Diaz, western Panama province, 4 August 1923;
Rogers, 1939, Auk, 56, p. 82), also an additional sight report from western Panama
(Herrera).

Notes.— Also known as ANDRE’S SWIFT.

Chaetura spinicauda (Temminck). BAND-RUMPED SWIFT.

Cypselus spinicaudus Temminck, 1839, Planches Color., livr. 102, Tabl.
Méth., p. 57. Based on “Hirondelle 4 queue pointue de Cayenne” Dau-
benton, Planches Enlum., pl. 726, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Lowland and foothill forest, foraging also over open country (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (El General, Térraba and
Golfo Dulce Regions) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Co-
lombia and east of the Andes to the Guianas and Amazonian Brazil.

Chaetura cinereiventris Sclater. GRAY-RUMPED SWIFT.

Chaetura cinereiventris Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 283. (Bahia,
Brazil.)

Habitat.— Primarily in montane forest and open woodland, foraging also over
open situations in lowlands and foothills (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada); from the Caribbean
slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica south to western Panama (western Bocas del
Toro); and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, at least locally, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of
the Andes to eastern Peru, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and southeastern
Brazil.

Notes.— C. cinereiventris and C. martinica constitute a superspecies; they are
considered conspecific by some authors.

Chaetura martinica (Hermann). LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT.

Hirundo martinica Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 229. (Marti-
nique, West Indies.)

S22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Mountain forest, ranging to sea level over woodland or open country.

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe. Dominica. Marti-
nique, St. Lucia and St. Vincent): doubtfully recorded from Nevis (sight record).
Reports from Trinidad are erroneous, being based on specimens actually taken
on Dominica.

Notes.—See comments under C. cinereiventris.

Genus HIRUNDAPUS Hodgson

Hirund-apus Hodgson, 1837, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. 5 (1836), p. 780. Type,
by original designation, Cypselus (Chaetura) nudipes Hodgson.

Hirundapus caudacutus (Latham). WHITE-THROATED NEEDLETAIL.

Hirundo caudacuta Latham. 1801?, Index Ornithol., suppl.. p. 57. (Nova
Hollandia = New South Wales. Australia.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in the bottoms of hollow trees in montane
forested regions in the Himalayas. and from Siberia south to Mongolia. Manchuria.
Korea and Japan. and winters over forested regions and open country from India
and Formosa south to Australia and Tasmania.

Accidental in the Aleutians on Shemya (21 May 1974: White and Baird, 1977,
Auk, 94, p. 389) and Attu (24 May 1978: Roberson, 1980, Rare Birds W. Coast,
p. 236), and in Europe and New Zealand.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-THROATED NEEDLE-TAILED SWIFT.

[Genus AERODRAMUS Oberholser]

Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 58, pp.
179, 182. Type. by original designation, Collocalia innominata Hume =
Hirundo fuciphaga Thunberg.

Notes.— This genus is often merged in Collocalia G. R. Gray. 1840.

[Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy and Gaimard). GRAY SWIFTLET.] See
Appendix B.

Subfamily APODINAE: Apodine Swifts

Genus APUS Scopoli

Apus Scopoli, 1777. Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 483. Type, by tautonymy, Hirundo
apus Linnaeus.

Apus apus (Linnaeus). COMMON SwiFT. [424.2.]

Hirundo Apus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 192. (in Europ2 altis =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in tree cavities and in cliffs and buildings from
northern Eurasia south to northem Africa. Arabia. Iraq. the Himalayas and north-
eastern China, and winters in the southern half of Africa.

ORDER APODIFORMES 325

Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul Island, in the Pribilofs, 28 June 1950; Kenyon
and Phillips, 1965, Auk, 82, p. 633); a sight report from Barbados is questionable.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the Swirr. A resident African form,
A. barbatus (Sclater, 1865), is sometimes considered conspecific with A. apus;
they constitute a superspecies.

Apus pacificus (Latham). FORK-TAILED SwIFT. [424.1.]

Hirundo pacifica Latham, 1801?, Index Ornithol., suppl., p. lviii. (Nova Hol-
landia = New South Wales, Australia.)

Habitat.—A wide variety of habitats from seacoasts to mountains, generally
breeding in colonies on cliffs, and in caves, buildings or tree cavities, migrating
and wintering in both forested and open habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Siberia, Kamchatka and the Commander
Islands south to northern India, the Malay Peninsula and southern China.

Winters from the Himalayas and Malay Peninsula south to New Guinea, Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.

In migration ranges casually (primarily in summer and fall) to the Pribilof (St.
George, St. Paul) and western Aleutian (Agattu, Shemya) islands.

Accidental in the Seychelles.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-RUMPED SwiIFT, a name now generally restricted
to the African species A. caffer (Lichtenstein, 1823).

Apus melba (Linnaeus). ALPINE SWIFT.

Hirundo Melba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 192. (ad fretum
Herculeam = Gibraltar.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in cliffs and buildings from southern Europe
and India south to southern Africa, Madagascar and Ceylon, and winters generally
throughout the breeding range, the northernmost populations being partly migra-
tory.

Accidental in the Lesser Antilles (Barbados, September 1955, after a hurricane;
Bond, 1959, Birds W. Indies, 4th Suppl., p. 11).

Genus AERONAUTES Hartert

Aéronautes Hartert, 1892, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 16, pp. xili, 436, 459. Type,
by monotypy, Cypselus melanoleucus Baird = Acanthylis saxatalis Wood-
house.

Aeronautes saxatalis (Woodhouse). WHITE-THROATED SWIFT. [425.]

Acanthylis saxatalis Woodhouse, 1853, in Sitgreaves, Rep. Exped. Zuni Colo.
Rivers, p. 64. (Inscription Rock, New Mexico.)

Habitat.— Primarily mountainous country, especially near cliffs and canyons
where breeding occurs, occasionally nesting in buildings and on seacliffs, foraging
over forest and open situations in a variety of habitats (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, Idaho, Montana and
southwestern South Dakota south through the Pacific and southwestern states

324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(including the Channel Islands off California) to southern Baja California (a ques-
tionable sight record of nesting on Guadalupe Island in 1892, unreported there
since 1922), east to western Nebraska, northeastern and central New Mexico, and
western Texas (to Val Verde County), and south through the interior of Mexico
to Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

Winters from central California, central Arizona and, rarely, southern New
Mexico (casually farther north) south to the limits of the breeding range in Middle
America.

Casual in eastern and southern Texas. Accidental in Kansas (Manhattan), Mich-
igan (Hillsdale) and Arkansas (Hot Springs).

Genus PANYPTILA Cabanis

Panyptila Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 345. Type, by original
designation, Hirundo cayennensis Gmelin.

Panyptila cayennensis (Gmelin). LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT.

Hirundo cayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1024. Based on “Le
Martinet a collier blanc”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 671, and “‘Martinet
a collier de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 725, fig. 2. (in
Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, foraging high over open and forested situa-
tions and towns, and occasionally nesting on buildings as well as on cliffs and
trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz (Presidio), Oaxaca and Chiapas (Pal-
enque) south locally on the Caribbean slope of Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua,
in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope, and Golfo Dulce region on the Pacific) and Panama
(both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and east-
central Brazil.

Panyptila sanctihieronymi Salvin. GREAT SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT.

Panyptila sancti-hieronymi Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 190,
pl. 23. (San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Montane forest, breeding in humid areas, foraging also over open
situations at moderate elevations, including over towns (Subtropical and Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southern Mexico (Michoacan, Guer- ~
rero, Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala and Honduras.

Casual in north-central Nicaragua (El Corozo, Depto. de Nueva Segovia), also
sight reports for Costa Rica.

Genus TACHORNIS Gosse

Tachornis Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 58 (footnote). Type, by monotypy,
Tachornis phoenicobia Gosse.

ORDER APODIFORMES 5235

Tachornis phoenicobia Gosse. ANTILLEAN PALM SwirtT. [425.1.]

Tachornis phoenicobia Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 58 (footnote). (Ja-
maica.)

Habitat.— Lowlands, most commonly around human settlements, nesting in
colonies in palm trees.

Distribution. — Resident on Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola (including Saona
and Beata islands, and Ile-a-Vache) and Jamaica.

Casual in the Florida Keys (Key West), also a sight report for Puerto Rico.

Family TROCHILIDAE: Hummingbirds

Notes.— Generic limits and relationships within this family are subjects of much
controversy and are currently under study.

Genus GLAUCIS Boie

Glaucis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 545. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), G. braziliensis (Lath.) = Trochilus hirsutus Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under 7hrenetes.

Glaucis aenea Lawrence. BRONZY HERMIT.

Glaucis eneus Lawrence, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19 (1867),
p. 232. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth and thickets bordering humid lowland forest, forest
clearings, dense second growth and banana plantations, occasionally mangroves
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua south through
Costa Rica (both slopes) to western Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui and western
Veraguas); and the Pacific coast of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— G. aenea and G. hirsuta are closely related and constitute a superspe-
cies; they are regarded as conspecific by some authors.

Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin). RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT.

Trochilus hirsutus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 490. Based in part on
“Le Colibry du Brésil” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 670. (in Brasilia =
northeastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Dense undergrowth and thickets of humid forest edge, forest clear-
ings, second growth and banana plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from central Panama (Coclé and western Panama prov-
ince eastward), Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and central Brazil; and
in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada).

Notes.— Also known as HAiry HERMIT. See comments under G. aenea.

326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus THRENETES Gould

Threnetes Gould, 1852, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 4, pl. [14 and 15]. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus leucurus Linnaeus.

Notes.—Sometimes merged in the genus G/aucis.

Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier). BAND-TAILED BARBTHROAT.

Trochilus Ruckeri Bourcier, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 46. (No locality
given = Esmeraldas, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and dense woodland, forest
edge and thickets (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Belize, eastern Guatemala,
Honduras and Nicaragua, and from Costa Rica (both slopes, except dry northwest)
and Panama south through Colombia to western Venezuela and northwestern
Ecuador.

Genus PHAETHORNIS Swainson

Phethornis Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., newser., 1, p. 441. Type, by original
designation, “Troch. superciliosus of Authors” = Trochilus superciliosus
Linnaeus.

Phaethornis guy (Lesson). GREEN HERMIT.

Trochilus Guy Lesson, 1833, Les Trochil., p. 119, Index, p. xiv. (Brazil,
error = Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland, primarily in undergrowth or understory (upper Tropical and Subtrop-
ical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from
Colombia and northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, west of the Andes to
western Colombia and east of the Andes to southeastern Peru.

Phaethornis superciliosus (Linnaeus). LONG-TAILED HERMIT.

Trochilus superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 189. Based
on “Le Colibry a longue queue de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p.
686, pl. 35, fig. 5. (in Cayania = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and deciduous (occasionally mon-
tane) forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from Nayarit south to western
Oaxaca; and on the Caribbean slope from Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas south
through Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama,
and in South America from northern Colombia and southern Venezuela south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— The relationships between P. superciliosus and P. malaris (Nordmann,
1835), which are sympatric in Cayenne, are uncertain; some authors have treated
them as conspecific, or Middle American populations have been assigned to one
or the other form.

ORDER APODIFORMES 327

Phaethornis anthophilus (Bourcier). PALE-BELLIED HERMIT.

Trochilus anthophilus Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 71. (la vallée
supérieure de la Madeleine, région tempérée, la Colombie = upper Mag-
dalena Valley, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings,
thickets and plantations, less frequently in forest than congeners (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Panama (eastern San Blas, eastern Panama
province, and the Pearl Islands) east through northern Colombia to northern
Venezuela.

Phaethornis longuemareus (Lesson). LITTLE HERMIT.

Trochilus Longuemareus Lesson, 1832, Les Trochil., p. 15; 1833, p. 160, pl.
2, 62. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and
dense second growth, also in similar situations in deciduous forest in more arid
regions, and in plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from
Veracruz, Campeche and Quintana Roo south through northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas, Belize and eastern Guatemala to Honduras, on both slopes of Nicaragua
(rare on Pacific slope), Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest) and Panama, and in
South America from Colombia and Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and northern
Amazonian Brazil.

Genus EUTOXERES Reichenbach

Eutoxeres Reichenbach, 1849, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. XL [generic description
only]; species added, Gould, 1851, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 2, pl. [5 and 6].
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus aquila
““Lodd.”’ = Bourcier.

Eutoxeres aquila (Bourcier). WHITE-TIPPED SICKLEBILL.

Trochilus Aquila (Loddiges MS) Bourcier, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
42. (Nouvelle Grenade, les environs de Bogota = vicinity of Bogota, Co-
lombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid forest, forest edge and thickets (upper Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Costa Rica south locally through Panama,
and in South America west of the Andes from western Colombia south to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes from southeastern Colombia south to northeastern
Peru.

Genus ANDRODON Gould

Androdon Gould, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 12, p. 247. Type, by
monotypy, Androdon aequatorialis Gould.

328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Androdon aequatorialis Gould. TOOTH-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD.

Androdon equatorialis Gould, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 12, p. 247.
(Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings and open woodland (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Darién) and Colombia
(east to Magdalena Valley) south along the Pacific coast to western Ecuador.

Genus DORYFERA Gould

Doryfera Gould, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 95. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus ludoviciae Bourcier and Mulsant.

Doryfera ludoviciae (Bourcier and Mulsant). GREEN-FRONTED LANCE-
BILL.

Trochilus ludovicie Bourcier and Mulsant, 1847, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.
Inc. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 10, p. 136. (Colombia = Buena Vista, 4500 feet.
Eastern Andes above Villavicencio, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of central Costa Rica (primarily the
Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central) and Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas and
eastern Darién); and in the Andes of South America from Colombia and western
Venezuela south to Peru and western Bolivia.

Genus PHAEOCHROA Gould

Pheochroa Gould, 1861, Introd. Trochil., p. 54. Type. by subsequent des-
ignation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilus cuvierii De Lattre and Bourcier.

Notes.—Some authors merge Phaeochroa in Campylopterus.

Phaeochroa cuvierii (De Lattre and Bourcier). SCALY-BREASTED HUM-
MINGBIRD.

Trochilus Cuvierii De Lattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 9, p. 310.
(isthme de Panama et Teleman, Amérique centrale.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of open woodland, forest edge, clearings, scrub, thickets
and gardens (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope from Belize to northeastern
Costa Rica (Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui), and from central Costa Rica (primarily
on the Pacific slope) south through Panama (both slopes, and on Isla Coiba) to
northern Colombia.

Notes.— The northern Middle American populations south to northeastern Cos-
ta Rica are sometimes recognized as a distinct species, P. roberti (Salvin, 1861)
[ROBERT’S HUMMINGBIRD].

Genus CAMPYLOPTERUS Swainson

Campylopterus Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3. p. 358. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840). C. latipennis (Lath.) = Trochilus largipen-
nis Boddaert.

Notes.—See comments under Phaeochroa.

ORDER APODIFORMES 329

Campylopterus curvipennis (Lichtenstein). WEDGE-TAILED SABREWING.

Trochilus curvipennis Lichtenstein, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sdugeth. Vogel, etc.,
Mex., p. 1, no. 32. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and open woodland
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern San Luis
Potosi and southwestern Tamaulipas south through Veracruz, northeastern Pueb-
la, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, northeastern Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula
to central Guatemala (Petén and Alta Verapaz) and Belize; also in eastern Hon-
duras (Olancho).

Notes.— Also known as CURVE-WINGED SABREWING. The morphologically dis-
tinct form from the Yucatan Peninsula and northern Central America has been
treated as a separate species, C. pampa (Lesson, 1832) [WEDGE-TAILED SABRE-
WING], although intergradation with C. curvipennis [CURVE-WINGED SABREWING]
in Campeche has been reported. C. curvipennis and C. excellens are treated as
conspecific by many authors; they constitute a superspecies. Further study of this
complex is needed.

Campylopterus excellens (Wetmore). LONG-TAILED SABREWING.

Pampa pampa excellens Wetmore, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, p. 207.
(Volcan San Martin, 3300 feet, Tuxtla Mountains, Vera Cruz, México.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and open woodland (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southern Veracruz (Sierra de Tuxtla and Jesus Car-
ranza).

Notes.— For recognition of C. excellens as a distinct species, see Lowery and
Dalquest, 1951, Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, pp. 583-586. See also
comments under C. curvipennis.

Campylopterus rufus Lesson. RUFOUS SABREWING.

Campylopterus rufus Lesson, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 73. (No locality
given = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, scrub, fields and coffee planta-
tions, in nonbreeding season also to forest at lower elevations (upper Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas), Chiapas,
central Guatemala and El Salvador.

Campylopterus hemileucurus (Lichtenstein). VIOLET SABREWING.

Trochilus hemileucurus Lichtenstein, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Saugeth. Végel, etc.,
Mex., p. 1, no. 33. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings and fields (upper Tropical and
Subtropical, occasionally lower Tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Middle America from southern
Mexico (Guerrero, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas) and Belize south to
western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas), ranging in nonbreeding season to lower
elevations, occasionally to sea level.

330 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus FLORISUGA Bonaparte

Florisuga Bonaparte, March 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. We. Type,
by subsequent designation (Bonaparte, April 1850), Trochilus mellivorus
Linnaeus.

Florisuga mellivora (Linnaeus). WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN.

Trochilus mellivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 121. Based on
“The White-belly’d Humming Bird” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 35,
pl. 35, upper fig. (in India, error = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land and plantations (Tropical and, locally, lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.—Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from
Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south through Chiapas, northern Guatemala and
Belize to Honduras, on both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest)
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Accidental in the southern Lesser Antilles (Carriacou) and Netherlands Antilles.

Genus COLIBRI Spix

Colibri Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 80. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus serrirostris Vieillot.

Notes.—See comments under Lampornis.

Colibri delphinae (Lesson). BROWN VIOLET-EAR.

Ornismya Delphine Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 44. (No locality
given = Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, second growth and plantations,
more frequently in partly open situations than in dense forest (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally on the Caribbean slope of Middle America from
Belize and eastern Guatemala south to Costa Rica and Panama (locally in high-
lands on both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru and Bolivia, also in northern and eastern Brazil.

Colibri thalassinus (Swainson). GREEN VIOLET-EAR. [427.1.]

Trochilus thalassinus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 441. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, brushy hillsides and pine-oak woodland, rarely
in humid forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in South America also
Temperate Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosiand Veracruz
south through the highlands of Middle America (not recorded Nicaragua) to west-
ern Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas); and in South America from Colombia and

ORDER APODIFORMES 331

northern Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Casual in south-central and southern Texas (Hays County, the Austin area,
Padre Island, and the lower Rio Grande Valley). Accidental in California (Mt.
Pinos, Kern County).

Notes.—The populations from Costa Rica southward have sometimes been
separated as a distinct species, C. cyanotus (Bourcier, 1843) [MOUNTAIN VIo-
LET-EAR].

Genus ANTHRACOTHORAX Boie

Anthracothorax Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 545. Type, by subsequent
designation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilus violicauda Boddaert = Trochilus viri-
digula Boddaert.

[Anthracothorax viridigula (Boddaert). GREEN-THROATED MANGO.] See
Appendix A.

Anthracothorax prevostii (Lesson). GREEN-BREASTED MANGO.

Trochilus prevostii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris, livr. 13, p. 87, pl. 24.
(South America.)

Habitat.— Open situations with scattered trees, edge of scrubby woodland, ag-
ricultural lands and mangroves, especially common in coastal areas (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [prevostii group] from Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south along both coasts of Middle America (including the
Yucatan Peninsula and larger islands offshore, Hunting Cay off Belize, the Bay
Islands off Honduras, and Providencia and San Andrés islands in the Caribbean
Sea off Nicaragua) to Costa Rica, and in northern Venezuela; [veraguensis group]
in the Pacific lowlands of western Panama from Chiriqui east to southern Coclé,
also recorded on on the Caribbean slope of the Canal Zone; and [iridescens group]
the arid Pacific lowlands from western Colombia south to northwestern Peru.

Notes.—Also known as PREvOST’s MANGO. The populations in Panama are
often regarded as a distinct species, A. veraguensis Reichenbach, 1855 [VERAGUAS
MANGo)]; the iridescens group is regarded as a subspecies, 4. p. iridescens (Gould,
1861), or by some authors as a subspecies of 4. nigricollis. The latter species and
A. prevostii are closely related and are regarded as conspecific by some; they
constitute a superspecies.

Anthracothorax nigricollis (Vieillot). BLACK-THROATED MANGO.

Trochilus nigricollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 7, p.
349. (Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, second growth, open woodland, clearings, plantations
and gardens (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (from southern Veraguas on the Pacific
slope, and the Canal Zone on the Caribbean eastward), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.

Notes.—See comments under 4. prevostii.

332 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Anthracothorax mango (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN MANGO.

Trochilus Mango Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 121. Based on
Mellivora mango Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 45, pl. 49, fig. 1. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and partly open situations, especially in more arid
habitats.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.

Anthracothorax dominicus (Linnaeus). ANTILLEAN MANGO.

Trochilus dominicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 191. Based on
“Le Colibry de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 672. pl. 35, fig.
4. (in Dominica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Woodland and open situations in lowlands, in both arid and humid
habitats, and in plantations and gardens.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave, Tortue and Beata
islands, and Ile-a-Vache), in central and western Puerto Rico (including Vieques.
Culebra and Culebrita islands), and in the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, formerly
on St. John and Anegada).

Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot). GREEN MANGO.

Trochilus viridis Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dorés, 1, p. 34, pl. 15.
(Iles de 1Amérique Septentrionale = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, partly open situations and plantations in uplands.
Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico.

Genus EULAMPIS Boie

Eulampis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 547. Type. by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1840). E. aurata (Audebert) i.e. Gmelin = Trochilus
jJugularis Linnaeus.

Anthracothorax y Sericotes Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Ex-
trah., p. 11. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus
holo-
sericeus Linnaeus.

Eulampis jugularis (Linnaeus). PURPLE-THROATED CARIB.

Trochilus jugularis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 190. Based on
the ““Red-breasted Humming-bird” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 118,
pl. 266, fig. 1. (in Cayenna, Surinamo, error = Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Montane forest, forest edge, clearings and banana plantations.

Distribution. — Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. Estatius, St. Kitts, Nevis,
Montserrat, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and St. Vin-
cent). Ps

Casual in Barbuda, Désirade, Iles des Saintes and Bequia. also sight records for
Barbados and Grenada.

Notes.—Also known as GARNET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD, a name now re-
stricted to Lamprolaima rhami.

ORDER APODIFORMES 333

Eulampis holosericeus (Linnaeus). GREEN-THROATED CARIB.

Trochilus holosericeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 120. Based on
“The Black-belly’d Green Humming Bird” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1,
p. 36, pl. 36. (in America = Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth and partly open situations, mostly
in lowlands, less frequently in montane forest clearings.

Distribution.— Resident in Puerto Rico (primarily eastern), the Virgin Islands,
and Lesser Antilles (virtually throughout south to Grenada); reports from Tobago
are apparently without basis.

Notes.— Also known as EMERALD-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Often placed in
the monotypic genus Sericotes.

[Genus CHRYSOLAMPIS Boie]

Chrysolampis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilus ““moschita”’ [=mosquitus] Linnaeus.

Notes.—Some authors suggest that Chrysolampis be merged in Orthorhynchus.

[Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus). RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD.] See
Appendix A.

Genus ORTHORHYNCHUS Lacépéde

Orthorhynchus Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 9. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilus cristatus Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Chrysolampis.

Orthorhynchus cristatus (Linnaeus). ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 121. Based on
“The Crested Humming Bird”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 37, pl. 37.
(in America = Barbados, Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Open situations, woodland, forest edge, clearings and around human
habitation, more frequently in lowlands, less commonly in montane habitats.

Distribution.— Resident in Puerto Rico (including on Vieques and Culebra is-
lands), the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles (virtually throughout south to Gren-
ada).

A specimen obtained in Texas (Galveston Island, February 1967) is questionably
a natural vagrant.

Genus KLAIS Reichenbach
Basilinna 8 Klais Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p. 13.
Type, by monotypy, 7rochilus guimeti Bourcier.
Klais guimeti (Bourcier). VIOLET-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus Guimeti Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 72. (a Caracas,
capitale de Vénezuéla, la Colombie = Caracas, Venezuela.)

334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open woodland, clearings and second growth
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, rarely lower Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Honduras (west to
the Sula Valley) and Nicaragua, in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and, in the south-
western region, the Pacific lowlands) and Panama (both slopes), and in South
America from northern Colombia and western Venezuela south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia and extreme western Brazil.

Genus ABEILLIA Bonaparte

Abeillia Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 79. Type, by original
designation, Abeillia typica Bonaparte = Ornismya abeillei Lesson and De
Lattre.

Abeillia abeillei (Lesson and De Lattre). EMERALD-CHINNED HUMMING-
BIRD.

Ornismya Abeillei Lesson and De Lattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 16.
(Jalapa [Veracruz].)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and clearings, most frequently in montane
situations, less commonly (primarily in nonbreeding season) in lowland forest
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas south through the
highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.— Also known as ABEILLE’S HUMMINGBIRD.

Genus LOPHORNIS Lesson

Lophornis Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. xxxvil. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), L. ornata (L.) Less. Ois. M.., pl.
41 = Trochilus ornatus Boddaert.

Paphosia Mulsant and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat.
Cherbourg, 12, p. 219. Type, by monotypy, Ornismya helenae De Lattre.

Lophornis delattrei (Lesson). RUFOUS-CRESTED COQUETTE.

Ornismya (Lophorinus) De Lattrei Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 19.
(No locality given = Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings and open woodland (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in central Costa Rica (San José region, possibly
only a vagrant from the south) and Panama (throughout, but most frequent in
central Panama); in northern Colombia (Magdalena Valley); and in eastern Peru
and east-central Bolivia.

Lophornis helenae (De Lattre). BLACK-CRESTED COQUETTE.

Ornismya Helene De Lattre, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 133. (Vera-Pax,
propte, Petinck in republica Guatimala = Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, second growth, open woodland, scrub
and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

ORDER APODIFORMES 335

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Middle America from Ve-
racruz, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas south to central Costa Rica (on Caribbean
slope, also a vagrant to the vicinity of San José and the Pacific slope).

Reports from southern Texas are erroneous.

Notes.— This species and the following are often placed in the genus Paphosia.

Lophornis adorabilis Salvin. WHITE-CRESTED COQUETTE.

Lophornis adorabilis Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 207. (Bugaba,
Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open woodland, second growth and scrub (upper Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in central and southwestern Costa Rica (north to the
Cordillera Central) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui): a report from
Isla Cébaco, Panama, is considered doubtful.

Notes.— Also known as ADORABLE COQUETTE. See comments under L. helenae.

Genus DISCOSURA Bonaparte

Discosura Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 84. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus longicaudus Gmelin.
Popelairia Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p. 12. Type.
by monotypy, Popelairia tricholopha Reichenbach = Trochilus popelairii

Du Bus de Gisignies.

Discosura conversii (Bourcier and Mulsant). GREEN THORNTAIL.

Trochilus Conversii Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.
Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 9, p. 313, pl. [9]. (Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, open woodland and scrub (upper Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope north to the Cordillera
Central), locally in Panama (recorded eastern Chiriqui, Veraguas, Coclé, the Canal
Zone, eastern Panama province and eastern Darién), and on the Pacific slope of
western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Popelairia.

Genus CHLOROSTILBON Gould

Chlorostilbon Gould, 1853, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 5, pl. [14] and text. Type,
by monotypy, Chlorostilbon prasinus Gould (not other authors) = Trochilus
pucherani Bourcier = Ornismya aureo-ventris d@ Orbigny and Lafresnaye.

Chlorestes 6 Riccordia Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah.,
p. 8. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Riccordia ra-
mondii Reichenbach = Ornismya ricordii Gervais.

Chlorostilbon canivetii (Lesson). FORK-TAILED EMERALD.

Ornismya canivetii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris, livr. 13, pp. 174, 177,
pl. 37, 38. (Brazil, error = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Open situations, scrub, plantations and gardens, most frequently in
lowland habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

336 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan,
the state of México, San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south along both
slopes of Middle America (including islands off Quintana Roo, and the Bay and
Hog islands off Honduras) to Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste
and the central plateau region).

Notes.—Some authors consider C. canivetii and C. Assis to be conspecific
with the South American C. mellisugus (Linnaeus, 1758) [BLUE-TAILED EMERALD];
in view of the uncertainty of specific limits throughout this genus, it seems best
to regard these three forms as allospecies of a superspecies.

Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence. GARDEN EMERALD.

Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 292.
(Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open country in lowlands and foothills, including
forest clearings, plantations and gardens (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (north to the Térraba re-
gion) and Panama (Pacific slope east to the Canal Zone and western Panama
province, including Coiba, Pearl and many smaller islands).

Notes.— Also known as ALLIED EMERALD. See comments under C. canivetii.

Chlorostilbon ricordii (Gervais). CUBAN EMERALD.

Ornismya Ricordii Gervais, 1835, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 5, cl. 2, pl. 41, 42.
(Santiago de Cuba = Santiago, Cuba. )

Habitat.— Open woodland, open situations with scattered trees, and gardens.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (Abaco, including offshore cays, Grand
Bahama, Andros and Green Cay), and on Cuba (including offshore cays) and the
Isle of Pines.

Casual elsewhere in the Bahamas (New Providence), also sight reports for south-
ern and east-central Florida.

Notes.—C. ricordii, C. swainsonii and C. maugaeus constitute a superspecies;
in addition, some authors who treat this group as conspecific, and the C. mellisugus
complex as forming but a single additional species, would hold that these enlarged
two species constitute a single superspecies._

Chlorostilbon swainsonii (Lesson). HISPANIOLAN EMERALD.

Ornismya Swainsonii Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat., Ois.-Mouches, p. “xvij”’
[=xvil]; 1830, p. 197, pl. 70. (le Brésil, error = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Open forest, forest edge and scrub, primarily in mountains, less com-
monly in lowlands and open situations.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola; reports from Gonave Island are unsub-
stantiated.

Notes.—See comments under C. ricordii.

ORDER APODIFORMES AS

Chlorostilbon maugaeus (Audebert and Vieillot). PUERTO RICAN EMER-
ALD.

Trochilus Maugeus Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dorés, 1, pp. 77, 79,
pl. 37, 38. (Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Open forest, plantations, partly open situations and mangroves.
Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico.
Notes.—See comments under C. ricordii.

Genus CYNANTHUS Swainson

Cynanthus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 441. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Stone, 1907), Cynanthus latirostris Swainson.

Cynanthus sordidus (Gould). DUSKy HUMMINGBIRD.

Cyanomyia (?) sordida Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 4, p. 97.
(Oaxaca, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, second growth, plantations and gardens (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México and Hi-
dalgo south to Oaxaca and Puebla.

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson. BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD. [441.]

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 441. (Ta-
bleland of Mexico = valley of México, near Mexico City.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, open deciduous forest, semi-desert and other open sit-
uations in arid habitats (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from western Sonora, southeastern Arizona, southwestern
New Mexico (Guadalupe Canyon), northern Chihuahua, western Texas (Brewster
County) and Tamaulipas south through Mexico (including the Tres Marias Islands)
to Oaxaca and Chiapas, and east to northern Veracruz, Hidalgo and Puebla.

Winters from central Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Tamaulipas south
through the breeding range, casually north to southern Arizona.

Casual north to central and southern California (to Alameda County), central
Arizona, central New Mexico (sight records) and southern Texas. Accidental in
Utah (Springdale) and western Florida (near Pensacola).

Notes.—Some authors have suggested that the southern form from Guerrero,
Oaxaca and Chiapas represents a distinct species, C. doubledayi (Bourcier, 1847)
[DOUBLEDAY’S HUMMINGBIRD].

Genus CYANOPHAIA Reichenbach

Cyanophaia Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p. 10. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus bicolor “*Linn.”
[=Gmelin].

338 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Cyanophaia bicolor (Gmelin). BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus bicolor Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 496. Based in part on
*“‘Saphir-€meraude” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 26, and the “Sapphire
and Emerald Humming-bird” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 775.
(in Guadeloupe, error = Dominica.)

Habitat.— Forest and partly open country in mountains.
Distribution.— Resident on Dominica and Martinique, in the Lesser Antilles.

Genus THALURANIA Gould

Thalurania Gould, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 13. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus furcatus Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Damophila.

Thalurania colombica (Bourcier). CROWNED WOODNYMPH.

Ornismya Colombica Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 2. (la Col-
ombie = San Agustin, Magdalena Valley, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land, partly open situations and plantations (Tropical, rarely lower subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in western Mexico (Nayarit, western Jalisco and Coli-
ma); and from Guatemala and Belize south along the Caribbean slope of northern
Middle America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in
northern Colombia and western Venezuela.

Notes.— Various distinct populations have been recognized by authors as sep-
arate species: T. ridgwayi Nelson, 1900 [MExICAN WOODNYMPH], of western Mex-
ico; 7. townsendi Ridgway, 1888 [BLUE-CROWNED WOODNYMPH], of Middle Amer-
ica south to western Panama; and 7. fannyi (De Lattre and Bourcier, 1846)
[GREEN-CROWNED WOODNYMPH], of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia.
Other authors regard 7. colombica and the South American 7. furcata (Gmelin,
1789) [COMMON WOODNYMPH] as conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Genus PANTERPE Cabanis and Heine

Panterpe Cabanis and Heine, 1860, Mus. Heineanum, 3, p. 43 (footnote).
Type, by original designation, Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine.

Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine. FIERY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine, 1860, Mus. Heineanum, 3, p. 43 (foot-
note). (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open scrub, meadows, clearings and second-growth
woodland (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (cordilleras de Talamanca and Central)
and western Panama (western Chiriqui and western Bocas del Toro).

ORDER APODIFORMES 339

Genus DAMOPHILA Reichenbach

Damophila Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p. 7. Type,
by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1879), 7. julie Bourcier = Ornismyia
Julie Bourcier.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in 7ha/lurania.

Damophila julie (Bourcier). VIOLET-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismyia Julie Bourcier, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 373. (Tunja en
Colombie = Tunja, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings and second-growth woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in central and eastern Panama (from northern Coclé
and the Canal Zone eastward), western Colombia and western Ecuador; specimens
reported from ““Costa Rica” are regarded as probably mislabeled.

Genus LEPIDOPYGA Reichenbach
Agyrtria y Lepidopyga Reichenbach, 1855, Trochil. Enum., p. 7. Type, by
subsequent designation (Ridgway, 1911), Trochilus goudoti Bourcier.
Lepidopyga coeruleogularis (Gould). SAPPHIRE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus ( 2) c@ruleogularis Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1850), p. 163. (Near David, on the north side of the Cordillera, Veragua
[Chiriqui, Panama].)

Habitat.—Clearings, partly open situations, brushy areas, gardens and man-
groves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (the Pacific lowlands from Chiriqui east-
ward, including Isla Coiba, and the Caribbean lowlands in the Canal Zone and
San Blas) and northern Colombia; an old specimen from “Costa Rica” is regarded
as probably mislabeled.

Genus HYLOCHARIS Boie

Hylocharis Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1840), H. sapphirina (Gm.) Boie = Trochilus sapphir-
inus Gmelin.

Basilinna Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 546. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus leucotis Vieillot.

Hylocharis grayi (De Lattre and Bourcier). BLUE-HEADED SAPPHIRE.

Trochilus Grayi De Lattre and Bourcier, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 9, p. 307.
(Popayan, Nouvelle-Grenade [=Colombia].)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, scrub and mangroves, in both humid
and semi-arid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

340 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident from extreme eastern Panama (near Jaque in southern
Darién) south through western and central Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.

Hylocharis eliciae (Bourcier and Mulsant). BLUE-THROATED GOLDENTAIL.

Trochilus Elicie Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.
Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 9, p. 314. (No locality given.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge and clearings. and open situations with
scattered trees. both in humid and semi-arid habitats (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Mexico (recorded Veracruz and Chiapas)
south along both slopes of Central America (not recorded Belize) to western
Panama (east to Canal Zone and western Panama province, also Isla Coiba).

Hylocharis leucotis (Vieillot). WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD. [440.1.]

Trochilus leucotis Vieillot. 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 23, p.
428. (au Brésil, error = Orizaba. Veracruz.)

Distribution.— Resident from Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and
Tamaulipas south through the highlands of Mexico. Guatemala, El Salvador and
Honduras to north-central Nicaragua. Recorded irregularly in summer (and prob-
ably breeding) in the mountains of southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico
(Animas Mountains) and western Texas (Big Bend): northernmost populations
are partially migratory.

Notes.—H. /eucotis and H. xantusii may constitute a superspecies.

Hylocharis xantusii (Lawrence). XANTUS’ HUMMINGBIRD. [440.]

Amazilia Xantusii Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 109.
(Cape St. Lucas. South California = San Nicolas, 10 miles northeast of
Cape San Lucas, Baja California).

Habitat.— Open montane forest (especially oak), clearings, brushy hillsides and
canyons, second growth, and arid lowland scrub (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southern Baja California, casually north to lat. 29°N.,
including islands in the Gulf of California north to Isla San José.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-FRONTED HUMMINGBIRD. See comments under
H. leucotis.

Genus GOLDMANIA Nelson
Goldmania Nelson, 1911. Smithson. Misc. Collect., 56, no. 21, p. 1. Type,
by original designation, Goldmania violiceps Nelson.
Goldmania violiceps Nelson. VIOLET-CAPPED HUMMINGBIRD.

Goldmania violiceps Nelson, 1911, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 56, no. 21, p.
1. (Cerro Azul, 3000 feet, northwest of Chepo, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge. primarily in low undergrowth
(Subtropical Zone).

ORDER APODIFORMES 341

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Colon, eastern Panama
province and eastern Darién) and extreme northwestern Colombia.

Genus GOETHALSIA Nelson

Goethalsia Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 6. Type, by
original designation, Goethalsia bella Nelson.

Goethalsia bella Nelson. RUFOUS-CHEEKED HUMMINGBIRD.

Goethalsia bella Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 7. (Cana,
at 2000 feet altitude, eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Foothills and highlands, nothing further known concerning habitat
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (cerros Pirre and Sapo in
eastern Darién) and adjacent northwestern Colombia (Alturas del Nique in Choco).

Notes.— Also known as PIRRE HUMMINGBIRD.

Genus TROCHILUS Linnaeus

Trochilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 119. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus.

Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus. STREAMERTAIL.

Trochilus Polytmus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 120. Based mainly
on Polytmus viridans aureo varie splendens, etc. Brown, Jamaica, p. 145,
and the “Long-tailed Black-cap Humming Bird” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
1, p. 34, pl. 34. Gn America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and partly open situations from lowlands to moun-
tains, more frequently in humid habitats, less commonly in semi-arid regions.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.— Populations in extreme eastern Jamaica (John Crow Mountains, and
east of the Morant River) differ from those elsewhere in bill color, display and
vocalizations, with an apparent narrow hybrid zone between them; some authors
suggest that these be recognized as distinct species, 7. polytmus [WESTERN STREAM-
ERTAIL] and T. scitulus (Brewster and Bangs, 1901) [EASTERN STREAMERTAIL]. For
recent discussions, see Schuchmann (1978, Ardea, 66, pp. 156-172) and Gill and
F. J. and C. Stokes (1973, Condor, 75, pp. 170-176).

Genus AMAZILIA Lesson

Amazilia Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 7, col. 757. Type, by
subsequent designation (Stone, 1918), Ornismia cinnamomea Less{on]
(=O. rutila De Lattre) = Ornismya rutila De Lattre.

Saucerottia Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 77. Type, by
original designation, Saucerottia typica Bonaparte = Trochilus saucerrottei
De Lattre and Bourcier.

Polyerata Heine, 1863, J. Ornithol., 11, p. 194. Type, by monotypy, 7rochilus
amabilis Gould.

342 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Amazilia candida (Bourcier and Mulsant). WHITE-BELLIED EMERALD.

Trochilus candidus Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.
Ind. Soc. R., etc.. Lyon, 9, p. 326. (Coban, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings. open woodland, brushy areas and plan-
tations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz south
along the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America (including the Yucatan Pen-
insula, also Pacific lowlands of Guatemala) to Honduras, and on both slopes of
Nicaragua and, probably only as a vagrant, Costa Rica (south to Osa Peninsula).

[Amazilia chionopectus (Gould). WHITE-CHESTED EMERALD.] See Appen-
dix B.

Amazilia luciae (Lawrence). HONDURAN EMERALD.

Thaumatias Lucie Lawrence, 1867. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 19,
p. 233. (Honduras.)

Habitat.— Unknown, localities generally in the humid lowlands (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in Honduras (Caribbean lowlands from Cofradia east
to Catacamas).

Amazilia amabilis (Gould). BLUE-CHESTED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus (——?) amabilis Gould, 1853, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1851). p.
115. (New Grenada = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, second-growth woodland and clearings (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica,
and in Panama (Caribbean slope throughout. and Pacific slope from eastern Pan-
ama province eastward), Colombia (east to the Magdalena Valley. and south along
the Pacific coast) and western Ecuador.

Notes.—A. amabilis and A. decora constitute a superspecies: they are considered
conspecific by some authors.

Amazilia decora (Salvin). CHARMING HUMMINGBIRD.

Polyerata decora Salvin, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 7, p. 377. (western
slopes of the Volcano of Chiriqui [Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge. clearings and open woodland (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (El
General-Térraba-Golfo Dulce region) and extreme western Panama (western Chi-
riqui).

Notes.—See comments under A. amabilis.

Amazilia boucardi (Mulsant). MANGROVE HUMMINGBIRD.

Arena Boucardi Mulsant, 1877, Descr. Esp. Nouv. Trochil., p. 6. (Punta
Arenas, Costa Rica.)

ORDER APODIFORMES 343

Habitat.— Mangroves and adjacent partly open situations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya to
Golfo Dulce region).

Notes.— Also known as BOUCARD’S HUMMINGBIRD.

Amazilia cyanocephala (Lesson). AZURE-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismya cyanocephalus Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. xlv. (Le
Brésil, error = Veracruz, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and forest edge, primarily pine and pine-oak asso-
ciation, locally in lowland pine savanna (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Tamaulipas south, primarily in the high-
lands, through Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, southern Quintana Roo, central and
eastern Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua;
and in the lowland pine savanna of eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua.

Winters generally in the breeding range, occurring also in lowland habitats
(recorded San Luis Potosi and northern Quintana Roo).

Notes.— Also known as RED-BILLED AZURECROWN. A. microrhyncha (Elliot,
1876) [SMALL-BILLED AZURECROWN], is now regarded as being based on an aberrant
or possibly juvenile specimen of A. cyanocephala.

Amazilia cyanifrons (Bourcier). INDIGO-CAPPED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus cyanifrons Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 100. (Ybagué,
Nouvelle-Grenade = Ibague, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge and open woodland (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in northeastern Colombia (Atlantico and the Magdalena
Valley to Notre de Santander); one specimen known from northwestern Costa
Rica (Volcan Miravalles).

Notes.— Also known as BLUE-FRONTED HUMMINGBIRD. This form is known from
Middle America only from the single specimen taken in Costa Rica and described
as a new species, A. alfaroana Underwood, 1896, Ibis, p. 441. The type closely
resembles A. cyanifrons and does not appear to be be a hybrid between any Middle
American species of Amazilia. The unique specimen of a/faroana is tentatively
considered to represent a subspecies of A. cyanifrons; its status can be clarified
only by additional data.

Amazilia beryllina (Lichtenstein). BERYLLINE HUMMINGBIRD. [438.1.]

Trochilus beryllinus Lichtenstein, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Saugeth. Vé6gel, etc.,
Mex., p. 1. (México = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, primarily pine and pine-oak association, ranging in
nonbreeding season into arid scrub, deciduous forest and humid montane forest
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Sonora and southern Chihuahua south through
western Mexico (east to Durango, Guanajuato, Tlaxcala, Puebla and west-central
Veracruz), Guatemala and El Salvador to central Honduras.

Casual in southeastern Arizona (Huachuca, where breeding once, and Chiri-
cahua mountains).

344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— Hybridization between 4. beryllina and A. cyanura has been reported
from south-central Guatemala (Patulul) and El Salvador. A. sumichrasti Salvin,
1891, is based on an aberrant individual of A. beryllina taken at Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca.

Amazilia cyanura Gould. BLUE-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

Amaczilia cyanura Gould, 1859, Monogr. Trochil:, pt. 18. pl. [12] and text.
(Realejo, Nicaragua.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, clearings and scrub. primarily in arid
habitats but also locally in humid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from Chiapas to western Nicaragua
(also locally on the Caribbean slope of Honduras).

Casual in Costa Rica (near San José and Finca La Selva), possibly a rare and
local resident.

Notes.— A. cyanura and A. saucerrottei appear to constitute a superspecies. See
also comments under 4. beryllina.

Amazilia saucerrottei (De Lattre and Bourcier). STEELY-VENTED HUM-
MINGBIRD.

Trochilus Saucerrottei De Lattre and Bourcier, 1846. Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 9.
p. 311. (Caly, Nouvelle-Grenade = Cali, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland. forest edge. clearings, second growth and plantations
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Middle America from western and southern Nica-
Tagua south to southern Costa Rica (primarily on the Pacific slope and in the
central plateau. south to the Dota region): and in South America in Colombia
and northwestern Venezuela.

Casual in Caribbean Costa Rica (Carrillo).

Notes.— Also known as BLUE-VENTED HUMMINGBIRD. See comments under 4.
cyanura.

[Amazilia tobaci (Gmelin). COPPER-RUMPED HUMMINGBIRD.] See Appen-
dix B.

Amazilia edward (De Lattre and Bourcier). SNOWY-BELLIED HUMMING-
BIRD.

Trochilus Edward De Lattre and Bourcier,. 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 9, p. 308.
(isthme de Panama.)

Habitat.—Open woodland. clearings and gardens (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (El General-Térraba-Golfo
Dulce region) and Panama (east to Darién, primarily on the Pacific slope, and
including the Pearl, Coiba, Taboga, Taboguilla and Urava islands).

Notes.— Also known as SNOWY-BREASTED HUMMINGBIRD. The form from Costa
Rica and western Panama is sometimes regarded as a distinct species, A. niveo-

ORDER APODIFORMES 345

venter (Gould, 1851), but intergradation with A. edward occurs in central Panama:
with niveoventer treated as a species, A. edward has been called WHITE-BELLIED
HUMMINGBIRD.

Amazilia tzacatl (De la Llave). RUFOUS-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD. [438.]

Trochilus Tzacatl De la Llave, 1833, Registro Trimestre, 2, no. 5, p. 48.
(México.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open woodland, clearings, second growth, plan-
tations and gardens (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Tamaulipas south in the Gulf-Caribbean
lowlands of eastern Mexico (west to northern Oaxaca and Chiapas, and including
the Yucatan Peninsula), Guatemala (locally also on Pacific slope), Belize, Hon-
duras and Nicaragua, and on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare in the arid northwest)
and Panama (including many islands off Pacific coast, and Isla Escudo de Veraguas
off the Caribbean coast), and in South America from Colombia (including Gorgona
Island) to east to northwestern Venezuela and south to western Ecuador.

Accidental in southern Texas (Brownsville).

Notes.— Also known as RIEFFER’S HUMMINGBIRD. The population on Isla Es-
cudo de Veraguas, Panama, has sometimes been regarded as a distinct species, 4.
handleyi Wetmore, 1963 [ESCUDO HUMMINGBIRD].

Amazilia yucatanensis (Cabot). BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD. [439.]

Trochilus yucatanensis Cabot, 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 74.
(Yucatan.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth, clearings, scrub, plantations and
gardens (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (lower
Rio Grande Valley) south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands (including the Yucatan
Peninsula) to northern Guatemala (Petén), Belize and, at least casually, northern
Honduras (Cofradia).

Casual north to central and eastern Texas, and southern Louisiana (New Orleans
area, Sabine).

Notes.— Also known as FAWN-BREASTED Or YUCATAN HUMMINGBIRD.

Amazilia rutila (De Lattre). CINNAMON HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismya cinnamomea (not Ornismya cinnamomeus Gervais, 1835) Lesson,
1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 175. (Acapulco [Guerrero].)

Ornismya rutila De Lattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, ser. 2, 7, col. 1069.
New name for Ornismya cinnamomea Lesson, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Open deciduous forest, forest edge, clearings, second growth, arid
scrub, plantations and gardens, in arid or semi-arid situations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America (including the
Tres Marias Islands) from central Sinaloa south to central Costa Rica; and on the
Caribbean slope on the Yucatan Peninsula (including Holbox, Contoy, Mujeres
and Cancun islands, and Cayo Culebra), in Belize (including offshore cays), in the

346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

arid interior valleys of Guatemala and Honduras, and in the Mosquitia of eastern
Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua.

Amazilia violiceps (Gould). VIOLET-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD. [439.1.]

Cyanomyia violiceps Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hisi., ser. 3, 4, p. 97.
(Atlixco, Puebla, México.)

Habitat.— Scrub, open woodland, forest edge, riparian groves and plantations,
generally in arid or semi-arid situations (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Sonora, southern Arizona (Huachuca
and Chiricahua mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Canyon) and
western Chihuahua south to Oaxaca, Puebla and Hidalgo.

Casual or accidental in southern California (Santa Paula, Ventura County),
central Arizona (Tucson) and Veracruz.

Notes.— The name 4. verticalis (W. Deppe, 1830), often used for this species,
has been relegated to the synonymy of A. cyanocephala (see Phillips, 1965, Rev.
Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., 25 (1964), pp. 217-223). A. violiceps and A. viridifrons are
sometimes considered conspecific, but sympatry in Guerrero and Oaxaca without
intergradation seems to support their status as full species.

Amazilia viridifrons (Elliot). GREEN-FRONTED HUMMINGBIRD.

Cyanompyia viridifrons Elliot, 1871, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 8, p. 267.
(Putla, [Oaxaca,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge and scrub, in arid situations (Tropical
and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of southern Mexico from central
Guerrero south through Oaxaca to Chiapas (east to Tonala and Ocozocoautla).

Notes.—See comments under A. violiceps.

Genus EUPHERUSA Gould

Eupherusa Gould, 1857, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 14, pl. [12] and text. Type, by
monotypy, Ornismya eximia De Lattre.

Eupherusa eximia (De Lattre). STRIPE-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismya eximia De Lattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 7, col. 1069.
(Guatemala = Coban.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, open woodland, forest edge and clearings (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from eastern Mexico
(Puebla, Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas) south through eastern Guate-
mala, Belize and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua, and in the interior high-
lands of Costa Rica and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Notes.— Relationships between E. eximia, E. cyanophrys and E. poliocerca are
uncertain; present data indicate they are probably allospecies of a superspecies.

Eupherusa cyanophrys Rowley and Orr. BLUE-CAPPED HUMMINGBIRD.

Eupherusa cyanophrys Rowley and Orr, 1964, Condor, 66, p. 82. (11 miles
south of Juchatengo, 4700 feet, Oaxaca, México.)

ORDER APODIFORMES 347

Habirat.— Open woodland, humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in central Oaxaca (Sierra de Miahuatlan).

Notes.— Also known as OAXACA HUMMINGBIRD. See comments under £. exi-
mia.

Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot. WHITE-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot, 1871, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 8, p. 266.
(Putla, [Oaxaca,] Mexico.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge and clearings, in semi-arid situations
(Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Guerrero and western Oaxaca (Putla de Guerrero
and Rio Jalatengo). Reports of this species from Chinantla, Puebla, probably
pertain to E. eximia.

Notes.—See comments under E. eximia.

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence. BLACK-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
19 (1867), p. 232. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, generally in understory within forest, less
frequently in forest edge and clearings (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (primarily central highlands) and western
Panama (east to Veraguas, mostly on the Caribbean slope).

Genus ELVIRA Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux

Elvira Mulsant, and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat.
Cherbourg, 12, p. 176. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus (Thaumatias) chio-
nura Gould.

Elvira chionura (Gould). WHITE-TAILED EMERALD.

Trochilus (Thaumatias?) chionura Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1850), p. 162. (Chiriqui near David, province of Veragua, at an altitude
of from 2000 to 3000 feet [Chiriqui, Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and clearings (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southwestern Costa Rica (north to
the Dota Mountains) and western Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Coclé).

Elvira cupreiceps (Lawrence). COPPERY-HEADED EMERALD.

Eupherusa cupreiceps Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 348.
(Barranca, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and, rarely, partly open situations
(Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (primarily on the Ca-
ribbean slope of the Cordillera Central, and in the cordilleras de Tilaran and
Guanacaste).

348 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus MICROCHERA Gould

Microchera Gould, 1858, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 16, pl. [12] and text. Type,
by original designation, Mellisuga albo-coronata Lawrence.

Microchera albocoronata (Lawrence). SNOWCAP.

Mellisuga albo-coronata Lawrence, 1855, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p.
137, pl. 4. (Belen, Veraguas, New Grenada [=Panama].)

Habitat.— Forest edge, undergrowth, clearings, epen woodland, thickets and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Honduras (Olancho,
sight records), Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama (Veraguas, western
Colon and western Panama province).

Genus CHALYBURA Reichenbach

Agyrtria 6 Chalybura Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p.
10. Type, by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1879), Trochilus buffonii Les-
son.

Chalybura buffonii (Lesson). WHITE-VENTED PLUMELETEER.

Trochilus Buffonii Lesson, 1832, Les Trochil., p. 31, pl. 5. (Brazil, error =
Bogota region, Colombia.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth, forest edge, clearings, plantations
and swampy areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (from western Panama province on the Pa-
cific slope to and the Canal Zone in the Caribbean lowlands eastward), and in
South America from Colombia east to central Venezuela (to Miranda and Guarico)
and south to southwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— The populations in southwestern Ecuador and in eastern Colombia are
often recognized as distinct species, C. intermedia E. and C. Hartert, 1894, and
C. caeruleogaster (Gould), 1847, respectively.

Chalybura urochrysia (Gould). BRONZE-TAILED PLUMELETEER.

Hypuroptila urochrysia Gould, 1861, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 22, pl. [7] and
text. (neighborhood of Panama, error = western Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, primarily in undergrowth, also in forest edge,
clearings and, less frequently, open woodland and second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of extreme eastern Honduras
(Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and from Panama (locally on both
slopes) and western Colombia south to northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.—The form from Nicaragua and Costa Rica has often been recognized
as a full species. C. melanorrhoa Salvin, 1865 [BLACK-VENTED PLUMELETEER], but
free interbreeding with C. urochrysia occurs in northwestern Panama (see Eisen-
mann and Howell, 1962, Condor, 64, pp. 300-310).

Genus LAMPORNIS Swainson

Lampornis Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 442. Type, by mono-
typy, Lampornis amethystinus Swainson.

ORDER APODIFORMES 349

Notes.—It has been suggested that this genus is closely related to (or congeneric
with) Colibri, but most authors disagree.

Lampornis viridipallens (Bourcier and Mulsant). GREEN-THROATED
MOUNTAIN-GEM.

Trochilus Viridi-pallens Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat.
Agric. Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 9, p. 321. (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, pine-oak association, scrub and brushy areas
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of extreme eastern Oaxaca (Sierra
Madre de Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and western Honduras (west
of the Comayagua-Ulua river valley).

Notes.—L. viridipallens and L. sybillae are considered conspecific by some
authors; they are best regarded as allospecies of a superspecies.

Lampornis sybillae (Salvin and Godman). GREEN-BREASTED MOUN-
TAIN-GEM.

Delattria sybille Salvin and Godman, 1892, Ibis, p. 327. (Matagalpa, Nica-
ragua.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and clearings, less frequently oak
woodland and brushy areas (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of eastern Honduras (east of the Co-
mayagua-Ulua river valley) and north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.—See comments under L. viridipallens.

Lampornis amethystinus Swainson. AMETHYST-THROATED HUMMING-
BIRD.

Lampornis amethystinus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 442.
(Temiscaltipec [=Temascaltepec] and Real del Monte, [state of México,]
Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, oak woodland and brushy areas
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi and southern
Tamaulipas south through the highlands of southern Mexico, Guatemala and El
Salvador to central Honduras.

Notes.—Irregularly distributed populations from Michoacan to Oaxaca con-
sisting of bluish-throated rather than pink-throated males may represent a species,
L. margaritae (Salvin and Godman, 1889) [MARGARET’S HUMMINGBIRD], distinct
from L. amethystinus.

Lampornis clemenciae (Lesson). BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. [427.]

Ornismya Clemenciae Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. xlv; 1830,
p. 216, pl. 80. (le Mexique = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth and shrubby areas, primarily in pine-
oak and deciduous woodland, sometimes nesting under bridges, in caves or on

350 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

buildings, in migration also visiting flowers in open situations and gardens (Sub-
tropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Sonora, southeastern Arizona (Huachuca
and Chiricahua mountains), Chihuahua and western Texas south through Coa-
huila, Durango and western Mexico to Oaxaca (east to the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec). Recorded in summer (sight reports) in Utah, Colorado and northern New
Mexico.

Winters from southern Sonora (casually southern Arizona) and Chihuahua south
through the breeding range in Mexico.

In migration occurs casually east to southwestern New Mexico and southern
Texas (Rockport and Corpus Christi area southward).

Casual in south-central California (a female mated to either Calypte anna or
Archilochus alexandri raised young in 1977 and 1978 at Three Rivers, Tulare
County). ~

Lampornis hemileucus (Salvin). WHITE-BELLIED MOUNTAIN-GEM.

Oreopyra hemileuca Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 584.
(Turrialba and Tucurruqui, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and clearings (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (in the Tilaran, Central and Talamanca
cordilleras) and western Panama (recorded Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Lampornis calolaema (Salvin). PURPLE-THROATED MOUNTAIN-GEM.

Oreopyra calolema Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 584.
(Volcan de Cartago = Volcan de Irazi, Costa Rica).

Habitat.— Humid forest edge and clearings, open woodland and second growth
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of western Nicaragua (Volcan Mom-
bacho), Costa Rica (from the Cordillera de Guanacaste south to the Dota region
and the northern tip of the Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Volcan
de Chiriqui region of western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Relationships within the L. calolaema-castaneoventris complex are not
well understood. It has been suggested by some authors that the purple-throated
males (calolaema) and white-throated males (castaneoventris) are morphs of the
same species; some introgression occurs in areas where both types are found,
although they tend to maintain their distinctness. Until the matter is resolved, it
seems best to treat the forms as separate species with limited hybridization in the
areas of sympatry. If the entire complex is regarded as a single species, the name
VARIABLE MOUNTAIN-GEM may be used.

Lampornis castaneoventris (Gould). WHITE-THROATED MOUNTAIN-GEM.

Trochilus (——?) castaneoventris Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1850), p. 163. (Cordillera of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 6000 feet [Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid forest, much less frequently recorded in forest edge, clearings
or open woodland (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southern Costa Rica (north to the

ORDER APODIFORMES 351

Dota region and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (east to Veraguas
and western Coclé).

Notes.—The Costa Rican populations are sometimes regarded as a distinct
species, L. cinereicauda (Lawrence, 1867) [GRAY-TAILED MOUNTAIN-GEM]. See
also comments under L. calolaema.

Genus LAMPROLAIMA Reichenbach

Heliodoxa 6 Lamprolaima Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Ex-
trah., p. 9. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Ornismya
rhami Lesson.

Lamprolaima rhami (Lesson). GARNET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismya Rhami Lesson, 1838, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 1, p. 315. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, pine-oak woodland
and brushy areas (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, the state of México, and western Ve-
racruz south through Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala and El] Salvador to Honduras.

Genus HELIODOXA Gould

Heliodoxa Gould, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1849), p. 95. Type, by
subsequent designation (Bonaparte, 1850), Trochilus leadbeateri Bourcier.

Notes.—See comments under Eugenes.

Heliodoxa jacula Gould. GREEN-CROWNED BRILLIANT.
Heliodoxa jacula Gould, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1849), p. 96. (Santa
Fé de Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and clearings (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera Central, pri-
marily on Caribbean slope) south locally through Panama (recorded east to Ver-
aguas, in eastern Panama province, and in eastern Darién) and northern Colombia
to western Ecuador. ;

Genus EUGENES Gould

Eugenes Gould, 1856, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 12, pl. [7] and text. Type, by
monotypy, T7rochilus fulgens Swainson.

Notes.— By some authors merged in Heliodoxa.

Eugenes fulgens (Swainson). MAGNIFICENT HUMMINGBIRD. [426.]

Trochilus fulgens Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 441. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (primarily in edge and clearings), pastures,
open woodland, pine-oak association and scrubby areas (Subtropical and Tem-
perate zones).

352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds [fulgens group] in western Colorado, and from south-
eastern Arizona (north to Graham and Santa Catalina mountains), southwestern
(and proabably also north-central) New Mexico, and western Texas (Culberson,
Jeff Davis and Brewster counties) south through the highlands of Mexico, Gua-
temala, western El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Winters [fulgens group] from Sonora and Chihuahua south through the breeding
range in Middle America.

Resident {[spectabilis group] in the mountains from central Costa Rica to western
Panama (western Chiriqui).

Casual [fulgens group] north to Utah (Springdale), northern New Mexico (Cedar
Crest), northeastern Kansas (Linn County) and south-central Texas (San Antonio).

Notes.— Also known as RIVOLI’S HUMMINGBIRD. The two groups are sometimes
regarded as separate species, E. fulgens [MAGNIFICENT or RIVOLI’S HUMMINGBIRD]
and E. spectabilis (Lawrence, 1867) [ADMIRABLE HUMMINGBIRD].

Genus HAPLOPHAEDIA Simon

Haplophedia Simon, 1918, Not. Travaux Sci., p. 39. Type, by monotypy,
Trochilus aureliae Bourcier and Mulsant.

Haplophaedia aureliae (Bourcier and Mulsant). GREENISH PUFFLEG.

Trochilus Aurelie Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.-
Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 9, p. 315, pl. 10. (Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid montane forest (upper Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (in eastern Darién on cerros Pirre,
Mali and Tacarcuna): and in the Andes of South America from Colombia south
to Peru and northern Bolivia.

Genus HELIOTHRYX Boie

Heliothryx Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 547. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1840), H. aurita (L.) = Trochilus auritus Gmelin.

Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier). PURPLE-CROWNED FAIRY.

Trochilus Barroti Bourcier, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 72. (Carthagéne =
Cartagena, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, open wood-
land, shrubby areas and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from Tabasco (Tenosique)
south through eastern Guatemala, Belize and Honduras to Nicaragua, on both
slopes of Costa Rica (except the arid northwest) and Panama, and from northern
Colombia south, west of the Andes, to southwestern Ecuador.

Notes.—H. barroti and H. aurita (Gmelin, 1788), of South America, are some-
times regarded as conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Genus HELIOMASTER Bonaparte

Heliomaster Bonaparte, March 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 70. Type,
by subsequent designation (Bonaparte, April 1850), Orn. angel. = Ornis-
mya angelae Lesson = Trochilus furcifer Shaw.

ORDER APODIFORMES 353

Heliomaster longirostris (Audebert and Vieillot). LONG-BILLED STAR-
THROAT.

Trochilus longirostris Audebert and Vieillot, 1801, Ois. Dorés, 1, p. 107, pl.
59. (West Indies = Trinidad.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, forest edge, clearings, shrubby areas
and plantations, more frequently in humid situations (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on both slopes of Middle America from eastern Oaxaca
(locally in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas) and Veracruz south (exclusive of the
Yucatan Peninsula) through Middle America (rare on Pacific slope from Honduras
to northwestern Costa Rica), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru
and east of the Andes to Bolivia and central Brazil. A report from Guerrero is
considered doubtful.

Heliomaster constantii (De Lattre). PLAIN-CAPPED STARTHROAT. [426.1.]

Ornismya Constantii De Lattre, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, sér. 2, 7, col.
1069, in text. (Guatemala, error = Bolson, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, deciduous forest, arid scrub and plantations (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora south on the Pacific slope of
Middle America to Costa Rica (primarily the Guanacaste region in the northwest,
rarely in the El General-Térraba region in the southwest).

Casual in southeastern Arizona (north to Phoenix).

Notes.— Also known as CONSTANT’S STARTHROAT.

Genus CALLIPHLOX Boie

Calliphlox Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 544. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Trochilus amethystinus Gm. = Boddaert.

Philodice Mulsant, and J. and E. Verreaux, 1866, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat.
Cherbourg, 12, p. 230.

Calliphlox evelynae (Bourcier). BAHAMA WOOoDSTAR. [437.1.]

Trochilus Evelyne Bourcier, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 44. (Nassau,
New Providence [Bahamas].)

Habitat.— Scrubby woodland, open situations with scattered trees, and gardens.
Distribution.— Resident throughout the Bahama Islands.

Casual in southern Fiorida (Lantana, Homestead, Miami area).

Notes.— Often treated in the genus Philodice.

Calliphlox bryantae (Lawrence). MAGENTA-THROATED WOODSTAR.

Doricha bryante Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 483. (Costa
Rica).

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, shrubby areas, pastures and partly cleared
lands (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (from the Cordillera de

354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Guanacaste to the central plateau near San José and the Dota Mountains) and
western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.— Also known as CostA RICAN WOODSTAR. Frequently placed in the genus
Philodice.

Genus DORICHA Reichenbach

Calliphlox 8 Doricha Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p.
12. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus enicurus Vieillot.

Doricha enicura (Vieillot). SLENDER SHEARTAIL.

Trochilus enicurus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 23, p.
429. (Brazil, error = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas, second growth, open woodland and forest edge (Sub-
tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
and western Honduras (east to La Paz).

Doricha eliza (Lesson and De Lattre). MEXICAN SHEARTAIL.

Trochilus Eliza Lesson and De Lattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 20. (Pas
du Taureau, entra la Vera Cruz et Jalapa = Paso del Toro, Veracruz.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, clearings and scrubby areas, generally in arid and
semi-arid situations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in two disjunct areas of southeastern Mexico (in central
Veracruz, where rare, and the coastal scrub of the Yucatan Peninsula, including
Holbox Island, also a sight record for Isla Cancun).

Genus TILMATURA Reichenbach

Tilmatura Reichenbach, 1855, Trochil. Enum., p. 5. Type, by monotypy,
Trochilus lepidus Reichenbach = Ornismya dupontii Lesson.

Tilmatura dupontii (Lesson). SPARKLING-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

Ornismya dupontii Lesson, 1832, Hist. Nat. Colibris, livr. 13, p. 100, pl. 1.
(México.)

Habitat.— Open woodlands, pine-oak association, clearings and shrubby areas
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from Sinaloa, Jalisco, Colima, Mi-
choacan, the state of México, Distrito Federal, Morelos and western Veracruz
south through Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
to north-central Nicaragua.

Genus CALOTHORAX Gray

Calothorax G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 13. Type, by original
designation, C. cyanopogon (Lesson) = Cynanthus lucifer Swainson.

ORDER APODIFORMES 355

Calothorax lucifer (Swainson). LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD. [437.]

Cynanthus Lucifer Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 442. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Scrub, semi-desert, brushy hillsides, and cleared lands with scattered
bushes, primarily in arid habitats (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Arizona (Cochise County), western Texas
(Brewster County) and Nuevo Leon south in the highlands of Mexico to Guana-
juato, possibly in Morelos and Puebla.

Winters from northern Mexico south to the limits of the breeding range, casually
to western Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas.

Casual elsewhere in southern Arizona, also sight reports from southern New
Mexico and southern Texas (east to Hays, Bee and Aransas counties).

Notes.—C. lucifer and C. pulcher appear to constitute a superspecies.

Calothorax pulcher Gould. BEAUTIFUL HUMMINGBIRD.

Calothorax pulcher Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 4, p. 97.
(Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, brushy areas and partly open situations (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, the Distrito Federal, Morelos and Pueb-
la south through Oaxaca to Chiapas (east to Comitan).

Notes.—See comments under C. /ucifer.

Genus ARCHILOCHUS Reichenbach

Selasphorus 8 Archilochus Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah.,
p. 13. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus alexandri Bourcier [=Bourcier and
Mulsant].

Notes.—See comments under Ca/ypte.

Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. [428.].

Trochilus Colubris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 120. Based mainly
on “The Hummingbird” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 65, pl. 65. (in
America, imprimis septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous or mixed woodland, second growth, parks, and open sit-
uations with scattered trees, foraging in meadows and gardens, in migration and
winter in a wide variety of woodland and open habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south, east of the Rocky Mountains, to southern Texas,
the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west to the eastern Dakotas, central
Nebraska, central Kansas, central Oklahoma and central Texas.

Winters from southern Sinaloa, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leon and
southern Texas south through Middle America (including Cozumel and Holbox
islands) to central Costa Rica (south of Nicaragua most commonly on the Pacific

356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

slope), casually to western Panama (Chiriqui and western Panama province); also
in southern Florida, casually to southern Alabama, northern Florida and western
Cuba.

Casual north to southwestern British Columbia, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, Labrador and Newfoundland, and in the Bahamas (New Providence)
and Bermuda; reports from Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico are questionable.
Accidental in Alaska (St. Michael).

Notes.— Although the breeding ranges of A. colubris and A. alexandri overlap
slightly in central Texas, it seems best to regard these species as constituting a
superspecies.

Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant). BLACK-CHINNED HuUM-
MINGBIRD. [429.]

Trochilus Alexandri Bourcier and Mulsant, 1846, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric.
Ind. Soc. R., etc., Lyon, 9, p. 330. (Sierra Madre [Occidental], Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, scrub, desert washes, riparian woodland, chaparral,
parks and gardens, most frequently in arid regions.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern British Colombia (probably), Wash-
ington, central Idaho and northwestern Montana south to northern Baja California,
northern Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila (probably) and
southern Texas, and east to western Wyoming, eastern Colorado, eastern New
Mexico and central Texas (to Dallas, Navarro and Hidalgo counties).

Winters from northern Mexico and southern Texas (casually) south to southern
Baja California, Guerrero, Morelos and Veracruz, casually east to southern Lou-
isiana and northwestern Florida.

Casual in southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan (sight records), Wyoming,
western Oklahoma, and elsewhere in Florida (south to Florida Keys). Accidental
in Massachusetts (Cohasset).

Notes.—See comments under A. colubris.

Genus MELLISUGA Brisson

Mellisuga Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 40; 3, p. 694. Type, by tautonymy,
Mellisuga Brisson = Trochilus minimus Linnaeus.

Mellisuga minima (Linnaeus). VERVAIN HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus minimus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 121. Based on
‘““The Least Humming-bird”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 105, pl. 105.
(an America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— A wide variety of open and partly open sitautions, absent from forest.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica and Hispaniola (including Gonave, Tortue,
Saona and Catalina islands, and Ile-a- Vache).

Accidental in Puerto Rico (sight report).

Mellisuga helenae (Lembeye). BEE HUMMINGBIRD.

Orthorhynchus helene (Gundlach MS) Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p.
70, pl. 10, fig. 2. (Cardenas, Cuba.)

ORDER APODIFORMES 957

Habitat.— Open woodland, shrubby areas and gardens, occasionally open coun-
try.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Notes.—Sometimes placed in the genus Ca/ypte.

Genus CALYPTE Gould

Calypte Gould, 1856, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 11, pl. [5—7] and text. Type, by
subsequent designation (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1875), Ornismya cos-
tae Bourcier.

Notes.—Some authors merge Calypte in Archilochus.

Calypte anna (Lesson). ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD. [431.]

Ornismya Anna Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. “xxxj” [=xxxi];
1830, p. 205, pl. 74. (La Californie = San Francisco, California.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, chaparral, scrubby areas, and partly open situations,
foraging also in gardens and meadows, ascending to montane regions in summer
postbreeding season.

Distribution.— Breeds in western Washington (Seattle, Tacoma), western Ore-
gon, California (west of the Sierra Nevada from Humboldt, Shasta and Tehama
counties southward), northwestern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir and
San Quintin) and southern Arizona (north to Phoenix and Superior). Recorded
in summer (and probably breeding) in southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver
Island) and western Texas (Davis Mountains).

Winters from southwestern Oregon south to central Baja California, and east
to southern Arizona, northern Sonora and northern Chihuahua, casually north to
south-coastal Alaska, central British Columbia and western Montana, and east to
central New Mexico, northern Coahuila, and east-central and southeastern Texas.

Casual or accidental in southern Alberta (Calgary), Oklahoma (Tulsa) and south-
western Louisiana (Cameron Parish).

Calypte costae (Bourcier). COSTA’S HUMMINGBIRD. [430.]

Ornismya Costae Bourcier, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 294. (la Californie =
Magdalena Bay, Baja California.)

Habitat.— Desert and semi-desert, arid brushy foothills and chaparral, in mi-
gration and winter also in adjacent mountains and in open meadows and gardens.

Distribution.— Breeds from central California (north to Monterey, Merced and
Inyo counties), southern Nevada and southwestern Utah (Beaverdam Mountains)
south to southern Baja California (including the Channel Islands off California,
and islands off both coasts of Baja California), Sonora (including Tiburon and San
Esteban islands), southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

Winters from southern California and southern Arizona south to Sinaloa, ca-
sually north to southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver Island, sight record),
western Washington, Oregon, central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains) and northern
Utah, and east to central Texas (Hays County, also sight records east to Aransas
County).

358 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus STELLULA Gould

Stellula Gould, 1861, Introd. Trochil., p. 90. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus
calliope Gould.

Stellula calliope (Gould). CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD. [436.]

Trochilus (Calothorax) Calliope Gould, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
11. (Mexico = Real del Monte, Hidalgo.)

Habitat.—Open montane forest, mountain meadows, and willow and alder
thickets, in migration and winter also in chaparral, lowland brushy areas, deserts
and semi-desert regions.

Distribution. — Breeds in the mountains from central interior British Columbia
and southwestern Alberta south through Washington, Oregon, Nevada and Cal-
ifornia to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), and east to northern
Wyoming, western Colorado and Utah.

Winters from Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa south to Michoacan, Guerrero
and Distrito Federal, and east to Aguascalientes and Guanajuato.

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States, and casually east to
southwestern Saskatchewan, Nebraska, Kansas, and western and central Texas.

Accidental in Oaxaca (Rio Molino).

Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach

Trochilus 6 Atthis Reichenbach, 1854, J. Ornithol., 1, Beil. zu Extrah., p. 12.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Ornismya heloisa
Lesson and De Lattre.

Atthis heloisa (Lesson and De Lattre). BUMBLEBEE HUMMINGBIRD. [435.]

Ornysmya Heloisa Lesson and De Lattre, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 15.
(Jalapa et Quatepu = Coatepec, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak assocation and humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings
and brushy areas in montane situations (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from southwestern Chihuahua, south-
eastern Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leén and
southern Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca (east to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and
western Veracruz.

Accidental in Arizona (Huachuca Mountains).

Notes.— Also known as HELOISE’s HUMMINGBIRD. A. heloisa and A. ellioti are
considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute at least a superspecies.

Atthis ellioti Ridgway. WINE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Atthis ellioti Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1, pp. 8, 9, and fig. (Volcan
de Fuego, Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, pine-oak woodland
and scrubby areas near forest (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
(Volcan de Santa Ana) and Honduras.

Notes.—See comments under 4. heloisa.

ORDER APODIFORMES 359

Genus ACESTRURA Gould

Acestrura Gould, 1861, Introd. Trochil., p. 91. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (Elliot, 1879), Ornismya mulsanti Bourcier.

Acestrura heliodor (Bourcier). GORGETED WOODSTAR.

Ornismya heliodor Bourcier, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 275. (Santa-Fé
de Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in humid montane forest, forest edge and
scrub in the mountains of Colombia (Santa Marta Mountains, and Eastern and
Central Andes), northwestern Venezuela and northwestern Ecuador.

Possibly resident in eastern Panama, where known from a single specimen
(Cana, Cerro Pirre, eastern Darién, 13 April 1938; Wetmore, 1968, Smithson.
Misc. Collect., 150 (2), p. 373).

Genus SELASPHORUS Swainson

Selasphorus Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
2 (1831), pp. 324, 496. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840),
Trochilus rufus Gmelin.

Platurornis Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 2, p. 986. Type, by original
designation, Selasphorus platycercus = Trochilus platycercus Swainson.

Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson). BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.
[432.]

Trochilus platycercus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 441. (No
locality given = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, especially pinyon-juniper and pine-oak association,
brushy hillsides, montane scrub and thickets, in migration and winter also open
situations in lowlands where flowering shrubs are present (Subtropical and Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds in the mountains from north-central Idaho (Latah Coun-
ty), northern Utah and northern Wyoming south to southeastern California, north-
eastern Sonora, Guanajuato, the state of México, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Nuevo
Leon and western Texas (east to Bandera County); and in eastern Chiapas (Teo-
pisca) and Guatemala (rare in eastern mountains).

Winters from the highlands of northern Mexico south to western Veracruz and
Oaxaca (east to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); and in the breeding range in Chiapas
and Guatemala.

In migration occurs casually east to Nebraska, central Kansas, and eastern and
southeastern Texas, and west to southwestern California.

Casual, primarily in summer, north to Oregon and Montana, and in fall and
winter east to Louisiana (Baton Rouge, New Orleans).

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD. [433.]

Trochilus rufus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 497. Based mainly on the
““Ruffed Honeysucker” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 290. (in sinu Americae
Natka = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

360 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Coniferous forest, second growth, thickets and brushy hillsides, for-
aging in adjacent scrubby areas and meadows, in migration and winter in open
situations where flowers are present.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alaska (west to Prince William Sound,
probably to Cook Inlet), southern Yukon, western and southern British Columbia
(including the Queen Charloite Islands), southwestern Alberta and western Mon-
tana south, primarily in the mountains, to northwestern California (probably),
eastern Oregon and central Idaho.

Winters in coastal southern California (rarely), and from Sinaloa, Chihuahua,
southern Texas and the Gulf coast (in small numbers regularly from southeastern
Texas east to western Florida) south to Oaxaca, the state of México, Distrito
Federal and western Veracruz. ‘

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States, Baja California and
northern Mexico, casually east to eastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, south-
ern Manitoba, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas.

Casual east across the Great Lakes region (recorded Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Michigan, southern Ontario and northern New York), and along the Atlantic coast
(from Nova Scotia south to central Georgia and southern Florida). Accidental on
Big Diomede Island.

Notes.—S. rufus and S. sasin constitute a superspecies.

Selasphorus sasin (Lesson). ALLEN’S HUMMINGBIRD. [434.]

Ornismya Sasin Lesson, 1829, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, p. xxx; 1830, p. 190,
pl. 66, 67. (La Californie, la cote N.-O. d’Amérique = San Francisco, Cal-
ifornia.)

Habitat.— Chaparral, thickets, brushy hillsides and open coniferous woodland,
in migration and winter also in open situations with flowering shrubs.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern Oregon south through coastal Cali-
fornia to Santa Barbara County.

Winters from Baja California and Sinaloa south to Aguascalientes, Guanajuato
and Distrito Federal.

Migrates through southern California and northern Baja California (including
Los Coronados and Cedros islands), and east, at least casually, to southern Arizona,
southeastern Texas (numerous sight records, specimen from Houston, and bird
in hand examined at Corpus Christi) and southern Louisiana (east to Reserve).

Resident in southern California in the Channel Islands and on the Palos Verdes
Peninsula (in Los Angeles County).

Accidental in Washington (Seattle); a report from British Columbia (Victoria)
is based on photographs that do not eliminate S. rufus.

Notes.—See comments under S. rufus.

Selasphorus flammula Salvin. VOLCANO HUMMINGBIRD.

Selasphorus flammula Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 586.
(Volcan de Cartago [=Irazt], Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, brushy areas and highland pastures (upper
Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central south
along the Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Volcan Bart in western
Chiriqui).

ORDER APODIFORMES 361

Notes.— There has been much confusion regarding the status and distribution
of the forms of this species. As presently understood, the mauve-gorgeted race
flammula breeds on the Irazi-Turrialba massifs in central Costa Rica: S. torridus
Salvin, 1870 [HELIOTROPE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD], based on dull-gorgeted
males, breeds the length of the Cordillera de Talamanca and is now considered a
subspecies of flammula (formerly it was considered but a color morph). The red-
gorgeted form S. simoni Carriker, 1910 [CERISE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD}, breeds
on Volcan Poas and Volcan Barba of the northern Cordillera Central and (for-
merly?) the Cerros de Escazt south of San José; simoni is divergent in morphology
(but not in displays) and was previously considered a distinct species related to
S. ardens, but it appears to be just a distinct subspecies of flammula. If any of
the preceding are regarded as specifically distinct, ROSE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD
would be the appropriate English name for S. flammula. See also comments under
S. ardens.

Selasphorus ardens Salvin. GLOW-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Selasphorus ardens Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 209. (Calové-
vora and Castilla, Panama.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings and brushy areas (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of western Panama in eastern Chiriqui
(Cerro Flores) and Veraguas (Santa Fé, Castillo and Calovévora).

Notes.— This species has been considered closely related to S. flammula on the
basis of gorget color and measurements, but in wing and tail morphology (and
presumably displays) is in reality much more similar to S. scintilla, with which
it may constitute a superspecies. See also comments under S. flammula.

Selasphorus scintilla (Gould). SCINTILLANT HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus (Selosphorus) scintilla Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1850),
p. 162. (Volcano of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 9000 feet [Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, shrubby areas, highland
meadows and gardens (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of central Costa Rica (Cordillera Cen-
tral south along the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Talamanca, and north, at
least casually, to the Cordillera de Tilaran) and western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.—See also comments under S. ardens.

Order TROGONIFORMES: Trogons

Notes.—Sometimes merged in the Coraciiformes.
<u Family TROGONIDAE: Trogons

Genus PRIOTELUS Gray

Temnurus (not Lesson, 1831) Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 337. Type,
by monotypy, 7. albicollis Pl. col. 326 = Trogon temnurus Temminck.
Priotelus G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 10. New name for Temnurus

Swainson, preoccupied.
Temnotrogon Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 129. Type, by monotypy,
Trogon roseigaster Vieillot.

362 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Priotelus temnurus (Temminck). CUBAN TROGON.

Trogon temnurus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 55, pl. 326. (Ha-
vana, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, most frequently in mountains.
Distribution.— Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Priotelus roseigaster (Vieillot). HISPANIOLAN TROGON.

Trogon roseigaster Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p.
314. (Santo Domingo and México = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Primarily in mountain forest, locally in coastal mangroves.
Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola.
Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Temnotrogon.

Genus TROGON Brisson

Trogon Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 42; 4, p. 164. Type, by subsequent
designation (Stone, 1907), Trogon viridis Linnaeus.

Trogon melanocephalus Gould. BLACK-HEADED TROGON.

Trogon melanocephala Gould, 1835, Monogr. Trogonidae, ed. 1, pt. 2, pl.
[6] and text. (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, scrub, bushy and thicketed areas, partially cleared
lands with scattered trees, and plantations, in both humid and semi-arid regions,
the latter mostly on the Pacific slope of Middle America (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from Tamaulipas and the
Pacific slope from El Salvador south in Middle America (including the Yucatan
Peninsula and islands off Quintana Roo), to Costa Rica (mostly in the northeastern
and northwestern portions).

Notes.—See comments under T. citreolus.

Trogon citreolus Gould. CITREOLINE TROGON.

Trogon citreolus Gould, 1835, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 30. (No locality
given = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, deciduous forest, scrub and plantations, primarily
in arid or semi-arid regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from Sinaloa to Oaxaca and central
Chiapas.

Notes.— Although T. citreolus and T. melanocephalus are considered conspecific
by some authors, the nature of the distinct differences between the two forms in
pattern of tail and color of iris and orbital skin suggest probable isolating mech-
anisms; they are best regarded as constituting a superspecies.

Trogon viridis Linnaeus. WHITE-TAILED TROGON.

Trogon viridis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 167. Based on “Le
Couroucou verd de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 168, pl. 17, fig.
1. (in Cayania = Cayenne.)

ORDER TROGONIFORMES 363

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second-
growth woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (west on the Caribbean slope nearly to the
Costa Rican border, and on the Pacific to eastern Panama province), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west
of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia and south-central Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors consider 7. viridis and T. bairdii to be conspecific; they
constitute a superspecies. For use of the name 7. viridis instead of T. strigilatus
Linnaeus, 1766, see Zimmer, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1380, p. 26.

Trogon bairdii Lawrence. BAIRD’S TROGON.

Trogon bairdii Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 119. (San
Mateo, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and adjacent open
woodland, but more common in forest proper (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (north
to the region around Rio Grande de Tarcoles) and western Panama (western
Chiriqui).

Notes.—See comments under 7. viridis.

Trogon violaceus Gmelin. VIOLACEOUS TROGON.

Trogon violaceus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 404. Based mainly on
““Couroucou 4 chaperon violet” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 294, and the
““Violet-headed Curucui” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (2), p. 491. (No
locality given = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, open woodland and second growth, especially
near streams, more commonly in humid lowlands, less frequently in semi-arid
deciduous woodland and scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. A report from “near City of Mex-
ico” is regarded as erroneous.

Notes.— The Middle American and northwestern South American populations
are sometimes regarded as a separate species, 7. caligatus Gould, 1838 [GARTERED
TROGON].

Trogon mexicanus Swainson. MOUNTAIN TROGON.

Trogon Mexicanus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 440. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Open pine woodland, pine-oak association and humid montane forest
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Sinaloa, southern Chihuahua, Durango,
Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through the mountains
of Mexico and Guatemala to central Honduras.

Notes.— Also known as MEXICAN TROGON.

364 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Trogon elegans Gould. ELEGANT TROGON. [389.]

Trogon elegans Gould, 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 26. (apud Guati-
mala, in Mexico = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, pine-oak association, scrubby woodland and second
growth, primarily in arid or semi-arid situations, less frequently in humid wood-
land (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Arizona (Chiricahua, Huachuca and
Atascosa mountains, formerly Santa Catalina Mountains), Sonora, northwestern
Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas south through
Mexico (including Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena in the Tres Marias Islands)
to Guerrero, Veracruz and Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); and in
southern and eastern Guatemala (Motagua Valley and Pacific lowlands), El Sal-
vador, Honduras (interior valleys and Pacific lowlands), Nicaragua (Pacific slope)
and northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste). Northernmost populations are par-
tially migratory, the species being casual in Arizona in winter.

Casual in southwestern New Mexico and southern Texas (Big Bend and lower
Rio Grande Valley).

Notes.— The populations of the southwestern United States and Mexico have
sometimes been regarded as a separate species, 7. ambiguus Gould, 1835
[COPPERY-TAILED TROGON].

Trogon collaris Vieillot. COLLARED TROGON.

Trogon collaris Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 320.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and open woodland, in Middle America
more frequent in foothills and mountains (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula, but
on the Pacific slope of Central America from Guatemala to northwestern Costa
Rica confined entirely to highland regions), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia
and east-central Brazil.

Notes.— The Middle American form is sometimes regarded as a distinct species,
T. puella Gould, 1845 [BAR-TAILED TROGON].

Trogon aurantiiventris Gould. ORANGE-BELLIED TROGON.

Trogon aurantiiventris Gould, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 107. (near
David, Veragua [=Chiriqui, Panama].)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest and forest edge, rarely in clearings or open
woodland (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(east to Veraguas).

ORDER TROGONIFORMES 365

Trogon rufus Gmelin. BLACK-THROATED TROGON.

Trogon rufus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1 (1), p. 404. Based mainly on “‘Cour-
oucou a queue rousse de Cayenne”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 293, and
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 736. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland and
second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (east of the Sula
Valley) and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, central and southern Brazil, extreme northeastern Argentina and eastern
Paraguay.

Notes.— Also known as GRACEFUL TROGON.

Trogon melanurus Swainson. BLACK-TAILED TROGON.

Trogon melanurus Swainson, 1838, Anim. Menag. (1837), p. 329. (Demerara
[Guyana].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Panama (the Canal Zone eastward), Co-
lombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern
Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian
Brazil.

Notes.— Some authors suggest that the form in Panama and northern Colombia
represents a distinct species, 7. macroura Gould, 1838 [LARGE-TAILED TROGON].

Trogon massena Gould. SLATY-TAILED TROGON.

Trogon massena Gould, 1838, Monogr. Trogonidae, ed. 1, pt. 3, pl. [4] and
text. (México.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second-growth wood-
land and mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico
(Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo),
Belize, Guatemala and Honduras, on both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica (absent
from the dry northwest) and Panama, and on the Pacific slope of Colombia and
northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as MASSENA TROGON.

Trogon clathratus Salvin. LATTICE-TAILED TROGON.

Trogon clathratus Salvin, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 75. (Santa Fé de
Veragua, Panama = Calovévora, Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, rarely in forest edge (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and Panama

366 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(Bocas del Toro, Veraguas and Coclé, locally also on the Pacific slope in Chiriqui
and Veraguas).

Genus EUPTILOTIS Gould

Euptilotis (not Euptilotus Reichenbach, 1850) Gould, 1858. Monogr. Trogon-
idae, ed. 2, pt. 1, pl. 4 and text. Type, by original designation, Trogon
neoxenus Gould.

Euptilotis neoxenus (Gould). EARED TROGON. [389.1.]

Trogon neoxenus Gould, 1838, Monogr. Trogonidae, ed. 1, pt. 3, pl. [10] and
text. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Montane pine forest (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of northwestern Chihuahua, Sinaloa,
Durango, Zacatecas, Nayarit and Michoacan.

Recorded since 1977 (in fall and winter, and probably resident) in southern
Arizona (Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains), also a sight report for south-
western New Mexico (Animas Mountains).

Genus PHAROMACHRUS de la Llave

Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832, Registro Trimestre. 1, p. 48. Type. by
monotypy. Pharomachrus mocinno de la Llave.

Pharomachrus auriceps (Gould). GOLDEN-HEADED QUETZAL.

Trogon (Calurus) auriceps Gould, 1842, Ann. Mag., Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9,-p.
238. (the Cordillerian Andes.)

Habitat.— Humid montane and foothill forest, less frequently forest edge and
clearings (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (Cerro Pirre in eastern Darién); and
in South America in the Andes from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south
to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Notes.— By some considered to be conspecific with P. pavoninus (Spix, 1824)
[PAVONINE QUETZAL], which has a complementary range chiefly east of that of P.
auriceps in South America: they constitute a superspecies.

Pharomachrus mocinno de la Llave. RESPLENDENT QUETZAL.

Pharomachrus Mocinno de la Llave, 1832, Registro Trimestre, 1, p. 48. (Gua-
temala and Chiapas.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge. clearings, and open situations
with scattered trees adjacent to forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de
Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala. El] Salvador, Honduras. north-central Nicaragua,
Costa Rica (except the Cordillera de Guanacaste) and western Panama (east to
Veraguas, at least formerly).

Notes.—Some authors have considered the Andean form, P. antisianus (d’Or-
bigny, 1837) [CRESTED QUETZAL], as conspecific with P. mocinno; they constitute

ORDER TROGONIFORMES 367

a superspecies. For use of ““mocinno” instead of the emended “‘mocino’’, see
Eisenmann, 1959, Auk, 76, p. 108.

Order CORACIIFORMES: Kingfishers, Rollers, Hornbills and Al-
lies

Notes.— This order may be polyphyletic. The arrangement used here is subject
to modification.

Suborder UPUPAE: Hoopoes and Allies
Family UPUPIDAE: Hoopoes

Genus UPUPA Linnaeus

Upupa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 117. Type, by tautonymy,
Upupa epops Linnaeus (Upupa, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Upupa epops Linnaeus. Hoopoe. [391.1.]

Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 117. (in Europ@ sylvis =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open and partly open situations from north-
ern Eurasia south to southern Africa, Madagascar, India and Southeast Asia, and
winters from southern Europe, India and southern China south through the re-
mainder of the breeding range.

Accidental in western Alaska (Old Chevak, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 2—3 Sep-
tember 1975; Dau and Paniyak, 1977, Auk, 94, p. 601).

Notes.—Includes the African race regarded by some authors as a species, U.
africana Bechstein, 1811 [AFRICAN Hoopoe], distinct from U. epops [COMMON
Hoopoe].

Suborder ALCEDINES: Todies, Motmots and Kingfishers
Superfamily TODOIDEA: Todies and Motmots
Family TODIDAE: Todies

Genus TODUS Brisson
Todus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 44: 4, p. 528. Type, by tautonymy,
Alcedo todus Linnaeus.

Todus multicolor Gould. CUBAN Topy.

Todus multicolor Gould, 1837, Icones Avium, pt. 1, pl. [12] and text. (No
locality given = western Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, especially along streams.
Distribution.— Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

368 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Todus subulatus Gray. BROAD-BILLED ToDy.

Todus subulatus ““Gould” G. R. Gray, 1847, Genera Birds, 1, pl. 22. (No
locality given.)
Habitat.—Lowland open woodland. second growth and scrub, primarily in
semi-arid situations.
Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).
Notes.—Also known as HISPANIOLAN TODY.

Todus angustirostris Lafresnaye. NARROW-BILLED TODY.
Todus angustirostris Lafresnaye, 1851, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 3. p. 478. (in
Sancti-Dominicensis insula = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Dense mountain undergrowth, forest edge and shrubbery.
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Hispaniola (locally also at low
elevations in the Dominican Republic).

Todus todus (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN TODy.

Alcedo Todus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1. p. 116. Based mainly on
“The Green Sparrow. or Green Humming Bird”~ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
3. p. 121, pl. 121. upper fig.. (in America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Open woodland. second growth and scrubby undergrowth, mostly in
wooded hills and mountains.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.

Todus mexicanus Lesson. PUERTO RICAN Topy.

Todus mexicanus Lesson, 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.). sér. 2, 9, p. 167. note
1. (Mexico, particularly Tampico, error = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Forest undergrowth. open woodland and scrub. from semi-arid low-
lands to humid mountain slopes.
Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico.

Family MOMOTIDAE: Motmots

Genus HYLOMANES Lichtenstein

Hylomanes Lichtenstein, 1839, Abh. Phys. K]. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1838), p.
449. pl. 4. Type. by monotypy. Hylomanes momotula Lichtenstein.

Hylomanes momotula Lichtenstein. ToDY MOTMOT.

Hylomanes momotula Lichtenstein. 1839. Abh. Phys. KI. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
(1838). p. 449. pl. 4. (Valle Real. México.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope (except the Yucatan Peninsula) to Nicaragua (recorded only at

ORDER CORACIIFORMES 369

Pefia Blanca, Depto. de Jinotega), locally on the Pacific slope of Guatemala, and
in Costa Rica (most frequently on the Pacific slope of Cordillera de Guanacaste),
Panama (local, recorded Veraguas, Colon, eastern Panama province and Darién)
and western Colombia.

Genus ASPATHA Sharpe

Aspatha Sharpe, 1892, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 17, pp. x, 313, 331. Type, by
monotypy, Prionites gularis Lafresnaye.

Aspatha gularis (Lafresnaye). BLUE-THROATED MOTMOT.

Prionites gularis Lafresnaye, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 130. (Guatimala =
Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, less frequently in pine-oak association and
brush (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de
Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

Genus MOMOTUS Brisson

Momotus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 44; 4, p. 465. Type, by tautonymy,
Momotus Brisson = Ramphastos momota Linnaeus.

Momotus momota (Linnaeus). BLUE-CROWNED MOTMOT.

Ramphastos Momota Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 152. (in Amer-
ica meridionali = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, second growth, scrub and
plantations, generally in humid habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nuevo Le6n and Tamaulipas on the Gulf-Carib-
bean and Chiapas (locally) on the Pacific south along both slopes of Middle
America (including the Yucatan Peninsula), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern
Argentina, Paraguay and south-central Brazil.

Notes.— Throughout the extensive range of this species, various morphologically
distinct groups exist, which are sometimes recognized as separate species; in Mid-
dle America, two groupsare involved, M. /essonii Lesson, 1842 [LEssoNn’s MoTMoT],
occurring south to western Panama, and M. subrufescens Sclater, 1853
[TAWNY-BELLIED MotTmotT], found from eastern Panama to northern Venezuela.

Momotus mexicanus Swainson. RUSSET-CROWNED MOTMOT.

Momotus Mexicanus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 442. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, scrub and plantations, primarily in
semi-arid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in western and interior Mexico from southern Sonora,
southwestern Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas south to Morelos, western Pueb-
la, Oaxaca and Chiapas; and in the interior of Guatemala (upper Motagua Valley).

370 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus BARYPHTHENGUS Cabanis and Heine

Baryphthengus Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 114. Type,
by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1892), Baryphonus ruficapillus Vieillot.

Baryphthengus ruficapillus (Vieillot). RUFOUS MOTMOT.

Baryphonus ruficapillus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21,
p. 315. (No locality given = southeastern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, second growth and plantations,
especially near streams (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [martii group] on the Caribbean slope of northeastern
Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, on both slopes of Panama,
and in South America from Colombia south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and east of the Andes through eastern Ecuador to eastern Peru, Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil; and [ruficapillus group] in southern and eastern Brazil, north-
eastern Argentina and eastern Paraguay.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes considered separate species, B. martii
(Spix, 1824) [RuFoUs Motmot] and B. ruficapillus [RUFOUS-CAPPED MOTMOT].

Genus ELECTRON Gistel

Crypticus (not Latreille, 1817) Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 338. Type.
by monotypy, C. platyrhynchus Ul. of Orn. iti. pl. 106 = Momotus platy-
rhynchus Leadbeater.

Electron Gistel, 1848, Naturgesch. Thierr. HGhere Schulen, p. viii. New name
for Crypticus Swainson, preoccupied.

Electron carinatum (Du Bus). KEEL-BILLED MOTMOT.

Prionites carinatus Du Bus, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg.,
14, p. 108. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and montane forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Caribbean slope from southeastern Mex-
ico (recorded Veracruz and Tabasco, possibly also Oaxaca) south through Central
America to northeastern Costa Rica.

Electron platyrhynchum (Leadbeater). BROAD-BILLED MOTMOT.

Momotus platyrhynchus Leadbeater, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, p.
92. (Brazil, error = western Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland and second
growth (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Honduras (Lancetilla, Olancho), Nicaragua
(Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (mostly Caribbean slope, locally on Pacific drain-
age), Panama (both slopes), and in South America from Colombia south, west of
the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, east-central
Bolivia and central Brazil.

ORDER CORACIIFORMES 371

Genus EUMOMOTA Sclater

Eumomota Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 257. Type, by
monotypy, Prionites superciliaris Jardine and Selby = Pyronites supercilio-
sus Sandbach.

Eumomota superciliosa (Sandbach). TURQUOISE-BROWNED MOTMOT.

Pyronites superciliosus Sandbach, 1837, Athenaeum, no. 517, p. 698. (Méx-
ico = Campeche.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, scrubby areas, plantations, open situations with
scattered trees, and fencerows in cultivated areas, generally in arid or semi-arid
situations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of southeastern Mexico
(from southern Veracruz and Tabasco through the Yucatan Peninsula): in the
Pacific lowlands of Middle America from Oaxaca south to central Costa Rica
(south to Quepos); and in the interior valleys of Guatemala (Motagua and Rio
Negro drainages) and Honduras (locally spreading to Caribbean lowlands).

Superfamily ALCEDINOIDEA: Kingfishers
Family ALCEDINIDAE: Kingfishers
Subfamily CERYLINAE: Typical Kingfishers

Genus CERYLE Boie

Ceryle Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 316. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), C. rudis (Gm.) = Alcedo rudis Linnaeus.

Subgenus MEGACERYLE Kaup

Megaceryle Kaup, 1848, Verh. Naturhist. Ver. Grossherz. Hessen, 2, p. 68.
Type, by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1871), Alcedo guttata Vigors =
Ceryle guttulata Stejneger.

Streptoceryle Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 320. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Alcedo torquata Linnaeus.

Ceryle torquata (Linnaeus). RINGED KINGFISHER. [390.1.]

Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 180. Based mainly
on “‘Le Martin-pescheur hupé du Mexique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p.
518, pl. 41, fig. 1. (@n Martinica, Mexico = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Lakes, rivers, streams, lagoons and coastal regions (Tropical to lower
Temperates zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, southern Texas
(lower Rio Grande Valley west to Webb County) and Tamaulipas south along
both slopes of Middle America (including islands off the Pacific coast from the
Tres Marias south to the Pearl islands), and throughout most of South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trinidad) and the Guianas

372 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

south to Tierra del Fuego; also in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica and
Martinique, doubtfully recorded from Grenada and St. Kitts).

Casual in western Texas (Big Bend), and north to central and southeastern Texas
(Travis and Nueces counties), also a sight report from Puerto Rico.

Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). BELTED KINGFISHER. [390.]

Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 115. Based mainly on
the “Kingfisher” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 69, pl. 69. Gn America =
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Primarily along watercourses, both fresh-water and marine, including
lakes, streams, wooded creeks and rivers, seacoasts, bays, estuaries and mangroves.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, British
Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), western and
south-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central (and probably northern)
Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, east-central Labrador and New-
foundland south to southern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico,
southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Winters from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, central and southern Brit-
ish Columbia, western Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, southern Min-
nesota, the southern Great Lakes region, New York and New England south
throughout the continental United States, Middle America (including offshore
islands from western Mexico to Cocos and the Pearl islands), the West Indies and
Bermuda to northern South America (recorded Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana
and most islands off Venezuela) and the Galapagos Islands.

Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, the eastern Aleutians, northern Alaska (Point
Barrow), Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, continental Europe and the Azores.

Genus CHLOROCERYLE Kaup

Chloroceryle [subgenus] Kaup, 1848, Verh. Naturhist. Ver. Grossherz. Hes-
sen, 2, p. 68. Type, by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1871), Alcedo su-
perciliosa Linnaeus = Alcedo aenea Pallas.

Chloroceryle amazona (Latham). AMAZON KINGFISHER.

Alcedo amazona Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 257. Based on the
‘‘Amazonian Kingfisher’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 116. Gn
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Rivers, lakes, forest streams and ponds in forest and savanna (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit, southeastern San Luis Potosi and south-
ern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (except Campeche,
doubtfully recorded in the state of Yucatan), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad), and the Guianas south, mostly east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin). GREEN KINGFISHER. [391.]

Alcedo americana Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 451. Based on “‘Martin-
pescheur du Brésil”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 510, and “‘Martin-pecheur

ORDER CORACIIFORMES Sf,

vert et blanc de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 591. (in Cay-
enna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Streams, rivers, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves and rarely rocky
seacoasts (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sonora, Chihuahua, northern Coahuila and cen-
tral Texas south, primarily in the lowlands, along both slopes of Middle America
(including Isla Coiba off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to
northern Chile and east of the Andes to central Argentina.

Casual north to southern Arizona, and north-central and eastern Texas.

Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus). GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER.

Alcedo inda Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 179. Based on the
‘“‘Spotted King’s-fisher’’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 262, pl. 335. (in
India occidentali, error = Guyana.)

Habitat.— Forest streams, swamps and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Caribbean slope of southeastern Nica-
ragua and Costa Rica, on both slopes of Panama (including the Pearl Islands),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west
of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, east-
central Bolivia and central Brazil.

Chloroceryle aenea (Pallas). AMERICAN PYGMy KINGFISHER.

Alcedo (aenea) Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raissoné Ois., Adumbr., p. 1, no.
54. (Surinam.)

Habitat.— Forest streams, swamps and mangroves.

Distribution.— Resident from Oaxaca, southeastern San Luis Potosi and Vera-
cruz south in the lowlands of both slopes of Middle America (including Cozumel
Island off Quintana Roo, the Bay Islands off Honduras, and Isla Coiba off Panama),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, east-central Bolivia and central Brazil.

Notes.— Known in most literature as PYGMy KINGFISHER.

Order PICIFORMES: Puffbirds, Toucans, Woodpeckers and Allies
Notes.— This order may be polyphyletic.
Suborder GALBULAE: Puffbirds and Jacamars
Notes.— This suborder may belong in the Coraciiformes.
Family BUCCONIDAE: Puffbirds

Genus BUCCO Brisson

Bucco Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 42; 4, pp. 91, 92. Type, by tautonymy,
Bucco Brisson = Bucco capensis Linnaeus.

374 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Nystalus Cabanis and Heine, 1863, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 139. Type, by
subsequent designation (Sclater, 1882), Alcedo maculata Gmelin. °

Notharchus Cabanis and Heine, 1863, Mus. Heineanum, 1, pp. 146, 149.
Type, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1882), Bucco hyperrhynchus Scla-
ter = Bucco macrorhynchos Gmelin.

Bucco radiatus Sclater. BARRED PUFFBIRD.

Bucco radiatus Sclater, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1853), p. 122, pl. 50-
51. Gn Nova Grenada = Magdalena Valley, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from western Panama (west to Coclé and western Pan-
ama province, possibly to Veraguas) and northern Colombia south through west-
ern Colombia to western Ecuador.

Notes.— This species is frequently placed in the genus Nystalus. B. radiatus and
the Amazonian B. chacuru (Vieillot, 1816) may constitute a superspecies.

Bucco macrorhynchos Gmelin. WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD.

Bucco macrorhynchos Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 406. Based in part
on “Le plus grande Barbu a gros bec de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches
Enlum., pl. 689. (an Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, forest edge, plantations and savanna,
more frequently in humid situations, less commonly in semi-arid habitats (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (west-central Veracruz, Oaxaca,
Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo) south along both slopes
of Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.— This and the following two species are often placed in the genus No-
tharchus. Some authors consider the form in the southern portion of the South
American range to represent a separate species, B. swainsoni G. R. Gray, 1846
[BUFF-BELLIED PUFFBIRD].

Bucco pectoralis Gray. BLACK-BREASTED PUFFBIRD.

Bucco pectoralis G. R. Gray, 1846. Genera Birds, 1, pl. 26. (No locality given.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone, mostly on
the Pacific drainage), and in South America from northern Colombia south, west
of the Andes, to western Ecuador.

Notes.—See comments under N. macrorhynchos.

Bucco tectus Boddaert. PIED PUFFBIRD.

Bucco tectus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 43. Based on “Barbu
a plastron noir’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 688, fig. 2. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings, plantations and open situations
with scattered trees, usually near water (Tropical Zone).

ORDER PICIFORMES 375

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica (from Rio Sar-
apiqui drainage southward), in Panama (throughout the Caribbean slope, on the
Pacific known from eastern Panama province and Darién), and in South America
from Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—See comments under NV. macrorhynchos.

Genus MALACOPTILA Gray

Malacoptila G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 13. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1846), Bucco fuscus Gmelin.

Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye. WHITE-WHISKERED PUFFBIRD.

Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 10, p. 79. (Pan-
ama.)
Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge (especially overgrown
borders) and dense second growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(recorded Tabasco and Chiapas) south to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
(absent from the drier portions of Guanacaste in the northwest) and Panama, and
in South America from northern Colombia south, west of the Andes, to western

Ecuador.
Notes.—M. panamensis and the South American M. mystacalis (Lafresnaye,
1850) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus MICROMONACHA Sclater

Micromonacha Sciater, 1881, Monogr. Jacamars Puff-birds, pt. 5, p. 131, pl.
44. Type, by monotypy, Bucco lanceolata Deville.

Micromonacha lanceolata (Deville). LANCEOLATED MONKLET.

Bucco lanceolata Deville, 1849, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 1, p. 56. (Pampa del
Sacramento, mission de Sarayacu [upper Amazon].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Costa Rica (northern slope of Cordillera Cen-
tral), Panama (one record from Caribbean slope of western Veraguas) and western
Colombia (Narifio); also in South America east of the Andes in eastern Colombia,
eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and western Amazonian Brazil.

Genus NONNULA Sclater
Nonnula Sclater, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1853), p. 124. Type, by
original designation, Bucco rubecula Spix.
Nonnula ruficapilla (Tschudi). GRAY-CHEEKED NUNLET.

Lypornix ruficapilla Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 300. (Republica
Peruana = Vitoc Valley, Peru.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings and second-growth
woodland (Tropical Zone).

376 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident [frontalis group] in central and eastern Panama (west
to northern Coclé and the Canal Zone) and northern Colombia; and [ruficapilla
group] in eastern Peru and western Brazil.

Notes.—The two groups are often regarded as distinct species, N. frontalis
(Sclater, 1854) [GRAY-CHEEKED NUNLET] and WN. ruficapilla [RUFOUS-CAPPED
NUNLET].

Genus MONASA Vieillot

Monasa Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 27. Type, by monotypy, ““Coucou noir
de Cayenne” Buffon = Cuculus ater Boddaertt.

Monasa morphoeus (Hahn and Kiister). WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD.

Bucco Morpheus ““Wagler’” Hahn and Kiister, 1823, V6gel Asien, Afr., etc.,
lief. 14, pl. 2 and text. (Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land, and plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Caribbean lowlands of eastern Honduras (Olan-
cho), Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama (western Bocas del Toro); and
from eastern Panama (both slopes, west to the Canal Zone), northern and western
Colombia, and southwestern Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil.

Family GALBULIDAE: Jacamars

Genus BRACHYGALBA Bonaparte

Brachygalba Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 129. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Galbula albogularis Spix.

Brachygalba salmoni Sclater and Salvin. DUSKY-BACKED JACAMAR.

Brachygalba salmoni Sclater and Salvin, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
535. (Rio Neche [=Nechi], Antioquia, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge, especially near streams (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién) and north-
western Colombia.

Notes.—B. salmoni and three South American species, B. albogularis (Spix,
1824), B. goeringi Sclater and Salvin, 1869, and B. /ugubris (Swainson, 1838),
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus GALBULA Brisson
Galbula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 42; 4, p. 86. Type, by tautonymy,
Galbula Brisson = Alcedo galbula Linnaeus.
Galbula ruficauda Cuvier. RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR.

Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., 1 (1816), p. 420. Based on
Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Paradis Rolliers, 2, pl. 50, (Guiana.)

ORDER PICIFORMES a7

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, dense second growth, plantations
and thick scrub, especially near streams (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [melanogenia group] from Veracruz and northern Oa-
xaca south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America (except the Yucatan
Peninsula) to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)
and western Panama (western Chiriqui and western Bocas del Toro), and in eastern
Panama (Darién), western Colombia and western Ecuador; and [ruficauda group]
from eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and eastern Darién), northern
Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south to eastern
Colombia, and from Amazonian Brazil south to northern Bolivia, northeastern
Argentina, Paraguay and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— The form melanogenia is regarded by some authors as a species, G.
melanogenia Sclater, 1853 [BLACK-CHINNED JACAMAR], distinct from G. ruficauda:
intergradation between the two occurs in eastern Panama and northwestern Co-
lombia. G. ruficauda appears to be part of a large superspecies including the
following South American allospecies: G. ga/bula (Linnaeus, 1766); G. tombacea
Spix, 1824: G. cyanescens Deville, 1849; and G. pastazae Taczanowski and Ber-
lepsch, 1885.

Genus JACAMEROPS Lesson

Jacamerops Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 3, p. 234. Type, by mono-
typy, Alcedo grandis Gmelin = Alcedo aurea Miiller.

Jacamerops aurea (Miiller). GREAT JACAMAR.

Alcedo aurea P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 94. Based on the
‘Long-tailed Kingfisher’”’ Vosmaer, Beschr. Missch. Am. Langst. Ys-Vogel.
(Berbice, British Guiana.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, shaded forest edge, and (rarely) dense second
growth, often near streams (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope west to the Sarapiqui
region) and Panama (both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of
the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Suborder PICI: Barbets, Woodpeckers and Allies

Family CAPITONIDAE: Barbets

Genus CAPITO Vieillot
Capito Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 27. Type, by monotypy, “‘Tamatia 4 téte
et gorge rouges” Buffon = Bucco niger P. L. S. Miiller.
Capito maculicoronatus Lawrence. SPOT-CROWNED BARBET.

Capito maculicoronatus Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p.
300. (Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad = Canal Zone.)

378 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (west to Veraguas on the Caribbean slope
and to eastern Panama province on the Pacific) and western Colombia.

Notes.—C. maculicoronatus and C. sqguamatus Salvin. 1876. appear to consti-
tute a superspecies. -

Genus EUBUCCO Bonaparte

Eubucco Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 142. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Capito richardsoni G. R. Gray.

Eubucco bourcierii (Lafresnaye). RED-HEADED BARBET.

Micropogon Bourcierii Lafresnaye. 1845. Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 8. p. 179. (Bo-
gota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge. second growth and clearings (upper Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
Central) and Panama (recorded east to Veraguas. in San Blas, and in eastern
Darién); and in South America in the Andes from Colombia and western Vene-
zuela south to northeastern Peru.

Notes.—E. bourcierii and the closely related E. tucinkae (Seilern, 1913) of
southeastern Peru constitute a superspecies.

Genus SEMNORNIS Richmond

Tetragonops Anonymous [=Jardine] (not Gerstacker, Feb./Mch. 1855. Co-
leoptera) Oct. 1855, Edinburgh New Philos. J., new ser.. 2. p. 404. Type.
by monotypy, Tetragonops ramphastinus Jardine.

Pan (not Oken. 1816, Mammalia) Richmond, 1899, Auk, 16, p. 77. New
name for Tetragonops Jardine, preoccupied.

Semnornis Richmond, 1900, Auk. 17. p. 179. New name for Pan Richmond,
preoccupied.

Semnornis frantzii (Sclater). PRONG-BILLED BARBET.

Tetragonops frantzii Sclater, 1864, Ibis, p. 371, pl. 10. (in int. reipubl. Costa
Rica = near San José. Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge. open woodland and pastures with
scattered trees (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Tilaran, and primarily on the Caribbean slope) and western Panama (east to
Veraguas).

Family RAMPHASTIDAE: Toucans

Genus AULACORHYNCHUS Gould

Aulacorhynchus Gould. 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1834), p. 147. Type.
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), A. sulcatus (Swains.) =
Pteroglossus sulcatus Swainson.

ORDER PICIFORMES 379

Aulacorhynchus prasinus (Gould). EMERALD TOUCANET.

Pteroglossus prasinus “Licht.” Gould, 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 78.
(México = Valle Real.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings and open woodland (upper Trop-
ical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident [prasinus group] in the highlands of Middle America
from San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Quintana
Roo south through Central America to north-central Nicaragua, and in the Andes
of South America from Colombia and western Venezuela south to eastern Peru:
and [caeruleogularis group] in Costa Rica and Panama (east to Coclé and western
Panama province, and in eastern Darién).

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes recognized as separate species, 4. pra-
sinus and A. caeruleogularis (Gould, 1854) [BLUE-THROATED TOUCANET].

Genus PTEROGLOSSUS Illiger

Pteroglossus Mlliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 202. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ramphastos aracari Linnaeus.

Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin). COLLARED ARACARI.

Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 354. Based in part
on “Le Toucan a collier du Mexique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 421, and
the “Collared Toucan” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 330. (in novae
Hispaniae maritimis = Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland,
second growth and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas and the Yucatan Pen-
insula south along both slopes of Middle America (except the Pacific slope in
Costa Rica and Panama from the Gulf of Nicoya east to western Panama province),
and in northern South America from Colombia east to northern Venezuela and
south to western Ecuador.

Notes.— P. torquatus and P. frantzii are closely related and considered conspe-
cific by some authors (for contrary opinion, see Slud, 1964, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 128, pp. 184-185). South American populations of P. torquatus are treated
by some authors as distinct species, P. sanguineus Gould, 1854 [STRIPE-BILLED
ARACARI], a form that ranges into extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién), and
P. erythropygius Gould, 1843 [PALE-BILLED ARACARI], although forquatus and
sanguineus freely interbreed in a narrow zone in northwestern Colombia. This
entire group, along with the South American P. castanotis Gould, 1834, P. aracari
(Linnaeus, 1758) and P. pleuricinctus Gould, 1836, appears to constitute a su-
perspecies.

Pteroglossus frantzii Cabanis. FIERY-BILLED ARACARI.

Pteroglossus Frantzii Cabanis, 1861, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde
Berlin, 13 November. (Costa Rica = Aguacate, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, forest edge, clearings, plantations and
second-growth woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

380 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribdution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica (west to the Gulf of
Nicoya) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).
Notes.—See comments under P. torquatus.

Genus SELENIDERA Gould

Selenidera Gould, 1837, Icones Avium, pt. 1, pl. [7] and text. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), S. gouldii (Natt.) = Pteroglossus
gouldii Natterer.

Selenidera spectabilis Cassin. YELLOW-EARED TOUCANET.

Selenidera spectabilis Cassin, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9, p.
214. (Cucuyos de Veragua, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings and, less frequently, second
growth and open woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (west to the Sula
Valley), Nicaragua, Costa Rica (locally on Pacific drainage), Panama (also in Pacific
lowlands but less widely distributed there than on Caribbean slope) and north-
western Colombia.

Notes.— All six recognized species of the genus, which includes the South Amer-
ican forms S. maculirostris (Lichtenstein, 1823), S. gouldii (Natterer, 1837), S.
reinwardtii (Wagler, 1827), S. nattereri (Gould, 1835) and S. culik (Wagler, 1827),
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus RAMPHASTOS Linnaeus

Ramphastos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 103. Type, by subsequent
designation (Vigors, 1826), Ramphastos erythrorhynchus Gmelin = Ram-
phastos tucanus Linnaeus.

Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson. KEEL-BILLED TOUCAN.

Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 3, p. 173. (le
Mexique = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second-
growth woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern San
Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yu- _
catan Peninsula south to Honduras, on both slopes (although locally distributed
on the Pacific) of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and in northern Colombia
and northwestern Venezuela.

Notes.—R. sulfuratus and the South American species R. dicolorus Linnaeus,
1776, R. vitellinus Lichtenstein, 1823, and R. brevis appear to constitute a su-
perspecies.

[Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee. CHOCO TOUCAN.] See Appen-
dix B.

Ramphastos swainsonii Gould. CHESTNUT-MANDIBLED TOUCAN.

Ramphastos Swainsonii Gould, 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 69. (in
montosis Columbiz = mountains of Colombia.)

ORDER PICIFORMES 381

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and clearings (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Honduras (Olancho, Mosquitia), Nicaragua
(Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest and most of central
plateau), Panama (absent from Pacific slope from eastern Chiriqui east io western
Panama province) and northern Colombia.

Notes.— R. swainsonii and the South American R. ambiguus Swainson, 1823,
are sometimes considered conspecific; with a single species concept, YEL-
LOW-BREASTED TOUCAN is the appropriate English name. These two allospecies
plus the South American R. tucanus Linnaeus, 1758, appear to constitute a su-
perspecies.

Family PICIDAE: Woodpeckers and Allies
Subfamily JY NGINAE: Wrynecks

Genus J YNX Linnaeus

Jynx Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 112. Type, by monotypy, Jynx
torquilla Linnaeus.

Jynx torquilla Linnaeus. EURASIAN WRYNECK. [415.1.]

Jynx Torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 112. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open woodland and second growth from
northern Eurasia south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region and
central Asia, and winters from central Eurasia south to northern tropical Africa,
India, Southeast Asia, southern China and southern Japan.

Accidental in Alaska (Wales, 8 September 1945; Bailey, 1947, Auk, 64, p. 456)
and Formosa.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the WRYNECK.

Subfamily PICUMNINAE: Piculets
Tribe PICUMNINI: Typical Piculets

Genus PICUMNUS Temminck

Picumnus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 62, text to pl. 371. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Picus minutissimus (Gm.) =
Picumnus buffoni Lafresnaye = Picus exilis Lichtenstein.

Picumnus olivaceus Lafresnaye. OLIVACEOUS PICULET.

Picumnus olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 7. (Bogota,
Colombia.)

Habitat.—Open woodland with dense undergrowth, forest edge, brushy clear-
ings, dense second growth, and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala,
Honduras and Nicaragua, in southwestern Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce region) and

382 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Panama (Pacific slope from Chiriqui to Los Santos, and both slopes from Canal
Zone eastward), and in northern South America from Colombia east to north-
western Venezuela and south to western Ecuador.

Tribe NESOCTITINI: Antillean Piculets

Genus NESOCTITES Hargitt

Nesoctites Hargitt, 1890, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 18, pp. xv, 8, 552. Type, by
original designation, Picumnus micromegas Sundevall.

Nesoctites micromegas (Sundevall). ANTILLEAN PICULET.

Picumnus micromegas Sundevall, 1866, Consp. Avium Picinarum, p. 95.
(Brazil, error = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, from lowland to montane situations, most
commonly in semi-arid habitats, less frequently in humid ones.
Distribution. — Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).

Subfamily PICINAE: Woodpeckers

Genus MELANERPES Swainson

Melanerpes Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
2 (1831), pp. 300, 303, 310, 316. Type, by monotypy, Picus erythrocephalus
Linnaeus. ;

Centurus Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 310. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), C. carolinus (L.) = Picus carolinus Linnaeus.

Tripsurus Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 311. Type, by monotypy, T.
flavifrons Spix, pl. 52 = Picus flavifrons Vieillot.

Asyndesmus Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17, p. 55. Type,
by original designation, Picus torquatus Wilson = Picus lewis Gray.

Balanosphyra Ridgway, 1911, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 34. Type, by
original designation, Picus formicivorus Swainson.

Chryserpes W. Miller, 1915, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 517. Type, by
original designation, Picus striatus Miiller.

Melanerpes lewis. (Gray). LEwIs’ WOODPECKER. [408.]

Picus torquatus (not Boddaert, 1783) Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 31,
pl. 20, fig. 3. (No locality given = Montana, about lat. 46°N.)

Picus Lewis ““Drapfiez].”” G. R. Gray, 1849, Genera Birds, 3, app., p. 22. New
name for Picus torquatus Wilson, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Open forest and woodland, often logged or burned, including oak,
coniferous forest (primarily ponderosa pine), riparian woodland and orchards,
less commonly in pinyon-juniper.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia (including Vancouver
Island), southwestern Alberta, Montana, southwestern South Dakota and north-
western Nebraska south to south-central California (San Luis Obispo and Kern
counties), central Arizona, southern New Mexico and eastern Colorado.

Winters from northern Oregon (rarely southern British Columbia), southern

ORDER PICIFORMES 383

Idaho, central Colorado and south-central Nebraska south irregularly to northern
Baja California, Sonora (including Isla Tiburon), northern Chihuahua, southern
New Mexico and western Texas.

Casual east to central and southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Min-
nesota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and central
Texas. Accidental in Rhode Island and Massachusetts.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Asyndesmus.

Melanerpes herminieri (Lesson). GUADELOUPE WOODPECKER.

Picus Herminieri Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornithol., livr. 3, p. 228. (l’ Amérique
du nord, error = Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Woodland and edge, most commonly in hilly regions.
Distribution. — Resident on Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles.

Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin). PUERTO RICAN WOODPECKER.

Picus portoricensis Daudin, 1803, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris], 2, p. 286, pl.
51. (Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Woodland, and coffee and coconut plantations.
Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques Island), formerly
also in the Virgin Islands on St. Thomas.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus). RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.
[406.]

Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 113. Based on
“The Red-headed Wood-pecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 20,
pl. 20. (in America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open woodland (especially with beech or oak), open situations with
scattered trees, parks, cultivated areas and gardens.

Distribution.—Breeds from southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western
and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec (rarely), southern New Hampshire
and southern New Brunswick (at least formerly) south to central Texas, the Gulf
coast and Florida (except the southernmost portion), extending west to central
Montana, eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado and central New Mexico, rarely to
northeastern Utah. Occurs in summer (and probably breeds) in southeastern Al-
berta.

Winters regularly through the southern two-thirds of the breeding range, rarely
or casually north to the limits of the breeding range.

Casual or accidental in southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, Idaho, southeastern California (Imperial County; a deteriorated
specimen found in Los Angeles County was likely transported by car), Arizona
and the Florida Keys (Dry Tortugas).

Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson). ACORN WOODPECKER. [407.]

Picus formicivorus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 439. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

384 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Oaks, either in unmixed open woodland or mixed with conifers (Sub-
tropical to Temperate, locaily also in Tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada from north-
western Oregon south through California (including Santa Catalina and Santa
Cruz islands, and locally east of the Sierras in Lassen County) to southern Baja
California: from northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, western Texas, Nuevo
Le6én and southwestern Tamaulipas south through the highlands of Middle Amer-
ica (including also the Mosquitia of eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua)
to extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui); and in South America in the
northern Andes of Colombia.

Casual north to south-central Washington and southern Utah, and east to central
Texas.

Melanerpes chrysauchen Salvin. GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER.

Melanerpes chrysauchen Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 213. (Bo-
gaba, [Chiriqui,] Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and shaded second
growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (west to the Gulf of Nicoya)
and western Panama (Pacific slope of Chiriqui and Veraguas); also in northern
Colombia (Magdalena Valley).

Notes.—The isolated Colombian form is sometimes regarded as a distinct
species, M. pulcher Sclater, 1870. M. chrysauchen, M., pucherani, and the South
American M. flavifrons (Vieillot, 1818) and M. cruentatus (Boddaert, 1783) appear
to constitute a superspecies:; this complex is sometimes placed in the genus J7rip-
surus.

Melanerpes pucherani (Malherbe). BLACK-CHEEKED WOODPECKER.

Zebrapicus Pucherani Malherbe, 1849, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 1, p. 542.
(Tobago, error = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, partially
cleared lands, and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Mexico (Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco,
Oaxaca and Chiapas) south along the Caribbean slope of Central America to Costa
Rica (where also rare and local on the Pacific drainage in the northwest), and in
Panama (Caribbean slope throughout and on the Pacific from Veraguas eastward),
Colombia (the Pacific slope and lower Cauca Valley) and western Ecuador (Pacific
lowlands).

Notes.—Also known as PUCHERAN’S WOODPECKER. See comments under M.
chrysauchen.

Melanerpes striatus (Miiller). HISPANIOLAN WOODPECKER.

Picas [sic] striatus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 91. (Santo
Domingo.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, mangroves, orchards and desert scrub.
Distribution. — Resident on Hispaniola.

ORDER PICIFORMES 385

Notes.—Sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Chryserpes; other authors
would treat this and all following species of Me/anerpes in the genus Centurus.

Melanerpes radiolatus (Wagler). JAMAICAN WOODPECKER.

Picus radiolatus Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium., 1, Genus Picus, sp. 39. (Ja-
maica.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, from lowlands to mountains, and from
plantations to humid forest.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.—See comments under M™. striatus.

Melanerpes chrysogenys (Vigors). GOLDEN-CHEEKED WOODPECKER.

Picus chrysogenys Vigors, 1839, in Beechey, Zool. Voy. “Blossom,” p. 24.
(No locality given = either Mazatlan, Sinaloa, or San Blas or Tepic, Nay-
arit.)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland and plantations, in humid or semi-arid sit-
uations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa south in the Pacific lowlands to Oaxaca
(east to Bahia Santa Cruz), and in the interior of western Mexico to eastern
Michoacan, northern Guerrero, Morelos and extreme southwestern Puebla.

Notes.—See comments under ™. striatus.

Melanerpes hypopolius (Wagler). GRAY-BREASTED WOODPECKER.

Picus hypopolius Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 514. (México = Tehuacan
and Tecuapan, Puebla.)

Habitat.— Scrub and open woodland, generaily in arid and serni-arid situations
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from northwestern Guerrero, the state of México, Tlax-
cala and Puebla south on the Pacific slope to central Oaxaca (east to vicinity of
San Pedro Totolapan).

Notes.— Although considered conspecific with M. uropygialis by a few authors,
M. hypopolius rather appears to be more closely related to M. chrysogenys. See
also comments under ™. striatus.

Melanerpes pygmaeus (Ridgway). RED-VENTED WOODPECKER.

Centurus rubriventris pygm@us Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8, p.
576. (Cozumel Island.)

Habitat.— Coastal scrub, deciduous forest and second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island),
in Belize (vicinity of Belize City), and on Guanaja Island (in the Bay Islands, off
Honduras).

Notes.— Also known as YUCATAN WOODPECKER. VM. pygmaeus and M. rubri-
capillus are closely related and considered conspecific by some authors; they con-
stitute a superspecies. See also comments under . striatus.

386 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Melanerpes rubricapillus (Cabanis). RED-CROWNED WOODPECKER.

Centurus rubricapillus Cabanis, 1862, J. Ornithol., 10, p. 328. (Barranquilla,
Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, scrub, second growth, partially cleared lands, plan-
tations, parks, gardens and mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southwestern Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talaman-
ca southward) south and east through Panama (both slopes, including Isla Coiba,
the Pearl Islands, and other small islets off the Pacific coast), northern Colombia
and northern Venezuela (also islands of Margarita, Patos and Tobago) to Guyana
and Surinam.

Notes.—See comments under M. pygmaeus and M. striatus.

Melanerpes hoffmannii (Cabanis). HOFFMANN’S WOODPECKER.
Centurus Hoffmannii Cabanis, 1862, J. Ornithol., 10, p. 322. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, scrub, savanna, agricultural lands and parks, most
frequently in arid and semi-arid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of southern Honduras (Rio Pes-
pire southeastward) and Nicaragua, and in Costa Rica in the arid northwest (Guan-
acaste) and central plateau (Cordillera Central area, locally on the Caribbean
drainage).

Notes. — Hybridizes locally with M. aurifrons along the Rio Pespire in southern
Honduras, and considered conspecific with the latter by some authors. See also
comments under M. striatus and M. aurifrons.

Melanerpes uropygialis (Baird). GILA WOODPECKER. [41 1.]

Centurus uropygialis Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
120. (Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River, New Mexico [=Arizona].)

Habitat.— Desert (especially saguaro and other large cacti), semi-desert, riparian
woodland and towns, in arid regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southeastern California (Imperial and lower Col-
orado River valleys), extreme southern Nevada (opposite Fort Mohave, Arizona),
central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south through Baja California,
Sonora (including Isla Tibur6n), southwestern Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nay-
arit and Zacatecas to Jalisco and Aguascalientes.

Notes.—See comments under ™. striatus, M. hypopolius and M. aurifrons.

Melanerpes aurifrons (Wagler). GOLDEN-FRONTED WOODPECKER. [410.]

Picus aurifrons “Lichtenst.”’ Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 512. (México =
Ismiquilpam, Hidalgo.)

Habitat.— Open woodland (including pine), scrub, semi-desert, second growth,
towns and parks, in both arid and humid habitats but generally avoiding very
humid regions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southwestern Oklahoma and north-central Texas
south through central Texas (west to the Big Bend region), Mexico (west to central
Chihuahua, eastern Durango, Zacatecas, central Jalisco and Michoacan, and in-

ORDER PICIFORMES 387

cluding Cozumel Island), Guatemala, Belize (including Turneffe Islands), El Sal-
vador and Honduras (including Utila, Roatan and Barbareta islands in the Bay
Islands, but absent from northeastern Honduras and from the Pacific lowlands
east of the Rio Pespire) to north-central Nicaragua.

Casual in southeastern New Mexico (sight reports). Accidental in Michigan
(Cheboygan) and Florida (Pensacola).

Notes.— Hybridizes locally with M. uropygialis in western Mexico. M. aurifrons,
M. carolinus, M. hoffmannii, M. uropygialis and M. superciliaris appear to con-
stitute a superspecies. See also comments under ™. striatus and M. hoffmannii.

Melanerpes carolinus (Linnaeus). RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. [409.]

Picus carolinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 113. Based on the
““Red-bellied Wood-pecker”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 19, pl. 19.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open woodland (primarily deciduous, less commonly coniferous),
second growth, riverine forest, swamps, parks and towns.

Distribution. — Resident from southeastern Minnesota, south-central Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York and Massachusetts south
to central Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the Florida Keys),
and west to Iowa, eastern Nebraska, western Kansas, central Oklahoma and north-
central Texas.

Casual north to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, northeastern Mon-
tana, southern Manitoba, southern Quebec, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia,
and west to eastern New Mexico.

Notes.—See comments under M. striatus and M. aurifrons.

Melanerpes superciliaris (Temminck). WEST INDIAN WOODPECKER.
Picus superciliaris Temminck, 1827, Planches Color., livr. 73, pl 433. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Woodland and palm groves.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco and San Sal-
vador), and on Cuba (including cayos de San Felipe, Largo and Cantiles), the Isle
of Pines and Grand Cayman.

Notes.— Also known as GREAT or WEST INDIAN RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. See
comments under M. striatus and M. aurifrons.

Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird

Sphyrapicus Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xvili, xxvili, 80, 101. Type, by original designation, Picus
varius Linnaeus.

Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus). YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. [402.]

Picus varius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 176. Based mainly on
“The yellow belly’d Wood-pecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 21,
pl. 21. Gn America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous forest (varius group), or
primarily coniferous forest including aspen (nuchalis group), in migration and

388 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

winter also in a variety of forest and open woodland habitats, parks, orchards and
gardens.

Distribution. — Breeds [varius group] from extreme eastern Alaska, southwestern
Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, north-central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island),
southern Labrador and central Newfoundland south to northeastern British Co-
lumbia, central Alberta, central and southeastern Saskatchewan, eastern North
Dakota, eastern South Dakota, Iowa, northeastern Missouri, central Illinois, north-
western Indiana, northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, northwestern Connecticut,
western Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and locally in the Appalachians south
to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; and [nuchalis group] in the
Rocky Mountain region from south-central British Columbia, southwestern Al-
berta and western Montana south, east of the Cascades, to east-central California,
southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico and extreme western
Texas (Davis and Guadalupe mountains).

Winters [varius group] from Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, the Ohio Valley and
New Jersey (rarely farther north) south through Texas, the southeastern United
States, Middle America (except northwestern Mexico north of Sinaloa and west
of Coahuila), the Bahamas and the Antilles (south to Dominica, but rare east of
Hispaniola and in the Lesser Antilles) to central Panama (east to the Canal Zone)
and the Netherlands Antilles; and [nuchalis group] from southern California (cas-
ually from Oregon), southern Nevada, central Arizona and central New Mexico
south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, Durango, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.

Casual or accidental [varius group] in south-coastal Alaska, California, Arizona,
New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Bermuda and Greenland; and [nuchalis group]
in Saskatchewan, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, southwestern Louisiana, Gua-
temala and Honduras.

Notes.—Some authors consider S. nuchalis Baird, 1858 [RED-NAPED SAPSUCK-
ER, 402.1], as a species distinct from S. varius; others consider S. ruber to be
conspecific with S. varius. Limited and localized hybridization occurs among the
three groups. The entire complex constitutes a superspecies. See also comments
under S. thyroideus.

Sphyrapicus ruber (Gmelin). RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER. [403.]

Picus ruber Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 429. Based on the ““Red-breasted
Woodpecker” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 562. Gn Cayenna, error =
Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island.)

Habitat.— Aspen-pine association and coniferous forest, including humid coast-
al lowlands, in migration and winter also in open woodland and parks.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska, and coastal and central interior
British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), south,
west of the Cascades, to northwestern California (Mendocino County), and in the
Sierra Nevada to east-central California (Kern County) and extreme western Ne-
vada (Lake Tahoe region); and locally in the mountains of southern California
(from Mount Pinos to the San Jacinto Mountains) and southern Nevada. Recorded
in summer (and possibly breeding) in western Arizona (Mohave County).

Winters throughout the breeding range (except for interior British Columbia)
and south through most of California (west of the deserts) to northern Baja Cal-
ifornia.

ORDER PICIFORMES 389

Casual in south-coastal Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) and southern Arizona.
Notes.—See comments under SS. varius.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin). WILLIAMSON’S SAPSUCKER. [404.]

Picus thyroideus Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5 (1851),
p. 349. (California = Georgetown, about twelve miles from Sutter’s Mill,
Eldorado County, California.)

Habitat.— Montane coniferous forest, especially fir and lodgepole pine, in mi-
gration and winter also in lowland forest.

Distribution.— Breeds from extreme southern interior British Columbia, Idaho,
western Montana and Wyoming south in the mountains to northern and east-
central California (also locally in southern California from Ventura to San Diego
counties), central Arizona and southern New Mexico, probably also in northern
Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir).

Winters generally from the breeding range (extending to lower elevations) south
to northern Baja California, Jalisco and Michoacan, and east to western Texas,
Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas.

Casual or accidental east to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, Okla-
homa (Cimarron County) and west-central Texas, also sight reports from Min-
nesota, South Dakota, Kansas and east-central Texas.

Notes.—S. thyroideus occasionally hybridizes with S. varius (nuchalis).

Genus XIPHIDIOPICUS Bonaparte

Xiphidiopicus Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 126. Type, by monotypy,
Picus percussus Temminck.

Xiphidiopicus percussus (Temminck). CUBAN GREEN WOODPECKER.

Picus percussus Temminck, 1826, Planches Color., livr. 66, pl. 390, 424.
(Cuba.)

Habitat.— Woodland, forest edge and gardens, in both humid and arid areas.
Distribution.— Resident on Cuba (including Cayo Cantiles and Jardines de la
Reina) and the Isle of Pines.

Genus PICOIDES Lacépéde

Picoides Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 7. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Picus tridactylus Linnaeus.

Dendrocopos C. L. Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1, pp. xxvii, 72, pl. 1A,
fig. a. Type, by subsequent designation (Hargitt, 1890), D. major = Picus
major Linnaeus.

Dryobates Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, p. 977. Type, by monotypy, Picus
pubescens Linnaeus.

Phrenopicus Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 123. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Picus querulus Wilson = Picus borealis
Vieillot.

Xenopicus Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xvili, xxviil, 83, 96. Type, by monotypy, Leuconerpes
albolarvatus Cassin.

390 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Picoides scalaris (Wagler). LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER. [396.]

Picus scalaris Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 511. (Mexico = central Ve-
racruz.)

Habitat.— Deserts, arid scrub, riparian woodland, pinyon-juniper woodland,
pine-oak association and pine savanna (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern interior California (north to Los Angeles
and Kern counties), southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, northwestern and cen-
tral Arizona, central and northeastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, south-
western Kansas and western Oklahoma south through Texas (except the eastern
portion) and most of Mexico (including Baja California, islands in the Gulf of
California, the Tres Marias Islands, and Holbox and Cancun islands off Quintana
Roo) to Chiapas, the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize; and locally in Honduras (the
interior, Pacific lowlands, and presumably the Mosquitia in the northeast) and
northeastern Nicaragua (Mosquitia).

Casual in south-central California and eastern Texas, and on Cozumel Island
(off Quintana Roo).

Notes.—P. scalaris and P. nuttallii hybridize sporadically and constitute a su-
perspecies.

Picoides nuttallii (Gambel). NUTTALL’S WOODPECKER. [397.]

Picus Nuttalii [sic] Gambel, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1, p.
259. (near the Pueblo de los Angelos [sic], Upper California = Los Angeles,
California.)

Habitat.—Oak woodland, chaparral and riparian (especially willow-cotton-
wood) woodland.

Distribution.— Resident from northern California (Humboldt County) south,
west of the deserts and the Sierra divide, to northwestern Baja California.

Casual or accidental in southern Oregon (possibly breeds), southeastern Cali-
fornia (Salton Sea) and Arizona (Phoenix).

Notes.—See comments under P. scalaris.

Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus). DOWNY WOODPECKER. [394.]

Picus pubescens Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 175. Based on ““The
smaller Spotted Woodpecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 21, pl.
21. Gn America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, second
growth, parks, orchards and riparian woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, southern Yukon, south-
western Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba,
northern Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island) and Newfound-
land south to southern California (except the southeastern deserts), central Ari-
zona, south-central New Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf coast and southern
Florida (except the Florida Keys).

Winters throughout the breeding range, but more northern populations are
mostly migratory, occurring irregularly southward.

Casual on the Queen Charlotte Islands (British Columbia). Accidental in the
British Isles.

ORDER PICIFORMES 391

Picoides villosus (Linnaeus). HAIRY WOODPECKER. [393.]

Picus villosus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 175. Based on ‘‘The
Hairy Wood-pecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 19, pl. 19. (in
America septentrionali = New Jersey.)

Habitat.— Deciduous or coniferous forest, open woodland, well-wooded towns
and parks, and open situations with scattered trees (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, south-
western and south-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani-
toba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island) and New-
foundland south throughout most of North America (including the Queen
Charlotte and Vancouver islands) to northern Baja California, through the high-
lands of Middle America (except Belize) to western Panama (Chiriqui and Bocas
del Toro), and to the Gulf coast, southern Florida (except the Florida Keys) and
the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Mores Island, Abaco, New Providence and Andros).

Winters generally throughout the breeding range, with the more northern pop-
ulations partially migratory southward.

Accidental on Mona Island, off Puerto Rico (sight report).

Picoides stricklandi (Malherbe). STRICKLAND’S WOODPECKER. [398.]

Picus (Leuconotopicus) Stricklandi Malherbe, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p.
373. (du Mexique = Mt. Orizaba massif, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, primarily in oak [arizonae group] or pine [strick-
landi group], in mountains and canyons (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident [arizonae group] from southeastern Arizona (Bobo-
quivari, Santa Catalina and Pinalefio mountains) and extreme southwestern New
Mexico (Peloncillo and Animas mountains) south in the Sierra Madre Occidental
to Jalisco and Michoacan; and [stricklandi group] in the high mountains of the
state of México, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Puebla and west-central Veracruz.

Notes.— Also known as BROWN-BACKED WOODPECKER, but this name is properly
restricted to the African P. obsoletus (Wagler, 1829). The two groups have some-
times been regarded as distinct species, P. arizonae (Hargitt, 1886) [ARIZONA
WOOoODPECKER] and P. stricklandi [BROWN-BARRED WOODPECKER].

Picoides borealis (Vieillot). RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER. [395.]

Picus borealis Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 66, pl.
122. (dans le nord des Etats-Unis, error = southern United States.)

Habitat.— Open mature pine woodland, rarely in deciduous woodland near pine
or in mixed woodland.

Distribution.— Resident locally from eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri (for-
merly), northern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, northern Alabama, northern
Georgia, southeastern Virginia and southern Maryland (Dorchester County) south
to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and north in the Cumberland
Plateau through eastern Tennessee to eastern Kentucky (Daniel Boone National
Forest). Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in central Maryland (Anne
Arundel County).

Accidental in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

392 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Picoides albolarvatus (Cassin). WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER. [399.]

Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
5. p. 106. (near Sutter’s Mill, California = SEO Canyon, near George-
town, 12 miles from Sutter’s Mill.)

Habitat.— Montane coniferous forest, primarily pine and fir.

Distribution.— Resident from southern interior British Columbia (Anarchist
Mountains), north-central Washington and northern Idaho south through Oregon
(east of the Cascades) to southern California (absent from the humid coastal
coniferous forest) and west-central Nevada.

Casual in coastal and desert areas of southern California.

Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus). THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. [401.]

Picus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 114. (in Svecia ad
Alpes Lapponicas. Dalekarlicas . .. = mountains of Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest (primarily spruce). less frequently mixed conifer-
ous-deciduous forest, occasionally in willow thickets along streams.

Distribution.— Resident, often locally. in North America from northwestern and
central Alaska. central Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern
Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern
Labrador and Newfoundland south to western and southern Alaska, southern
British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), central Washington and southern
Oregon, in the Rocky Mountains to eastern Nevada, central Arizona and south-
central New Mexico, and to southwestern and central Alberta, central Saskatch-
ewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota, central Ontario, northern New
York. northern Vermont. northern New Hampshire, northern Maine, northern
New Brunswick and southern Quebec (Anticosti Island); and in Eurasia from
northern Scandinavia. northern Russia and northern Siberia south to northern
Mongolia. Manchuria, Ussuriland, northern Korea. Sakhalin and Japan, also lo-
cally in the mountains of southern Europe and western China.

Wanders casually or irregularly north to southwestern Keewatin, and south to
Nebraska, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia.

Notes.— Also known as NORTHERN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Picoides arcticus (Swainson). BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER. [400.]

Picus (Apternus) arcticus Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 313. (near the sources of the Athabasca River, lat.
57° [N.]. on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest (primarily spruce and fir), especially windfalls and
burned areas with standing dead trees, less frequently in mixed coniferous-decid-
uous forest, in winter rarely in deciduous woodland.

Distribution. — Resident, often locally. from western and central Alaska, south-
ern Yukon, west-central and southern Mackenzie. northern Saskatchewan, north-
ern Manitoba, northern Ontario. central Quebec. central Labrador and Newfound-
land south to southeastern British Columbia, through the Cascade, Siskiyou and
Warner mountains and Sierra Nevada of Washington and Oregon to central Cal-
ifornia (about lat. 37°30’ N.) and west-central Nevada. through Montana to north-

ORDER PICIFORMES 39

western Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota, and to southwestern and
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central and southeastern Manitoba, north-
ern Minnesota, northeastern Wisconsin, north-central Michigan, southeastern On-
tario, northern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire and
northern Maine.

Wanders irregularly south in winter to Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, West Virginia, New Jersey and Delaware. An old record from Florida
is highly questionable.

Notes.— Also known as ARCTIC or BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Genus VENILIORNIS Bonaparte

Veniliornis Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 125. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Picus sanguineus Lichtenstein.

Veniliornis fumigatus (d’Orbigny). SMOKY-BROWN WOODPECKER.

Picus fumigatus d’Orbigny, 1840, Voy. Am. Mérid., 4, Ois., livr. 61, pl. 65,
fig. 1; 1847, livr. 89, p. 380. (Province of Corrientes, Argentina in lat. 28°S.,
and Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Province of Chiquitos in Bolivia = Yungas,
Bolivia.)

Habitat.— Second-growth woodland, humid forest edge, clearings, tall thickets,
and coffee plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit, Jalisco, the state of México, San Luis
Potosi and Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America to western
Panama (east to Veraguas); and from extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién)
east through Colombia to northern Venezuela, and south along the western slope
of the Andes to western Peru and the eastern slope to eastern Peru, Bolivia and
northwestern Argentina.

Veniliornis kirkii (Malherbe). RED-RUMPED WOODPECKER.

Picus (Chloropicus) Kirkii Malherbe, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 400.
(Tobago.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, open woodland, second growth, less frequently
savanna and plantations, rarely in forest interior (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in southwestern Costa Rica (lower Térraba val-
ley) and Panama (recorded western Chiriqui, Veraguas, eastern Panama province,
Isla Coiba, eastern San Blas and eastern Darién), and in South America from
northern Colombia east to northern Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad), and
south, west of the Andes, to western Ecuador.

Notes.— V. kirkii and the South American V. affinis (Swainson, 1821), V. ma-
culifrons (Spix, 1824) and V. cassinii (Malherbe, 1861) appear to constitute a
superspecies.

Genus PICULUS Spix

Piculus Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. [3] of index. Type, by
subsequent designation (Oberholser, 1923), Piculus macrocephalus Spix =
Picus chrysochloros Vieillot.

394 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Piculus leucolaemus (Natterer and Malherbe). RUFOUS-WINGED Woop-
PECKER.

Picus leucolemus Natterer and Malherbe, 1845, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Liége, 2,
p. 68. (Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings. open wood-
land, second growth and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [simplex group] on the Caribbean slope of Honduras
(east of the Sula Valley) and Nicaragua, in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and Pacific
southwest) and, at least formerly, in western Panama (east to Veraguas): [ca/llop-
terus group] on both slopes of Panama (on the Caribbean from Veraguas eastward.
the Pacific from eastern Panama province eastward): and [/euwcolaemus group] in
South America west of the Andes from western Colombia south to northwestern
Ecuador, and east of the Andes from eastern Colombia south to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia and western Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— The three groups are often recognized as distinct species, P. simplex
(Salvin, 1870) [RUFOUS-WINGED WooppPeECKER], P. callopterus (Lawrence, 1862)
[STRIPE-CHEEKED WOODPECKER] and P. leucolaemus [WHITE-THROATED Woop-
PECKER], or as two species, P. simplex as one, with callopterus regarded as a
subspecies of P. leucolaemus.

Piculus chrysochloros (Vieillot). GOLDEN-GREEN WOODPECKER.

Picus chrysochloros Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 26, p.
98. Based on “Carpintero Verde dorado” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax,
Parag., 2, p. 318 (no. 256). (Paraguay and Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, open woodland, swampy forest, and open
situations with scattered trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and
eastern Darién) east across northern Colombia and northwestern and southern
Venezuela to the Guianas, and south, east of the Andes, to northeastern Peru.
thence east across Brazil (generally south of the Rio Negro and the Amazon) and
south to southeastern Bolivia, north-central Argentina, Paraguay and southeastern
Brazil.

Notes.—P. chrysochloros and the South American P. aurulentus (Temminck,
1823) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Piculus rubiginosus (Swainson). GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER.

Picus rubiginosus Swainson, 1820, Zool. Illus., ser. 1, 1 (3), pl. 14 and text.
(“Spanish Main” = Caracas, Venezuela.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, second growth, pine-oak association,
scrub and pine savanna, primarily in humid situations, less frequently in arid
habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [aeruginosus group] from southern Nuevo Léon and
Tamaulipas south through eastern San Luis Potosi to northeastern Puebla and
northern Veracruz (reports from Guerrero and Oaxaca are erroneous); and [ru-
biginosus group] from eastern Oaxaca, eastern Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas and
the Yucatan Peninsula south along both slopes of Middle America, and in South

ORDER PICIFORMES 395

America from Colombia east through Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) to
the Guianas and south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.

Notes.— The two groups are often regarded as distinct species, P. aeruginosus
(Malherbe, 1862) [BRONZE-WINGED WoopPECKER] and P. rubiginosus. P. rubigi-
nosus and P. auricularis constitute a superspecies; some authors consider them
conspecific.

Piculus auricularis (Salvin and Godman). GRAY-CROWNED WOODPECKER.

Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin and Godman, 1889, Ibis, p. 381. (Xautipa,
Sierra Madre del Sur in the State of Guerrero.)

Habitat.— Open lowland and foothill forest, humid montane forest and pine-
oak association (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from southeastern Sonora south to
Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

Notes.—See comments under P. rubiginosus.

Genus COLAPTES Vigors

Colaptes Vigors, 1826, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 14, p. 457 (note). Type,
by original designation, Cucu/us auratus Linnaeus.

Chrysoptilus Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
2 (1831), p. 300. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), C.
cayanensis (Gm.) Swainson, pl. enl. 613 = Picus punctigula Boddaertt.

Nesoceleus Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., pp. 101,
155. Type, by original designation, Colaptes fernandinae Vigors.

Colaptes punctigula (Boddaert). SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER.

Picus punctigula Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 37. Based on
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 613. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, mangroves, palm savanna, humid
forest edge, and open situations with scattered trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (on the Pacific slope from eastern Panama
province east to Darién), and in South America from northern Colombia, Ven-
ezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia,
and western and central Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—C. punctigula and the South American C. melanochloros (Gmelin,
1788) appear to constitute a superspecies. This species is often placed in the genus
Chrysoptilus.

Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN FLICKER. [412.]

Cuculus auratus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 112. Based on “The
Golden-winged Wood-pecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 18, pl.
18. (in Carolina = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest, both deciduous and coniferous, open woodland, open situ-
ations with scattered trees and snags, riparian woodland, pine-oak association,

396 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

parks and (chrysoides group) desert, primarily with saguaro or other large cacti
present (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [auratus group] from central Alaska, central Yukon,
northwestern and southern Mackenzie. northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
north-central Quebec, south-central Labrador and Newfoundland south through
central and eastern British Columbia, west-central and southwestern Alberta,
eastern Montana and eastern North America (east of the Rocky Mountains) to
central and eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the
upper Florida Keys): and [cafer group] from southeastern Alaska, coastal and
southern British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver is-
lands). west-central and southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south
(from the western edge of the Great Plains westward) to northern Baja California
(formerly also on Guadalupe Island). the Mexican border and western Texas, and
in the interior highlands of Mexico to Oaxaca and west-central Veracruz (west of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

Winters [auratus group] from southern Canada (rarely to the northern limits of
the breeding range) south through the remainder of the breeding range to southern
Texas. the Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the Florida Keys). rarely
to the Pacific states from Washington south to California and Arizona: and [cafer
group] generally throughout the breeding range and east to eastern Kansas. eastern
Oklahoma, and eastern and southern Texas, the northern populations being largely
migratory.

Resident [chrysocaulosus group] in Cuba and on Grand Cayman: [chrysoides
group] from southeastern California, northeastern Baja California and central
Arizona south to southern Baja California and through Sonora (including Isla
Tibur6n) to northern Sinaloa: and [7mexicanoides group] in the highlands of Middle
America from Chiapas south through Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to
north-central Nicaragua.

Casual [auratus group] north to the Arctic and Bering coasts of Alaska, islands
in the Bering Sea, northern Quebec and Newfoundland: and [cafer group] east to
northern Alberta. southern Keewatin. Manitoba. Minnesota. Iowa, western Mis-
souri and Arkansas. Accidental [auratus group] in England: and [cafer group] in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Florida.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON FLICKER. The three northern groups have often
been treated as separate species. C. auratus [YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER, 412], C.
cafer (Gmelin, 1788) [RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. 413] and C. chrysoides (Malherbe,
1852) [GILDED FLICKER, 414]. although intergradation between them occurs; the
other two groups. which are disjunct. have been treated as races of the preceding,
mexicanoides in C. cafer and chrysocaulosus in C. auratus.

Colaptes fernandinae Vigors. FERNANDINA’S WOODPECKER.

Colaptes Fernandine Vigors, 1827. Zool. J., 3. p. 445. (near Habana, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Primarily palm groves in open, low country.
Distribution. — Resident on Cuba.
Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Nesoceleus.

Genus CELEUS Boie

Celeus Boie, 1831. Isis von Oken. col. 542. Type. by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), C. flavescens (Gm.) = Picus flavescens Gmelin.

ORDER PICIFORMES 397

Celeus loricatus (Reichenbach). CINNAMON WOODPECKER.

Meiglyptes loricatus Reichenbach, 1854, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. xii,
Scansoriae C. Picinae, p. 405, pl. DCLXXXI, fig. 4495, 4496. (Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua (one record, Eden)
and Costa Rica, and from Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, and Pacific slope
from the Canal Zone eastward) east through northern Colombia to the Magdalena
Valley, and south along the Pacific coast to northwestern Ecuador.

[Celeus immaculatus Berlepsch. IMMACULATE WOODPECKER.] See Appen-
dix B.

Celeus castaneus (Wagler). CHESTNUT-COLORED WOODPECKER.

Picus castaneus Wagler, 1829. Isis von Oken, col. 515. (No locality given =
Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second-
growth woodland, and open situations with scattered trees (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern Mexico
(Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula) south
to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro).

Notes.— C. castaneus and the South American C. elegans (P. L. S. Miiller, 1776),
C. lugubris (Malherbe, 1851) and C. flavescens (Gmelin, 1788) appear to constitute
a superspecies.

Genus DRYOCOPUS Boie

Dryocopus Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 977. Type, by monotypy, Picus
martius Linnaeus.

Hylatomus Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R.R. Pac., 9, pp. xxviil, 107. Type, by monotypy, Picus pileatus Linnaeus.

Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus). LINEATED WOODPECKER.

Picus lineatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 174. Based on “Le Pic
noir hupé de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 2. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, second growth, partially cleared lands
and plantations, rarely in dense forest, in both humid and semi-arid habitats
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southeastern Sonora, southeastern Nuevo
Leon and central Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (in-
cluding the Yucatan Peninsula and Isla Cancun), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northwestern
and northeastern Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Notes.—D. lineatus, D. pileatus and the South American D. schu/lzi (Cabanis,
1883) appear to constitute a superspecies; hybrids between D. /ineatus and D.
schulzi are known.

398 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus). PILEATED WOODPECKER. [405.]

Picus pileatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 113. Based mainly on
“The larger red-crested Wood-pecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p.
17, pl. 17. Gn America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous and coniferous forest, open woodland, second growth,
and (locally) parks and wooded residential areas of towns.

Distribution.— Resident from southern and eastern British Columbia (including
Vancouver Island), southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and
central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (in-
cluding Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (formerly) and
Nova Scotia south through Alberta (except southeastern), Washington, south-
central Idaho, western Montana and Oregon to northern California (the coast
range to Santa Cruz County, and the Sierra Nevada to Kern County), and south
(west to the eastern Dakotas, Iowa, Missouri, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma) to
east-central Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (Key Largo).

Casual in southeastern Alberta, southeastern Utah and eastern Nebraska (sight
reports from southwestern New Mexico).

Notes.—See comments under D. /ineatus.

Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray

Campephilus G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 54. Type, by original
designation, Picus principalis Linnaeus.

Phleoceastes Cabanis, 1862, J. Ornithol., 10, pp. 175, 176. Type, by original
designation, Ph. robustus (Ill. Licht.) = Picus robustus Lichtenstein.

Campephilus haematogaster (Tschudi). CRIMSON-BELLIED WOODPECKER.

Picus hematogaster Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 302. (Republica
Peruana = Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and clearings (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones, in South America also to upper Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (from Bocas del Toro on the Caribbean and
eastern Panama province on the Pacific eastward), and in South America from
Colombia south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru.

Notes.— The form in Panama and South America west of the Andes has some-
times been treated as a species, C. splendens Hargitt, 1889 [SPLENDID Woop-
PECKER], distinct from C. haematogaster.

Campephilus melanoleucos (Gmelin). CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER.

Picus melanoleucos Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 426. Based on the
“‘Buff-crested Woodpecker’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 558, pl.
25. (in Surinamo = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, second growth, open woodland,
plantations and swamps (Tropical and Subtropical, occasionally lower Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (from central Bocas del Toro and eastern

ORDER PICIFORMES 399

Chiriqui eastward), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trin-
idad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, extreme
northern Argentina, Paraguay and central Brazil.

Notes.—C. melanoleucos, C. guatemalensis and the South American C. gaya-
quilensis (Lesson, 1845) constitute a superspecies; they have been considered
conspecific by some authors.

Campephilus guatemalensis (Hartlaub). PALE-BILLED WOODPECKER.

Picus guatemalensis Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 214. (Guate-
mala.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland, second growth and
plantations, more commonly in humid habitats but occurring also in semi-arid
regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones, locally or occasionally to upper
Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southeastern Sonora, San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America to extreme
western Panama (western Bocas del Toro and western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as FLINT-BILLED Or GUATEMALAN IVORY-BILLED WoOopD-
PECKER. See comments under C. melanoleucos.

Campephilus principalis (Linnaeus). IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER. [392.]

Picus principalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 113. Based on “The
Largest White-bill Woodpecker” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 16, pl.
16. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Formerly occurred in the United States largely in mature lowland
deciduous forest, especially swamps, and less frequently in pines, in Cuba in both
montane and lower forest (pine and deciduous): in recent years reported from
secondary deciduous woodland and partially cleared pinelands.

Distribution.— Resident formerly from eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma,
northeastern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana,
Kentucky and southeastern North Carolina south to the Gulf coast and southern
Florida; and throughout Cuba.

Nearing extinction, with unverified reports in recent years from eastern Texas
(Big Thicket region), Louisiana (Atchafalaya basin), South Carolina, southern
Georgia, northern Florida and eastern Cuba (Sierra de Moa).

Notes.— The Cuban form has been considered by some authors to be a distinct
species, C. bairdii Cassin, 1863. C. principalis and C. imperialis appear to con-
stitute a superspecies.

Campephilus imperialis (Gould). IMPERIAL WOODPECKER.

Picus imperialis Gould, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Comm. Sci. Corresp..,
pt. 2, p. 140. (California, error = Jalisco.)

Habitat.— Montane pine forest and pine-oak association (upper Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident formerly from northeastern Sonora and western Chi-
huahua south through the Sierra Madre Occidental to western Durango, west-
central Zacatecas, northeastern Nayarit, central Jalisco and northern Michoacan.

400 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Unreported since 1956-1957 (sight records) and possibly extinct, but some may
survive in remote areas of Chihuahua and western Durango.
Notes.—See comments under C. principalis.

Order PASSERIFORMES: Passerine Birds

Suborder TYRANNI: Suboscines

Superfamily FURNARIOIDEA: Ovenbirds, Woodcreepers,
Antbirds and Allies

Family FURNARIIDAE: Ovenbirds

Notes.—See comments under Dendrocolaptidae.

Genus SYNALLAXIS Vieillot

Synallaxis Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 24 (1817), p.
117 (generic characters only); 1819, 32, p. 310 (species added). Type. by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot.

Synallaxis albescens Temminck. PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL.

Synallaxis albescens Temminck, 1823, Planches Color., livr. 38, pl. 227, fig.
2. (Brazil = Cimeterio do Lambari, near Sorocaba, Sao Paulo.)

Habitat.— Grasslands with scattered bushes, savanna, wet meadows and semi-
arid scrub, in South America also forest edge, coffee plantations, mangroves and
reed beds (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in southwestern Costa Rica (Térraba region and
Osa Peninsula) and on the Pacific slope of Panama (Chiriqui east to eastern
Panama province), and in South America from northern Colombia east through
Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trinidad) to the Guianas and south, east of
the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and central and south-
eastern Brazil.

Synallaxis brachyura Lafresnaye. SLATY SPINETAIL.

Synnallaxis [sic] brachyurus Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 290.
(de Colombie = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Thickets and dense undergrowth at woodland edge, ditches and stream
borders, and shrubby growth around clearings, primarily in humid habitats (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (east of the Sula
Valley) and Nicaragua, locally on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from dry
northwest) and Panama, and in western Colombia and western Ecuador: also in
east-central Brazil (southern Goias).

Notes.—The isolated population in eastern Brazil may constitute a distinct
species, S. jaraguana Pinto, 1936. S. brachyura and the South American S. al-
bigularis Sclater, 1859, appear to constitute a superspecies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 401

Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater. RUFOUS-BREASTED SPINETAIL.

Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 75, pl.
86. (in America Centrali: Coban et Honduras = Honduras.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas, shrubby growth, thickets and fencerows, in humid
habitats (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands from Veracruz, north-
ern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula south to northern Hon-
duras (east to Tela and south to Lake Yojoa); and in the Pacific lowlands from
southwestern Chiapas south to El Salvador.

Genus CRANIOLEUCA Reichenbach

Cranioleuca Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scansoriae
A. Sittinae, p. 167. Type, by monotypy, Synallaxis albiceps d’Orbigny and
Lafresnaye.

Notes.— Merged by some authors in Certhiaxis Lesson, 1844.

Cranioleuca erythrops (Sclater). RED-FACED SPINETAIL.

Synallaxis erythrops Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 66. (In rep.
Equatoriana = Pallatanga, Ecuador.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest (mostly edge and clearings) and bordering
thickets (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (from the central highlands southward),
Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Darién), and the Western and
Central Andes of Colombia and western Ecuador.

Cranioleuca vulpina (Pelzeln). RUSTY-BACKED SPINETAIL.

Synallaxis vulpina ““Natterer” Pelzeln, 1856, Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Naturwiss. KI1., 20, p. 162. (Brazil = Engeho do Gama, Rio Guaporé,
Mato Grosso.)

Habitat.— Open woodland (on Isla Coiba), in South America in reedbeds, tan-
gled undergrowth, brushy areas and savanna, often near watercourses (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [dissita group] on Isla Coiba, Panama; and [vu/pina
group] in South America from eastern Colombia and Venezuela south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— The two widely disjunct groups may represent distinct species, C. vu/-
pina and C. dissita Wetmore, 1957 [CoIBA SPINETAIL].

Genus XENERPESTES Berlepsch

Xenerpestes Berlepsch, 1886, Ibis, pp. 53, 54. Type, by monotypy, Yenerpestes
minlosi Berlepsch.

Notes.— The relationships of this peculiar genus are uncertain; the suggestion
has been made that it might be a formicariid related to Terenura or Herpsilochmus.

402 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Xenerpestes minlosi Berlepsch. DOUBLE-BANDED GRAYTAIL.

Xenerpestes minlosi Berlepsch, 1886, Ibis, pp. 53, 54, pl. 4. (near Bucara-
manga, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and Dar-
ién), and western and northern Colombia.

Notes.— Also known as DOUBLE-BANDED SOFTTAIL.

Genus PREMNOPLEX Cherrie

Premnoplex Cherrie, 1891, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 14, p. 339. Type, by original
designation, Margarornis brunnescens ‘“‘Lawr.” = Sclater.

Notes.— Merged by some authors in Margarornis.

Premnoplex brunnescens (Sclater). SPOTTED BARBTAIL.

Margarornis brunnescens Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 27, pl.
116. (Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical and lower Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera de Tilaran) and
Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro, Veraguas, western Panama province
and Darién), and in South America in the mountains of northern Venezuela (east
to Miranda) and the Andes from Colombia south to central Peru.

Notes.— P. tatei (Chapman, 1925), of northeastern Venezuela (west to Anzoa-
tegui), is regarded by some authors as conspecific with P. brunnescens; these two
species constitute a superspecies.

Genus MARGARORNIS Reichenbach

Margarornis Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scansoriae
A. Sittinae, pp. 146, 179. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
1855), Sittasomus perlatus Lesson.

Notes.—See comments under Premnoplex.

Margarornis bellulus Nelson. BEAUTIFUL TREERUNNER.

Margarornis bellulus Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p.
12. (Mount Pirri, at 4500 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon, eastern
Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (Cerro Pirre and Cerro Mali, eastern
Darién).

Notes.— VM. bellulus and the South American M. squamiger (d’Orbigny and
Lafresnaye, 1838) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Margarornis rubiginosus Lawrence. RUDDY TREERUNNER.

Margarornis rubiginosa Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p.
128. (San Jose, Costa Rica.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 403

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge, clearings, open woodland and, less fre-
quently, in forest interior (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de Guanacaste) and
western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.— M. rubiginosus and the South American ™. ste/l/atus Sclater and Salvin,
1873, appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus PSEUDOCOLAPTES Reichenbach

Pseudocolaptes Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scan-
soriae A. Sittinae, pp. 148, 209. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R.
Gray, 1855), Anabates auritus “‘Lichtenstein”’ [=Tschudi] = Anabates bois-
sonneautii Lafresnaye.

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Ridgway. BUFFY TUFTEDCHEEK.

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Ridgway, 1878, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1, pp. 253,
254. (La Palma and Navarro, 3500-5000 feet, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings and open woodland (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (from the central highlands southward)
and western Panama (Chiriqui, western Bocas del Toro and Veraguas); and in the
Western Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.

Notes.—Some authors consider P. /awrencii and the South American P. bois-
sonneautii (Lafresnaye, 1840) as conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Genus HYLOCTISTES Ridgway

Hyloctistes Ridgway, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 72. Type, by original
designation, Philydor virgatus Lawrence.

Notes.—See comments under Philydor.

Hyloctistes subulatus (Spix). STRIPED WOODHAUNTER.

Sphenura subulata Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 26, pl. 36, fig.
1. (No locality given = Rio Solim6es, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica
(absent from dry northwest), Panama (locally throughout), and in South America
from Colombia and southern Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to southeastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus SYNDACTYLA Reichenbach

Syndactyla Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scansoriae
A. Sittinae, p. 171. Type, by monotypy, Xenops rufosuperciliatus Lafres-
naye.

Notes.—See comments under Philydor.

Syndactyla subalaris (Sclater). LINEATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Anabates subalaris Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 141. (Pallatanga,
Ecuador.)

404 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest and forest edge (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (central highlands southward) and Pan-
ama (locally, recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas and Darién), and in South America
from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south in the Andes to western Ec-
uador and eastern Peru.

Notes.—S. subalaris and S. guttulata (Sclater, 1858), of northern Venezuela,
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus ANABACERTHIA Lafresnaye

Anabacerthia Lafresnaye, 1842, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., 1 (1840), p. 412. Type,
by monotypy, Anabacerthia striaticollis Lafresnaye.

Notes.—See comments under Philydor.

Anabacerthia variegaticeps (Sclater). SPECTACLED FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Anabazenops variegaticeps Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p.
289. (Cordova [=Cérdoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in the highlands of Guerrero, western Veracruz,
Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and western Panama (western
Chiriqui); and on the west slope of the Western Andes in Colombia and Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as SCALY-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER. The South Amer-
ican populations have sometimes been regarded as a distinct species, A. temporalis
(Sclater, 1859). A. variegaticeps and the South American A. striaticollis Lafresnaye,
1842, have been regarded as conspecific by some authors; they constitute a su-
perspecies.

Genus PHILYDOR Spix

Philydor Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 73. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Anabates atricapillus Wied.

Notes.—Some authors merge Hyloctistes, Syndactyla and Anabacerthia in Phi-
lydor.

Philydor erythrocercus (Pelzeln). RUFOUS-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Anabates erythrocercus Pelzeln, 1859, Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
Naturwiss. K1., 34, pp. 105, 128. (Barra do Rio Negro = Manaus, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [fuscipennis group] in Panama (locally on both slopes
west to Veraguas), western Colombia and western Ecuador; and [erythrocercus
group] in South America from southeastern Colombia south, east of the Andes,
to southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia, and eastward over Amazonian and
central Brazil to eastern Brazil, also in the Guianas.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as separate species, P. fuscipennis
Salvin, 1866 [SLATY-WINGED FOLIAGE-GLEANER] and P. erythrocercus, suggesting

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 405

that the former may be more closely related to the South American P. pyrrhodes
(Cabanis, 1848) [CINNAMON-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER] than to erythrocercus.

Philydor rufus (Vieillot). BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Dendrocopus rufus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 26, p.
119. (Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest and forest edge (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (primarily in the central
highlands and Dota Mountains) and western Panama (western Chiriqui and Bocas
del Toro); and disjunctly in South America in the northern Andes (the Eastern
and Western Andes of Colombia, south on the west slope of the latter to north-
western Ecuador), in northern and south-central Venezuela, and from eastern Peru
east through northern Bolivia and central Brazil to eastern Brazil, and south to
eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Genus AUTOMOLUS Reichenbach

Automolus Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scansoriae
A. Sittinae, pp. 146, 173. Type, by monotypy, Sphenura sulphurascens
Lichtenstein.

Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi). BUFF-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Anabates ochrolemus Tschudi, 1844, Arch Naturgesch., 10, p. 295. (Repub-
lica Peruana = Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, and dense second-growth wood-
land (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of southern Mexico (re-
corded Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas), Guatemala (one record also
from interior highlands), Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa
Rica (absent from dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from north-
ern Colombia east across southern Venezuela to the Guianas, and south, west of
the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— Populations from Middle America south to western Ecuador are some-
times regarded as a distinct species, A. pallidigularis Lawrence, 1862 [PALE-
THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER].

Automolus rubiginosus (Sclater). RUDDy FOLIAGE-GLEANER.

Anabates rubiginosus Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p. 288.
(Cordova [=Cordoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, in South America also humid lowland forest
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in South America in Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the highlands of Mexico (recorded southern
San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, El Sal-
vador, Honduras, north-central Nicaragua, southwestern Costa Rica, and Panama

406 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(recorded Chiriqui and eastern Darién); and in South America from northern
Colombia east through southern Venezuela and extreme northern Brazil to French
Guiana, and in the Andes south on the western slope to western Ecuador and on
the eastern slope to eastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia.

Notes.— Populations from eastern Panama, western Colombia and western Ec-
uador are sometimes considered a distinct species, A. nigricauda Hartert, 1898
[BLACK-TAILED FOLIAGE-GLEANER].

Genus THRIPADECTES Sclater

Thripadectes Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 157. Type, by mono-
typy, Anabates flammulatus Eyton.

Thripadectes rufobrunneus (Lawrence). STREAK-BREASTED TREEHUNTER.

Philydor rufobrunneus Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 127.
(San Jose, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, mostly in dense undergrowth
and thickets (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (primarily on the Ca-
ribbean slope of the central highlands, also recorded in the Dota Mountains and
Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro and
Veraguas).

Genus XENOPS Illiger

Xenops Illiger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 213. Type, by monotypy, Xenops geni-
barbis Mliger.

Xenops minutus (Sparrman). PLAIN XENOPS.

Turdus minutus Sparrman, 1788, Mus. Carlson., fasc. 3, pl. 68. (No locality
given = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from
southern Mexico (Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and
Quintana Roo) south to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare in dry
northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Mi-
siones) and central Brazil.

Xenops rutilans Temminck. STREAKED XENOPS.

Xenops rutilans Temminck, 1821, Planches Color., livr. 12, pl. 72, fig. 2.
(Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and forest edge (Subtropical Zone, in South America
also Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident locally in the highlands of Costa Rica (central highlands

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 407

southward) and Panama (western Chiriqui and eastern Darién), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west
of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia,
northwestern and extreme northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and southern
Brazil.

Genus SCLERURUS Swainson

Sclerurus Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 356. Type, by subsequent designation
(Cabanis, 1847), Thamnophilus caudacutus Vieillot.

Notes.— Members of this genus have often been known by the group name
LEAFSCRAPER.

Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater. TAWNY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER.

Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p. 290.
(Cordova [=Coérdoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid forest, in Middle America primarily in montane
forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in southeastern Mexico (recorded Veracruz,
eastern Puebla, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica
and Panama, and in South America from northern and eastern Colombia east
across southern Venezuela to the Guianas, and south, west of the Andes to north-
western Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, thence
eastward through central Brazil (south of the Amazon) to eastern Brazil.

Sclerurus albigularis Sclater and Salvin. GRAY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER.

Sclerurus albigularis Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1868),
pp. 627, 630. (Venezuela = Cumbre de Valencia.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the highlands of Costa Rica (recorded from
cordilleras de Guanacaste and Central) and western Panama (western Chiriqui);
and in South America in northern and eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela
(also Tobago and Trinidad), and east of the Andes south to northern Peru and
northern Bolivia.

Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub). SCALY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER.

Tinactor guatemalensis Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 370. (No
locality given = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid lowland forest (Tropical, rarely lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern Mexico
(Veracruz, Tabasco, northern Oaxaca, Chiapas and Quintana Roo) south to Nic-
aragua, and on both slopes from Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest) and
Panama south to Colombia (east to the Magdalena Valley and south to the Baudo
mountains).

408 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus LOCHMIAS Swainson

Lochmias Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 355. Type, by subsequent designation
(Swainson, 1836), Lochmias squamulata Swainson = Myiothera nematura
Lichtenstein.

Lochmias nematura (Lichtenstein). STREAMSIDE LOCHMIAS.

Myiothera nematura Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p.
43. (Sao Paulo, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, generally in dense undergrowth along mountain streams
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in eastern Panama (eastern Darién), in the
mountains of northern and extreme southern Venezuela, and from eastern Co-
lombia south (primarily on the east slope of the Eastern Andes) to eastern Peru
and Bolivia, thence eastward over central Brazil (Mato Grosso to Goias and Minas
Gerais) and south to Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southern
Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as SHARP-TAILED STREAMCREEPER.

Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE: Woodcreepers

Notes.—Sometimes treated as the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the Furna-
riidae. The group name WOoODHEWER is occasionally used for members of this
family.

Genus DENDROCINCLA Gray

Dendrocincla G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 18. Type, by original
designation, D. turdinus (Licht.) = Dendrocopus fuliginosus Vieillot.

Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Vieillot). PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocopus fuliginosus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
26, p. 117. Based on Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promerops, pl. 28. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland and foothill forest, second-growth woodland and
mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of southeastern Honduras (Rio
Segovia [=Coco]), Nicaragua and Costa Rica (locally also on Pacific drainage in
northwest), on both slopes of Panama, and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes through eastern Ecuador and most of
Brazil to east-central Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina and
southern Brazil.

Notes.—The northern populations, including those in Middle America, have
sometimes been considered as a species, D. meruloides (Lafresnaye, 1851)
[PLAIN-BROWN WoopcrEEPER], distinct from D. fuliginosa [LINE-THROATED
WOODCREEPER].

Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater. TAWNY-WINGED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 54, pl.
150. (Omoa, Honduras.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 409

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and mangroves (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula) south
to Nicaragua; and on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (north to the
Gulf of Nicoya) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Dendrocincla homochroa (Sclater). RUDDY WOODCREEPER.

Dendromanes homochrous Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 382.
(Teotalcingo, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland and dense
scrub, in both humid and semi-arid situations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on both slopes from Oaxaca, Chiapas and the
Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel and Mujeres islands) south through Middle
America (not recorded El Salvador) to eastern Panama and northwestern Colom-
bia (Choco); and in extreme northeastern Colombia and northern Venezuela.

Genus SITTASOMUS Swainson

Sittasomus Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 355. Type, by original designation,
Dendrocolaptes sylviellus Temminck = Dendrocopus griseicapillus Vieillot.

Sittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot). OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocopus griseicapillus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
26, p. 119. Based on “‘trepadore palido y roxo”’ Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat.
Pax. Parag. (Paraguay = Concepcion del Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge open woodland, sec-
ond growth and coffee plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Jalisco, San Luis Potosi and southwestern Ta-
maulipas south along both slopes of Middle America to Panama (where local,
primarily on the Pacific drainage), and in South America virtually throughout
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago) and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, north-
ern Argentina and southern Brazil (not recorded Uruguay).

Genus DECONYCHURA Cherrie

Deconychura Cherrie, 1891, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 14, p. 338. Type, by
original designation, Deconychura typica Cherrie = Dendrocincla longicau-
da Pelzeln.

Deconychura longicauda (Pelzeln). LONG-TAILED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocincla longicauda “‘Natterer”’ Pelzeln, 1868, Ornithol. Bras., 1, pp. 42,
60. (Borba, Marabitanas, Barre do Rio Negro = Manaus, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in southeastern Honduras (Olancho), Costa Rica
(Caribbean slope of Cordillera Central, and southwestern region from the Gulf of
Nicoya southward) and Panama (western Chiriqui, and from eastern Panama

410 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

province and the Canal Zone eastward), and widely in South America from north-
ern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru and central Brazil.

Notes.—The Middle American forms have sometimes been regarded as a dis-
tinct species, D. typica Cherrie, 1891 [CHERRIE’S WOODCREEPER].

Genus GLYPHORHYNCHUS Wied

Glyphorhynchus Wied, 1831, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 3 (2), p. 1149. Type,
by monotypy, Glyphorhynchus ruficaudus Wied = Dendrocolaptes cuneatus
Lichtenstein = Neops spirurus Vieillot.

Glyphorhynchus spirurus (Vieillot). WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER.

Neops spirurus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 31, p. 338.
Based on Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promerops, pl. 31, fig. 1. (South America =
Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second growth wood-
land, brushy scrub and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America from
southern Mexico (Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas) south to Nicaragua,
in Costa Rica (primarily Caribbean slope, less commonly in the Pacific southwest)
and Panama (mostly Caribbean slope, locally on Pacific), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia and central Brazil.

Genus XIPHOCOLAPTES Lesson

Xiphocolaptes Lesson, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 269. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Dendrocopus albicollis Vieillot.

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Lesson). STRONG-BILLED WoOop-
CREEPER.

Dendrocolaptes promeropirhynchus Lesson, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p.
270. (No locality given = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, pine-oak association and coffee
plantation, rarely in humid lowland forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate
zones, occasionally to Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from Guerrero, San Luis Potosi and
Veracruz south through Oaxaca, Chiapas and northern Central America to north-
central Nicaragua; locally in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope of Cordillera Central)
and western Panama (western Chiriqui and Veraguas); and in South America from
northern Colombia east across northern Venezuela to Guyana, and south in the
Andes to Peru and Bolivia.

Notes.—Some authors consider the Amazonian form, X. orenocensis Berlepsch
and Hartert, 1902, to be conspecific with X. promeropirhynchus; they constitute
a superspecies.

Genus DENDROCOLAPTES Hermann

Dendrocolaptes Hermann, 1804, Observ. Zool., p. 135. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), “D. cayanensis (Gm.), Pl. enl. 621°" = Picus
certhia Boddaert.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 41]

Dendrocolaptes certhia (Boddaert). BARRED WOODCREEPER.

Picus certhia Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 38. Based on Dau-
benton, Planches Enlum., pl. 621. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second
growth woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (primarily the Gulf-Caribbean
slope from Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south through Tabasco, Chiapas, south-
ern Campeche and Quintana Roo, locally on the Pacific slope of Oaxaca) south
through Middle America (primarily Caribbean slope, rare and local on Pacific
slope) to Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and Pacific southwest, rare in dry northwest)
and Panama (absent from dry Pacific region), and in South America from Colom-
bia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Amazonian
and eastern Brazil.

Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein. BLACK-BANDED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocolaptes Picumnus Lichtenstein, 1820, Abh. Phys. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin (1818-19), p. 202. Based on Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promerops, pl.
26. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, forest edge, pine-oak association
and plantations, in South America also in humid lowland forest (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones, in South America to Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Middle America from Chiapas south
through Guatemala to Honduras, and locally in Costa Rica (primarily Cordillera
Central and the Dota Mountains) and western Panama (western Chiriqui and
Veraguas); and in South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, primarily east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northwestern
Argentina, Paraguay, and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Includes two South American forms regarded by some authors as sep-
arate species, D. pallescens Pelzeln, 1868, and D. transfasciatus Todd, 1925. D.
picumnus and the South American D. platyrostris Spix, 1824, may constitute a
superspecies.

Genus XIPHORHYNCHUS Swainson

Xiphorhynchus Swainson, June 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 440. Type,
by subsequent designation (Oberholser, 1905), Xiphorhynchus flavigaster
Swainson.

Dendroplex Swainson, Dec. 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 354. Type, by subsequent
designation (Swainson, 1837), “D. guttatus Spix, 1, 91, f. 1” = Dendroco-
laptes ocellatus Spix.

Xiphorhynchus picus (Gmelin). STRAIGHT-BILLED WOODCREEPER.

Oriolus Picus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 384. Based on “‘Talapiot”
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 605, and the “Climbing Oriole” Latham,
Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 453. (in Gujanae = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open woodland, mangroves, swamps, scrub, plan-
tations and parks (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in Panama (on the Pacific slope from the Azuero Pen-

412 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

insula eastward, locally on the Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone), and in South
America from northern Colombia east to Venezuela (also Margarita Island and
Trinidad) and the Guianas, and south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—The northern populations from Panama east to northern Venezuela
are recognized by some authors as a species, X. picirostris (Lafresnaye, 1847)
[PLAIN-THROATED WOODCREEPER], distinct from X. picus. This complex is some-
times placed in the genus Dendroplex.

Xiphorhynchus guttatus (Lichtenstein). BUFF-THROATED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocolaptes guttatus Lichtenstein, 1820, Abh. Phys. KI. Akad. Wiss. Ber-
lin (1818-19), p. 201. (No locality given = Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, second-growth woodland,
mangroves, semi-arid scrub and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala (lower
Rio Motagua valley), Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and
Panama, and in South America from northern Colombia east to Venezuela (also
Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas, and south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia and Brazil (north of the Amazon eastward to Para, and
south along the coast to Rio de Janeiro, and south of the Amazon east to the Rio
Madeira).

Notes.—Includes X. susurrans (Jardine, 1847), and X. polystictus (Salvin and
Godman, 1883), recognized by some authors as distinct species.

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Swainson. IVORY-BILLED WOODCREEPER.

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 440.
(Temiscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings, open woodland,
pine-oak association, plantations and semi-arid scrub, less frequently in humid
montane forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on both slopes of Middle America from southern So-
nora, Sinaloa, western Durango, eastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas
south to Honduras, then largely confined to the Pacific slope in Nicaragua and
Costa Rica (south to Nicoya Peninsula).

Notes.— X. striatigularis (Richmond, 1900), based on the unique type from
Tamaulipas, is here regarded as an aberrant individual of YX. flavigaster.

Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus (Lawrence). BLACK-STRIPED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrornis lachrymosus Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p.
467. (Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and mangroves (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Nicaragua south through Costa Rica (ab-
sent from dry northwest) and Panama (more widespread on Carribbean slope) to
western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 413

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater). SPOTTED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrornis erythropygia Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 366. (In
Stat. Verae Crucis et Oaxaca reipubl. Mexicanae = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland, in
southern parts of range also in lowland forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate
zones, from Nicaragua southward also in Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from Guerrero, Oaxaca, southeastern
San Luis Potosi, Veracruz and Chiapas south through northern Central America
to north-central Nicaragua, and in lowlands as well as highlands from eastern
Nicaragua south through Costa Rica, Panama and western Colombia to western
Ecuador.

Notes.— Populations from eastern Nicaragua southward, occurring commonly
in lowland habitats, are sometimes recognized as a species, X. aequatorialis (Ber-
lepsch and Taczanowski, 1884) [SPOT-THROATED WOODCREEPER], distinct from
X. erythropygius. The widespread South American species, X. triangularis (La-
fresnaye, 1842), and X. erythropygius are regarded as conspecific by some authors;
they constitute a superspecies.

Genus LEPIDOCOLAPTES Reichenbach

Lepidocolaptes Reichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., cont. x, Scan-
soriae A. Sittinae, p. 183. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
1855), Dendrocolaptes squamatus Lichtenstein.

Lepidocolaptes leucogaster (Swainson). WHITE-STRIPED WOODCREEPER.

Xiphorhynchus leucogaster Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 440.
(Temiscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Open forest, second-growth woodland, pine-oak association and scrub
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southeastern Sonora, southern Chihua-
hua, Durango, Zacatecas and western San Luis Potosi south to Oaxaca, Puebla
and western Veracruz.

Lepidocolaptes souleyetii (Des Murs). STREAK-HEADED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocolaptes Souleyetii (Lafresnaye MS) Des Murs, 1849, Iconogr. Orni-
thol., livr. 12, pl. 70 and text. (Pera = Payta, Peru.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open woodland, plantations, parks, and locally savanna
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz,
Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern portions of the state of Yu-
catan) south through Middle America, and in South America from northern and
eastern Colombia, northern Venezuela and Guyana south, west of the Andes to
northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to northern Brazil.

Lepidocolaptes affinis (Lafresnaye). SPOT-CROWNED WOODCREEPER.

Dendrocolaptes affinis Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 100. (Mex-
ico.)

414 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, open woodland, second growth
and coffee plantations (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, the state of México, Hidalgo, south-
eastern San Luis Potosi and southwestern Tamaulipas south through western
Veracruz, Puebla, Chiapas and Central America (except Belize) to western Panama
(Chiriqui); and in South America from the mountains of Colombia and northern
Venezuela south in the Andes to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Notes.—The South American populations are sometimes recognized as a dis-
tinct species, L. lacrymiger (Des Murs, 1849).

Genus CAMPYLORHAMPHUS Bertoni

Campylorhamphus Bertoni, 1901, An. Cien. Parag., ser. 1, no. 1, p. 70. Type,
by monotypy, Campylorhamphus longirostris Bertoni = Dendrocopus fal-
cularius Vieillot.

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein). RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL.

Dendrocolaptes trochilirostris Lichtenstein, 1820, Abh. Phys. Kl. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin (1818-19), p. 207, pl. 3. (Brazil = Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, open woodland and second growth
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (from northern Coclé and eastern Panama
province eastward), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and central and eastern Bra-
zil.

Notes.—C. trochilirostris and the southeastern South American C. falcularius
(Vieillot, 1823) have sometimes been considered as conspecific.

Campylorhamphus pusillus (Sclater). BROWN-BILLED SCYTHEBILL.

Xiphorhynchus pusillus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 278, foot-
note. (In Nov. Granada int. = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and forest edge (upper Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope of highlands from
Cordillera de Tilaran southward, and in Pacific southwest) and Panama, and in
South America from northern Colombia east to western Venezuela and south,
west of the Andes, to western Ecuador; also in Guyana.

Family FORMICARIIDAE: Antbirds
Subfamily THAMNOPHILINAE: Typical Antbirds

Genus CYMBILAIMUS Gray
Cymbilaimus G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 36. Type, by original
designation, C. /ineatus (Leach) = Lanius lineatus Leach.
Cymbilaimus lineatus (Leach). FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE.

Lanius lineatus Leach, 1814, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 20, pl. 6. (Berbice, British
Guiana.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 415

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, shrub-
by second growth, and thickets (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of extreme southeastern Hon-
duras (Olancho), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, throughout Panama (except the Azuero
Peninsula), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus TARABA Lesson

Taraba Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 5 (1830), p. 375. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sherborn, 1931), Tamnophilus [sic] magnus Wied =
Thamnophilus major Vieillot.

Taraba major (Vieillot). GREAT ANTSHRIKE.

Thamnophilus major Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 3, p.
313. Based on “‘Batara major” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2, p.
195 (no. 211). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, shrubby
second growth, thickets, brushy fields, dense grassy areas, and occasionally semi-
arid habitats (Tropical, rarely Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas) south through northern Central
America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest) and
Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil.

Genus THAMNOPHILUS Vieillot

Thamnophilus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 40. Type, by subsequent designation
(Swainson, 1824), Lanius doliatus Linnaeus.

Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus). BARRED ANTSHRIKE.

Lanius doliatus Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 2, Prodr., p. 12. (No
locality given = Surinam.)

Habitat.—Shrubby undergrowth, thickets, second-growth woodland, forest
understory, savanna, gardens and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas,
Veracruz, eastern Puebla and Oaxaca south along both slopes of Central America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island) through Panama (including
Coiba and the Pearl islands, but rare on the Caribbean slope), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Formosa), and central
and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— 7. doliatus, T. multistriatus, and possibly also the South American 7.
palliatus (Lichtenstein, 1823), constitute a superspecies.

[Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye. BAR-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE.] See
Appendix B.

416 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater. BLACK ANTSHRIKE.

Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1868), p.
571. (Bogota, Colombia, error = probably Barranquilla.)

Habitat.—Shrubby undergrowth of humid forest edge and clearings, and heavy
second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and Dar-
ién) and northern Colombia.

Thamnophilus bridgesi Sclater. BLACK-HOODED ANTSHRIKE.

Thamnophilus bridgesi Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 141. (river
David, in the vicinity of the Town of David in the Province of Chiriqui
in the State of Panama.)

Habitat.—Scrubby undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, forest
edge and clearings, thickets, and second-growth woodland (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (rarely
north to southern Guanacaste) and western Panama (east to the Azuero Peninsula).

Thamnophilus punctatus (Shaw). SLATY ANTSHRIKE.

Lanius punctatus Shaw, 1809, Gen. Zool., 7 (2), p. 327. Based on ““Le Tachet”’
Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Afr., 2, p. 113, pl. 77, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, primarily in undergrowth, and
second-growth woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope from Belize and Guatemala
south to Costa Rica, in Panama (entire Caribbean slope and Pacific slope from
Coclé eastward), and in South America from Colombia (also Gorgona Island),
Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to northeastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and central and southeastern
Brazil.

Genus XENORNIS Chapman

Xenornis Chapman, 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 123, p. 1. Type, by original
designation, Xenornis setifrons Chapman.

Xenornis setifrons Chapman. SPINY-FACED ANTSHRIKE.

Xenornis setifrons Chapman, 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 123, p. 1. (Tacar-
cuna, 2050 feet, eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Dense undergrowth in humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama in eastern San Blas (Armila) and
eastern Darién (Cerro Tacarcuna foothills), and in northwestern Colombia in
Choco (Rio Baud6).

Notes.— Also known as SPECKLED or SPECKLE-BREASTED ANTSHRIKE, and GRAY-
FACED ANTBIRD.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 417

Genus THAMNISTES Sclater and Salvin

Thamnistes Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 299. Type,
by original designation, 7hamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin.

Thamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin. RUSSET ANTSHRIKE.

Thamanistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 299. (In prov. Vere Pacis regionale calida = Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, primarily in undergrowth, less
commonly in dense second-growth woodland (upper Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from Tabasco south through
northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent
from dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America on the Pacific slope of
Colombia and locally from western Venezuela and eastern Colombia south, east
of the Andes, to southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Notes.— Also known as TAwWNy ANTSHRIKE.

Genus DYSITHAMNUS Cabanis

Dysithamnus Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 223. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Myothera strictothorax [sic] Tem-
minck.

Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck). PLAIN ANTVIREO.

Myothera mentalis Temminck, 1823, Planches Color., livr. 30, pl. 179, fig.
3. (Brazil = Curytiba, Parana, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, primarily in undergrowth, less
commonly in dense second-growth woodland (upper Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Middle America locally from Campeche, northern
Guatemala and Belize south, mostly on the Caribbean slope, through Honduras
and Costa Rica (not recorded Nicaragua) to Panama (throughout on both slopes),
and in South America from Colombia and Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad)
south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, and east-
ward across central Brazil to eastern and southeastern Brazil.

Dysithamnus striaticeps Lawrence. STREAK-CROWNED ANTVIREO.

Dysithamnus striaticeps Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p.
130. (Angostura, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and heavy second growth (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of extreme southeastern Hon-
duras (Arenal), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, occurring locally also on the Pacific
slope along the Cordillera de Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica.

418 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

A report from western Panama (Rio Sixaola) is erroneous, being based on a
specimen of D. puncticeps.

Notes.—D. striaticeps and D. puncticeps are closely related and appear to con-
stitute a superspecies.

Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin. SPOT-CROWNED ANTVIREO.

Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 72. (Ver-
agua, Caribbean lowlands of Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, primarily in undergrowth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in extreme southeastern Costa Rica (Caribbean low-
lands), Panama (entire Caribbean lowlands, and the Pacific lowlands in Darién),
northern and western Colombia, and western Ecuador.

Notes.—See comments under D. striaticeps.

Genus MYRMOTHERULA Sclater

Myrmotherula Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 234. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sclater, 1890), M[uscicapa]. pygmaea Gmelin = Mus-
cicapa brachyura Hermann.

Myrmotherula brachyura (Hermann). PYGMy ANTWREN.

Muscic{apae| brachyurae [nom. pl.] Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim..,
p. 229. Based on “Le petit Gobe-mouche tacheté, de Cayenne” Buffon,
Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 554, and Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 831, fig.
2. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Humid forest edge, clearings and thick brush, often near streams
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in central and eastern Panama (Canal Zone eastward
on both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela and
the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— The populations in Panama and western Colombia may prove to be a
species, M. ignota Griscom, 1929 [Griscom’s ANTWREN], distinct from M. brach-
yura. Some authors suggest that ignota is more closely related to and perhaps
conspecific with an Amazonian form, M. obscura Zimmer, 1932, in which case
the combined species would be known by the name M. ignota [SHORT-BILLED
ANTWREN]. If more than one species is recognized in this complex, all would be
considered allospecies of a superspecies.

Myrmotherula surinamensis (Gmelin). STREAKED ANTWREN.

Sitta surinamensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 442. Based on the
“Surinam Nuthatch” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 654, pl. 28. (in
Surinamo = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings and second-growth woodland,
primarily in undergrowth and often near water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific
drainage west to western Panama province) east across Colombia and southern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 419

Venezuela to the Guianas, and south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and
east of the Andes to eastern Peru, thence eastward over Amazonian and central
Brazil to eastern Brazil.

Myrmotherula fulviventris Lawrence. CHECKER-THROATED ANTWREN.

Myrmetherula [sic] fulviventris Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y.,
7, p. 468. (on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line
of the Panama Railroad = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and dense second-growth wood-
land, primarily in undergrowth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Honduras (Olancho,
Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in Panama (both slopes, the Pacific
from Veraguas eastward), and in South America in central and western Colombia,
and western Ecuador.

Myrmotherula axillaris (Vieillot). WHITE-FLANKED ANTWREN.

Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 12,
p. 113. (‘La Guyane” = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings and second-growth
woodland, occasionally in dense undergrowth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras (Gra-
cias a Dios), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in Panama (both slopes, the Pacific from
western Panama province eastward), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and east of the Andes in to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Amazonian and
southeastern Brazil.

Myrmotherula schisticolor (Lawrence). SLATY ANTWREN.

Formicivora schisticolor Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p.
172. (Turrialba, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland, primarily in undergrowth (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from Chiapas south through Guate-
mala and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua; in lowlands and foothills of eastern
Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama (east to western Panama province);
and in South America in the mountains from northern Venezuela and Colombia
south to western Ecuador and eastern Peru.

Genus HERPSILOCHMUS Cabanis
Herpsilochmus Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch, 12, p. 224. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Myiothera pileata Lichtenstein.
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus (Temminck). RUFOUS-WINGED ANTWREN.

Myiothera rufimarginata Temminck, 1822, Planches Color., livr. 22, pl. 132,
figs. 1-2. (Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.)

420 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in eastern Panama (recorded in eastern Panama
province and Darién), and in South America from Colombia and Venezuela south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, northeastern
Argentina, and eastern and southern Brazil.

Genus MICRORHOPIAS Sclater

Microrhopias Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 182. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sclater, 1890), F. quixensis = Thamnophilus quixensis
Cornalia.

Microrhopias quixensis (Cornalia). DOT-wINGED ANTWREN.

Thamnophilus quixensis Cornalia, 1849, Vertebr. Synop. Mus. Mediolanense
Osculati, pp. 6, 12. (eastern Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings and second-growth woodland,
generally in heavy undergrowth, less frequently in humid forest interior (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and southern Quintana
Roo) south through northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of
Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America
west of the Andes in western Colombia and western Ecuador, and east of the
Andes from southeastern Colombia south to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia,
thence eastward over Amazonian and central Brazil, also in French Guiana.

Notes.—It is not certain that all forms of Microrhopias are conspecific with
quixensis; if not, the Middle America races would be assigned to the species M.
boucardi (Sclater, 1858) [BoUCARD’s ANTWREN].

Genus FORMICIVORA Swainson

Formicivora Swainson, 1824, Zool. J., 1, p. 301, in text. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Formicivora nigricollis Swainson = Turdus
griseus Boddaert.

Formicivora grisea (Boddaert). WHITE-FRINGED ANTWREN.

Turdus grieseus [sic] Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 39. Based
on “‘Le Grisin, de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 643, fig. 1.
(Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, cactus and thornbush, less frequently in thickets and
dense undergrowth in forested regions, second-growth situations and mangroves
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pearl Islands, Panama; and in South America
from northern Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita and Chacachacare islands,
and Tobago) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Colombia, and
Amazonian, central and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-BREASTED ANTWREN.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 421

Genus TERENURA Cabanis and Heine

Terenura Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 11. Type, by
monotypy, Myiothera maculata Wied.

Terenura callinota (Sclater). RUFOUS-RUMPED ANTWREN.

Formicivora callinota Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 89, pl. 96.
(Santa Fé di Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally in the highlands of Costa Rica (Caribbean slope
of Cordillera Central) and Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Dar-
ién); and in South America in Surinam, Guyana (Acary Mountains), western
Venezuela (Sierra de Perija), and on the slopes of the Andes from Colombia south
to western Ecuador and eastern Peru.

Genus CERCOMACRA Sclater

Cercomacra Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 244. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sclater, 1890), Cercomacra caerulescens Sclater =
Cercomacra brasiliana Hellmayr.

Cercomacra tyrannina (Sclater). DUSKY ANTBIRD.

Pyriglena tyrannina Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 90, pl. 98.
(Santa Fé di Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings and second-growth
woodland, mostly in dense undergrowth and shrubby thickets (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and southern Quintana
Roo) south to Honduras, on both slopes of Nicaragua (absent from Pacific north-
west), Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and east of the Andes to eastern Ecuador, and Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as TYRANNINE ANTBIRD.

Cercomacra nigricans Sclater. JET ANTBIRD.

Cercomacra nigricans Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 245. (New
Grenada, S. Martha; Bogota = Santa Marta, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge and dense second-growth woodland, pri-
marily in thickets and tangled undergrowth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (on the Caribbean slope from western Col6n
east to western San Blas, on the Pacific from Veraguas east to Darién, and in the
Pearl Islands), and in South America from northern Colombia and northern Ven-
ezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Colombia and northern Brazil (Rio Branco).

422 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus GYMNOCICHLA Sclater

Gymnocichla Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 274. Type, by mono-
typy, Myiothera nudiceps Cassin.

Gymnocichla nudiceps (Cassin). BARE-CROWNED ANTBIRD.

Myiothera nudiceps Cassin, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p.
106, pl. 6. (Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings and second-growth
woodland, primarily in dense undergrowth and thickets (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala (including
Petén), Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent
from dry northwest) and Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, local on Pacific),
and in northern Colombia.

Genus MYRMECIZA Gray

Myrmeciza G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 34. Type. by original
designation, Drymophila longipes Swainson.

Myrmeciza longipes (Swainson). WHITE-BELLIED ANTBIRD.

Drymophila longipes Swainson, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 152. (“some part of
Brazil’, error = Trinidad.)

Habitat.— Primarily in dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest, forest edge,
clearings, second-growth woodland and, less frequently, drier woodland (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Panama (west to southern Coclé in the
Pacific lowlands, locally on the Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone) east across
northern Colombia to Venezuela (also Trinidad) and Guyana, and south to eastern
Colombia and northern Brazil (north of the Amazon).

Myrmeciza exsul Sclater. CHESTNUT-BACKED ANTBIRD.

Myrmeciza exsul Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 540. (Panama
and Nicaragua.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and dense second-
growth woodland, generally in undergrowth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Nicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (absent from
dry northwest), Panama (both slopes), northern and western Colombia (possibly
also eastern Colombia), and western Ecuador.

Notes.— Populations from eastern Panama (eastern Darién) south to western
Colombia have sometimes been regarded as a distinct species, M. maculifer (Hell-
mayr, 1906) [WING-SPOTTED ANTBIRD], but intergradation occurs in western Dar-
ién.

Myrmeciza laemosticta Salvin. DULL-MANTLED ANTBIRD.

Myrmeciza lemosticta Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 582.
(Tucurriqui, Costa Rica.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 423

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and dense second growth, pri-
marily in undergrowth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope, from the Cordillera de
Guanacaste southward), Panama (locally on both slopes), and in South America
from northern Colombia east to western Venezuela and south, west of the Andes,
to northwestern Ecuador.

Myrmeciza immaculata (Lafresnaye). IMMACULATE ANTBIRD.

Thamnophilus immaculatus Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 340.
(Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and forest edge, mostly in heavy undergrowth (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca, Cordillera
Central, and Dota Mountains), Panama (recorded Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Ver-
aguas and Darién), and in South America from northern Colombia and north-
western Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Colombia.

Genus HYLOPHYLAX Ridgway

Hylophylax Ridgway, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 70. Type, by original
designation, Conopophaga naevioides Lafresnaye.

Hylophylax naevioides (Lafresnaye). SPOTTED ANTBIRD.

Conopophaga nevioides Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 10, p. 69. (No
locality given = Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and dense second-growth wood-
land, primarily in undergrowth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Honduras (west to La Ceiba), eastern Nic-
aragua, Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest), Panama (both slopes), northern
and western Colombia, and western Ecuador.

Notes.— H. naevioides and the South American H. naevia (Gmelin, 1789), found
east of the Andes, appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus MYRMORNIS Hermann

Myrmornis Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., pp. 180, 210, 235. Type,
by subsequent designation (Hellmayr, 1924), ““Fourmilier proprement dit”
Buffon = Formicarius torquatus Boddaert.

Myrmornis torquata (Boddaert). WING-BANDED ANTBIRD.

Formicarius torquatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 43. Based
on Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 700, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [stictoptera group] locally in eastern Nicaragua (Carib-
bean lowlands), central and eastern Panama (west in the Caribbean lowlands to
the Canal Zone, in the Pacific to eastern Panama province), and northern and
western Colombia; and [torquata group] in South America east of the Andes from

424 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south to eastern Ecuador
and Amazonian and central Brazil.

Notes.—Also known as WING-BANDED ANTPITTA and WING-BANDED ANT-
THRUSH. Some authors regard the two groups as separate species, M. stictoptera
(Salvin, 1893) [BUFF-BANDED ANTBIRD] and M. torquata. -

Genus GYMNOPITHYS Bonaparte

Gymnopithys Bonaparte, 1857, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 35. Type.
by monotypy. Gymnopithys pectoralis “Schiff. ex Lath.” = Turdus pecto-
ralis Latham = Turdus rufigula Boddaert.

Gymnopithys leucaspis (Sclater). BicOLORED ANTBIRD.

Myrmeciza leucaspis Sclater, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1854). p. 253,
pl. 70. (In Peruvia Chamicurros: in Nova Grenada: at Rio Negro, Cobati =
Villavicencio, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and heavy second growth
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [bicolor group] in northern and eastern Honduras (west
to the Sula Valley), Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands). Costa Rica (absent from dry
northwest), Panama (both slopes). north-central and western Colombia. and west-
ern Ecuador; and [/eucaspis group] in South America east of the Andes in eastern
Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru and northwestern Brazil (east to
Rio Negro).

Notes.—Some authors recognize the two groups as distinct species. G. bicolor
(Lawrence, 1863) [BICOLORED ANTBIRD] and G. /eucaspis [WHITE-CHEEKED ANT-
BIRD].

Genus PHAENOSTICTUS Ridgway

Phenostictus Ridgway. 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 70. Type, by
original designation, Phlegopsis macleannani [sic] Lawrence.

Phaenostictus mcleannani (Lawrence). OCELLATED ANTBIRD.

Phlogopsis MeLeannani [sic] Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y.. 7,
p. 285. (Isthmus of Panama. Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Honduras (Olancho, Gracias a Dios). eastern
Nicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (primarily Caribbean slope), Panama
(both slopes), north-central and western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as OCELLATED ANTTHRUSH.

Subfamily FORMICARIINAE: Antthrushes and Antpittas

Genus FORMICARIUS Boddaert

Formicarius Boddaert. 1783, Table Planches Enlum., pp. 43, 44, 50. Type.
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Formicarius cayanensis
Boddaert = Formicarius colma Boddaert.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 425

Formicarius analis (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). BLACK-FACED ANT-
THRUSH.

Myothera analis d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 7, cl.
2, pl. 77-79, p. 14. (Yuracares et Chiquitos, Bolivia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and second-growth woodland, generally on the ground
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southeastern Mexico
(southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Pen-
insula) south to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from dry north-
west) and Panama, and in South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia, and central and eastern Brazil.

Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway. BLACK-HEADED ANTTHRUSH.

Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16, pp. 670,
675. (Buena Vista, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, usually on the ground (upper Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Costa Rica (primarily on the Caribbean slope
of the Guanacaste, Central and Talamanca cordilleras) and western Panama (east
to Veraguas and western Panama province); also along the Pacific slope of western
Colombia and western Ecuador.

Formicarius rufipectus Salvin. RUFOUS-BREASTED ANTTHRUSH.

Formicarius rufipectus Salvin, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 73, pl. 8
(Santiago de Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and heavy second growth in hilly regions, primarily
on the ground (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in the highlands of Costa Rica (Caribbean slope
of Cordillera Central, and Cordillera de Talamanca) and Panama (Chiriqui, Ver-
aguas and eastern Darién), and in South America on the west slope of the Andes
from Colombia to western Ecuador and the east slope from northwestern Vene-
zuela to eastern Peru.

Genus PITTASOMA Cassin

Pittasoma Cassin, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12, p. 189. Type,
by monotypy, Pittasoma michleri Cassin.

Pittasoma michleri Cassin. BLACK-CROWNED ANTPITTA.

Pittasoma Michleri Cassin, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12, p.
189. (River Truando, New Grenada [=Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, in understory and on the ground
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope from the Cor-
dillera Central southeastward), Panama (both slopes, more common in eastern
Panama) and extreme northwestern Colombia (Choco).

426 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus GRALLARIA Vieillot

Grallaria Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 43. Type. by monotypy, “Roi des Four-
milliers’” Buffon = Formicarius varius Boddaert.

Notes.—See comments under Hylopezus.

Grallaria guatimalensis Prévost and Des Murs. SCALED ANTPITTA.

Grallaria guatimalensis Prévost and Des Murs. 1846, Voy. Venus, Atlas,
Zool.. Ois. (1842). pl. 4. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid forest and heavy second growth woodland, generally in dense
understory or on the ground (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands and on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from
Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México. Morelos. Veracruz and Tabasco south
through Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to
north-central Nicaragua; in the highlands of Costa Rica (primarily on Caribbean
drainage) and Panama (recorded Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern
Darién); and in South America in southern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and adjacent
northern Brazil. and from northern Colombia south, on the west slope of the
Andes to western Ecuador and on the east slope to eastern Peru and northern
Bolivia.

Genus HYLOPEZUS Ridgway

Hylopezus Ridgway, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 71. Type. by original
designation, Grallaria perspicillata Lawrence.

Notes.— For recognition of this genus as distinct from Grallaria, see Lowery
and O’Neill, 1969, Auk, 86, pp. 1-12.

Hylopezus perspicillatus (Lawrence). SPECTACLED ANTPITTA.

Grallaria perspicillata Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y.. 7, p. 303.
(New Grenada, Isthmus of Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, generally on the ground (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in northeastern Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua
(Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest), Panama (more com-
mon on Caribbean slope), north-central and western Colombia, and western Ec-
uador.

Notes.— Also known as STREAK-CHESTED ANTPITTA. Often placed in the genus
Grallaria.

Hylopezus fulviventris (Sclater). FULVOUS-BELLIED ANTPITTA.

Grallaria fulviventris Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 68. (Rio Napo
in the Republic of Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge and second-growth wood-
land, generally in dense undergrowth or thickets (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 427

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras
(Olancho), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in Panama (locally in western Bocas del
Toro and eastern Darién), and in Colombia and Ecuador both east and west of
the Andes.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Grallaria.

Genus GRALLARICULA Sclater

Grallaricula Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 283. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sclater, 1890), Grallaria flavirostris Sclater.

Grallaricula flavirostris (Sclater). OCHRE-BREASTED ANTPITTA.

Grallaria flavirostris Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 68. (Rio Napo
in the Republic of Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, in dense understory (upper Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the highlands of Costa Rica (in the Dota
Mountains and Cordillera de Talamanca, and on the Caribbean slope of the
Cordillera Central) and Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro, Veraguas
and eastern Darién), and in South America from Colombia south,west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northeastern Peru and northern
Bolivia.

Family RHINOCRYPTIDAE: Tapaculos

Genus SCYTALOPUS Gould

Scytalopus Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p. 89. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Sy/via magellanicus (Lath.) =
Motacilla magellanica Gmelin.

Scytalopus panamensis Chapman. PALE-THROATED TAPACULO.

Scytalopus panamensis Chapman, 1915, Auk, 32, p. 420. (Tacarcuna, 3600
ft., eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, in understory or on the ground (Subtropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in extreme eastern Panama (cerros Tacarcuna and Mali,
eastern Darién).

Notes.—S. panamensis and S. vicinior are sometimes regarded as conspecific;
they constitute a superspecies.

Scytalopus vicinior Zimmer. NARINO TAPACULO.

Scytalopus panamensis vicinior Zimmer, 1939, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1044,
p. 11. (Ricaurte, altitude 5000-6000 feet, Narino, western Colombia.)

Habitat.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Cerro Pirre, eastern Darién),
and in the Western and Central Andes from western Colombia south to north-
western Ecuador.

Notes.—See comments under S. panamensis.

428 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway. SILVERY-FRONTED TAPACULO. |

Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway, 1891, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 14, p. 475.
(Volcan de Iraza, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth and dense brushy edges of humid montane forest (Sub-
tropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (northwest to Cordillera
de Tilaran) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.— The populations in Panama have sometimes been treated as a distinct
species, S. chiriquensis Griscom, 1924, but see Wetmore, 1972, Smithson. Misc.
Collect., 150 (3), p. 259.

Superfamily TYRANNOIDEA: Tyrant Flycatchers and Allies

Notes.— The limits of the families in this superfamily are difficult to define. The
sequence and placement of genera used here are essentially those of Traylor (1979,
in Peters, Birds World, vol. 8).

Family TYRANNIDAE: Tyrant Flycatchers
Subfamily ELAENIINAE: Tyrannulets, Elaenias and Allies

Genus PHYLLOMYIAS Cabanis and Heine

Phyllomyias Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 57. Type, by
subsequent designation (Sclater, 1888), ““P. brevirostris’” = Platyrhynchus
brevirostris Spix = Pipra fasciata Thunberg.

Tyranniscus Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 57. Type, by
monotypy, 7yrannulus nigricapillus [sic] Lafresnaye.

Acrochordopus Berlepsch and Hellmayr, 1905, J. Ornithol., 53, p. 26. Type,
by monotypy, Phyllomyias subviridis Pelzeln = Phyllomyias burmeisteri
Cabanis and Heine.

Phyllomyias burmeisteri Cabanis and Heine. ROUGH-LEGGED TYRAN-
NULET.

Phyllomyias Burmeisteri Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p.
57. (Brasilien = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest edge, clearings and open wood-
land (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [zeledoni group] in the highlands of central Costa Rica
(Cordillera Central and Dota Mountains) and western Panama (Chiriqui); [/eu-
cogonys group] in the mountains from eastern Colombia and Venezuela south
along the eastern slope of the Andes to southeastern Peru; and [burmeisteri group]
in eastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, and from eastern Paraguay across
extreme northeastern Argentina to southeastern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors consider the three groups as separate species, P. zeledoni
(Lawrence, 1869) [ZELEDON’Ss TYRANNULET], P. leucogonys (Sclater and Salvin,
1871) [WHITE-FRONTED TYRANNULET], and P. burmeisteri; others merge /euco-
gonys in P. zeledoni [WHITE-FRONTED TYRANNULET], recognizing two species. This
species is often treated in the genus Acrochordopus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 429

Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sclater and Salvin). SoOTY-HEADED TYRANNULET.

Tyranniscus griseiceps Sclater and Salvin, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1870), pp. 841, 843. (Babahoyo and Pallatanga, Ecuador, and Lake of
Valencia, Venezuela = Babahoyo, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings, open woodland, thickets and
plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién, also
a single report from eastern Panama province), and in South America from Co-
lombia and Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of
the Andes to central Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as SOOTY-CRESTED or CRESTED TYRANNULET.

Genus ZIMMERIUS Traylor

Zimmerius Traylor, 1977, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 148, p. 147. Type,
by original designation, 7yrannulus chrysops Sclater = Elaenia viridiflavus
Tschudi.

Zimmerius vilissimus (Sclater and Salvin). PALTRY TyRANNULET.

Elainia vilissima Sclater and Salvin, 1859, Ibis, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 1. (Central
America = Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Open second-growth woodland, humid forest edge, clearings and
plantations (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Chiapas (highlands), Guatemala (primarily
highlands, rare in Petén), El Salvador (Balsam Range), Honduras (humid Carib-
bean lowlands), Nicaragua, Costa Rica (throughout, except dry northwest), Pan-
ama, northern Colombia and northern Venezuela (mountains).

Notes.— Formerly placed in the genus 7yranniscus Cabanis and Heine, 1859.

Genus ORNITHION Harlaub

Ornithion Hartlaub, 1853, J. Ornithol., 1, p. 35. Type, by monotypy, Orni-
thion inerme Hartlaub.

Microtriccus Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 210. Type, by
original designation, Tyrannulus semiflavus Sclater and Salvin.

Ornithion semiflavum (Sclater and Salvin). YELLOW-BELLIED TYRANNULET.

Tyrannulus semiflavus Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
300. (In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida = Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge and shaded second-growth wood-
land (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands from southern Mexico
(northern Oaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco and northern Chiapas) south to
Nicaragua, and in Costa Rica (primarily Pacific slope southward, locally on Ca-
ribbean slope in Alajuela province).

Notes.—O. semiflavum and O. brunneicapillum are closely related and consid-
ered conspecific by some authors, but probable sympatry has recently been re-

430 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ported from northern Costa Rica: they constitute a superspecies. These two SPECIES
are treated by some authors in the genus Microtriccus.

Ornithion brunneicapillum (Lawrence). BROWN-CAPPED TYRANNULET.

Tyrannulus brunneicapillus Lawrence, 1862, Ibis, p. 12. (Isthmus of Pana-
ma = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings. second-
growth woodland and, occasionally, open situations with scattered trees (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope north to Alajuela prov-
ince) and Panama (Caribbean slope throughout. Pacific from Canal Zone east-
ward), and in South America from northern Colombia south to western Ecuador
and east to northern Venezuela.

Notes.—See comments under O. semiflavum.

Genus CAMPTOSTOMA Sclater

Camptostoma Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203. Type, by mono-
typy. Camptostoma imberbe Sclater.

Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. NORTHERN BEARDLESS- TYRANNULET. [472.]

Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. 1857. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203. (in
vicinitate urbis S[an]. Andres Tuxtla, [Veracruz.] in rep. Mexicana.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thickets, mesquite. forest edge. and open riparian wood-
land (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from Sonora. southeastern Arizona. southwestern New
Mexico (Guadalupe Canyon), Zacatecas, Nuevo Leén and southern Texas (north
to Kenedy County) south along both slopes of Middle America to Nicaragua
(Pacific slope only) and northern Costa Rica (primarily Guanacaste, locally on
the Caribbean slope in the Rio Frio region).

Winters from northern Mexico (casually southern Arizona) south throughout
the remainder of the breeding range.

In migration recorded from the Tres Marias Islands, off Nayarit. where possibly
also breeding.

Notes.—Also known as BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER. C. imberbe and the closely
related C. obsoletum are considered conspecific by some authors, but both breed
in the Tempisque region of Costa Rica: they constitute a superspecies.

Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck). SOUTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRAN-
NULET.

Muscicapa obsoleta (Natterer MS) Temminck, 1824. Planches Color., livr.
46, pl. 275, fig. 1. (Brazil = Curitiba, Parana. Brazil.)

Habitat.—Scrub, shrubby areas, second-growth woodland and humid forest
edge (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (Pacific slope north to the
Tempisque Valley) and Panama (Pacific slope throughout, including Coiba, Cé-
baco and the Pearl islands, locally on the Caribbean slope in Colon, Canal Zone
and San Blas), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 43]

and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to central Peru and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern
Brazil.

Notes.—See comments under C. imberbe.

Genus PHAEOMYIAS Berlepsch

Phaeomyias Berlepsch, 1902, Novit. Zool., 9, p. 41. Type, by subsequent
designation (Chubb, 1921), ““P. imcompta”’ = Elainea incomta Cabanis and
Heine = Platyrhynchus murinus Spix.

Phaeomyias murina (Spix). MOUSE-COLORED TYRANNULET.

Platyrhynchus murinus Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 14, pl. 16,
fig. 2. (Brazil = Rio Sao Francisco, northern Bahia.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thorn bush, second growth, savanna, mangroves, thickets
and, less frequently, humid forest edge (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in western and central Panama (Pacific slope from Chi-
riqui east to eastern Panama province), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad and Monos Island) and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern and eastern
Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, Paraguay, and central and eastern Brazil.

Genus SUBLEGATUS Sclater and Salvin

Sublegatus Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1868), p. 923.
Type, by monotypy, Sublegatus glaber Sclater and Salvin = Muscipeta mo-
desta Wied.

Sublegatus modestus (Wied). SCRUB FLYCATCHER.

Muscipeta modesta Wied, 1831, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 3 (2), p. 923. (Ca-
mam4u and Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, open woodland, thorn scrub, mangroves, swamps, sa-
vanna and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [arenarum group] in the Pacific lowlands of south-cen-
tral Costa Rica (around Gulf of Nicoya) and Panama (including Coiba, Cébaco,
Taboga and the Pearl islands), and in South America from northern Colombia,
Venezuela (also islands from Netherlands Antilles east to Trinidad) and the Guian-
as south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil: and [modestus
group] in southern South America from southeastern Peru, eastern Paraguay, and
southern and eastern Brazil south through Uruguay to northern Argentina, with
the southernmost populations partially migratory north to eastern Peru and Am-
azonian Brazil.

Notes.—The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, S. are-
narum (Salvin, 1863) [ScRUB FLYCATCHER] and S. modestus [SHORT-BILLED
FLYCATCHER].

Genus TYRANNULUS Vieillot

Tyrannulus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 31. Type, by monotypy, “‘Roitelet-
Mésange”’ Buffon = Sy/via elata Latham.

432 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tyrannulus elatus (Latham). YELLOW-CROWNED TyRANNULET.

Sylvia elata Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 549. Based on “Le Roitelet
Mesange”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 5, p. 375, and ““Mesange huppée de
Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 708, fig. 2. (in Cayanze ulig-
inosis = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Humid forest edge, open woodland, clearings, second growth and
gardens (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce region) and
Panama (Pacific slope throughout, Caribbean slope from Coclé eastward). and in
South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru. northern Bolivia
and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus MYIOPAGIS Salvin and Godman

Myiopagis Salvin and Godman, 1888, Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, 2, p. 26. Type.
by original designation, El/ainea placens Sclater = Sylvia viridicata Vieillot.

Myiopagis gaimardii (d’Orbigny). FoREST ELAENIA.

Muscicapara Gaimardii d’Orbigny. 1840, Voy. Am. Mérid., 4, Ois., livr. 3,
p. 326. (Yuracares, Bolivia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland, thorny
scrub and marshes (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Panama (west on the Caribbean slope to
Coclé, on Pacific slope to the Canal Zone) east across northern Colombia and
Venezuela (also Trinidad and Chacachacare Island) to the Guianas, and south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, nothern Bolivia. and Amazonian and central
Brazil.

Myiopagis caniceps (Swainson). GRAY ELAENIA.

Tyrannula caniceps Swainson, 1836?, Ornithol. Drawings, pt. 4, pl. 49.
(Brazil = Santo Amaro, Reconcavo de Baia. Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in eastern Panama (eastern Darién, also sight
reports from the Canal Zone), western Colombia and western Ecuador; also in
northwestern Venezuela, and from southeastern Colombia and southern Vene-
zuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Paraguay. extreme northeastern
Argentina, and central and eastern Brazil.

Myiopagis cotta (Gosse). JAMAICAN ELAENIA.

Elania [sic] cotta Gosse, 1849, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3, p. 257. (Ja-
maica.)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland and shrubby areas, both in mountains and
lowlands, more commonly in the former.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.— Also known as JAMAICAN YELLOW-CROWNED ELAENIA.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 433

Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot). GREENISH ELAENIA.

Sylvia viridicata Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 11, p. 171.
Based on ““Contramaestre Pardo verdoso corona amarilla’”’ Azara, Apunt.
Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2, p. 57 (no. 156). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, open woodland, clearings, and open
situations with scattered trees (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit, Durango, San Luis Potosi and southern
Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Mexico (including the Tres Marias Islands
and Yucatan Peninsula, but a record from Isla Mujeres is unverified) and Central
America (throughout, but in Costa Rica confined primarily to the Pacific slope)
to Panama (Pacific slope throughout, including Coiba and the Pearl islands, locally
on the Caribbean slope in Col6n and the Canal Zone), and in South America from
western Colombia south, west of the Andes, to western Ecuador (including Puna
Island), and locally from Venezuela and southeastern Colombia south, east of the
Andes, to southeastern Peru, central Bolivia, northern Argentina, and south-cen-
tral and eastern Brazil.

Genus ELAENIA Sundevall

Elenia Sundevall, 1836, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. (1835), p. 89. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Muscicapa pagana Lichtenstein =
Pipra flavogaster Thunberg.

Elaenia martinica (Linnaeus). CARIBBEAN ELAENIA.

Muscicapa martinica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 325. Based on
“‘Le Gobe-mouche hupé de la Martinique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 362,
pl. 36, fig. 2. (in Martinica = Martinique.)

Habitat.— On islands, where found in forest, woodland and scrub, most com-
monly in open or semi-open habitats.

Distribution.— Resident in the Cayman, Providencia and San Andrés islands in
the Caribbean Sea, on islands off the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize (Cozumel,
Mujeres and Cayo Culebra, probably also Holbox, formerly Banco Chinchorro,
Half Moon Cay and Glover’s Reef), and from Puerto Rico (including Vieques,
Culebra and Culebrita islands) and the Virgin Islands south through the Lesser
Antilles to Grenada (apparently absent from the Grenadines), Trinidad and the
Netherlands Antilles.

Casual on the mainland of Belize (Belize City).

Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg). YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA.

Pipra flavogaster Thunberg, 1822, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 8,
pp. 283, 286. (Brazil = probably Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, savanna, shrubby areas and gardens,
in both humid and arid habitats (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula, Isla
Mujeres off Quintana Roo, and the Pearl, Taboga, Coiba and smaller islands off
Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita and
Patos islands) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru

434 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

and east of the Andes (absent from eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and most
of eastern Peru) to southeastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, northwestern
and northeastern Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil: also the southern
Lesser Antilles (Grenada, the Grenadines and St. Vincent), Tobago and Trinidad.

Notes.—Some authors consider E. flavogaster and the South American E. spec-
tabilis Pelzeln, 1868, as conspecific despite apparent overlap in Brazil; they appear
to constitute a superspecies.

Elaenia chiriquensis Lawrence. LESSER ELAENIA.

Elainea Chiriquensis Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 176.
(near David, Chiriqui, New Granada [=Panama].)

Habitat.— Scrub, open woodland, second growth, shrubby areas and savanna
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in central (vicinity of Cartago) and southwestern Costa
Rica (El General-Térraba regions), in Panama (Caribbean slope in Colon and the
Canal Zone, Pacific slope east to eastern Panama province, and Coiba, Cébaco
and the Pearl islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, Paraguay, and central and southeastern Brazil.

Accidental on Bonaire, in the Netherlands Antilles; a record from Miravalles,
in northwestern Costa Rica, probably represents a vagrant.

Elaenia frantzii Lawrence. MOUNTAIN ELAENIA.

Elainea frantzii Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 172. (Son
Jose, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge, clearings, scrubby areas, farmland and,
less frequently, more open portions of humid montane forest (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of central Guatemala, Honduras, north-
central and southwestern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, western Panama (Chiriqui, Ver-
aguas and western Herrera), Colombia and western Venezuela.

Notes.—Some authors consider E. frantzii and the South American E. obscura
(Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny, 1837) to be conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Elaenia fallax Sclater. GREATER ANTILLEAN ELAENIA.

Elainea fallax Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 76 (footnote). (Ja-
maica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open pine woodland, and thickets in partly open
situations, primarily in mountains.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica (primarily in Blue Mountains, less fre-
quently in hills of St. Ann and Trelawny) and Hispaniola (high elevations).

Genus SERPOPHAGA Gould

Serpophaga Gould, 1839, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3 (9), p. 49. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Serpophaga albocoronatus
[sic] Gould = Sylvia subcristata Vieillot.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 435

Serpophaga cinerea (Tschudi). TORRENT TYRANNULET.

Leptopogon cinereus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 276. (Republica
Peruana = vicinity of Tarma, Depto. Junin, Peru.)

Habitat.— Along rocky torrents in humid montane regions (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (central highlands south-
ward) and western Panama (east to Veraguas); and in South America in the Andes
from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south to Peru (also along the central
coast) and northern Bolivia.

Genus MIONECTES Cabanis

Mionectes Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 275. Type, by original
designation, M. poliocephalus Tsch[udi]. = Muscicapa striaticollis d’ Orbig-
ny and Lafresnaye.

Pipromorpha G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds, p. 146. Type,
by monotypy, Muscicapa oleagina [sic] Lichtenstein.

Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence. OLIVE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER.

Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 111.
(Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica = Barranca, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth
woodland, shrubby growth and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (on both slopes of highlands, most com-
monly on Caribbean, to lowlands mainly in the nonbreeding season) and Panama
(Caribbean slope throughout, Pacific slope west to the Canal Zone), and in South
America from Colombia and northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, west of
the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Peru.

Mionectes oleagineus (Lichtenstein). OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa oleaginea Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p.
55. (Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second growth, open
woodland, shrubby growth and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Puebla, central Veracruz, northern and
eastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula (including Isla Mu-
jeres) south along both slopes of Central America to Panama (including Coiba,
Cébaco and the Pearl islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western
Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, and Amazonian and
eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the genus Pipromorpha.

Genus LEPTOPOGON Cabanis

Leptopogon Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch, 10, p. 275. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Leptopogon superciliaris Tsch[{udi].

436 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi. SEPIA-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus (Cabanis MS) Tschudi, 1846, Unters. Fauna
Peru, lief. 6, Ornithol., p. 162 (footnote). (Sdo Paulo. Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge. open woodland and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern Mexico
(northern Oaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas) south to Nicaragua,
on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare, occurring primarily in foothills), and in western
and central Panama (Pacific slope east to eastern Panama province, including Isla
Coiba, locally also on the Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone); from northern and
eastern Colombia east across Venezuela to Surinam: and from eastern Peru and
Brazil (south of the Amazon) south to central Bolivia, northern Argentina and
Paraguay.

Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi. SLATY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.

Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi. 1844, Arch. Naturgesch.. 10. p. 275. (Re-
publica Peruana = Montafia de Vitoc, Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, forest edge. dense second-growth
woodland, and shaded plantations (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica and Panama (recorded
western Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Darién), and in South America from the
Andes of Colombia east across northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and
northern Bolivia: also locally in extreme southern Venezuela (Amazonas).

Genus CAPSIEMPIS Cabanis and Heine

Capsiempis Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2. p. 56. Type, by
original designation. Muscicapa flaveola Lichtenstein.

Notes.— This genus is sometimes merged in Phylloscartes.

Capsiempis flaveola (Lichtenstein). YELLOW TYRANNULET.

Muscicapa flaveola Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p.
56. (Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Thickets. brushy areas. overgrown pastures, and borders of forest
and open woodland, locally also in thorn scrub and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Nicaragua (Caribbean slope). Costa Rica (Caribbean
slope and Pacific southwest) and Panama (locally east to eastern Colon and eastern
Panama province. also Isla Coiba). and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northeastern Ecuador, thence
east across Brazil and southward to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, extreme north-
eastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil.

Genus PHYLLOSCARTES Cabanis and Heine

Phylloscartes Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum. 2, p. 52. Type, by
monotypy. Muscicapa ventralis Temminck.

Notes.—See comments under Capsiempis.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 437

Phylloscartes flavovirens (Lawrence). YELLOW-GREEN TYRANNULET.

Leptopogon flavovirens Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 472.
(Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad = Atlantic slope, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid second-growth woodland in lowlands (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Panama (Pacific lowlands from the Canal
Zone east to eastern Darién, Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone).

Notes.—P. flavovirens and the South American P. ventralis (Temminck, 1824)
[MOTTLE-CHEEKED TYRANNULET] constitute a superspecies; they are considered
conspecific by some authors.

Phylloscartes superciliaris (Sclater and Salvin). RUFOUS-BROWED Ty-
RANNULET.

Leptotriccus superciliaris Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1868), p. 389. (Chitra, Veragua, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and, less frequently, dense vege-
tation in partly open situations (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope of Cordillera de
Tilaran southward), Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Darién),
Colombia (“Bogota” only) and northwestern Venezuela (Zulia).

Notes.—Sometimes placed in the South American genus Mecocerculus Sclater,
1862.

Genus PSEUDOTRICCUS Taczanowski and Berlepsch

Pseudotriccus Taczanowski and Berlepsch, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
88. Type, by monotypy, Pseudotriccus pelzelni Taczanowski and Berlepsch.

Pseudotriccus pelzelni Taczanowski and Berlepsch. BRONZE-OLIVE
PyGMy-TYRANT.

Pseudotriccus pelzelni Taczanowski and Berlepsch, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 88. (Machay and [Hacienda] Mapoto, Tungurahua, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid montane forest (Subtropical, less frequently,
upper Tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of extreme eastern Panama (cerros
Pirre and Tacarcuna, eastern Darién), and in South America from Colombia south,
west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru.

Notes.— Also known as STREAK-CROWNED PYGMy-TYRANT.

Genus MYIORNIS Bertoni

Myiornis Bertoni, 1901, Aves Nuev. Parag., p. 129. Type, by monotypy,
Euscarthmus minutus Bertoni = Platyrhynchos auricularis Vieillot.

Perissotriccus Oberholser, 1902, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 25, p. 64. Type, by
original designation, Todirostrum ecaudatum Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny.

Myiornis atricapillus (Lawrence). BLACK-CAPPED PYGMyY-TYRANT.

Orchilus atricapillus Lawrence, 1875, Ibis, p. 385. (Angostura and Volcan de
Irazu, Costa Rica = Talamanca, Costa Rica.)

438 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Humid lowland forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands), Panama (Carib-
bean slope, locally also on Pacific slope in eastern Panama province and eastern
Darién), western Colombia and western Ecuador. ;

Notes.— M. atricapillus and the South American M. ecaudatus (Lafresnaye and
d’Orbigny, 1837) [SHORT-TAILED PYGMy-TYRANT] are closely related and consid-
ered conspecific by some authors; they constitute at least a superspecies. These
two species are sometimes placed in the genus Perissotriccus.

Genus LOPHOTRICCUS Berlepsch

Lophotriccus Berlepsch, 1884, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1883), p. 533. Type,
by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1884), Lophotriccus squamicristatus
(Lafr.) = Todirostrum squamaecrista Lafresnaye.

Lophotriccus pileatus (Tschudi). SCALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT.

Euscarthmus pileatus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 273. (Repub-
lica Peruana = valley of Vitoc, Depto. Junin, Peru.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid forest edge and second-growth woodland, forest
clearings, brushy undergrowth, and open situations with scattered small trees
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in South America also lower Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the foothills and highlands of Costa Rica (both slopes)
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru; also
in southwestern Brazil.

Genus ATALOTRICCUS Ridgway

Atalotriccus Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 208. Type, by
original designation, Colopterus pilaris Cabanis.

Atalotriccus pilaris (Cabanis). PALE-EYED PyGMy-TYRANT.

Colopterus pilaris Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 253, pl. 5, fig. 4.
(environs of Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thorn bush, thickets, and small trees and bushes near
water (Tropical, occasionally lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of western and central Panama
(western Chiriqui east to eastern Panama province); and in South America in
northern Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-EYED PYGMyY-TYRANT.

Genus ONCOSTOMA Sclater

Oncostoma Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 208. Type, by monotypy,
Todirostrum cinereigulare Sclater.

Oncostoma cinereigulare (Sclater). NORTHERN BENTBILL.

Todirostrum cinereigulare Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p.
295. (Cordova [=Cérdoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 439

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, thickets, undergrowth of second-growth
woodland, and brushy areas near forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from central Veracruz and northern and eastern Oaxaca
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to
western Panama (western Bocas del Toro and western Chiriqui; an old specimen
from “‘Canal Zone” is probably mislabeled); and in extreme northwestern Colom-
bia (Antioquia).

Notes.— O. cinereigulare and O. olivaceum constitute a superspecies; they are
regarded as conspecific by some authors. With treatment as a single species, the
English name would be BENTBILL.

Oncostoma olivaceum (Lawrence). SOUTHERN BENTBILL.

Todirostrum olivaceum Lawrence, 1862, Ibis, p. 12. (Isthmus of Panama =
Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Thickets and undergrowth of humid forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (west on the Caribbean slope to Coclé
and the Pacific slope to the Canal Zone) and northern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under O. cinereigulare.

Genus TODIROSTRUM Lesson

Todirostrum Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 5 (1830), p. 384. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), 7. cinereum = Todus cinereus
Linnaeus.

Todirostrum sylvia (Desmarest). SLATE-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER.

Todus sylvia Desmarest, 1806, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, Manakins, Todiers, livr.
10, pl. 71. (No locality given = probably Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Dense thickets, brushy growth and low second growth, mostly in
humid lowlands and foothills, locally in drier habitats (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from northern Mexico
(southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, northern Chiapas and Quintana
Roo) south through northern Central America to Honduras, on both slopes of
Nicaragua, Costa Rica (most commonly on Pacific slope from Gulf of Nicoya
southward, less commonly on Caribbean slope) and Panama (Pacific slope east
to eastern Panama province, on Caribbean slope east to the Canal Zone), and in
South America from Colombia across northwestern and southern Venezuela to
the Guianas, and south to northern Amazonian Brazil.

Todirostrum cinereum (Linnaeus). COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER.

Todus cinereus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 178. Based on “‘The
Grey and Yellow Flycatcher’? Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 110, pl.
262, fig. 1. Gn Surinamo = Surinam.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, thickets, brushy areas, scrub, gardens and forest
border, primarily in humid lowlands and foothills (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

440 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident from southeastern Mexico (central Veracruz, northern
Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo, including Isla Mujeres)
south on both slopes of Middle America (including Isla Coiba off Panama), and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern and
eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil.

Notes.— The distinct form from northwestern Venezuela, 7. viridanum Hell-
mayr, 1927, is sometimes regarded as conspecific with 7. cinereum; they constitute
a superspecies.

Todirostrum nigriceps Sclater. BLACK-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER.

Todirostrum nigriceps Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 66, pl. 84,
fig. 1. (Santa Martha in Nov. Grenada = Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings, open woodland, second growth,
plantations and scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (primarily. Caribbean lowlands, locally
on Pacific drainage of Cordillera de Guanacaste) and Panama (Caribbean slope
generally throughout, Pacific slope from the Canal Zone eastward), and in South
America in Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and western Ecuador.

Notes.— 7. nigriceps is considered by some authors to be conspecific with the
South American 7. chrysocrotaphum Strickland, 1850 [PAINTED Topy-FLy-
CATCHER]; they constitute a superspecies.

Genus CNIPODECTES Sclater and Salvin

Cnipodectes Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 281. Type,
by monotypy, Cyclorhynchus subbrunneus Sclater.

Cnipodectes subbrunneus (Sclater). BROWNISH FLYCATCHER.

Cyclorhynchus subbrunneus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 282.
(In rep. Equator = Babahoyo, Los Rios, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and second-growth woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (from Coclé on the Caribbean slope and the
Canal Zone on the Pacific slope eastward), and in South America from Colombia
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northeastern
Peru and western Brazil.

Genus RHYNCHOCYCLUS Cabanis and Heine

Cyclorhynchus (not Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, 1829) Sundevall, 1836. Vetensk.-
Akad. Handl. (1835), p. 83. Type, by monotypy, Platyrhynchus olivaceus
Temminck. Nomen oblitum.

Rhynchocyclus Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 56. New
name for Cyclorhynchus Sundevall.

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris (Cabanis). EYE-RINGED FLATBILL.

Cyclorhynchus brevirostris Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 249. (Xa-
lapa, Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 44]

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and shaded second-growth woodland
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (eastern Oaxaca, Puebla and
central Veracruz southward, including the Yucatan Peninsula, primarily in low-
lands) south on both slopes of Middle America (not recorded Pacific slope of
Guatemala) to Nicaragua, in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and Pacific southwest)
and Panama (locally on both slopes, not recorded between western Panama prov-
ince and eastern Darién), and in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus (Temminck). OLIVACEOUS FLATBILL.

Platyrhynchos olivaceus Temminck, 1820, Planches Color., livr. 2, pl. 12, fig.
1. (Brésil = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland, swamps
and plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (on Caribbean slope west to western Colon,
on Pacific slope west to the Canal Zone, one old record from “‘Veragua”’ in western
Panama), and in South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and central
and southeastern Brazil.

Genus TOLMOMYIAS Hellmayr

Tolmomyias Hellmayr, 1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13 (5),
p. 273. Type, by original designation, Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix.

Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix). YELLOW-OLIVE FLYCATCHER.

Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 10,
pl. 12, fig. 1. (Rio de Janeiro and Piaui, Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth, humid forest edge and plantations
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from northern and eastern Oaxaca and central Veracruz
south through Middle America (both slopes, including the Yucatan Peninsula),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to northern
Argentina and southern Brazil (not recorded Uruguay).

Tolmomyias assimilis (Pelzeln). YELLOW-MARGINED FLYCATCHER.

Rhynchocyclus assimilis Pelzeln, 1868, Ornithol. Bras., 2, pp. 110, 181. (En-
genho do Gama, S. Vicente, Borba, Rio Negro, and Barra do Rio Negro,
n. Brazil = Borba, Rio Madeira.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, and open situations with scat-
tered trees adjacent to forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope throughout) and Pan-
ama (both slopes, but rare and local on the Pacific slope west of the Canal Zone),
and in South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south,
west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia, and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-MARGINED FLATBILL.

44) CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus PLATYRINCHUS Desmarest

Platyrinchus Desmarest, 1805, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, Manakins, Todiers, livr.
4. p. [2] of text to pl. [72]. Type, by tautonymy, Platyrinchus fuscus Des-
marest = Todus platyrhynchos Gmelin.

Platyrinchus cancrominus Sclater and Salvin. STUB-TAILED SPADEBILL.

Platyrhynchus cancrominus Sclater and Salvin. 1860. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 299. (In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida, et in Mexico Merid. statu
Vere Crucis = Choctum, Vera Paz. Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, heavy
second growth and deciduous woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (central Veracruz, northern and
eastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana
Roo) south along both slopes of Central America to Nicaragua and northwestern
and central Costa Rica (Pacific slope south to the Rio Pirris area).

Notes.—Some authors consider P. cancrominus conspecific with P. mystaceus,
but see Slud (1964, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 128, pp. 260-261): they constitute
a superspecies.

Platyrinchus mystaceus Vieillot. WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL.

Platyrhynchus mystaceus Vieillot. 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
27, p. 14. Based on “Tachuri Bigotillos” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax.
Parag., 2. p. 93 (no. 173). (Paraguay = San Ignacio Guazt, southern Par-
aguay.)

Habitat.— Understory in humid forest. forest edge, heavy second growth and,
less frequently, open brush (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope throughout, and Pacific
slope of central highlands from the Dota Mountains eastward) and western and
extreme eastern Panama (unrecorded between Cerro Campana and eastern Dar-
ién). and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, extreme northeastern
Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.—See comments under P. cancrominus.

Platyrinchus coronatus Sclater. GOLDEN-CROWNED SPADEBILL.

Platyrhynchus coronatus (Verreaux MS) Sclater. 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 71. (Rio Napo in the Republic of Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Understory in humid lowland and foothill forest and heavy second
growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (west to the Sula
Valley) and Nicaragua, in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and Pacific southwest) and
Panama (both slopes, more widespread on the Caribbean), and in South America
west of the Andes in western Colombia and western Ecuador, and east of the
Andes from southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south
to eastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 443

Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE: Fluvicoline Flycatchers

Genus ONYCHORHYNCHUS Fischer von Waldheim

Onychorhynchus Fischer von Waldheim, 1810, Descr. Obj. Rares Mus. Hist.
Nat. Univ. Imp. Moscou, 1, p. 1, pl. 1. Type, by monotypy, Todus regius
“Linn. Gmel.” = Muscicapa coronata Miiller.

Onychorhynchus coronatus (Miller). ROYAL FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa coronata P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 168. Based
on Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 289. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Understory of tall, humid (less frequently subhumid) forest edge,
clearings, second-growth woodland and plantations, especially along forest streams
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [mexicanus group] from central Veracruz and central
Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Pen-
insula, most commonly on the Gulf-Caribbean slope south through Nicaragua,
and on the Pacific drainage in Costa Rica) to northern Colombia and northwestern
Venezuela; and [coronatus group] in South America from eastern Colombia and
southern Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to northern Peru, northern Bolivia,
and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil, also west of the Andes in western Ecuador
and extreme northwestern Peru.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, O. mex-
icanus (Sclater, 1857) [NORTHERN ROYAL-FLYCATCHER] and O. coronatus [AM-
AZONIAN ROYAL-FLYCATCHER].

Genus TERENOTRICCUS Ridgway

Terenotriccus Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 207. Type, by
original designation, Myiobius fulvigularis Salvin and Godman = Myiobius
erythrurus Cabanis.

Terenotriccus erythrurus (Cabanis). RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius erythrurus Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 249, pl. 5, fig.
1. (Guiana, Cayenne = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land and, less frequently, in open situations with scattered trees (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Tabasco (near Teno-
sique), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
(absent from the dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from northern
Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia, and Amazonian and central Brazil.

Genus MYIOBIUS Darwin

Tyrannula (not Vieillot, 1816) Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3. p. 358. Type, by
monotypy, Muscicapa barbata Swainson [= Gmelin].

Myiobius (Gray MS) Darwin, 1839, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3 (9), p. 46. New name
for Tyrannula Swainson, preoccupied.

444 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Myiobius villosus Sclater. TAWNY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius villosus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 93. (in rep. Ecuat.,
part. = Nanegal, Pichincha, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, clearings, forest edge and second-
growth woodland (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from extreme eastern Panama (Cerro Tacarcuna in east-
ern Darién), Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south, west of the Andes to
northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and northwestern
Bolivia.

Myiobius sulphureipygius (Sclater). SULPHUR-RUMPED FLYCATCHER.

Tyrannula sulphureipygia Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p.
296. (Cordova [=Cérdoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid lowland and foothill forest and shaded second
growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Mexico (central Veracruz, northern Oa-
xaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo, with
one old record from Cozumel Island) south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of north-
ern Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from the
dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America in the Pacific lowlands of
western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— Closely related to and sometimes considered conspecific with the South
American M. barbatus (Gmelin, 1789); they constitute at least a superspecies.

Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence. BLACK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence, 1863, Ibis, p. 183. (Isthmus of Panama =
Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, and undergrowth of heavy second-growth
woodland and clearings (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Pacific southwest, locally in the Temp-
isque basin in the Pacific northwest), Panama (both slopes), northern and western
Colombia, western Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru; also in South Amer-
ica east of the Andes from southeastern Ecuador, extreme southern Venezuela
and Amazonian Brazil south to eastern Peru, and central and southern Brazil.

Genus MYIOPHOBUS Reichenbach

Myiophobus Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 67. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Muscicapa ferruginea Swainson =
Muscicapa fasciata Miiller.

Myiophobus fasciatus (Miiller). BRAN-COLORED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa fasciata P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 172. Based
on Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 574, fig. 3. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas, overgrown fields and pastures, open shrubby areas, and
open woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 445

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (El General-Térraba re-
gion), western and central Panama (Pacific slope east to eastern Panama province,
Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone and adjacent Colon, and in the Pearl Islands),
and in South America from northern Colombia south, west of the Andes to
northern Chile, and east of the Andes in northern Venezuela (also Trinidad and
Chacachacare Island) and the Guianas, and from central and eastern Peru east
across central and eastern Brazil, thence southward through Paraguay and Uruguay
to central Argentina.

Genus APHANOTRICCUS Ridgway

Aphanotriccus Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 207. Type, by
original designation, Myiobius capitalis Salvin.

Predo Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 14. Type, by
original designation, Praedo audax Nelson.

Aphanotriccus capitalis (Salvin). TAWNY-CHESTED FLYCATCHER.

Myiobius capitalis Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 583.
(Tucurrique, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Overgrown humid forest edge, dense second growth and bamboo
thickets, especially along streams, rarely inside forest (upper Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Nicaragua and north-
eastern and east-central Costa Rica.

Aphanotriccus audax (Nelson). BLACK-BILLED FLYCATCHER.

Predo audax Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 15. (Cana,
at 2,000 feet altitude, eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in eastern Panama (near Puerto San Antonio
and Majé in eastern Panama province, and near Cana and on Cerro Pirre in
eastern Darién), and in northwestern Colombia (in Cordoba).

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Praedo.

Genus XENOTRICCUS Dwight and Griscom

Xenotriccus Dwight and Griscom, 1927, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 254, p. 1.
Type, by original designation, Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight and Griscom.

Aechmolophus Zimmer, 1938, Auk, 55, p. 663. Type, by original designation,
Aechmolophus mexicanus Zimmer.

Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight and Griscom. BELTED FLYCATCHER.

Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight and Griscom, 1927, Am. Mus. Novit., no.
254, p. 2. (Panajachel, 5,500 ft., Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Brushy hillsides, generally near water (Subtropical Zone.)
Distribution.— Resident locally in Chiapas (Ocozocuautla, Chichima), Guate-
mala (Lake Atitlan, Baja Verapaz) and El Salvador (Depto. de Santa Ana).

446 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Xenotriccus mexicanus (Zimmer). PILEATED FLYCATCHER.

Aechmolophus mexicanus Zimmer, 1938, Auk. 55, p. 664. (Cuernavaca, al-
titude 5000 feet, [Guerrero,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, especially mesquite or oak-thorn (Subtropical and lower
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Michoacan south through the highlands
of Guerrero, Morelos and southwestern Puebla to central Oaxaca.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Aechmolophus.

Genus MITREPHANES Coues

Mitrephorus (not Schénherr. 1837) Sclater. 1859. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 44. Type, by subsequent designation (Sclater. 1888), Mitrephorus phae-
ocercus Sclater.

Mitrephanes Coues, 1882, Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club, 7. p. 55. New name
for Mitrephorus Sclater. preoccupied.

Mitrephanes phaeocercus (Sclater). TUFTED FLYCATCHER.

Mitrephorus ph@ocercus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 44. (In
Mexico merid. et in Guatemala = Cordoba. Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, pine-oak association and brushy hill-
sides (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from northeastern Sonora, western
Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango. western Zacatecas, southern San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south through the interior of Mexico (also to coastal areas
in Jalisco), Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua;
from central Costa Rica south locally through Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas, Coclé
and eastern Darién) and western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador: and in the
Andes from northern Peru south to eastern Bolivia.

Notes.—The Andean form in Peru and Bolivia is sometimes regarded as a
separate species. WV. olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894.

Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis

Syrichta (not Syrichtus Boisduval, 1833) Bonaparte, 1854, Ann. Sci. Nat.
(Zool.), sér. 4, 1, p. 133. Type. by monotypy, Tyrannula ardosiaca La-
fresnaye = Tyrannus fumigatus d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye. Nomen nudum.

Contopus Cabanis, 1855, J. Ornithol., 3, p. 479. Type, by original designation,
Muscicapa virens Linnaeus.

Blacicus Cabanis. 1855, J. Ormithol.. 3, p. 480. Type. by original designation,
Muscipeta caribaea d’Orbigny.

Syrichtha Bonaparte, 1857, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2. p. 36. Type, by
monotypy, Syrichta curtipes Bonaparte ex Swainson = Platyrhynchus ci-
nereus Spix.

Myiochanes Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2. p. 71. New name
for Syrichta Bonaparte.

Syrichta G. R. Gray, 1869, Handl. Genera Spec. Birds. 1, p. 362. Type, by
original designation, Tyrannula ardosiaca Lafresnaye = Tyrannus fumi-
gatus d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 447

Nuttallornis Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 337. Type, by monotypy,
C. borealis (Swainson) = Tyrannus borealis Swainson.

Contopus borealis (Swainson). OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. [459.]

Tyrannus borealis Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., 2 (1831), p. 141, pl. 35. (Cumberland House [=Carlton House], lat.
54°, banks of the Saskatchewan [Canada].)

Habitat.— Forest and woodland, especially in burned-over areas with standing
dead trees, breeding in taiga, subalpine coniferous forest and mixed coniferous-
deciduous forest, in migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland and
open situations with scattered trees, especially where tall dead snags are present.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, west-
central and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba,
northern Ontario, south-central Quebec, southern Labrador and central New-
foundland south to northern Baja California, southern California, southern Ne-
vada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico and western Texas, and, east of the
Rocky Mountains, to central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern North
Dakota, central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern
Ontario, northeastern Ohio and Massachusetts, also locally in the Appalachians
south through New York, Pennsylvania, eastern West Virginia and southwestern
Virginia to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina.

Winters in the mountains of South America from Colombia and Venezuela
(also Trinidad) south through Ecuador to southeastern Peru, irregularly in Middle
America as far north as Oaxaca and Belize, and casually in southern California.

Migrates regularly through most of the western United States and Middle Amer-
ica, less commonly in the eastern United States, casually along the southern
Atlantic coast and in peninsular Florida.

Casual or accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow), Bermuda, the Neth-
erlands Antilles, Surinam, Amazonian Brazil and Greenland.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Nuttallornis.

Contopus pertinax Cabanis and Heine. GREATER PEWEE. [460.]

Contopus pertinax (Lichtenstein MS) Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Hei-
neanum, 2, p. 72. (Xalapa = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Highland pine, pine-oak association, riparian woodland and humid
montane forest edge (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, central
Chihuahua, southern Coahuila, central Nuevo Leon and southern Tamaulipas
south in the highlands of Mexico and northern Central America (including Belize)
to north-central Nicaragua.

Winters from northern Mexico (casually southern Arizona) south through the
breeding range in Middle America.

In migration occurs casually in western Texas.

Casual in southern California (north to the Monterey area) and Colorado (Port
Lyon).

Notes.— Also known as COUES’ FLYCATCHER. C. pertinax, C. lugubris and the
South American C. fumigatus (Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny, 1837), and especially
the latter two, are closely related and considered conspecific by some authors; the

448 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

three species constitute a superspecies. Some authors treat C. pertinax as C.
musicus (Swainson), based on Tyrannula musica Swainson, 1827, a name gen-
erally regarded as unidentifiable.

Contopus lugubris Lawrence. DARK PEWEE.

Contopus lugubris Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 134.
(Barranca, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge, open woodland and clearings (Subtrop-
ical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (from the Cordillera de
Tilaran southward) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.—See comments under C. pertinax.

Contopus ochraceus Sclater and Salvin. OCHRACEOUS PEWEE.

Contopus ochraceus Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
419. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest (Temperate Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally at high elevations in Costa Rica (Irazt and Tur-
rialba volcanoes, and near Empalme.in the Cordillera de Talamanca) and, prob-
ably, extreme western Panama (one specimen known from “Chiriqui’’, regarded
as questionable for locality, and sight records from Cerro Punta, Chiriqui).

Contopus sordidulus Sclater. WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE. [462.]

Contopus sordidulus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 43. (In Mexico
meridionali et Guatemala = Orizaba, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge and woodland, especially coniferous or mixed
coniferous-deciduous forest, and poplar or riparian woodland (Subtropical and
Temperate zones, in nonbreeding season also Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mac-
kenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and east-central Saskatchewan, south-
central Manitoba and northwestern Minnesota (Roseau County) south to southern
Baja California and in the interior highlands of Mexico and Guatemala to Hon-
duras and (possibly) north-central Nicaragua, and east to central North Dakota,
western South Dakota, western Kansas, western Texas and southern Tamaulipas.
Breeding reports from Costa Rica and Panama are unverified; one from Colombia
is erroneous (pertaining to C. cinereus).

Winters from Colombia and Venezuela south to Peru and Bolivia, casually
north to Costa Rica.

Migrates regularly east to western Kansas, and south through Middle America,
occurring in lowlands on both slopes as well as in highlands.

Casual or accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow, Umiat), Maryland,
Massachusetts, southwestern Louisiana, Mississippi, Jamaica and Belize, with
reports (based on identification by call) from Iowa, Wisconsin and southern On-
tario.

Notes.—This species was formerly known as C. richardsonii, based on Ty-
rannula Richardsonii Swainson, 1832, now regarded as a synonym of Sayornis
phoebe (see Phillips and Parkes, 1955, Condor, 57, p. 244). See also comments
under C. virens.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 449

Contopus virens (Linnaeus). EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE. [461.]

Muscicapa virens Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327. Based on “Le
Gobe-mouche condré de la Caroline” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 368. (in
Carolina ad ripas = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, scrub, parks, and open situations with scattered
trees, breeding in deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous forest and forest edge,
and in open woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
western and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northern Maine, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (including Cape Breton Island) south to
Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida, and west to the eastern Dakotas, eastern
Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma and south-central Texas.

Winters from Colombia and Venezuela south to Peru and western Brazil, cas-
ually north to Costa Rica.

Migrates through the eastern United States, Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Mexico,
and along both slopes from Chiapas, Guatemala and Belize south through Middle
America (more abundantly on the Caribbean slope, including most offshore is-
lands), casually through the western Bahamas (New Providence, Grand Bahama,
Eleuthera, Mayaguana), western Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Grand Cayman,
and islands of the western Caribbean (Swan, Providencia and San Andrés islands,
and Albuquerque Cay).

Casual or accidental off Labrador (200 miles at sea), and in eastern Colorado,
Arizona, Bermuda and Barbados; a photographic record for California (Farallon
Islands) is questionable.

Notes.— C. virens and C. sordidulus are considered conspecific by some authors;
they constitute a superspecies; with conspecific treatment, WOOD PEWEE would
be the appropriate English name.

Contopus cinereus (Spix). TROPICAL PEWEE.

Platyrhynchus cinereus Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 11, pl. 13,
fig. 2. (“in sylvis flum. Amazonum,” error = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.—Scrubby areas, second-growth woodland, open situations with scat-
tered trees, forest edge, plantations and mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones, locally in South America to lower Temperate Zone).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Oaxaca and southern Veracruz south along
both slopes of Middle America (including Cozumel and Cancun islands off Quin-
tana Roo, and Isla Coiba off Panama) to northern Colombia, northern Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas, and south in the Andes to Peru; also locally in
arid southwestern Ecuador, in extreme southern Venezuela and adjacent northern
Brazil, and from central and eastern Brazil south to eastern Bolivia, northern
Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Contopus caribaeus (d’Orbigny). GREATER ANTILLEAN PEWEE.

Muscipeta caribaea d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba,
Ois., p. 92. (Cuba = Holguin, Oriente Prov., Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge, open woodland, scrub, brushy areas and man-
groves, from mountains to arid lowlands.
Distribution. — Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Aba-

450 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

co, New Providence, Eleuthera and Cat islands), and on Cuba (including cays off
the coast of both Cuba and the Isle of Pines), Jamaica and Hispaniola (including
Gonave Island).

Accidental on Mona Island (off Puerto Rico).

Notes.—C. caribaeus and C. latirostris appear to constitute a superspecies.

Contopus latirostris (Verreaux). LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE.

Myiobius latirostris Verreaux, 1866, Bull. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris].
2, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 2. (Sainte Lucie, dans la Nouvelle Grenade = St. Lucia,
in the Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, wooded hills and coffee plantations, locally on Puer-
to Rico also in semi-arid. coastal scrub.

Distribution. — Resident on Puerto Rico (primarily western and central portions)
and in the northern Lesser Antilles (St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica and Gua-
deloupe).

Notes.—See comments under C. caribaeus.

Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis

Empidonax Cabanis,. 1855, J. Ormithol.. 3, p. 480. Type. by monotypy. Em-
pidonax pusillus Cabanis = Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot.

Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird). YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
[463.]

Tyrannula flaviventris W. M. and S. F. Baird, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1, p. 283. ([mear Carlisle] Cumberland Co., Pa.)

Habitat.— Forest. forest edge. clearings. second-growth woodland and swamps,
breeding in boreal coniferous forest (primarily spruce. fir, jack pine and tamarack),
in winter commonly in humid lowland forest and open woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, west-central and south-
erm Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba. northern Ontario,
central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, northern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario. northeastern Pennsylvania, central
New York, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, with isolated
breeding in western Virginia (Mt. Rogers, since 1977).

Winters in Middle America from southern Tamaulipas. southeastern San Luis
Potosi and Puebla on the Gulf-Caribbean slope and eastern Oaxaca on the Pacific
slope south to western Panama (casually east to the Canal Zone and Darién).

Migrates regularly through the eastern United States west to the central Great
Plains and central Texas, uncommonly through the Gulf and South Atlantic states
from South Carolina to eastern Louisiana, and casually through eastern New
Mexico, western Texas and peninsular Florida.

Casual in east-central Alaska. Accidental in California (Farallon Islands), Ari-
zona (Tucson), Cuba and Greenland.

Empidonax virescens (Vieillot). ACADIAN FLYCATCHER. [465.]

Muscicapa querula (not Vieillot, 1807) Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p.
77. pl. 13, fig. 3. (No locality given = near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 451

Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 27,
p. 22. New name for Muscicapa querula Wilson, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Humid deciduous forest (primarily mature), woodland, thickets, sec-
ond growth and plantations.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern South Dakota, northern Iowa, extreme
southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme south-
ern Ontario, northeastern Pennsylvania, southern New York, Massachusetts, Ver-
mont and (probably) southern New Hampshire south to central and southern
Texas (west to Tom Greene County), the Gulf coast and central Florida, and west
to eastern Nebraska, central Kansas and central Oklahoma.

Winters on the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua, on both slopes (more commonly
on the Caribbean) of Costa Rica and Panama (including Taboguilla and the Pearl
islands), and in northern and western Colombia, northern Venezuela and western
Ecuador.

In migration occurs regularly (but uncommonly recorded) on the Gulf-Carib-
bean slope of Middle America from northeastern Mexico south to Costa Rica,
and casually west to western South Dakota (at least formerly) and western Ne-
braska, and through the Bahamas (recorded from Grand Bahama, New Providence
and Cay Lobos) and western Cuba.

Accidental in southeastern British Columbia (Barriere area) and Arizona (Tuc-
son).

Empidonax alnorum Brewster. ALDER FLYCATCHER. [466.1.]
Empidonax traillii alnorum Brewster, 1895, Auk, 12, p. 161. (Upton, Maine.)

Habitat.— Brushy and scrubby growth, thickets, deciduous forest edge, open
second growth, and swamps, breeding in damp thickets ofalder and various shrubs,
in bogs, along marshy borders of lakes, and in brush along stream banks, in winter
also in open woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and
southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani-
toba, northern Ontario, central and eastern Quebec, southern Labrador and south-
ern Newfoundland south to southern Alaska, south-central British Columbia,
southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, northern North Dakota, south-central
Minnesota, central Michigan, southern Ontario, south-central Ohio, western
Maryland, eastern Pennsylvania, southern New York and Connecticut; and in the
Appalachians south to eastern Tennessee, western Virginia and western North
Carolina. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in southeastern Iowa,
northeastern Missouri and northern Indiana.

Winters presumably in South America (definitely recorded only in Peru, on the
basis of call); individuals of the “‘trai/lii complex” have been reported in South
America from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina.

In migration reported irregularly in the eastern United States, casually west to
Colorado; presumably migrates through Middle America (mostly Caribbean slope,
reported from Costa Rica), as few records of the complex exist for the West Indies.

Casual in northern Alaska, Cuba, the Isles of Pines (possibly referable to E.
traillii) and Bermuda.

Notes.— E. alnorumand E. traillii are closely related, virtually indistinguishable
morphologically, differing primarily in vocalizations and ecology; formerly rec-

452 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ognized as a single species, FE. traillii [TRAILL’s FLYCATCHER, 466], the two are
now considered as constituting a superspecies [=“‘trai/lii complex’’].

Empidonax traillii (Audubon). WILLOW FLYCATCHER. [466.]

Muscicapa Traillii Audubon, 1828, Birds Am. (folio), 1, pl. 45 (1831, Orni-
thol. Biogr., 1, p. 236). (woods along the prairie lands of the Arkansas
River = Fort of Arkansas [Arkansas Post], Arkansas.)

Habitat.— Thickets, scrubby and brushy areas, open second growth, swamps
and open woodland, breeding primarily in swampy thickets, especially of willow
and buttonbush.

Distribution. — Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Alberta, south-
ern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, northern North Dakota, western and
southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, central Maine and Nova Scotia south to southern California
(local, formerly widespread), northern Baja California (at least formerly), southern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and central Texas, northeastern Okla-
homa, Arkansas, central Tennessee, northern Georgia, western North Carolina,
and central and eastern Virginia.

Winters in Middle America from Veracruz and Oaxaca (at least casually) south
to Panama (where recorded by vocalizations as well as by specimens).

In migration recorded widely in the southern United States, presumably oc-
curring as a regular migrant through Middle America south to the limits of the
wintering range.

Casual north to New Brunswick.

Notes.— Sometimes treated as E. brewsteri Oberholser, 1918, but traillii clearly
pertains to this species and has priority. See also comments under E. alnorum.

Empidonax albigularis Sclater and Salvin. WHITE-THROATED FLy-
CATCHER.

Empidonax albigularis Sclater and Salvin, 1859, Ibis, p. 122. (Duefias [Gua-
temala].)

Habitat.— Brushy fields, grassy areas, scrub and second growth (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones, in winter also to Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Breeds in the highlands from southwestern Chihuahua, Durango,
Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through interior Mex-
ico, Guatemala and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua; and in central Costa
Rica (vicinity of Cartago) and western Panama (Chiriqui).

Winters from Jalisco, Guanajuato and Hidalgo south through the breeding range,
descending into lowlands (recorded near sea level in Veracruz, Oaxaca, Belize,
Guatemala and Honduras), casually to Costa Rica and central Panama (recorded
Bocas del Toro and the Canal Zone).

Empidonax euleri (Cabanis). EULER’S FLYCATCHER.

Empidochanes Euleri Cabanis, 1868, J. Ornithol., 16, p. 195. (Cantagallo,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, open woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 453

Distribution.— Resident in the southern Lesser Antilles (on Grenada, where
possibly extirpated); and in South America from eastern Colombia across northern
Venezuela (also Trinidad) to Surinam (one record), and south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, thence eastward over Amazonian Brazil to eastern Brazil and
south to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and Uruguay. Southern
breeding populations migrate northward to Colombia and Venezuela.

Notes.— Relationships within this species are not well understood. The northern
forms, including that on Grenada, are sometimes recognized as a distinct species,
E. lawrencei Allen, 1889 [LAWRENCE’S FLYCATCHER].

Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird). LEAST FLYCATCHER. [467.]

Tyrannula minima W. M. and S. F. Baird, 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1, p. 284. ({near Carlisle,] Cumberland Co., Pa.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and brushy areas, breeding in poplar woodland,
deciduous scrub, forest edge, parks and gardens.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Yukon, west-central and southern Mac-
kenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia south to southern British Columbia, central Montana, northeastern Wy-
oming, central and southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, southwestern
Missouri, central Illinois, south-central Indiana, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania,
central New Jersey and, in the Appalachians, through West Virginia, western
Maryland, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina to
northwestern Georgia. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in north-
eastern Washington and eastern Kentucky.

Winters from southern Sonora and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes
of Middle America to Honduras and northern Nicaragua, casually to Costa Rica
and central Panama (east to the Canal Zone); also casually in southern California,
southern Texas and Florida.

Migrates commonly through the south-central United States from the Missis-
sippi Valley and northern Gulf states west to the Rockies and through most of
Mexico (except the northwestern portion), casually (or regularly in small numbers),
primarily in the fall, from southwestern British Columbia south through California
(including the Farallon Islands), southern Nevada, western Arizona and Sonora,
and in the southeastern United States through the South Atlantic and southern
Gulf states.

Accidental in the Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman).

Empidonax hammondii (Xantus de Vesey). HAMMOND’S FLYCATCHER.
[468.]

Tyrannula hammondii Xantus de Vesey, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 10, p. 117. (Fort Tejon, California.)

Habitat.— Cool forest and woodland, breeding primarily in dense fir, in migra-
tion and winter through deserts and in scrub, pine and pine-oak association.

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, northern Brit-
ish Columbia, southwestern Alberta, western and south-central Montana, and
northwestern Wyoming south to southeastern Alaska, and through British Co-
lumbia and the Pacific states to east-central California (south to Tulare County),

454 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

east-central Nevada, central Utah, northeastern Arizona, western Colorado and
north-central New Mexico.

Winters from southeastern Arizona (casually southern California), western Chi-
huahua, southern Coahuila, central Nuevo Leon and central Tamaulipas south
through the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador to Honduras and
(probably) north-central Nicaragua; reports from Peru are unfounded.

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States (east to western
Texas) and northern Mexico, casually east to western Nebraska, west-central Kan-
sas, western Oklahoma and central Texas.

Accidental in northern Alaska (Sadlerochit River), Pennsylvania (Schnecksville)
and Louisiana (Woodworth).

Empidonax oberholseri Phillips. DUSky FLYCATCHER. [469.]

Empidonax oberholseri Phillips, 1939, Auk, 56, p. 311. (Hart Prairie, San
Francisco Mountain, Arizona.)

Habitat.—Scrub, brushy areas, thickets and open areas with scattered trees,
breeding in aspen groves, willow thickets, open coniferous forest and mountain
chaparral, especially in areas near water, in migration and winter also through
open woodland and deserts.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern Yukon south through northwestern
and central British Columbia to north-central Washington, thence eastward through
southern Alberta to southwestern Saskatchewan, and south (except in coastal areas
of Washington and Oregon) to southern California, southern Nevada, south-
western Utah, central Arizona, and central and northeastern New Mexico, and
east to southeastern Montana, western South Dakota (Black Hills) and central
Colorado.

Winters from southern California (casually), southern Arizona, Sonora, north-
western Durango, southern Coahuila, central Nuevo Leon and central Tamaulipas
south, mostly in the highlands, to Guerrero and Oaxaca, casually south to north-
western Guatemala (Huehuetenango).

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States (east to southwestern
Kansas and western Texas), casually through the coastal areas of Washington and
Oregon, to Baja California, and east to central and southern Texas.

Accidental in northern Alaska (Icy Cape) and Pennsylvania (Kutztown).

Notes.— Formerly known as E. wrightii [WRIGHT’S FLYCATCHER]; all records of
E. wrightii prior to 1939 and most prior to 1957 pertain to E. oberholseri.

Empidonax wrightii Baird. GRAY FLYCATCHER. [469.1.]

Empidonax wrightii Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.
Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 200 (in text). (El Paso, Texas.)

Habitat.— Arid woodland and brushy areas, breeding in sagebrush, pinyon-
juniper woodland and, less frequently, open pine-oak association, in migration
and winter also in arid scrub, riparian woodland and mesquite.

Distribution.— Breeds from south-central Washington, central and eastern Or-
egon, south-central Idaho, southern Wyoming, northeastern Utah and central
Colorado south to south-central California (San Bernardino County), southern
Nevada, central Arizona and south-central New Mexico.

Winters from southern California (rarely), central Arizona, southern Coahuila

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 455

and central Tamaulipas south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, northern Mi-
choacan, the state of Mexico and Puebla, casually to central Oaxaca.

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States east to eastern New
Mexico and western Texas, casually to southwestern Kansas, and through northern
Mexico.

Casual in northern Wyoming. Accidental in Ontario (Toronto) and Massachu-
setts (Littleton).

Notes.— Formerly known as E. griseus Brewster, 1889. See also comments under
E. oberholseri.

Empidonax affinis (Swainson). PINE FLYCATCHER.

Empidonax affinis Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 367. (Mar-
itime parts of Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Pine and pine-oak woodland, less frequently humid montane forest
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from northern Sinaloa, central Chihuahua, southern Coa-
huila, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi south in the Mexican highlands to central
Oaxaca, Puebla and west-central Veracruz.

Winters generally throughout the breeding range and south in the highlands to
central Guatemala.

Empidonax difficilis Baird. WESTERN FLYCATCHER. [464.]

Empidonax difficilis Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.
Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxx, 198 (in text). (west coast of United States,
Fort Steilacoom, Shoalwater Bay, Washington, Fort Tejon, California =
Fort Steilacoom, Washington.)

Habitat.— Humid coniferous and montane forest, dense second-growth wood-
land, and pine-oak association, breeding along streams with nest placed in cliffs,
rock walls, earth banks or buildings, wintering also to humid lowland forest (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska, northwestern and central Brit-
ish Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), south-
western Alberta, northern Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming and western South
Dakota south to southwestern California (generally west of the Sierra Nevada),
central Nevada, and central and southeastern Arizona, in the mountains of north-
ern and southern Baja California, and in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca (west
of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), Puebla and west-central Veracruz, and east to
western Nebraska (rarely), central Colorado, central New Mexico and western
Texas.

Winters from southern Baja California and northern Mexico (casually to south-
ern California and southern Arizona) south through the breeding range, occurring
also in lowlands areas south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; reports from Chiapas,
Guatemala and Honduras are based on E. flavescens.

In migration recorded casually in the Tres Marias Islands (off Nayarit), eastern
New Mexico and southwestern Kansas.

Notes.—E. difficilis and E. flavescens are closely related and considered con-
specific by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

456 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Empidonax flavescens Lawrence. YELLOWISH FLYCATCHER.

Empidonax flavescens Lawrence, 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 133.
(Barranca, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge, occasionally in moist canyons
in pine-oak association (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southeastern Veracruz (Sierra de
Tuxtla), eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas), Guatemala, El Salvador, Hon-
duras, north-central Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and
Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under E. difficilis.

Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud). BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. [470.]

Muscicapa fulvifrons Giraud, 1841, Descr. Sixteen New Spec. N. Am. Birds,
pl. 4, fig. 2. (Texas, error = Migquiahuana. Tamaulipas.)

Habitat.— Pine, pine-oak association and riparian woodland, in winter occa-
sionally in open deciduous woodland (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones,
in winter casually to Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central and southeastern Arizona (formerly to
Prescott in central Arizona), west-central New Mexico (at least formerly). north-
eastern Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas. San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato and
Hidalgo south through the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador to
central Honduras.

Winters from Sonora and Chihuahua south through the breeding range, occur-
ring also in adjacent lowlands.

Empidonax atriceps Salvin. BLACK-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.
Empidonax atriceps Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 198. (Volcan
de Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.— Brushy clearing and forest edge in humid highlands (upper Subtrop-
ical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central.
Dota Mountains and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Chiriqui
and Bocas del Toro).

Genus NESOTRICCUS Townsend

Nesotriccus C. H. Townsend, 1895, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 27, p.
124. Type, by original designation, Nesotriccus ridgwayi Townsend.

Notes.—Skull characters suggest placement of this genus in the Elaentinae.
probably near Phaeomyias (fide Lanyon).
Nesotriccus ridgwayi Townsend. Cocos FLYCATCHER.

Nesotriccus Ridgwayi C. H. Townsend, 1895, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv.,
27, p. 124. (Cocos Island.)

Habitat.— Forest. scrub, woodland and tangled undergrowth.
Distribution.— Resident on Cocos Island, off Costa Rica.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 457

Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte

Sayornis Bonaparte, 1854, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 657. Type, by mono-
typy, Sayornis nigricans Bonaparte = Tyrannula nigricans Swainson.

Sayornis nigricans (Swainson). BLACK PHOEBE. [458.]

Tyrannula nigricans Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 367. (Table
land of Mexico = Valley of Mexico.)

Habitat.— Usually near water, especially along streams in a variety of situations
from open to wooded, nesting in rocky canyon walls, in coastal cliffs, and under
bridges or on other man-made structures (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northwestern California, southern Nevada, south-
western Utah, central Arizona, south-central Colorado (Pueblo, 1972-1974), cen-
tral New Mexico, and western and west-central Texas (east to Crockett and Val
Verde counties) south to southern Baja California and, mostly in the highlands,
through Middle America (except the Yucatan Peninsula) and South America east
to northern Venezuela and south through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
to northwestern Argentina.

Partially migratory, northern populations wandering after the breeding season
and tropical ones descending to lower elevations.

Casual north to southern British Columbia (Vancouver), western Washington
and Oregon, and east to southeastern Texas and Florida, also a sight report for
Minnesota.

Notes.— Birds from central Panama south through South America have some-
times been regarded as a distinct species, S. /atirostris (Cabanis and Heine, 1859)
[WHITE-WINGED PHOEBE].

Sayornis phoebe (Latham). EASTERN PHOEBE. [456.]

Muscicapa Phebe Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 489. Based on the
“Dusky Fly-catcher”’ Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 389, and the “Phoebe
Flycatcher’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 173. (an America
septentrionali, Noveboraco = New York).

Habitat.— Open woodland, situations with scattered trees, and farmlands, usu-
ally near water, nesting on cliffs, under bridges and eaves, and sometimes inside
buildings.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, west-central and
southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, western and
central Ontario, southwestern Quebec, central New Brunswick and southern Nova
Scotia south to southern Alberta, southwestern South Dakota, southeastern Col-
orado, central New Mexico, central and northeastern Texas, northwestern Loui-
siana, Arkansas, southwestern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, central Ala-
bama, northern Georgia, western South Carolina and North Carolina.

Winters from Chihuahua, central Texas, the Gulf states and Virginia (casually
from Oklahoma, southern Missouri, the Ohio Valley, southern Ontario and New
England) south to Oaxaca, Veracruz and southern Florida.

Casual west to the Pacific coast from southwestern Yukon and southern British
Columbia to Baja California and Arizona, on St. Pierre (off Newfoundland), and
to Quintana Roo, Cuba, the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Bimini) and Bermuda,
also sight repots for Sonora and Sinaloa.

458 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Sayornis saya (Bonaparte). SAY’s PHOEBE. [457.]

Muscicapa saya Bonaparte, 1825, Am. Ornithol., 1, p. 20, pl. 11, fig. 3.
(Arkansaw River, about twenty miles from the Rocky Mountains = near
Pueblo, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, desert and partly open situations in arid habitats, nesting
frequently on cliffs and in abandoned mine and ranch buildings, ranging into more
humid open country in nonbreeding season.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and central Mackenzie, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan and
southwestern Manitoba south to southern California (absent or very rare west of
the coastal ranges from southern Alaska to central California), northern Baja
California, Michoacan, Guanajuato and Hidalgo, and east to the central Dakotas,
northwestern Iowa, east-central Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma,
western and northern Texas, Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi.

Winters from northern California, northern Arizona, central (rarely northern)
New Mexico and central Texas south (including islands off southern California)
to southern Baja California, Oaxaca and Veracruz.

In migration occurs rarely in the coastal areas of southeastern Alaska, British
Columbia, Washington and Oregon, and casually east to western Iowa, western
Missouri, Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Casual or accidental in south-coastal Alaska; east across the northern United
States (south to Iowa, Illinois and the Ohio Valley), southern Ontario and southern
Quebec to Nova Scotia, New England, Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and east
along the Gulf coast to east-central Florida.

Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould

Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3 (9), p. 44. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), “P. coronatus (L) Gould” =
Pyrocephalus major Pelzeln = Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert.

Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert). VERMILION FLYCATCHER. [471.]

Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 42. Based on
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 675, fig. 2. (riviere des Amazones = Teffé,
Brazil.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, desert, savanna, cultivated lands, and riparian woodland
edge (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern California (north to San Bernardino Coun-
ty), southern Nevada, central Arizona, central (rarely northern) New Mexico,
western Oklahoma, and western and central Texas south through Mexico (in-
cluding Baja California and the Yucatan Peninsula) to northern Guatemala (Petén)
and Belize; in the lowland pine savanna of the Mosquitia of eastern Honduras
and northeastern Nicaragua; in the Galapagos Islands; from northern Colombia
east across northern Venezuela to Guyana and south, west of the Andes, to extreme
northern Chile; in north-central Brazil; and from northern Argentina and Paraguay
south to central Argentina and Uruguay.

Winters from southern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, central
New Mexico, central Texas and the Gulf coast (east to south-central Florida) south

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 459

through the breeding range in Middle America, casually to central Guatemala,
northern Honduras and southern Florida; and in South America where the more
northern populations (including that of the Galapagos Islands) are essentially
resident while the southern ones from Peru and Paraguay southward migrate
northward, east of the Andes, to eastern Colombia and Amazonian Brazil.

In North America casual north and east to central California, Colorado, South
Dakota, central Minnesota, northern Illinois, southern Ontario, Ohio, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia; also in Panama (western Panama prov-
ince and the Canal Zone), presumably individuals of South American origin.

Genus FLUVICOLA Swainson

Fluvicola Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 172. Type, by subsequent designation
(Swainson, 1831), Fluvicola cursoria Swainson = Lanius nengeta Linnaeus.

Fluvicola pica (Boddaert). PIED WATER-TYRANT.

Muscicapa Pica Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 42. Based on
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 675, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, ponds, swamps, stream banks, reedbeds and
adjacent brushy areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Panama (eastern Panama province, Canal
Zone and Darién), and in South America from northern Colombia east across
northern and central Venezuela (also Trinidad) to the Guianas, and south, east
of the Andes, to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, thence eastward across Am-
azonian Brazil (mostly south of the Amazon) to eastern Brazil and south to north-
ern Argentina and Uruguay.

Notes.— The southern form from eastern Peru eastward and southward may
represent a distinct species, F. albiventer (Spix, 1825).

Genus COLONIA Gray

Colonia J. E. Gray, 1827, in Cuvier and Griffith, Anim. Kingdom, 6, p. 336.
Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa colonus Vieillot.

Colonia colonus (Vieillot). LONG-TAILED TYRANT.

Muscicapa colonus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21, p.
448. Based on “‘Suiriri El Colon”? Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2,
p. 114 (no. 180). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, and areas of scattered
trees near water (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras
(Olancho, Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua and Costa Rica, on both slopes of Panama,
and in South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
central Bolivia, Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

[Genus MACHETORNIS Gray]

Chrysolophus (not Gray, 1834) Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 225. Type,
by monotypy, C. ambulans. Spix, II, pl. 23 = Tyrannus rixosus Vieillot.

460 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Machetornis G. R. Gray, 1841, List. Gen. Birds, ed. 2, p. 41. New name for
Chrysolophus, Vieillot, preoccupied.

[Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot). CATTLE TYRANT.] See Appendix A.
Subfamily TYRANNINAE: Tyrannine Flycatchers

Genus ATTILA Lesson

Attila Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 5 (1830), p. 360. Type, by mono-
typy. Attila brasiliensis Lesson = Muscicapa spadicea Gmelin.

Notes.— The genera Attila, Rhytipterna and Laniocera have often been placed
in the Cotingidae, but recent studies by various workers indicate a relationship
with the Tyrannidae (but see also comments under Laniocera).

Attila spadiceus (Gmelin). BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA.

Muscicapa spadicea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat.. 1 (2). p. 937. Based on the
*“Yellow-rumped Flycatcher” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1). p. 354 (in
Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings and second-growth woodland
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southern Sonora, Sinaloa, western Du-
rango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, the state of México, San Luis Potosi
and Veracruz south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan
Peninsula, Cozumel and other islands off Quintana Roo. and Coiba and Parida
islands off Panama), and in South America from Colombia. Venezuela (also Trin-
idad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of
the Andes to eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, and Amazonian and
coastal southeastern Brazil.

Genus LANIOCERA Lesson

Laniocera Lesson, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 3, p. 353. Type, by monotypy,
Laniocera sanguinaria Lesson = Ampelis hypopyrra Vieillot.

Notes.— Recent examination of characters of the skull and syrinx suggest that
this genus is not properly placed in the Tyranninae (fide Lanyon); its relationships
remain uncertain. See also comments under Aftila.

Laniocera rufescens (Sclater). SPECKLED MOURNER.

Lipaugus rufescens Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857). p. 276. (In
rep. Guatimalensi prope urbem Coban = Coban, Vera Paz. Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and dense, second-growth woodland (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern
Mexico (Chiapas) south through Central America to Costa Rica (also one record
from central Pacific lowlands) and Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, and
Pacific slope from the Canal Zone eastward), and in northern and western Co-
lombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— L. rufescens and the South American L. hypopyrra (Vieillot, 1817) may
constitute a superspecies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 461

Genus RHYTIPTERNA Reichenbach

Rhytipterna Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 65. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tyrannus calcaratus Swainson =
Muscicapa simplex Lichtenstein.

Notes.—See comments under Attila.

Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). RUFOUS MOURNER.

Lipaugus holerythra Sclater and Salvin, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1860),
p. 300. (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge, second growth,
partly cleared woodland, and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Mexico (Veracruz, northern Oaxaca
and Chiapas) south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of northern Central America to
Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest) and Panama
(more widespread on Caribbean slope), and in northern and western Colombia
and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.—R. holerythra and the South American R. simplex (Lichtenstein, 1823)
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus SIRYSTES Cabanis and Heine

Sirystes Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 75. Type, by
monotypy, Muscicapa sibilator Vieillot.

Sirystes sibilator (Viecillot). SIRYSTES.

Muscicapa sibilator Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21, p.
457. Based on “‘Suirin Pitador” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2,
p. 135 (no. 191). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (Veraguas, and from the Canal Zone east-
ward), and in South America from northern Colombia and southwestern Vene-
zuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, thence
eastward across Amazonian Brazil and southern Surinam to eastern Brazil, and
south to southern Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis

Myiarchus Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 272. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Muscicapa ferox Gmelin.

Hylonax Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 210. Type, by original
designation, Myiarchus validus Cabanis.

Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence. YUCATAN FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
22, p. 235. (Yucatan = Merida, state of Yucatan.)

Habitat.—Open deciduous forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland and
partly cleared lands (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident on the Yucatan Peninsula (Campeche, the state of Yu-

462 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

catan, and Quintana Roo) and Cozumel Island, with reports (based on vocaliza-
tions) from Belize (Gallon Jug).

Myiarchus barbirostris (Swainson). SAD FLYCATCHER.

Tyrannula barbirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 367.
(Mexico, error = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and mountain forest.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—See comments under M. tuberculifer.

Myiarchus tuberculifer (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). DUSKY-CAPPED FLY-
CATCHER. [455.]

Tyrannus tuberculifer d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 7,
cl. 2, pl. 77-79, p. 43. (Guarayos, [Santa Cruz], Bolivia.)

Habitat.— Open forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland, parks and plan-
tations, primarily in humid regions, less frequently in arid situations (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Sonora, southeastern Arizona, southwest-
ern New Mexico, Chihuahua, Coahuila, central Nuevo Leon and central Tamau-
lipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Tres Marias Islands
off Nayarit, the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo, and
most islands off the Pacific coast of Panama), and in South America from Colom-
bia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to
northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, north-
western Argentina, Paraguay and southeastern Brazil.

Winters from southern Sonora, Durango, southern Nuevo Leon and southern
Tamaulipas south through the breeding range, the populations in the southwestern
United States, extreme northern Mexico, and the Yucatan Peninsula being mi-
gratory, the remaining mostly sedentary; also the southernmost populations in
South America are migratory, ranging northward in winter.

In migration occurs casually in western Texas.

Casual in California (north to Santa Cruz County and Death Valley regions),
Colorado, Baja California (Sierra Laguna), and on Isla Isabela (off Nayarit).

Notes.— Also known as OLIVACEOUS FLYCATCHER. M. tuberculifer and M. bar-
birostris are closely related and have been considered as conspecific by some
authors, but see Lanyon (1967, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 136, pp. 342-346);
they constitute a superspecies.

Myiarchus panamensis Lawrence. PANAMA FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus panamensis Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 284.
(Isthmus of Panama.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, partly cleared lands, scrubby areas and
mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Pacific coast from the Gulf of Nicoya
southward, primarily in mangroves), Panama (both slopes, including Coiba, Ta-
boga and the Pearl islands), northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 463

Notes.— Closely related to the widespread South American M. ferox (Gmelin,
1789) [SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER], from which it differs primarily in vocaliza-
tions. M. panamensis and M. ferox constitute a superspecies.

Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence). ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER. [454.]

Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 121.
(Western Texas.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, pinyon-juniper and oak woodland, chaparral, thorn
scrub and riparian woodland, in winter also in open deciduous woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds from northwestern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern
Idaho, northern Utah, southern Wyoming, Colorado, western Kansas, New Mex-
ico, and northern and central Texas south to southern Baja California, southern
Sonora, and in the Mexican highlands to northern Jalisco, northern Michoacan
(at least formerly), northern Guanajuato, southern San Luis Potosi and southern
Tamaulipas.

Winters from southern California, central Arizona, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon
and southern Tamaulipas (casually farther north in the breeding range) south
throughout most of western and interior Mexico and interior Guatemala, and on
the Pacific slope to Honduras, casually to Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica (San
Carlos).

Casual north to southern British Columbia and Montana; east to Illinois and
the northeastern Atlantic region (recorded New York and Massachusetts south to
Maryland, also sight records to Quebec, Maine, Virginia and North Carolina):
and southeast along the Gulf coast to southern Alabama and western Florida.

Notes.— M. cinerascens and M. nuttingi constitute a superspecies. See also com-
ments under M. crinitus.

Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway. NUTTING’S FLYCATCHER. [453.1.]

Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway, 1883, in Nutting, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 5
(1882), p. 394. (Hacienda La Palma, Golfo de Nicoya, western Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, open thorn and deciduous woodland, and areas with
scattered trees (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua south
along the Pacific slope of Mexico (also through the interior in the state of México,
Morelos and Puebla, and to the Gulf drainage in southern San Luis Potosi and
Hidalgo), and in the Pacific lowlands and interior valleys of Guatemala, El Sal-
vador, Honduras, Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica.

Accidental in Arizona (Roosevelt); a report from Baja California pertains to M.
cinerascens.

Notes.— Also known as PALE-THROATED FLYCATCHER. See comments under MV.
cinerascens and M. crinitus.

Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus). GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. [452.]

Turdus crinitus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 170. Based on “The
Crested Fly-catcher’” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 1, p. 52, pl. 52. (in
America = South Carolina.)

464 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland, parks and orchards, in winter
mostly in lowland forest and woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central Alberta, central and southeastern Sas-
katchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Que-
bec, northern Maine, central New Brunswick and southern Nova Scotia south to
central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west to
the eastern Dakotas, eastern Nebraska, western Kansas and west-central Okla-
homa.

Winters in central and southern Florida and Cuba, and from southern Veracruz,
Oaxaca and the Yucatan Peninsula south along both slopes of Middle America
(more commonly on the Gulf-Caribbean) to western and northern Colombia and
northern Venezuela.

In migration occurs regularly through eastern New Mexico and eastern Mexico
(west at least to Nuevo Leon and Guanajuato), casually west to Montana, Wyo-
ming and Colorado.

Casual or accidental in northern Mackenzie (Coppermine), California (primarily
the Farallon Islands and coastal areas) and southern Arizona (Huachuca Moun-
tains), also sight reports from the Bahamas (New Providence, Eleuthera) and
Puerto Rico.

Notes.— M. crinitus, M. cinerascens, M. nuttingi, M. tyrannulus and M. nu-
gator are closely related; some authors would consider M. crinitus and M. tyr-
annulus as constituting a superspecies, others would align crinitus with the
cinerascens-nuttingi complex. It seems best for the present not to consider super-
species within this group, except for cinerascens-nuttingi and tyrannulus-nugator
groups.

Myiarchus tyrannulus (Miller). BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. [453.]

Muscicapa tyrannulus P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169. Based
on Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 571, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, situations with scattered trees, plantations, riparian
woodland, second growth, scrub and mangroves, primarily in arid or semi-arid
habitats (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds [magister group] from southeastern California (north to
San Bernardino County), extreme southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, Arizona
and southwestern New Mexico south along the Pacific slope of Mexico (including
the Tres Marias Islands) to central Chiapas (and east to western Durango, Zaca-
tecas, Morelos and southwestern Puebla), and from eastern Coahuila and southern
Texas (north to Bexar County) south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope (including the
Yucatan Peninsula, and Cozumel and Cancun islands) to northern Honduras (also
the Bay Islands), thence across the Sula Valley of Honduras to the Pacific lowlands
of Central America (from El Salvador to northwestern Costa Rica).

Winters [magister group] from northern Mexico south through the breeding
range (wandering outside this range in Mexico and Guatemala), and rarely in
southern Florida.

Resident [tyrannulus group] in South America from northern Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also from Aruba east to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas southeast
to the lower Amazon basin and eastern Brazil, thence south and west across central
and southeastern Brazil to southeastern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina;
also in northwestern Peru.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 465

Casual [magister group] in southern Louisiana. Accidental [magister group] in
British Columbia (Vancouver).

Notes.— Also known as WIED’S CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Some authors consider
the Middle American group to represent a species, 7. magister Ridgway, 1884,
distinct from the South American M. tyrannulus; populations from the Pacific
slope of northern Central America have sometimes been regarded as a species,
M. brachyurus Ridgway, 1887 [OMETEPE FLYCATCHER], but intergradation with
tyrannulus occurs in Honduras. The Lesser Antillean M. nugator has only recently
been recognized as a distinct species (Lanyon, 1967, Bull. Am. Must. Nat. Hist.,
136, pp. 359-362); this species and M. tyrannulus constitute a superspecies. See
also comments under M. crinitus.

Myiarchus nugator Riley. GRENADA FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus oberi nugator Riley, 1905, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 47, p. 275.
(Grenada, West Indies.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, and situations with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Resident in the southern Lesser Antilles (Grenada, the Grena-
dines and St. Vincent).

Notes.—See comments under M. tyrannulus.

Myiarchus validus Cabanis. RUFOUS-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus validus Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 351. (“one of the
West Indian islands” = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Wooded hills and mountains.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—Sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Hy/onax.

Myiarchus sagrae (Gundlach). LA SAGRA’S FLYCATCHER. [455.1.]
Muscicapa sagre Gundlach, 1852, J. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 313. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth and mangroves.

Distribution. — Resident in the Bahama Islands (common throughout the north-
ern islands, irregularly in the southern ones, absent from Turks and Caicos), and
on Cuba, the Isle of Pines and Grand Cayman.

Accidental in Alabama (Oroville, Dallas County).

Notes.— Formerly regarded as a race of M. stolidus, but see Lanyon (1967, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 136, pp. 335-339); M. stolidus, M. sagrae, M. antillarum
and M. oberi are considered to constitute a superspecies.

Myiarchus stolidus (Gosse). STOLID FLYCATCHER.
Myiobius stolidus Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 168 (footnote). (Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, second growth and mangroves, primarily at low
elevations.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica and Hispaniola (including Gonave, Tortue,
Grande Cayemite and Beata islands).

Notes.—See comments under M. sagrae.

466 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Mryiarchus antillarum (Bryant). PUERTO RICAN FLYCATCHER.

Tyrannus antillarum Bryant, 1866, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, p. 249.
(Porto Rico.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and mangroves.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques and Culebra islands),
and in the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola and Virgin Gorda).

Notes.— Usually considered a subspecies of M. stolidus, but see Lanyon (1967,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 136, pp. 352-354). See also comments under M. sagrae.

Myiarchus oberi Lawrence. LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus oberi Lawrence, 1878, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1 (1877), p. 48.
(Dominica.)

Habitat.—Open woodland and partly cleared lands.

Distribution. — Resident in the Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts, Nevis, Barbuda, Gua-
deloupe, Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia).

Notes.—Sometimes considered allied to or a subspecies of M. tyrannulus, but
relationships appear to be with M. stolidus (Lanyon, 1967, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 136, pp. 354-359). See also comments under M. sagrae.

Genus DELTARHYNCHUS Ridgway

Deltarhynchus Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16, p. 606. Type, by
original designation, Myiarchus flammulatus Lawrence.

Deltarhynchus flammulatus (Lawrence). FLAMMULATED FLYCATCHER.

Myiarchus flammulatus Lawrence, 1875, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 11, p.
71. (Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec [=Oaxaca], Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland and scrub, primarily in semi-arid
situations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa south to western
Chiapas.

Genus PITANGUS Swainson

Pitangus Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 165. Type, by original designation,
Tyrannus sulphuratus Vieillot = Lanius sulphuratus Linnaeus.

Pitangus lictor (Lichtenstein). LESSER KISKADEE.

Lanius Lictor Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 49. (Para,
Brazil.)

Habitat.—Shrubby growth, gallery forest, marshes, mangroves and low trees,
invariably near water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone), and in
South America from Colombia and Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia and southern Brazil.

Casual in western Panama (western Bocas del Toro).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 467

Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus). GREAT KISKADEE. [449.]

Lanius sulphuratus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 137. Based on
‘“‘La Pie-griesche jaune de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 176, pl.
16, fig. 4. (in Cayania = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Partly open country with scattered trees, second-growth woodland,
shrubby areas and savanna, especially near water, also around human habitation
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas,
Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (north to Webb County and the Corpus Christi
area) south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula
and Isla Cancun, off Quintana Roo), and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central
Argentina.

Introduced and established (from Trinidad stock) on Bermuda.

Casual north to southern Arizona (near Tucson), central and southeastern Texas,
and southern Louisiana, also sight reports for New Jersey and Florida (possibly
based on escaped individuals); a bird remaining from 1957 to 1959 in southern
California almost certainly was an escape.

Notes.— Also known as KISKADEE FLYCATCHER.

Genus MEGARYNCHUS Thunberg

Megarynchus Thunberg, 1824, Dissert. Megaryncho Schaerstrom, p. 2. Type,
by subsequent designation (Heine, 1859), Lanius pitangua Linnaeus.

Megarynchus pitangua (Linnaeus). BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER.

Lanius Pitangva [sic] Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 136. Based in
part on “La Tyran du Brésil” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 401, pl. 36, fig.
5. (in Brasilia = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, second growth and planta-
tions, especially in the vicinity of water (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sinaloa, southern San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including Isla
Cébaco, off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and
east of the Andes to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Casual on Isla Cancun, off Quintana Roo.

Genus MYIOZETETES Sclater

Myiozetetes Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 46. Type, by original
designation, Elainia cayennensis, Auct. = Musciapa cayanensis Linnaeus.

Myiozetetes cayanensis (Linnaeus). RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa cayanensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327. Based
on ““Le Gobe-mouche de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 404, pl.
38, fig. 4. (in Cayana = Cayenne.)

468 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Open country with scattered trees, second growth, scrub, forest edge
and clearings. and along watercourses (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (west on the Caribbean slope to the Canal
Zone, and on the Pacific to eastern Chiriqui), and in South America from Colom-
bia, Venezuela and the Guianas south. west of the Andes to southwestern Ecuador
and east of the Andes across Amazonian Brazil to eastern Bolivia and central and
southeastern Brazil.

Myiozetetes similis (Spix). SOCIAL FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa similis Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 18. (Amazon
Valley = mouth of the Rio Madeira, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open country with scattered trees. scrubby growth, forest edge. plan-
tations, around human habitation, and along watercourses (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident |texensis group] from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, western
Durango, Zacatecas, southeastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south
along both slopes of Middle America (including Isla Cancun, off Quintana Roo)
to Costa Rica (except southwestern portion): and [similis group] from southwestern
Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce region southward) to central Panama (east to eastern
Colon and eastern Panama province), and in South America from Colombia and
Venezuela south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina and southern
Brazil, with the southernmost breeding populations in South America migratory
northward in nonbreeding season.

Notes.— Because of differences in vocalizations, the two groups are sometimes
regarded as distinct species, M. texensis (Giraud, 1841) [VERMILION-CROWNED
FLYCATCHER] and M. similis [SOCIAL FLYCATCHER.].

Mryiozetetes granadensis Lawrence. GRAY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.

Myiozetetes granadensis Lawrence, 1862, Ibis. p. 11. (Isthmus of Panama =
Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.—Open country with scattered trees. shrubby areas, plantations and
clearings, most frequently near water, occasionally in mangroves (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Honduras (Olancho,
Gracias a Dios) and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama (more
commonly on the Caribbean), and in South America from Colombia and southern
Venezuela south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and western Brazil.

Genus CORYPHOTRICCUS Ridgway
Coryphotriccus Ridgway, 1906. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 115. Type, by
original designation, Pitangus albovittatus Lawrence.
Coryphotriccus albovittatus (Lawrence). WHITE-RINGED FLYCATCHER.

Pitangus albovittatus Lawrence. 1862. Ibis, p. 11. (isthmus of Panama =
Canal Zone.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 469

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, and second-
growth woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [a/bovittatus group] in eastern Honduras (Olancho, Gra-
cias a Dios), Costa Rica (Caribbean slope), central and eastern Panama (west to
the Canal Zone and eastern Panama province), western Colombia and northwest-
ern Ecuador; and [parvus group] in South America east of the Andes in southern
Venezuela, the Guianas, southeastern Colombia and northern Brazil.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Conopias Cabanis and Heine, 1859. The two
groups are often regarded as distinct species, C. a/bovittatus and C. parvus (Pelzeln,
1868).

Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte

Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1857, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 35. Type,
by monotypy, Myiodynastes audax Bp. ex. Gm. = Muscicapa audax Gme-
lin = Muscicapa maculata Miiller.

Myiodynastes hemichrysus (Cabanis). GOLDEN-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

Hypermitres hemichrysus Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 9, p. 247. (Los Frailes,
Costa Rica.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest edge and clearings, especially near water.
rarely in heavy forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (Tilaran, Central and
Talamanca cordilleras) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Notes.— M. hemichrysus and M. chrysocephalus constitute a superspecies; they
are considered conspecific by some authors.

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Tschudi). GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.

Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 272.
(Republica Peruana = Chanchamayo, Depto. de Junin, Peru.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge and clearings, often near water (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in extreme eastern Panama (cerros Pirre and Mali, east-
ern Darién), and in the mountains of South America from Colombia and northern
Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru.

Notes.—See comments under M. hemichrysus.

Myiodynastes maculatus (Miiller). STREAKED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa maculata P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169. Based
on ““Gobe-mouche tachetée de Cayenne”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., p.
453, fig. 2. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland, plantations
and mangroves (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from southern San Luis
Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through southeastern Mexico (including
Puebla, northern Oaxaca and the Yucatan Peninsula), northern Guatemala and

470 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Belize to Honduras; and in Costa Rica (Pacific slope from Gulf of Nicoya south-
ward) and Panama (both slopes, and Coiba, Cébaco and the Pearl islands), and
in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to central Peru and east of
the Andes to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Winters from Costa Rica and Panama south through the breeding range in
South America to Peru, Bolivia and southern Brazil, while the southernmost
breeding populations migrate north to northern South America.

Accidental in Chile.

Notes.—The southern South American breeding populations from southern
Peru, Bolivia and southern Brazil southward, which migrate northward in the
winter, are sometimes regarded as a distinct species, M. solitarius (Vieillot, 1819).

Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater. SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. [451.]

Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 42. (In
Mexico merid., Guatemala, et America centrali = Orizaba, Veracruz.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, plantations and scrub, in ex-
treme northern part of range breeding primarily in sycamore-walnut canyons
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Arizona, eastern Sonora, western Chi-
huahua, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula) to central Costa Rica.

Winters in South America east of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia.

Migrates regularly through all of Middle America, northern and eastern Colom-
bia, and eastern Ecuador.

Casual in southern California (north to Santa Barbara County), southwestern
New Mexico, and western and southern Texas, also sight reports for southwestern
Louisiana, southern Mississippi and southern Florida (aithough some of these
could possibly refer to M. maculatus).

Genus LEGATUS Sclater

Legatus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 46. Type, by original
designation, Legatus albicollis (Vieillot) = Tyrannus albicollis Vieillot =
Platyrhynchos leucophaius Vieillot.

Legatus leucophaius (Vieillot). PlRATIC FLYCATCHER.

Platyrhynchos leucophaius Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
27, p. 11. (’Amérique méridionale = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, open woodland, clearings and plantations (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Mexico (southern San Luis Potosi,
Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and southern Quintana Roo) south
on the Gulf-Caribbean coast of northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both
slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern
Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Argentina, Uruguay and southern
Brazil.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 471

Winters generally throughout the breeding range in.South America, recorded
only casually anywhere in Middle America between October and March.

Genus EMPIDONOMUS Cabanis and Heine

Empidonomus Cabanis and Heine, 1859, Mus. Heineanum, 2, p. 76. Type,
by monotypy, Muscicapa varia Vieillot.

Empidonomus varius (Vieillot). VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER. [451.1.]

Muscicapa varia Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21, p. 458.
Based on “‘Suiriri Chorreado debaxo”’ Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.,
2, p. 125 (no. 187). (Paraguay.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open woodland and second growth
throughout most of South America east of the Andes, the southernmost popu-
lations migrating northward in winter as far as the northern South American coast
and Trinidad.

Accidental in Maine (Biddeford Pool, 5-11 November 1977, photograph; Ab-
bott and Finch, 1978, Am. Birds, 32, pp. 161-163).

Genus TYRANNUS Lacépéde

Tyrannus Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 5. Type, by tautonymy,
Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus.

Muscivora Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 5. Type, by subsequent
designation (Fischer, 1831), Muscicapa forficata Gmelin.

Tolmarchus Ridgway, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 209. Type, by

original designation, Pitangus taylori Sclater = Tyrannus caudifasciatus
d’Orbigny.

Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot. TROPICAL KINGBIRD. [446.]

Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
35, p. 84. Based on “‘Suiriri-guazt’”’ Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.,
2, p. 152 (no. 198). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Situations with scattered trees, savanna, open woodland, forest edge,
plantations, residential areas and agricultural lands (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern (rarely central) Arizona, Sonora, east-
ern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south on both slopes of Middle
America (including the Tres Marias Islands, Yucatan Peninsula, and most islands
off the Middle American coast), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago, Trinidad and probably Gre-
nada) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to central Peru and east of the
Andes to central Argentina.

Winters from Sonora and northeastern Mexico south through the Middle Amer-
ica and South American breeding range; the southernmost populations in South
America are partly migratory northward.

Casual (mostly in fall and winter) along the Pacific coast from southern British
Columbia (including Vancouver Island) south to southern California, and in south-
ern Texas (Brownsville) and Cuba; accidental in Maine (Scarborough). Sight (or
photographic) records for southeastern Louisiana, the Gulf coast (east to southern

472 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Florida and the Florida Keys), Nova Scotia and Massachusetts may pertain to
either this species or 7. couchii. '

Notes.— Populations in Arizona and western Mexico (south to Guerrero) are
sometimes regarded as a separate species, 7. occidentalis Hartert and Goodson,
1917 [West MEXICAN KINGBIRD, 446.2], but recent studies do not confirm such
a status. 7. melancholicus and T. couchii have been considered conspecific but
these forms are widely sympatric (with limited hybridization) in eastern and
southern Mexico (Traylor, 1979, Auk, 96, pp. 221-233).

Tyrannus couchii Baird. COUCH’s KINGBIRD. [446.1.]

Tyrannus couchii Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.
Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxx, 170, 175. (New Leon and San Diego, [Nuevo
Leén,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Situations with scattered trees, open woodland, and areas around
human habitation (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Texas (north to Webb and Kenedy coun-
ties), Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of eastern
Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula and most islands off the coast) to north-
ern Guatemala (Petén) and Belize.

Casual in southeastern Texas and Louisiana; sight reports along the Gulf coast
east to Florida likely pertain to this species but possibly represent 7. melancholi-
CUS.

Notes.— Also known as THORNSCRUB KINGBIRD. See comments under 7. mel-
ancholicus.

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson. CASSIN’S KINGBIRD. [448.]

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson, 1826, Q. J. Sci. Lit. Arts R. Inst., 20, p. 273.
(Temascaltepec, [state of] México.)

Habitat.— Dry savanna, open scrub, and pinyon-juniper-oak woodland, in win-
ter also in highland pine-oak association and dry scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from central California, southern Nevada, northern Ar-
izona, southern Utah, Colorado, eastern Wyoming, southeastern Montana, Col-
orado, western Oklahoma and western Texas south to northwestern Baja Cali-
fornia, and through the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla and
central Tamaulipas.

Winters from central California (irregularly), southern Baja California and
northern Mexico south to central Guatemala, casually to Honduras (Comaya-
giela).

In migration occurs casually east to western South Dakota, northwestern Ne-
braska, southwestern Kansas, Arkansas and southwestern Louisiana.

Casual or accidental in Oregon, Ontario and Massachusetts (also sight report
for Virginia).

Tyrannus crassirostris Swainson. THICK-BILLED KINGBIRD. [455.1.]

Tyrannus crassirostris Swainson, 1826, Q. J. Sci. Lit. Arts R. Inst., 20, p.
273. (Mexico = Acapulco, Guerrero.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 473

Habitat.— Arid scrub, savanna, riparian woodland, clearings in deciduous for-
est, and open situations with scattered trees (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Patagonia, Guadalupe Moun-
tains), extreme southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Canyon), Sonora, south-
western Chihuahua, Sinaloa and western Durango south to Guerrero, the state of
México, Morelos, southern Puebla and western Oaxaca.

Winters from Sonora south through the breeding range to Chiapas, casually to
western Guatemala (Escuintla).

Casual in California (north to San Francisco). Accidental in southwestern British
Columbia (Vancouver Island) and western Texas (Big Bend).

Tyrannus verticalis Say. WESTERN KINGBIRD. [447.]

Tyrannus verticalis Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 60. (Ash
River, near Rocky Mts. = near La Junta, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open country, especially savanna, agricultural lands,
and areas with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, southern Al-
berta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba and western Minnesota south
to northern Baja California, Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua, southern New Mex-
ico, and southern and south-central Texas, rarely or sporadically eastward to
southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, west-
ern Missouri, central Arkansas and southwestern Louisiana.

Winters from southern Mexico (casually north to northern Mexico and southern
Texas) south through Middle America (except the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize)
to central and southwestern Costa Rica, and in small numbers along the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts from South Carolina to southern Florida and west to southern
Louisiana.

In migration occurs regularly in small numbers (chiefly in fall) to northeastern
North America from southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south
to North Carolina, casually in the Bahamas (New Providence, also sight reports
from Grand Bahama, Bimini and Eleuthera) and Swan Islands (western Caribbean
Sea).

Casual, primarily in summer, north to central Alaska and the northern portions
of the Canadian provinces (east to Ontario and Newfoundland). Accidental on
Bathurst Island.

Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). EASTERN KINGBIRD. [444.]

Lanius Tyrannus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 94. Based mainly
on “The Tyrant” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 55, pl. 55. (in America
septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open situations with scattered trees and shrubs, culti-
vated lands with bushes and fencerows, and parks, in winter more closely asso-
ciated with forest clearings and borders.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern and north-central British Columbia
(including Vancouver Island), southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, cen-
tral Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south to western Washington, Oregon (east of the coast

474 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ranges), northeastern California (locally), northern Nevada (at least formerly).
northern Utah, Colorado, northwestern and central New Mexico, central and
eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Occurs rarely but regularly in
summer (and probably breeding) in southeastern Alaska.

Winters from Colombia (casually from Honduras) south to northern Chile and
northern Argentina.

In migration occurs in eastern Mexico, and from Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec) and the Yucatan Peninsula south on both slopes of Middle America (in-
cluding most islands) to northwestern South America, casually through California,
Arizona, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cuba, the Isle of Pines. Puerto Rico. and the
Swan, Providencia and San Andrés islands in the Caribbean Sea.

Casual north to northern and western Alaska (including Nunivak and the Prib-
ilof islands), southern Yukon, the northern Hudson Bay region, central Quebec.
Labrador, Newfoundland and southern Greenland, and east in South America to
eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam and central Brazil.

Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmelin). GRAY KINGBIRD. [445.]

Lanius Tyrannus 8 dominicensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 302.
Based largely on “Le Tyran de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p.
394, pl. 38, fig. 2. (in insula S. Dominici et Jamaica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.—Open situations with scattered trees, most frequently in insular or
coastal areas, including in mangroves and along beaches (Tropical and, less fre-
quently, Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from South Carolina
(at least formerly) south to the Florida Keys, and west to southern Alabama and
islands off the coast of Mississippi; throughout the West Indies. and on islands
off South America from the Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad:
and sporadically in northern Colombia and northern Venezuela.

Winters from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (casually from southern Florida) south
through the Lesser Antilles and on islands off northern Venezuela, and from central
Panama east across Colombia and Venezuela to the Guianas.

Casual along the Atlantic coast north to Massachusetts (sight records to New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia), west along the Gulf coast to southeastern Texas, on
islands off the Yucatan Peninsula, in the Swan Islands (Caribbean Sea). and in
Nicaragua (also sight reports from Caribbean Costa Rica). Accidental in British
Columbia (Vancouver Island) and Bermuda.

Tyrannus caudifasciatus d’Orbigny. LOGGERHEAD KINGBIRD. [445.2.]

Tyrannus caudifasciatus d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., p. 70 [p. 82 in French ed.], pl. 12. (Cuba.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, less frequently in open situations with scattered
trees.

Distribution.— Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama. Aba-
co, Andros and New Providence) and Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico, in-
cluding Vieques and the Cayman islands).

Casual in southern Florida (Monroe and Dade counties, also a sight report for
Merritt Island).

Notes.—This species is often placed in the monotypic genus 7o/marchus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 475

Tyrannus cubensis Richmond. GIANT KINGBIRD.

Tyrannus magnirostris (not Swainson, 1831) d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra,
Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 69 [p. 80 in French ed.], pl. 13. (Cuba.)

Tyrannus cubensis Richmond, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 330. New name for Tyrannus
magnirostris dOrbigny, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Woodland, especially pine, and borders of swamps.

Distribution. — Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines, formerly in the southern
Bahamas (Great Inagua and Caicos islands).

Accidental on Isla Mujeres (off Quintana Roo).

Tyrannus forficatus (Gmelin). SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER. [443.]

Muscicapa forficata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 931. Based mainly on
the ““Swallow-tailed Flycatcher” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2(1), p. 356.
(in nova Hispania = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Generally open country, most commonly dry grasslands, cultivated
lands, scrub and savanna, occurring in migration in both wet and dry situations
but more frequently in the latter.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, south-
ern Nebraska, north-central Missouri, central Arkansas and western Louisiana
south to northern Nuevo Le6én and southern Texas; also isolated breeding reports
from northeastern Mississippi (Tupelo, 1975), central Tennessee (Murfreesboro,
1978) and central Iowa (Ames, 1979).

Winters in southern Louisiana (casually) and southern Florida, and in Middle
America from Veracruz and Oaxaca south, primarily on the Pacific slope, to central
Costa Rica, rarely to western Panama (east to the Canal Zone).

In migration occurs throughout most of Mexico (except the northwestern por-
tion and Baja California) and sparingly (but regularly) along the Gulf coast from
Louisiana to southern Florida.

Casual throughout most of North America north and west of the breeding range
from southern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia south to southern California, Arizona, the Gulf states, Bahamas
(Grand Bahama, San Salvador), western Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— This and the following species were formerly placed in the genus Mus-
civora.

Tyrannus savana Vieillot. FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER. [442.]

Muscicapa Tyrannus (not Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1766,
Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 325. Based on ““Le Tyran a queue fourchue” Brisson,
Ornithologie, 2, p. 395, pl. 39, fig. 3. (in Canada, Surinamo = Surinam.)

Tyrannus savana Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 72,
pl. 43. New name for Muscicapa tyrannus Linnaeus, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Open situations, primarily savanna, less frequently scrub, cultivated
areas and sparsely wooded regions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds locally (mostly on the Gulf-Caribbean slope) from south-
eastern Mexico (Veracruz and Tabasco, possibly also northern Oaxaca, northern
Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo) south to central Panama (eastern Panama

476 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

province and the Canal Zone); and in South America in northern and central
Colombia and northern Venezuela, also locally from central Brazil south to central
Argentina and Uruguay.

Winters irregularly through Middle America from the breeding range in south-
eastern Mexico south to central Panama; widely in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Curacao, Tobago, Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil; and casually in
the southern Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Grenada and the Grenadines).

Casual north in eastern North America to southern Canada, primarily along
the Atlantic coast (recorded Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New Bruns-
wick, Nova Scotia, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mary-
land, South Carolina, Florida and Mississippi); also in southern Texas, Bermuda,
Cuba, St. Martin (in the Lesser Antilles), and elsewhere in Panama (Taboga and
Coiba islands, and San Blas). Accidental in the Falkland Islands; a record from
California (old specimen) is probably erroneous.

Notes.— Formerly known as Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus, 1766). One New
Jersey specimen (possibly mislabeled) has been referred to the race breeding in
Venezuela and Colombia, 7. s. sanctaemartae (Zimmer, 1937); all other specimens
taken north of Mexico, as well as those in the southern Lesser Antilles, have been
identified as pertaining to 7. s. savana, the subspecies breeding in southern South
America.

Subfamily TITYRINAE: Tityras and Becards

Notes.— Formerly included in the Cotingidae.

Genus PACH YRAMPHUS Gray

Pachyramphus G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 31. Type, by original
designation, Psaris cuvierii Swainson = Tityra viridis Vieillot.

Platypsaris [subgenus] Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 72. Type,
by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1888), Pachyrhynchus aglaiae Lafres-
naye.

Pachyramphus versicolor (Hartlaub). BARRED BECARD.

Vireo versicolor Hartlaub, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 289. (du la Nouvelle-
Grenade = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland and,
less frequently, bushes in open situations (Subtropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (mostly in the Cordillera
Central and Dota Mountains) and western Panama (western Chiriqui); in north-
western Venezuela; from Colombia south, west of the Andes, to northwestern
Ecuador; and, east of the Andes, in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Pachyramphus rufus (Boddaert). CINEREOUS BECARD.

Muscicapa rufa Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 27. Based on “Le
Gobemouche roux, de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 453, fig.
1. (Cayenne.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 477

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland, mangroves, brushy areas, and sometimes
open fields (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in central Panama (recorded certainly from the
Canal Zone and eastern Panama province, a doubtful record from ‘‘Veragua’’),
and in South America from central and northern Colombia east across northern
Venezuela to the Guianas, and south, east of the Andes, to northeastern Peru,
thence eastward across Amazonian Brazil to Para (including Marajo and Mexiana
islands).

Notes.—P. rufus and P. spodiurus Sclater, 1860, of western Ecuador and north-
western Peru, appear to constitute a superspecies.

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Lawrence. CINNAMON BECARD.

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7,
p. 295. (on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of
Panama Railroad = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, second-growth woodland, clearings, plantations
and mangroves, less frequently in forest interior (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southeastern Mexico (northern Oaxaca, Tabasco
and Chiapas) south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of northern Central America to
Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and
Panama (more commonly on the Caribbean slope), and in South America in
northern and western Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and northwestern Ec-
uador.

Notes.—P. cinnamomeus and the South American P. castaneus (Jardine and
Selby, 1827) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot). WHITE-WINGED BECARD.

Platyrhynchus polychopterus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
27, p. 10. (Nouvelle-Hollande, error = Bahia, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, second-growth and open woodland, man-
groves and plantations, mostly in humid habitats (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala and Hon-
duras, on both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica (less commonly in the dry north-
west) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago
and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to eastern Peru,
northern and eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.
Southernmost populations in South America are partially migratory northward
in nonbreeding season.

Pachyramphus albogriseus Sclater. BLACK-AND-WHITE BECARD.

Pachyrhamphus albo-griseus Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 78.
(New Grenada, Bogota = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Open forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland and clearings, pri-
marily in semi-arid situations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

478 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Ver-
aguas, records elsewhere are unverified); and in South America from northern
Colombia east to northern Venezuela and south, west of the Andes, to north-
western Peru. The old record of this species from Nicaragua pertains to P. poly-
chopterus.

Notes.—P. albogriseus and the South American P. marginatus (Lichtenstein,
1823) appear to constitute a superspecies.

Pachyramphus major (Cabanis). GRAY-COLLARED BECARD.

Bathmidurus major Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 246. (Xalapa
[=Jalapa], Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest, forest edge, pine-oak woodland, second
growth, and lowland deciduous forest (Subtropical Zone, in Tropical Zone in drier
habitats).

Distribution. — Resident from Sinaloa, western Durango, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo
Le6n and Tamaulipas south on both slopes of Middle America (including the
Yucatan Peninsula), and from Chiapas in the interior highlands, to El Salvador,
Honduras and north-central Nicaragua.

Pachyramphus aglaiae (Lafresnaye). ROSE-THROATED BECARD. [441.1.]

Platyrhynchus Aglaie Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 98. (Mexico =
Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Open forest, woodland, scrubby areas, open areas with scattered trees,
plantations and mangroves, mostly in semi-arid regions but also less commonly
in humid areas (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern Arizona, northeastern Sonora, western
Chihuahua, northeastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (Cameron
and Hidalgo counties) south along both slopes of Middle America (including the
Tres Marias Islands, Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island) to Costa Rica (pri-
marily in the dry northwest south to the Gulf of Nicoya, casually in the northeast),
also sight reports for southwestern New Mexico and western Panama (Chiriqui),
which probably represent vagrant individuals.

Winters from northern Mexico south throughout the remainder of the breeding
range.

Notes.— P. aglaiae, P. homochrous, P. niger and two South American species,
P. validus (Lichtenstein, 1823) [=P. rufus (Vieillot, 1816)] and P. minor (Lesson,
1830), appear to constitute a superspecies; these species also have been placed in
the past in the genus Platypsaris.

Pachyramphus homochrous Sclater. ONE-COLORED BECARD.

Pachyramphus homochrous Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 142.
(Pallatanga, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, forest edge and open woodland (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally from central Panama (the Caribbean slope in
the Canal Zone, both slopes of eastern Panama province, and in the Pacific low-
lands of Darién) east across northern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela and
south, west of the Andes, to northwestern Peru.

Notes.—See comments under P. aglaiae.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 479

Pachyramphus niger (Gmelin). JAMAICAN BECARD.

Lanius niger Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 301. Based on the “‘Black
Shrike” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 187. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Forest and open woodland, primarily in mountainous regions.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—See comments under P. aglaiae.

Genus TITYRA Vieillot

Tityra Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 39. Type, by monotypy, ““Bécarde”’ Buffon =
Lanius cayanus Linnaeus.

Erator [subgenus] Kaup, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1851), p. 47. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Lanius inquisitor Lichten-
stein.

Tityra semifasciata (Spix). MASKED TITYRA.

Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 32,
pl. 44, figs. 2 (Para, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open forest, forest edge, tall secondary forest, open woodland and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, Guanajuato, San Luis
Potosi and Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including the
Yucatan Peninsula) to Panama (including Cébaco and Coiba islands), and in South
America from Colombia, northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, thence eastward over Amazonian Brazil to Para and northern Maranhdao.

Tityra inquisitor (Lichtenstein). BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA.

Lanius inquisitor (Olfers MS) Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus.
Berlin, p. 50. (Sao Paulo, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forest, second-growth woodland and plantations, most frequently in
humid situations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, eastern
Puebla, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula) south on
the Caribbean slope of northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of
Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina
and southern Brazil.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Erator.

Family COTINGIDAE: Cotingas

Genus LIPAUGUS Boie

Lipangus [typo. error = Lipaugus] Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 318. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Muscicapa plumbea Licht. =
Muscicapa vociferans Wied.

480 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Lipaugus unirufus Sclater. RUFOUS PIHA.

Lipaugus unirufus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 385. (Playa
Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico, and Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala = Playa Vi-
cente, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Mexico (southern Veracruz, north-
ern Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas) south on the Caribbean slope of northern
Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from the dry
northwest) and Panama (more commonly on the Caribbean slope), and in western
Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— L. unirufus and the South American L. vociferans (Wied, 1820) may
constitute a superspecies.

Genus COTINGA Brisson

Cotinga Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 2, p. 339. Type, by tautonymy, Cotinga
Brisson = Ampelis cotinga Linnaeus.

Cotinga amabilis Gould. LOVELY COTINGA.

Cotinga amabilis Gould, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 64, pl. 123.
(Guatemala = Verapaz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Mexico (southern Veracruz, northern
Oaxaca and northern Chiapas) south on the Caribbean slope of Central America
to southeastern Costa Rica.

Notes.—C. amabilis, C. ridgwayi and C. nattererii are closely related and con-
stitute a superspecies; some authors would consider them conspecific [BLUE
CoTINGA]. These three species are also related to the South American C. cotinga
(Linnaeus, 1766), C. maculata (P. L. S. Miller, 1776) and C. maynana (Linnaeus,
1766); all six may constitute a superspecies.

Cotinga ridgwayi Ridgway. TURQUOISE COTINGA.

Cotinga ridgwayi (Zeledon MS) Ridgway, 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 10,
p. 1, pl. 6, fig. 3. (Pozo Azul, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second growth, and
open woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica (north-
west to the Gulf of Nicoya) and extreme southwestern Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.—See comments under C. amabilis.

Cotinga nattererii (Boissonneau). BLUE COTINGA.

Ampelis Nattererii Boissonneau, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 2. (Santa-Fé
de Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.—Humid lowland forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland
(Tropical Zone).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 481

Distribution.— Resident from central Panama (west to the Canal Zone) east
across Colombia to northwestern Venezuela, and south, west of the Andes, to
northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as NATTERER’S COTINGA. See comments under C. amabilis.

Genus CARPODECTES Salvin

Carpodectes Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 583. Type, by
original designation, Carpodectes nitidus Salvin.

Carpodectes hopkei Berlepsch. BLACK-TIPPED COTINGA.

Carpodectes hopkei Berlepsch, 1897, Ornithol. Monatsber., 5, p. 174. (San
José, Rio Dagua, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién), western
Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Considered by some to be part of the superspecies formed by C. an-
toniae and C. nitidus.

Carpodectes antoniae Ridgway. YELLOW-BILLED COTINGA.

Carpodectes antoni@ (Zeled6n MS) Ridgway. 1884, Ibis, p. 27, pl. 2. (Pirris,
South-western Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Coastal mangroves and adjacent tall forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Costa Rica
(northwest to the Gulf of Nicoya) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as ANTONIA’S COTINGA. C. antoniae and C. nitidus con-
stitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors. With a
single species treatment, WHITE COTINGA would be the appropriate English name.

Carpodectes nitidus Salvin. SNowy COTINGA.

Carpodectes nitidus Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 583, pl.
“36” [=35]. (Tucurique [=Tucurriqui], Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second growth and
plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope from northern Honduras (east
of the Sula Valley) south to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro).

Notes.—See comments under C. antoniae.

Genus QUERULA Vieillot
Querula Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 37. Type, by monotypy, ““Piauhau”’ Buf-
fon = Muscicapa purpurata Miiller.
Querula purpurata (Miiller). PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW.

Muscicapa purpurata P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, Based
on ““Gobe-Mouche noir a gorge pourpre de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches
Enlum., pl. 381. (Cayenne.)

482 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland, clear-
ings and plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (entire Caribbean lowlands), Panama
(Caribbean slope throughout, and Pacific slope from the Canal Zone eastward),
and South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Genus CEPHALOPTERUS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Cephalopterus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris], 13,
pp. 235, 238. Type, by original designation, Cephalopterus ornatus Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire.

Cephalopterus glabricollis Gould. BARE-NECKED UMBRELLABIRD.

Cephalopterus glabricollis Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1850), p.
92, pl. 20. (Cordillera de Chiriqué in Veragua, at an elevation of 8000 feet
[Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid forest and forest edge, less frequently in clearings or partly
cleared lands (Subtropical Zone, to Tropical Zone in nonbreeding season).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Tilaran, Central and possibly Guanacaste
cordilleras, and the Dota Mountains, descending to the Caribbean lowlands in
nonbreeding season) and western Panama (highlands of Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui
and Veraguas, to lower elevations in nonbreeding season).

Notes.—C. glabricollis and C. penduliger Sclater, 1859, of western Colombia
and western Ecuador, are sometimes regarded as conspecific with the South Amer-
ican C. ornatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809; the three constitute a superspecies.

Genus PROCNIAS Illiger

Procnias Mlliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 228. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), P. variegatus (L.) Ill. = Ampelis variegata Gmelin =
Ampelis averano Hermann.

Procnias tricarunculata (Verreaux and Verreaux). THREE-WATTLED BELL-
BIRD.

Casmarhynchus tricarunculatus J. and E. Verreaux, 1853, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
ser. 2, 5, p. 193. (Bocos del toro (Nouvelle-Grenade) = Bocas del Toro,
western Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, breeding in montane forest, in nonbreeding season to
lowland forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones, in nonbreeding season
to Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds, and largely resident, in the highlands of eastern Honduras
(Olancho), Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui
and Veraguas, possibly also to the Azuero Peninsula), in nonbreeding season
descending to the adjacent Caribbean lowlands (also Pacific lowlands in Panama,
and ranging east to the Canal Zone).

Notes.— P. tricarunculata and three South American species, P. alba (Hermann,
1783), P. nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817) and P. averano (Hermann, 1783), may con-
stitute a superspecies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 483

Family PIPRIDAE: Manakins

Genus SCHIFFORNIS Bonaparte

Schiffornis Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 314. Type, by monotypy,
Muscicapa turdina Wied.

Notes.— Relationships of this genus are uncertain; it may be a cotingid.

Schiffornis turdinus (Wied). THRUSHLIKE MANAKIN.

Muscicapa turdina Wied, 1831, Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 3(2), p. 817. (eastern
Brazil = Bahia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and dense second-growth woodland, gen-
erally in understory (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [veraepacis group] from southeastern Mexico (southern
Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo),
south on the Caribbean slope of northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both
slopes of Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and western Panama (west
of the Canal Zone); and [turdinus group] in central and eastern Panama (Canal
Zone eastward), and in South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela and
the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes
to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— Because of the apparent overlap of races in eastern Panama and north-
eastern Colombia, some authors suggest that the two groups are distinct species,
S. veraepacis (Sclater and Salvin, 1860) [BROWN MANAKIN] and S. turdinus
[THRUSHLIKE MANAKIN]. S. turdinus and the southeastern South American S.
virescens (Lafresnaye, 1824) may represent a superspecies despite marginal over-
lap.

Genus SAPAYOA Hartert

Sapayoa Hartert, 1903, Novit. Zool., 10, p. 117. Type, by original designation,
Sapayoa aenigma Hartert.

Notes.— The systematic position of this genus is uncertain; relationships with
the Tyrannidae, Cotingidae or even the Eurylaimidae have been suggested.

Sapayoa aenigma Hartert. BROAD-BILLED MANAKIN.

Sapayoa aenigma Hartert, 1903, Novit. Zool., 10, p. 117. (Rio Sapayo [=Sa-
pallo Grande], prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, usually near water (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone), western
Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Genus PIPRITES Cabanis

Piprites Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 234. Type, by monotypy,
Pipra pileata Temminck.

Piprites griseiceps Salvin. GRAY-HEADED MANAKIN.

Piprites griseiceps Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 583.
(Tucurruque [=Tucurriqui], Costa Rica.)

484 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Understory in humid lowland forest and dense second-growth wood-
land (Tropical Zone). ;

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala (near
Izabal), eastern Honduras (Olancho), Nicaragua and Costa Rica (south to Suretka).

Notes.—P. griseiceps and the South American P. chloris (Temminck, 1822)
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus CHLOROPIPO Cabanis and Heine

Chloropipo Cabanis and Heine, 1859. Mus. Heineanum, 2. p. 90 (note 2).
Type, by original designation. Chloropipo flavicollis Cabanis and Heine =
Pipra flavicapilla Sclater.

Chloropipo holochlora Sclater. GREEN MANAKIN.

Chloropipo holochlora Sclater. 1888, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 14, pp. xvi, 281,
287. (Colombia and Amazonia = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.—Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (eastern San Blas and eastern Dar-
ién), and in South America from northern Colombia south. west of the Andes to
western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru.

Notes.— C. holochlora and the South American C. uniformis Salvin and God-
man, 1884. appear to constitute a superspecies.

Genus MANACUS Bnisson

Manacus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 4, p. 442. Type. by tautonymy, Man-
acus Brisson = Pipra manacus Linnaeus.

Manacus candei (Parzudaki). WHITE-COLLARED MANAKIN.

Pipra Candei Parzudaki. 1841. Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 4. p. 306. (a Truxillo, dans
la baie de Honduras = Trujillo, Honduras.)

Habitat.— Resident from southeastern Mexico (southern Veracruz, northern
Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas. southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo) south
on the Caribbean slope of Central America to extreme western Panama (western
Bocas del Toro).

Notes.—Some authors consider . candei conspecific with M. vitellinus, with
which it constitutes a superspecies. but the two appear to be sympatric in western
Panama: with the broader treatment of M. vitellinus, COLLARED MANAKIN may
be used for the species. See also comments under ™. vitellinus.

Manacus vitellinus (Gould). GOLDEN-COLLARED MANAKIN.

Pipra vitellina Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. p. 103. (Panama =
Panama City, Panama.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid forest, forest edge and dense second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution. — Resident [aurantiacus group] on the Pacific slope of southwestern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 485

Costa Rica (west to the Gulf of Nicoya) and western Panama (east to the Azuero
Peninsula); and [vite//inus group] in Panama (the entire Caribbean coast, including
Bastimentos and Escudo de Veraguas islands, and the Pacific coast from eastern
Veraguas eastward), and in northwestern and north-central Colombia.
Notes.—A highly variable population in extreme western Bocas del Toro, west-
ern Panama, has sometimes been regarded as a distinct species. M. cerritus Peters,
1927 [ALMIRANTE MANAKIN], but this form intergrades with M. vitellinus in west-
ern Panama. The distinct Pacific slope form in Costa Rica and western Panama
is often regarded as a separate species, M. aurantiacus (Salvin, 1870)
[ORANGE-COLLARED MANAKIN.]. Limited hybridization between M. vitellinus and
the South American M. manacus (Linnaeus, 1766) [WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN]
is known from western Colombia; some authors regard these two and the Middle
American M. candei as one species [BEARDED MANAKIN], but they are treated here
as allospecies of a superspecies complex. See also comments under M. candei.

Genus CORAPIPO Bonaparte

Corapipo Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital., 2, p. 316. Type, by monotypy, Pipra
gutturalis Linnaeus.

Corapipo leucorrhoa (Sclater). WHITE-RUFFED MANAKIN.

Pipra leucorrhoa Sclater, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 63. (New Gra-
nada = Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland, primarily
in undergrowth (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in South America to lower
Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [altera group] in foothills and highlands from eastern
Honduras (Olancho) south through eastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama
to northwestern Colombia; and [/eucorrhoa group] in South America in eastern
Colombia (west to the Cauca Valley) and northwestern Venezuela.

Notes.— The two groups are often recognized as distinct species, C. a/tera Hell-
mayr, 1906 [WHITE-RUFFED MANAKIN], and C. /eucorrhoa [WHITE-BIBBED MAN-
AKIN].

Genus CHIROXIPHIA Cabanis

Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 235. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Pipra caudata Shaw and Nodder.

Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler). LANCE-TAILED MANAKIN.

Pipra lanceolata Wagler, 1830, Isis von Oken, col. 931. (Guiane sive Cajenna,
error = Cerro Turumiquire, Sucre, Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Thick scrub, open woodland, second growth and plantations, usually
in relatively dry regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme southwestern Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce re-
gion), on the Pacific slope of Panama (locally also on the Caribbean slope in the
Canal Zone, and on Cébaco and Coiba islands), and in northern Venezuela (in-
cluding Margarita Island).

486 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.—C. /anceolata and C. linearis are considered by some authors to be
conspecific with the South American C. pareola (Linnaeus, 1766) [BLUE-BACKED
MANAKIN]; the three constitute a superspecies.

Chiroxiphia linearis (Bonaparte). LONG-TAILED MANAKIN.

Pipra linearis Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 113.
(Mexico = Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of forest edge and clearings, second-growth woodland,
thickets and scrubby areas, mostly in dry forest, less frequently in humid areas
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from Oaxaca (west to Chivela) south
to Costa Rica (east to the Dota Mountains, possibly also the Térraba region).

Notes.—See comments under C. /anceolata.

Genus PIPRA Linneaus

Pipra Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 2, Prodr., p. 32. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Pipra aureola Linnaeus.

Pipra pipra (Linnaeus). WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN.

Parus Pipra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 190. Based mainly on
the ““Cacotototl” Seba, Thes., 2, p. 102, pl. 96, fig. 5. (in Indiis, error =
Surinam.)

Habitat. —Understory of humid forest and dense second-growth woodland (Sub-
tropical Zone, in South America also Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Costa Rica (primarily on Caribbean sinus of
Talamanca and Central cordilleras) and Panama (eastern Chiriqui, both slopes of
Veraguas, and the Caribbean slope of Coclé), and in South America from northern
and central Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to northeastern Peru and Amazonian and coastal southeastern Brazil.

Pipra coronata Spix. BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN.

Pipra coronata Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 5, pl. 7, fig. 1. (ad
pagum St. Pauli in sylviis fl. Solimoéns = SAo Paulo de Olivenga, Rio
Solim6es, Brazil.)

Habitat.—Understory of humid forest and dense second-growth woodland
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in Costa Rica (west to the Gulf of Nicoya on
the Pacific slope, and in the Sixaola region in the southeast) and Panama (western
portion east to Veraguas, and on both slopes from the Canal Zone eastward), and
in South America from Colombia and southern Venezuela south, west of the
Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia, and the western and central portions of Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—P. coronata and the South American P. isidorei Sclater, 1852, P. coe-
ruleocapilla Tschudi, 1844, P. nattereri Sclater, 1865, P. vilasboasi Sick, 1959, P.
iris Schinz, 1851, and P. Serena Linnaeus, 1766, appear to constitute a superspe-
cies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 487

Pipra erythrocephala (Linnaeus). GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN.

Parus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. Based on
Parus auricapillus Klein, Hist. Avium, p. 86, and “The Golden-headed
Black Titmouse”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 21, pl. 21, lower fig. (in
America australi = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (from eastern San Blas and eastern
Panama province eastward), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, mostly east of the Andes, to eastern Peru
and Amazonian Brazil (north of the Amazon).

Notes.—P. erythrocephala, P. mentalis and three South American species, P.
rubrocapilla Temminck, 1821, P. chloromeros Tschudi, 1844, and P. cornuta Spix,
1825, appear to constitute a superspecies.

Pipra mentalis Sclater. RED-CAPPED MANAKIN.

Pipra mentalis Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p. 299, pl. 121.
(Cordova [=Cordoba] in the State of Vera Cruz, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southeastern Mexico (southern Veracruz, north-
ern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula) south on the Caribbean
slope of northern Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
(absent from the dry northwest) and Panama (east on the Caribbean slope to
western San Blas, and on the Pacific to eastern Panama province), and in western
Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-THIGHED MANAKIN. See comments under P.
erythrocephala.

Family OXYRUNCIDAE: Sharpbills

Genus OXYRUNCUS Temminck

Oxyruncus Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol., ed. 2, 1, p. Ixxx [generic char-
acter only, no type-species indicated]. Type, by monotypy, Oxyrhynchus
flammiceps Temminck = Oxyrhynchus cristatus Swainson.

Oxyruncus cristatus Swainson. SHARPBILL.

Oxyrhynchus [sic] cristatus Swainson, 1821, Zool. Illus., ser. 1, 1 (9), pl. 49.
(Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and dense second-growth woodland (Sub-
tropical Zone, in South America also Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident (with disjunct distribution) in Costa Rica (Caribbean
slope of northwestern and central highlands, and Dota Mountains), Panama (re-
corded western Chiriqui, Veraguas and eastern Darién), southern Venezuela, Guy-
ana, Surinam, eastern Peru, eastern and southeastern Brazil, and Paraguay.

488 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
Suborder PASSERES: Oscines

Family ALAUDIDAE: Larks

Genus ALAUDA Linnaeus

Alauda Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 165. Type, by subsequent
designation (Selby, 1825), Alauda arvensis Linnaeus.

Alauda arvensis Linnaeus. EURASIAN SKYLARK. [473.]

Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 165. (in Europe
apricis = Uppsala, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open country, grasslands, tundra, marshy and sandy areas, and wide
forest clearings.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the northern Mediterranean region,
Asia Minor, northern China, Korea and Japan.

Winters from the breeding range (except the northern portions) south to northern
Africa, the Persian Gulf and eastern China.

In migration ranges regularly to the western Aleutian Islands (Attu, Agattu,
Shemya), and casually to St. Lawrence Island and the Pribilofs (St. George, where
possibly has bred).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Niihau
eastward), British Columbia (Vancouver Island, with recent spread to the adjacent
mainland and to San Juan Island, Washington), New York (Brooklyn in 1887,
where extirpated by1913), Australia and New Zealand. Birds introduced elsewhere
in North America did not become established.

Accidental in the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure), Bermuda, Madeira and the
Canary Islands. An individual, which was photographed and extensively studied,
wintered for three successive years (1978-1980) at Point Reyes, California; Eu-
ropean experts have identified this bird as A. arvensis, probably one of the Asiatic
races.

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN or COMMON SKYLARK, and, in Old World
literature, as the Sky LARK. North American introductions, the many in the
Hawaiian islands (with one exception), and the vagrant individual reported from
Bermuda pertain to the European race, A. a. arvensis; transients through Alaska,
the report from Kure, and probably the California individual, are referable to the
Siberian A. a. pekinensis Swinhoe, 1863. One Hawaiian introduction (in 1934)
was of the Japanese form, the relationships of which are uncertain; it may be a
full species, A. japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1848 [JAPANESE SKYLARK], a
subspecies of the Asiatic species A. gu/gu/a Franklin, i831, or, as here regarded,
a race of A. arvensis.

Genus EREMOPHILA Boie

Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 322. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Sharpe, 1874), O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus.

Otocoris Bonaparte, 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, 2, p. 407. Type,
by monotypy, Phileremos cornutus Bonaparte = Alauda cornuta Wilson =
Alauda alpestris Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 489

Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus). HORNED LARK. [474.]

Alauda alpestris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 166. Based mainly
on “The Lark” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 32, pl. 32. (in America
septentrionali = coast of South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Grassland, tundra, sandy regions, desert playas, grazed pastures, stub-
ble fields, open cultivated areas and, rarely, open areas in forest (Subtropical to
Temperate, locally Tropical zones).

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska, the
Arctic coast of northern Canada, Prince Patrick, Devon and northern Baffin is-
lands, northern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern
Baja California (including many islands), central Sonora, in the Central Plateau
region to western Veracruz and Oaxaca (also to sea level in the Isthmus of Te-
huantepec), the Gulf coast (from northwestern Tamaulipas to southwestern Lou-
isiana), northwestern Louisiana, central Missouri, southern Tennessee, extreme
northern Alabama and North Carolina; in South America in the Eastern Andes
of Colombia (near Bogota); and in Eurasia from the Arctic coast south to extreme
northern Africa, Asia Minor, the Himalayas and Japan.

Winters in North America from southern Canada (British Columbia east to
Newfoundland) south throughout the breeding range, and, locally or irregularly,
to the Gulf coast and southern Florida; in Colombia; and in Eurasia in the breeding
range except for the more northern portions.

Accidental in Greenland, the western Aleutians (Shemya) and Bermuda.

Notes.— Known in the Old World as SHORE LARK. E. alpestris and the North
African E. bilopha (Temminck, 1823) are closely related; they constitute a su-
perspecies. At least one Eurasian race, E. a. flava (Gmelin, 1789), occurs casually
as a migrant in western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island).

Family HIRUNDINIDAE: Swallows

Subfamily HIRUNDININAE: Typical Swallows

Genus PROGNE Boie

Progne Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 971. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo
purpurea “Gm. Wils. pl. 39, fig. 2” = Hirundo subis Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Phaeoprogne.

Progne subis (Linnaeus). PURPLE MARTIN. [611.]

Hirundo subis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 192. Based on “The
Great American Martin” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 120, pl. 120. (ad
sinum Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.—A wide variety of open and partly open situations, frequently near
water or around towns, nesting in tree holes and bird houses (Subtropical and
Temperate zones, in winter also Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern British Columbia, western Washing-
ton, western Oregon, northern California, northern Arizona, central Utah, eastern
Idaho, northeastern and east-central British Columbia, central Alberta, central

490 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southern Que-
bec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (possibly) and central Nova Scotia
south (except in desert regions) to southern Baja California and Isla Tibur6én (off
Sonora), in the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosi,
and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (except the Florida
Keys).

Winters in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south,
east of the Andes, to northern Bolivia and southeastern Brazil, casually in Florida.

In migration occurs regularly in Middle America (both slopes, rarely on the
Pacific slope south of Nicaragua) and the Florida Keys, and casually through the
Bahamas and Greater Antilles (recorded Cuba, Grand Cayman and Hispaniola,
also a sight report for Puerto Rico).

Casual north to the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul), western and northern Alaska,
central Yukon, northwestern Ontario and northern Nova Scotia. Accidental in
Bermuda and the British Isles.

Notes.—Species limits in this complex are uncertain. Some authors treat P.
subis, P. cryptoleuca, P. dominicensis, P. sinaloae and P. chalybea as conspecific;
these five, along with the South American P. modesta complex (including P.
elegans), constitute a superspecies. See also comments under these other species.

Progne cryptoleuca Baird. CUBAN MARTIN. [611.1.]

Progne cryptoleuca Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 277. (Cuba and Florida
Keys? = Remedios, Cuba.)

Habitat.—Open and partly open situations, frequently near water or around
towns.

Distribution.— Breeds on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Winter range unknown. Three specimens taken at Quirigua and one from Gual-
an, in the Caribbean lowlands of Guatemala, and reported as P. cryptoleuca are
referable to P. chalybea; another individual from Belize is referable to P. subis.

Casual in southern Florida (Cape Florida, Key West, Clearwater).

Notes.— Variously treated as a full species, a race of P. dominicensis, or a race
of P. subis; see further comments under these species.

Progne dominicensis (Gmelin). CARIBBEAN MARTIN. [611.3.]

Hirundo dominicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1025. Based on
“TL Hirondelle de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 493, and “Hi-
rondelle d’Amerique” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 545, fig. 1. (in
insula S. Dominici = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.—Open and partly open situations, frequently along seacoasts, near
fresh-water habitats, or around towns.

Distribution.— Breeds in the Greater Antilles (from Jamaica and Hispaniola
eastward, absent from Cuba and the Isle of Pines), Lesser Antilles and Tobago.

Winters presumably in South America (no West Indian records in November
or December).

Casual or accidental on Bermuda and in the Bahamas (Mayaguana, Great Inagua
and Grand Turk).

Notes.—P. dominicensis and P. sinaloae are often considered conspecific

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 49]

[SNOWY-BELLIED MARTIN], but the morphological similarity in these widely dis-
junct populations may be convergence. See also comments under P. subis.

Progne sinaloae Nelson. SINALOA MARTIN.

Progne sinaloe Nelson, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 59. (Plomosas,
Sinaloa.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak association and partly open situations in montane habitats
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds in the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico from
southeastern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua south through Sinaloa, northern
Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco to northern Michoacan.

Winter range unknown.

In migration recorded in northern Guatemala (Petén).

Notes.— This species has been treated as a race of P. subis, but the latter and
P. sinaloae breed sympatrically in western Mexico without extensive hybridization
(one possibly hybrid specimen reported). See also comments under P. subis and
P. dominicensis.

Progne chalybea (Gmelin). GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN. [611.2.]

Hirundo chalybea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1026. Based mostly on
“T’Hirondelle de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 495, pl. 46, fig. 1.
(in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.—Open and partly open situations, commonly near water or around
human habitation (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from Nayarit, Coahuila, Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas
south along both slopes of Middle America (including Isla Coiba off Panama),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Winters sparingly in the northern parts of the breeding range, becoming more
abundant and regular from Costa Rica and Panama south through South America
to northern Bolivia and central Brazil (southernmost breeding populations also
migratory, ranging north as far as Venezuela and Amazonian Brazil).

Casual in southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Hidalgo) and Tobago.

Notes.—See comments under P. subis.

Progne elegans Baird. SOUTHERN MARTIN. [611.4.]

Progne elegans Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 275, note. (Rio Bermejo,
Argentina.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open or partly open country from Bolivia,
Paraguay and Uruguay south to central Argentina, and winters north to eastern
Peru, Colombia and Amazonian Brazil, casually to eastern Panama (Puerto Ol-
badia, San Blas, also summer sight records of dark martins in eastern Panama
province and the Canal Zone probably pertaining to this species).

Accidental in southern Florida (Key West, 14 August 1890; Eisenmann and
Haverschmidt, 1970, Condor, 72, pp. 368-369) and the Falkland Islands.

Notes.— Resident South American species P. modesta Gould, 1838 [GALAPAGOS

492 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

MartTIN], from the Galapagos Islands, and P. murphyi Chapman, 1925 [PERUVIAN
MartTIN], from the coast of Peru and Chile, are regarded by some authors as
conspecific with P. elegans. See also comments under P. subis.

Genus PHAEOPROGNE Baird

Pheoprogne Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 272, 283. Type, by subse-
quent designation (Sharpe, 1885), Hirundo tapera Linnaeus.

Notes.— By some authors merged in Progne.

Phaeoprogne tapera (Linnaeus). BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN.

Hirundo Tapera Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 345. Based on
“L’Hirondelle d’Amérique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 502, pl. 45, fig. 3.
(in America = Pernambuco, eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Forested regions, open situations and cultivated lands, especially near
water, nesting in holes in the ground, in migration and winter in a wide variety
of open and partly open situations in lowland areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Breeds from northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina,
Uruguay and southern Brazil; also west of the Andes in southwestern Ecuador
and northwestern Peru.

Winters from southern Bolivia and southern Brazil northward to northern South
America and Panama (both slopes, irregularly westward to western Bocas del Toro
and western Chiriqui), also a sight report from central Costa Rica.

Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis

Tachycineta Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 48. Type, by
original designation, Hirundo thalassina Swainson.

Callichelidon (Bryant MS) Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 271 [in key,
as ““Callochelidon’’|, 303. Type, by original designation, Hirundo cyaneo-
viridis Bryant.

Kalochelidon [subgenus] H. Bryant, 1867, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11
(1866), p. 95. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo euchrysea var. dominicensis
Bryant = Hirundo sclateri Cory = Hirundo euchrysea Gosse.

Tridoprocne [subgenus] Coues, 1878, Birds Colo. Valley, p. 412. Type, by
original designation, Hirundo bicolor Vieillot.

Lamprochelidon Ridgway, 1903, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 106. Type,
by original designation, Hirundo euchrysea Gosse.

Leucochelidon [subgenus] Brooke, 1974, Durban Mus. Novit., 10, p. 135.
Type, by original designation, Petrochelidon meyeni Cabanis = Hirundo
leucopyga Meyen.

Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot). TREE SWALLOw. [614.]

Hirundo bicolor Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 61, pl.
31. (Centre des Etats-Unis = New York.)

Habitat.— Open situations near water, including streams, lakes, ponds, marshes

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 493

and coastal regions, breeding in tree cavities or nest boxes near water, less fre-
quently in open woodland away from water.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, north-
western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland south
to southwestern Alaska (Cold Bay), along the Pacific coast to southern California,
central Nevada, central Arizona, south-central New Mexico, south-central Texas
(formerly), northeastern Louisiana, west-central Mississippi, Tennessee and North
Carolina, generally sporadic or irregular as a breeder east of the Rocky Mountain
states and south of the upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys, or along the Atlantic
coast south of Massachusetts. Nonbreeding individuals occur in summer in north-
ern Alaska.

Winters from southern California, southwestern Arizona, northern Mexico,
Texas, the Gulf coast, and the Atlantic coast from New York (casually farther
north) south along the Pacific coast of Mexico at least to southern Baja California
and Colima, in the interior and along the Gulf-Caribbean coast of Middle America
to Honduras (also the Swan Islands), Nicaragua and central Costa Rica (casually
to western Panama and the Canal Zone), and to southern Florida, the Bahamas
(New Providence) and Greater Antilles (including the Cayman Islands).

Casual or accidental on Wrangel Island, in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands,
along the Arctic coast (from northern Yukon and Banks Islands east to Keewatin),
and in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles, Colombia, Guyana, and off Trinidad.

Notes.— 7. bicolor and T. albilinea are sometimes placed in the genus J/rido-
procne.

Tachycineta albilinea (Lawrence). MANGROVE SWALLOW.

Petrochelidon albilinea Lawrence, 1863, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 2.
(on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of Panama
Railroad = Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Open areas near water, primarily around rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes
and mangroves, less frequently over nearby meadows and fields, rarely along ocean
beaches (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [albilinea group] from southern Sonora, southeastern
San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle
America (including the Yucatan Peninsula and most islands nearby) to eastern
Panama (east on the Caribbean coast to eastern Colon, and on the Pacific to
eastern Darién, including Isla Coiba); and [sto/zmanni group] along the coast of
northern Peru.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, 7. albilinea
and 7. stolzmanni (Philippi, 1902). See also comments under 7. bicolor.

Tachycineta euchrysea (Gosse). GOLDEN SWALLOW.

Hirundo euchrysea Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 68 (footnote). (higher
mountains in the very centre of Jamaica, as in Manchester, and St. Ann’s.)

Habitat.— Mountains, primarily in open areas, less frequently over forested
regions.

494 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident locally on Jamaica (where very rare) and Hispaniola.
Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Kalochelidon. :

Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson). VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOw. [615.]

Hirundo thalassinus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 366. (Real
del Monte, [Hidalgo,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous, deciduous or mixed forest and woodland, primarily
in highlands, nesting in holes in cliff crevices, tree cavities or nest boxes, in
migration and winter also meadows, fields and watercourses, more commonly in
highland regions.

Distribution. — Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, extreme southwest-
ern Mackenzie, northern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, southwestern
Saskatchewan, central Montana, western South Dakota and western Nebraska
south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), southern Baja California,
coastal Sonora, in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to western
Texas.

Winters from central coastal and southern California, Sonora, Chihuahua and
Coahuila south in the interior of Middle America to Honduras, casually or irreg-
ularly to Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and western Panama province).

Casual or accidental in the Aleutian Islands (Shemya, Unalaska), and east to
southern Manitoba, North Dakota, Missouri and central Texas, also sight reports
from Minnesota, Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Florida; an old
record from Yucatan is questionable.

Tachycineta cyaneoviridis (Bryant). BAHAMA SWALLow. [615.1.]

Hirundo cyaneoviridis H. Bryant, 1859, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p.
111. (Nassau [New Providence, Bahamas].)

Habitat.— Open and partly open situations, nesting in pine woodland, locally
on buildings in towns.

Distribution. — Breeds on the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Great
Abaco, Andros and New Providence). Summered once in the lower Florida Keys
(Sugarloaf Key, 1974).

Winters, at least sparingly, throughout the Bahama Islands and in eastern Cuba.

In migration occurs irregularly in the lower Florida Keys and on Dry Tortugas,
casually to southern Florida (recorded north to Tarpon Springs).

Notes.— Frequently placed in the monotypic genus Callichelidon.

Genus PYGOCHELIDON Baird
Pygochelidon Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 270, 306. Type, by original
designation, Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot). BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW.

Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p.
509. Based on ““Golondrina Timoneles negros” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat.
Pax. Parag., 2, p. 508 (no. 303). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.—Open and partly open situations, often around towns, in Middle

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 495

America primarily in highlands (Tropical to Temperate zones, mostly Subtropical
Zone in Middle America).

Distribution. — Breeds [patagonica group] from central Chile and central (pos-
sibly north-central) Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego.

Winters [patagonica group] from northern Chile and northern Argentina north
regularly to northern South America and central Panama (west to the Canal Zone),
casually to Nicaragua and Chiapas (a report from Honduras is erroneous).

Resident [cyanoleuca group] in the foothills and highlands of Costa Rica (north-
west to the Cordillera de Guanacaste) and western Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas
and western Panama province); and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south to Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina,
Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, P. cvanoleuca
and P. patagonica (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837) [PATAGONIAN SWALLOW].
This species is sometimes treated in the genus Notiochelidon, or occasionally
placed in the South American genus Afticora Boie, 1844.

Genus NOTICHELIDON Baird

Notiochelidon Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 270, 306. Type, by original
designation, Atticora pileata Gould.

Notiochelidon pileata (Gould). BLACK-CAPPED SWALLOW.

Atticora pileata Gould, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 355. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, partly open situations, and cultivated
regions, primarily in interior highlands (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala and El Sal-
vador.

Casual in nonbreeding season in western Honduras (La Esperanza).

Notes.— Also known as COBAN SWALLOW.

Genus NEOCHELIDON Sclater

Microchelidon (not Reichenbach, 1853) Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds,
p. 39. Type, by monotypy, Petrochelidon tibialis Cassin.

Neochelidon Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. [xvi]. New name for
Microchelidon Sclater, preoccupied.

Neochelidon tibialis (Cassin). WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW.

Petrochelidon ? tibialis Cassin, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6,
p. 370. (probably Brazil = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest clearings, forest edge, scrub, partly open sit-
uations, along streams, and around villages (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Panama (west to Coclé, the Canal Zone and western
Panama province), and in South America locally from Colombia east through
southern Venezuela to Surinam, and south, east of the Andes, to eastern Ecuador,
southeastern Peru, and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil.

496 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird

Stelgidopteryx [subgenus] Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep.
Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxxiv, 312. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo
serripennis Audubon.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon). NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED
SWALLOw. [617.]

Hirundo serripennis Audubon, 1838, Ornithol Biogr., 4, p. 593. (Charleston,
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open situations, especially along watercourses with
steep banks, and roadside cuts, where nesting in burrows, also locally [ridgwayi
group] in caves and old buildings.

Distribution.— Breeds [serripennis group] from southeastern Alaska (rarely),
central British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, central Maine
and southwestern New Brunswick south to southern Baja California, Oaxaca,
Veracruz, in the Middle American highlands through Chiapas, Guatemala, western
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to Costa Rica, and to southern
Texas, the Gulf coast, and south-central and southwestern Florida.

Winters [serripennis group] from northern Mexico, southern Texas, southern
Louisiana and southern Florida (casually South Carolina) south through the breed-
ing range in Mexico and Central America, and lowlands to Panama; breeding
populations from the lowlands and central interior of Mexico southward are
generally sedentary.

In migration [serripennis group] occurs in the northwestern Bahama Islands,
Cuba, Jamaica, and the Cayman and Swan islands, casually to southwestern and
south-coastal Alaska.

Resident {ridgwayi group] on the Yucatan Peninsula.

Casual or accidental [serripennis group] in northern Alaska (Barrow) and south-
ern Yukon, also sight reports from the Revillagigedos (Socorro Island) and Virgin
Islands (St. John).

Notes.—Some authors treat the two groups as distinct species, S. serripennis
[NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW] and S. ridgwayi Nelson, 1901 [YUCATAN
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW]. S. serripennis and S. ruficollis were formerly consid-
ered conspecific [ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOw], but sympatric breeding has recently
been reported in Costa Rica (see Stiles, 1981, Auk, 98, pp. 282-293).

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot). SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.

Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p.
523. (Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open situations, especially along watercourses with
steep banks, and roadside cuts, where nesting in burrows (Tropical to Temperate
zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the lowlands from eastern Honduras (Olancho) south
through Nicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (both slopes, on the Pacific
northwest to the Gulf of Nicoya) and Panama, and in South America from Co-
lombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to
northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Argentina.

Notes.—See comments under S. serripennis.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 497

Genus RIPARIA Forster

Riparia T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 17. Type, by monotypy,
Riparia europaea Forster = Hirundo riparia Linnaeus.

Riparia riparia (Linnaeus). BANK SWALLOw. [616.]

Hirundo riparia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 192. (in Europe
collibus arenosis abruptis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open and partly open situations, frequently near flowing water, nest-
ing in burrows in sand, dirt or gravel banks and cuts.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, cen-
tral Yukon, northwestern and south-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and
southwestern Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the eastern Aleu-
tians), southern California (but rare west of the coast ranges from British Columbia
to Oregon), western Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, southern New Mexico,
southern Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, northern Alabama, central West Virginia,
eastern Virginia, and (casually) northwestern North Carolina and south-central
South Carolina; and in Eurasia from the Hebrides, Orkneys, northern Scandinavia,
northern Russia and Siberia south to the Mediterranean region, Palestine, Iran,
Afghanistan, northern India, southeastern China and Japan.

Winters in central and eastern Panama (at least rarely), and in South America
from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, primarily east of the Andes,
to Peru, northern Argentina and Paraguay, casually to northern Chile; and in the
Old World from the Mediterranean region, Near East, northern India and eastern
China south to tropical and eastern Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, southern India,
Southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines.

Migrates in the Americas widely through the southern United States, Middle
America, the West Indies (rare in the Lesser Antilles), and northern South America
(including the Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad); and in the Old
World through the eastern Atlantic islands in addition to the region between
breeding and wintering ranges.

Casual or accidental in the Pribilof, western Aleutian and Commander islands,
on Victoria and Melville islands, and on Bermuda.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as SAND MARTIN.

Genus HIRUNDO Linnaeus

Hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Hirundo rustica Linnaeus.

Petrochelidon Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 47. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Hirundo melanogaster Swain-
son = Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot.

Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot. CLIFF SWALLOW. [612.]

Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p.
519. (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Open country, less frequently partly open situations, most frequently
in the vicinity of water, nesting on cliffs, bridges, dams, buildings and, occasionally,
in caves.

498 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northern
Mackenzie, central Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern
Quebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and
Nova Scotia south to south-coastal and southern Alaska, northern Baja California,
Oaxaca, Veracruz, the Gulf coast (east to southwestern Louisiana), northern por-
tion of the Gulf states (east to Georgia), and to western South Carolina and
southern North Carolina, also in the Lake Okeechobee region of southern Florida:
now scarce and local in the eastern portion of the breeding range.

Winters in South America from Paraguay, and central and southeastern Brazil
south to central Argentina.

Migrates regularly through the southeastern United States, Middle America and
northern South America (recorded Colombia, Venezuela and the Netherlands
Antilles), rarely through the northwestern Bahama Islands, Cuba and the Virgin
Islands.

Casual or accidental on Wrangel Island, and in northern Alaska, the Aleutians,
Barbados, Chile, Tierra del Fuego and southern Greenland.

Notes.—This and the following species are often placed in the genus Petro-
chelidon.

Hirundo fulva Vieillot. CAVE SwALLOw. [612.1.]

Hirundo fulva Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 62, pl.
32. (Saint-Domingue = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Open country, less commonly partly open situations, frequently near
water, nesting in caves, sinkholes and culverts.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern New Mexico (Carlsbad Caverns), and
western and south-central Texas (east to Kerr County) south to southern Chi-
huahua, Coahuila and San Luis Potosi; in southern Mexico (central Chiapas, the
state of Yucatan, and Quintana Roo); in the Greater Antilles east to Puerto Rico
(including Gonave, Tortue and Vieques islands, and Ile-a-Vache); and in South
America in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru.

Winter range of northern populations unknown; breeding populations in south-
ern Mexico, the Greater Antilles and South America are essentially resident,
although the Cuban populations decrease in winter, and vagrants are recorded
regularly in southern (casually northern) Florida and casually north to Nova Scotia
(Seal Island, Sable Island).

In migration recorded in Tamaulipas and Chiapas (an old specimen record from
Costa Rica has been questioned), also sight reports from Panama (eastern Panama
province).

Casual or accidental in Arizona (Tucson) and the Virgin Islands.

Notes.— The isolated South American form has sometimes been regarded as a
distinct species, H. rufocollaris Peale, 1848. See also comments under H. pyr-
rhonota.

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus. BARN SWALLOw. [613.]

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. (in Europe
domibus intra tectum = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open situations, less frequently in partly open habitats, frequently
near water, nesting in sheltered areas in buildings, under bridges, or in caves.
Distribution.— Breeds in North America from south-coastal and southeastern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 499

(formerly north-central) Alaska, southern Yukon, western Mackenzie, north-
western and east-central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario,
southern Quebec and southern Newfoundland south to Baja California, Jalisco,
Michoacan, the state of México, Distrito Federal, central Puebla, northern Ve-
racruz, the Gulf coast, north-central Florida and southern North Carolina (casually
southeastern Georgia); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, Faroe Islands,
Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the Mediterranean
region, northern Africa, the Near East, Arabia, Iran, the Himalayas, China, For-
mosa and Japan.

Winters in the Americas from Panama (casually north to the southwestern
United States, northern Mexico and southern Florida), Puerto Rico and the Lesser
Antilles south throughout South America to Tierra del Fuego; and in the Old
World south to tropical Africa, the East Indies, northern Australia and Micronesia.

Migrates through Middle America, the West Indies, and islands off the eastern
Atlantic and western Pacific oceans and along continental coasts, as well as
throughout continental areas between the breeding and wintering ranges, casually
also through the Aleutians.

Casual or accidental in the western Hawaiian Islands; north to northern Alaska,
to St. Lawrence, Pribilof, Aleutian, Victoria, Cornwallis and Mansel islands, and
to northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin and southern Labrador; and in Ber-
muda, southern Greenland, Tristan da Cunha and the Falkland Islands.

Notes.— H. rustica and the African H. /ucida Hartlaub, 1858, are closely related
and considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Genus DELICHON Horsfield and Moore

Delichon *““Hodgs.” Horsfield and Moore, 1854, Cat. Birds Mus. Hon. E. India
Co., 1 (1856), p. 384. Type, by monotypy, Delichon nipalensis Horsfield
and Moore.

Delichon urbica (Linnaeus). COMMON HouSsE-MARTIN. [615.2.]

Hirundo urbica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 192. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds widely through most of Eurasia south to north-
ern Africa, the Himalayas and China, commonly nesting on houses, and winters
south to southern Africa, India and Southeast Asia, casually to Greenland, Iceland
and the eastern Atlantic islands.

Accidental in Alaska (Nome, and St. Paul in the Pribilofs, 6-7 and 12 June
1974; Hall and Cardiff, 1978, Auk, 95, p. 429), and in Bermuda (Devonshire
Parish, 9 August 1957; Wingate, 1958, Auk, 75, pp. 359-360).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the HoUSE MARTIN.

Family CORVIDAE: Jays, Magpies and Crows
Notes.— Recent studies have indicated that the division of this family into
subfamilies is not warranted.
Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte

Perisoreus Bonaparte, 1831, G. Arcad. Sci. Lett. Arti [Rome], 49, p. 42. Type.
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Corvus canadensis Linnaeus.

500 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus). GRAY JAY. [484.]

Corvus canadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 158. Based on
““Le Geay brun de Canada” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 2. (in
Canada = Quebec.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest (primarily spruce),
including open and partly open woodland and around bogs.

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northern
Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, north-
ern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west
to the Alaska Peninsula, but absent from humid coastal forests of south-coastal
and southeastern Alaska), British Columbia (including Vancouver Island, but
absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands), northern California, eastern Oregon,
central Idaho, central Utah, east-central Arizona (White Mountains), north-central
New Mexico, east-central Colorado and southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills),
and (east of the Rocky Mountains) to central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario,
northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Winters generally throughout the breeding range, casually or irregularly south
to northwestern Nebraska, central Minnesota, southeastern Wisconsin, central
Michigan, southern Pennsylvania, central New York, Connecticut and Massa-
chusetts.

Notes.—P. canadensis and the Old World P. infaustus (Linnaeus, 1758) appear
to constitute a superspecies.

Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland

Cyanocitta Strickland, 1845, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 15, pp. 260, 261.
Type, by original designation, Corvus cristatus Linnaeus.

Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmelin). STELLER’S JAY. [478.]

Corvus Stelleri Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 370. Based on “‘Steller’s
Crow” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (1), p. 387. (in sinu Natka Americae
borealis = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

Habitat.— Primarily coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, includ-
ing humid coniferous forest in northwestern North America, and arid pine-oak
association in the Middle American highlands, occurring less frequently in open
woodland, orchards and gardens (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to
the Kenai Peninsula), western and southeastern British Columbia, southwestern
Alberta, western Montana, Wyoming, northern Colorado and western Nebraska
south to southern California, Arizona, through the highlands of Middle America
(except Belize) to north-central Nicaragua, and east to east-central Colorado,
central New Mexico and western Texas (Davis and Guadalupe mountains).

Casual east to southern Saskatchewan, southwestern South Dakota, south-
western Kansas and central Texas, and south to extreme northwestern Baja Cal-
ifornia. Accidental in southeastern Quebec (Cap Rouge).

Notes.—C. stelleri and C. cristata hybridize infrequently in eastern Colorado;
they may constitute a superspecies, although authors disagree on the level of
relationship.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 501

Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus). BLUE JAY. [477.]

Corvus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 106. Based on “The
Blew Jay” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 15, pl. 15. (in America sep-
tentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Primarily forest (deciduous, mixed deciduous-coniferous or fir), open
woodland, parks and residential areas, less frequently in open situations with
scattered trees.

Distribution. — Resident from extreme east-central British Columbia, central and
southeastern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New-
foundland south to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern
Florida (except the Florida Keys), and west to eastern Montana, eastern Wyoming,
eastern Colorado and east-central New Mexico.

Northern populations are partly migratory to the southern parts of the breeding
range (casually to the Florida Keys), and irregular or casual west to southwestern
British Columbia, western Washington, central Oregon, California (mostly north-
ern), west-central Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Montana, northeastern Arizona and west-
ern New Mexico.

Accidental on Bermuda.

Notes.—See comments under C. stelleri.

Genus CALOCITTA Gray

Calocitta G. R. Gray, 1841, List Genera Birds, ed. 2, p. 50. Type, by original
designation, Pica bullockii Wagler = Pica formosa Swainson.

Calocitta colliei (Vigors). BLACK-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY.

Pica colliei Vigors, 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828), p. 353, pl. 12. (San Blas, Nayarit,
Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, deciduous forest, and riparian or open woodland (Trop-
ical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from southern Sonora and western
Chihuahua south to Nayarit, Jalisco and (possibly) Guanajuato.

A report from southeastern Arizona (Douglas) is almost certainly based on an
escaped individual.

Notes.—C. colliei and C. formosa constitute a superspecies; they are considered
conspecific by some authors. If treated as a single species, MAGPIE JAy is the
appropriate English name.

Calocitta formosa (Swainson). WHITE-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY.

Pica formosa Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 437. (Temiscal-
tipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Arid deciduous forest, scrub and riparian woodland (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from Colima, Michoacan and west-
ern Puebla south to northwestern Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya region), also in arid
interior valleys on the Gulf-Caribbean drainage in eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas, Gua-
temala (Motagua Valley) and Honduras.

Notes.—See comments under C. colliei.

502 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus CYANOCORAX Boie

Cyanocorax Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 975. Type, by monotypy, Corvus
pileatus Temminck = Pica chrysops Vieillot.

Psilorhinus Riippell, 1837, Mus. Senckenb., 2 (2), p. 188. Type, by monotypy,
Psilorhinus mexicanus Riippell = Pica morio Wagler.

Cissilopha Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (2), p. 380. Type, by
monotypy, Garrulus sanblasianus Lafresnaye = Pica san-blasiana Lafres-
naye.

Xanthoura Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (2), p. 380. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Corvus peruvianus Gmelin =
Corvus yncas Bonaparte.

Cyanocorax dickeyi Moore. TUFTED JAY.

Cyanocorax dickeyi Moore, 1935, Auk, 52, p. 275, pl. 13. (Rancho Batel, 5
miles N.E. of Santa Lucia, altitude 5200 ft., Sinaloa, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, foraging also in riparian woodland and pine-
oak association (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of southeastern Sinaloa, northeastern
Nayarit and southwestern Durango.

Cyanocorax affinis Pelzeln. BLACK-CHESTED JAY.

Cyanocorax affinis Pelzeln, 1856, Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
Naturwiss. K1., 20, p. 164. (Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second-growth wood- -
land, riparian forest and, less frequently, dry deciduous woodland (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Costa Rica (Sixaola region), Panama
(both slopes), northern and eastern Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela.

Cyanocorax yncas (Boddaert). GREEN JAY. [483.]

Corvus yncas Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 38. Based on Dau-
benton, Planches Enlum., pl. 625. (Peru = Chilpes, Depto. de Junin.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, dense second growth, clearings, planta-
tions, pine-oak association and, less commonly, open situations with scattered
trees (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas south
in Middle America on the Pacific slope to western Guatemala, and on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope to Belize, eastern Guatemala and north-central Honduras (to the
Tela region and Valle del Aguan); and in South America from northern Colombia
and northern Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and northern
Bolivia.

Notes.— The distinctive Middle American group has sometimes been treated
as a species, C. /uxuosus (Lesson, 1839) [GREEN JAy], separate from the South
American C. yncas [INCA JAY]. Sometimes treated in the genus Xanthoura.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 503

Cyanocorax morio (Wagler). BROWN JAY. [483.2.]

Pica morio Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 751. (Mexico = Alvarado, Ve-
racruz.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, second-growth woodland, clearings and
plantations, primarily in humid habitats (Tropical to lower Temperate zones). —

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southern Texas (Starr County), Nuevo
Leon and Tamaulipas south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America to
western Panama (recorded Bocas del Toro and western Colon), locally also on the
Pacific drainage in central Costa Rica.

Casual on Isla Cancun, off Quintana Roo.

Notes.— Two distinct color morphs are regarded as separate species by some
authors, C. morio [PLAIN-TIPPED BROWN-JAy] and C. mexicanus (Rippell, 1837)
[WHITE-TIPPED BROWN-JAy], the former occurring south to Tabasco, the latter
north to central Veracruz; evidence strongly supports the treatment of the two
forms as morphs of a single species. Frequently treated in the genus Psilorhinus.

Cyanocorax melanocyaneus (Hartlaub). BUSHY-CRESTED JAY.

Garrulus (Cyanocorax) melanocyaneus Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7,
p. 215. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, pine-oak association, open woodland and
scrub, primarily in montane situations, less frequently in humid lowland or arid
habitats (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones, occasionally Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands (rarely lowlands) of Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras and north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.—C. melanocyaneus is closely allied to the C. sanblasianus-yucatanicus
superspecies; a reasonable treatment might be to consider these three species and
C. beecheii as constituting a superspecies. This complex is often placed in the
genus Cissilopha.

Cyanocorax sanblasianus (Lafresnaye). SAN BLAS JAY. [483.1.]

Pica San-Blasiana Lafresnaye, 1842, Mag. Zool. [Paris], ser. 2, 4, Ois.,
28, p. 1 and plate. (a Acapulco et a San Blas sur la c6te ouest du eee =
Acapulco, Guerrero.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, coastal ‘scrub and mangroves (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from Nayarit south to central coastal
Guerrero.

Accidental in Arizona (Tucson), flock of eight individuals, possibly the result
of an escaped group.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-AND-BLUE JAY. C. sanblasianus and C. yuca-
tanicus constitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.
See also comments under C. melanocyaneus.

504 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Cyanocorax yucatanicus (Dubois). YUCATAN JAY.

Cyanocitta yucatanica Dubois, 1875, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts
Belg.. ser. 2, 40, p. 797. (Yucatan.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and coastal scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Tabasco, the Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guate-
mala (Petén) and Belize.

Notes.—See comments under C. melanocyaneus and C. sanblasianus.

Cyanocorax beecheii (Vigors). PURPLISH-BACKED JAY.

Pica Beecheii Vigors, 1829, Zool. J., 4 (1828), p. 353. (Montereale = Maza-
tlan, Sinaloa, or San Blas, Nayarit.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub and thorn forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).
Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope in Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit.
Notes.—See comments under C. melanocyaneus.

Genus CYANOLYCA Cabanis

Cyanolyca Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 233. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Cyanocorax armillatus G. R. Gray = Gar-
rulus viridi-cyanus Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny.

Cyanolyca cucullata (Ridgway). AZURE-HOODED JAY.

Cyanocorax cucullatus Ridgway. 1885. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8, p. 23. (Na-
varro, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest. forest edge. clearings. plantations and, lo-
cally, oak woodland (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the mountains, primarily on the Gulf-Carib-
bean slope, in eastern Mexico (southeastern San Luis Potosi. Veracruz, eastern
Oaxaca and interior Chiapas), Guatemala, western Honduras (east to the Sula
Valley), Costa Rica and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Notes.—C. cucullata and the South American C. pulchra (Lawrence, 1876)
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Cyanolyca pumilo (Strickland). BLACK-THROATED JAY.

Cyanocorax pumilo Strickland, 1849, in Jardine. Contrib. Ornithol., p. 122
(in text). (Guatemala = probably Antigua, Depto. Sacatepéquez.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest and pine-oak association (Subtropical and
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas. Guatemala, El] Salvador
and Honduras; an old report from Belize is unsatisfactory.

Cyanolyca nana (Du Bus de Gisignies). DWARF JAy.

Cyanocorax nanus Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-
Arts Belg., 14, p. 103. (Le Mexique = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane pine-oak and fir forest (upper Subtropical and Tem-
perate zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 505

Distribution. — Resident, at least formerly, in the mountains of Veracruz, Puebla
and Oaxaca, now possibly restricted to the latter state; reports from the state of
México are open to question.

Cyanolyca argentigula (Lawrence). SILVERY-THROATED JAY.

Cyanocitta argentigula Lawrence, 1875, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 11, p. 88.
(Talamanca, Costa Rica = near Pico Blanco, above Sipurio, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical and lower Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central on
slopes of Irazi and Turrialba volcanoes, and the Cordillera de Talamanca) and
western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— C. argentigula and C. mirabilis have been considered by some authors
as constituting a superspecies.

Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson. WHITE-THROATED JAY.

Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson, 1903, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 154. (Om-
ilteme, Guerrero.)

Habitat.— Humid pine-oak association and (probably) montane forest (upper
Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur)
and Oaxaca (Sierra de Miahuatlan and Sierra de Yucuyacua).

Notes.— Also known as OMILTEME JAY. See comments under C. argentigula.

Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis

Aphelocoma Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 221. Type, by subsequent
designation (Baird, 1858), Garrulus californicus Vigors = Corvus coerules-
cens Bosc.

Sieberocitta [subgenus] Coues, 1903, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, 1, p. 497.
Type, by original designation, Cyanocitta ultramarina arizonae Ridgway =
Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte.

Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc). SCRUB JAY. [481.]

Corvus coerulescens Bosc, 1795, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1 (1791-1799),
p. 87. (in Amerfica]. Septentrional[e]. = Florida.)

Habitat.— Scrub (especially oak, pinyon and juniper), brush, chaparral and pine-
oak association, in nonbreeding season also in riparian woodland, gardens, or-
chards and lowland brushy areas (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident [californica group] from southwestern Washington south
through western and central Oregon, California, and northwestern and west-central
Nevada to southern Baja California; [insu/aris group] on Santa Cruz in the Channel
Islands, California; [woodhouseii group] from southeastern Oregon, southern Ida-
ho, southern Wyoming, western and southern Colorado, and western Oklahoma
south to southern Arizona, in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca (west of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec), Puebla and west-central Veracruz, and to western and
west-central Texas (east to the Edwards Plateau); and [coerulescens group] in
peninsular Florida, formerly from Dixie, Gilchrist, Alachua and Duval counties

506 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

south to Collier and Dade counties (absent in the east-central interior from Osceola
County southward), the range now much reduced, especially in the southern por-
tion.

Casual [group uncertain] in southwestern British Columbia (Langley); [wood-
houseii group] in eastern Washington, southwestern Nebraska, central Kansas and
the Texas Panhandle; and [coerulescens group] in southeastern Georgia (Jekyll
Island), with a report from Key West regarded as erroneous.

Notes.— The four groups are considered by a few authors as distinct species, A.
californica (Vigors, 1839) [CALIFORNIA JAy, 481], A. insularis Henshaw, 1886
[SANTA Cruz JAY, 481.1], A. woodhouseii (Baird, 1858) [WOODHOUSE’Ss JAY, 480]
and A. coerulescens [FLORIDA JAy, 479].

Aphelocoma ultramarina (Bonaparte). GRAY-BREASTED JAY. [482.]

Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte, 1825, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, p.
387. (No locality given = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Oak woodland, pine-oak association, juniper, scrub and, rarely, low-
land riparian woodland (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico,
northern Chihuahua, western Texas (Brewster County), northern Coahuila, central
Nuevo Leon and west-central Tamaulipas south in the Mexican highlands to
Colima, northern Michoacan, the state of México, northern Morelos, Puebla and
west-central Veracruz.

Accidental in southern Kansas (Clark County).

Notes.— Also known as ULTRAMARINE or MEXICAN JAY.

Aphelocoma unicolor (Du Bus de Gisignies). UNICOLORED JAY.

Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett.
Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, p. 103. (le Mexique = San Crist6bal [=Ciudad de Las
Cacas], Chiapas.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and pine-oak association, less frequently in
dense second growth (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of south-central Guerrero (Mount
Teotepec), the state of México (formerly), western Puebla (Pinal, at least formerly),
Oaxaca (Sierra de Juarez and Sierra de Zempoaltepec), Chiapas, Guatemala, El
Salvador (Los Esesmiles) and Honduras.

Genus GYMNORHINUS Wied

Gymnorhinus Wied, 1841, Reise N.-Am., 2, p. 21. Type, by monotypy, Gym-
norhinus cyanocephalus Wied.

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied. PINYON JAY. [492.]

Gymunorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, 1841, Reise N.-Am., 2, p. 22. (am Maria-
River = between the Marias and Yellowstone rivers, Montana.)

Habitat.— Pinyon-juniper woodland, less frequently pine, in nonbreeding sea-
son also scrub oak and sagebrush.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Oregon, southern Idaho, east-central Mon-
tana and western South Dakota south through California (primarily the eastern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 507

and southern mountains) to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra
San Pedro Martir), southern Nevada, northwestern and east-central Arizona, cen-
tral (probably also southern) New Mexico and western Oklahoma.

Winters throughout the breeding range and irregularly from northwestern Or-
egon, southern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana south to
southeastern Arizona, northern Chihuahua and central Texas, and east to western
Nebraska and western Kansas, casually to North Dakota and to the Channel
Islands (off California).

Casual to southwestern Saskatchewan.

Genus NUCIFRAGA Brisson

Nucifraga Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 30; 2, p. 58. Type, by tautonymy,
Nucifraga Brisson = Corvus caryocatactes Linnaeus.

Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). CLARK’S NUTCRACKER. [491.]

Corvus columbianus Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, pp. xv, 29, pl. 20, fig.
2. (shores of the Columbia = Clearwater River, about two miles north of
Kamiah, Idaho.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest, forest edge and clearings, primarily in moun-
tains, in winter also in lowlands.

Distribution.— Resident from central British Columbia, southwestern Alberta,
western and central Montana, and western and southeastern Wyoming south
through the mountains of central Washington, eastern Oregon, central and eastern
California, and Nevada to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir),
and in the Rockies to east-central Arizona and southern New Mexico.

Wanders irregularly north to central and southern Alaska, southern Yukon,
central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, and south to
coastal Oregon, southwestern California, southern Arizona, northern Sonora (Sier-
ra de la Madera), western Texas and northern Nuevo Leon (Cerro Potosi), and
east to southwestern South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas.

Casual or accidental east to Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern
Ontario, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and southeastern Texas, and
south to southwestern Durango (Sierra Madre Occidental).

Genus PICA Brisson

Pica Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 20; 2, p. 35. Type, by tautonymy, Pica
Brisson = Corvus pica Linnaeus.

Pica pica (Linnaeus). BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE. [475.]

Corvus Pica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 106. (in Europa = Upp-
sala, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open country (including grasslands), open situations with scattered
trees, shrubby areas, riparian and open woodland, forest edge and farmlands, in
either arid or humid habitats.

Distribution.— Resident in North America from south-coastal and southern
Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), southern Yukon, northern Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, central Manitoba and western Ontario south (absent from coastal
areas and regions west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges from southeastern

508 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Alaska southward) to northeastern and east-central California (to Inyo County),
south-central Nevada, south-central Utah, extreme northeastern Arizona (Apache
County, formerly more widespread), northern New Mexico, western and north-
eastern Oklahoma and western Kansas; and in the Old World from the British
Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and central Siberia south to the Mediterranean
region, northwestern Africa, the Near East, Iran, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia,
eastern China, Formosa and Japan.

Wanders casually or irregularly from northern (Umiat) and west-central Alaska,
central Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba,
central Ontario and southern Quebec, and south to western Washington, east-
central California (southern California reports probably pertain to escaped indi-
viduals), southern Nevada, northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western
Texas, northern Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota; accidental on Banks Islands. Also
occurs casually or accidentally farther east, but many records pertain to escaped
individuals; recorded from Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York
and New Brunswick south to Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia (breeding reported in
the Canaan Valley) and Pennsylvania (breeding reported in Pittsburgh area), also
in South Carolina and Florida.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the MAGPIE. P. pica and P. nuttalli
are closely related and considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a
superspecies.

Pica nuttalli (Audubon). YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE. [476.]

Corvus Nutalli [sic] Audubon, 1837, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl. 362, fig. 1. (Upper
California, around the village of Sta. Barbara.)

Habitat.— Broken oak woodland interspersed with grasslands or cultivated lands,
open riparian woodland, and savanna.

Distribution. — Resident in California in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys
(from Shasta County south to Kern County), and in valleys of the coast ranges
from San Francisco Bay south to Santa Barbara County (formerly to Ventura
County).

Casual north to near the Oregon border in northern California (Siskiyou County).

Notes.—See comments under P. pica.

[Genus UROCISSA Cabanis]

Urocissa Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, 1 (1851), p. 87. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Cuculus sinensis Linnaeus = Corvus
erythrorhynchus Boddaert.

[Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Boddaert). RED-BILLED BLUE-MAGPIE.] See Ap-
pendix B.

Genus CORVUS Linnaeus

Corvus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105. Type, by tautonymy,
Corvus corax Linnaeus (Corvus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

[Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus. EURASIAN ROOK.] See Appendix B.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 509

[Corvus corone Linnaeus. CARRION Crow.] See Appendix B.

Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm. AMERICAN Crow. [488.]

Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Brehm, 1822, Beitr. V6gelkd., 2, p. 56. (Nord-
lichen Amerika = Boston, Massachusetts.)

Habitat.— Open forest and woodland for nesting and roosting, open and partly
open country for foraging, including agricultural lands, urban areas, orchards and
tidal flats, primarily in humid situations, restricted mostly to riparian forest and
adjacent areas in arid regions.

Distribution.— Breeds from north-central British Columbia, southwestern Mac-
kenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central
Quebec and southern Newfoundland south (except in Pacific coastal areas south
to northwestern Washington) to northern Baja California (to lat. 32°S.), central
Arizona, southern New Mexico, central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast
and southern Florida (except the Florida Keys).

Winters from southern Canada (British Columbia east to Nova Scotia) south
throughout the breeding range, and to the Florida Keys.

Introduced and established on Bermuda.

Casual in eastern Keewatin and northwestern Sonora.

Notes.— Also known as COMMON Crow. C. brachyrhynchos and C. caurinus
are closely related and considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a
superspecies. Although a few authors consider C. brachyrhynchos and the Old
World C. corone to be closely related (or even conspecific), the relationships of
the latter appear to be with other Old World species.

Corvus caurinus Baird. NORTHWESTERN CROw. [489.]

Corvus caurinus Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.
Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xliii, 559, 569. (Washington Territory and north-
western coast = Fort Steilacoom, Washington.)

Habitat.— Coastal tidelands near coniferous woodland or forest edge, foraging
also in adjacent croplands and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and south-
eastern Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) south through British Columbia (including
the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands) to northwestern Washington (Puget
Sound area).

Wanders, at least casually, south to northwestern Oregon (Portland area).

Notes.— This species is apparently not closely related to the ecologically similar
C. ossifragus. See also comments under C. brachyrhynchos.

Corvus palmarum Wiirttemberg. PALM Crow.

Corvus palmarum Wiirttemberg, 1835, Erste Reise N. Am., p. 68. (vicinity
of Cibao Mountains, Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Woodland, in both lowlands and mountains, most commonly in
highland pine forest.

Distribution. — Resident on Cuba (locally in Pinar del Rio and Camagiiey prov-
inces, formerly more widespread) and Hispaniola (mostly in the mountains).

510 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Corvus nasicus Temminck. CUBAN CROow.

Corvus nasicus Temminck, 1826, Planches Color., livr. 70, p. 413. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest and woodland, also around towns and villages.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines, and in the southern
Bahama Islands (Providenciales, North Caicos and Grand Caicos).

Notes.—C. nasicus and C. leucognaphalus are closely related and considered
conspecific by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin. WHITE-NECKED CRow.

Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 231. (Puerto
Rico.)

Habitat.— Wooded regions in lowlands and mountains, especially in pine forest.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola and, at least formerly, Puerto Rico (where
probably extinct, not recorded since 1963).

Casual on Gonave and Saona islands.

Notes.—See comments under C. nasicus.

Corvus jamaicensis Gmelin. JAMAICAN Crow.

Corvus jamaicensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 367. Based largely on
the ““Chattering Crow” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (1), p. 377. Gin Ja-
maicae montanis = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Woodland, forest and parks, generally in partly open situations.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.

Corvus imparatus Peters. MEXICAN Crow. [489.1.]

Corvus imparatus Peters, 1929, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 123. New name
for Corvus mexicanus Auct. (not Gmelin) [= Quiscalus mexicanus]. (Rio
La Cruz, Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, riparian woodland, cultivated lands, and around human
habitation, especially garbage dumps (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific coast from Sonora south to Colima; and
on the Gulf coast from Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south to San Luis Potosi
and northern Veracruz.

Regular postbreeding vagrant to southern Texas (north to Starr and Kenedy
counties).

Casual in the Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre Island).

Notes.—The Pacific coast populations, differing only in voice, have been re-
garded by some authors as a full species. C. sinaloae Davis, 1958 [SINALOA Crow].
Although C. imparatus and C. ossifragus are thought to be closely related or even
conspecific by some authors, they apparently do not warrant treatment as a su-
perspecies.

Corvus ossifragus Wilson. FISH Crow. [490.]

Corvus ossifragus Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 5, p. 27, pl. 37, fig. 2. (Great
Egg-Harbor = Beasley’s Point, New Jersey.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES S14

Habitat.— Beaches, bays, inlets, lagoons, swamps and, less frequently, deciduous
or coniferous woodland, in inland situations occurring primarily in bald-cypress
swamps and along major watercourses.

Distribution.— Resident from New York (northwest to Ithaca) and Massachu-
setts south along the Atlantic-Gulf coast to southern Florida, and west to southern
Texas; inland along major river systems to northwestern Louisiana, east-central
Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southwestern Kentucky,
western Tennessee, central Georgia, western South Carolina, northwestern North
Carolina, central Virginia, central Maryland, extreme eastern West Virginia and
central Pennsylvania.

Casual in southern Maine (Portland).

Notes.—See comments under C. caurinus and C. imparatus.

Corvus hawaiiensis Peale. HAWAIIAN Crow. [489.2.]

Corvus tropicus (not Gmelin, 1788) Kerr, 1792, Anim. Kingdom, | (2), p.
640. (Hawaii.)

Corvus hawaiiensis Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p. 106. (a few miles
inland from the village of Kaawaloa, Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Upland forest and forest edge, and grazed lands.

Distribution.— Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Hawaii, where now very
much reduced in numbers and restricted to the Hualalai, and western and southern
slopes of Mauna Loa.

Notes.— Also known as the ALALA.

Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. CHIHUAHUAN RAVEN. [487.]

Corvus cryptoleucus Couch, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
66. (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico = Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas.)

Habitat.— Arid and semi-arid grassland, scrub and desert, especially in yucca-
mesquite association (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Sonora, south-central and southeastern
Arizona, central and northeastern New Mexico, northeastern Colorado and south-
central Nebraska south to Michoacan, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi and Tamau-
lipas, and east to western Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central and southern
Texas. Northeastern populations, especially those in Nebraska and Kansas, are
migratory southward in winter.

Notes.— Formerly known as WHITE-NECKED RAVEN, a name now restricted to
the African C. albicollis Latham, 1790.

Corvus corax Linnaeus. COMMON RAVEN. [486.]

Corvus Corax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— A wide variety of situations from lowlands to mountains, open coun-
try to forested regions, and humid regions to desert, but most frequently in moun-
tainous or hilly areas, especially in vicinity of cliffs, a preferred nesting site (Trop-
ical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in North America from western and northern Alaska
(including islands in the Bering Sea, but absent from the Arctic coast) and northern

512 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Canada (throughout, including Arctic islands north to Prince Patrick and southern
Ellesmere) south to the Aleutians (west to Attu), southern Baja California (in-
cluding the Revillagigedo Islands, and islands in the Gulf of California), through
Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to north-
central Nicaragua, east to the eastern edge of the Rockies, western Oklahoma and
central Texas, and, east of the Rockies. south to central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan,
southern Ontario, northern New York. Vermont. New Hampshire, southeastern
Maine. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, also locally in the Ap-
palachians of western Pennsylvania, West Virginia. western Maryland. eastern
Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee. western North Carolina and north-
western Georgia: and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia
east across the Arctic coasts to northern Siberia, and south to the Canary Islands.
northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region, Near East, Iran. and Himalayas,
Manchuria and Japan. Formerly also bred locally south to northern Arkansas and
northeastern Alabama.

Wanders sporadically or casually south throughout the Great Plains and to the
southern shores of the Great Lakes, southern New York, New Jersey and southern
New England, also to lower elevations in the Appalachians in central (formerly
coastal) Virginia and western South Carolina.

Notes.— Also known as NORTHERN or HOLARCTIC RAVEN, and. in Old World
literature. as the RAVEN. C. corax and the Old World C. ruficollis Lesson. 1830.
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Family PARIDAE: Titmice

Notes.—The families Remizidae and Aegithalidae were formerly included in
the Paridae: their true relationships are uncertain, so they are placed after the
Paridae pending new evidence.

Genus PARUS Linnaeus

Parus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 189. Type. by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Parus major Linnaeus.

Baeolophus Cabanis. 1850. Mus. Heineanum. 1 (1851), p. 91. Type. by mono-
typy. Parus bicolor Linnaeus.

Parus atricapillus Linnaeus. BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE. [735.]

Parus atricapillus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat.. ed. 12, 1, p. 341. Based on “Le
Mésange a teste [=téte] noire de Canada” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 553.
pl. 29, fig. 1. (¢n Canada = Quebec City, Quebec.)

Habitat.— Deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland. tall thickets.
open woodland and parks.

Distribution.— Resident from western and central Alaska. southern Yukon,
southwestern Mackenzie. northern Saskatchewan. north-central Manitoba, north-
central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island) and Newfoundland
south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula. and the Shumagin and
Kodiak islands), northwestern California. southern Oregon, northeastern Nevada,
southern Utah, central New Mexico, Kansas. northeastern Oklahoma, central
Missouri, south-central Illinois. central Indiana, central Ohio. southern Pennsyl-
vania and northern New Jersey, and in the Appalachians at higher elevations

ORDER PASSERIFORMES NE,

through West Virginia, western Maryland and western Virginia to eastern Ten-
nessee and western North Carolina.

Wanders irregularly south in winter to northern Arizona, central New Mexico,
central Texas (questionably), Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri, central Kentucky,
eastern Virginia and southeastern New Jersey.

Casual in Alaska on Nunivak Island, and at Wales and Point Barrow.

Notes.—P. atricapillus and P. carolinensis hybridize on a limited basis in the
zone of contact in the midwestern states (Kansas east to Illinois) and in the southern
Appalachians. P. atricapillus and P. carolinensis appear to constitute a superspe-
cies; the Old World P. montanus Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827, may also belong
in this superspecies. See also comments under P. sc/ateri.

Parus carolinensis Audubon. CAROLINA CHICKADEE. [736.]

Parus carolinensis Audubon, 1834, Ornithol. Biogr., 2, p. 341. (Charleston
in South Carolina [and] not far from New Orleans = Charleston, South
Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous woodland, forest clearings and edge, swamps, thickets,
second-growth woodland, parks and brushy areas.

Distribution. — Resident from southern Kansas, central Missouri, central Illinois,
central Indiana, central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania and central New Jersey south
to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and northern peninsular Florida.

Wanders casually northward to southern Iowa, northern Illinois and south-
eastern Michigan, and south to central Florida.

Notes.—See comments under P. atricapillus and P. sclateri.

Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt. MEXICAN CHICKADEE. [737.]

Parus meridionalis (not Lilljeborg, 1852) Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don (1856), p. 293. (El Jacale in the State of Vera Cruz [or Puebla], Southern
Mexico.)

Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt, 1897, J. Ornithol., 45, p. 133. New name for
Parus meridionalis Sclater, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Montane pine, spruce-fir and pine-oak forest, primarily in mesic
habitats, in nonbreeding season also in more arid pine-oak association (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northeastern Sonora, extreme southeastern Ari-
zona (Chiricahua Mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Animas Mountains,
casually Peloncillo Mountains), central Chihuahua, southern Coahuila and south-
ern Nuevo Leon south in the Mexican highlands to central Oaxaca (west to the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and western Veracruz.

Notes.—P. sclateriand P. gambeli may constitute a superspecies, which appears
to have affinities with the P. atricapillus-carolinensis-montanus superspecies.

Parus gambeli Ridgway. MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE. [738.]

Parus montanus (not Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827) Gambel, 1843, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1, p. 259. (about a-day’s journey [west] from
Santa Fe, in New Mexico.)

Parus gambeli Ridgway, 1886, A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. Birds, ed. 1, p.
335. New names for Parus montanus Gambel, preoccupied.

514 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Montane coniferous forest, primarily pine, spruce-fir and locally pin-
yon-juniper, in nonbreeding season also in pine-oak association and riparian
woodland.

Distribution. — Resident from northwestern and central British Columbia, south-
western Alberta, western and south-central Montana, and Colorado south (except
for most of the coast ranges) to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra
San Pedro Martir), southern California, southern Nevada, central and southeastern
Arizona (except mountains along the Mexican border), southern New Mexico and
extreme western Texas (Davis and Guadalupe mountains). Recorded in summer
(and possibly breeding) in southeastern Alaska (Warm Pass Valley) and southern
Yukon.

Casual (mostly in winter) elsewhere in extreme southeastern Alaska, to the
coastal ranges of Washington, Oregon and California, and east to southwestern
Saskatchewan, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, southwestern Kan-
sas, and the Panhandle of western Texas.

Notes.—See comments under P. sclateri.

Parus cinctus Boddaert. SIBERIAN TIT. [739.]

Parus cinctus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 44. Based on “‘Més-
ange de Sibérie” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 708, fig. 3. (Sibérie =
Siberia.)

Habitat.— Boreal coniferous forest, primarily spruce, most commonly in stream
basins, also locally in willow and aspen thickets.

Distribution. — Resident from northern Alaska east across northern Yukon (Old
Crow) to northwestern Mackenzie (Aklavik, Fort Anderson), and south locally to
western and central Alaska (Nulato, central Alaska Range); and in Eurasia from
Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to northern Mongolia,
Transbaicalia, northern Amurland, Kamchatka and Anadyrland.

Notes.— Also known as GRAY-HEADED or SIBERIAN CHICKADEE. P. cinctus, P.
hudsonicus and P. rufescens may constitute a superspecies.

Parus hudsonicus Forster. BOREAL CHICKADEE. [740.]

Parus Hudsonicus J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 62, pp.
408, 430. (Severn River [west coast of Hudson Bay, Canada].)

Habitat.— Boreal coniferous (primarily spruce) and mixed coniferous-deciduous
woodland, rarely in deciduous thickets and woodland.

Distribution. — Resident from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, north-
western and south-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani-
toba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to
southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), British Columbia (east of the
coast ranges), extreme north-central Washington, northwestern Montana, south-
western and central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern
Minnesota, northern Michigan, Ontario (except extreme southern part), northern
New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, New Brunswick, Maine
and Nova Scotia.

Wanders irregularly after the breeding season north to southwestern Keewatin,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 515

and south to South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, northern
Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey.

Notes.— Also known as BROWN-CAPPED CHICKADEE. See comments under P.
cinctus.

Parus rufescens Townsend. CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE. [741.]

Parus rufescens J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
190. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, primarily in hu-
mid regions, less frequently in pine forest, oak woodland, pine-oak association,
and thickets.

Distribution.— Resident from south-central and southeastern Alaska (west to
the Prince William Sound region), western British Columbia (including the Queen
Charlotte and Vancouver islands), northern Idaho, western Alberta (locally) and
northwestern Montana south through the coast ranges to southern California (San
Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties), and through the Cascades and Sierra
Nevada to central California (Mariposa County).

Wanders irregularly after the breeding season inland to southeastern British
Columbia.

Notes.—See comments under P. cinctus.

Parus wollweberi (Bonaparte). BRIDLED TITMOUSE. [734.]

Lophophanes wollweberi Bonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 478.
(en Mexico Zacatecas = Zacatecas, Zacatecas.)

Habitat.—Oak woodland and pine-oak association, occasionally also in cot-
tonwood-willow-mesquite habitat, in winter also in riparian woodland (Subtrop-
ical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from north-central Sonora, central and southeastern
Arizona (north to the Mogollon Plateau), southwestern New Mexico, northwestern
and central Chihuahua, northern Durango, Zacatecas, central Nuevo Leon and
western Tamaulipas south in the Mexican highlands to central Oaxaca (west of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and western Veracruz.

Accidental in southwestern Arizona (Bill Williams Delta).

Parus varius Temminck and Schlegel. VARIED TIT. [734.1.]

Parus varius Temminck and Schlegel, 1848, in Siebold, Fauna Jpn., Aves, p.
71, pl. 35. (Japon = Honshu, Japan.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, and open
woodland.

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and the
southern Kurile Islands south to Formosa, the Ryukyu Islands, Seven Islands of
Izu, and other small islands south of Japan.

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands about 1890 (on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and
Hawaii) and established (at least formerly) on Kauai and Oahu; numbers dimin-

516 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ished during the 1940’s, and it is probably extirpated (last reported in the 1960’s),
although small numbers may persist in the Kokee area of Kauai and the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu.

Parus inornatus Gambel. PLAIN TITMOUSE. [733.] -

Parus tnornatus Gambel, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, p. 265.
(Upper California = near Monterey, California.)

Habitat— Pinyon-juniper and oak woodland.

Distribution.— Resident from southern Oregon, northeastern Nevada, south-
eastern Idaho, southern Wyoming, central Colorado and western Oklahoma south
to southern Baja California (absent from most of central Baja California), south-
eastern California, central and southeastern Arizona, extreme northeastern So-
nora, southern New Mexico and extreme western Texas (El Paso to Guadalupe
Mountains).

Notes.—P. inornatus and P. bicolor appear to constitute a superspecies.

Parus bicolor Linnaeus. TUFTED TITMOUSE. [731.]

Parus bicolor Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 340. Based on “‘The
Crested Titmouse” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 57, pl. 57. @n America
septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, scrub and partly open situations with scattered
trees, from deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland in the northeast
to oak-juniper scrub, mesquite and riparian woodland in the southwest, aiso in
parks and around human habitation where trees are present.

Distribution. — Resident [bicolor group] from northeastern Nebraska, central and
eastern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan,
extreme southern Ontario, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, central
New York, southern Vermont, western Massachusetts and southwestern Con-
necticut south to eastern Texas (formerly to San Angelo, San Antonio and Corpus
Christi areas), the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west to central Kansas
and eastern Oklahoma; and [atricristatus group] from western and northern Texas
(north to Randall and Armstrong counties, and east to Grimes, Lavaca and Cal-
houn counties) south through Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas and eastern
San Luis Potosi to Hidalgo and northern Veracruz.

Wanders [bicolor group] irregularly northward to South Dakota, northern Min-
nesota, southwestern Quebec, Rhode Island and Maine.

Accidental [atricristatus group] in Massachusetts (Weymouth).

Notes.— The two groups have been regarded as distinct species, P. bicolor [TUFTED
Titmouse, 731] and P. atricristatus Cassin, 1850 [BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE, 732],
but they interbreed freely in a narrow zone through east-central Texas. See also
comments under P. inornatus.

Family REMIZIDAE: Penduline Tits and Verdins
Notes.—See comments under Paridae.

Genus AURIPARUS Baird

Auriparus Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 85. Type, by original designation,
Aegithalus flaviceps Sundevall.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 5i7

Auriparus flaviceps (Sundevall). VERDIN. [746.]

Aegithalus flaviceps Sundevall, 1850, Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 7, p.
129 (note). (e Sitka in America bor. occid., vel e California = probably near
Loreto, lat. 26°N., Baja California.)

Habitat.— Desert and arid brush, primarily in mesquite and creosote-bush.

Distribution. — Resident from northeastern Baja California, southern California
(north to Kern and Inyo counties), southern Nevada, northern Arizona, south-
western Utah, central New Mexico and central Texas (east to Callahan, Williamson
and Calhoun counties) south to southern Baja California (including many Pacific
and Gulf coastal islands), Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo and Tamau-
lipas.

Casual in southwestern California (northern San Diego County) and south-
western Oklahoma (Jackson County).

Family AEGITHALIDAE: Long-tailed Tits and Bushtits

Notes.—See comments under Paridae.

Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte

Psaltriparus Bonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 478. Type, by
monotypy, Psaltriparus personatus Bonaparte = Parus melanotis Hart-
laub = Parus minimus Townsend.

Psaltriparus minimus (Townsend). BUSHTIT. [743.]

Parus minimus J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
190. (forests of Columbia River = probably near Fort Vancouver, Wash-
ington.)

Habitat.— Woodland and scrub (especially oak), pinyon-juniper, chaparral and
pine-oak association (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southwestern British Columbia (Van-
couver region), western Washington, western and southern Oregon, southwestern
Idaho, northern Nevada, north-central Utah, southwestern Wyoming, north-cen-
tral Colorado, western Oklahoma (Kenton) and central Texas (east to Bosque and
Travis counties) south to southern Baja California (absent from most of central
Baja California), southern California (absent from or casual in the southeastern
portion north to the Salton Sea area), central and southeastern Arizona, and the
highlands of Mexico to central Guatemala.

Casual in central Kansas (Hays).

Notes.— Populations from northeastern Sonora, southwestern New Mexico and
western Texas southward, in which adult males are black-eared, have sometimes
been regarded as a species, P. me/anotis (Hartlaub, 1844) [BLACK-EARED BUSHTIT,
745], distinct from the northern P. minimus [COMMON BusnHTIT, 743], which
ranges south to central Sonora, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and
western and central Texas; that the difference in the two groups is a case of
polymorphism is now well established. A few authors also consider the gray-
headed forms of interior western North America to be a species, P. plumbeus
(Baird, 1854) [LEAD-cOLORED BusutTIT, 744], distinct from the brown-headed
form, P. minimus, occurring west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada.

518 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Family SITTIDAE: Nuthatches
Subfamily SITTINAE: Typical Nuthatches

Genus SITTA Linnaeus

Sitta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 115. Type, by monotypy, Sitta
europaea Linnaeus.

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. [728.]

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 177. Based on “Le
Torchepot de Canada” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 592, pl. 29, fig. 4. (in
Canada.)

Habitat.— Coniferous (mostly spruce and fir), mixed coniferous-deciduous for-
est, and aspen woodland, in migration and winter also in deciduous forest, open
woodland, parks, scrub and riparian woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to the
Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island), southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie,
northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, western and north-central Ontario,
south-central Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern California
(including casually on Santa Cruz Island), central and southeastern Arizona, south-
ern New Mexico, central Colorado, Wyoming, western South Dakota, south-
western North Dakota, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, north-central
and eastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern On-
tario, north-central Ohio, in the Appalachians to eastern Tennessee and western
North Carolina, and to southeastern Pennsylvania (probably), southern New Jer-
sey and southern New York (including Long Island); also on Guadalupe Island,
off Baja California. Isolated cases of breeding have been reported from Kansas
(Riley County), lowa (Des Moines), Missouri (Kansas City) and Indiana (Terre
Haute).

Winters throughout most of the breeding range except at the higher latitudes
and elevations, irregularly south to northern Baja California, southern Arizona,
southern New Mexico, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Casual north to western and central Alaska and northern Manitoba, and to
Bermuda.

Notes.—S. canadensis and the Asiatic S. villosa Verreaux, 1865, appear to
constitute a superspecies; possibly they are conspecific. The treatment by a few
authors of S. canadensis and the Old World S. whiteheadi Sharpe, 1884, and S.
yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1900, as closely related has been questioned.

Sitta carolinensis Latham. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. [727.]

Sitta carolinensis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 262. Based mainly on
“‘Le Torchepot de la Caroline” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 596. (in America,
Jamaica; Europea minor = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest, primarily deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous, locally
in coniferous, more frequently in open woodland, pinyon-juniper, clearings, forest
edge, parks, and partly open situations with scattered trees (upper Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 519

Distribution. — Resident from northwestern Washington, southern interior Brit-
ish Columbia, central Alberta, central Montana, southeastern Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, southwestern Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Bruns-
wick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California
(absent from most of central Baja California), southern California, southern Ne-
vada, central and southeastern Arizona, in the highlands of Mexico to central
Oaxaca, Puebla and western Veracruz, and to western and east-central Texas, the
Gulf coast and northern (formerly central) Florida; absent from most of the Great
Plains from southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan south through the
western portions of the plains states to northern and west-central Texas.

Casual in southwestern British Columbia, the Great Plains region, and southern
Texas.

Notes.—A few authors regard S. carolinensis and the Old World S. leucopsis
Gould, 1850, to be closely related.

Sitta pygmaea Vigors. PYGMy NUTHATCH. [730.]

Sitta pygmaea Vigors, 1839, in Beechey, Zool. Voy. “Blossom,” p. 25, pl. 4.
(Monterey, [California.])

Habitat.— Pine forest and woodland, especially ponderosa pine, less frequently
pinyon-juniper.

Distribution.— Resident from southern interior British Columbia, northern Ida-
ho, western Montana, central Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota south
(west to the Cascades) to northern Baja California (including the coast ranges from
west-central California southward, and coastal forests from Mendocino to San
Luis Obispo counties), southern Nevada, central and southeastern Arizona, in the
mountains of Mexico to Michoacan, the state of México, Morelos, Puebla and
west-central Veracruz, and to central New Mexico, extreme western Texas (Davis
and Guadalupe mountains) and extreme western Oklahoma (Panhandle).

Casual to southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver Island), central Montana,
western South Dakota, southeastern Nebraska, central lowa, eastern Kansas, and
northern and northeastern Texas.

Notes.— S. pygmaeaand S. pusilla are closely related and considered conspecific
by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Sitta pusilla Latham. BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH. [729.]

Sitta pusilla Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 263. Based largely on “Le
petit Torchepot de la Caroline” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 598. (in Car-
olina, Jamaica = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Pine forest and pine-oak woodland, foraging less frequently in de-
ciduous scrub, along fence rows, and in open situations with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Oklahoma, central Arkansas, the
northern portions of the Gulf states, northern Georgia, extreme eastern Tennessee,
western North Carolina, south-central and eastern Virginia, southern Maryland
and southern Delaware south to eastern Texas (west to the Houston area), the
Gulf coast and southern Florida; also in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand
Bahama).

520 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual or accidental north to Iowa (Lee County), Missouri (Ink), Wisconsin
(Milwaukee), New York (Elmira) and New Jersey (Haddonfield).
Notes.—See comments under S. pygmaea.

> Family CERTHIIDAE: Creepers
Subfamily CERTHIINAE: Typical Creepers
Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus

Certhia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 118. Type, by tautonymy,
Certhia familiaris Linnaeus (Certhia, prebinomial specific name, in syn-
onymy).

Certhia americana Bonaparte. BROWN CREEPER. [726.]

Certhia familiaris (not Linnaeus, 1758) Audubon. 1838. Birds Am. (folio),
4. p. 419. (North America.)

Certhia Americana Bonaparte. 1838, Geogr. Comp. List. p. 11. New name
for Certhia familiaris Audubon, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Coniferous and deciduous forest. more frequently in northern or
montane habitats, locally in lowland situations, and in Middle America primarily
in montane pine or pine-oak association; in migration and winter also in open
woodland, scrub and parks (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southwestern, central and southeastern Alaska. cen-
tral British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands).
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba. central Ontario. southern
Quebec (including Anticosti Island) and Newfoundland south to southern Cali-
fornia, southern Nevada. central and southeastern Arizona, in the mountains of
Middle America through Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras to north-central Nic-
aragua, to extreme western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains), southeastern Nebraska,
southern Iowa. southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, central Michigan, south-
ern Ontario, eastern Ohio, West Virginia. in the Appalachians to eastern Tennessee
and western North Carolina, and to the lowlands of Virginia, Maryland and
Delaware. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) north to southern Yukon
and northern Manitoba. and south to northern Arkansas. western Kentucky and
central Indiana.

Winters generally throughout the breeding range, withdrawing from the higher
latitude and altitudes, and south throughout the eastern United States to southern
Texas. the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Notes.— C. americana has usually been regarded as conspecific with the Eurasian
C. familiaris Linnaeus. 1758 [EUROPEAN TREE-CREEPER or, in Old World litera-
ture. the TREE CREEPER]: however, recent studies of vocalizations suggest a rela-
tionship. at least of the western North American populations, to another Old
World species. C. brachydactyla C. L. Brehm, 1820 [SHORT-TOED TREE-CREEPER].
Until relationships in the entire complex are studied. it seems best to retain all
three forms as species.

Family PYCNONOTIDAE: Bulbuls
Genus PYCNONOTUS Boie

Brachypus (not Meyer, 1814) Swainson, 1824. Zool. J., 1, p. 305. Type. by
subsequent designation (Rand and Deignan. 1960), ““Le Curouge™ Levail-
lant = Turdus cafer Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 321

Pycnonotus ““Kuhl” Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 973. Type, by monotypy,
Turdus capensis Linnaeus.

Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus). RED-VENTED BULBUL. [726.2.]

Turdus cafer Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 295. Based on “Le
Merle dupé du Cap de Bonne Espérance”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 257,
pl. 20, fig. 2. (ad Cap. b. spei, error = Ceylon.)

Habitat.— Scrub, brushy areas, second growth, gardens, urban residential areas,
and now in the Hawaiian Islands penetrating into native forest.

Distribution. — Resident from Pakistan and the Himalayas south through India
to Ceylon, central Burma and western Yunnan.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1966, on Oahu), and in
the Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti and other Pacific islands.

Notes.— Two other Eurasian species, P. /eucogenys (J. E. Gray, 1835) and P.
aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818), are closely allied with P. cafer, forming zones of hy-
bridization in areas of sympatry.

Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus). RED-WHISKERED BULBUL. [726.1.]

Lanius jocosus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 95. (in China =
Canton, Kwangtung, China.)

Habitat.— Forest edge and clearings, second-growth woodland, brushy areas,
cultivated lands, villages, and suburban residential areas.

Distribution. — Resident from India and southern China south to southern Laos
and Cambodia; also in the Andaman Islands.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1967, on Oahu), southern
Florida (Dade County), Australia (New South Wales) and the Nicobar Islands.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE: Wrens

Genus DONACOBIUS Swainson

Donacobius Swainson, 1832, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, 2, text to pl. 72. Type. by
monotypy, Donacobius vociferans Swainson = Turdus atricapilla Linnaeus.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the Mimidae, but recent studies indicate that this
genus is properly placed in the Troglodytidae, probably closest to Campylorhyn-
chus.

Donacobius atricapillus (Linnaeus). BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS.

Turdus atricapilla Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 295. Based on “Le
Merle 4 teste [=téte] noire du Cap de Bonne Espérance”’ Brisson, Orni-
thologie, 6, suppl., p. 47, pl. 3, fig. 2. (ad Cap. b. spei, error = eastern
Brazil.)

Habitat.— Marshes, swamps, flooded forest, stream borders and open country
with low vegetation (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (lower Rio Tiura and around El Real,
in eastern Darién) and northern Colombia (south to the Rio Atrato and east to
the Santa Marta lowlands), and in South America east of the Andes from south-
eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to eastern Peru, Bolivia,
_ Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and south-central Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-CAPPED MOCKINGTHRUSH.

SLE CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix

Campylorhynchus Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 77. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), C. variegatus (Gm.) = Ope-
tiorhynchus turdinus Wied.

Campylorhynchus albobrunneus (Lawrence). WHITE-HEADED WREN.

Heleodytes albo-brunneus Lawrence, 1862, Ibis, p. 10. (line of the Panama
Railroad, near the summit of the Atlantic slope, Isthmus of Panama =
Canal Zone.)

Habitat.—Humid lowland forest edge, dense second growth, and clearings
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident locally in Panama (west to western Colon in the Carib-
bean lowlands, and to the Canal Zone on the Pacific slope; one old record from
““Veraguas’’) and western Colombia (west of the Andes).

Notes.—C. albobrunneus is sometimes considered conspecific with the South
American C. turdinus (Wied, 1821) [THRUSHLIKE WREN], a species widely dis-
tributed east of the Andes; the basis for this treatment is a highly variable, ap-
parently intermediate population of C. albobrunneus in southwestern Colombia,
which may represent hybridization with C. turdinus but possibly is a result of
hybridization with C. zonatus instead. At present, it seems best to treat C. al-
bobrunneus and C. turdinus as allospecies of a superspecies.

Campylorhynchus zonatus (Lesson). BAND-BACKED WREN.

Picolaptes zonatus Lesson, 1832, Cent. Zool., p. 210, pl. 70. (la Californie,
error = Orizaba, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Highly variable in different regions, from lowlands to mountains, in
forest edge, second growth, clearings, pine-oak association, plantations and scrub,
in both humid and arid habitats (Tropical to Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern and southern Mexico (eastern San Luis
Potosi, Veracruz, northern Puebla, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and southern Cam-
peche) south along both slopes of Middle America to north-central Nicaragua,
and in Costa Rica and western Panama (east to central Bocas del Toro and the
Pacific slope of Veraguas); in northern Colombia; and in northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— C. zonatus, C. megalopterus and two South American species, C. nu-
chalis Cabanis, 1847, and C. fasciatus (Swainson, 1837), appear to constitute a
superspecies. See also comments under C. albobrunneus.

Campylorhynchus megalopterus Lafresnaye. GRAY-BARRED WREN.

Campylorhynchus megalopterus Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool [Paris], 8, p.
339. (Mexique = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Montane coniferous forest (primarily pine) and humid montane pine-
oak association (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Mexico from southern Jalisco east
through Michoacan, the state of México, Morelos and western Puebla to south-
western Veracruz and Oaxaca (east to Mount Zempoaltepec).

Notes.—See comments under C. zonatus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES a2

Campylorhynchus chiapensis Salvin and Godman. GIANT WREN.

Campylorhynchus chiapensis Salvin and Godman, 1891, Ibis, p. 609. (Tonala,
State of Chiapas, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, scrub, clearings, and hedgerows
adjacent to forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Chiapas (Tonala to Escuintla).

Notes.—Some authors consider C. chiapensis to be conspecific with the South
American C. griseus (Swainson, 1837); they constitute at least a superspecies.

Campylorhynchus rufinucha (Lesson). RUFOUS-NAPED WREN.

Picolaptes rufinucha Lesson, 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), sér. 2, 9, p. 168.
(Vera-Cruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Scrub, thickets, forest edge, open second-growth woodland, brushy
areas and cultivated lands, primarily in arid or semi-arid habitats (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Middle America from Colima
to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste), and locally in interior valleys on the
Gulf-Caribbean drainage in central Veracruz, northeastern Oaxaca, Guatemala
(Motagua Valley) and Honduras (Sula Valley).

Campylorhynchus gularis Sclater. SPOTTED WREN.

Campylorhynchus gularis Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1860), p.
462. (in Mexico = Bolanios, Jalisco.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak woodland, forest edge, and open situations with scattered
trees, primarily in semi-arid habitats (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from north-central Sonora and
southwestern Chihuahua, and on the Gulf slope from southwestern Tamaulipas,
south to Michoacan, the state of México, Querétaro and northern Hidalgo.

Campylorhynchus jocosus Sclater. BOUCARD’S WREN.

Campylorhynchus jocosus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 371.
(State of Oaxaca, South-western Mexico.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak association and oak scrub, primarily in arid country (upper
Tropical to Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from Guerrero, Morelos, Distrito Fed-
eral and southern Puebla south to central Oaxaca (Sierra de Miahuatlan and Sierra
de Yucuyacua).

Notes.—C. jocosus, C. yucatanicus and C. brunneicapillus appear to constitute
a superspecies.

Campylorhynchus yucatanicus (Hellmayr). YUCATAN WREN.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus yucatanicus Hellmayr, 1934, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Publ., Zool. Ser., 13 (7), p. 150. (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub and brushy thickets, primarily with Opuntia, in coastal
lowlands (Tropical Zone).

524 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (state of Yu-
catan).

Notes.—Some authors consider C. yucatanicus and C. brunneicapillus to be
conspecific. See also comments under C. jocosus.

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye). CACTUS WREN. [713.]

Picolaptes brunneicapillus Lafresnaye, 1835, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 5, cl. 2, pl.
47. (Californie, error = coast region of southern Sonora.)

Habitat.— Desert (especially with cholla cactus or yucca), mesquite, arid scrub,
and in trees in towns in arid regions (Tropical to Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern California (north to Ventura and Inyo
counties), southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, central New
Mexico, and central and southern Texas south to southern Baja California, the
Pacific lowlands to northwestern Sinaloa (including Isla Tiburon, off Sonora), and
in the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, the state of México and Hidalgo.

Casual north to east-central California (Mono County).

Notes.—See comments under C. jocosus and C. yucatanicus.

Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis

Salpinctes Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 323. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Troglodytes obsoleta Say.

Notes.—See comments under Catherpes.

Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). RoCK WREN. [715.]

Troglodytes obsoleta Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 4 (note).
(Northern part of Douglas Co., Colorado, near junction of Plum Creek with
South Platte River.)

Habitat.— Primarily in arid or semi-arid areas with exposed rocks, canyons and
cliffs, usually with some brushy vegetation, also around man-made concrete or
stone structures (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from south-central British Columbia, southern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, western North Dakota and western South Dakota south
(east of the coast ranges in Washington, Oregon and northern California) to the
Cape region of southern Baja California (including most coastal islands, Guadalupe
Island, and, formerly, San Benedicto in the Revillagigedo Islands), in the highlands
of Middle America to northwestern Costa Rica (restricted to Pacific slope volcanic
peaks in El Salvador, Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica), and east to western
Nebraska, western Kansas, western Oklahoma, central and southern Texas, and
southwestern Tamaulipas.

Winters from northern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, northern
New Mexico and north-central Texas south through the southern portions of the
breeding range, wandering to lower elevations, casually wintering north to Oregon,
Montana and Wyoming.

Casual in summer north to northwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta and
northern Manitoba, and in migration and winter west of the coast ranges (from
southern British Columbia to northern California), and east to Minnesota, Iowa,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 525

eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma and eastern Texas. Casual
or accidental east to Michigan, southern Ontario, Indiana, central Kentucky, west-
ern Tennessee and Arkansas, and in Nova Scotia (Seal Island), Massachusetts
(Rockport) and Alabama (Dauphin Island); many (or possibly most) of these
eastern records pertain to individuals transported accidentally in railroad boxcars.

Genus CATHERPES Baird

Catherpes Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, xxxvi, 354, 356. Type, by original designation,
Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus with Salpinctes.

Catherpes mexicanus (Swainson). CANYON WREN. [717.]

Thryothorus Mexicanus Swainson, 1829, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, 1, no. 3, pl. 11
and text. (Real del Monte [Hidalgo], Mexico.)

Habitat.— Cliffs, steep-sided canyons, rocky outcrops and boulder piles, usually
in arid regions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Washington, southern interior British Co-
lumbia, west-central Idaho, Wyoming, southeastern Montana and southwestern
South Dakota south (east of the Cascades and coast ranges in Oregon and Cali-
fornia, but including coastal areas south of Santa Cruz County) to southern Baja
California (including Ildefonso and Espiritu Santo islands, and Isla Tiburon off
Sonora), southern Arizona, in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca, central Chiapas
and western Veracruz, and east to western Oklahoma and east-central Texas
(McLennan County).

Casual on Santa Cruz Island (off southern California) and Los Coronados Islands
(off northern Baja California).

Genus HYLORCHILUS Nelson

Hylorchilus Nelson, 1897, Auk, 14, p. 71. Type, by original designation,
Catherpes sumichrasti Lawrence.

Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Lawrence). SLENDER-BILLED WREN.

Catherpes sumichrasti Lawrence, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
22, p. 233. (Mato Bejuco, Vera Cruz.)

Habitat.— Dense humid lowland forest, generally in areas with rocky outcrops
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident locally in the lowlands of west-central Veracruz (Mot-
zorongo, Presidio), extreme northwestern Oaxaca (San Miguel Soyaltepec, Te-
mascal) and western Chiapas (Ocozocoautla).

Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot

Thriothorus [sic] Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, pp. 45, 70 (corrected to Thryotho-
rus). Type, by monotypy, “Troglodyte des roseaux” Vieillot, Ois. Amér.
Sept. = Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot = Sylvia ludoviciana Latham.

526 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Thryothorus spadix (Bangs). SOOTY-HEADED WREN.

Pheugopedius spadix Bangs, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 74. (Nar-
anjito, Rio Dagua, Valle, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill forest (upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién) and west-
ern Colombia.

Notes.— 7. spadix and T. atrogularis are closely related and considered con-
specific by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Thryothorus atrogularis Salvin. BLACK-THROATED WREN.

Thryothorus atrogularis Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 580.
(Tucurrique, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Dense second-growth woodland, dense undergrowth in humid forest
edge or clearings, overgrown tangles, and swampy woodland (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones). ,

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope from Nicaragua south through
Costa Rica to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro).

Notes.—See comments under T. spadix.

Thryothorus fasciatoventris Lafresnaye. BLACK-BELLIED WREN.

Thriothorus [sic] fasciato-ventris Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p.
337. (“Bogota,’’ Colombia.)

Habitat.—Thickets and dense undergrowth of open woodland or forest edge,
usually in the vicinity of streams (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from Costa Rica (northwest to the
Gulf of Nicoya) to western Panama (Chiriqui, one old record from “‘Veragua’’),
and on both slopes from central Panama (Canal Zone) east to northern Colombia.

Thryothorus nigricapillus Sclater. BAy WREN.

Thryothorus nigricapillus Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1860), p.
84. (Nanegal [alt. ca. 4,000 ft.], Pichincha, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Rank undergrowth along streams and roadsides through humid low-
land and foothill forest, and in overgrown clearings (Tropical and lower Subtrop-
ical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [castaneus group] on the Caribbean slope of eastern
Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama (including Isla Escudo de Veraguas, off Bocas
del Toro), and on the Pacific slope of Panama from Veraguas east to central
Darién; and [nigricapillus group] in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién),
western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, 7. cas-
taneus Lawrence, 1861 [BAY WREN], and 7. nigricapillus [BLACK-CAPPED WREN].
T. nigricapillus and T. semibadius constitute a superspecies; they are considered
conspecific by some authors.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES S27

Thryothorus semibadius Salvin. RIVERSIDE WREN.

Thryothorus semibadius Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 181. (Bug-
aba, Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.—Undergrowth of humid lowland forest edge and clearings, dense
shrubbery and thickets, usually along streams, occasionally in brushy thickets
away from water, and in mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Costa Rica (El
General-Térraba region) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.—See comments under 7. nigricapillus.

Thryothorus leucopogon (Salvadori and Festa). STRIPE-THROATED WREN.

Thryophilus leucopogon Salvadori and Festa, 1899, Bull. Mus. Zool. Anat.
Comp. Torino, 14, no. 357, p. 6. (Rio Peripa, Pichincha, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern San Blas and east-
ern Darién), western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.—Some authors regard T. /eucopogon and T. thoracicus conspecific; they
constitute a superspecies.

Thryothorus thoracicus Salvin. STRIPE-BREASTED WREN.

Thryothorus thoracicus Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 580.
(Tucurrique, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, dense
second growth, and thickets (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua, Costa Rica (locally
also on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Guanacaste) and western Panama
(east to Coclé, rarely to the Canal Zone, also locally in the Pacific foothills of
Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under T. /eucopogon.

Thryothorus rutilus Vieillot. RUFOUS-BREASTED WREN.

Thryothorus rutilus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 34, p.
55. (’ Amérique septentrionale = Trinidad.)

Habitat.— Thickets, undergrowth and overgrown borders of forest, clearings
and second-growth woodland, usually in humid or semi-humid habitats (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica (west to the Gulf of
Nicoya) and western Panama (east to eastern Panama province, also on the Ca-
ribbean slope of the Canal Zone); and in South America east of the Andes in
Colombia and northern Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad).

Notes.—T. rutilus and T. maculipectus are regarded by a few authors as con-
specific [SPECKLED WREN]; they constitute a superspecies.

528 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Thryothorus maculipectus Lafresnaye. SPOT-BREASTED WREN.

Thriothorus [sic] maculipectus Lafresnaye, 1845. Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 8. p. 338.
(Mexique = Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Thickets and undergrowth of forest. forest edge. clearings and second-
growth woodland, in areas of either evergreen or deciduous forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Nuevo Leon, eastern San Luis Potosi and
central Tamaulipas south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Middle America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula and Isla Cancun) to northeastern Costa Rica,
and on the Pacific slope in Chiapas. Guatemala and El Salvador.

Notes.—See comments under 7. rutilus.

Thryothorus rufalbus Lafresnaye. RUFOUS-AND-WHITE WREN.

Thryothorus rufalbus Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 337. (Me-
xique, error = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Thickets and undergrowth of forest, forest edge, clearings and second-
growth woodland, in regions of either humid or seasonally dry forest (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from extreme
southwestern Chiapas south to western Panama (east to eastern Panama province),
locally also on the Caribbean slope in Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and
central Panama (Canal Zone).

Notes.— Some authors consider the Colombian T. nicefori Meyer de Schauensee,
1946, to be conspecific with 7. rufalbus, they constitute a superspecies.

Thryothorus sinaloa (Baird). SINALOA WREN.

Thryophilus sinaloa Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 122. 130. (Mazatlan.
Sinaloa, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Scrub. thickets, brushy areas. open deciduous woodland and man-
groves (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from southeastern Sonora and
southwestern Chihuahua south through western Durango and coastal states to
extreme western Oaxaca (Putla de Guerrero region).

Notes.— Also known as BAR-VENTED WREN.

Thryothorus pleurostictus Sclater. BANDED WREN.

Thryothorus pleurostictus Sclater, 1860, Ibis, p. 30. (Vera Paz, Guatemala =
Gualan, Zacapa. Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thickets, scrubby woodland and brushy ravines (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from Michoa-
can, the southwestern portion of the state of México. Morelos and western Puebla
south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste region, locally also on the Pacific
slope of the central plateau).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 529

Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham). CAROLINA WREN. [718.]

Sylvia ludoviciana Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 548. Based on “‘Ro-
itelet de la Louisiane’? Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 730, fig. 1. (in
Louisiana = along the Mississippi River at New Orleans.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous woodland, mostly in undergrowth and thickets, and
in parks and residential areas, locally in humid forest edge and clearings (Tropical
and Subtropical zones, and, north of Mexico, Temperate Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [/udovicianus group] from eastern Nebraska, northern
Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern
Ontario, extreme southwestern Quebec, central New York, southern Vermont and
Massachusetts south to eastern Mexico (eastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, eastern
San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas), the Gulf coast (including islands off the coast
of Mississippi and northwestern Florida) and southern Florida (to Key Largo),
and west to central Kansas, central Oklahoma and central Texas: and [a/binucha
group] in southeastern Mexico (Tabasco and the Yucatan Peninsula), northern
Guatemala (Petén) and Belize, and locally in the interior of Guatemala (Sacapulas)
and Nicaragua (Metapa [= Dario]).

Wanders casually [/udovicianus group] west and north to central New Mexico,
eastern Colorado, eastern Wyoming, South Dakota, southern Manitoba, northern
Michigan, New Brunswick, southeastern Quebec (Magdalen Islands) and Nova
Scotia (sight reports), and south to Key West, Florida.

Notes.— The two groups have sometimes been regarded as distinct species, 7.
ludovicianus and T. albinucha (Cabot, 1847) [WHITE-BROWED WREN].

Thryothorus felix Sclater. HAPPY WREN.

Thryothorus felix Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 371. ({Santa
Catarina] Juquila, Oaxaca, South-western Mexico.)

Habitat.— Scrub, thickets, brushy roadsides, and undergrowth of open decid-
uous forest, usually in arid or semi-arid regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from southern Sonora, Sinaloa and
western Durango south to the state of México, Morelos, western Puebla and central
Oaxaca (east to the Puerto Angel region); also in the Tres Marias Islands (Maria
Madre and Maria Magdalena).

Thryothorus leucotis Lafresnaye. BUFF-BREASTED WREN.

Thryothorus leucotis Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 338. (in Co-
lombia aut Mexico = Honda, Rio Magdalena, Tolima, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid and deciduous forest edge, clearings, second-
growth woodland and mangroves, especially near streams (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from in eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone, and
including the Pearl Islands), and in South America from northern Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Peru and Ama-
zonian and central Brazil.

Notes.— 7. /eucotis and the South American 7. superciliaris (Lawrence, 1869)

530 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

are closely related and constitute a superspecies; 7. modestus appears to be part
of this species group and is regarded by some authors as a member of the T.
leucotis superspecies containing all three species.

Thryothorus modestus Cabanis. PLAIN WREN.

Thryothorus modestus Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 409. (San Jose, Costa
Rica.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth in open woodland, thickets and brushy areas in pri-
marily arid regions, and in gardens and plantations, also ranging into humid forest
undergrowth, mangroves, and canebrakes along rivers (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident [modestus group] on the Pacific slope of Middle Amer-
ica from extreme eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas) south to Costa Rica
(locally also on the Caribbean slope in interior valleys of Chiapas, Guatemala and
Honduras, and in the Mosquitia of northeastern Honduras) and Panama, where
occurring on both slopes (except the extreme northwestern portion) east to eastern
Colon and eastern Panama province; and [zeledoni group] on the Caribbean slope
from southeastern Nicaragua south to extreme northwestern Panama (western
Bocas del Toro).

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, 7. modestus
and 7. zeledoni (Ridgway, 1878) [CANEBRAKE WREN]. See also comments under
T. leucotis.

Genus THRYOMANES Sclater

Thryomanes Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 22. Type, by monotypy,
Troglodytes bewickii Audubon.

Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon). BEWICK’s WREN. [719.]

Troglodytes Bewickii Audubon, 1827, Birds Am. (folio), 1, pl. 18 (1831,
Ornithol. Biogr., 1, p. 96). (Five miles from St. Francisville, Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas, thickets and scrub in open country, open and riparian
woodland, and chaparral, more commonly in arid regions but locally also in humid
areas (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southwestern British Columbia, western and central
Washington, western and southern Oregon, northern California, west-central and
southern Nevada, southern Utah, southern Wyoming, central Colorado, Kansas,
eastern Nebraska, southern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern Ohio, central Pennsylvania and
southeastern New York south to southern Baja California (including some islands
off the coast of southern California south, formerly, to Guadalupe Island, where
extirpated between 1892 and 1906), northern Sonora, in the Mexican highlands
to central Oaxaca, western Puebla and west-central Veracruz, and to southern
Tamaulipas, central Texas, northern Arkansas, the northern portions of the Gulf
states, central Georgia and central South Carolina; in recent years scarce and local
throughout the eastern portion of the breeding range.

Winters from the northern limits of the breeding range (west of the Rockies),
southern Kansas, southern Missouri, the lower Ohio Valley, Tennessee and North

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 554

Carolina south to the limits of the breeding range in Mexico, the Gulf coast and
central Florida.
Casual north to South Dakota, northern New York and northern New England.

Thryomanes sissonii (Grayson). SOCORRO WREN.

Thryothorus sissonii Grayson, 1868, Calif. Farmer J. Useful Sci., 29, p. 7.
(Isla Socorro, Islas de Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub.
Distribution.— Resident on Socorro Island, in the Revillagigedo Islands, off
western Mexico.

Genus FERMINIA Barbour

Ferminia Barbour, 1926, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 9, p. 74. Type, by original
designation, Ferminia cerverai Barbour.

Ferminia cerverai Barbour. ZAPATA WREN.

Ferminia cerverai Barbour, 1926, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 9, p. 74. (Santo
Tomas, Ciénaga de Zapata, Las Villas, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Dense shrubbery in swampy areas.
Distribution. — Resident in the Ciénaga de Zapata in the vicinity of Santo Tomas,
western Cuba; rare and possibly extinct, unreported during a search in 1980.

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot

Troglodytes Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 52. Type,
by subsequent designation (Baird, 1858), Troglodytes aedon Vieillot.

Nannus Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1 (2), p. 57, tab. A.
Type, by monotypy, Motacilla troglodytes Linnaeus.

Troglodytes aedon Vieillot. HOUSE WREN. [721.]

Troglodytes aédon Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 52,
pl. 107. (No locality given = New York City.)

Habitat.— Thickets, shrubbery and brushy areas in partly open situations, open
woodland, farmlands, chaparral, and around human habitations, also [brunnei-
collis group] in humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings and pine-oak asso-
ciation, and [musculus group] from arid to humid forest, woodland and scrub
habitats, including mangroves (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [aedon group] from southern and east-central British Co-
lumbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central On-
tario, southwestern Quebec, Maine and New Brunswick south to northern Baja
California, southern California, southern Nevada, central and southeastern Ari-
zona, southern New Mexico, western and northern Texas, central Arkansas, south-
ern Tennessee, northeastern Georgia, western South Carolina and eastern North
Carolina; and [brunneicollis group] from northern Sonora, southeastern Arizona
(Huachuca and Santa Rita mountains), central Chihuahua, northern Coahuila,
central Nuevo Leon and southwestern Tamaulipas south in the mountains of
Mexico to Oaxaca (west to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and west-central Veracruz.

532 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters [aedon group] from southern California, southern Nevada, northern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern Texas, southern Arkansas, the northern
portions of the Gulf states, and coastal Maryland (casually farther north) south
to southern Baja California, throughout Mexico to Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to
the Gulf coast and southern Florida; and [brunneicollis group] from northern
Mexico south throughout the remainder of the breeding range.

Resident [musculus group] from eastern Oaxaca (probably also southern Ve-
racruz), Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula (including Isla Cancun)
south through Middle America (scarce or absent from arid Pacific lowlands, but
present on Coiba and the Pearl islands off Panama), and in virtually all of South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas
south to central Chile and central Argentina (also the Falkland Islands); [mmartin-
icensis group] in the Lesser Antilles on Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia (surviving
in small numbers in the northeastern coastal lowlands), St. Vincent and Grenada
(vocalizations suggest Grenada birds may be part of musculus group), formerly
also on Martinique; and [beani group] on Cozumel Island, off Quintana Roo.

Casual or accidental [aedon group] north to northern Manitoba, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia, and to western Cuba (near Havana) and the Bahama
Islands (South Bimini, New Providence, Exuma).

Notes.—In view of the uncertainty of publication dates during the year 1808,
replacement of the well established name 7. aedon with T. domesticus, based on
Sylvia domestica Wilson, 1808, seems unwarranted. Species limits within this
complex are not well understood. The five groups listed have been recognized by
at least some authors as full species, 7. aedon [NORTHERN HOUSE-WREN, 721],
T. brunneicollis Sclater, 1858 [BROWN-THROATED WREN, 721.1], 7. musculus Nau-
mann, 1823 [SOUTHERN HOUSE-WREN], 7. martinicensis (Sclater, 1866) [ANTIL-
LEAN HOuUSE-WREN] and 7. beani Ridgway, 1885 [COZUMEL WREN]. T. aedon and
T. brunneicollis intergrade through intermediate breeding populations in southern
Arizona, but intergradation between brunneicollis and musculus in an area of close
approach in eastern Oaxaca has not been definitely established; 7. beani appears
to be part of the Antillean 7. martinicensis complex, generally associated with T.
musculus forms occupying Tobago and Trinidad. See also comments under T.
ochraceus.

Troglodytes tanneri Townsend. CLARION WREN.

Troglodytes tanneri C. H. Townsend, 1890, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 13, p. 133.
(Isla Clarion, Islas de Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Brush, scrub and open woodland.
Distribution.— Resident on Isla Clarion, in the Revillagigedo Islands, off western
Mexico.

Troglodytes rufociliatus Sharpe. RUFOUS-BROWED WREN.

Troglodytes brunneicollis Subsp. a. Troglodytes rufociliatus Sharpe, 1881, Cat.
Birds Br. Mus., 6, pp. xii, 262. (Upper Chirostemon Forest, alt. 10,000 ft.,
Volcan de Fuego, [Sacatepéquez], Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings and brushy areas in
pine-oak woodland (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 533

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
and Honduras.
Notes.—See comments under 7. ochraceus.

Troglodytes ochraceus Ridgway. OCHRACEOUS WREN.

Troglodytes (?) ochraceus Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 4 (1881), p..
334. (Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, open woodland and undergrowth
in clearings (Subtropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Tilaran) and Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas, and cerros Pirre and Campana in eastern
Darién).

Notes.— T. ochraceus, T. rufociliatus, the Colombian 7. monticola Bangs, 1899,
and the South American T. solstitialis Sclater, 1859, are closely related and con-
sidered conspecific by some authors [MOUNTAIN WREN]; they constitute a super-
species. The matter of relationship is further complicated since some authors
consider 7. rufociliatus to be closely related to and possibly conspecific with the
brunneicollis group of T. aedon.

Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus). WINTER WREN. [722.]

Motacilla Troglodytes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 188. (in
Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest (especially spruce and fir), primarily with dense
understory and near water, and in open areas with low cover along rocky coasts,
cliffs, islands or high mountain regions, including moors and steppes; in migration
and winter also in deciduous forest and woodland with understory, thickets, hedge-
rows, gardens and brushy fields.

Distribution.— Resident in North America from coastal southern and south-
eastern Alaska (including the Pribilof Islands, and throughout most of the Aleu-
tians), northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland
south to central California (San Luis Obispo County, and the western slope of the
central Sierra Nevada), northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, western Montana,
southwestern Alberta, southeastern Manitoba, east-central Minnesota, southern
Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, north-central Ohio (probably), in
the Appalachians through eastern West Virginia, western Virginia, eastern Ten-
nessee and western North Carolina to northeastern Georgia, and to northern
Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey and southeastern New York; and in the Pale-
arctic from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Shetlands, British Isles, northern Scandi-
navia, northern Russia and central Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the Med-
iterranean region, Near East, Iran, northern India, central China and Japan.
Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in southern Yukon, south-central
Mackenzie and northern Indiana.

Winters in North America from southern Alaska (including the Pribilof and
Aleutian islands), British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, western Montana,
northeast Colorado, southern Nebraska, central Iowa, central Illinois, southern
Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York and Massachusetts (casually farther

534 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

north) south to southern California, central and southeastern Arizona, southern
New Mexico, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central (formerly southern)
Florida; and in the Old World generally throughout the breeding range, although
the extreme northern populations usually migrate southward.

Accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow).

Notes.—Known in Old World literature as the ae HOLARCTIC and
NORTHERN WREN have also been used for this species.

Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis

Cistothorus Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 77. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Troglodytes stellaris Naumann =
Sylvia platensis Latham.

Telmatodytes Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, 1 (1851), p. 78. Type, by
subsequent designation (Baird, 1858), Certhia palustris Wilson.

Cistothorus platensis (Latham). SEDGE WREN. [724.]

Sylvia platensis Latham, 1790, Index Omnithol., 2, p. 548. Based on “Le
Roitelet de Buenos-Ayres” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 730, fig. 2.
(in Bonaria = Buenos Aires, Argentina.)

Habitat.— Grasslands and savanna, especially where wet or boggy, and sedge
marshes, in South America in dry grasslands, and locally in North America in
dry, cultivated grain fields; in migration and winter also in brushy grasslands
(Tropicai to Paramo zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [stellaris group] in North America from extreme east-
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern
Ontario, northern Michigan, extreme southwestern Quebec, central Maine and
southern New Brunswick south to east-central Arkansas, southern Illinois, central
Kentucky, west-central West Virginia and southeastern Virginia, and west to
central North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, northeastern Col-
orado (possibly) and eastern Kansas.

Winters [stellaris group] in North America from western Tennessee and Mary-
land (casually farther north) south to southeastern New Mexico, western and
southern Texas, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Resident {stellaris group] locally in Middle America in Michoacan (Lake Patz-
cuaro region), Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala (central highlands), Honduras (Sig-
uatepeque, and the Mosquitia pine savanna), north-central and northeastern Nic-
aragua, Costa Rica (vicinity of Cartago) and western Panama (western Chiriqui);
and [platensis group] in South America locally in the Andes from Colombia south
to Argentina and Chile, and in the eastern lowlands from eastern Brazil and
Paraguay south to Tierra del Fuego (including the Falkland Islands), with the
southernmost breeding populations in Chile and Argentina being migratory north-
ward in winter.

Casual [ste/laris group] in California and Wyoming, also sight reports from
Arizona.

Notes.— Also known as SHORT-BILLED MARSH-WREN. The two groups are some-
times regarded as distinct species, C. ste/laris (J. F. Naumann, 1823) [SEDGE WREN]
and C. platensis [GRASS WREN]. C. platensis and two species with restricted ranges
in the high Andes of Venezuela and Colombia, C. meridae Hellmayr, 1907, and
C. apolinari Chapman, 1914, respectively, constitute a superspecies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 535

Cistothorus palustris (Wilson). MARSH WREN. [725.]

Certhia palustris Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 58, pl. 12, fig. 4. (Borders
of the Schuylkill or Delaware [rivers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania].)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and brackish marshes in cattails, tule, bulrush and reeds.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern and east-central British Columbia,
northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern
Ontario, northern Michigan, southwestern Quebec, southern Maine and eastern
New Brunswick south to southern California, northeastern Baja California, north-
western Sonora, southwestern Arizona, southern Nevada, south-central Utah,
extreme northwestern New Mexico, extreme western and southern Texas, the Gulf
coast (east to the Tampa Bay region, formerly farther south along the Gulf coast
of peninsular Florida), and east-central Florida (St. John’s River, formerly to New
Smyrna Beach), generally very local in distribution in the interior of North Amer-
ica; also locally in the state of México.

Winters in coastal areas throughout the breeding range, and in the interior from
the southern United States (casually north to South Dakota, southern Illinois and
the Great Lakes region) south to southern Baja California, Michoacan, the state
of México and Veracruz.

Accidental in Nova Scotia and Greenland.

Notes.— Also known as LONG-BILLED MARSH-WREN. Placed by many authors
in the monotypic genus Te/matodytes.

Genus UROPSILA Sclater and Salvin

Uropsila Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., pp. 7, 155.
Type, by original designation, 7roglodytes leucogastra Gould.

Uropsila leucogastra (Gould). WHITE-BELLIED WREN.

Troglodytes leucogastra Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p. 89.
(Taumalipas, in Mexico = Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Thickets and dense undergrowth in humid lowland forest, dense
second growth and, locally, arid coastal scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Pacific lowlands from Colima to central Guerrero
(Acapulco); on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from eastern San Luis Potosi and south-
ern Tamaulipas south through Veracruz, northeastern Puebla, northern Oaxaca,
Tabasco, northern Chiapas, and the Yucatan Peninsula to northern Guatemala
(Petén) and Belize; and locally in north-central Honduras (Coyoles).

Genus THRYORCHILUS Oberholser
Thryorchilus Oberholser, 1904, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 27, p. 198. Type. by
original designation, Troglodytes browni Bangs.
Thryorchilus browni (Bangs). TIMBERLINE WREN.

Troglodytes browni Bangs, 1902, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 3, p. 53. (Volcan
de Chiriqui, alt. 10,000 ft., Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.— Dense brushy scrub and bamboo thickets bordering montane forest
or above timberline (Temperate Zone).

536 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident in the high mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera de
Talamanca, and on the Irazi-Turrmialba massif in the Cordillera Central) and
western Panama (Volcan Bara in western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Although some authors place this species in the genus Troglodytes,
others suggest affinities with Henicorhina; the relationships of this wren remain
uncertain.

Genus HENICORHINA Sclater and Salvin

Heterorhina (not Westwood, 1845) Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 115.
Type. by original designation, Scytalopus prostheleucus Sclater = Cypho-
rhinus leucosticta Cabanis.

Henicorhina Sclater and Salvin, 1868. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 170. New
name for Heterorhina Baird, preoccupied.

Henicorhina leucosticta (Cabanis). WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN.

Cyphorhinus leucosticta Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 206. (Guiana
and Mexico = Guiana.)

Habitat.— Understory of humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi. Hidalgo and northern
Veracruz south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America (including the
Yucatan Peninsula, and locally also on the Pacific slope in extreme southern
Chiapas and Guatemala) to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from
the dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from northern Colombia,
southern Venezuela, Guyana and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Eccdor and northeastern Peru.

Notes.— H. leucosticta and H. leucophrys are obvious altitudinal representatives
of one another and are viewed by some authors as constituting a superspecies
despite local sympatry.

Henicorhina leucophrys (Tschudi). GRAY-BREASTED WOOD-WREN.

Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 282. (Re-
publica Peruana = Peri.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth and thickets of humid montane forest edge, overgrown
clearings, and dense second growth (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from southwestern Jalisco, western
Michoacan, Guerrero, eastern San Luis Potosi, Puebla and central Veracruz south
through Oaxaca. Chiapas and Guatemala to El Salvador and Honduras: in Costa
Rica and Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas, western Panama province and
eastern Darién): and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru and northem Bolivia.

Notes.—See comments under H. leucosticta.

Genus MICROCERCULUS Sclater

Microcerculus Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 19. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Baird, 1864). Turdus bambla Boddaert = Formicarius
bambla Boddaert.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 537

Microcerculus marginatus (Sclater). NIGHTINGALE WREN.

Heterocnemis marginatus Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 37, pl.
6. (Santa Fé di Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Understory of humid forest, especially on steep, forested hillsides,
in ravines, and in dense undergrowth along streams (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident [philomela group] from northern Chiapas south through
the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Guatemala and Honduras to Nicaragua, and from
Costa Rica (highlands, and lowlands of Caribbean slope and Pacific southwest)
and Panama (foothills and Caribbean slope throughout, in Pacific lowlands west
to eastern Panama province) to northern and western Colombia, northwestern
Venezuela and western Ecuador; and [marginatus group] in South America east
of the Andes from northern Venezuela and eastern Colombia south to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, M. philomela
(Salvin, 1861) [NIGHTINGALE WREN] and M. marginatus [SCALY-BREASTED WREN].
To further complicate matters, the song type changes abruptly in central Costa
Rica, one type occurring north of Volcan de Turrialba, the other to the south,
suggesting that two species may be involved within the philomela group, the
northern M. philomela [NIGHTINGALE WREN] and the southern M. /uscinia Salvin,
1866 [WHISTLING WREN].

Genus CYPHORHINUS Cabanis

Cyphorhinus Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 282. Type, by mono-
typy, Cyphorhinus thoracicus Tschudi.

Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Sclater. SONG WREN.

Cyphorhinus pheocephalus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 291.
(In rep. Equator. Occ. = Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland and foothill forest, less frequently
in tall, shaded second growth and thickets adjacent to forest (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras (Gra-
cias a Dios) and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (Caribbean slope through-
out, and on the Pacific slope of Cordillera de Guanacaste and in the Pacific
southwest) and Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, Pacific slope west to western
Panama province), and in western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— C. phaeocephalus and the South American C. aradus (Hermann, 1783)
constitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Family CINCLIDAE: Dippers

Notes.— The relationships of this family are uncertain.

Genus CINCLUS Borkhausen

Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797, Dtsch. Fauna, 1, p. 300. Type, by monotypy,
Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus.

538 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Cinclus mexicanus Swainson. AMERICAN DIPPER. [701.]

Cinclus Mexicanus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 368. (Mex-
ico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Montane -streams, primarily swift-flowing, less frequently along
mountain ponds and lakes, in winter occasionally to rocky seacoasts (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from western and northeastern Alaska (Sadlerochit
Springs), north-central Yukon, northern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta,
north-central Montana and southwestern South Dakota south to the Aleutian
Islands (Unalaska, Unimak), southern California, southern Nevada, north-central
and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and in the mountains of north-
ern Middle America through Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras to north-central
Nicaragua; also in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui
and Veraguas).

Casual in southern Mackenzie, southwestern Saskatchewan, the Channel Islands
(off southern California), and western and central Texas. Accidental in north-
eastern Minnesota (Cook County).

Notes.— Also known as NORTH AMERICAN DIPPER.

Family MUSCICAPIDAE: Muscicapids

Notes. —See Introduction (p. xviii) fora summary of the treatment of this family.

Subfamily SYLVIINAE: Old World Warblers,
Kinglets and Gnatcatchers

Tribe SYLVIINI: Old World Warblers and Kinglets

Notes.—Includes Regulus, considered in the subfamily Regulinae in the 5th
edition.

Genus CETTIA Bonaparte

Cettia Bonaparte, 1834, Iconogr. Fauna Ital., 1, text to pl. 29. Type, by original
designation, Sy/via cetti Marmora [=Temminck].

Cettia diphone (Kittlitz). JAPANESE BUSH-WARBLER. [746.1.]

Sylvia diphone Kittlitz, 1831, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 1, p.
27, pl. 14. (Bonin Islands.)

Habitat.— Dense brush and undergrowth, tall grass, and bamboo scrub, in the
Hawaiian Islands also in upper native forest, particularly on steep slopes.

Distribution. — Resident in Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Japan, and the Ryukyu,
Bonin and Volcano islands. Northernmost populations are migratory south to the
Japanese islands.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1929, now widespread
on Oahu, recently recorded on Molokai, Lanai and Maui).

Notes.—Some authors consider C. canturians (Swinhoe, 1860) [MANCHURIAN
or CHINESE BUSH-WARBLER] as conspecific with C. diphone; they constitute a
superspecies. C. diphone has often been treated in the Hawaiian literature as
Horeites cantans (Yemminck and Schlegel, 1847).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 539

Genus LOCUSTELLA Kaup

Locustella Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 115. Type, by
monotypy, Sy/via locustella Latham = Motacilla naevia Boddaert.

Locustella ochotensis (Middendorff). MIbDENDORFF’S GRASSHOPPER-
WARBLER. [747.1.]

Sylvia (Locustella) Ochotensis Middendorff, 1853, Reise Sib., 2 (2), p. 185,
pl. 16, fig. 7. (Uds’ Koj Ostrog = Idskoe, Khabarovsk, Sea of Okhotsk.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in dense grassy and bushy areas from Kam-
chatka and Sakhalin south to Japan and Korea, and winters in the Philippines
and Greater Sunda Islands.

Casual in Alaska (Nunivak, St. Lawrence and Near islands, and Attu in the
Aleutians) and the Commander Islands.

Notes.— Also known as MIDDENDORFF’S WARBLER. By some authors considered
conspecific with eastern Eurasian L. certhiola (Pallas, 1811) [PALLAs’ GRASSHOP-
PER-WARBLER]; the two species, along with L. pleskei Taczanowski, 1889, of Korea
and islands south of Japan, constitute a superspecies.

Genus ACROCEPHALUS Naumann and Naumann

Acrocephalus J. A.and J. F. Naumann, 1811, Naturgesch. Land-Wasser-V6gel
Dtsch., suppl., pt. 4, p. 199. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
1840), Turdus arundinaceus Linnaeus.

Acrocephalus familiaris (Rothschild). MILLERBIRD. [746.2.]

Tatare familiaris Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p. 109.
(Laysan Island, Sandwich Group.)

Habitat.— Dense low vegetation and grass.

Distribution.— Resident in the western Hawaiian Islands (on Nihoa, formerly
also Laysan, where extirpated between 1913 and 1923).

Notes.—Some authors suggest that the form on Nihoa represents a species, A.
kingi Wetmore, 1924 [NIHOA MILLERBIRD, 746.3], distinct from that formerly on
Laysan [LAYSAN MILLERBIRD, 746.2]. The relationships of the species remain in
doubt; it does not seem to be close to other members of the genus Acrocephalus.

Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS Boie
Phylloscopus Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 972. Type, by monotypy, Sy/via
trochilus Latham = Motacilla trochilus Linnaeus.

[Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus). WILLOW WARBLER.] See Appendix B.

Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein). WOOD WARBLER. [747.3.]

Motacilla Sibilatrix Bechstein, 1793, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 27, p. 47.
(mountains of Thuringia.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in forest and woodland throughout much of
Europe and Russia, and winters in tropical Africa and Asia Minor, casually to the
Canary Islands and Madeira.

540 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Accidental in Alaska (Shemya Island, in the Aleutians, 9 October 1978; Gibson,
1981, Condor, 83, p. 72).

Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth). DUSKy WARBLER. [747.4.]

Phillopneuste fuscata Blyth, 1842, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 11, p. 113. (Calcutta,
India.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in bushes and scrub in hilly or mountainous
areas from Anadyrland and the Sea of Okhotsk south to Mongolia and the eastern
Himalayas, and winters from India east to Southeast Asia and southern China.

Accidental in Alaska (Shemya Island, in the Aleutians, 18-23 September 1978;
Gibson, 1981, Condor, 83, p. 72) and California (Farallon Islands, 27 September
1980; Am. Birds, 35: 223, 1981), also an additional sight report from Gambell,
St. Lawrence Island, Alaska (King et al., 1978, Am. Birds, 32, pp. 158-159).

Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius). ARCTIC WARBLER. [747.]

Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, 1858, Naumannia, 8, p. 313. (ochotzkischen
Meere = Sea of Okhotsk.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, and in me-
dium to tall shrublands.

Distribution.— Breeds in western Alaska from the Noatak River and western
and central Brooks Range south to southwestern Alaska, the base of the Alaska
Peninsula, the Alaska Range, and Susitna River highlands; and in Eurasia from
Finland, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to central Russia, Mongolia,
Amurland, Ussuriland, Japan and Kamchatka. Recorded in summer north to
Barrow, and on St. Lawrence and St. Matthew islands.

Winters from Southeast Asia and southeastern China south to the East Indies,
Philippines and Moluccas.

In migration occurs in eastern Asia and the Commander Islands, casually in
the Aleutians.

Notes.—Also known as ARCTIC WILLOW-WARBLER. Specimens representing
Asiatic breeding populations have been taken in migration in the Aleutians (Attu,
Shemya and Amchitka).

Genus REGULUS Cuvier

Regulus Cuvier, 1800, Legons Anat. Comp., 1, table 1. Type, by monotypy,
“‘Roitelets” = Motacilla regulus Linnaeus.

Orchilus Morris, 1837, in Wood, Naturalist, 2, p. 124. Type, by subsequent
designation (Oberholser, 1974), Orchilus cristatus Wood = Motacilla re-
gulus Linnaeus.

Subgenus REGULUS Cuvier

Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. [748.]

Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 35.
(Am. sept. = North America.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 541

Habitat.— Coniferous forest and woodland (especially spruce), in migration and
winter also deciduous woodland, scrub and brush.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska
Peninsula), southern Yukon, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern
Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island), Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south in the coastal and interior
mountains to southern and eastern California (to the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains), extreme western and northeastern Nevada (absent from cen-
tral region), southern Utah, central and southeastern Arizona, south-central New
Mexico, in the highlands through Mexico to western Guatemala, and east of the
Rockies to central Saskatchewan (probably), southern Manitoba, northern and
east-central Minnesota, north-central Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, in
the mountains to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina, and to south-
eastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, central Massachusetts and southern
Maine.

Winters from south-coastal Alaska (Kodiak Island) and southern Canada (Brit-
ish Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, New
Brunswick and Newfoundland) south to northern Baja California, through the
breeding range to Guatemala (rarely to lowland regions in Mexico), and to northern
Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Accidental in Bermuda.

Subgenus CORTHYLIO Cabanis

Corthylio Cabanis, 1853, J. Ornithol., 1, p. 83. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1874), Motacilla calendula Linnaeus.

Regulus calendula (Linnaeus). RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. [749.]

Motacilla Calendula Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 337. Based on
“The Ruby-crowned Wren” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 95, pl. 254,
fig. 2. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest, mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, and mu-
skeg, in migration and winter also deciduous forest, open woodland, brush and
scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from northwestern and north-central Alaska, central Yu-
kon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south
to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), in the mountains
to southern California (San Bernardino, San Jacinto and White mountains), central
and southern Arizona, south-central New Mexico and east-central Colorado, and
east of the Rockies to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northeastern (casually central) Minnesota, north-central Wisconsin, northern
Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, southern Quebec, northern
Maine and Nova Scotia; also resident on Guadalupe Island, off Baja California.

Winters from southern British Columbia, Idaho, northern Arizona, northern
New Mexico, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, southern Ontario and New Jersey (rarely
along the northern edge, casually recorded farther north in winter) south to south-
ern Baja California, throughout most of Mexico to western Guatemala, and to

542 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the Florida Keys).
casually to western Cuba and the northwestern Bahama Islands. :
Accidental in Greenland; also a sight report from Jamaica.

Tribe RAMPHOCAENINI: Gnatwrens

Genus MICROBATES Sclater and Salvin

Microbates Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop.. pp. 72, 155.
Type, by original designation, Microbates torquatus Sclater and Salvin =
Rhamphocaenus collaris Pelzeln.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Ramphocaenus.

Microbates cinereiventris (Sclater). TAWNY-FACED GNATWREN.

Ramphocenus cinereiventris Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 76.
pL 87. (in rep. Nove Grenadz, Pasto = Buenaventura, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, primarily in undergrowth and dense borders.
shaded second growth, and thick bushy growth (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of southeastern Nicaragua and
Costa Rica, on both slopes of Panama (more widespread on the Caribbean). and
in South America from Colombia south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and east of the Andes to southeastern Peru.

Notes.— Also known as HALF-COLLARED GNATWREN.

Genus RAMPHOCAENUS Vieillot

Ramphocenus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 29, p. 5.
Type, by monotypy, Ramphocaenus melanurus Vieillot.

Ramphocaenus melanurus Vieillot. LONG-BILLED GNATWREN.

Ramphocenus melanurus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.. nouv. éd.,
29, p. 6. (Brésil = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid forest undergrowth, clearings, forest edge, second growth,
scrubby woodland and tangled brush (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from central Oaxaca and southern Veracruz south along
both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south. east of the Andes,
to northeastern Peru and central and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.—The Middle American populations south to Colombia are sometimes
regarded as a species, R. rufiventris (Bonaparte, 1838) [LONG-BILLED GNATWREN],
distinct from the South American R. melanurus [STRAIGHT-BILLED GNATWREN].

Tribe POLIOPTILINI: Gnatcatchers
Notes.— Formerly considered a subfamily. the Polioptilinae, of the Sylviidae.

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater

Polioptila Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 11. Type, by subsequent
designation (Baird, 1864), Motacilla caerulea Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 543

Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus). BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. [751.]

Motacilla cerulea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 337. Based on the
“Little Blue-grey Flycatcher’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 194, pl.
302. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland, second growth, scrub, brushy areas
and chaparral (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Oregon (casually), northern California,
southern Idaho (casually), western and central Nevada, central Utah, Colorado,
Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota (possibly), western lowa, southeastern Min-
nesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario, south-
western Quebec, central New York, central Vermont, southern New Hampshire
and southern Maine south to southern Baja California, throughout most of Mexico
(including the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island) to southern Chiapas and
(probably) western Guatemala, and to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern
Florida and the Bahama Islands (south to Grand Turk).

Winters from southern California, southern Nevada, western and central Ari-
zona, southern New Mexico (rarely), central Texas, the southern portions of the
Gulf states, and on the Atlantic coast from Virginia (casually farther north) south
throughout Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras (including the Bay Islands), and
to the western Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines and Cayman Islands) and
the Bahamas.

Casual north to southwestern British Columbia, southern Alberta, North Da-
kota, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Polioptila lembeyei (Gundlach). CUBAN GNATCATCHER.

Culicivora lembeyei Gundlach, 1858, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p. 273.
(Eastern part of Cuba.)

Habitat.—Semi-arid scrub near coastal areas.

Distribution. — Resident in Cuba (central and eastern Camaguéy and Las Villas
provinces east to the Guantanamo region, also on Cayo Coco and probably Cayo
Romano, off Camaguéy).

Polioptila melanura Lawrence. BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER. [752.]

Polioptila melanura Lawrence, 1857, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p. 168.
(Texas, California = Rio Grande Valley, Texas.)

Habitat.— Desert brush and scrub, especially in mesquite and creosote-bush,
also [californica group] in coastal sagebrush and thorn forest (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [californica group] from southwestern California (north
to Los Angeles County, formerly to Ventura County) and northwestern Baja Cal-
ifornia south locally to southern Baja California (including Santa Margarita and
Espiritu Santo islands); and [me/anura group] from northeastern (and possibly
east-central) Baja California, southeastern California (north to southern Inyo
County), southern Nevada, western and central Arizona, southern (rarely central)
New Mexico, and western and southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley) south to
southern Sonora (including Isla Tiburon), southern Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato,
San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas.

Notes.— Differences in morphology and vocalizations suggest that the two groups

544 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

may be distinct species, P. californica Brewster, 1881 [BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCH-
ER, 753], and P. melanura [PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER, 752].

Polioptila nigriceps Baird. BLACK-CAPPED GNATCATCHER. [753.1.]

Polioptila nigriceps Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 69. (Mazatlan, Sinaloa,
Mexico.)

Habitat.— Riparian woodland and associated brushy areas, especially mesquite
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southern Arizona (Nogales area, Santa
Rita Mountains), southern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua south through
Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit and Jalisco to Colima.

Notes.— Although considered conspecific with P. albiloris by some authors, P.
nigriceps differs in plumage sequence as well as morphology, and shows no ap-
proach to a/bi/oris in the region of geographic proximity in western Mexico.

Polioptila albiloris Sclater and Salvin. WHITE-LORED GNATCATCHER.

Polioptila albiloris Sclater and Salvin, 1860. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 298.
(In rep. Guatimalensi in valle fil. Motagua = Motagua Valley, Zacapa. Gua-
temala.)

Habitat.— Deciduous woodland, arid scrub, brush and, less commonly, mparian
woodland, primarily in arid or semi-arid regions (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the Pacific lowlands and arid interior valleys from
Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, western Puebla and Chiapas south through Central
America to northwestern Costa Rica (south to the Gulf of Nicoya region); also
on the Yucatan Peninsula in the state of Yucatan (doubtfully recorded also from
Cozumel Island).

Notes.— Although closely related to P. plumbea, P. albiloris differs in appear-
ance, voice and habitat. and occurs sympatrically with p/umbea at several loca-
tions. See also comments under P. nigriceps.

Polioptila plumbea (Gmelin). TROPICAL GNATCATCHER.

Todus plumbeus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1). p. 444. Based on the “Plum-
beous Tody” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2). p. 661. (in Surinamo =
Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, open woodland, second growth, scrub
and savanna (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Campeche, Quintana
Roo, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
(uncommon in the dry northwest) and Panama (including Isla Coiba, also sight
records from the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Margarita Island) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Peru
and east of the Andes to central Peru and Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— The Peruvian form found at higher elevations is sometimes regarded
as a distinct species, P. maior Hellmayr, 1900. The relationship of P. plumbea to
the southwestern South American P. Jactea Sharpe, 1885, is uncertain; a few
authors have suggested conspecificity. See also comments under P. albiloris.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 545

Polioptila schistaceigula Hartert. SLATE-THROATED GNATCATCHER.

Polioptila schistaceigula Hartert, 1898, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 7, p. 30.
(Cachabi [=Cachavi], 500 ft., [Esmeraldas,] North Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge and second growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (recorded in eastern Panama
province above Madden Lake, and in eastern Darién on Cerro Quia) south through
northern and western Colombia (also in Cundimarca east of the Andes) to north-
western Ecuador.

Notes.— The relationship of P. schistaceigula with the northeastern South Amer-
ican P. guianensis Todd, 1920, is uncertain; conspecificity has been suggested by
a few authors.

Subfamily MUSCICAPINAE: Old World Flycatchers and Allies

Genus FICEDULA Brisson

Ficedula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 3, p. 369. Type, by tautonymy, Ficedula
Brisson = Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Muscicapa.

Ficedula parva (Bechstein). RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. [771.]

Muscicapa parva Bechstein, 1794, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. V6gel, 2 (1), p.
356, fig. on title page vol. 3. (Thiiringerwald.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in undergrowth of mixed deciduous-coniferous
woodland from central Europe, Russia and Siberia south to northern Iran, the
northern Himalayas, northern Mongolia, Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and winters
in India and Ceylon, migrating through western Asia and China.

Accidental in Alaska in the Aleutians (Shemya) and on St. Lawrence Island
(Gambell), 1 June and 5 June 1977, respectively (Gibson and Hall, 1978, Auk,
95, p. 429).

Notes.— Also known as RED-THROATED FLYCATCHER. Includes the Himalayan
form, sometimes regarded as a distinct species, F. subrubra (Hartert and Stein-
bacher, 1934).

Genus MUSCICAPA Brisson

Muscicapa Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 32. Type, by tautonymy, Mus-
cicapa Brisson = Motacilla striata Pallas.

Notes.—See comments under Ficedula.

Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin. SIBERIAN FLYCATCHER. [772.]

Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 936. Based on the “Dun
Fly-catcher” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 390, and Latham, Gen. Synop.
Birds, 2 (1), p. 351. (Circa lacum Baical, et in orientali Sibiria ad Cam-
tschatcam usque = near Lake Baikal.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open forest of mountains and taiga from

546 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

central Siberia south to the Himalayas, northern China, Japan, Kamchatka and
the Kurile Islands, and winters south to northern India, Southeast Asia and south-
ern China.

Accidental in Alaska (Shemya Island, in the Aleutians, 13 September 1977;
Gibson, 1981, Condor, 83, p. 73) and Bermuda (Sandy’s Parish, 29 September
1980, D. B. Wingate, specimen in A. M. N. H.).

Notes.— Also known as SooTY FLYCATCHER, a name now generally restricted
to the African Artomyias fuliginosa (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855).

Muscicapa griseisticta (Swinhoe). GRAY-SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. [773.]

Hemichelidon griseisticta Swinhoe, 1861, Ibis, p. 330. (Amoy and Takoo,
eastern China.)

Habitat.—Open forest of the taiga (breeding); wooded areas and scrub (non-
breeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Siberia and Kamchatka south to eastern
Manchuria, Ussuriland, Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands.

Winters from eastern China, Formosa and the Philippines south to Celebes,
New Guinea, and islands of this general region.

Migrates through northern China, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands, ranging cas-
ually to the Commander Islands and (in spring) the western Aleutians (Attu,
Shemya, Buldir and Amchitka).

Subfamily MONARCHINAE: Monarch Flycatchers

Notes.— The birds of this subfamily may not belong in the muscicapid assem
blage.

Genus CHASIEMPIS Cabanis

Chasiempis Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 207. Type, by monotypy,
Muscicapa sandvichensis Latham = Muscicapa sandwichensis Gmelin.

Chasiempis sandwichensis (Gmelin). ELEPAIO. [770.]

Muscicapa sandwichensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 945. Based on
the “Sandwich Fly-catcher’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 344. (in
insulis Sandwich = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Forested areas, especially in regions of high rainfall.
Distribution.— Resident in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu and Hawaii).

Subfamily TURDINAE: Solitaires, Thrushes and Allies

Notes.—Sometimes considered a family, the Turdidae.

Genus LUSCINIA Forster

Luscinia T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 14. Type, by monotypy,
Sylvia luscinia Forster = Luscinia megarhynchos Brehm.

Notes.— Luscinia is sometimes merged with the Old World genus Erithacus
Cuvier, 1800.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 547

Luscinia calliope (Pallas). SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT. [764.1.]

Motacilla Calliope Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p. 697.
(a Jenisea usque ad Lenam = between the Yenisei and Lena rivers.)

Habitat.— Open shrubby areas in mixed or coniferous forest near streams.

Distribution.— Breeds from Siberia (the Urals east to Anadyrland and Kam-
chatka) south to Mongolia, Transbaicalia, Amurland, Sakhalin, Japan and the
Kurile Islands.

Winters from India, Southeast Asia and southern China south to Malaya, the
Philippines and Formosa.

In migration through eastern China, Korea, Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, and
rarely (but regularly) through the western Aleutians (Near Islands, casually east
to Amchitka) and Commander Islands, casually to the Pribilofs (St. Paul) and St.
Lawrence Island.

Casual west to western Europe.

Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus). BLUETHROAT. [764.]

Motacilla svecica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 187. (in Europe
alpinis = Sweden and Lappland.)

Habitat.— Bushes, undergrowth and scrub in Arctic tundra, swamps, dense or
open forest, and open country.

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern
Siberia, and northern and western Alaska (from the central Brooks Range west
and south to the Seward Peninsula) south to western and central Europe, Iran,
Turkestan, the northern Himalayas and Manchuria.

Winters in northern Africa (from Morocco east to northeastern Africa), the Near
East, India and Southeast Asia.

In migration through western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, and casually on the
mainland south to St. Michael), the British Isles, western and southern Europe,
and southwestern and eastern Asia.

Accidental in Yukon (Babbage River).

Genus COPSYCHUS Wagler

Copsychus Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, 1, note to genus Gracula, p. 306. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Gracula saularis Linnaeus.

[Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus). MAGPIE RoBIN.] See Appendix B.

Copsychus malabaricus (Scopoli). WHITE-RUMPED SHAMA. [769.]

Muscicapa (malabarica) Scopoli, 1786, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fase. 2, p.
96. (Mahé, Malabar.)

Habitat.—Thickets and dense undergrowth in forest and second growth, less
commonly in overgrown gardens.

Distribution.— Resident from India, Southeast Asia and southwestern China
south to Ceylon, the Andaman and Greater Sunda islands, and Hainan.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1931, now on Kauai
and Oahu).

Notes.— Also known as SHAMA THRUSH.

548 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus OENANTHE Vieillot

Oenanthe Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 43. Type, by monotypy, ““Motteux”
Buffon = Turdus leucurus Gmelin.

Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus). NORTHERN WHEATEAR. [765.]

Motacilla Oenanthe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 186. (in Europe
apricis lapidosis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open country, stony or barren localities with or without bushes,
tundra, steppe and desert, in migration and winter also in meadows and cultivated
fields.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon
and northwestern Mackenzie south to western and south-coastal Alaska (to the
Kenai Peninsula) and southern Yukon, and from central Ellesmere Island south
to the Boothia Peninsula (possibly), southeastern Keewatin, White Island. eastern
and southern Baffin Island, northern Quebec and Labrador: and in the Palearctic
from Greenland, Jan Mayen, Iceland, Spitsbergen, the British Isles, northern Scan-
dinavia, northern Russia (including Novaya Zemlya) and northern Siberia south
to northern Africa, Asia Minor, the northwestern Himalayas, Turkestan, Mongolia
and Manchuria.

Winters from northern Africa, Arabia, India, Mongolia and northern China
south to southern Africa (at least casually), and rarely to eastern China and the
Philippines.

In migration occurs regularly in western Alaska and on islands in the Bering
Sea, casually in the Aleutians, Pribilofs and southeastern Alaska (Juneau).

Casual or accidental along the Pacific coast in British Columbia (Victoria),
Oregon (Malheur) and northern California (Farallon Islands and Humboldt Coun-
ty); in northeastern North America from southern Ontario, New York, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south through New
England to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia; and in Colorado (Boulder),
Louisiana (New Orleans). Florida (south to Collier County), Bermuda, Cuba (San-
tiago de Cuba). Barbados and the Netherlands Antilles, also sight reports for
northeastern Manitoba, Michigan and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the WHEATEAR.

[Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein]

Saxicola Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., 1 (1802). p. 216. Type,
by subsequent designation (Swainson, 1827), Motacilla rubicola Lin-
naeus = Motacilla torquata Linnaeus.

[Saxicola rubetra (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN WHINCHAT.] See Appendix B.

[Saxicola torquata (Linnaeus). STONECHAT.] See Appendix B.

Genus SIALIA Swainson

Sialia Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag.. new ser., 1. p. 369. Type, by monotypy,
Sialia azurea Swainson = Motacilla sialis Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 549

Sialia sialis (Linnaeus). EASTERN BLUEBIRD. [766.]

Motacilla Sialis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 187. Based mainly
on “The Blew Bird”? Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 47, pl. 47. (in
Bermudis & America calidiore = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, open woodland, and partly open situations with scattered
trees, from coniferous or deciduous forest to riparian woodland but most fre-
quently in pine-oak association, in the tropics also in pine woodland or pine
savanna (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Saskatchewan, southern (casually north-
western) Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and south-
western Nova Scotia south, west to the Dakotas, central Nebraska, western Kansas,
central Oklahoma, Texas (except for High Plains and Trans-Pecos) and south-
eastern New Mexico (casually to the eastern foothills of the Rockies in eastern
Montana, eastern Wyoming and eastern Colorado), through the highlands of Mex-
ico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua (also in
the lowland pine savanna of northeastern Honduras and northern Nicaragua), and
to southern Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida;
also in southeastern Arizona (Nogales and Patagonia east to Huachuca and Chi-
ricahua mountains), and in Bermuda.

Winters from the middle portions of the eastern United States (casually north
to the northern states, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New England)
south throughout the breeding range, casually to the lowlands of eastern Mexico
(Veracruz) and to western Cuba; most of the populations from the Gulf states
southward are sedentary.

In migration occurs irregularly west to the foothills of the Rockies from Montana
south to central New Mexico.

Casual north to southern Alberta, north-central and southern Quebec (including
Anticosti Island), and Prince Edward Island.

Sialia mexicana Swainson. WESTERN BLUEBIRD. [767.]

Sialia Mexicana Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., 2 (1831), p. 202. (table land of Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous, deciduous and mixed forest, partly open situations
with scattered trees, savanna, and riparian woodland (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern British Columbia, western and south-
central Montana, and north-central Colorado south through the mountains to
northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir), western and
southern Nevada, southern Utah, western and southeastern Arizona, and north-
eastern Sonora, in the highlands of Mexico to Michoacan, the state of México,
Morelos, Puebla and west-central Veracruz, and east to southwestern Tamaulipas,
Nuevo Leon, western (Trans-Pecos) Texas and central New Mexico.

Wanders in winter to lowland areas throughout the breeding range, and to islands
off California (Santa Catalina and San Clemente, at least casually) and Baja Cal-
ifornia (Todos Santos), rarely north to southern British Columbia, south to south-
eastern California, and east to central Texas.

Casual in Oklahoma (Kenton), also sight records from Kansas.

550 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Sialia currucoides (Bechstein). MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD. [768.]

Motacillas. Sylvia Currucoides (Borkhausen MS) Bechstein, 1798, in Latham,
Allg. Uebers. Végel, 3 (2), p. 546, pl. 121. (Virginien = western America.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous forest, subalpine meadows, and pinyon-juniper
woodland, in migration and winter also in grasslands, plains, open brushy areas
and agricultural lands.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central Alaska (Fairbanks, Eagle, Chisana),
southern Yukon, north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan and western Man-
itoba south in the mountains (eastern slopes of coast ranges, and in the Sierra
Nevada and Rocky Mountains) to southern California (to San Bernardino Moun-
tains), central and southeastern Nevada, northern and east-central Arizona, and
southern New Mexico, and east to northeastern North Dakota, western South
Dakota, western Nebraska and central Oklahoma (Cleveland County). Recorded
in summer (and possibly breeding) in southern Mackenzie.

Winters from southern British Columbia and western Montana south to north-
ern Baja California (including islands off California and Baja California south to
Guadalupe Island), Sinaloa, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leon and southern
Texas, and east, at least casually, to eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma and central
Texas.

Casual in western and northern Alaska (Nunivak Island and Point Barrow) and
northern Manitoba (Churchill); east across Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Missouri
and southern Ontario to New York (east to Long Island) and Pennsylvania; and
in the Gulf region through eastern Texas to eastern Louisiana (Baton Rouge region)
and Mississippi (Grenada Dam).

Genus MYADESTES Swainson

Myadestes Swainson, 1838, Naturalists’ Libr., Ornithol., 10 (Flycatchers), p.
132. Type, by monotypy, Myidestes [sic] genibarbis Swainson.

Notes.—See comments under Phaeornis.

Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). TOWNSEND’S SOLITAIRE. [754.]

Ptilogony’s [sic] Townsendi Audubon, 1838, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl. 419, fig.
2 (1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 206). (Columbia River = Astoria, Oregon.)

Habitat.— Montane and subalpine coniferous forest, rocky cliffs, and adjacent
brushy areas and thickets (breeding); open woodland, pinyon-juniper association,
chaparral, desert and riparian woodland (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central, south-coastal and southeastern Alaska,
southern Yukon, and west-central and southwestern Mackenzie south in the moun-
tains to southern California (to Santa Rosa and San Bernardino mountains), north-
ern and east-central Arizona, and central New Mexico, in the mountains of Mexico
to Durango, Jalisco and Zacatecas, and east to southwestern Alberta, southwestern
Saskatchewan, western and southern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, south-
western South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska.

Winters from southern British Columbia (casually north to Alaska), southern
Alberta, Montana and South Dakota south to northern Baja California, Sonora,
and southern limits of the breeding range in Mexico, and east to western Missouri,
western Oklahoma and central Texas.

Casual on Guadalupe Island (off Baja California), and east across Minnesota,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 55]

Iowa, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern
Ohio, southern Quebec, New York and New Brunswick to Nova Scotia, New
Hampshire and Rhode Island.

Myadestes obscurus Lafresnaye. BROWN-BACKED SOLITAIRE.

Myadestes obscurus Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 98. (Mexico =
probably Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and pine-oak association, less frequently semi-
arid oak woodland (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, Si-
naloa, Durango, Nayarit (including the Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco, Guanajuato,
San Luis Potosi, central Nuevo Leon and southern Tamaulipas south through the
mountains of Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador to central Honduras (east to
the Comayagua Valley).

Myadestes elisabeth (Lembeye). CUBAN SOLITAIRE.
Muscicapa elisabeth Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 39, pl. 5, fig. 3. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forested hills and mountains (Cuba) and dense lowland woodland
(Isle of Pines).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of western Cuba (Pinar del Rio prov-
ince) and eastern Cuba (Oriente province), and on the Isle of Pines (vicinity of
Ciénaga de Lanier).

Myadestes genibarbis Swainson. RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE.

Myidestes [sic] genibarbis Swainson, 1838, in Jardine, Naturalists’ Libr., Or-
nithol., 10 (Flycatchers), p. 134, pl. 13. (Africa or India, error = Marti-
nique.)

Habitat.— Primarily mountain forest, less frequently humid lowland forest.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica and Hispaniola, and in the Lesser Antilles
(Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and St. Vincent).

Myadestes melanops Salvin. BLACK-FACED SOLITAIRE.

Myiadestes melanops Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 580,
pl. 36. (Tucurrique, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (more commonly on
the Caribbean slope) and western Panama (east on both slopes to Veraguas).

Notes.— M. melanops and M. coloratus are considered by some authors to be
conspecific with the Andean M. ralloides (d’Orbigny, 1840) [ANDEAN SOLITAIRE];
the three species constitute a superspecies.

Myadestes coloratus Nelson. VARIED SOLITAIRE.

Myadestes coloratus Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 23.
(Mount Pirri, at 5000 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon, eastern Pan-
ama.)

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Nn
Loi)
i)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest and forest edge (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (cerros Tacarcuna, Pirre
and Quia, in eastern Darién) and extreme northwestern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under M. melanops.

Myadestes unicolor Sclater. SLATE-COLORED SOLITAIRE.

Myiadestes unicolor Sclater, 1857. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856). p. 299.
(Cordova [=Cérdoba] in the State of Vera Cruz. Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest and dense pine-oak woodland.
in winter also to humid lowland forest (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones.
reaching lower Tropical Zone in winter).

Distribution.— Resident (some postbreeding downslope movement) in the
mountains from Hidalgo, Puebla, Oaxaca and eastern Veracruz south through
Chiapas, Guatemala. northern El Salvador (Los Esesmiles) and Honduras to north-
central Nicaragua.

Genus PHAEORNIS Sclater

Phaeornis Sclater, 1859, Ibis, p. 327. Type. by monotypy, 7Taenioptera ob-
scura = Muscicapa obscura Gmelin.

Notes.— By some authors merged in Myadestes.

Phaeornis obscurus (Gmelin). HAWAIIAN THRUSH. [754.1.]

Muscicapa obscura Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 945. Based on the
“Dusky Fly-catcher” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1). p. 344. (in insulis
Sandwich = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Forest. preferably dense, native forest. more common at higher el-
evations where also found in subalpine or alpine scrub.

Distribution. — Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Kauai (rare). Molokai (rare)
and Hawaii (common), formerly also on Lanai and Oahu.

Notes.— Also improperly known as OMAO, a name that should pertain only to
the race on Hawaii.

Phaeornis palmeri Rothschild. SMALL KAUAI THRUSH. [754.2.]
Phaeornis palmeri Rothschild. 1893. Avifauna Laysan, p. 67. (Halemanu,
Kauai.)

Habitat.— Ohia forest.

Distribution. — Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Kauai. where surviving in
small numbers in the Alakai Swamp region.

Notes.— Also known as PUAIOHI.

Genus CATHARUS Bonaparte

Catharus Bonaparte, 1850. Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (2), p. 278. Type, by
monotypy. 7urdus immaculatus Bonaparte = Turdus aurantiirostris Hart-
laub.

Notes.—See comments under Hylocichila.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 553

Catharus gracilirostris Salvin. BLACK-BILLED NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH.

Catharus gracilirostris Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 580.
(Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, cleared pastureland, and scrub
(upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central and
Cordillera de Talamanca) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Catharus aurantiirostris (Hartlaub). ORANGE-BILLED NIGHTINGALE-
THRUSH.

Turdus aurantiirostris Hartlaub, 1850, Rev. Zool. [Paris], ser. 2, 1, p. 158.
(Venezuela = Caracas.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, dense second growth, thickets, brushy areas, plan-
tations and gardens (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Sinaloa, southwestern Chihuahua, Durango, Na-
yarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, southeastern San Luis Potosi and southwestern Ta-
maulipas south through Middle America (except the Yucatan Peninsula and Be-
lize) to western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas), and in South America locally
in western and northern Colombia, and northern Venezuela (also Trinidad).

Notes.— The morphologically distinct populations in southwestern Costa Rica,
western Panama and western Colombia have sometimes been regarded as a distinct
species, C. griseiceps Salvin, 1866 [GRAY-HEADED NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH].

Catharus fuscater (Lafresnaye). SLATY-BACKED NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH.

Myioturdus fuscater Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 341. (Bogota,
Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest undergrowth (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (primarily on the Ca-
ribbean slope) and Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Veraguas, eastern Panama prov-
ince and eastern Darién), and in the mountains of South America from northern
Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south through the Andes to eastern Peru
and west-central Bolivia.

Catharus occidentalis Sclater. RUSSET NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH.

Catharus occidentalis Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 323. (Western
Mexico, Oaxaca, Totontepec = Totontepec, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and pine-oak association, primarily in un-
dergrowth and dense borders (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident [olivascens group] in the Sierra Madre Occidental of
western Chihuahua, eastern Sinaloa and northwestern Durango; and [occidentalis
group] in the mountains from southern Durango, Nayarit, Michoacan, Guana-
juato, eastern Coahuila, southern Nuevo Le6én, southwestern Tamaulipas and
eastern San Luis Potosi south to west-central Veracruz and central Oaxaca (east
to Mount Zempoaltepec and the Rio Molino areas).

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, C. olivas-
cens Nelson, 1899 [OLIVE NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH], and C. occidentalis. See also
comments under C. frantzii.

554 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Catharus frantzii Cabanis. RUDDY-CAPPED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.

Catharus Frantzii Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 8 (1860). p. 323. (Volcan de
Irazu, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and pine-oak association, primarily in dense
edge and undergrowth (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from western Jalisco, Michoacan,
southeastern San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo south through Middle America (except
the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize) to western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Formerly regarded as a race of C. occidentalis, but the two species are
quite distinct and widely sympatric in central Mexico.

Catharus mexicanus (Bonaparte). BLACK-HEADED NIGHTINGALE- | HRUSH.

Malacocychla mexicana Bonaparte, 1856. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 43, p. 998.
(Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest, undergrowth of forest edge, shad-
ed second growth, and woodland patches. locally also in humid lowland forest
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern and southern Mexico (recorded Tamaulipas.
Hidalgo, Veracruz, the state of México, Puebla. northern Oaxaca and Chiapas),
eastern Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (north-central highlands, and locally in
Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Catharus dryas (Gould). SPOTTED NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH.

Malacocichla dryas Gould, 1855. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1854), p. 285; pl.
75. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, primarily in undergrowth, thickets and dense
forest edge (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Oaxaca (Sierra Madre de
Chiapas), Chiapas, Guatemala and Honduras (east to the Tegucigalpa region); and
in South America on the west slope of the Andes from western Ecuador to central
Peru, and from northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south on the
east slope of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina (Jujuy).

Catharus fuscescens (Stephens). VEERY. [756.]

Turdus Fuscescens Stephens, 1817. in Shaw. Gen. Zool.. 10 (1), p. 182. (Pen-
sylvania.)

Habitat.— Poplar, aspen or other swampy forest. especially in more open areas
with shrubby understory, also in second growth, willow or alder shrubbery near
water, in migration and winter also in lowland forest, woodland and scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from south-central and southeastern British Columbia,
central Alberta. central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba. southern Ontario,
southern Quebec (including Magdalen and possibly also Anticosti islands), New
Brunswick, central Nova Scotia and southwestern Newfoundland south to central
Oregon, northeastern Nevada, southern Idaho. southeastern Wyoming, south-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 555

central Colorado, northeastern South Dakota, Iowa, northern Illinois, north-cen-
tral Indiana and northern Ohio, in the mountains through West Virginia, western
and central Maryland, eastern Kentucky, western and central Virginia, eastern
Tennessee and western North Carolina to northwestern Georgia, and in the At-
lantic region to eastern Pennsylvania, central New Jersey and the District of
Columbia; also in east-central Arizona (Springerville area).

Winters in South America from northern Colombia east across Venezuela (also
Trinidad) to Guyana, and south to Amazonian and central Brazil.

Migrates primarily through the southeastern United States west to the Rocky
Mountains, eastern New Mexico, and central and southern Texas, and through
eastern Mexico (recorded Veracruz, the state of Yucatan, Cayos Arcas off Cam-
peche, and Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo), northern Guatemala (Tikal), north-
ern Honduras (Bay Islands), Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands and San José), Pan-
ama (rare but regular in fall in Caribbean lowlands in the west, casually on Pacific
slope), islands of the western Caribbean Sea (Providencia, San Andrés), Cuba,
Jamaica and the Bahamas.

Casual or accidental in California, central Bolivia, the British Isles, Sweden and
continental Europe, also sight reports for the Virgin Islands (St. John).

Notes.— C. fuscescens and the following three species were formerly included
in the genus Hylocichla.

Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye). GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. [757.]

Turdus minimus Lafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 11, p. 5. (ad Bogotam,
in Nova-Granada = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest (primarily spruce) and tall shrubby areas in taiga,
in migration and winter also in deciduous forest, open woodland, second growth
and scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula and An-
adyrland), northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Kee-
watin, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska
(west to the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island, possibly also on St. Lawrence
Island in the Bering Sea), northwestern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Alberta (probably), northeastern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, ex-
treme northwestern Ontario, central and southeastern Quebec (including Mag-
dalen Islands), eastern New York (Catskill and Adirondack mountains), Massa-
chusetts (Mount Greylock), central Vermont, northern New Hampshire, central
Maine, New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia (Seal and Mud islands).

Winters in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and Guy-
ana south to northern Peru and northwestern Brazil, casually in Hispaniola and
north in Middle America (mostly on the Caribbean slope) to Costa Rica.

Migrates primarily through eastern North America west to the Great Plains
and eastern Texas (casually to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico),
the Bahamas and Greater Antilles, less frequently through the Swan Islands and
southern Central America (Costa Rica and Panama, most commonly in fall), and
rarely through southeastern Mexico (recorded Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, and
Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo), Guatemala (Petén), Belize (including Half
Moon Cay) and northern Honduras (including the Bay Islands).

Casual or accidental in California (primarily in the Farallon Islands), Arizona

556 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(Chiricahua Mountains), northeastern Keewatin, Martinique, Greenland, the Brit-
ish Isles and continental Europe, also a sight report for the Aleutian Islands
(Shemya).

Notes.—See comments under C. fuscescens.

Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall). SWAINSON’s THRUSH. [758.]

Turdus ustulatus Nuttall, 1840, Man. Ornithol. U.S. Can., ed. 2, 1, pp. vi,
400, 830. (forests of the Oregon = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Habitat.— Dense tall shrubbery, coniferous woodland (especially spruce), aspen-
poplar forest, second growth, and willow or alder thickets, in migration and winter
also deciduous forest, open woodland, humid lowland forest, scrub and brushy
areas.

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, western
and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to
southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), southern and east-central Cali-
fornia, central Nevada, central Utah, north-central New Mexico, extreme northern
Nebraska, eastern Wyoming, eastern Montana, southwestern and central Sas-
katchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, north-
ern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New York, northern
Pennsylvania, southern Vermont, central New Hampshire and southern Maine;
also in eastern West Virginia, western Virginia (Mount Rogers), and (formerly)
western Maryland.

Winters from Nayarit and southern Tamaulipas (casually from southern Texas
and the Gulf coast) south through Middle America and South America east to
Guyana and western Brazil, and south to Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina
and Paraguay.

Migrates through southern Canada, the United States (rare in southwestern
portion) and Middle America (rare in Baja California and northwestern Mexico),
less frequently through the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, New Providence), western
Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Jamaica, the Swan Islands, and Isla Provi-
dencia (in the western Caribbean Sea).

Casual or accidental on Meighen Island (Franklin District), and in Bermuda,
the British Isles, continental Europe and the Ukraine.

Notes.— Also known as OLIVE-BACKED Or RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH. See com-
ments under C. fuscescens.

Catharus guttatus (Pallas). HERMIT THRUSH. [759.]

Muscicapa guttata Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, p. 465. (in insulis
Americae vicinis praesertim Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Open humid coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest and
forest edge, and dry sandy and sparse jack-pine, less frequently in deciduous forest
and thickets, in migration and winter also chaparral, riparian woodland, arid pine-
oak association, and desert scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, southern Yukon, south-
ern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska
(west to the Alaska Peninsula, and Shumagin and Kodiak islands), in the moun-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 557

tains to southern California (to San Bernardino Mountains), southern Nevada,
central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and extreme western
Texas, and east of the Rockies to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, north-central and northeastern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, north-
central Michigan, southern Ontario, northeastern Ohio, central Pennsylvania,
eastern West Virginia, western Virginia (Mount Rogers), western Maryland, south-
ern New Jersey and southern New York (including Long Island): also isolated
breeding in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota.

Winters from southern British Columbia, the northern United States, southern
Ontario and New England (casually or irregularly in the northern portions of the
breeding range) south to southern Baja California (including islands), through
Mexico (mostly in the interior, not recorded Yucatan Peninsula) to Guatemala
and El Salvador, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida and the
northern Bahamas (south to New Providence and Cat islands).

Casual or accidental on Southampton Island (The Post) and Bermuda, and in
the British Isles.

Notes.—See comments under C. fuscescens.

Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird

Hylocichla Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 12. Type, by original desig-
nation, 7urdus mustelinus Gmelin.

Notes.—Some authors merge Hylocichla with Catharus, but relationships of
the former may be with Turdus.

Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Woop THRUSH. [755.]

Turdus mustelinus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 817. Based on the
“Tawny Thrush” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 29. (in Noveboraco =
New York.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and woodland, primarily more mature forest, in
migration and winter also forest and woodland of various types from humid
lowland to arid or humid montane forest, also scrub and thickets, more frequently
in lowland situations.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern North Dakota, central Minnesota, cen-
tral Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec,
northern Vermont, central New Hampshire, southwestern Maine, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia south to east-central Texas, the Gulf coast and northern Florida
(Panhandle east to Jacksonville area), and west to eastern South Dakota, central
Nebraska, central Kansas and eastern Oklahoma; casual breeding to southern
Manitoba, southwestern North Dakota and central South Dakota.

Winters from southern (rarely eastern) Texas south through eastern Mexico
(including the Yucatan Peninsula and islands) and Middle America (primarily
Caribbean slope, but recorded in El Salvador and rarely on the Pacific slope from
Oaxaca southward) to Panama (most common in Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui)
and northwestern Colombia (Choc6).

In migration occurs casually in Cuba and the Bahama Islands (New Providence,
Grand Bahama, Cay Lobos).

Casual in western North America from Oregon, Utah, Montana, Saskatchewan
and Manitoba south to California, Arizona and New Mexico. Accidental in Ber-
muda, Puerto Rico, Curacao and Guyana.

558 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus TURDUS Linnaeus

Turdus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 168. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus.

Mimocichla [subgenus] Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 336. Type,
by subsequent designation (Baird, 1864), Turdus rubripes Temminck =
Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Hylocichla.

Turdus merula Linnaeus. EURASIAN BLACKBIRD. [761.1.]

Turdus Merula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 170. Gn Europe
sylvis = Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident (or partly migratory) in woodland, forest,
scrub and gardens virtually throughout Eurasia south to northwestern Africa, the
Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, India, Southeast Asia and China.

Accidental in Quebec (Outremont, island of Montreal, 23 November 1970;
McNeil and Cyr, 1971, Auk, 88, pp. 919-920); a specimen collected at Oakland,
California, in 1891 is regarded as an escape.

Introduced and established in Australia and New Zealand, and on associated
islands.

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN BLACKBIRD and, in Old World literature, the
BLACKBIRD.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin. EYE-BROWED THRUSH. [761.3.]

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 816. Based on the “Dark
Thrush” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 31. (in Sibiriae silvis, ultra
lacum Baical = Lake Baikal.)

Habitat.— Dense coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, usually
near water, in migration and winter also deciduous woodland and scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from northern Siberia and Kamchatka south to northern
Mongolia, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands and Japan (Honshu).

Winters from India, Southeast Asia, southeastern China and Formosa south to
the Andaman Islands, Java, Borneo, the Philippines and Palau Islands.

Migrates through Mongolia, Manchuria, eastern China, Korea, Japan and the
Ryukyu Islands, ranging rarely but regularly (mostly in spring) to the western
Aleutians (Near Islands, casually east to Amchitka), and casually to the Pribilofs
and Alaska mainland (Wales, Barrow).

Casual in western Europe.

Turdus naumanni Temminck. DUsky THRUSH. [761.4.]

Turdus naumanni Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol., ed. 2, 1, p. 170. (en
Silésie et en Autriche . . . en Hongrie, etc., error = Siberia.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest, forest edge and deciduous scrub, in migration
and winter also woodland and brushy areas.

Distribution.— Breeds [eunomus group] from northern Siberia east to Kam-
chatka; and [naumanni group] from southern Siberia east to Lake Baikal, northern
Manchuria, Amurland and the Sea of Okhotsk.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 559

Winters [eunomus group] from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands south to southern
China and Formosa, rarely west to Southeast Asia and India; and [naumanni
group] from southern Manchuria, northern China and Korea south to eastern
China, rarely to Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands.

In migration [eunomus group] ranges casually (in spring) to Alaska (St. Lawrence
Island, Barrow, and Attu and Shemya in the western Aleutians), and to the British
Isles, western Europe and the Commander Islands.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, 7. eunomus
Temminck, 1831 [DUsky THRUSH], and 7. naumanni [NAUMANN’S THRUSH].

Turdus pilaris Linnaeus. FIELDFARE. [761.2.]

Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 168. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, and birch,
alder or willow thickets, in migration and winter also open country in meadows,
tundra and marshes, as well as in gardens, parks and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Greenland, Scandinavia, northern Russia
and northern Siberia south to central Europe, central Russia, southern Siberia and
Lake Baikal, occasionally in the Faroe Islands.

Winters from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, southern Scandinavia
and central Europe south to the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan
and northwestern India, casually to the eastern Atlantic islands and northern
Africa.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow), Keewatin (Foxe Basin), Franklin
District (Jens Munk Island), Ontario (Point Pelee), Quebec (Rigaud) and Con-
necticut (Stamford), also sight reports for Ontario, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
New York and Delaware.

Turdus iliacus Linnaeus. REDWING. [760.]

Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 292. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in forest and woodland from Iceland across
northern Eurasia to central Siberia, and winters south to the British Isles, conti-
nental Europe and the Mediterranean region, in migration casually to Greenland.

Accidental in Newfoundland (St. Anthony, 25 June—11 July 1980, photograph;
Montevecchi, Mactavish and Kirkham, 1981, Am. Birds, 35, p. 147); an additional
sight report from Jamaica Bay, Long Island, New York (1959) may be based on
an escape from captivity.

Notes.—T. i/iacus is sometimes known as 7. musicus Linnaeus, 1758, but the
latter name has been suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.

Turdus nigrescens Cabanis. SOOTY ROBIN.

Turdus nigrescens Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 324. (Volcan de Irazu,
Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Parklike pastures, scrub and forest clearings in mountains (Subtrop-
ical and Temperate zones).

560 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (cordilleras de Tilaran,
Central and de Talamanca) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— This and most following species of the genus Turdus (through T. as-
similis) known as ROBIN are called THRUSH by some authors.

Turdus infuscatus (Lafresnaye). BLACK ROBIN.

Merula infuscata Lafresnaye, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 41. (du Mexique =
Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, pine-oak association and oak woodland (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from Guerrero, the state of México,
eastern San Luis Potosi and southwestern Tamaulipas south through Veracruz,
Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala and El] Salvador to central Honduras.

Notes.— Treated by a few authors as conspecific with the South American 7.
serranus Tschudi, 1844 [GLossy-BLACK THRUSH]. See also comments under T.
nigrescens.

Turdus plebejus Cabanis. MOUNTAIN ROBIN.
Turdus plebejus Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 8 (1860), p. 323. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge, clearings. open woodland and parklike
pastures (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains from eastern Chiapas (Mount Ovan-
do, Volcan Tacana) south through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, north-
central Nicaragua and Costa Rica to western Panama (Chiriqui and Bocas del
Toro).

Notes.— A few authors consider this species as conspecific with the South Amer-
ican 7. ignobilis Sclater, 1857 [BLACK-BILLED ROBIN]. See also comments under
T. nigrescens.

Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein. COCOA THRUSH.

Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 38.
(Brazil = Rio Espirito Santo.)

Habitat.— Montane forest and plantations, in South America also in second
growth, open woodland and lowland forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent and Grenada), and
in South America from eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the
Guianas south to eastern Bolivia and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Considered by some authors to be conspecific with 7. obsoletus, but
the two are sympatric at a number of Amazonian localities; the two groups appear
to constitute a superspecies. A few authors also suggest that the Lesser Antillean
populations may represent a species, 7. personus (Barbour, 1911), distinct from
T. fumigatus.

Turdus obsoletus Lawrence. PALE-VENTED THRUSH.

Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 470.
(Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad = Canal Zone.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 561

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second
growth, open woodland and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [obsoletus group] from central Costa Rica (Caribbean
slope of Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca) south through Panama
(locally in foothills east to the Canal Zone, and in eastern Darién) and western
Colombia to western Ecuador; and [hauxwelli group] in South America from
central and eastern Colombia, and southern Venezuela south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and upper Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as species, 7. obsoletus and T.
hauxwelli Lawrence, 1869 [HAUXWELL’S THRUSH], but populations on the eastern
slope of the Western Andes in Colombia appear to be intermediate. See also
comments under 7. fumigatus.

Turdus grayi Bonaparte. CLAY-COLORED ROBIN. [762.1.]

Turdus Grayi Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 118. (Gua-
tamala = Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, clearings, second growth, scrub, plantations and
gardens (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guerrero, the state of México, Hidalgo, eastern
San Luis Potosi, central Nuevo Leon and southern Tamaulipas south along both
slopes of Middle America to northern Colombia.

Casual in southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley), also one record for eastern
Texas (Walker County).

Notes.— Also known as GRAY’S THRUSH. J. grayi and T. nudigenis are consid-
ered by a few authors to be conspecific; they appear to constitute a superspecies.
See also comments under 7. nigrescens.

Turdus nudigenis Lafresnaye. BARE-EYED THRUSH.

Turdus nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 11, p. 4. (Caracas
[Venezuela].)

Habitat.— Open forest and woodland, second growth, plantations and gardens
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vin-
cent, the Grenadines and Grenada), and in South America from eastern Colombia,
Venezuela (also Tobago, Trinidad, and Margarita and Patos islands) and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northern Brazil.

An attempted introduction on Barbados was unsuccessful.

Notes.—See comments under 7. grayi.

Turdus jamaicensis Gmelin. WHITE-EYED: THRUSH.

Turdus jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 809. Based on the
“Jamaica Thrush” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 20. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest and wooded hills, rarely in lowland woodland.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Turdus assimilis Cabanis. WHITE-THROATED ROBIN.

Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 4. (Xalapa =
Jalapa, Veracruz.)

562 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and dense second growth, rarely in open
woodland (Tropical and Subtropical zones). ‘

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua,
Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México, Hi-
dalgo, eastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes
of Middle America (including Isla Coiba off Panama, but absent from the Yucatan
Peninsula) and western Colombia to western Ecuador.

Notes.—7. assimilis and the South American T. albicollis Vieillot, 1818
[WHITE-NECKED RoBIN], are considered conspecific by many authors; they con-
stitute a superspecies. The populations of 7. assimilis from eastern Panama (east-
ern Darién) south to Ecuador are sometimes considered a distinct species, T.
daguae Berlepsch, 1897 [DAGUA RoBIN]. See also comments under T. nigrescens.

Turdus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye. RUFOUS-BACKED ROBIN. [762.2.]

Turdus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 259. (al
Monterey en Californie, error = Acapulco, Guerrero.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, arid scrub and riparian woodland, in nonbreeding
season also open woodland, brush and lowland forest (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution. — Resident [rufopalliatus group] from southern Sonora south through
Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, the state of Méx-
ico, Distrito Federal, Morelos and Guerrero to western Puebla and Oaxaca (west
to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); and [graysoni group] in the Tres Marias Islands
and, probably, coastal Nayarit (San Blas region).

Casual [rufopalliatus group] north to southern California (Death Valley, Imperial
Valley), southern Arizona (north to Phoenix area) and western Texas (Langtry,
Big Bend, several sight reports also from Santa Ana).

Notes.— Recent evidence (Phillips, 1981, Wilson Bull., 93, pp. 301-309) sug-
gests that the two groups represent distinct species, 7. rufopalliatus [RUFOUS-BACKED
Rosin] and 7. graysoni (Ridgway, 1882) [GRAYSON’S ROBIN], with the latter res-
ident (rather than a casual vagrant) in coastal Nayarit and thus sympatric with
the former.

Turdus rufitorques Hartlaub. RUFOUS-COLLARED ROBIN.

Turdus (Merula) rufitorques Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 214.
(Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, pine-oak association and high-
land brushy areas (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
and western Honduras (Giiise).

Notes.— 7. rufitorques and T. migratorius appear to constitute a superspecies.

Turdus migratorius Linnaeus. AMERICAN ROBIN. [761.]

Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 292. Based mainly
on “The Fieldfare of Carolina’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 29, pl.
29. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 563

Habitat.— Forest (coniferous and deciduous, lowland and montane), woodland,
scrub, parks, thickets, gardens, cultivated lands and savanna (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [migratorius group] from western and northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland south to south-
ern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island), southern California
(except interior and southeastern desert regions), southern Nevada, central and
southeastern Arizona, northern Sonora, in the mountains of Mexico to Oaxaca
(west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), and to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast
and central Florida.

Winters [migratorius group] from southern Alaska (casually), southwestern Brit-
ish Columbia, the northern United States (at least irregularly in the northernmost
states) and Newfoundland south to southern Baja California (casually to Gua-
dalupe Island), throughout Mexico (rarely to the Yucatan Peninsula and Isla
Holbox) to Guatemala, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida,
Bermuda and (at least irregularly) western Cuba, casually to the northern Bahama
Islands (south to San Salvador).

Resident [confinis group] in the mountains of southern Baja California (Cape
San Lucas district).

Casual or accidental [migratorius group] in the Pribilofs (St. Paul), Aleutians
(Amchitka), Greenland, the British Isles and continental Europe, also sight reports
from Jamaica, Mona Island and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Formerly known in American literature as the RoBIN. The two groups
are sometimes considered as separate species, 7. migratorius and T. confinis Baird,
1864 [SAN LucAS RoBIN]. See also comments under 7. rufitorques.

Turdus swalesi (Wetmore). LA SELLE THRUSH.

Haplocichla swalesi Wetmore, 1927, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 55. (Massif
de la Selle, 6,000 ft., Haiti.)

Habitat.— Dense mountain shrubbery, moist forest and pine woodland.
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Hispaniola (Morne La Selle east
to Sierra de Baoruco).

Turdus aurantius Gmelin. WHITE-CHINNED THRUSH.

Turdus aurantius Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 832. Based largely on
“Le Merle de la Jamaique”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 277. (in Jamaicae
montibus silvosis = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Woodland and gardens, primarily in hilly or mountainous areas.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

+Turdus ravidus (Cory). GRAND CAYMAN THRUSH.

Mimocichla ravida Cory, 1886, Auk, 3, p. 499. (Island of Grand Cayman,
West Indies.)

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Grand Cayman, in the Cayman

564 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Islands. Last recorded in 1938 on the eastern part of the island; several recent
thorough searches have had negative results.

Notes.— 7. ravidus and T. plumbeus are sometimes placed in the genus Mim-
ocichla; the two species appear to constitute a superspecies.

Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus. RED-LEGGED THRUSH.

Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 169. Based on “‘The
Red-leg’d Thrush” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 30, pl. 30. Gn Amer-
ica = Andros and Eleuthera islands, Bahamas.)

Habitat.— Forest, open woodland, plantations and gardens.

Distribution.— Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (south to Andros, Ex-
uma Cays and Cat Island, also a sight report from Great Inagua), Cuba (and nearby
cays), the Isle of Pines, Cayman Islands (Cayman Brac, with reports from Grand
Cayman based on an escaped individual), Hispaniola (including Gondave, Tortue
and Saona islands), Puerto Rico, Dominica (in the Lesser Antilles), and (formerly)
the Swan Islands (in the western Caribbean Sea).

Notes.—A few authors have considered the populations from Hispaniola east-
ward to Puerto Rico and Dominica to represent a species, 7. ardosiaceus Vieillot,
1823 [EASTERN RED-LEGGED THRUSH], distinct from 7. plumbeus [WESTERN
RED-LEGGED THRUSH]. See also comments under T. ravidus.

Genus CICHLHERMINIA Bonaparte

Cichtherminia Bonaparte, 1854, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 2. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Turdus lherminieri Lafresnaye.

Cichlherminia lherminieri (Lafresnaye). FOREST THRUSH.

Turdus L’Herminieri Lafresnaye, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 167. (Gua-
deloupe.)

Habitat.— Forest and undergrowth of forest edge.
Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Do-
minica and St. Lucia).

Genus IXOREUS Bonaparte

Ixoreus Bonaparte, 1854, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 3 (note). Type, by
original designation, Turdus naevius Gmelin.

Hesperocichla Baird, 1864, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 12. Type, by monotypy,
Turdus naevius Gmelin.

Notes.—This genus and Ridgwayia are sometimes merged in the Old World
genus Zoothera Vigors, 1832.

Ixoreus naevius (Gmelin). VARIED THRUSH. [763.]

Turdus naevius Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 817. Based on the “Spotted
Thrush” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 27. (in sinu Americae Natca =
Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 565

Habitat.— Humid coastal and interior montane coniferous forest, deciduous
forest with dense understory, and tall shrubs (especially alder), in migration and
winter also open woodland and chaparral.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and
northwestern and western Mackenzie south through central and southern Alaska
(west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island), British Columbia
(including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), southwestern Alberta,
northwestern Montana, northern Idaho, Washington and Oregon (except south-
eastern portion) to extreme northwestern California (Del Norte and Humboldt
counties). :

Winters from southern Alaska (coastally west to Kodiak Island), southern British
Columbia and northern Idaho south through Washington, Oregon and California
to northern Baja California.

Casual widely in central and northeastern North America from southern Al-
berta, southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan,
southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia
south to southern Arizona, central and southeastern New Mexico, central and
eastern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, and in Atlantic coastal states from Maryland south to southern Florida;
also on Guadalupe Island, off southern Baja California.

Genus RIDGWAYIA Stejneger

Ridgwayia Stejneger, 1883, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 5 (1882), p. 460. Type, by
original designation, Turdus pinicola Sclater.

Notes.—See comments under /xoreus.

Ridgwayia pinicola (Sclater). AZTEC THRUSH. [763.1.]

Turdus pinicola Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 334. (Pine-forests
of the tableland above Jalapa, [Veracruz,] Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest and pine-oak woodland (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from southern Chihuahua and west-
central Coahuila south through Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan,
Guerrero, the Distrito Federal, Hidalgo and Puebla to west-central Veracruz and
central Oaxaca (west to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

Casual in southern Arizona (Huachuca and Santa Rita mountains), western
Texas (Chisos Mountains) and eastern San Luis Potosi (near El Naranjo), also a
sight report for southeastern Texas (Port Aransas).

Subfamily TIMALIINAE: Babblers
Notes.— Sometimes considered a family, the Timaliidae.

Genus GARRULAX Lesson

Garrulax Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 8, p. 647. Type, by subsequent
designation (Ripley, 1961), Garrulax rufifrons Lesson.

566 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Garrulax pectoralis (Gould). GREATER NECKLACED LAUGHING- -THRUSH.
[742.3.]

TIanthocincla pectoralis Gould, 1836, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1835), p. 186.
(in Nepalia = Nepal.)

Habitat.— Forest undergrowth, dense second growth and brush.

Distribution.— Resident from the Himalayan region of southwestern China and
Nepal southeast to northern Burma, northern Thailand, northern Laos and south-
eastern China (including Hainan).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (since 1967. on Kauai).

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-GORGETED LAUGHING-THRUSH.

[Garrulax caerulatus (Hodgson). GRAY-SIDED LAUGHING-THRUSH.] See
Appendix B.

Garrulax canorus (Linnaeus). MELODIOUS LAUGHING-THRUSH. [742.2.]

Turdus Canorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 169. Based on “The
Brown Indian Thrush” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 184, pl. 184, and
Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 18, pl. 19. (in Benghala, China = Amoy,
Fukien, China.)

Habitat.— Forest undergrowth, brush, thickets and scrub.

Distribution. — Resident from central to southeastern China (including Formosa
and Hainan).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1900), where common
on Kauai, and uncommon or local on Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

Notes.— Also known as HWA-MEI, CHINESE THRUSH or SPECTACLED LauGH-
ING-THRUSH.

Genus LEIOTHRIX Swainson

Leiothrix Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2
(1831), pp. 233, 490. Type, by original designation, Parus furcatus
Temm[inck]. Pl. Col. = Sylvia lutea Scopoli.

Leiothrix lutea (Scopoli). RED-BILLED LEIOTHRIX. [742.1.]

Sylvia (lutea) Scopoli, 1786, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, p. 96. (China =
mountains of Anhwei, China.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth, brushy areas and dense second growth, in forested
regions. i

Distribution.— Resident in the Himalayas from Nepal and northern India east
to northern Burma and central China.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1918. now common on
Molokai, Maui and Hawaii, formerly common but now rare on Kauai and Oahu).

Notes.—Also known as PEKIN NIGHTINGALE, PEKIN ROBIN or JAPANESE HILL-
ROBIN.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 567

Genus CHAMAEA Gambel

Chamea Gambel, 1847, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3, p. 154. Type,
by original designation, Parus fasciatus Gambel.

Notes.— This genus was formerly placed in the monotypic family Chamaeidae.

Chamaea fasciata (Gambel). WRENTIT. [742.]

Parus fasciatus Gambel, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, p. 265.
(California = Monterey.)

Habitat.— Chaparral and brushy areas, primarily in lowlands.

Distribution.— Resident in coastal areas from northwestern Oregon south to
northwestern Baja California (south to lat. 30°N.), and in interior areas of northern
and central California.

Family MIMIDAE: Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Allies

Notes.—See comments under the genus Donacobius.

Genus DUMETELLA S.D.W.

Dumetella S.D.W., 1837, Analyst, 5, p. 206. Type, by monotypy, 7Turdus
felivox Vieillot = Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus.

Lucar Coues, 1875, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 27, p. 349. Type, by
monotypy, Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Melanoptila.

Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). GRAY CATBIRD. [704.]

Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 328. Based
mainly on ““The Cat-Bird”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 66, pl. 66.
(in Carolina = Virginia.)

Habitat.— Thickets, dense brushy and shrubby areas, undergrowth of forest
edge, hedgerows and gardens.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia (except Vancouver Is-
land), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern On-
tario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia south to central New Mexico, north-central and eastern Texas, the central
portions of the Gulf states, and northern Florida (Tallahassee, Jacksonville), and
west to northern and south-central Washington, south-central and eastern Oregon,
north-central Utah, and central and northeastern Arizona; also in Bermuda.

Winters from north-central and eastern Texas, southeastern Arkansas, the cen-
tral portions of the Gulf states, central Georgia, and in the Atlantic coastal lowlands
from Long Island (casually north to South Dakota, the northern United States
from Minnesota eastward, and southern Ontario) south along the Gulf-Caribbean
slope of Middle America (casually recorded from the interior of Guatemala, Hon-
duras and Costa Rica) to central Panama (east to the Canal Zone), and in Bermuda,
the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines and Cayman Islands, rarely Jamaica,

568 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Hispaniola and Tortue Island) and islands in the western Caribbean Sea (San
Andrés and Providencia). j
Casual in western Oregon, California, Nevada, the Lesser Antilles (Anguilla)
and northern Colombia, also sight reports from 2 SUSHI Ae Accidental in
James Bay (North Twin Island) and Germany.
Notes.— Also known as COMMON or NORTHERN CATBIRD.

Genus MELANOPTILA Sclater

Melanoptila Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 275. Type. by
monotypy. Melanoptila glabrirostris Sclater.

Notes.— This genus is sometimes merged in Dumetella.

Melanoptila glabrirostris Sclater. BLACK CATBIRD.

Melanoptila glabrirostris Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p.
275. (In rep. Honduras. prope urbe m Omoa = Omoa, Honduras.)

Habitat.— Thickets. dense brush, undergrowth in open deciduous forest and.
rarely, humid forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel, Holbox
and Mujeres islands. and Cayo Culebra). northern Guatemala (Petén). Belize and
extreme northern Honduras (Omoa).

Genus MIMUS Boie

Mimus Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 972. Type, by monotypy. Turdus
polyglottos Linnaeus.

Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus). NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD. [703.]

Turdus polyglottos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 169. Based mainly
on “The Mock-Bird” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 27, pl. 27. (in
Virginia.)

Habitat.— A variety of open and partly open situations from areas of scattered
brush or trees to forest edge and semi-desert (absent from forest interior), especially
in scrub, thickets, gardens. towns, and around cultivated areas (Tropical to Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution.— Resident regularly from northern California, eastern Oregon,
northwestern Nevada, northern Utah. southeastern Wyoming, southwestern South
Dakota. eastern Nebraska. southern Iowa. central Illinois, central Indiana, north-
ern Ohio, southern Pennsylvania. southern New York and southern New England,
sporadically or locally north to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba. central and northeastern Minnesota. southern Wisconsin. southern
Michigan, southern Ontario. southwestern Quebec. Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land, south to southern Baja California (including many offshore islands), through
Mexico (including the Tres Marias Islands. and on Socorro Island in the Revi-
llagigedos) to Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast,
southern Florida (including the Florida Keys). the Bahama Islands and Greater
Antilles (east to Anegada in the Virgin Islands, and recently on Little Cayman in
the Cayman Islands).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 569

Northern populations are partially migratory.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (main islands from Kauai
eastward, wandering casually west to French Frigate Shoals), and in Bermuda; an
introduced population in Barbados, in the Lesser Antilles, has become extirpated.

Casual north to British Columbia, southwestern Keewatin, northern Ontario
and Prince Edward Island.

Notes.— M. polyglottos and M. gilvus are closely related and hybridize, at least
occasionally, in Oaxaca and Veracruz; constituting a superspecies, they are con-
sidered conspecific by some authors.

Mimus gilvus (Vieillot). TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD.

Turdus gilvus Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 15, pl.
68 bis. (la Guiane et les contrées les plus chaudes de l’Amérique septen-
trionale = French Guiana.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations, especially arid and thorn scrub, and around
parks and towns, absent from forest (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southern Mexico (Gulf-Caribbean slope from eastern
Oaxaca and southern Veracruz south through Tabasco to eastern Chiapas and the
Yucatan Peninsula, including Mujeres, Holbox and Cozumel islands), Guatemala
(Petén, the arid interior valleys, and locally on the northwestern Pacific slope),
Belize and Honduras (primarily the arid interior valleys, and locally on the north-
western Pacific slope), Belize and Honduras (primarily the arid interior and Pacific
lowlands); on Isla San Andrés in the western Caribbean Sea; in the southern Lesser
Antilles (from Guadeloupe, Désirade and Antigua southward); and in South Amer-
ica from northern Colombia, Venezuela (also islands from the Netherlands Antilles
east to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south to northern Amazonian
Brazil and along the coast to southeastern Brazil.

Introduced and established in central Panama (Canal Zone and adjacent regions
of Colon and Panama provinces); introductions on Barbados and Nevis, in the
Lesser Antilles, have been extirpated.

Notes.— The form on Isla San Andrés is sometimes treated as a distinct species,
M. magnirostris Cory, 1887 [St. ANDREW MOCKINGBIRD]. See also comments
under M. polyglottos.

Mimus gundlachii Cabanis. BAHAMA MOCKINGBIRD. [703.1.]
Mimus Gundlachii Cabanis, 1855, J. Ornithol., 3, p. 470. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Arid and semi-arid scrub, and around villages and towns.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahama Islands, on cays off the northern coast
of Cuba, and in the arid coast of southern Jamaica.

Casual in the Florida Keys (Dry Tortugas, also sight reports for Key West and
Elliott Key).

Genus OREOSCOPTES Baird

Oreoscoptes Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, xxxv, 346. Type, by monotypy, Orpheus montanus
Townsend.

570 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend). SAGE THRASHER. [702.]

Orpheus montanus C. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
7, p. 192. (Plains of the Rocky Mountains = Benes Creek, lat 42°N., long.
109°30’W., Wyoming.)

Habitat.— Sagebrush plains, in migration and winter also arid scrub, brush and
thickets, primarily in arid or semi-arid situations, rarely around towns.

Distribution. — Breeds from extreme southern British Columbia, central Idaho,
south-central Montana (with an isolated colony in southwestern Saskatchewan),
northern and southeastern Wyoming, and Colorado south through eastern Wash-
ington, eastern Oregon, east-central California (Inyo County, formerly to Ventura
and San Bernardino counties), southern Nevada, southern Utah, northeastern
Arizona, west-central and northern New Mexico, northern Texas (possibly), west-
ern Oklahoma and (casually) southwestern Kansas.

Winters from central California (rarely), southern Nevada, northern Arizona,
central (rarely western) New Mexico and central Texas south to southern Baja
California, northern Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, northern Nuevo
Leon, northern Tamaulipas and southern Texas.

In migration occurs casually west to western Washington and western Oregon,
north to Alberta and northern Montana, and east to the Dakotas, western Ne-
braska, western Kansas, and along the Gulf coast from eastern Texas to north-
western Florida (recorded east to Gilchrist County).

Casual east across the Great Lakes region (Wisconsin, northern IIlinois, southern
Ontario) to the Atlantic coastal region (recorded from Massachusetts south to
North Carolina), and on Guadalupe Island (off southern Baja California).

Genus MIMODES Ridgway

Mimodes Ridgway, 1883, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 5 (1882), p. 45. Type, by
monotypy, Harporhynchus graysoni Lawrence.

Mimodes graysoni (Lawrence). SOCORRO MOCKINGBIRD.

Harporhynchus graysoni (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N.Y., 10, p. 1. (Socorro Island, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub.

Distribution.— Resident on Socorro Island, in the Revillagigedo Islands, off
western Mexico.

Notes.— Formerly known as SOCORRO THRASHER.

Genus TOXOSTOMA Wagler
Toxostoma Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 528. Type, by monotypy, Tox-
ostoma vetula Wagler = Orpheus curvirostre Swainson.
Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus). BROWN THRASHER. [705.]

Turdus rufus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 169. Based on the “‘Fox-
coloured Thrush” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 28, pl. 28. (in America
septentrionali & meridionali = South Carolina.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES S7A

Habitat.—Thickets and bushy areas in deciduous forest clearings and forest
edge, shrubby areas and gardens, in migration and winter also scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south-
ern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Vermont, New Hamp-
shire, southwestern Maine and New Brunswick south to east-central Texas (south
to Nueces County), the Gulf coast and southern Florida (to the upper Keys), and
west to western Montana, eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, northeastern New
Mexico and western Kansas.

Winters from eastern New Mexico, northern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, Arkan-
sas, western Tennessee, central Kentucky, North Carolina and southern Maryland
(casually north to southern Ontario, and the northern United States from Min-
nesota eastward) south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Casual from southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Idaho and Utah south
to southern California, southern Arizona, northern Sonora, western New Mexico
and western Texas, and to Nova Scotia, the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama,
Harbour Island) and western Cuba. Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow), southern
Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Bermuda and Germany.

Notes.— 7. rufum, T. longirostre and T. guttatum are considered conspecific by
some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Toxostoma longirostre (Lafresnaye). LONG-BILLED THRASHER. [706.]

Orpheus longirostris Lafresnaye, 1838, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 1, p. 55. (du Mex-
ique et de la Californie = Mexico.)

Habitat.—Thickets and brushy areas, especially in bottomland willow, scrub
and mesquite (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Coahuila, northern Nuevo Leén and
southern Texas (north to the San Antonio area) south to eastern San Luis Potosi,
northern Querétaro, northeastern Hidalgo, northeastern Puebla and central Ve-
racruz (south to Cérdoba).

Notes.—See comments under TJ. rufum.

Toxostoma guttatum (Ridgway). COZUMEL THRASHER.

Harporhynchus guttatus Ridgway, 1885, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 21.
(Cozumel Island, Yucatan.)

Habitat.— Thick undergrowth bordering fields (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident on Cozumel Island, off Quintana Roo.
Notes.—See comments under TJ. rufum.

Toxostoma cinereum (Xantus de Vesey). GRAY THRASHER.

Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus de Vesey, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 11 (1859), p. 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Baja California from lat. 31°7’N. (on the Pacific coast)
and Animas Bay (on the east coast) south to Cape San Lucas.

Notes.— 7. cinereum and T. bendirei appear to constitute a superspecies.

SZ CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Toxostoma bendirei (Coues). BENDIRE’S THRASHER. [708.]

Harporhynchus Bendirei Coues, 1873, Am. Nat., 7, p. 330 (footnote). (Tucson,
Ariz[ona].)

Habitat.— Desert, especially areas of tall vegetation, cholla cactus, creosote bush
and yucca, and in juniper woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern California (north to the Mojave Desert
in eastern San Bernardino and north-central Riverside counties), southern Nevada,
southern Utah, and western and central New Mexico (east to Sandoval and Socorro
counties) south to southern Sonora; also one breeding record for southeastern
Colorado (Otero County).

Winters from southern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico south
through Sonora to southern Sinaloa.

Casual north to central California (Sacramento County and the Farallon Islands)
and north-central Utah.

Notes.—See comments under 7. cinereum.

Toxostoma ocellatum (Sclater). OCELLATED_THRASHER.

Harporhynchus ocellatus Sclater, 1862, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 18, pl.
ili. (Oaxaca.)

Habitat.—Oak scrub, bushy areas in arid pine-oak association and adjacent
humid pine-oak forest, and in arid scrub adjoining oak woodland (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the interior of central Mexico from Guanajuato and
Hidalgo south through the state of México, Puebla and west-central Veracruz to
central Oaxaca.

Notes.— 7. ocellatum and T. curvirostre appear to constitute a superspecies.

Toxostoma curvirostre (Swainson). CURVE-BILLED THRASHER. [707.]

Orpheus curvirostris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 369. (Table
land, Mexico).

Habitat.—Thorn brush and scrub, semi-desert (especially where mesquite or
cholla cactus is present), shrubby areas, open brushy woodland, and around towns
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central and southeastern Arizona, central and
northeastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, extreme western Oklahoma,
extreme southwestern Kansas, and western and central Texas (east to Travis and
Refugio counties) south to Nayarit (including San Esteban and Tiburon islands
off Sonora), through the Mexican Plateau to central Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to
central Tamaulipas.

Wanders casually to southeastern California, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,
Iowa, western Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southern Louisiana; also southern
Wisconsin (Buffalo County, three consecutive winters). Accidental in western
Florida (Santa Rosa County, male in breeding condition probably mated to a T.
rufum).

Notes.—See comments under T. ocellatum.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 573

Toxostoma redivivum (Gambel). CALIFORNIA THRASHER. [710.]

Harpes rediviva Gambel, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, p. 264.
(near Monterey, in Upper California.)

Habitat.— Lowland and coastal chaparral, and riparian woodland thickets.

Distribution.— Resident in California north to Humboldt and Shasta counties
(west of the Cascades-Sierra Nevada and the deserts), and in northwestern Baja
California (south to lat. 30°N.).

Casual in southwestern Oregon (Medford).

Notes.—T. redivivum and T. dorsale appear to constitute a superspecies.

Toxostoma dorsale Henry. CRISSAL THRASHER. [712.]

Toxostoma dorsalis Henry, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10, p.
117. (Fort Thorn [Donia Ana County, New Mexico].)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, mesquite, tall riparian brush and, locally, chaparral.

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern California (north to Inyo County),
southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, northwestern and central Arizona, central
New Mexico and western Texas south to northeastern Baja California, central
Sonora and central Chihuahua, and locally south in the Mexican Plateau to central
Mexico (recorded Coahuila, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo).

Notes.— While it is clear from evidence external to the original description (see
Hubbard, 1976, Nemouria, no. 20, pp. 1—7) that the name intended to be given
in Henry’s paper was 7. crissalis and not dorsalis, the present International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 32 (a) (i1), restricts usage to the latter; a ruling
by the Commission on a petition to supplant 7. dorsale with T. crissale is pending.
See also comments under 7. redivivum.

Toxostoma lecontei Lawrence. LE CONTE’S THRASHER. [711.]

Toxostoma Le Contei Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 121.
(California near the junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers = Fort Yuma,
California.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, particularly creosote bush associations.

Distribution.— Resident in southern California (the Carrizo Plain of eastern San
Luis Obispo County, and the San Joaquin Valley desert in Kern County, formerly
north to Fresno County); and from eastern California (east of the Sierra Nevada
north to southern Mono and Inyo counties), southern Nevada, southwestern Utah,
and western and south-central Arizona south to northeastern Baja California and
northwestern Sonora; and in west-central Baja California (Pacific coast from lat.
29°N. south to lat. 26°N.).

Genus RAMPHOCINCLUS Lafresnaye

Ramphocinclus Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 66. Type, by orig-
inal designation, Turdus brachyurus Vieillot.

Ramphocinclus brachyurus (Vieillot). WHITE-BREASTED THRASHER.

Turdus brachyurus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 20, p.
255. (Martinique.)

574 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Semi-arid woodland.

Distribution.— Resident on Martinique and St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles.

Notes.— This species appears not to be closely related to Cinclocerthia ruficauda,
although the two have been considered congeneric by some authors.

Genus MELANOTIS Bonaparte

Melanotis Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (2), p. 276. Type, by
monotypy, 7urdus melanotis Temminck = Orpheus caerulescens Swain-
son.

Melanotis caerulescens (Swainson). BLUE MOCKINGBIRD.

Orpheus cerulescens Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 369. (Table
land, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Scrub, pine-oak association and montane forest, in both arid and
humid regions, wandering to humid lowland forest in the nonbreeding season
(upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, west-
ern Durango, Sinaloa, Nayarit (including the Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco, Gua-
najuato, eastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south to eastern Oaxaca
and central Veracruz.

Casual in western Chiapas (Ocozocoautla).

Notes.— M. caerulescens and M. hypoleucus constitute a superspecies.

Melanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub. BLUE-AND-WHITE MOCKINGBIRD.

Melanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, p. 460.
(Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Brush, dense undergrowth and second-growth woodland, mostly in
humid montane regions (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
and western Hondurus (east to the Tegucigalpa region).

Notes.—See comments under M. caerulescens.

Genus MARGAROPS Sclater

Cichalopia (not Bonaparte, 1854) Bonaparte, 1857, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2,
9, p. 205. Type, by original designation, Turdus densirostris Vieillot =
Turdus fuscatus Vieillot.

Margarops Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 335. New name for
Cichalopia Bonaparte, 1857, preoccupied.

Allenia Cory, 1891, Auk, 8, p. 42. Type, by original designation, Turdus
montanus Lafresnaye = Muscicapa fusca Miiller.

Margarops fuscus (Miiller). SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER.

Muscicapa fusca P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 170. (Marti-
nique.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, and around settlements.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 375

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. Eustatius and Barbuda
south to Grenada and Barbados, possibly extirpated on Barbuda and Grenada).

Casual in the Grenadines.

Notes.— Often treated in the monotypic genus A//enia.

Margarops fuscatus (Vieillot). PEARLY-EYED THRASHER.

Turdus fuscatus Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 1, pl.
57 bis. (les grande iles Antilles et particuliérement a4 Porto-Ricco et a Saint-
Domingue = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Forest and scrubby woodland, both montane and lowland.

Distribution.— Resident in the southern Bahama Islands (north to Eleuthera),
Hispaniola (questionably on the mainland, but found on Beata Island), Puerto
Rico (including Mona, Desecheo, Vieques, Culebra and Culebrita islands), the
Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles (south to St. Lucia); and on islands north of
Venezuela from Bonaire east to Los Hermanos.

Accidental (possibly formerly resident) on Barbados.

Genus CINCLOCERTHIA Gray

Stenorhynchus (not Lamarck, 1819) Gould, 1836, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1835), p. 186. Type, by monotypy, Stenorhynchus ruficauda Gould.

Cinclocerthia G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 17. New name for
Stenorhynchus Gould, preoccupied.

Cinclocerthia ruficauda (Gould). TREMBLER.

Stenorhynchus ruficauda Gould, 1836, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1835), p.
186. (No locality given = Dominica.)

Habitat.— Primarily humid forest, less frequently second growth and open
woodland.

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts,
Nevis, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and St. Vin-
cent).

Accidental on St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands (sight report).

Notes.—See comments under Ramphocinclus brachyurus.

Family PRUNELLIDAE: Accentors

Genus PRUNELLA Vieillot

Prunella Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 43. Type, by monotypy, “‘Fauvette de
haie”’ Buffon = Motacilla modularis Linnaeus.

Prunella montanella (Pallas). SIBERIAN ACCENTOR. [749.1.]

Motacilla montanella Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p.
695. (in Dauuriam = Dauria.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in forest and shrubby areas in the mountains

576 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

of Siberia, and winters from southern Manchuria and Japan south to central
China, in migration occurring through Mongolia.

Casual in fall in Alaska (Nunivak Island, 3 October 1927; St. Lawrence Island,
13 October 1936; Point Barrow, fall 1951; and Shemya in the Aleutians, 17 and
24 September 1978).

Notes.— Also known as MOUNTAIN ACCENTOR.

Family MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtails and Pipits

Genus MOTACILLA Linnaeus

Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 184. Type, by tautonymy,
Motacilla alba Linnaeus (Motacilla, prebinomial specific name, listed in
synonymy).

Motacilla flava Linnaeus. YELLOW WAGTAIL. [696.]

Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 185. Gn Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Wet meadows, shrubby tundra, moorlands and seacoasts, in winter
also in open grasslands and cultivated fields.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in northern and western Alaska (south
to St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, and on the mainland to the Nushagak River),
northern Yukon and northwestern Mackenzie; and in the Palearctic from the
British Isles, southern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south
to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan,
northern Mongolia, central Manchuria, Kamchatka, and the Kurile and Com-
mander islands.

Winters in the Old World from northern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, eastern
China and the Philippines south to southern Africa, the East Indies and (rarely)
northern Australia.

Migrates regularly through coastal western Alaska and the western Aleutians,
and in the Old World throughout Europe, the Mediterranean region and Asia
(except unsuitable regions in central Asia and the Himalayas), including Japan
and Korea.

Casual in the eastern Aleutians, central and south-coastal Alaska, Iceland, the
Faroe Islands, northern Scandinavia, the eastern Atlantic islands and New Guinea,
also sight reports for central coastal California.

Notes.— Variation in this species is complex, and relationships between mor-
phologically distinguishable groups are uncertain; should groups be recognized as
species, North American populations and records would pertain to the eastern
Eurasian M. tschutschensis Gmelin, 1789.

Motacilla cinerea Tunstall. GRAY WAGTAIL [696.1.]

Motacilla Cinerea Tunstall, 1771, Ornithol. Br., p. 2. Based on the ““Gray
Water Wagtail’ Pennant, Br. Zool., and ““La Bergeronette jaune”’ Brisson,
Ornithologie, 3, p. 471, pl. 23, fig. 3. (No locality given = Wycliffe, York-
shire, England.)

Habitat.— Along watercourses, most frequently swift flowing streams in moun-
tainous country, less frequently along seashores or sluggish streams, in open coun-
try such as pastures and meadows, and around human habitation.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 7/7)

Distribution. — Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Rus-
sia and central Siberia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northwestern Africa,
the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas, northern Mongolia,
Manchuria, northern Korea and Japan.

Winters from northern Africa, Arabia, Iraq, southern Iran, Afghanistan, India,
Southeast Asia, southern China and Formosa south to central Africa, Ceylon, the
Malay Peninsula, East Indies and western New Guinea.

In migration ranges casually (primarily in spring) to the Pribilofs (St. Paul), St.
Lawrence Island, the Aleutians (Attu, Agattu, Shemya, Buldir and Amchitka) and
Commander Islands, also a sight report for northwestern Mackenzie.

Motacilla alba Linnaeus. WHITE WAGTAIL. [694.]

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 185. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open country from tundra and desert edge to margins of watercours-
es, also in towns, villages and, in the Old World, cultivated areas.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America in western Alaska from Cape Lisburne
south to St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound, probably farther south; and in
the Old World from Greenland, Iceland and northern Eurasia south to southern
Africa, Arabia, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, eastern China,
southern Ussuriland and northern Kamchatka.

Winters from the southern parts of the breeding range in Eurasia south to
southern Africa, the coasts of the Indian Ocean, East Indies and Philippines.

In migration occurs in the eastern Atlantic islands, and on islands from Japan
south to the Philippines.

Casual or accidental in the Pribilofs, central Alaska (Fairbanks) and Baja Cal-
ifornia (La Paz); an old report from northern Quebec is questionable. See further
comments under M. /ugens.

Notes.— Known in the Old World as PIED WAGTAIL. The resident African forms
are sometimes regarded as a separate species, M. aguimp Dumont, 1821. M. alba
and M. lugens are sympatric with limited hybridization in Kamchatka and south-
ern Ussuriland (Kistchinski and Lobkov, 1979, Moskov. Obs. I Spyt. Prirody,
Otd. Biol., Biull., nov. ser., 5, pp. 11-23); they formerly were considered conspe-
cific. M/. alba, M. lugens and the Japanese M. grandis Sharpe, 1885, appear to
constitute a superspecies.

Motacilla lugens Gloger. BLACK-BACKED WAGTAIL. [695.1.]

Motacilla lugens Gloger, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 771. (Kamchatka.)

Habitat.— Primarily near seacoasts, also in forest edge, second-growth wood-
land, and around towns and human habitation.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and
(possibly) the Commander Islands south to the Kurile Islands and northern Japan.

Winters from eastern China, Korea and Japan south to southeastern China,
Formosa, the Seven Islands of Izu and Bonin Islands.

In migration occurs in Manchuria, northeastern China, and (mostly in spring)
the western Aleutian Islands (Near Islands, casually east to Amchitka and Adak).

Casual or accidental on St. Lawrence Island, and in southeastern Alaska (Glacier
Bay), Oregon (Eugene) and California (Tiburon, Watsonville); additional sight
reports or photographs of individuals in the Aleutians, southeastern Alaska, south-

578 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
western British Columbia, western Washington, and elsewhere in Oregon and
California are indeterminate as to species (see Morlan, 1981, Cont. Birdlife, 2,
pp. 37-50).

Notes.—See comments under M. alba.

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein

Anthus Bechstein, 1805, Gemein. Naturgesch. Dtsch., ed. 2, 2, p. 302. Type,
by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1885), Alauda trivialis Linnaeus.

Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus). BROWN TREE-PIPIT. [698.2.]

Alauda trivialis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 166. (in Svecia =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open and partly open situations with scat-
tered trees and bushes through most of Eurasia, and winters south to tropical
Africa and India.

Accidental in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, 23 June 1972, Kessel; Roberson,
1980, Rare Birds W. Coast, p. 334).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the TREE PIPIT.

Anthus hodgsoni Richmond. OLIVE TREE-PIPIT. [698.3.]

Anthus maculatus (not Vieillot, 1818) ““Hodgson’”’ Jerdon, 1864, Birds India,
“3” [=2 (2)], p. 873. (India = Bengal.)

Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907, in Blackwelder, Publ. Carnegie Inst., no.
54, 1 (2), p. 493. New name for Anthus maculatus Jerdon, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Taiga, pine forest and montane forest, including clearings and ad-
jacent meadows.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern Russia and central Siberia south to the
Himalayas, western China, Mongolia, Japan and the Kurile Islands.

Winters from India, Southeast Asia, eastern China, Korea and Japan south to
southeastern China, the Philippines, Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands.

In migration ranges casually to the western Aleutians (Attu, Shemya and Buldir)
and St. Lawrence Island.

Accidental in Nevada (Reno). aa

Notes.— Also known as OLIVE-BACKED PIPIT, or INDIAN, ORIENTAL Or CHINESE
TREE-PIPIT.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe. PECHORA PIPIT. [698.1.]

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 90. (Amoy,
[China].)

Habitat.— Woody and shrubby tundra, swampy scrub and wet meadows, in
migration and winter also in open country and cultivated lands.

Distribution. — Breeds from northeastern Siberia (east to the Bering Strait) south
to southern Ussuriland and the Commander Islands.

Winters from eastern China, Korea and the Ryukyu Islands south to the East
Indies and Moluccas.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 579

In migration ranges casually to the Pribilofs (St. Paul), St. Lawrence Island and
the western Aleutians (Attu).
Casual in the Shetlands and Turkestan.

[Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus). MEADOw PipiT.] See Appendix B.

Anthus cervinus (Pallas). RED-THROATED PIPIT. [699.]

Motacilla cervina Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, p. 511. (Siberia near
the Kolyma, and Kamchatka = Kolyma.)

Habitat.— Rocky areas with mat tundra in coastal mountains, and, in the Old
World, wet grassy areas in tundra, in migration and winter in open grasslands and
cultivated areas, most frequently near water.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America in western Alaska on St. Lawrence
Island and on the mainland from Cape Lisburne south to Wales, probably also
on Little Diomede and Sledge islands; and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia
east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula,
possibly also Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands.

Winters in the Old World from northern Africa east across Asia Minor, Iran
and India to southeastern China, and south to central Africa (regularly?), Southeast
Asia, the East Indies and Philippines.

Migrates through the western Aleutian islands (east to Shemya and Buldir),
central and southern California (primarily in fall along coasts and in the Channel
Islands), and in the Old World through central Eurasia from Italy east to Sakhalin,
Korea, the Ryukyu Islands and Formosa, rarely through the Faroe Islands and
British Isles.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure), Pribilofs (St. Paul), Gulf
of Alaska (Middleton Island), Washington (American Camp) and southern Baja
California (San José del Cabo).

Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus). WATER PIPIT. [697.]

Alauda Spinoletta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 166. (in Italia =
Italy.)

Habitat.— Tundra, rocky Arctic slopes, alpine meadows and, in the Old World,
rocky seacoasts and islands (breeding); seacoasts, beaches, mudflats, wet meadows,
sandy areas and cultivated fields (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America throughout Alaska (including the east-
ern Aleutian Islands), from northern Yukon south through British Columbia,
southwestern Alberta, Washington and western Montana, locally on mountain
tops from Oregon, Utah and Colorado south to California (the Sierra Nevada,
and on Mt. San Gorgonio), northern Arizona (San Francisco and White mountains)
and central New Mexico, and from the Canadian Arctic islands (northern Banks
east to northern Baffin islands) south to south-central and southeastern Mackenzie,
southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Labrador,
Newfoundland and, locally, southeastern Quebec (Gaspe Peninsula) and northern
Maine (Mt. Katahdin); and in the Palearctic locally along rocky seacoasts from
Greenland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia and northern Siberia south

580 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

to southern Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan, northern Mongolia, Sakhalin,
Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands.

Winters in North America from the southern United States (in coastal areas
north to southern British Columbia and New York, casually in the interior and
northeast as far as southern Canada, and in Alaska in the Aleutians and on Kodiak
Island) south to Guatemala, El Salvador, southern Mexico (including the Yucatan
Peninsula), the Gulf coast and southern Florida; and in Eurasia from the Faroe
Islands, British Isles and southern Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean region,
northwestern Africa and Arabia, and east across Asia Minor, Iran and India to
eastern China and Southeast Asia.

Migrates regularly throughout North America and Eurasia between the breeding
and wintering ranges, including Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure), Bermuda, the Bahama
Islands (south to San Salvador), Jamaica, and islands in the Caribbean Sea (Swan,
Providencia and San Andrés).

Notes.— The distinct group of subspecies breeding around northern European
seacoasts is known in Old World literature as ROCK PIPIT.

Anthus spragueii (Audubon). SPRAGUE’S PIPIT. [700.]

Alauda Spragueii Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 334, pl. 486.
(Near Ft. Union [western North Dakota].)

Habitat.— Prairies and short-grass plains, in migration and winter also in pas-
tures and weedy fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and
west-central and southern Manitoba south to Montana, western South Dakota,
North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota.

Winters from south-central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico,
central and eastern Texas, Arkansas, northwestern Mississippi and southern Lou-
isiana south through Mexico (except the northwestern portion) to Michoacan,
Puebla and Veracruz.

Migrates primarily through the eastern Great Plains, casually west (primarily
in fall) to southwestern Alberta, California and northwestern Mexico.

Casual in Michigan, southern Ontario, Ohio, and the Gulf and southern Atlantic
states (Mississippi east and north to South Carolina), also sight reports from
Illinois, Maine, Virginia, North Carolina and (questionably) the Bahama Islands.

Notes.— Although a close relationship between A. spragueii and the South Amer-
ican A. furcatus Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny, 1837, has been suggested, the affinities
of A. spragueii remain uncertain.

Anthus lutescens Pucheran. YELLOWISH PIPIT.

Anthus lutescens Pucheran, 1855, Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 7, p. 343.
(Brésil = vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat.—Short-grass savanna and fields, damp pastures, and open situations
near water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Panama (western Chiriqui east
to the Canal Zone and eastern Panama province); and in South America west of
the Andes in coastal Peru and northern Chile, and locally east of the Andes from

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 581

eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south to central Argentina, Uruguay
and southeastern Brazil.

Notes.—A. chii Vieillot, 1818, is sometimes used for this species, but this name
is now regarded as unidentifiable.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE: Waxwings

Notes.—Some authors include the Ptilogonatidae and Dulidae in the Bomby-
cillidae.

Genus BOMBYCILLA Vieillot

Bombycilla Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 88. Type,
by monotypy, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot.

Bombycilla garrulus (Linnaeus). BOHEMIAN WAXWING. [618.]

Lanius Garrulus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 95. (in Europa &
America boreali = Sweden.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous or deciduous forest, muskeg and, less frequently,
mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, in migration and winter also open wood-
land and parks.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska,
central Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan
and northern Manitoba south to southwestern and south-coastal Alaska (west to
the base of the Alaska Peninsula), and through interior British Columbia and
northern and southwestern Alberta to central Washington, northern Idaho and
northwestern Montana; and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia east across
northern Russia to northern Siberia.

Winters in North America from central, south-coastal and southeastern Alaska,
northern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, central Alberta, central Sas-
katchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Prince
Edward Island (probably), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south
irregularly or sporadically to southern California, southern Arizona, southern New
Mexico, northern Texas, northwestern Arkansas, southern Illinois, central In-
diana, central Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, also sight re-
ports south to southern Texas and Virginia; and in Eurasia from the breeding
range south to the British Isles, central and southeastern Europe, Asia Minor,
Iran, Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, Korea, Japan and the Kurile
Islands.

Casual in the Pribilofs (St. Paul), Aleutians (Amchitka), Greenland, Iceland,
the Faroe Islands, Mediterranean region and islands off Japan (south to the Vol-
cano Islands).

Notes.— Also known as GREATER WAXWING and, in Old World literature, as
the WAXwING.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. CEDAR WAXWING. [619.]

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p.
88, pl. 57. (Amérique depuis le Canada jusqu’au Mexique = eastern North
America.)

582 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—A wide variety of open woodland types, either deciduous or conif-
erous, forest edge, second growth, parks, orchards and gardens, in migration and
winter occurring wherever there are trees.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, north-central British Colum-
bia, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern On-
tario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland south to northern California (Del Norte and Humboldt counties,
one breeding record in southern California in Orange County), northern Utah
(rarely), Colorado, western Oklahoma, Kansas, central Missouri, southern Illinois,
central Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, northern Alabama, northern Georgia and
northwestern South Carolina. Recorded in summer (and breeding suggested) in
north-central New Mexico and south-central Texas (San Antonio).

Winters from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, New York, New England, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia south through the continental United States (casual in the north-
western states) and Middle America to central Panama (the Canal Zone and Pearl
Islands), irregularly to the Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles (including the
Cayman Islands).

Casual in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe and Dominica), northern Colombia
and northern Venezuela.

Family PTILOGONATIDAE: Silky-flycatchers

Notes.—See comments under Bombycillidae.

Genus PHAINOPTILA Salvin

Phainoptila Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 367. Type, by original
designation, Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin.

Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin. BLACK-AND-YELLOW SILKY-FLY-
CATCHER. ,

Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 367.
(Costa Rica = San Francisco, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera de Guan-
acaste to Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Genus PTILOGONYS Swainson

Ptilogonys Swainson, 1824, Cat. Exhib. Mod. Mex., app., p. 4. Type, by
monotypy, Ptilogonys cinereus Swainson.

Ptilogonys cinereus Swainson. GRAY SILKY-FLYCATCHER.

Ptilogonys cinereus Swainson, 1824, Cat. Exhib. Mod. Mex., app., p. 4. (Mex-
ico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Open pine-oak association, juniper scrub and, rarely, arid scrub (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 583

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands from Sinaloa, southern Chihuahua,
western Durango, Zacatecas, central Nuevo Leon and southwestern Tamaulipas
south to central Guatemala.

Notes.— Also known as MEXICAN PTILOGONYS.

Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis. LONG-TAILED SILKY-FLYCATCHER.

Ptilogonys caudatus Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 8 (1860), p. 402. (Iraza,
Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Open and cut-over woodland, pastures with scattered trees, and hu-
mid forest edge (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
Central) and western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Genus PHAINOPEPLA Baird

Phainopepla Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, xxxiv, 923. Type, by original designation, Ptilogonys
nitens Swainson.

Phainopepla nitens (Swainson). PHAINOPEPLA. [620.]
Ptilogonys nitens Swainson, 1837, Anim. Menag. (1838), p. 285. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, mesquite, juniper and oak woodland, tall brush, ri-
parian woodland and orchards (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central California (north irregularly to the San Fran-
cisco region and upper Sacramento Valley), southern Nevada, southern Utah,
southern New Mexico and western Texas south to southern Baja California, So-
nora, western Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi, possibly
farther south on the Mexican Plateau.

Winters from southern (casually central and southwestern) California, southern
Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and southern Texas
south to extreme northwestern Oaxaca, Puebla and west-central Veracruz.

Casual or accidental in southern Oregon, north-central Colorado, southern On-
tario (Wallacetown, London) and Rhode Island (Block Island), also sight reports
for Massachusetts.

Family DULIDAE: Palmchats

Notes.—See comments under Bombycillidae.

Genus DULUS Vieillot

Dulus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 42. Type, by monotypy, ““Tanagra esclave”
Buffon = Tanagra dominica Linnaeus.

Dulus dominicus (Linnaeus). PALMCHAT.

316. Based on

Tanagra dominica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 3
37, pl. 2, fig. 4.

ir
“Le Tangara de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3,
(in Dominica = Santo Domingo, Hispaniola.)

p.
p.

584 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees. rarely in open w Tie
nesting primarily in royal palm.
Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).

Family LANIIDAE: Shrikes-
Subfamily LANIINAE: Typical Shrikes

Genus LANTUS Linnaeus

Lanius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 93. Type, by subsequent
designation (Swainson, 1824), Lanius excubitor Linnaeus.

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus. BROWN SHRIKE. [622.1.]

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 93. (in Benghala =
Bengal.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in deciduous and coniferous woodland from
northern Siberia south to Mongolia, Manchuria and Japan. and winters from India
east to eastern China, and south to Southeast Asia and the East Indies.

Accidental in Alaska (Shemya Island in the Aleutians. 10 October 1978: Gibson.
1981, Condor, 83, p. 73), also a sight report for St. Lawrence Island (Gambell.
4—6 June 1977: King et a/., 1978, Am. Birds. 32. p. 158).

Notes.— Also known as RED-TAILED SHRIKE. The Shemya specimen has been
referred to L. c. Jucionensis Linnaeus, 1766, a race breeding from Korea southward
and separated from Alaska by several other subspecies. Some authors consider
L. cristatus and the Old World L. collurio Linnaeus, 1758 [RED-BACKED SHRIKE]
to be conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Lanius excubitor Linnaeus. NORTHERN SHRIKE. [621.]

Lanius Excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10. 1. p. 94. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous or coniferous woodland, taiga, thickets. bogs, scrub
and, localiy, semi-desert, in migration and winter also in open situations with
scattered trees, savanna and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska.
northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, and southwestern Kee-
watin south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula), northern British
Columbia, northern Alberta and northern Manitoba, and from northern Quebec
south to central Quebec and southern Labrador: and in the Old World from
northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to the Canary
Islands, northern Africa (just south of the Sahara). Arabia. Iran, India, northern
Mongolia, Amurland, Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands.

Winters in North America from central Alaska and the southern portions of
the breeding range in Canada south to central California, central Nevada, Utah,
central New Mexico, southern Kansas, central Missouri, northern I/linois, north-
ern Indiana, central Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. casually to the Aleutians,
southern California, southern Arizona. southern New Mexico, northern and north-
central Texas. central Oklahoma, Arkansas, central Kentucky. North Carolina and

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 585

Bermuda; and in Eurasia throughout the breeding range, the northern populations
being partly migratory.

Notes.— Also known as GREAT GRAY SHRIKE. Conspecificity between L. ex-
cubitor and L. ludovicianus has been suggested by a few authors; these two, along
with the Asiatic L. sphenocercus Cabanis, 1873, constitute a superspecies.

Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. [622.]

Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 134. Based on
“‘La Pie-grieche de la Louisiane”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 162, pl. 15,
fig. 2. (in Ludovicia = Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Open country with scattered trees and shrubs, savanna, desert scrub
and, occasionally, open woodland, often found on poles, wires or fenceposts (Trop-
ical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from California (except the northwestern portion, but
including the Channel Islands), eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, central Al-
berta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern
Quebec, central New York and Pennsylvania (formerly from central Maine, south-
western New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) south to southern Baja California
(including Cedros Island), throughout Mexico to Oaxaca and Veracruz, and to
the Gulf coast and southern Florida; in recent years scarce and local in the north-
eastern portion of the breeding range.

Winters from central Washington, eastern Oregon, California, southern Nevada,
northern Arizona, northern New Mexico and, east of the Rockies, the southern
half of the breeding range (casually north to the Canadian border) south to the
southern limits of the breeding range.

Casual from southern British Columbia south, west of the Cascades, to north-
western California.

Notes.—See comments under L. excubitor. a

Family STURNIDAE: Starlings and Allies
Subfamily STURNINAE: Starlings

Genus STURNUS Linnaeus

Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 167. Type, by tautonymy,
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus (Sturnus, prebinomial specific name, in synon-
ymy).

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus. EUROPEAN STARLING. [493.]

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 167. (in Europa,
Africa = Sweden.)

Habitat.— A variety of situations from open to wooded, generally avoiding only
heavily forested areas, and in cultivated regions and urban areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from Iceland, the Faroe and Shetland islands, northern
Scandinavia, northern Russia and central Siberia south to the Azores, southern
Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas, northern Mongolia and Lake Baikal.

Winters from the breeding range south to northern Africa, India and north-
eastern China.

586 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual in Labrador (about 1878) and Greenland.

Introduced in the United States (New York City, 1890); now breeds from east-
central and southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, northern British Columbia,
southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to northern Baja
California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and southern Florida (to Key West), and winters throughout the breeding
range and south to Guanajuato, Veracruz, the Bahama Islands (south to Grand
Turk) and eastern Cuba. Also introduced and established on Jamaica and Puerto
Rico, and in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia. Reported ca-
sually in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, possibly also Hawaii), on Bermuda, and in
the summer north to western and northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie and South-
ampton Island; an individual recorded in Panama (Canal Zone) was questionably
a natural vagrant.

Notes.— Formerly known as the STARLING; also known as COMMON STARLING.
S. vulgaris and S. unicolor Temminck, 1820, of the Mediterranean region, are
closely related and considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a
superspecies.

Genus ACRIDOTHERES Vieillot

Acridotheres Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 42. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1840), Paradisaea tristis Linnaeus.

Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus). COMMON Myna. [493.2.]

Paradisea tristis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 167. Based on “Le
Merle des Philippines” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 278, pl. 26, fig. 1. (in
Philippinis, error = Pondichéry.)

Habitat.—Open country and plains, primarily in the vicinity of human habi-
tation.

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Iran, Turkestan and the Himalayas south
to India, Ceylon, Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1865, now abundant on
all main islands from Kauai eastward, and recently on Midway), South Africa,
Malaya, Australia, New Zealand, and on many islands in the South Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific oceans.

Notes.— Also known as INDIAN or HOUSE Myna.

[Acridotheres javanicus Cabanis. WHITE-VENTED Myna.] See Appendix B.

Acridotheres cristatellus (Linnaeus). CRESTED Myna. [493.1.]

Gracula cristatella Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 109. Based on
“The Chinese Starling or Blackbird’? Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 19,
pl. 19. (in China.)

Habitat.—Open country, cultivated lands, and around human habitation.
Distribution.— Resident in central and southern China, Hainan, Formosa and
northern Indochina.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 587

Introduced and established in southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver re-
gion), Japan and the Philippines (Luzon). Recorded casually in western Wash-
ington and northwestern Oregon (Portland), possibly based on local escapes.

Notes.—A. cristatellus and the central Asiatic A. grandis Moore, 1858, appear
to constitute a superspecies.

Genus GRACULA Linnaeus

Gracula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 108. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Gracula religiosa Linnaeus.

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus. HILL MynNaA.

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 108. (in Asia =
Java.)

Habitat.— Forest, second growth and scrub.

Distribution.— Resident from India, Southeast Asia, extreme southern China
and Hainan south to the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and the East Indies (east
to Palawan and Alor).

Introduced and established in Puerto Rico (casual vagrant to Mona and Vieques
islands), and in the Indian Ocean on Christmas Island; escapes in the Hawaiian
Islands (Oahu, 1960, 1961) and southern Florida (Palm Beach and Dade counties)
have persisted for years without definite evidence of establishment.

Notes.— Also known as TALKING or INDIAN HILL Myna and, in Old World
literature, as the GRACKLE.

Family MELIPHAGIDAE: Honeyeaters

Genus MOHO Lesson

Moho Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 5 (1830), p. 302. Type, by mono-
typy, Merops fasciculatus Latham = Gracula nobilis Merrem.

Moho braccatus Cassin. KAUAI Oo. [622.1.]

Mohoa [sic] braccata Cassin, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
440. (Sandwich Islands = Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.)

Habitat.— Thick, undisturbed native forest.
Distribution.— Resident on Kauai, in the Hawaiian Islands (surviving in small
numbers in the Alakai Swamp region).

tMoho apicalis Gould. OAHU Oo. [622.2.]

Moho apicalis Gould, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 381. (Qwhyhee =
Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.)

Habitat.— Presumably forest.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands
(disappeared in a short period after 1837).

Notes.— ™. apicalis, M. bishopi and M. nobilis may constitute a superspecies.

588 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Moho bishopi (Rothschild). BIisHop’s Oo. [622.3.]

Acrulocercus bishopi Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1. p. 41.
(Island of Molokai.)

Habitat.— Forest, primarily ohia.

Distribution.— Formerly resident on Molokai. in the Hawaiian Islands (last
reported in 1904); possibly persisting in small numbers on Maui, with sightings
up to 1901, local reports in the 1970's, and a brief but rather convincing sighting
on Haleakala on 10 May 1981 (Stephen Sabo).

Notes.— Also known as MOLOKAI Oo. See comments under M. apicalis.

+Moho nobilis (Merrem). HAwAt Oo. [622.4.]

Gracula nobilis Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar. Icones Descr., 1, fasc. 1, p. 7. pl.
2. (Insule Sanduicenses = island of Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Heavy forest.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Is-
lands (last definite record in 1898).

Notes.—See comments under M. apicalis.

Genus CHAETOPTILA Sclater

Chetoptila Sclater, 1871, Ibis, p. 358. Type, by original designation, Ento-
myza angustipluma Cassin [=Peale].

+Chaetoptila angustipluma (Peale). KIOEA. [622.5.]

Entomiza? angustipluma Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p. 147. (Ha-
wail.)
Habitat.— Forest.
Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Hawaii. in the Hawaiian Is-
lands (last reported in 1859).

Family ZOSTEROPIDAE: White-eyes

Genus ZOSTEROPS Vigors and Horsfield

Zosterops Vigors and Horsfield. 1826, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 15, p. 234.
Type. by subsequent designation (Lesson, 1828). Motacilla maderaspatana
Linnaeus.

Zosterops japonicus Temminck and Schlegel. JAPANESE WHITE-EYE.
[622.6.]

Zosterops japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1847, in Siebold, Fauna Jpn.,
Aves, p. 57, pl. 22. (Japon = Decima, Nagasaki, Japan.)

Habitat.— Forest. second growth and scrub, from sea level to the upper limit
of forest, also cultivated lands and gardens.

Distribution. — Resident from eastern China. Formosa and Japan south to north-
em Indochina, southern China, Hainan and, through the Ryukyu and Volcano
islands, to the northern Philippines.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 589

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1929, now widespread
and common on the main islands from Kauai eastward) and Bonin Islands.

Notes.— Also known as CHINESE WHITE-EYE. Z. japonicus is sometimes regarded
as conspecific with Z. palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824), of India and Southeast
Asia, but the two species overlap in southern China. A pair of some race of the.
Z. palpebrosus complex escaped from the San Diego Zoo in the early 1970's, and
a small but apparently increasing population is now present in the San Diego area,
although attempts are being made to control its establishment and spread.

Family VIREONIDAE: Vireos
Subfamily VIREONINAE: Typical Vireos

Genus VIREO Vieillot

Vireo Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 83. Type, by
subsequent designation (Gadow, 1883), Vireo musicus Vieillot = Muscic-
apa noveboracensis Gmelin = Tanagra grisea Boddaert.

Subgenus VIREO Vieillot

Neochloe Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 213. Type, by
monotypy, Neochloe brevipennis Sclater.

Vireo brevipennis (Sclater). SLATY VIREO.

Neochloe brevipennis Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 213.
(Orizaba, [Veracruz,] Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak association and oak scrub (Subtropical and lower Temper-
ate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Jalisco, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca
and Veracruz.

Notes.— Sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Neochloe.

Vireo griseus (Boddaert). WHITE-EYED VIREO. [631.]

Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 45. Based on
‘““Tanagra olive, de la Louisiane’’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 714, fig.
1. (Louisiana = New Orleans.)

Habitat.— Thickets, undergrowth, scrub and brushy woodland (Tropical to low-
er Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [griseus group] from central Iowa, southern Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, southern Ontario (rarely), southern New York and southern
Massachusetts south to eastern San Luis Potosi, northern Hidalgo, extreme north-
ern Veracruz, Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida (in-
cluding the Florida Keys) and Bermuda, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, central Oklahoma, central Texas and Coahuila; and [perquisitor group]
in northeastern Puebla and north-central Veracruz.

Winters [griseus group] from southern Texas, the Gulf coast, South Carolina,
the Bahama Islands (east to San Salvador) and Bermuda south along the Gulf-

590 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Caribbean slope of Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula, also on the Pacific
slope in Oaxaca), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and (rarely) northern Nicaragua,
on Cuba and the Isle of Pines, and in the Cayman (Grand Cayman) and Swan
islands; and [perquisitor group] presumably in the breeding range.

Casual [griseus group] north to southern Manitoba, southern Minnesota, south-
ern Quebec, Maine and Nova Scotia, west to California, Utah, Arizona (Tucson
area), Colorado, southern New Mexico, Chihuahua and North Dakota, and south
to Costa Rica (Punta Cahuita), Panama (Almirante), Puerto Rico (including Mona
Island) and the Virgin Islands (St. John).

Notes.— The two groups are often recognized as distinct species, V. griseus and
V. perquisitor Nelson, 1900 [VERACRUZ VIREO}. Species and superspecies bound-
aries in the ““white-eyed vireo”’ complex (all species from V. griseus through V.
nanus) are poorly understood, and their accurate definition awaits further research.

Vireo crassirostris (Bryant). THICK-BILLED VIREO.

Lanivireo crassirostris Bryant, 1859, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 112.
(New Providence, Bahama Islands.)

Habitat.— Scrub, shrubbery and undergrowth.

Distribution.— Resident in the Bahamas (virtually throughout, even on small
islands) and Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, recently extir-
pated on Little Cayman), on Tortue Island (off Hispaniola), and on Providencia
and Santa Catalina islands (in the western Caribbean Sea).

Casual in southern Florida (sight records for Hypoluxo Island, Lantana, Dry
Tortugas and Flamingo).

Notes.—See comments under V. griseus.

Vireo pallens Salvin. MANGROVE VIREO.

Vireo pallens Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 188. (Realejo, Nic-
aragua and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica = Punta Arenas, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Mangroves and swampy thickets near mangroves, locally in Carib-
bean lowlands in swamps away from coastal regions (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident along the Pacific coast from southwestern Sonora south
to Nayarit, and from Guatemala south to Costa Rica (to the Gulf of Nicoya); and
on the Gulf-Caribbean coast from the Yucatan Peninsula (including Holbox and
Mujeres islands) and eastern Guatemala (Petén) south through Belize (including
Soldier Cay) and Honduras (including the Bay Islands) to Nicaragua.

Notes.— Considered by a few authors to be conspecific with V. griseus. See also
comments under V. griseus.

Vireo bairdi Ridgway. COZUMEL VIREO.

Vireo bairdi Ridgway, 1885, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 22. (Cozumel Island,
Yucatan.)

Habitat.— Heavy underbrush of deciduous forest (Tropical Zone).
Distribution. — Resident on Cozumel Island, off Quintana Roo.
Notes.—See comments under V. griseus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 591

Vireo caribaeus Bond and Meyer de Schauensee. ST. ANDREW VIREO.

Vireo caribaeus Bond and Meyer de Schauensee, 1942, Not. Nat., Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, no. 96, p. 1. (St. Andrew’s [=San Andrés] Island, Co-
lombia.)

Habitat.—Shrubbery and mangroves.

Distribution.— Resident on Isla San Andrés, in the western Caribbean Sea.

Notes.—Sometimes regarded as a race of V. pallens or V. modestus. See also
comments under V. griseus.

Vireo modestus Sclater. JAMAICAN VIREO.

Vireo modestus Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 462. (In ins. Ja-
maica.)

Habitat.— Low trees and shrubbery, in both semi-arid and humid regions in
both lowlands and mountains.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.— Also known as JAMAICAN WHITE-EYED VIREO. See comments under VV.
griseus and V. caribaeus.

Vireo gundlachii Lembeye. CUBAN VIREO.

Vireo gundlachii Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 29, pl. 5, fig. 1. (Cuba =
Cienfuegos, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth in woodland and second growth, in both semi-arid and
humid regions. :

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba (including many cays) and the Isle of Pines.

Notes.—See comments under V. griseus.

Vireo latimeri Baird. PUERTO RICAN VIREO.

Vireo latimeri Baird, 1866, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 364. (north side of Puerto
Rico.) ;

Habitat.— Undergrowth on limestone hills, coastal shrubbery and coffee plan-
tations.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (except the eastern portion).

Notes.—See comments under V. griseus.

Vireo nanus (Lawrence). FLAT-BILLED VIREO.

Empidonax nanus Lawrence, 1875, Ibis, p. 386. (St. Domingo = Dominican
Republic.)

Habitat.— Primarily semi-arid lowland scrub, less commonly in more humid
hilly country.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).

Notes.—See comments under V. griseus.

592 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Vireo bellii Audubon. BELL’s VIREO. [633.]

Vireo bellii Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 333, pl. 485. (short
distance below Black Snake Hills = near St. Joseph, Missouri.)

Habitat.— Dense brush, mesquite, streamside thickets, and scrub oak, in arid
regions but often near water, in migration and winter also in other types of open
woodland and open brush (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from coastal southern and interior California (north to
Santa Barbara and Inyo counties, now scarce and local, formerly also in the interior
to Tehama County), southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, northwestern and east-
central Arizona, southern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, central Nebraska, east-
ern South Dakota, south-central North Dakota, southeastern Minnesota, southern
Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana south to northern Baja
California, southern Sonora, southern Durango, Zacatecas. southern Nuevo Leon,
southern Tamaulipas, southern and eastern Texas, northwestern Louisiana, Ar-
kansas, southwestern Tennessee, southwestern Kentucky, southern Indiana and
western Ohio.

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora and Veracruz (casually
north to extreme southern California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, Loui-
siana and southern Florida) south along both slopes of Middle America to Hon-
duras, casually to north-central Nicaragua.

In migration occurs regularly in northern Mexico, casually (mostly in fall) along
the Gulf coast east to western Florida.

Casual north to central coastal California, Wyoming, southern Michigan and
southern Ontario, and east to New York (Long Island) and New Jersey:

Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse. BLACK-CAPPED VIREO. [630.]

Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, p.
60. (Rio San Pedro, 208 miles from San Antonio, on road to El Paso del
Norte, Texas = Devils River, near Sonora, Sutton County, Texas.)

Habitat.— Dense low thickets and oak scrub, mostly on rocky hillsides, in winter
also semi-arid tropical scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from south-central Kansas (Comanche County, formerly)
south through central Oklahoma and central Texas (east to Dallas, Waco, Austin
and San Antonio areas, and west to Abilene, San Angelo and Big Bend) to central
Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen).

Winters from southern Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango south to Guerrero and
Oaxaca.

Migrates through central Mexico (east to the state of México and Tamaulipas),
casually through western and southern Texas.

Casual north to eastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, also a sight report
for southeastern Louisiana.

Vireo nelsoni Bond. DWARF VIREO.

Vireo nanus (not Empidonax nanus Lawrence) Nelson, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 12, p. 59. (Querendaro, Michoacan, Mexico.)

Vireo nelsoni Bond, 1936, Auk, 53, p. 458. New name for Vireo nanus Nelson,
preoccupied.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 593

Habitat.— Arid scrub, in migration to scrubby areas at higher elevations (Sub-
tropical Zone, to lower Temperate Zone in winter).

Distribution. — Breeds in the highlands from Jalisco, Guanajuato and Querétaro
south through Michoacan and the state of México to Oaxaca.

Winters presumably mostly in the breeding range (ascending in migration to
higher elevations), ranging north at least to Sinaloa.

Subgenus LANIVIREO Baird

Lanivireo Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, “xxxxv”’ [=xxxv], 329. Type, by original designation,
Vireo flavifrons Vieillot.

Solivireo Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Tex., 2, p. 997. Type, by original des-
ignation, Muscicapa solitaria Wilson.

Vireo vicinior Coues. GRAY VIREO. [634.]

Vireo vicinior Coues, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, p. 75.
(Fort Whipple, Arizona.)

Habitat.— Thorn scrub, oak-juniper woodland, pinyon-juniper, dry chaparral,
mesquite and riparian willows, in migration and winter also desert and arid scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from southern California (north to San Bernardino
County), southern Nevada, southern Utah, and northwestern and central New
Mexico south to northwestern Baja California, central and southeastern Arizona,
southern New Mexico, western Texas (Panhandle, and east to Irion County) and
northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen); also in western Oklahoma (Kenton).

Winters in southern Baja California, southern Arizona (rarely), Sonora (includ-
ing Tiburon and San Esteban islands) and western Texas (Big Bend region).

In migration occurs in Baja California and Durango.

Casual north to central Utah. Accidental in Wisconsin (Sheboygan County).

Vireo osburni (Sclater). BLUE MOUNTAIN VIREO.

Laletes osburni Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 72, pl. 14, fig. 2.
(Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Low growth in montane forest, upland woodland and coffee plan-
tations.

Distribution.— Resident in the hills and mountains of Jamaica (most commonly
in the Blue Mountains).

Vireo solitarius (Wilson). SOLITARY VIREO. [629.]

Muscicapa solitaria Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 143, pl. 17, fig. 6.
(Bartram’s woods, near Philadelphia [Pennsylvania].)

Habitat.— Mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, humid montane forest, pine-
oak association, oak forest and pinyon-juniper, in migration and winter also in a
variety of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket habitats (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern and northeastern British Columbia, south-
western Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba,

594 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova
Scotia and southwestern Newfoundland south to southern California (also in the
Sierra San Pedro Martir and the Cape district of Baja California), southern Nevada,
central and southeastern Arizona, through the highlands of Mexico and northern
Central America (including Belize) to central Honduras, through the Rockies to
southern New Mexico and western Texas, east of the Rockies to central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, north-central North Dakota, north-central and northeastern
Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, south-central Indiana, south-
central Ohio, eastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey and Massachusetts, and
in the Appalachian and Piedmont region to eastern Tennessee, northeastern Al-
abama, central Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, central North Carolina,
central Virginia and western Maryland.

Winters from southern California, northern Mexico, central Texas, the northern
portions of the Gulf states, and North Carolina (casually farther north) south
through Middle America (mostly in the breeding range, where breeding popula-
tions are largely resident) to Costa Rica (also sight reports for western Chiriqui,
Panama), and to the Gulf coast, southern Florida, Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

In migration occurs casually through the northern Bahama Islands (Eleuthera,
New Providence), also a sight report for Jamaica.

Notes.— Recent studies suggest that more than one species may be presently
included under V. solitarius; delineation of species limits will have to await pub-
lication of pertinent data.

Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. [628.]

Vireo flavifrons Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 85, pl.
54. (Etats Unis = eastern United States.) ;

Habitat.— Primarily open deciduous forest and woodland, riparian woodland
and, less frequently, mixed deciduous-coniferous forest, in migration and winter
also a wide variety of forest, woodland, second-growth and mangrove habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Manitoba, Minnesota (except northeast-
ern), central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec,
northern New Hampshire and southwestern Maine south to eastern Texas, the
Gulf coast and central Florida, and west to the eastern Dakotas, eastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and west-central Texas.

Winters from eastern Oaxaca, southern Veracruz and southern Florida (casually
from southern Texas and northern Florida) south through Middle America (in-
cluding the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island), Cuba, the Isle of Pines and
Bahama Islands to Colombia and northern Venezuela, casually in the Virgin
Islands (St. Thomas, St. John).

Migrates regularly through eastern North America east of the Rockies and
eastern Mexico, casually through western North America from central California,
Nevada, Utah, Colorado and western Texas southward.

Casual north to central Saskatchewan, western Ontario and Nova Scotia. Ac-
cidental in Bermuda, the Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, Barbados), Tobago, and
Chacachacare Island (off Trinidad).

Vireo carmioli Baird. YELLOW-WINGED VIREO.

Vireo carmioli Baird, 1866, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 356. (Dota [=Santa Maria
de Dota], San José, Costa Rica).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 59

Habitat.— Montane forest edge, open woodland, and partly open situations with
scattered trees (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central,
Dota Mountains, and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (western
Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as CARMIOL’S VIREO.

Vireo huttoni Cassin. HUTTON’S VIREO. [632.]

Vireo Huttoni Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p. 150, pl.
10, fig. 1. (Monterey and Georgetown, California = Monterey, California.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak association, oak woodland and riparian woodland, pri-
marily in low trees and scrub (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southwestern British Columbia (including Van-
couver Island) south through western Washington, western Oregon and California
(west of the Sierra Nevada divide) to northwestern Baja California; in the Cape
district of southern Baja California; and from central Arizona, southwestern New
Mexico and extreme western Texas (Chisos Mountains) south through the high-
lands of Mexico to western Guatemala.

Casual to the desert region of southeastern California and southwestern Arizona.

Subgenus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte

Vireosylva Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 26. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus.

Melodivireo Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Tex., 2, p. 998. Type, by original
designation, Muscicapa gilva Vieillot.

Vireo hypochryseus Sclater. GOLDEN VIREO.

Vireo hypochryseus Sclater, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1862), p. 369, pl.
46. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, brushy slopes, arid scrub and riparian woodland
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Pacific lowlands from southern Sonora south to
Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); also in the Tres Marias Islands, off
Nayarit.

Vireo gilvus (Vieillot). WARBLING VIREO. [627.]

Muscicapa gilva Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. 65, pl.
34. (Etat de New-Yorck = New York.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, riparian
forest and thickets, pine-oak association, orchards, and parks, in migration and
winter in a wide variety of forest, woodland and scrub habitats (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia,
west-central and southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatche-
wan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Mich-
igan, southern Ontario, extreme southwestern Quebec, Maine and New Brunswick
south to southern California (also in the Victoria Mountains of southern Baja

596 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

California), southern Nevada, central and southeastern Arizona, in the highlands
of Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental) to the state of México, Morelos and central
Oaxaca, to southern New Mexico and western Texas. and, east of the Rockies, to
southeastern Texas (casually), southern Louisiana, central Mississippi. northern
Alabama, southeastern Tennessee, western North Carolina and Virginia.

Winters from southern Sonora and Veracruz (casually from southern California
and southern Arizona) south through Mexico and Guatemala to El Salvador, rarely
to the Pacific slopes of Honduras and Nicaragua, also a sight report for northeastern
Costa Rica.

Migrates regularly through the south-central United States and eastern Mexico.
rarely through the southeastern states east to southern Florida.

Casual in south-coastal Alaska (Anchorage. Middleton Island). Nova Scotia
(Seal Island) and Newfoundland (Great Codroy).

Notes.— Relationships between V. gi/vus and V. leucophrys remain uncertain:
considered conspecific by some authors, they constitute at least a superspecies.

Vireo leucophrys (Lafresnaye). BROWN-CAPPED VIREO.

Hylophilus leucophrys Lafresnaye, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7. p. 81. (Col-
ombie = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge. clearings, second growth, thickets and
pine-oak association (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from eastern San Luis Potosi and south-
ern Tamaulipas south through Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz. eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas
and Guatemala to Honduras: in the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama
(east to Veraguas): and from eastern Panama (Darién), Colombia and northern
Venezuela south in the mountains through Ecuador and Peru to northwestern
Bolivia.

Notes.—See comments under V. gi/vus.

Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin). PHILADELPHIA VIREO. [626.]

Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5.
p. 153, pl. 10, fig. 2. (Bingham’s woods, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.—Open deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, forest
edge, second growth, parks, and alder and willow thickets, especially near streams,
in migration and winter in a wide variety of open woodland and partly open
situations with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central British Columbia, northern Alberta.
northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba. central Ontario, central Quebec.
New Brunswick and southwestern Newfoundland (not known to breed in Nova
Scotia) south to south-central Alberta. central Saskatchewan. southern Manitoba,
north-central North Dakota, northeastern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern
Quebec, northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and central Maine. Re-
ported in summer (and possibly breeding) in northern Michigan.

Winters from Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula (at least casually. and rarely
farther north in Mexico) south to central Panama (Canal Zone), rarely to northern
Colombia.

Migrates primarily east of the Rockies and west of the Appalachians, rarely
along the Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia southward (occurs

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 597

regularly in small numbers in California in the fall and casually in spring in eastern
and south-central regions of the state), and rarely through the southeastern United
States south to the Gulf coasts and southern Florida.

Casual in Nova Scotia, the northern Rockies (Montana, Colorado), the south-
western United States (southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and western
Texas), the Bahama Islands (Eleuthera, New Providence), Cuba and Jamaica.

Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus). RED-EYED VIREO. [624.]

Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327. Based mainly
on “The Red Ey’d Flycatcher’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 54, pl.
54. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous (less frequently coniferous) forest, second-growth
woodland, scrub, thickets, gardens and mangroves, in migration and winter in a
variety of open forest, woodland, scrub and brush habitats (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones [flavoviridis group], to Temperate Zone in North America).

Distribution.— Breeds [olivaceus group] from southeastern Alaska (probably).
southwestern and northeastern British Columbia, west-central and southwestern
Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, north-cen-
tral Manitoba, central Ontario, south-central Quebec (including Anticosti and
Magdalen islands), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and south-
ern Newfoundland south to northern Oregon, northern Idaho, southwestern and
central Montana, Wyoming, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma, south-central
and eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida; [f/lavoviridis group] from
central Sonora, central Nuevo Leén and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley)
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Tres Marias Islands,
off Nayarit) to Costa Rica and Panama (Pacific slope east to the Canal Zone,
including Coiba and the Pearl islands): and [chivi group] in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, Bolivia and central Argentina, also on Fernando de Noronha (off
Brazil).

Winters [olivaceus group] in South America east of the Andes in the Amazon
basin of eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru
and western Brazil; [flavoviridis group] in South America in southeastern Peru
and central Bolivia, probably elsewhere in the Amazon basin; and [chivi group]
in the northern part of the breeding range south to the Amazon basin.

Migrates [olivaceus group] through eastern North America (east of the Rockies),
the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Mexico, Bahama Islands, Cuba, the Isle of Pines,
Jamaica, along both slopes of Middle America (from Chiapas southward) and
northern South America, regularly through California (more commonly in fall),
casually elsewhere in western North America south of the breeding range; and
[flavoviridis group] through Middle America and Colombia.

Casual or accidental [o/ivaceus group] in south-coastal Alaska (Anchorage, Mid-
dleton Island), Bermuda, Chile, Greenland and the British Isles; and [/lavoviridis
group] in central coastal and southern California (also the Farallon Islands), south-
ern Arizona (sight records), Quebec (Godbout), Florida (Pensacola), the Lesser
Antilles (St. Lucia, Barbados) and Venezuela.

Notes.— Specific limits in this complex are uncertain; the three groups are often
recognized as distinct species, V. olivaceus [RED-EYED VIREO, 624], V. flavoviridis

598 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

(Cassin, 1851) [YELLOW-GREEN VIREO, 625] and V. chivi (Vieillot, 1817) [CuHrvi
VIREO], with the resident population on Fernando de Noronha being recognized
by a few authors as a species, V. gracilirostris Sharpe, 1890, distinct from V. chivi.
V. olivaceus, V. altiloquus and V. magister are also closely related and may con-
stitute a superspecies.

Vireo altiloquus (Vieillot). BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO. [623.]

Muscicapa altiloqua Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p.
67, pl. 38. (Jamaica, Saine-Domingue, etc. = St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.)

Habitat.— Mangroves, open woodland, mango and avocado groves, and resi-
dential areas, in migration and winter also lowland forest, woodland, scrub, and
partly open situations with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Breeds in central and southern Florida (Cedar Keys and New
Smyrna Beach southward), the Bahama Islands, through the Antilles (including
Little Cayman and Cayman Brac in the Cayman Islands), islands of the western
Caribbean Sea (Providencia, Santa Catalina and San Andrés), and islands off the
north coast of Venezuela (Netherlands Antilles east to Margarita Island).

Winters in South America from eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, east of the Andes, to northeastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil, rarely on
Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and in the northern Lesser Antilles, casually on the
Caribbean slope of Panama.

In migration recorded along the Gulf coast from western Florida to southern
Louisiana (where summer reports suggest possible breeding), and on Trinidad.

Casual in Texas (Galveston), Belize (Half Moon Cay), Costa Rica (Punta Ca-
huita) and Tobago; an old record from Honduras is without basis.

Notes.—See comments under V. olivaceus.

Vireo magister (Lawrence). YUCATAN VIREO.

Vireosylvia [sic] magister (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N.Y., 10, p. 20. (Belize, Br. Honduras.)

Habitat.— Mangroves, low deciduous forest, coastal scrub and gardens (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in the Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman), on the Yucatan
Peninsula (including Mujeres, Holbox and Cozumel islands) south to Belize (in-
cluding small cays offshore), and on the Bay and Hog islands off the Caribbean
coast of Honduras. Sl

Notes.—See comments under V. olivaceus.

Genus HYLOPHILUS Temminck

Hylophilus Temminck, 1822, Planches Color, livr. 29, pl. 173. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Hylophilus poicilotis Tem-
minck.

Hylophilus flavipes Lafresnaye. SCRUB GREENLET.

Hylophilus flavipes Lafresnaye, 1845, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 8, p. 342. (““Bogota,”
Colombia.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 599

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thickets, mangroves, second growth and deciduous wood-
land (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Panama (also Isla Coiba, and
the Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone), and in South America from northern and
eastern Colombia east through Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Tobago).

Notes.—The populations in Panama are sometimes regarded as a distinct
species, H. viridiflavus Lawrence, 1862 [YELLOW-GREEN GREENLET]. HH. flavipes
and H. olivaceus Tschudi, 1844, of eastern Ecuador and Peru, are sometimes
considered conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Hylophilus ochraceiceps Sclater. TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET.

Hylophilus ochraceiceps Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 375. (Playa
Vicente, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northeastern Oaxaca and southern Veracruz south
on the Gulf-Caribbean slope (except the Yucatan Peninsula) to Nicaragua, on
both slopes of Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and Panama, and in
South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, central Bolivia,
and Amazonian and central Brazil.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons Lawrence. GOLDEN-FRONTED GREENLET.

Hylophilus aurantiifrons Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p.
324. (Atlantic slope, along the line of the Panama Railroad = Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, second growth, deciduous woodland,
scrub and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (west to western Panama province
on the Pacific slope, and in the Canal Zone on the Caribbean slope) east across
northern Colombia to northern Venezuela (also Trinidad).

Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonaparte). LESSER GREENLET.

Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 118.
(Guatamala = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, open woodland and plantations
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [decurtatus group] from eastern San Luis Potosi, Ve-
racruz, northeastern Puebla, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas south along both slopes
of Middle America (except the state of Yucatan) to central Panama (east to the
Canal Zone); and [minor group] from eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone)
south through northern and western Colombia to western Ecuador.

Notes.— Although the two groups are often recognized as separate species, H.
decuratatus [GRAY-HEADED GREENLET] and H. minor Berlepsch and Taczanowski,
1884 [LESSER GREENLET], they intergrade through eastern Panama province and
the Canal Zone.

600 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Subfamily VIREOLANIINAE: Shrike-Vireos

Notes.— Considered a family, the Vireolaniidae, by some authors.

Genus VIREOLANIUS Bonaparte

Vireolanius (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1 (2), p. 330. Type, by monotypy, Vireolanius melitophrys Bonaparte.
Smaragdolanius Griscom, 1930, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 438, p. 3. Type, by

original designation, Vireolanius pulchellus Sclater and Salvin.

Vireolanius melitophrys Bonaparte. CHESTNUT-SIDED SHRIKE- VIREO.

Vireolanius melitophrys (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp.
Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 330. (Mexico = Jico, near Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Oak forest, open woodland and second growth (Subtropical and lower
Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from Jalisco, San Luis Potosi and
Veracruz south to western Guatemala.

Vireolanius pulchellus Sclater and Salvin. GREEN SHRIKE- VIREO.

Vireolanius pulchellus Sclater and Salvin, 1859, Ibis, p. 12. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas south on
the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America to Nicaragua, and on both slopes
of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest) and Panama (east to the Canal Zone and
eastern Panama province).

Notes.—Some authors regard V. pulchellus and V. eximius to be conspecific;
they constitute a superspecies. These two species are frequently placed in the genus
Smaragdolanius.

Vireolanius eximius Baird. YELLOW-BROWED SHRIKE- VIREO.

Vireolanius eximius Baird, 1866, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 398. (“Bogota,”’ Co-
lombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Cana, eastern Darién),
northern Colombia and western Venezuela.

Notes.—See comments under V. pulchellus.

Subfamily CYCLARHINAE: Peppershrikes
Notes.— Considered a family, the Cyclarhidae, by some authors.

Genus CYCLARHIS Swainson

Cyclarhis Swainson, 1824, Zool. J., 1, p. 294. Type, by monotypy, Tanagra
gujanensis Gmelin.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 601

Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin). RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE.

Tanagra gujanensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 893. Based on “‘Ver-
deroux”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois, 5, p. 27. (in Gujanae silvis ingentibus =
French Guiana.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge and clearings, second growth, deciduous wood-
land, scrub and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas, Veracruz,
Hidalgo, Puebla, northern Oaxaca and Chiapas south on both slopes of Middle
America (including the Yucatan Peninsula, and Cancun and Cozumel islands) to
Panama (including Isla Coiba), and in South America from northern and eastern
Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes,
to eastern Peru, Bolivia, central Argentina and southern Brazil.

Notes.— The populations from southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
are sometimes recognized as a distinct species, C. ochrocephala Tschudi, 1845.

Family EMBERIZIDAE: Emberizids

Notes.—See Preface (p. xviii) for a summary of the treatment of this family.
Subfamily PARULINAE: Wood-Warblers

Genus VERMIVORA Swainson

Vermivora Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 434. Type, by mono-
typy, Sylvia solitaria Wilson = Certhia pinus Linnaeus.

Helminthophaga (not Bechstein, 1803) Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, 1
(1851), p. 20. Type, by original designation, Motacilla chrysoptera Lin-
naeus.

Helminthophila Ridgway, 1882, Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club, 7, p. 53. New
name for Helminthophaga Cabanis, preoccupied.

Notes.— The genera Vermivora, Parula and Dendroica are closely related and
weakly differentiated; some authors merge all in Vermivora. See also comments
under Helmitheros vermivorus.

Vermivora bachmanii (Audubon). BACHMAN’S WARBLER. [640.]

Sylvia Bachmanii Audubon, 1833, Birds Am. (folio), 2, pl. 185 (1834, Or-
nithol. Biogr., 2, p. 483). (a few miles from Charleston [=Edisto River], in
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Moist deciduous woodland and swamp, in migration and winter also
open woodland, pine and scrub.

Distribution.— Possibly extinct. Bred formerly in northeastern Arkansas, south-
eastern Missouri, south-central Kentucky, central Alabama and southeastern
South Carolina. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) from northeastern
Oklahoma, western Arkansas, south-central Missouri, northern Kentucky and
Virginia south to Louisiana, Mississippi and southern Alabama.

Wintered on Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

In migration recorded from the Gulf coast (west to Louisiana), Florida Keys
and Bahama Islands (Cay Sal).

602 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Although a few are still reported on the basis of song or sightings, the last
confirmed report was in 1962. j

Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus). BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. [641.]

Certhia Pinus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 187. Based largely on
““The Pine-Creeper’” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 140, pl. 277. (in
America septentrionali = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Brushy hillsides, second growth, partly open situations with saplings,
and bogs, in migration and winter in a variety of brushy areas, scrub and open
woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Nebraska, central lowa, southeastern Min-
nesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, northern Ohio, extreme southern
Ontario, central New York, southern Vermont, Massachusetts and southern Maine
south to northwestern Arkansas, east-central Missouri, central Tennessee, north-
ern Alabama, northern Georgia, western South Carolina, western North Carolina,
northern Virginia, central Maryland and Delaware.

Winters from Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz south through Middle America
(both slopes, including the Yucatan Peninsula, but less commonly on the Pacific
drainage) to central Panama (east to the Canal Zone and eastern Panama province).

Migrates commonly through the eastern United States (west to the eastern Great
Plains and eastern and southern Texas, but rare in the extreme southeast) and
eastern Mexico (Gulf slope), rarely through Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and the
Bahama Islands.

Casual north to southern Saskatchewan, South Dakota, southwestern Quebec.
Maine and Nova Scotia, west to California, southern Arizona, New Mexico and
western Texas and south to northern Colombia, also a sight report in the Virgin
Islands (St. John).

Notes.— Hybridizes regularly and extensively with V. chrysoptera in a dynamic
situation, producing variable hybrids that have resulted in the naming of two
extreme types, V. “/eucobronchialis” and V. “lawrencii”’ (see Appendix C). There
generally has resulted a replacement of V. chrysoptera by V. pinus, the extent -*
interbreeding diminishing with this shift, but the situation is complex and local.»
variable.

Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. [642.]

Motacilla chrysoptera Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333. Based on
“The Golden-winged Fly-catcher’” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 189,
pl. 299. (in Pensylvania = near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.—Open deciduous woodland, second growth, brushy pastures, and
bogs, in migration and winter in a variety of open woodland, pine-oak association
and scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba,
central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario,
extreme southwestern Quebec, northern New York, southern Vermont and eastern
Massachusetts south to southeastern Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Indiana,
southern Ohio, eastern Kentucky. eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, north-
western South Carolina, western Virginia. north-central Maryland, southeastern
Pennsylvania and southern Connecticut; breeding range in the northeast and Ap-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 603

palachians decreasing in recent years. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding)
north to Maine.

Winters from the Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala south through Middle
America (mostly on the Caribbean drainage north of Panama) to northern and
eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela, and rarely in the Greater Antilles (east
to Puerto Rico).

Migrates through eastern North America east of the Rockies (rare along the
Great Plains and in the extreme southeast) south to south-central Texas and the
Gulf coast, recorded rarely in eastern Mexico (Gulf-Caribbean slope), Cuba and
the northwestern Bahama Islands.

Casual in southern Saskatchewan, California, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico,
western Texas, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Notes.—See comments under V. pinus.

Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). TENNESSEE WARBLER. [647.]

Sylvia peregrina Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 83, pl. 25, fig. 2. (banks
of the Cumberland River in Tennessee.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and deciduous woodland, alder and willow thickets, and
open deciduous second growth,-in migration and winter in a variety of forest,
woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, northwestern
and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, north-central Quebec, southern Labrador and western Newfoundland
south to south-central British Columbia, southwestern and south-central Alberta,
northwestern Montana, south-central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern
Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, south-central Ontario, north-
eastern New York, southern Vermont, central New Hampshire, southern Maine
and Nova Scotia.

Winters From Oaxaca and Veracruz (casually farther north) south through
Middle America (including islands off the Caribbean coast) to Colombia, northern
Venezuela and Ecuador (sight record).

Migrates regularly through eastern North America east of the Rockies, eastern
Mexico, the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (east to Hispaniola), and islands in
the western Caribbean Sea (Providencia, San Andrés), also rarely but regularly
through California (more commonly in fall).

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Colum-
bia and Colorado south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, southeastern
Arizona, southern New Mexico and western Texas, also in central Alaska and the
British Isles. Accidental on Clipperton Island, and in the Revillagigedo Islands
(Socorro, sight report), Bermuda and Greenland.

Vermivora celata (Say). ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. [646.]

Sylvia celatus Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 1, p. 169 (note).
(Engineer Cantonment near Council Bluff = Omaha, Nebraska.)

Habitat.— Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, shrublands,
chaparral, and riparian thickets and woodland, in migration and winter in a variety
of brushy and shrubby areas, woodland and forest edge.

604 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, north-
western and southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec and southern Labrador
south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island),
southwestern and central California (including the Channel Islands), islands off
northwestern Baja California (Los Coronados and Todos Santos), south-central
Nevada, central Utah, southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and extreme
western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains), and, east of the Rockies, to southern
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota (probably), central
Ontario and south-central Quebec.

Winters from coastal and southern California, central Arizona, southern New
Mexico (rarely), Texas, the southern portions of the Gulf states, and South Carolina
(casually north to the northern United States) south to southern Baja California,
Guatemala, Belize, the Yucatan Peninsula and southern Florida.

Migrates regularly through the United States west of the Appalachians, rarely
through the eastern states.

Casual north to northern Alaska and northern Mackenzie, in the Maritime
Provinces, and in the northern Bahama Islands. Accidental in Costa Rica (Lim6n)
and Greenland.

Vermivora ruficapilla (Wilson). NASHVILLE WARBLER. [645.]

Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 120, pl. 27, fig. 3. (near
Nashville, Tennessee.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous or coniferous woodland, second growth, and forest-
bordered bogs, in migration and winter in a variety of woodland, scrub and thicket
habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, southern Al-
berta (rarely) and northwestern Montana south through Washington (except west-
ern portion), Oregon and central Idaho to northwestern and south-central Cali-
fornia, and extreme west-central Nevada; and from central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen
islands), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to southern
Manitoba, northern and east-central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northeastern
Illinois, southern Michigan, northeastern Ohio, northeastern West Virginia, west-
ern Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, southeastern New
York, southern Connecticut and Rhode Island. Recorded in summer (and probably
breeding) in southwestern Newfoundland.

Winters from southern Sonora, Durango, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas south
through Mexico (but doubtfully recorded Yucatan Peninsula) to Guatemala, Be-
lize, El Salvador and central Honduras; also rarely in southern (casually northern)
California, southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, Cuba and Jamaica.

Migrates regularly through California, Arizona, New Mexico, and the central
United States from the Plains states east to the Appalachians, rarely through Baja
California, the Rockies, and the southeastern United States.

Accidental in Bermuda and Greenland, also sight reports from southern Alaska
(Middleton Island) and Panama (Chiriqui).

Notes.— V. ruficapilla, V. virginiae and V. crissalis are closely related and con-
stitute a superspecies; some authors merge them under V. ruficapilla [GRAyY-
HEADED WARBLER].

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 605

Vermivora virginiae (Baird). VIRGINIA’S WARBLER. [644.]

Helminthophaga virginiae Baird, 1860, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Birds
N. Am., p. xi, Atlas, pl. 79, fig. 1. (Cantonment [=Fort] Burgwyn, N.M.)

Habitat.— Arid montane woodland, oak thickets, pinyon-juniper, coniferous
scrub, and chaparral, in migration and winter also in open woodland, second
growth, thickets and arid scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central California (Mono and Inyo counties),
central Nevada, southeastern Idaho, southern Wyoming and north-central Col-
orado south to south-central California (San Bernardino County), southern Ne-
vada, central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and extreme west-
ern Texas (Guadalupe Mountains).

Winters from Jalisco and Guanajuato south to Morelos and Oaxaca.

In migration occurs from southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and west-
ern and northern Texas south through northern Mexico (except Baja California),
casually in southern coastal California and east to western Kansas, western Okla-
homa and southeastern Texas.

Casual or accidental in Oregon (Eugene, Hart Mountain), coastal northern Cal-
ifornia, Ontario (Point Pelee) and New Jersey (Island Beach), also a sight report
for Illinois.

Notes.—See comments under ‘V. ruficapilla.

Vermivora crissalis (Salvin and Godman). COLIMA WARBLER. [647.1.]

Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman, 1889, Ibis, p. 380. (Sierra Ne-
vada de Colima, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Thickets and scrubby woodland, primarily oak, maple, cypress and
juniper scrub in hilly areas, in migration and winter in open woodland, thickets
and scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds in extreme western Texas (Chisos Mountains), southern
Coahuila (Diamante Pass, Sierra Guadalupe), western Nuevo Leon (Cerro Potosi)
and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana).

Winters from southern Sinaloa south through Jalisco, Colima and Michoacan
to Guerrero.

Casual in southern Texas (Santa Ana, sight report).

Notes.—See comments under V. ruficapilla.

Vermivora luciae (Cooper). LUCY’s WARBLER. [643.]

Helminthophaga lucie J. G. Cooper, 1861, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 1, 2,
p. 120. (Fort Mojave, near lat. 35° in the Colorado Valley [Arizona].)

Habitat.— Mesquite, scrub and riparian woodland in desert regions, in migration
and winter also in arid brush and thickets.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern California (north to Inyo County),
southern Nevada, Utah and (at least formerly) southwestern Colorado south to
northeastern Baja California, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, and east
across southern New Mexico to extreme western Texas (Hudspeth and Presidio
counties).

Winters in western Mexico from Jalisco south to Guerrero.

606 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

In migration occurs in northwestern Mexico, rarely in southern California (ca-
sually north to Point Reyes and the Farallon Islands).
Accidental in southern Louisiana (Buras) and Massachusetts (esvacana

Genus PARULA Bonaparte

Parula Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 20. Type, by monotypy, Sy/via
americana Latham = Parus americanus Linnaeus.

Oreothlypis Ridgway, 1884, Auk, 1, p. 169. Type, by original designation,
Compsothlypis gutturalis Cabanis.

Notes.—See comments under Vermivora.

Parula americana (Linnaeus). NORTHERN PARULA. [648.]

Parus americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 190. Based on
“The Finch-Creeper”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 64, pl. 64. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous or coniferous forest, woodland and swamp, in mi-
gration and winter also humid lowland forest, second’ growth, scrub and brushy
areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to south-
central and southern Texas (San Antonio area and Hidalgo County), the Gulf
coast and southern Florida (to Collier County), and west to the eastern edge of
the Plains states; and rarely in New Mexico (near Bernalillo, 1977) and California
(Point Lobos in 1952, Point Reyes in 1977).

Winters from southern Tamaulipas (sparingly), Veracruz and Oaxaca (casually
from southern California, southern Arizona and northern Sonora) south through
Mexico (primarily on the Gulf-Caribbean drainage and offshore islands) to Gua-
temala and Belize, rarely to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, also sight reports from
the Caribbean coast of Panama; and from central Florida and the Bahama Islands
south throughout the West Indies to Tobago, casually to Curacao and Isla Los
Roques, off Venezuela.

Migrates primarily through eastern North America and northeastern Mexico,
rarely but regularly to California, casually elsewhere in western North America
(from Washington, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana and Wyoming southward).

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, Iceland and the British Isles.

Notes.—P. americana and P. pitiayumi are regarded as conspecific by some
authors [PARULA WARBLER]; they constitute a superspecies.

Parula pitiayumi (Vieillot). TROPICAL PARULA. [649.]

Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 11, p. 276.
Based on “Pico de Punzon del celeste pecho de oro”’ Azara, Apunt. Hist.
Nat. Pax. Parag., 1, p. 421 (no. 109). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, second growth, deciduous woodland and,
less frequently, scrub (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, Si-
naloa, western Durango, Nayarit (including the Tres Marias and Isabela islands),
Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leon and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 607

Valley) south locally through Middle America to Panama (including Isla Coiba),
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island, Tobago
and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru
and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and Brazil;
also on Socorro Island, in the Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico.

Casual in southern Baja California.

Notes.— Also known as OLIVE-BACKED WARBLER. The resident population on
Socorro Island has sometimes been treated as a distinct species, P. graysoni (Ridg-
way, 1887) [SocoRRO WARBLER]. See also comments under P. americana.

Parula superciliosa (Hartlaub). CRESCENT-CHESTED WARBLER.

Conirostrum superciliosum Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 215.
(Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, pine-oak association and deciduous wood-
land (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from southern Chihuahua, eastern Si-
naloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, central Nuevo Leon
and western Tamaulipas south through Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and
Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.— Also known as HARTLAUB’S Or SPOT-BREASTED WARBLER. Often treated
in the genus Vermivora.

Parula gutturalis (Cabanis). FLAME-THROATED WARBLER.

Compsothlypis gutturalis Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 329. (Iraza, Costa
Rica.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest edge, clearings, open woodland and scrub
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central, Dota
Mountains and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (Chiriqui).

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Vermivora, occasionally in the monotypic
genus Oreothlypis.

Genus DENDROICA Gray

Dendroica G. R. Gray, 1842, List Genera Birds, app., p. 8. Type, by original
designation, Motacilla coronata Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Vermivora and Catharopeza.

Dendroica petechia (Linnaeus). YELLOW WARBLER. [652.]

Motacilla petechia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 334. Based on
“The Yellow Red-pole” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 99, pl. 256, fig.
2. (in America septentrionali = Barbados.)

Habitat.—([aestiva group] Open scrub, second-growth woodland, thickets, farm-
lands and gardens, especially near water, in migration and winter also open wood-
land, plantations, brushy areas and forest edge (Tropical to Temperate zones);
and [petechia and erithachorides groups] mangroves, scrub and thickets (Tropical
Zone).

608 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds [aestiva group] from northwestern and north-central Alas-
ka, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and
Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula and Uni-
mak Island), northern Baja California, through Mexico to northern Guerrero,
Puebla and southeastern San Luis Potosi, and to central and northeastern Texas,
central Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, central Alabama,
central Georgia and central South Carolina.

Winters [aestiva group] from southern California, southwestern Arizona, north-
ern Mexico, southern Florida and the Bahama Islands south through Middle
America, the West Indies and South America (mostly east of the Andes) to Peru,
Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil (including most insular areas within this range).

Resident [petechia group] from southern Florida (Florida Bay area and the
Florida Keys) and the Bahama Islands south throughout the West Indies (south
to St. Lucia and Barbados, and including the Cayman, Providencia and San Andrés
islands) to the northern coast of Venezuela (west to Falcon) and islands offshore
(also Tobago and Trinidad), and on Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo); and
[erithachorides group] from southern Baja California (north to lat. 27°N.), Sonora
and southern Tamaulipas south along both coasts of Middle America (including
the Bay Islands off Honduras, and Cocos Island off Costa Rica) to eastern Panama
(on the Pacific coast east only to western Darién, but including Escudo, Coiba
and the Pearl islands), along the west coast of South America from northwestern
Colombia south to central Peru (also the Galapagos Islands), and east along the
northern coast of Colombia to northwestern Venezuela (east to Paraguana Pen-
insula).

Casual or accidental [aestiva group] in northern Alaska, islands in the Bering
Sea (Nunivak and the Pribilofs), Baffin Island and the British Isles; and [erithach-
orides group] in the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro, sight report) and southeastern
Texas (Rockport).

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, D. aes-
tiva (Gmelin, 1789) [YELLOW WARBLER, 652], D. petechia [GOLDEN WARBLER,
652.1] and D. erithachorides Baird, 1858 [MANGROVE WARBLER, 653].

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. [659.]

Motacilla pensylvanica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333. Based
on “The Red-throated Fly-catcher’’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 193,
pl. 301. (in Pensylvania= Philadelphia.)

Habitat.—Open deciduous woodland, forest edge, second growth and brushy
areas, in migration and winter also in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and
thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south to eastern Colorado, north-central North Dakota,
eastern Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri (formerly), northern Illinois, northern Indiana
and central Ohio, in the Appalachians south through West Virginia, eastern Ken-
tucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina to north-
central Georgia and northwestern South Carolina, and to central Maryland, south-
eastern Pennsylvania, central New Jersey, southern New York, Massachusetts and
Maine.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 609

Winters from Oaxaca, Chiapas and Guatemala (casually farther north) south
through Middle America (primarily on the Caribbean slope north of Costa Rica)
to eastern Panama, casually to northern Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad.

Migrates primarily through the eastern United States (east of the Rockies),
Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba and Jamaica, sight reports also from
Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) and eastern Mexico (also recorded
once from Nayarit, otherwise not recorded Pacific slope north of Oaxaca), rarely
through western North America from southern British Columbia, Idaho and Mon-
tana south to southern California, southern Arizona and New Mexico.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Barbados and Greenland, with a sight report
from southern Alaska (Middleton Island).

Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). MAGNOLIA WARBLER. [657.]

Sylvia magnolia Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 63, pl. 23, fig. 2. (the
Little Miami, near its junction with the Ohio ... [and] not far from fort
Adams on the Mississippi = Fort Adams, Mississippi.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous (mostly spruce and fir) or mixed coniferous-decid-
uous woodland, forest edge and second growth, in migration and winter also in
a variety of open forest, woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, west-central and
southern Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, central
Ontario, south-central and eastern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen
islands) and southern Newfoundland south to south-central British Columbia,
south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern
Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, north-central
and northeastern Ohio, southeastern West Virginia, western Virginia, western
Maryland, northeastern Pennsylvania, northwestern New Jersey and Connecticut.

Winters from Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, central Veracruz, the Greater
Antilles and Bahama Islands (casually north to southern California, southwestern
Arizona, northern Sonora, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and Virginia) south
through. Middle America to central Panama (east to Canal Zone and eastern
Panama province), and east in the West Indies (at least rarely) to the Virgin Islands.

Migrates primarily through eastern North America east of the Rockies, rarely
(but apparently regularly) to California, and casually elsewhere in western North
America (recorded in the Pacific states from southeastern Alaska to Oregon, and
in Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, southern Arizona and Nevada).

Casual or accidental in western and northern Alaska, Barbados, northwestern
Colombia and Greenland.

Notes.— Dendroica lutea, based on Muscicapa lutea Linnaeus, 1776, has been
officially suppressed (Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13,
pp. 205-232).

Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). CAPE MAY WARBLER. [650.]

Motacilla tigrina Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 985. Based on “Le Figuier
brun de Canada”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 515, pl. 27, fig. 4. (an Canada.)

Habitat.— Open boreal coniferous forest, forest edge and open woodland, in
migration and winter also in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket
habitats.

610 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southwestern and
south-central Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Man-
itoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island
and Nova Scotia south to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southeastern
Manitoba, northwestern North Dakota, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wis-
consin, northern Michigan (probably), southern Ontario, northeastern New York,
east-central Vermont, northern New Hampshire and east-central Maine. Recorded
in summer (and possibly breeding) in southern Michigan and on Anticosti Island
(Quebec).

Winters in central and southern Florida, the West Indies (primarily the Bahamas
and Greater Antilles, less commonly in the Lesser Antilles), casually to Middle
America (recorded Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, the Bay Islands off Honduras, Nic-
aragua, Costa Rica and Panama); recorded casually in winter also in southern
California, southern Arizona, and the central and eastern United States.

Migrates primarily through the midwestern, eastern and southeastern states,
rarely (occurring mostly in spring) south of Arkansas and Tennessee and west of
Alabama, also rarely to California.

Casual north to northern Alaska, elsewhere in western North America south to
southern Nevada, southern Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua and Texas, and to
Isla Providencia (in the western Caribbean Sea), Tobago, and islands off Venezuela
(Los Roques, La Orchila), also a sight report for Great Britain.

Dendroica caerulescens (Gmelin): BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
[654.]

Motacilla caerulescens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 960. Based on “La
Fauvette bleudtre de St. Domingue’”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 5, p. 164. Gin
insula S. Dominici = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Understory of deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland,
second growth and partially cleared forest, in migration and winter also in other
forest types, open woodland and scrub. '

Distribution. — Breeds from western and central Ontario, southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to northeastern Min-
nesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, north-central
and northeastern Ohio, in the Appalachians through West Virginia, western Mary-
land, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North
Carolina to northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina, and to north-
eastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, southern New York and southern
New England. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in southern Manitoba,
and on Anticosti and Magdalen islands.

Winters from southern Florida and the Bahama Islands south through the
Greater Antilles (east to St. Croix in the Virgin Islands, and including the Cayman
Islands), casually in southern California, on Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo),
and in the Swan Islands, Guatemala (Caribbean lowlands), Belize, Costa Rica,
Colombia and Venezuela, also sight reports from Costa Rica.

Migrates through eastern North America east of the Rockies (west to eastern
Texas), rarely to California, and casually elsewhere in western North America
(recorded from Oregon, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Wyoming south to southern
Baja California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and southern Texas).

Casual in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 611

Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. [655.]

Motacilla coronata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333. Based on
‘“‘The Golden-crowned Fly-catcher’”’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 187,
pl. 298. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and deciduous forest, and open woodland, in migration
and winter also open forest, woodland, second growth, scrub, thickets, parks and
gardens.

Distribution. — Breeds [coronata group] from western and central Alaska, central
Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin (probably),
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, north-central Labrador
and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska, northern British Columbia, central
and southwestern Alberta, central and southeastern Saskatchewan, southwestern
North Dakota (probably), northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Mich-
igan, southern Ontario, in the Appalachians to eastern West Virginia and north-
western Virginia, and to eastern Pennsylvania, extreme northeastern Maryland
and Massachusetts; and [auduboni group] from central British Columbia, southern
Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, central and southeastern Montana, and west-
ern South Dakota south to northern Baja California, southern California, southern
Arizona, western Chihuahua, southern New Mexico and extreme western Texas
(Guadalupe Mountains), also in the mountains of western Durango, eastern Chia-
pas (Volcan Tacana) and western Guatemala, and one reported breeding from
northwestern Nebraska. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) [coronata
group] in southeastern West Virginia and [auduboni group] in southeastern Alaska.

Winters [coronata group] from southwestern British Columbia, the Pacific states,
southern Arizona, Colorado, and from Kansas east across the central United States
and southern Ontario to New England (casually farther north) south through the
southern United States, Middle America and the West Indies to eastern Panama
(including the Pearl Islands, as well as islands off Middle America in the western
Caribbean Sea) and Barbados; and [auduboni group] from southwestern British
Columbia, southeastern Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and central and south-
eastern Texas south (more commonly in the highlands) to southern Baja California
and the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro), and through Mexico to Guatemala and
western Honduras.

Migrates [coronata group] primarily through North America east of the Rockies
and in the Pacific northwest, less commonly elsewhere in western North America;
and [auduboni group] through western North America east to the western Plains
states (casually to Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas and eastern Texas).

Casual or accidental [coronata group] north to King William and Southampton
islands, and in Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Greenland, the British Isles and
Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula); and [auduboni group] on Attu in the Aleutian
Islands, and in northeastern North America from southern Ontario, southern
Quebec and Massachusetts south to Pennsylvania, New Jersey and North Carolina
(sight records to Florida). Reports [auduboni group] from Costa Rica are regarded
as erroneous, although a sight report for western Panama (Chiriqui) is well doc-
umented.

Notes.— The two groups have often been regarded as distinct species, D. co-
ronata [MYRTLE WARBLER, 655] and D. auduboni (J. K. Townsend, 1837)
[AUDUBON’S WARBLER, 656]; intergradation occurs from southeastern Alaska
southeast across central British Columbia to southern Alberta.

612 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend). BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.
[665.]

Sylvia nigrescens J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7,
p. 191. (No locality given = near Fort William, Portland, Oregon.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland with
brushy undergrowth, pinyon-juniper, pike-oak association, and oak scrub, in mi-
gration and winter also in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern British Columbia, western Washing-
ton, central Oregon, southwestern Idaho, northern Utah, southern Wyoming, and
northwestern and central Colorado south, primarily in mountains, to northern
Baja California, southern California, central and southeastern Arizona, north-
eastern Sonora, southern New Mexico and (probably) extreme western Texas
(Guadalupe Mountains).

Winters from coastal southern (casually northern) California, southern Arizona
and (rarely) southern Texas south to Oaxaca and Veracruz.

In migration occurs regularly east to western Kansas.

Casual north to Alberta and Saskatchewan, across the northeastern region from
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Massachusetts
and Nova Scotia south to Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Virginia, and
through the Gulf states from eastern Texas east to southeastern Georgia and
southern Florida, also sight reports from other midwestern and eastern states, and
from Guatemala (Duefias).

Dendroica townsendi (Townsend). TOWNSEND’S WARBLER. [668.]

Sylvia Townsendi (Nuttall MS) J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 7, p. 191. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver,
Washington.)

Habitat.— Tall coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, in migration
and winter also humid forest, pine-oak association, open woodland, second growth
and scrub, primarily in montane situations.

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, northern Brit-
ish Columbia, southwestern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan south to
south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, northwestern Washington, and inland to
central and southeastern Washington, central and northeastern Oregon, northern
Idaho, northwestern and south-central Montana, and northwestern Wyoming.

Winters in central and (rarely) southern California, and from northern Mexico
(Sonora east to Nuevo Ledén) south through the highlands of Mexico and Central
America (except Belize) to Costa Rica.

Migrates primarily through the western United States east to the Rockies and
western Texas, rarely through the Mexican lowlands.

Casual or accidental in the western Aleutians (Shemya), northern Alaska (Point
Barrow), the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro), Great Plains region (central Alberta
and Minnesota south to Nebraska, Kansas and Illinois), the northeastern region
(from New York, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia south to Pennsylvania, New
Jersey and Massachusetts, also sight reports from southern Ontario and North
Carolina), the Gulf states from eastern Texas east to Mississippi (sight reports
from Florida), and western Panama (Chiriqui).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 613

Notes.—D. townsendi, D. occidentalis, D. virens and D. chrysoparia appear to
constitute a superspecies.

Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend). HERMIT WARBLER. [669.]

Sylvia occidentalis J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7,
p. 190. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest, in migration in a variety of forest, woodland and
scrub habitats, in winter primarily in montane forest and pine-oak association.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern Washington south through the coast
ranges and Sierra Nevada to southern California (to Santa Cruz, Los Angeles and
San Bernardino counties) and west-central Nevada.

Winters locally in coastal California (Point Reyes southward), and from Sinaloa
and Durango south through the highlands of Mexico and Central America (except
Belize) to north-central Nicaragua.

Migrates through the southwestern states (California and southern Arizona east
to southern New Mexico and, rarely, western Texas), Baja California and most
of Mexico (except the Yucatan Peninsula).

Casual along the Gulf coast from southeastern Texas to southwestern Louisiana.
Accidental in Kansas (Finney County), Minnesota (Cambridge), Missouri (Mary-
ville) and Nova Scotia, also sight reports for Colorado, Massachusetts, Connect-
icut, Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui).

Notes.—See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica virens (Gmelin). BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. [667.]

Motacilla virens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 985. Based on “‘The Black-
throated Green Fly-catcher”’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 190, pl. 300.
(in Pensilvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous (primarily balsam fir) or mixed deciduous-conif-
erous woodland, forest edge and second growth, in migration and winter in a
variety of open forest (lowland or highland), woodland, second growth, scrub and
thickets, but in Middle America in winter confined mostly to montane regions.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central British Columbia (probably), northern
Alberta, north-central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern
Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to central Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and east-central Minnesota, central
Wisconsin, southern Michigan, south-central and eastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,
eastern Tennessee, central Alabama, northern Georgia, western South Carolina,
western North Carolina, western Virginia, western Maryland, eastern Pennsyl-
vania, central New Jersey and southern New York; also in the coastal plains from
southeastern Virginia to eastern South Carolina.

Winters from Nuevo Leon, southern and southeastern Texas, southern Florida
and the Bahama Islands south through eastern and southern Mexico (west to San
Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca), Central America, Cuba, the
Isle of Pines and Jamaica (casually east to the Virgin Islands) to central Panama
(east to the Canal Zone and eastern Panama province).

Migrates primarily through North America east of the Rockies and through
Middle America (including both lowlands from Oaxaca southward), rarely to

614 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

California, Arizona and New Mexico, casually elsewhere in western North Amer-
ica north to Washington, southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan:

Casual or accidental in southeastern Alaska (Chichagof Island), the Revillagi-
gedo Islands (Socorro), Bermuda, the Lesser Antilles (Barbuda, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Barbados), Colombia, Venezuela, Greenland and Europe.

Notes.—See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin. GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER.
[666.]

Dendreca chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
298. (In reip. Guatemalensis provincia Vere Pacis, inter montes = Vera
Paz, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Oak-cedar association, in migration in a variety of open woodland,
scrub and thicket habitats, in winter known only from montane pine-oak asso-
ciation.

Distribution. — Breeds in central Texas from Dallas County south to the Edwards
Plateau region (south to Medina and Bexar counties, and west to Real and Kerr
counties).

Winters in the highlands of Guatemala, Honduras and north-central Nicaragua.

In migration rarely recorded in Mexico (reported Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Ta-
maulipas and Chiapas; a record from Puebla is questionable, one from Sinaloa is
erroneous).

Accidental in California (Farallon Islands) and Florida (Pinellas County), also
a sight report from eastern Texas.

Notes.—See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica fusca (Miller). BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. [662.]

Motacilla fusca P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 175. (Guyana =
French Guiana.)

Habitat.— Coniferous (primarily balsam fir) and mixed coniferous-deciduous
forest, open woodland and second growth, in migration and winter in a variety
of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Alberta (probably), central Saskatchewan,
central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Ed-
ward Island and Nova Scotia south to southern Manitoba, central Minnesota,
central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, northeastern Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, in the Appalachians through West Virginia, western Maryland, eastern
Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina to
north-central Georgia and northwestern South Carolina, and to southeastern New
York and Massachusetts. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in north-
central Colorado, northern Ontario and central Quebec.

Winters from Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and northern Venezuela south
through Ecuador to central Peru and Bolivia.

Migrates regularly through the eastern United States (west to the Plains states
and eastern Texas), Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (except Jamaica, but in-
cluding the Cayman Islands), eastern Mexico, both slopes of Middle America from
Oaxaca and Veracruz southward (more frequently on the Caribbean slope), islands

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 615

in the western Caribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia and San Andrés), and the Neth-
erlands Antilles, also rarely to California (primarily in coastal areas).

Casual in east-central British Columbia, Washington, Montana, Colorado, Ar-
izona, New Mexico, Bermuda, the Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Grenada) and To-
bago.

Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus). YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. [663.]

Motacilla dominica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 334. Based mainly
on “‘Le Figuier cendré de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 520,
pl. 27, fig. 3. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Pine forest, sycamore-baldcypress swamp and riparian woodland, in
migration and winter in a variety of woodland, scrub, brush and thicket situations
but most frequently in pine woodland if such habitat is available.

Distribution.— Breeds from central Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, central
Missouri, extreme southeastern Iowa, central Illinois, central Indiana, central
Ohio, central Pennsylvania and central New Jersey south to south-central and
eastern Texas (west to San Antonio region), the Gulf coast, central Florida and
the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco); formerly bred north to
northern Missouri, northern Illinois, southern Michigan and northern Ohio.

Winters from southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and South Carolina (casually
farther north) south through Middle America (primarily the Gulf-Caribbean slope
and, in northern Central America, in the interior highlands), the Greater Antilles
(east to the Virgin Islands) and Bahama Islands to Costa Rica (casually to Panama).

In migration occurs rarely west to Colorado and New Mexico, casually to
southern Arizona and California.

Casual or accidental north to Montana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern On-
tario, southern Quebec, New York, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land, and to the Lesser Antilles (Montserrat, Guadeloupe), also sight reports for
Saskatchewan, Nevada and Colombia.

Notes.—D. dominica, D. graciae and D. adelaidae constitute a superspecies; D.
pityophila also appears to be most closely related to D. graciae and to belong to
this group, but it is sympatric with D. dominica in the Bahamas.

Dendroica graciae Baird. GRACE’S WARBLER. [664.]

Dendroica gracie (Coues MS) Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 210. (Fort
Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.)

Habitat.— Pine forest, pine-oak association and pine savanna (Tropical to Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern Col-
orado, northern New Mexico and western Texas (Guadalupe and Davis moun-
tains) south through the mountains of western Mexico (east to western Chihuahua,
Durango and western Zacatecas), Guatemala, El] Salvador and Honduras to north-
central Nicaragua; also in the lowland pine savanna of Belize, eastern Honduras
and northeastern Nicaragua.

Winters from Sonora and Chihuahua south through the breeding range (occur-
ring east at least to Morelos), being generally resident from central Mexico south-
ward.

616 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Casual in southern California (Santa Barbara County in winter. Clark Mountain
and the San Bernardino Mountains in summer).
Notes.—See comments under D. dominica.

Dendroica adelaidae Baird. ADELAIDE’S WARBLER.

Dendroica adelaide Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 212. (Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Lowland thickets. on St. Lucia also in montane forest.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques Island). and in the
Lesser Antilles on Barbuda and St. Lucia.

Notes.—See comments under D. dominica.

Dendroica pityophila (Gundlach). OLIVE-CAPPED WARBLER.

Sylvicola pityophila Gundlach, 1858, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6. p. 160.
(Cuba.)

Habitat.— Pine barrens. r
Distribution. — Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama and
Abaco) and Cuba (Pinar del Rio and Oreinte provinces).

Dendroica pinus (Wilson). PINE WARBLER. [671.]

Sylvia pinus Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 25, pl. 19, fig. 4. (Southern
States = Georgia.)

Habitat.— Pine forest and pine woodland, in migration and winter also uncom-
monly in deciduous forest. woodland. scrub and thickets.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Manitoba, western Ontario. northeastern
Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, east-central Ontario. south-
western Quebec and central Maine south to eastern Texas (west to Bastrop and
Matagorda counties), the Gulf coast, southern Florida (to Everglades National
Park) and the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama. Abaco. Andros and New
Providence), and west to southwestern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois. Missouri
and southeastern Oklahoma: also on Hispaniola.

Winters in the southeastern United States (casually north to the southern Great
Lakes region, New York and New England) south to southern Texas, extreme
northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras), the Gulf coast. southern Florida, and through
the breeding range in the Bahamas and on Hispaniola.

Casual north to New Brunswick. Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. west
to southeastern Alberta. southern Saskatchewan. Montana, Wyoming. Colorado,
western Kansas and central Texas. and to California (primarily coastal region),
the Florida Keys, Cay Sal (in the southern Bahamas) and Bermuda. Accidental
in Greenland, also sight reports from New Mexico and Costa Rica.

Dendroica kirtlandii (Baird). KIRTLAND’s WARBLER. [670.]

Sylvicola kirtlandii Baird, 1852. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 217, pl. 6.
(near Cleveland. Ohio.)

Habitat.—Scrubby jack-pine, in winter in low scrub, thickets, and (rarely) de-
ciduous woodland.
Distribution. — Breeds in central Michigan from Otsego, extreme southwestern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 617

Presque Isle and Alpena counties south to Kalkaska, northwestern Clare, Ros-
common, Ogemaw and Iosco counties. Recorded in summer (and possibly breed-
ing) in west-central Wisconsin (Jackson County) and southern Ontario (Petawawa).

Winters throughout the Bahamas.

In migration recorded from Illinois (Chicago), western Ohio (Cincinnati, Tiffin
and Magee Marsh), western Pennsylvania (Westmoreland County) and south-
western Quebec (Kazabazua), also sight records from Minnesota, Kentucky, West
Virginia, Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Veracruz; recorded (prior to 1901) from
northern Michigan, Missouri, Virginia and southern Florida.

Dendroica discolor (Vieillot). PRAIRIE WARBLER. [673.]

Sylvia discolor Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 37, pl.
98. (Etats-Unis et les grandes Iles Antilles = New York.)

Habitat.— Brushy second growth, dry scrub, low pine-juniper and mangroves,
in migration and winter also in a variety of woodland, second growth, brush and
thicket situations.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Missouri,
northern IIlinois, central Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, south-
ern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York, Massachusetts and southern New
Hampshire south to eastern Oklahoma, extreme eastern Texas, the Gulf coast
(except southern Mississippi, southwestern Alabama) and southern Florida (except
northwestern region north and west of Cedar Keys and Gainesville).

Winters from central Florida (casually from southern Texas, the Gulf coast and
Virginia) and the Bahama Islands south throughout the West Indies to islands off
the coast of northern Middle America (off Quintana Roo, Belize and Honduras),
also a sight report from the pine savanna of Caribbean Nicaragua.

In migration occurs casually west to the Plains states and central Texas, and in
California (primarily coastal areas).

Casual or accidental north to southern Quebec and New Brunswick, and to
Colorado, Oaxaca (Pacific slope), El Salvador and Bermuda, also sight reports for
southern Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota, Nova Scotia, Guatemala (off the
Pacific coast), Costa Rica, Panama and Trinidad.

Notes.—D. discolor and D. vitellina are closely related and considered conspe-
cific by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Dendroica vitellina Cory. VITELLINE WARBLER.

Dendroica vitellina Cory, 1886, Auk, 3, p. 497. (Island of Grand Cayman,
West Indies.)

Habitat.—Scrubby thickets.

Distribution.— Resident in the Cayman (including Grand Cayman, Little Cay-
man and Cayman Brac) and Swan (especially Little Swan) islands, in the Caribbean
Sea.

Notes.—See comments under D. discolor.

Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin). PALM WARBLER. [672.]

Motacilla palmarum Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 951. Based on the
““Bimbelé ou fausse Linotte” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 5, p. 330. (in insula
S. Dominici = Hispaniola.)

618 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Bogs, open boreal coniferous forest, and partly open situations with
scattered trees and heavy undergrowth, usually near water, in migration and winter
in a variety of woodland, second growth and thicket habitats, on the ground in
savanna and open fields, and in mangroves.

Distribution. — Breeds from west-central and southern Mackenzie, northern Al-
berta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-cen-
tral Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to northeastern British
Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeast-
ern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia.

Winters from north-central Texas, the Gulf coast and South Carolina (casually
north to Missouri, the Ohio Valley and New England) south to southern Texas,
southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands),
islands in the western Caribbean Sea, and the Yucatan Peninsula (including islands
offshore and off Belize); also, apparently regularly, in coastal California, the Pacific
lowlands of Oaxaca, and the lowland pine savanna of eastern Honduras and
northeastern Nicaragua.

Migrates primarily through the central United States (from the Plains states
eastward to the Atlantic seaboard, but uncommon in New England), regularly
through coastal California, and casually elsewhere in western North America (from
British Columbia, Montana and Wyoming south to northern Baja California,
southern Arizona and New Mexico).

Casual in Panama (Canal Zone and eastern Panama province), Bermuda and
the Netherlands Antilles, also sight reports for Alaska and Costa Rica.

Dendroica castanea (Wilson). BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. [660.]

Sylvia castanea Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 97, pl. 14, fig. 4. (Penn-
sylvania.)

Habitat.— Boreal coniferous forest (especially balsam fir), occasionally adjoining
second growth or deciduous scrub, in migration and winter in a variety of forest,
woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, north-
central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (probably)
south to northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, south-central Saskatch-
ewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern
Michigan (probably), southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northeastern New York,
central Vermont, New Hampshire and southern Maine.

Winters from Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, Pacific slope from eastern
Veraguas eastward) east through Colombia to northwestern Venezuela (also to
Curacao, Tortuga Island and Trinidad), recorded casually north to the southern
United States.

Migrates primarily through the eastern United States (west to the eastern Plains
states, and eastern and southern Texas, but rare in peninsular Florida), Cuba,
Jamaica, islands in the western Caribbean Sea (Providencia, San Andrés), and
Middle America (from the Yucatan Peninsula south to Panama), rarely (mostly
along the coast) in western North America from Oregon and Idaho south to
southern California, southern Arizona and New Mexico.

Casual on Clipperton and the Revillagigedo islands, in eastern Mexico (recorded

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 619

Tamaulipas and Tabasco), on Bermuda, and in the eastern Greater Antilles (re-
corded Hispaniola, Mona Island, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix in the Virgin Islands),
Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, Barbados) and Greenland, also sight reports for central
Alaska and Ecuador.

Dendroica striata (Forster). BLACKPOLL WARBLER. [661.]

Muscicapa striata J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 62, pp.
406, 428. (Severn River = Fort Severn, west coast of Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Boreal coniferous forest (primarily spruce) and woodland, mixed
coniferous-deciduous second growth, tall shrubs, and alder thickets, in migration
and winter in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and brushy habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, central Yukon,
northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario,
northern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska
(west to the Alaska Peninsula), south-central British Columbia, southwestern and
central Alberta, north-central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, north-central On-
tario, southern Quebec, eastern New York, northwestern Massachusetts, central
New Hampshire, east-central Maine and Nova Scotia.

Winters from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas south, mostly east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Migrates primarily in spring through the West Indies, Bahama Islands and
eastern North America (west to central and southern Texas, and the eastern Plains
states); and in fall mostly across northeastern North America to New England and
the Maritime Provinces, thence at sea over Bermuda and the Lesser Antilles (north,
at least irregularly, to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) to northern South
America (including islands north of Venezuela), also regularly in California.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Colum-
bia, Utah and New Mexico south to northern Baja California, southern Arizona
and Chihuahua, and in Costa Rica. Accidental on Cornwallis Island, and in Oaxaca
(Tehuantepec City), Panama (Bocas del Toro), Chile, the Galapagos Islands,
Greenland and the British Isles.

Notes.— Dendroica breviunguis, based on Alauda (Anthus) breviunguis Spix,
1824, sometimes used for this species, is not valid since Muscicapa striata Forster
is unaffected by Motacilla striata Pallas, 1764, the latter species now currently
placed in the Old World genus Muscicapa.

Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). CERULEAN WARBLER. [658.]

Sylvia cerulea Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 141, pl. 17, fig. 5. (Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Mature deciduous forest, in migration and winter in a variety of
forest, woodland, second growth and scrub habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Nebraska, northern Iowa, central and
southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern On-
tario, southwestern Quebec, western and southeastern New York, northwestern
Vermont and central Connecticut south to eastern Oklahoma, north-central Texas
(to Dallas area), southern Arkansas, southeastern Louisiana (probably), central
Mississippi, central Alabama and central Georgia, and east to northern New Jersey,
northern Delaware, eastern Maryland, central Virginia and central North Carolina.

620 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters from Colombia and Venezuela south, mostly east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Migrates through the southeastern United States (west to central and southern
Texas, rare in Florida), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica and, uncommonly, along
the Caribbean slope and offshore islands from the Yucatan Peninsula south to
Panama (also the Pearl Islands, off Pacific Panama, but not recorded Nicaragua),
casually through the Bahama Islands (recorded Cay Lobos, New Providence).

Casual north to southwestern Manitoba, North Dakota, northern Minnesota,
New Hampshire and Maine, in western North America to California, northern
Baja California, southern Nevada, Colorado and New Mexico, and in Veracruz.

Dendroica plumbea Lawrence. PLUMBEOUS WARBLER.

Dendreca plumbea Lawrence, 1878, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1 (1877), p. 47.
(Dominica.)

Habitat.— Forest and lowland arid scrub.

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Marie Galante, Gua-
deloupe and Terre-de-Haut, possibly only a casual vagrant to the latter).

Notes.— D. plumbea, D. pharetra and D. angelae appear to constitute a super-
species.

Dendroica pharetra (Gosse). ARROW-HEADED WARBLER.

Sylvicola pharetra Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 163. (Bognie woods, on
the top of Bluefields Peak, Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Montane forest and humid ravines, mostly in forest undergrowth.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.
Notes.—See comments under D. plumbea.

Dendroica angelae Kepler and Parkes. ELFIN WOODS WARBLER.

Dendroica angelae Kepler and Parkes, 1972, Auk, 89, p. 3. (ridge between
the Rio Sabana and Rio Espiritu Santo valleys, approximately 2.5 km west
of Highway 191 on the El Toro trail, Sierra de Luquillo, Puerto Rico
[elevation 780 m].)

Habitat.— Humid montane elfin woodland and dense forest at lower elevations.
Distribution. — Resident on Puerto Rico (Sierra de Luquillo, Maricao).
Notes.—See comments under D. plumbea.

Genus CATHAROPEZA Sclater

Catharopeza Sclater, 1880, Ibis, pp. 40, 73, 74. Type, by original designation,
Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence.

Notes.— By some authors merged in Dendroica.

Catharopeza bishopi (Lawrence). WHISTLING WARBLER.

Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence, 1878, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1 (1877), p. 151.
(St. Vincent.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 621

Habitat.— Montane forest, primarily in undergrowth.
Distribution.— Resident on St. Vincent, in the Lesser Antilles.

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot

Mniotilta Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 45. Type, by monotypy, “‘Figuier varié”’
Buffon = Motacilla varia Linnaeus.

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER. [636.]

Motacilla varia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333. Based on the
“Small Black and White Creeper’ Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 309, pl. 265,
fig. 1, and ““Le Figuier varié de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p.
529, pl. 27, fig. 5. Gn Jamaica, Dominica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forest and woodland, in
migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland, second growth and scrub
situations.

Distribution. — Breeds from west-central and southwestern Mackenzie, northern
Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, north-central Ontario, southern
Quebec and Newfoundland south (at least locally) to northeastern British Colum-
bia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, southwestern South
Dakota, central Nebraska, central Kansas, south-central and eastern Texas, north-
ern and southeastern Louisiana, central Mississippi, central Alabama, central
Georgia, central South Carolina and southeastern North Carolina. Recorded in
summer in California and southern Arizona.

Winters from southern and coastal northern California (rarely), southern Ari-
zona (rarely), Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, southern Texas, northwestern and north-
central Florida and the Bahama Islands (casually farther north) south through
Middle America and the West Indies (less commonly in the Lesser Antilles) to
Colombia, Venezuela (also the Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad) and eastern
Ecuador.

Migrates most commonly east of the Rockies, regularly (but rarely) through
Bermuda and in western North America from southwestern British Columbia,
Idaho, and Montana southward.

Casual or accidental in northern Alaska (Colville River delta) and the British
Isles.

Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson

Setophaga Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 368. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Swainson, 1827), Motacilla ruticilla Linnaeus.

Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). AMERICAN REDSTART. [687.]

Motacilla Ruticilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 186. Based mostly
on “The Red-start” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 67, pl. 67, and “The
Small American Redstart”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 80, pl. 80. (in
America = Virginia.)

Habitat.— Open deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, second
growth and tall shrubbery, in migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland,
scrub and thicket habitats.

622 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, west-central
and southern Mackenzie, north-central Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba,
northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south,
at least locally (or formerly), to south-central British Columbia, central Washing-
ton, eastern Oregon, northwestern California (Humboldt County), Idaho, northern
Utah, east-central Arizona, New Mexico (probably), eastern Oklahoma, eastern
Texas, northern and southeastern Louisiana, central Mississippi, southern Ala-
bama, northwestern Florida, southern Georgia, central South Carolina, central
North Carolina and southern Virginia; absent as a breeding bird through most of
the Great Plains regions.

Winters from southern Baja California, Sinaloa, Veracruz, central Florida and
the Bahama Islands (rarely from southern California, southern Texas and the Gulf
coast, casually farther north) south through Middle America and the West Indies,
and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also islands from the Neth-
erlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the
Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Ecuador and
northwestern Brazil.

Migrates through North America (more commonly in the eastern portion) be-
tween the breeding and wintering ranges.

Casual north to northern and south-coastal Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Banks
Island and northern Quebec, in the Revillagigedo Islands (San Benedicto, sight
report), on Bermuda, at sea near the Azores, and in the British Isles.

Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird

Protonotaria Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, xxxi, 235, 239. Type, by monotypy, Motacilla pro-
tonotarius Gmelin = Motacilla citrea Boddaert.

Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. [637.]

Motacilla citrea Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 44. Based on
“Figuier a ventre et téte jaunes de la Louisiane’ Daubenton, Planches
Enlum., pl. 704, fig. 2. (Louisiana.)

Habitat.—Swamps and wet lowland forest, in migration and winter also dry
woodland, scrub, thickets and mangroves.

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central and southeastern Minnesota, south-cen-
tral Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York and
northern New Jersey south to south-central and eastern Texas (west to Medina
County), the Gulf coast and central (possibly also southern) Florida, and west to
eastern Oklahoma, eastern Kansas and central Oklahoma.

Winters from the Yucatan Peninsula south on the Caribbean slope of Middle
America (including nearby islands) to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia east to northern Venezuela
(also islands from the Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), rarely
in the Virgin Islands, and casually east to Surinam and north in the Antilles.

Migrates through the southeastern United States (west to central and southern
Texas), the West Indies, and islands in the western Caribbean Sea, casually on
Bermuda.

Casual north to southern Quebec, Maine and Nova Scotia, in western North
America from southern Washington, Oregon, Nevada and Colorado south to

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 623

southern California, southern Arizona and southern New Mexico, and in Jalisco
and Hispaniola, also a sight report for southern Saskatchewan.

Genus HELMITHEROS Rafinesque

Helmitheros Rafinesque, 1819, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat., 88, p. 418. Type,
by original designation, Helmitheros migratorius Rafinesque = Motacilla
vermivora Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Limnothlypis.

Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin). WORM-EATING WARBLER. [639.]

Motacilla vermivora Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 951. Based mainly
on “The Worm-eater’ Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 200, pl. 305. (in
Pensilvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of deciduous forest, and damp, bushy ravines, in mi-
gration and winter also in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket situ-
ations.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, north-
ern Missouri, southeastern Iowa (rarely), central (rarely northern) Illinois, central
Indiana, southern and east-central Ohio, central Pennsylvania, central and south-
eastern New York, western Massachusetts and southern Connecticut south to
southeastern Oklahoma, northeastern Texas, south-central Louisiana, central and
northwestern Arkansas, western Tennessee, south-central Alabama, extreme
northwestern Florida, northern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina and north-
eastern North Carolina. Recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) north to
Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and Maine.

Winters from Veracruz, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula south through
Middle America (primarily on the Caribbean slope north of central Costa Rica)
to central Panama (east to the Canal Zone and eastern Panama province), and in
the Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands).

Migrates through the southeastern United States (west to central and southern
Texas), eastern Mexico (mostly Gulf slope), islands in the western Caribbean Sea
(Swan, Providencia), and casually in California and Nevada.

Casual in southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, Min-
nesota and Bermuda.

Notes.— Vermivora americ Linnaeus, 1776 (both genus and species), has been
officially suppressed (Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13,
pp. 205-232).

Genus LIMNOTHLYPIS Stone

Limnothlypis Stone, 1914, Science, new ser., 40, p. 26. Type, by original
designation, Sy/via swainsonii Audubon.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in He/mitheros.

Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon). SWAINSON’S WARBLER. [638.]

Sylvia Swainsonii Audubon, 1834, Birds Am. (folio), 2, pl. 198 (1834, Or-
nithol. Biogr., 2, p. 563). (Edisto River, near Charleston in South Carolina.)

624 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Undergrowth of moist lowland forest and woodland, canebrakes and
swamps, in migration and winter also in lowland scrub, thickets and mangroves.

Distribution.— Breeds locally from northeastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri,
southern Illionis, southwestern Indiana, southwestern and eastern Kentucky,
southern Ohio, western West Virginia, western and southern Virginia, and south-
ern Delaware south to east-central Texas (west to Brazos County, possibly to
Bastrop County), the Gulf coast (from southeastern Louisiana eastward) and north-
ern Florida.

Winters in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, New Providence, Cay
Lobos), Cuba, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize.

Migrates through the southeastern United States (west to southern Texas), east-
ern Mexico (recorded Tamaulipas and Veracruz), and the Swan Islands.

Casual north to eastern Colorado, southern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, northern
Illinois, eastern Ohio, Pennsylvania and southern New York (including Long
Island), also sight reports for Puerto Rico. Accidental in east-central Arizona
(Eagar) and Nova Scotia (Seal Island).

Genus SEIURUS Swainson

Seiurus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 369. Type, by subsequent
designation (Swainson, 1827), Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus.

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). OVENBIRD. [674.]

Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 334. Based on
“The Golden-crowned Thrush’? Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 91, pl.
252. (in Pensylvania, error = at sea, apparently off Haiti.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, rarely humid deciduous-coniferous woodland, in
migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland, second growth and scrubby
habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southern Macken-
zie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central (probably also northern) Man-
itoba, central Ontario, central Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands)
and Newfoundland south to southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, south-
ern Montana, central and southeastern Colorado, Nebraska, eastern Kansas,
southeastern Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, southwestern Tennessee, northern
Alabama, northern Georgia, western South Carolina, and central and northeastern
North Carolina.

Winters from Sinaloa, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and South Carolina (ca-
sually north to southern California, the Great Lakes region and New England)
south through Middle America (both slopes, more commonly on the Gulf-Ca-
ribbean) and the West Indies to Panama (casual east of the Canal Zone and eastern
Panama province) and northern Venezuela (also the Netherlands Antilles, Tobago
and Trinidad), casually in Colombia.

Migrates primarily through eastern North America from the Rockies eastward,
rarely to California, casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern
British Columbia, Washington, Idaho and Montana south to Baja California,
northwestern Mexico and western Texas.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (Prudhoe Bay), on Guadalupe Island (off Baja
California), and in Bermuda, Greenland and the British Isles.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 625

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmelin). NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH. [675.]

Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 958. Based on
“The New York Warbler” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (2), p. 436. (in
Louisiana, et Noveboraci sepibus = New York.)

Habitat.— Thickets near water, swamps and bogs, in migration and winter in
forest, woodland, scrub, brushy areas and mangroves, generally near water.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, central Yukon,
northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani-
toba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland
south to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), central British
Columbia, northwestern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, south-
western and central Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northern North Dakota, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central
Michigan, southern Ontario, northeastern Ohio, southeastern West Virginia,
Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts; one breeding record from north-
central North Carolina (Caswell County). Recorded in summer (and probably
breeding) in eastern Oregon, Colorado and northern Nebraska.

Winters from southern California (rarely), southern Baja California, Sinaloa,
San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, southern Florida, the Bahama Islands and Bermuda
(casually north to British Columbia, the Gulf coast and Virginia) south through
Middle America and the West Indies, and in northern South America from Co-
lombia, Venezuela (also all islands from Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and
east of the Andes to eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru.

Migrates regularly through North America between the breeding and wintering
ranges.

Casual in northern Alaska, Banks Island, Greenland, the British Isles, conti-
nental Europe and Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula).

Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH. [676.]

Turdus motacilla Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 9, pl.
65. (Kentucky.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, woodland and ravines along streams, and in swamps,
in migration and winter also in riparian woodland, scrub and thickets, generally
in the vicinity of water.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Nebraska, north-central Iowa, east-central
and southeastern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern On-
tario, central New York, central Vermont, central New Hampshire and southern
Maine south to eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, central Loui-
siana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, northern Florida (Gainesville
area), central and southwestern Georgia, central South Carolina, and central and
northeastern North Carolina.

Winters from Sonora, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, southern Florida, the Bahama
Islands and Bermuda (casually north to southeastern Arizona and Maryland) south
through Middle America (both slopes, although more commonly on the Gulf-
Caribbean) and the West Indies (south to St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles) to
eastern Panama, northeastern Colombia and northern Venezuela (also Trinidad).

626 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Migrates primarily through the southeastern United States (west to central and
southern Texas) and northern Mexico.

Casual north to southern Quebec, Maine and Nova Scotia, and in California,
Baja California, Colorado and New Mexico, also a sight (and song) report for
North Dakota.

Genus OPORORNIS Baird

Oporornis Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xix, xxx1i, 240, 246. Type, by original designation, Sylvia
agilis Wilson.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Geothlypis.

Oporornis formosus (Wilson). KENTUCKY WARBLER. [677.]

Sylvia formosa Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 85, pl. 25, fig. 3. (Kentucky.)

Habitat.— Humid deciduous forest, dense second growth and swamps, in mi-
gration and winter also in open forest, woodland, scrub and thickets.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Nebraska, central Iowa, southwestern
Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, central Indiana, north-central Ohio, southern
Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, southeastern New York and southwestern
Connecticut south to south-central and eastern Texas (west to Kerrville), the Gulf
coast (east to northwestern Florida), central Georgia and South Carolina, and west
to eastern Kansas and central Oklahoma.

Winters from Nayarit (rarely), Oaxaca, Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula
south through Middle America (primarily the Caribbean slope, rare and local on
the Pacific slope north of central Costa Rica) to northern Colombia and northern
Venezuela, casually in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Migrates primarily through the southeastern United States (west to eastern New
Mexico and western Texas), northeastern Mexico, the Greater Antilles (east to
the Virgin Islands) and Bahama Islands.

Casual north to northern Iowa, Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northern Mich-
igan, southern Ontario, central New York, northern New England and Nova
Scotia, in western North America from California (especially the Farallon Islands)
east through southern Arizona and northern Sonora to southern New Mexico,
and in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe), also sight reports for Saskatchewan, North
Dakota, Nevada and southern Quebec.

Oporornis agilis (Wilson). CONNECTICUT WARBLER. [678.]
Sylvia agilis Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 5, p. 64, pl. 39, fig. 4. (Connecticut.)

Habitat.— Spruce and tamarack bogs, less frequently open poplar woodland, in
migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland, scrub and thicket habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central British Columbia east across central
Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba and north-central Ontario to
west-central Quebec, and south to southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, north-
ern Wisconsin, central Michigan and south-central Ontario.

Winters from northeastern Colombia south to Amazonian and central Brazil.

Migrates through the Atlantic states (primarily in fall, rarely north to southern
New England and Nova Scotia), the east-central United States west of the Ap-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 627

palachians and east of the Plains states (mostly in spring, casually west to eastern
Texas), and in both seasons through the southeastern states, Bahama Islands,
Netherlands Antilles and Venezuela.

Casual in California, southern Arizona, Kansas, Montana, western Panama
(Bocas del Toro), the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola, and Mona Island off Puerto
Rico), and the Lesser Antilles (St. Martin), also sight reports for islands off Belize
and Caribbean Honduras.

Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). MOURNING WARBLER. [679.]

Sylvia Philadelphia Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 101, pl. 14, fig. 6.
(within a few miles of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.—Shrubbery and bushes of open deciduous woodland and second
growth, and margins of bogs and marshes, in migration and winter in thickets,
weedy areas, scrub and woodland undergrowth, primarily in humid regions.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern and central Alberta, central Saskatch-
ewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, south-central and southeastern Quebec,
and Newfoundland south to southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota,
central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois (at least formerly),
southern Michigan and northern Ohio, in the higher Appalachians to eastern West
Virginia and northwestern Virginia, and to northeastern Pennsylvania, south-
eastern New York and central Massachusetts.

Winters from southern Nicaragua south through Costa Rica and Panama to
Colombia (except southwestern portion), eastern Ecuador and southern Venezuela.

Migrates primarily through the Mississippi and Ohio valleys (west to the Plains
states and central Texas, casually to Colorado, eastern New Mexico and western
Texas), rarely the southeastern states (casually in Florida), and regularly through
eastern Mexico (recorded also Pacific slope of Oaxaca) and northern Middle Amer-
ica (more frequently in highlands, rarely in Caribbean lowlands in spring).

Casual or accidental in California, southeastern Arizona, Hispaniola, Puerto
Rico, Curacao and Greenland, also sight reports from the Bahama Islands (New
Providence) and Vieques Island (off Puerto Rico).

Notes.—O. philadelphia and O. tolmiei are closely related, apparently hybrid-
izing in central Alberta; they constitute a superspecies and are considered con-
specific by some authors.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend). MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER. [680.]

Sylvia Tolmiei J. K. Townsend, 1839, Narr. Journey Rocky Mount., etc., p.
343. (the Columbia = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest undergrowth and edge, brushy hillsides, riparian
thickets, and chaparral, in migration and winter in a variety of open woodland
undergrowth, scrubby areas and thickets.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southwestern Yukon, northern
British Columbia, southern Alberta, northwestern Saskatchewan, eastern Montana
and southwestern South Dakota south, primarily in the mountains, to southern
California, central Arizona and southern New Mexico; also reported breeding on
Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon.

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila
and Nuevo Le6n (casually farther north) south, mostly in the highlands, through

628 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Middle America (except Belize) to western Panama (Chiriqui, casually east to the
Canal Zone).

Migrates primarily through western North America from the Rockies and cen-
tral Texas westward, casually east to Minnesota, central South Dakota, eastern
Kansas, eastern Texas and Louisiana.

Casual or accidental in northern and south-coastal Alaska, southern Ontario
and Massachusetts.

Notes.—See comments under O. philadelphia.

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis

Trichas (not Gloger, March 1827) Swainson, June 1827, Philos. Mag., new
ser., 1, p. 433. Type, by monotypy, Trichas personatus Swainson = Turdus
trichas Linnaeus.

Geothlypis Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, pp. 316, 349. New name
for Trichas Swainson, preoccupied.

Chamathlypis Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 225. Type, by original
designation, Geothlypis poliocephala Baird.

Notes.—See comments under Oporornis.

Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus). COMMON YELLOWTHROAT. [681.]

Turdus Trichas Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 293. Based on “The
Maryland Yellow-Throat” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 56, pl. 257,
fig. 2. (in America septentrionali = Maryland.)

Habitat.— Marshes (especially cattail), thickets near water, bogs, brushy pas-
tures, old fields and, locally, undergrowth of humid forest, in migration and winter
also in brushy and shrubby areas in both moist and arid regions (Tropical to
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska (west and north to Glacier Bay),
southern Yukon, northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatch-
ewan, north-central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec and Newfoundland
south to northern Baja California, in Mexico to Oaxaca and Veracruz (west of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec), and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern
Florida.

Winters from northern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico
(rarely), southern Texas, the Gulf states and South Carolina (casually farther north)
south through Middle America, the Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands)
and Bahama Islands to central Panama (east to the Canal Zone and eastern Panama
province, casually to Darién), and casually to northern Colombia and the Lesser
Antilles (Dominica); questionably reported from northern Venezuela and Tobago.

In migration recorded also on islands in the western Caribbean Sea, and on
Bermuda.

Casual in central and south-coastal Alaska. Accidental in Greenland.

Notes.— Breeding populations around Lake Chapala, Jalisco, are sometimes
treated as a separate species, G. chapalensis Nelson, 1903 [CHAPALA YELLOW-
THROAT.]. G. rostrata is apparently closely related to G. trichas and considered
conspecific with it by some authors; a few authors would also merge G. flavovelata
and G. beldingi in G. trichas. Species limits within the genus are generally poorly

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 629

understood and require further study. The four species in this complex constitute
a superspecies.

Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway. BELDING’S YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway, 1883, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 5 (1882), p. 344.
(San José del Cabo, Baja California.)

Habitat.— Marshes.
Distribution.— Resident in southern Baja California (north to lat 28°N.).
Notes.—See comments under G. trichas.

Geothlypis flavovelata Ridgway. ALTAMIRA YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis flavovelata Ridgway, 1896, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 18 (1895), p.
119. (Alta Mira, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Marshes.

Distribution.— Resident in southern Tamaulipas, extreme eastern San Luis Po-
tosi and northern Veracruz.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT. See comments un-
der G. trichas.

Geothlypis rostrata Bryant. BAHAMA YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis rostratus Bryant, 1867, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11 (1866),
p. 67. (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas.)

Habitat.— Brush, scrub and thickets.

Distribution.— Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Little
Abaco and Great Abaco south to Cat and Long islands, and Little Inagua), with
a report (bird briefly examined in the hand before escaping) from southern Florida
(Loxahatchee).

Notes.—See comments under G. trichas.

Geothlypis semiflava Sclater. OLIVE-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis semiflava Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 273. (In rep.
Equator = Babahoyo, Ecuador.)

Habitat.— Tall grass, bamboo thickets and low bushes, primarily near water
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Middle America from northeastern Honduras (Rio
Segovia [=Coco]) south in the Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua and Costa Rica
(locally also on the Pacific slope in the Arenal region) to western Panama (Bocas
del Toro); and in South America in western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Geothlypis speciosa Sclater. BLACK-POLLED YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis speciosa Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), p. 447.
(In Mexico = headwaters of the Rio Lerma, state of México.)

630 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Highland marshes and wetlands (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of eastern Michoacan (Lago Patzcuaro,
Lago Cuitzeo), southern Guanajuato (Lago Yuriria, Presa Solis), the state of Méx-
ico (upper Rio Lerma, Lago Zumpango) and Distrito Federal (Lago Texcoco).

Geothlypis nelsoni Richmond. HOODED YELLOWTHROAT.

Geothlypis cucullata Salvin and Godman, 1889, Ibis, p. 237. (Cofre de Perote,
Jalapa, [Veracruz,] Mexico.) Not Sylvia cucullata Latham, 1790 = Geoth-
lypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin).

Geothlypis nelsoni Richmond, 1900, Auk, 17, p. 179. New name for G.
cucullata Salvin and Godman, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Undergrowth of pine-oak association, and wet, brushy areas (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Coahuila and central Nuevo Leén
south through eastern San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, central Veracruz and
Distrito Federal to western and central Oaxaca.

Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin). MASKED YELLOWTHROAT.

Motacilla aequinoctialis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 972. Based on
“‘Figuier olive de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 685, fig. 1.
(in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Damp meadows, low marshy growth, savanna and dense underbrush,
usually near water (Tropical Zone, in Panama known only from upper Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [chiriquensis group] in southwestern Costa Rica (Cafias
Gordas district) and western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, in western Chiriqui);
[auricularis group] on the Pacific slope from western Ecuador to central Peru; and
[aequinoctialis group] from eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the
Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina
and Uruguay.

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, G. chi-
riquensis Salvin, 1872 [CHIRIQUI YELLOWTHROAT], G. auricularis Salvin, 1884
[BLACK-LORED YELLOWTHROAT] and G. aequinoctialis [MASKED YELLOWTHROAT].

Geothlypis poliocephala Baird. GRAY-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT. [682.1.]

Geothlypis poliocephala Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds., 1, p. 225. (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa.)

Habitat.— Grassy areas, dense undergrowth in partly open situations, brushy
fields, weedy areas, shrubby clearings and hedgerows (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Sinaloa, Tamaulipas and (formerly)
southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south along both slopes of Middle
America to western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as GROUND CHAT. Placed by some authors in the mono-
typic genus Chamaethlypis.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 631

Genus MICROLIGEA Cory

Ligea (not Illiger, 1801 [Crustacea], nor Drybowski, 1876 [Mollusca]) Cory,
1884, Auk, 1, p. 1. Type, by original designation, Ligea palustris Cory.
Ligia (not Weber, 1795 [Crustacea], Fabricius, 1798 [Crustacea], nor Dupre,
1829 [Lepidoptera]) Cory, 1884, Birds Haiti San Domingo, p. 34. Emen-
dation of Ligea, Cory, preoccupied.

Microligea Cory, 1884, Auk, 1, p. 290. New name for Ligea Cory and Ligia
Cory, preoccupied.

Notes.—See comments under Xenoligea.

Microligea palustris (Cory). GREEN-TAILED GROUND WARBLER.

Ligea palustris Cory, 1884, Auk, 1, p. 1, pl. 1. (Santo Domingo = Rio Villa,
Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Dense thickets, more commonly in humid montane regions, less
frequently in semi-arid lowlands.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (in Haiti confined to high elevations in
Massif de la Selle, more widespread in the Dominican Republic), including Beata
Island.

Notes.— Also known as GRAY-BREASTED GROUND WARBLER.

Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis

Teretistris Cabanis, 1855, J. Ornithol., 3, pp. 475, 476. Type, by original
designation, Anabates fernandinae Lembeye.

Teretistris fernandinae (Lembeye). YELLOW-HEADED WARBLER.

Anabates fernandine Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 66, pl. 5, fig. 2.
(Cuba = western Cuba.)

Habitat.— Forest undergrowth and scrubby thickets.
Distribution.— Resident in western Cuba (east to southwestern Las Villas and
western Matanzas provinces) and the Isle of Pines.

Teretistris fornsi Gundlach. ORIENTE WARBLER.

Teretistris fornsi Gundlach, 1858, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, p. 274. (east-
ern part of Cuba.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth and brushy areas from semi-arid coastal districts to
humid mountains.

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Cuba (ranging west along the north coast to
eastern Matanzas province).

Genus LEUCOPEZA Sclater

Leucopeza Sclater, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 14. Type, by monotypy,
‘Leucopeza semperi Sclater.

632 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Leucopeza semperi Sclater. SEMPER’S WARBLER.

Leucopeza semperi Sclater, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 14, pl. DA(St:
Lucia.).

Habitat.— Undergrowth of mountain forest.
Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of St. Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles),
where now very rare and local.

Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte

Wilsonia Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 23. Type, by subsequent
designation (Ridgway, 1881), Motacilla mitrata Gmelin=Muscicapa citrina
Boddaert.

Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert). HOODED WARBLER. [684.]

Muscicapa Citrina Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 41. Based on
““Gobe-mouche de la Louisiane’’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 666, fig.
2. (Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Understory of mature deciduous forest, especially along streams and
ravine edges, and thickets in riverine forest, in migration and winter in a variety -
of woodland undergrowth, scrubby areas and thickets.

Distribution.— Breeds from extreme southeastern Nebraska (rarely), central and
northeastern Iowa (rarely), central (rarely northern) Illinois, southern Michigan,
southern Ontario, northwestern Pennsylvania, central and southeastern New
York, southern Connecticut and Rhode Island south to eastern Texas (south to
Matagorda County), the Gulf coast and northern peninsular Florida, and west to
eastern Kansas (casually) and eastern Oklahoma.

Winters from Nayarit (rarely), Oaxaca and southern Tamaulipas (casually far-
ther north) south along both slopes of Middle America (rare on Pacific slope south
of Honduras) to Panama (east to the Canal Zone, including Isla Coiba).

Migrates regularly through the eastern Plains states (west to eastern New Mexico
and western Texas), southeastern states, the Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands,
and casually to Saba and Martinique), Bahama Islands, Bermuda, and islands in
the western Caribbean Sea, rarely to California.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from Washington, Oregon, Nevada,
Colorado, eastern Wyoming and North Dakota south to southern Arizona (sum-
mer records, possibly breeding) and southern New Mexico; north to southern
Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; and
in Trinidad; also a sight report for the British Isles.

Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson). WILSON’S WARBLER. [685.]

Muscicapa pusilla Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 103, pl. 26, fig. 4.
(southern States, ... lower parts... of New Jersey and Delaware = south-
ern New Jersey.)

Habitat.—Shrubby and brushy areas (especially near water), bogs, and thickets
in riparian woodland, in boreal and montane regions (breeding); a variety of open

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 633

woodland, thickets, brushy and scrubby areas and forest undergrowth, in both
lowland and highland habitats (nonbreeding).

Distribution.— Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and east-central Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and Newfound-
land south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island),
through British Columbia and the mountains of the western states to southern
California, west-central and northeastern Nevada, south-central Utah, south-
western Colorado and north-central New Mexico, and to southwestern and east-
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota
(possibly), south-central Ontario, southern Quebec, extreme northeastern New
York, northern Vermont, central Maine and central Nova Scotia.

Winters from coastal California (rarely), southern Baja California, southern
Sonora, southern Texas, southern Louisiana (rarely) and Florida (casually farther
north) south through Middle America (except the Yucatan Peninsula) to western
Panama (Chiriqui), rarely to central Panama.

Migrates reguiarly through North America west of the Appalachians, less com-
monly through the Atlantic and southeastern states, rarely through the Bahama
Islands (Grand Bahama, New Providence) and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica
and Puerto Rico).

Accidental in northern Baffin Island.
Notes.— Also known as PILEOLATED or BLACK-CAPPED WARBLER.

Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). CANADA WARBLER. [686.]

Muscicapa canadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327. Based
on “Le Gobe-mouche cendré de Canada” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 406,
pl. 39, fig. 4. (in Canada.)

Habitat.— Woodland undergrowth (especially aspen-poplar), bogs, and tall
shrubbery along streams, in migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland,
scrub and thickets habitats, mostly in humid regions.

Distribution. — Breeds from northern and central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,
central Manitoba, north-central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti
Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to southern
Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, central
Michigan and central Ohio, through the Appalachians to eastern Kentucky, eastern
Tennessee, northwestern Goergia, western North Carolina, western Virginia, west-
ern Maryland and east-central Pennsylvania, and to northern New Jersey, south-
eastern New York and southern New England.

Winters in South America (casually in Middle America north to Oaxaca, Belize
and Honduras) from northern Colombia and Venezuela south, mostly east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru and northern Brazil.

Migrates mostly through North America east of the Rockies (rare in the south-
eastern states), Middle America (rare on Pacific slope of Mexico north of Oaxaca)
and, rarely, to California (mostly in fall in coastal regions).

Casual elsewhere in western North America in Nevada, Arizona and New
Mexico, and in the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, New Providence, Exuma)
and Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands). Ac-
cidental in Alaska (Barrow), the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe) and Greenland.

634 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus CARDELLINA Bonaparte

Cardellina (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1 (2), p. 312. Type, by subsequent designation (Baird, 1865), Cardellina
amicta Du Bus de Gisignies = Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud.

Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). RED-FACED WARBLER. [690.]

Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud, 1841, Descr. Sixteen New Spec. N. Am. Birds.,
pl. [7], fig. 1 and text. (Texas, error = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Montane fir, pine and pine-oak woodland, in migration and winter
in humid montane forest, pine-oak association and riparian woodland, rarely in
open woodland in lowland habitats (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico
south through Sonora, western Chihuahua and Sinaloa to western Durango.

Winters from Sinaloa and Durango south through the highlands of Mexico
(ranging east to west-central Veracruz) and Guatemala to El Salvador and western
Honduras.

Casual in southern California (possibly breeds) and central New Mexico, also
sight reports for southern Nevada and western Texas.

Genus ERGATICUS Baird

Ergaticus Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds., 1, pp. 237, 264. Type, by original
designation, Setophaga rubra Swainson.

Ergaticus ruber (Swainson). RED WARBLER.

Setophaga rubra Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 368. (woods
of Valladolid, Mexico = Morelia, Michoacan.)

Habitat.— Pine forest and pine-oak association (upper Subtropical and Tem-
perate zones, to lower Subtropical Zone in winter).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of southwestern Chihuahua, eastern
Sinaloa and western Durango, and from Jalisco, Michoacan and Guerrero east to
Hidalgo, eastern Puebla, central Veracruz and central Oaxaca, ranging in winter
to lower elevations.

Notes.—E. ruber and E. versicolor are regarded as conspecific by some authors;
they constitute a superspecies.

Ergaticus versicolor (Salvin). PINK-HEADED WARBLER.

Cardellina versicolor Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 188, pl. 24,
fig. 1. (Volcan de Fuego, Totonicapam and Chilasco, Guatemala = Chilas-
co, Guatemala.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest, pine-oak woodland and adjacent second
growth (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of central and eastern Chiapas, and
western Guatemala (east to the Sierra de las Minas).

Notes.—See comments under E. ruber.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 635

Genus MYIOBORUS Baird

Erythrosoma [subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 201. Type, by subsequent designation (Richmond,
1917), Setophaga picta Swainson. Nomen oblitum.

Myioborus Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds., 1, pp. 237, 257. Type, by original
designation, Setophaga verticalis Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny = Setophaga
miniata Swainson.

Myioborus pictus (Swainson). PAINTED REDSTART. [688.]

Setophaga picta Swainson, 1829, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, 1, pl. 3 and text. (Real
del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Oak and pine forest, pinyon-juniper woodland, and pine-oak asso-
ciation, in migration and winter rarely in deciduous woodland and lowland forest
(upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northwestern and central Arizona, southwestern
New Mexico, western Texas (Chisos Mountains) and central Nuevo Leon south
through the mountains of Middle America to north-central Nicaragua; summers
casually in southern California (attempted breeding in Laguna Mountains in 1974,
recorded also in San Bernardino Mountains and Clark Mountain).

Winters from eastern Sonora, central Chihuahua, central Nuevo Leon and cen-
tral Tamaulipas south through the remainder of the breeding range.

Casual in California (north to Tulare County), southern Utah, and northern
and eastern New Mexico. Accidental in Ohio (Middleburg Heights), southern
Ontario (Pickering Township), New York (Dansville), Massachusetts (Marblehead
Neck) and Louisiana (New Orleans), also sight reports for British Columbia (Van-
couver), Colorado (Lyons), Wisconsin (Madison), and central and southeastern
Texas.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the genus Setophaga.

Myioborus miniatus (Swainson). SLATE-THROATED REDSTART. [689.]

Setophaga miniata Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 368. (woods
of Valladolid, Mexico = Morelia, Michoacan.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, open woodland, second growth
and pine-oak association (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, Durango,
Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi south through the mountains of Mexico, Guatemala
and El Salvador to Honduras; in Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and
Veraguas, reported also from eastern Panama province); and from eastern Panama
(Darién) east across Colombia and Venezuela to Guyana and extreme north-
western Brazil, and south in the Andes to Peru and northern Bolivia.

Accidental in southeastern New Mexico (Lea County) and southern Arizona
(Miller Canyon, sight record also from Cave Creek Canyon).

Myioborus torquatus (Baird). COLLARED REDSTART.

Setophaga torquata Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds., 1, p. 261. (San José, Costa
Rica.)

636 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.—Humid montane forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland,
shrubby areas, and thickets near forest (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (northwest to the Cor-
dillera de Tilaran) and western Panama (Chiriqui and adjacent Bocas del Toro).

Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis

Euthlypis Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, 1 (1851), p. 18. Type, by original
designation, Euthlypis lachrymosa Cabanis = Basileuterus lachrymosa Bo-
naparte.

Euthlypis lachrymosa (Bonaparte). FAN-TAILED WARBLER. [688.1.]

Basileuterus lachrymosa (Lichtenstein MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen.
Avium, 1 (2), p. 314. (Mexico = Laguna Huetulacan, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Tropical deciduous forest, riparian woodland, humid lowland and
montane forest, second growth and scrub (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, eastern San Luis Potosi and
southern Tamaulipas south on the Gulf slope of Mexico to Veracruz and northern
Oaxaca, and on the Pacific slope of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
(locally also in interior valleys) to central Nicaragua.

Accidental in northern Baja California (Santo Domingo) and southern Arizona
(Guadalupe Mountains).

Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis

Basileuterus Cabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana, 3 (1848),
p. 666. Type, by monotypy, Basileuterus vermivorus Cabanis = Setophaga
auricapilla Swainson = Sylvia culicivora Deppe. ;

Notes.—See comments under Phaeothlypis.

Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe). GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. [692.]

Sylvia culicivora W. Deppe, 1830, Preis. Verz. Sdugeth. Végel, etc., Mex., p.
2. (Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, deciduous woodland, second
growth and coffee plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [culicivorus group] in Nayarit and Jalisco, and from
Nuevo Leon and Tamaylipas south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of San Luis
Potosi, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, southern Campeche and
southern Quintana Roo, and on both slopes from Oaxaca south through Chiapas
and Central America to western Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas and Herrera): [ca-
banisi group] in the Santa Marta Mountains and Andes of Colombia and northern
Venezuela; and [auricapillus group] from the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes
in Colombia east across southern Venezuela to Trinidad and the Guianas, and
south through Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay to northern Argen-
tina.

Casual [culicivorus group] in southern Texas (Brownsville, also a sight report
from Starr County).

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes considered separate species, B. culi-
civorus [STRIPE-CROWNED WARBLER], B. cabanisi Berlepsch, 1879 [CABANIS’ WAR-
BLER], and B. auricapillus (Swainson, 1838) [GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER].

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 637

Basileuterus rufifrons (Swainson). RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER. [692.1.]

Setophaga rufifrons Swainson, 1837, Anim. Menag. (1838), p. 294. (Mexico =
Real del Arriba, state of México.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, open woodland, second growth, scrub, plan-
tations and brushy areas (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [rufifrons group] from northern Sonora, western Chi-
huahua, Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi,
central Nuevo Leon and western Tamaulipas south through Mexico (except the
Yucatan Peninsula) to Belize and northern and central Guatemala; and [de/attrii
group] from western Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras south through Nic-
aragua, Costa Rica, Panama (including Isla Coiba) and northern Colombia to
northwestern Venezuela.

Casual [rufifrons group] in southern Arizona (Cave Creek Canyon, with at-
tempted nesting in 1977), and western and southern Texas (Brewster, Webb and
Kendall counties, also a sight report from Starr County).

Notes.— The two groups are often considered as separate species, B. rufifrons
[RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER] and B. del/attrii Bonaparte, 1854 [CHESTNUT-CAPPED
WARBLER], but intergradation occurs in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

Basileuterus belli (Giraud). GOLDEN-BROWED WARBLER.

Muscicapa belli Giraud, 1841, Descr. Sixteen New Spec. N. Am. Birds, pl.
[4], fig. 2 and text. (Texas, error = Mount Orizaba, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, and dense or brushy pine-oak association
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit,
Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México, Hidalgo, eastern San Luis Potosi and
southwestern Tamaulipas south through the mountains of southern Mexico, Gua-
temala and El Salvador to central Honduras.

Notes.— Also known as BELL’S WARBLER.

Basileuterus melanogenys Baird. BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER.

Basileuterus melanogenys Baird, 1865, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, p. 248. (“San
José ?,”’ Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest undergrowth, forest edge, open woodland and
scrub (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central
southward) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.— B. melanogenys and B. ignotus constitute a superspecies; they are con-
sidered conspecific by some authors.

Basileuterus ignotus Nelson. PIRRE WARBLER.

Basileuterus melanogenys ignotus Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60,
no. 3, p. 21. (Mount Pirri, at 5200 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon,
[Darién,] eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest undergrowth and edge (Subtropical and lower
Temperate zones).

638 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of eastern Panama (Cerro Pirre and
Cerro Tacarcuna, eastern Darién).
Notes.—See comments under B. melanogenys.

Basileuterus tristriatus (Tschudi). THREE-STRIPED WARBLER.

Myiodioctes tristriatus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10. p. 283. (Re-
publica Peruana = San Pedro plantation, near Lurin, error [=valley of Vi-
toc, Depto. de Junin].)

Habitat.— Humid forest undergrowth, edge, second growth, scrub. thickets and
plantations (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Tilaran) and western Panama (east to Veraguas): and from eastern Panama (eastern
Panama province and Darién), Colombia and northern Venezuela south, primarily
east of the Andes, through eastern Ecuador to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Genus PHAEOTHLYPIS Todd

Phaeothlypis Todd, 1929, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 74, art. 7, p. 8. Type. by
original designation, Muscicapa fulvicauda Spix.

Notes.— Merged by some authors in Basileuterus.

Phaeothlypis fulvicauda (Spix). BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER.

Muscicapa fulvicauda Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 20. pl. 28.
fig. 2. (No locality given = Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio SolimGes, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Along streams and rivers, usually rocky and rapid-flowing. in humid
lowland forest and second-growth woodland, and in mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (west to the Sula
Valley) and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia south, west of the Andes to
northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Ecuador. eastern Peru and
extreme western Amazonian Brazil.

Notes.— P. fulvicauda and P. rivularis (Wied, 1821) [RIVER WARBLER], of eastern
South America, are considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a
superspecies.

Genus ZELEDONIA Ridgway

Zeledonia Ridgway, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 11 (1888), p. 537. Type.
by monotypy, Zeledonia coronata Ridgway.

Notes.— Formerly considered related to the muscicapid assemblage (with tur-
dine affinities) and placed in the monotypic family Zeledoniidae, but now regarded
as a paruline (see Sibley, 1968, Postilla, no. 125. pp. 1-12, and Hunt, 1971, Auk,
88, pp. 1-20).

Zeledonia coronata Ridgway. WRENTHRUSH.

Zeledonia coronata Ridgway, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 11 (1888), p. 538.
(Laguna del Volcan de Pods, Costa Rica.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 639

Habitat.— Dense thickets and brushy areas, especially ravines, in humid moun-
tainous country (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Tilaran) and western Panama (western Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot

Icteria Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), pp. iv, 85. Type,
by monotypy, Jcteria dumicola Vieillot = Turdus virens Linnaeus.

Notes.— Allocation of the genus is in doubt; it may not be paruline.

Icteria virens (Linnaeus). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. [683.]

Turdus virens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. Based on ‘“‘The
yellow brested Chat’? Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 50, pl. 50. (in
America = South Carolina, 200 or 300 miles from the sea.)

Habitat.— Second growth, thickets, brushy areas, scrub, woodland undergrowth
and fencerows (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, south-
ern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, southern Vermont and
southern New Hampshire south to south-central Baja California, Jalisco, the state
of México, southern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast and north-central Florida.

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sinaloa, southern Texas and
southern Florida (casually from California, the Great Lakes region, New York
and New England) south through Middle America to western Panama (western
Bocas del Toro, also a sight report from Cerro Campana).

In migration occurs casually in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama,
Abaco, Bimini, Andros) and Cuba.

Casual north to southern Manitoba, northern Michigan, southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Genus GRANATELLUS Bonaparte

Granatellus (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1 (2), p. 312. Type, by monotypy, Granatellus venustus Bonaparte.

Notes.— Systematic position uncertain; it may not be paruline.

Granatellus venustus Bonaparte. RED-BREASTED CHAT.

Granatellus venustus (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen.
Avium, | (2), p. 312. (Mexico = Comitan, Chiapas.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, second growth, arid scrub and brush (Tropical and
lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Mexico from northern Sinaloa
south to Chiapas (also Isla Maria Madre, in the Tres Marias Islands).

Wanders in winter into foothills to western Durango.

Notes.—The form from the Tres Marias Islands is sometimes regarded as a
distinct species, G. francescae Baird, 1865 [TRES MARIAS CHAT]. G. venustus, G.
sallaei and the South American G. pelze/ni Sclater, 1865, appear to constitute a
superspecies.

640 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Granatellus sallaei (Bonaparte). GRAY-THROATED CHAT.

Setophaga sallwi (Bonaparte and Sclater MS) Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 42, p. 957. (southern Mexico = Cordoba, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, second growth and brushy areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula
south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Tabasco, northern Oaxaca and northern
Chiapas to northern Guatemala and Belize.

Notes.— See comments under G. venustus.

Genus XENOLIGEA Bond

Xenoligea [subgenus] Bond, 1967, Birds W. Indies, 12th Suppl., p. 20. Type,
‘by original designation, Microligea montana Chapman.

Notes.—By some authors merged with Microligea, but the species montana
appears to have thraupine affinities while Microligea palustris seems to be paruline,
possibly close to the genus Dendroica.

Xenoligea montana (Chapman). WHITE-WINGED WARBLER.

Microligea montana Chapman, 1917, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37, p. 330.
(Mt. Tina, Azua, Santo Domingo.)

Habitat.— Montain forest undergrowth and adjacent thickets.
Distribution. — Resident in the higher mountains of Hispaniola.
Notes.— Also known as WHITE-WINGED GROUND WARBLER.

Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Henshaw

Peucedramus Henshaw, 1875, Ann. Rep. Geogr. Explor. West 100th Merid.,
p. 201. Type, by original designation, Sy/via olivacea Giraud = Sylvia tae-
niata Du Bus de Gisignies.

Notes.—Systematic position uncertain; this genus may prove to be sylviine
(Muscicapidae) rather than paruline.

Peucedramus taeniatus (Du Bus de Gisignies). OLIVE WARBLER. [651.]

Sylvia teniata Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-
Arts Belg., 14, p. 104. (Mexico = San Cristobal, Chiapas.)

Distribution.— Breeds from central and southeastern Arizona, southwestern
New Mexico, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, southern Nuevo Leon and
western Tamaulipas south through the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, El Sal-
vador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Winters primarily through the breeding range, although most individuals mi-
grate southward from the breeding range in Arizona and New Mexico; recorded
in winter also in Nayarit.

Casual in western Texas (sight reports for El] Paso and Big Bend).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 64]

Subfamily COEREBINAE: Bananaquits

Genus COEREFBA Vieillot

Cereba Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 2 (1807), p. 70. Type, by
monotypy, Certhia flaveola Linnaeus.

Notes.— Formerly considered, along with several genera now treated as thrau-
pine or emberizine, in a distinct family, the Coerebidae; presently considered a
distinct monotypic subfamily close to the Parulinae.

Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus). BANANAQUIT. [635.]

Certhia flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 119. Based mainly
on “Luscinia s. Philomela e fusco & luteo varia” Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2,
p. 307, pl. 259, fig. 3, and ““The Black and Yellow Creeper” Edwards, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 3, p. 122, pl. 122, upper fig. (in America = Jamaica.)

Habitat.— A wide variety of habitats from arid thorn scrub to humid montane
forest, mangroves and gardens, generally wherever flowering trees or shrubs are
found (Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident throughout the West Indies (including many small cays
throughout, and islands in the western Caribbean Sea, but absent from Cuba and
the Swan Islands); and from central Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas (also the islands
of Holbox, Cancun, Cozumel and Cayo Culebra, but absent from the Yucatan
Peninsula) south through the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of northern Central Amer-
ica to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest) and
Panama (including Coiba and. the Pearl islands), and in South America from
Colombia (including Isla Gorgona), Venezuela (also the Netherlands Antilles east
to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guinas south, west of the Andes to northwestern
Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, extreme north-
eastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Casual in southern Florida (north to Brevard County, most frequently recorded
in Palm Beach and Broward counties, including at least two reports of attempted
but unsuccessful breeding) and off Cuba (Cayo Tio Pepe, Gibara).

Notes.— The breeding population in the Bahama Islands, from which the Florida
and Cuba vagrants originated, has sometimes been recognized as a separate species,
C. bahamensis (Reichenbach, 1853) [BAHAMA BANANAQUIT or HONEYCREEPER].

Subfamily THRAUPINAE: Tanagers
Tribe THRAUPINI: Typical Tanagers

Genus CONIROSTRUM Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny

Conirostrum Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny, 1838, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 8, cl. 2, pl.
77-79, p. 25. Type, by monotypy, Conirostrum cinereum Lafresnaye and
d’Orbigny.

Notes.— Affinities uncertain, possibly emberizine if not thraupine.

642 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Conirostrum leucogenys (Lafresnaye). WHITE-EARED CONEBILL.

Dacnis Leucogenys Lafresnaye, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, p. 470.
(Colombia = Bogota.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland, and
fields in partly open situations with scattered trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Panama province in the
Bayano River valley, and Darién) east across northern Colombia to northern
Venezuela.

Genus TANGARA Brisson

Tangara Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 3, p. 3. Type, by tautonymy, Tangara
Brisson = Aglaia paradisea Swainson = Aglaia chilensis Vigors.

Tangara inornata (Gould). PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.

Calliste inornata Gould, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 158. (Santa Fé di
Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland, and
partly open situations with scattered trees (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope only, north to Sarapiqui
region), Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope from western Panama
province eastward) and northern Colombia.

Tangara cabanisi (Sclater). AZURE-RUMPED TANAGER.

Calliste s. Callispiza Sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye, 1854) Cabanis,
1866, J. Ornithol., 14, p. 163. (Costa Cuca, western Guatemala.)

Calliste cabanisi Sclater, 1868, Ibis, p. 71, pl. 3. New name for Calliste sclateri
Cabanis, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Chiapas (Mount Ovando and Ca-
cahuatlan) and western Guatemala (Costa Cuca region).

Notes.— Also known as CABANIS’ TANAGER.

Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr). GRAY-AND-GOLD TANAGER.

Calospiza palmeri Hellmayr, 1909, Rev. Fr. Ornithol., 1, p. 49. (Sipi, Rio
Sipi, Choco, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (cerros Sapo, Quia and Tacarcuna,
in eastern Darién), western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Tangara florida (Sclater and Salvin). EMERALD TANAGER.

Calliste florida Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 416, pl.
28. (Costa Rica.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 643

Habitat.— Humid foothill forest edge, adjacent second-growth woodland and
mature scrub (upper Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (primarily in the Cor-
dillera Central), Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope from eastern
Panama province eastward) and western Colombia, also a sight report for western
Ecuador.

Tangara icterocephala (Bonaparte). SILVER-THROATED TANAGER.

Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, 1851, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 76.
(Ecuador = valley of Punta Playa, south of Quito.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest and forest edge (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Guanacaste, more frequently found on Caribbean slope), Panama (both slopes),
western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Tangara guttata (Cabanis). SPECKLED TANAGER.

Callispiza guttata Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 26, (Roraima,
Guiana = Cerro Roraima, Bolivar, Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest edge, second-growth woodland,
clearings and plantations (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (from the Cordillera Central southward),
Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope in Chiriqui and from eastern
Panama province eastward), and South America from northern Colombia and
Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, east of the Andes, to southeastern Colombia and
extreme northern Brazil.

Notes.— Although sometimes called 7. chrysophrys (Sclater, 1851), the name
T. guttata clearly has priority (see Storer, 1970, in Peters, Birds World, 13, p.
370, footnote). See also comments under Chlorothraupis olivacea.

Tangara gyrola (Linnaeus). BAY-HEADED TANAGER.

Fringilla Gyrola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. Based on “The
Red-headed Green-Finch” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 23, pl. 23. (in
America = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland and plantations
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera Central), Panama
(both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors suggest that distinct morphological differences indicate
that three species might be recognized in this complex: 7. gyro/a, in the Guianas
and southeastern Venezuela; 7. viridissima (Lafresnaye, 1847), in northeastern
Colombia, northern Venezuela and Trinidad; and T. gyroloides (Lafresnaye, 1847)
[=T. albertinae (Pelzeln, 1877)], in the remainder of the range, including the
Middle American populations [BAY-AND-BLUE TANAGER].

644 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tangara lavinia (Cassin). RUFOUS-WINGED TANAGER.

Calliste Lavinia Cassin, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10, p. 178.
(Isthmus of Darien, New Grenada [=Panama].)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones). ;

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Guatemala (Santo Tomas) south on the
Caribbean slope of Central America to Costa Rica, on both slopes of Panama
(entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope in eastern Panama province and Darién),
and in western Colombia (including Gorgona Island) and western Ecuador.

Tangara cucullata (Swainson). LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER.

Aglaia Cucullata Swainson, 1834, Ornithol. Drawings, pt. 1, pl. 7. (No locality
given = Grenada, Lesser Antilles.)

Habitat.— Forest, forest edge and second growth.

Distribution.— Resident on St. Vincent and Grenada, in the Lesser Antilles.

Notes.— Also known as HOODED TANAGER, a name now generally applied to
the South American Nemosia pileata (Boddaert, 1783). Some authors consider
T. cucullata and the South American 7. cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) [RU-
FOUS-CROWNED TANAGER] to be conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Tangara larvata (Du Bus de Gisignies). GOLDEN-MASKED TANAGER.

Calliste larvata Du Bus de Gisignies, 1846, Esquisses Ornithol., livr. 2, pl.
9. (Tabasco, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, second-growth woodland
and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northern Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas south on
the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of
Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and Panama (entire Caribbean slope,
and Pacific slope in Chiriqui and from eastern Panama province eastward), and
in western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as GOLDEN-HOODED TANAGER. Some authors consider 7.
larvata and the South American 7. nigrocincta (Bonaparte, 1838) [BLACK-BANDED
TANAGER] to be conspecific; these two, plus the South American T. cyanicollis
(d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837), constitute a superspecies. With 7. lJarvata
merged in 7. nigrocincta, MASKED TANAGER is the appropriate English name.

Tangara dowii (Salvin). SPANGLE-CHEEKED TANAGER.

Calliste dowii Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 168. (San José [=Ran-
cho Redondo de San José], Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, and adjacent open woodland
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Tilaran) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Notes.—Some authors regard 7. dowii and T. fucosa as conspecific; they con-
stitute a superspecies. With a single species concept, SPANGLE-CHEEKED TANAGER
is the appropriate English name.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 645

Tangara fucosa Nelson. GREEN-NAPED TANAGER.

Tangara fucosus Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p. 17.
(Mount Pirri, at 5,000 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon, eastern Pan-
ama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest and forest edge (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (on Cerro Mali and Cerro
Pirre, in eastern Darién).

Notes.—See comments under 7. dowii.

Genus DACNIS Cuvier

Dacnis Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., | (1816), p. 395. Type, by monotypy,
Motacilla cayana Linnaeus.

Notes.— The genera Dacnis, Chlorophanes and Cyanerpes, formerly placed in
the family Coerebidae, are now considered to be thraupines related to the genus
Tangara.

Dacnis venusta Lawrence. SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS.

Dacnis venusta Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 464. (Atlantic
side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama Railroad =
Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge and adjacent open woodland (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on both slopes of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Guanacaste) and Panama, and in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador:
presence in the lower Tropical Zone in Costa Rica and Panama appears to be
primarily in the nonbreeding season.

Dacnis cayana (Linnaeus). BLUE DACNIS.

Motacilla cayana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 336. Based in part
on “Le Pipit bleu de Cayenne” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 534, pl. 28, fig
1. (¢n Cayana = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid open woodland, second growth, forest edge, clearings, parks
plantations and scrubby areas (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras
(Olancho, Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the
dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuelz
(also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador anc
east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, north-
eastern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Dacnis viguieri Salvin and Godman. VIRIDIAN DACNIS.

Dacnis viguieri (Oustalet MS) Salvin and Godman, 1883, Biol. Cent.-Am.
Aves, p. 246, pl. 15A, fig. 3. (Isthmus of Panama, on the shores of the Gul
of Darien.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

646 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Jaqué, in southeastern Dar-
ién) and northwestern Colombia (northern Choco and Cordoba).

Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach

Chlorophanes Reichenbach, 1853, Hand. Spec. Ornithol., cont. xi, Scansoriae
B. Tenuirostres, p. 233. Type, by monotypy, Coereba atricapilla Vieillot =
Motacilla spiza Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Dacnis.

Chlorophanes spiza (Linnaeus). GREEN HONEYCREEPER.

Motacilla Spiza Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 188. Based on ““The
Green Black-cap Fly-catcher’’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 25, pl. 25,
upper fig. (in Surinami = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings, second-growth
woodland, plantations and savanna (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from northeastern Oaxaca (Montebello), Chiapas and
southern Campeche (Pacayttin) south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central
America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)
and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, central Bolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil.

Genus CYANERPES Oberholser

Cyanerpes Oberholser, 1899, Auk, 16, p. 32. Type, by original designation.
Certhia cyanea Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Dacnis.

Cyanerpes lucidus (Sclater and Salvin). SHINING HONEYCREEPER.

Cereba lucida Sclater and Salvin, 1859, Ibis, p. 14. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, and adjacent second-
growth woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Caribbean slope of Chiapas (Tumbala,
Santa Rosa), Guatemala (Verapaz), Belize, Honduras (Omoa, La Ceiba) and Nic-
aragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest) and Panama, and
in extreme northwestern Colombia (Choc6).

Notes.—Sometimes regarded as conspecific with C. caeruleus, but sympatry is
reported from northwestern Colombia; C. /ucidus and C. caeruleus constitute a
superspecies. If but a single species is recognized, the English name YEL-
LOW-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER is appropriate.

Cyanerpes caeruleus (Linnaeus). PURPLE HONEYCREEPER.

Certhia cerulea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 118. Based on “The
Blue Creeper” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 21, pl. 21, upper fig. (Sur-
inami = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, second-growth woodland, clear-
ings, plantations, parks and swamps (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 647

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Jaqué and Cerro Quia, in
eastern Darién), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad)
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—See comments under C. /ucidus.

Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnaeus). RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER.

Certhia cyanea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 188. Based in part
on “The Black and Blue Creeper”? Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 114,
pl. 264, upper fig. (in Brasilia, Cayania = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge and clearings, open woodland, second growth,
plantations, parks and shrubby areas (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Puebla and
Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Pen-
insula, and Coiba and the Pearl islands off Panama), and in South America from
Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island and Trinidad) and the Guianas south,
west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru,
northern Bolivia, and central and eastern Brazil; also on Cuba (possibly intro-
duced), where formerly widespread but now confined to Oriente province).

Records from Jamaica and Bonaire (in the Netherlands Antilles) are probably
based on escaped cage birds.

Genus CHLOROPHONIA Catal

Chlorophonia Bonaparte, 1851, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 3, p. 137. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra ii Vieillot = Pipra
cyanea Vieillot.

Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus de Gisignies). BLUE-CROWNED CHLORO-
PHONIA.

Euphonia occipitalis Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Esquisses Ornithol., livr. 3
pl. 14. (Le Mexique = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, adjacent heavy second growth, and planta-
tions, descending in nonbreeding season to humid lowland forest (Subtropical
Zone, to Tropical Zone in nonbreeding season).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz and Oaxaca south through Chia-
pas, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Notes.—C. occipitalis and C. callophrys constitute a superspecies; they are con-
sidered conspecific by some authors. With a single species concept, BLUE-CROWNED
CHLOROPHONIA would be the proper English name.

Chlorophonia callophrys (Cabanis). GOLDEN-BROWED CHLOROPHONIA.
Triglyphidia callophrys Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 331. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge and partly cleared lands (upper Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Guanacaste) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas), descending to lower
elevations in nonbreeding season.

Notes.—See comments under C. occipitalis.

648 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest

Euphonia Desmarest. 1806, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, Manakins, Todiers, livr. 10,
table [pl. 27]. Type. by monotypy. Euphonia olivacea Desmarest = Eu-
phonia minuta Cabanis.

Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 423. Type. by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855). Fringilla jamaica Linnaeus.

Notes.— The generic name Tanagra Linnaeus, 1764, has been suppressed for
the purposes of the Law of Priority (but not the Law of Homonymy) by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1968. Bull. Zool. No-
mencl., 25, p. 74).

Euphonia jamaica (Linnaeus). JAMAICAN EUPHONIA.

Fringilla jamaica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 323. Based mainly
on Passer Coeruleofuscus Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 311, pl. 257, fig. 3.
(in Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Partly open country with scattered trees, open woodland, forest edge
and shrubbery.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Pyrrhuphonia.

Euphonia affinis (Lesson). SCRUB EUPHONIA.

Tanagra (Euphonia) affinis Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 5, p. 175. (Re-
alejo [Nicaragua].)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge. clearings, second growth, partly open
situations with scattered trees, and cultivated lands (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [godmani group] in the Pacific lowlands from south-
eastern Sonora south to central Guerrero; and [affinis group] from eastern San
Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas. Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca south along both
slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island)
to Honduras, and in the Pacific lowlands through western Nicaragua to north-
western Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

Notes.— Also known as LEssON’s or BLACK-THROATED EUPHONIA. Some authors
suggest that the two groups represent distinct species, E. godmani Brewster, 1889
[PALE-VENTED EUPHONIA], and E. affinis [ScRUB EUPHONIA].

Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis). YELLOW-CROWNED EUPHONIA.
Phonasca luteicapilla Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 332. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Scrub, savanna, shrubby areas. partly open situations with scattered
trees, and, occasionally, open woodland and forest edge (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Nicaragua. Costa Rica (both slopes, except
the dry northwest) and Panama (east to the Canal Zone and western Darién).

Euphonia laniirostris d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye. THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia laniirostris d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris]. 7,
cl. 2, pl. 77-79, p. 30. (Yuracares, Bolivia.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 649

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, clearings, second-growth woodland, gardens,
plantations and savanna (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (primarily the humid southwest), Panama
(both slopes), and South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south,
west of the Andes to western Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and
northern Bolivia, thence east across Amazonian and central Brazil to eastern
Brazil.

Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte. YELLOW-THROATED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p.
117. (Guatamala = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, partly open situations with
scattered trees, second-growth woodland, and plantations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas,
Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (in-
cluding the Yucatan Peninsula) to Costa Rica (most commonly in the dry north-
west) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as BONAPARTE’S EUPHONIA. With the use of Euphonia
instead of the suppressed 7anagra, E. hirundinacea Bonaparte is no longer preoc-
cupied by Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, 1831; thus the frequently used 7. /auta
Bangs and Penard, 1919, becomes a synonym of E. hirundinacea.

Euphonia musica (Gmelin). ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA.

Pipra musica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 1004. Based on ““L’Organiste”
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 809, fig. 1. (in insula S. Dominici = His-
paniola.)

Habitat.— Woodland and forest edge, more commonly in mountainous regions.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island) and Puerto
Rico, and in the Lesser Antilles (Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenada).

Casual elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. Barthélemy, Terre-de-haut,
Bequia).

Notes.—E. musica, E. elegantissima and the South American E. aureata (Vieil-
lot, 1822) are considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute a super-
species. With a single species concept, BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA would be the
appropriate English name.

Euphonia elegantissima (Bonaparte). BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA.

Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 112.
(Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest edge, clearings, pine-oak asso-
ciation, oak scrub and plantations (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua,
Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, central
Nuevo Leon and southern Tamaulipas south through the highlands of Middle
America to western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under FE. musica.

650 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater. FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1856), p. 276.
(““S[anta]. Martha in New Grenada” = locality uncertain.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge and clearings, and shrubby areas (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Panama (west to western Panama prov-
ince, formerly to Chiriqui) south through central and western Colombia (west of
the Eastern Andes) to northwestern Ecuador.

Euphonia imitans (Hellmayr). SPOT-CROWNED EUPHONIA.

Tanagra imitans Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13
(9), p. 63. (El Pézo, Rio Térraba, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, and second-growth wood-
land (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (Pacific slope west to the
Gulf of Nicoya) and extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Accidental in central Costa Rica (San José, possibly an escaped cage bird; a
record from Miravalles is erroneous).

Notes.— Also known as TAWNY-BELLIED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia gouldi Sclater. OLIVE-BACKED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia Gouldi Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 66, pl. 24. (In
Guatimala et Mexico Meridionali = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, second-growth woodland and
plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas and southern Quintana Roo south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of
Central America to Costa Rica (also known from the Pacific slope of the Cordillera
de Guanacaste) and western Panama (Bocas del Toro and western Veraguas).

Notes.— Also known as GOULD’S EUPHONIA.

[Euphonia mesochrysa Salvadori. BRONZE-GREEN EUPHONIA.] See Appen-
dix B.

Euphonia minuta Cabanis. WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia minuta Cabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk, Reisen Br.-Guiana, 3
(1848), p. 671. (British Guiana.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second-growth wood-
land and scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident locally on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Chiapas (Pa-
lenque), Guatemala (Coban), Belize and Nicaragua, and widely on both slopes of
Costa Rica (except the dry northwest) and Panama (more widespread on the
Caribbean slope), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the
Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 651

eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, thence east across Amazonian Brazil to eastern
Brazil.

Notes.— The name E. olivacea Desmarest, 1806, has been suppressed for the
purposes of the Law of Priority (but not the Law of Homonymy) by the Inter-
national Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1968, Bull. Zool. Nomencl.,
2p 14):

Euphonia anneae Cassin. TAWNY-CAPPED EUPHONIA.

Euphonia Anne@ Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 17, p. 172.
(Santa Rosa, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge and second-growth woodland (upper Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope, north to the Cordillera
de Guanacaste), Panama (locally on both slopes) and extreme northwestern Co-
lombia (Gulf of Uraba region).

Euphonia xanthogaster (Sundevall). ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA.

Euphone xanthogaster Sundevall, 1834, Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. (1833), p.
310, pl. 10, fig. 1. (Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Darién), Colombia, Ven-
ezuela and Guyana south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, thence east across Amazonian and
central Brazil to eastern and southeastern Brazil.

Genus THRAUPIS Boie

Thraupis Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 974. Type, by virtual monotypy,
Tanagra archiepiscopus Desmarest = Tanagra ornata Sparrman.

Thraupis episcopus (Linnaeus). BLUE-GRAY TANAGER.

Tanagra Episcopus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 316. Based on
““L’Evesque”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 2. (in Brasilia, error =
probably Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, plantations, second growth,
parks and gardens (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Puebla,
Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo south
along both slopes of Central America to Panama (including Coiba, Escudo de
Veraguas, and the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela
(also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to north-
western Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil.

Introduced about 1960 in southern Florida (southern Broward and Dade coun-
ties) but has apparently disappeared in recent years.

652 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— Formerly called 7. virens (Linnaeus, 1766); T. episcopus has been ruled
to have priority by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
(1968, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 25, p. 74).

Thraupis abbas (Deppe). YELLOW-WINGED TANAGER.

Tanagra Abbas (Lichtenstein MS) W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Saéugeth.
Vogel, etc., Mex., p. 2. (Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Forest edge and clearings, open woodland, mature scrub and parks
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, the state of
México, Puebla and Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America (including
the Yucatan Peninsula) to Honduras and eastern Nicaragua (Zelaya).

Notes.— Also known as ABBOT’S TANAGER.

Thraupis palmarum (Wied). PALM TANAGER.

Tanagra palmarum Wied, 1821, Reise Bras., 2, p. 76. (Canavieras, Bahia,
Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, parks, plantations, and partly
open situations with scattered trees (Tropical and occasionally lower Subtropical
zones).

Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Honduras (Olancho) and eastern Nic-
aragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare in the dry northwest) and Panama
(except for dry Pacific slope from Veraguas to western Panama province), and in
South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita and Patos islands, and
Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby

Spindalis Jardine and Selby, 1837, Illus. Ornithol., new ser., pt. 2, pl. 9. Type,
by monotypy, Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby = Tanagra nigrice-
phala Jameson = Fringilla zena Linnaeus.

Spindalis zena (Linnaeus). STRIPE-HEADED TANAGER. [610.1.]

Fringilla Zena Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. Based on “‘The
Bahama Finch” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 42, pl. 42. (Bahama
Islands = New Providence.)

Habitat.— Second growth, open woodland,.scrub and shrubby areas, especially
in hilly country.

Distribution. — Resident throughout the Bahama Islands, in the Greater Antilles
(east to Puerto Rico, including the Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, and Gonave
Island off Hispaniola), and on Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo).

Ranges irregularly to southern Florida (north to the Palm Beach area).

Notes.— Because of distinct morphological differences in females, some authors
have suggested that three species should be recognized, S. dominicensis (Bryant,
1866) from Hispaniola, Gonave Island and Puerto Rico, S. nigricephala (Jameson,
1835) from Jamaica, and S. zena in the remainder of the range (including the
Florida vagrants).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 653

Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis

Buthraupis Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, | (1851), p. 29. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra montana Lafresnaye =
Aglaia montana d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye.

Bangsia Penard, 1919, Auk, 36, p. 539. Type, by original designation, Buth-
raupis arcaei caeruleigularis Cherrie [=Ridgway] = Buthraupis arcaei Scla-
ter and Salvin.

Buthraupis arcaei Sclater and Salvin. BLUE-AND-GOLD TANAGER.

Buthraupis arc@i Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 439,
pl. 31. (Cordillera del Chuct, Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest and forest edge (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (the Caribbean slope north to the Cor-
dillera de Tilaran) and western Panama (in Chiriqui, on both slopes in Veraguas,
and in the Cerro Jefe area of eastern Panama province).

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Bangsia.

Genus CHLOROTHRAUPIS Salvin and Godman

Chlorothraupis (Ridgway MS) Salvin and Godman, 1883, Biol. Cent.-Am..,
Aves, 1, p. 297. Type, by subsequent designation (Ridgway, 1884), Phoen-
icothraupis carmioli Lawrence.

Chlorothraupis carmioli (Lawrence). OLIVE TANAGER.

Phenicothraupis carmioli Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p.
100. (Angostura, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest undergrowth and edge (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Nicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (Ca-
ribbean slope, locally on Pacific slope in low passes) and Panama (entire Caribbean
slope, and Pacific slope from eastern Panama province to Darién, generally north
and east of the valleys of Rio Chepo and Rio Chucunaque); and in South America
from southeastern Colombia south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and north-
western Bolivia.

Notes.— Also known as CARMIOL’S TANAGER. C. carmioli and C. olivacea are
considered conspecific by some authors; they constitute at least a superspecies.

Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin). LEMON-BROWED TANAGER.

Orthogonys olivaceus Cassin, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12,
p. 140. (Cordilleras Mountains, on the River Truando, New Granada =
Rio Truand6, northwestern Colombia.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Darién, generally
south and west of the valleys of Rio Chepo and Rio Chucunaque), western Co-
lombia and northwestern Ecuador.

654 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— Formerly known as YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER, a name confusingly
applied also to Tangara guttata. See also comments under C. carmioli. —

Genus EUCOME TIS Sclater

Comarophagus (not Boie, 1826) Bonaparte, 1851, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32,
p. 81. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra pen-
icillata Spix.

Eucometis Sclater, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 117. New name for
Comarophagus Bonaparte, preoccupied.

Eucometis penicillata (Spix). GRAY-HEADED TANAGER.

Tanagra penicillata Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 36, pl. 49, fig.
1. (No locality given = Fonte B6éa, Rio SolimGes, Brazil.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest undergrowth, forest edge, dense
second-growth woodland, and heavy scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Veracruz, northern Oaxaca and the Yucatan Pen-
insula) south along the Gulf-Caribbean slope to Honduras, on both slopes of
Nicaragua (rare on Pacific slope), Costa Rica (primarily Pacific slope, locally on
Caribbean drainage) and Panama (Pacific slope throughout, on Caribbean slope
from the Canal Zone eastward), and in South America from northern Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern
Bolivia, northern Paraguay, and central and eastern Brazil.

Genus LANIO Vieillot

Lanio Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 40. Type, by original designation, “Tangara
mordoré” Buffon = Tangara fulva Boddaert.

Lanio aurantius Lafresnaye. BLACK-THROATED SHRIKE-TANAGER.

Lanio Aurantius Lafresnaye, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 9, p. 204. (in Colombia,
error = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south on
the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Tabasco, Chiapas, southern Campeche, southern
Quintana Roo, Guatemala and Belize to northern Honduras (east to the La Ceiba
region).

Notes.—Some authors consider L. aurantius and L. leucothorax to be conspe-
cific; they constitute a superspecies. With the single species treatment, GREAT
SHRIKE-TANAGER would be the appropriate English name.

Lanio leucothorax Salvin. WHITE-THROATED SHRIKE- TANAGER.

Lanio leucothorax Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 581.
(Tucurriqui, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest (Tropical and lower Subtropical
zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 655

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Honduras (Olancho) south through Nic-
aragua (Caribbean slope) and Costa Rica (both slopes, absent from the dry north-
west) to western Panama (western Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under L. aurantius.

Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway

Heterospingus Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 225. Type, by original designation,
Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence.

Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence). SULPHUR-RUMPED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
17, p. 106. (Line of the Pan[ama]. R[ail]. Road, near Lion Hill Station =
Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands west to the
Rio Reventazon) and Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific lowlands in
eastern Panama province and Darién).

Notes.—Some authors consider H. rubrifrons and H. xanthopygius to be con-
specific; they constitute a superspecies.

Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater). SCARLET-BROWED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus xanthopygius Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1854), p.
158, pl. 69. Gn Nov. Grenada = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (El Real, Jaqué, Pucro and Cana, in
eastern Darién), western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.—See comments under H. rubrifrons.

Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot

Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 33. Type, by monotypy, “Tangara
noir” Buffon = Tangara rufa Boddaert.

Tachyphonus luctuosus d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye. WHITE-SHOULDERED
TANAGER.

Tachyphonus luctuosus d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris],
7, cl. 2, pl. 77-79, p. 29. (Guarayos [Bolivia].)

Habitat.— Humid forest clearings, forest edge, second growth, open woodland
and scrub (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Honduras (Caribbean slope west to La
Ceiba region) south through Nicaragua (Caribbean slope) and Costa Rica (both
slopes, absent from the dry northwest) to Panama (Caribbean slope in western
Bocas del Toro and from Coclé eastward, and Pacific slope in western Chiriqui
and from the Canal Zone eastward), and in South America from Colombia, Ven-
ezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador

656 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

and east of the Andes to eastern Peru. northem Bolivia. and central and eastern
Brazil. i

Tachyphonus delatrii Lafresnaye. TAWNY-CRESTED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus Delatrii Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris]. 10. p. 72. (St-
Bonaventure = Buenaventura, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Honduras (sight report), eastern Nicaragua
(Caribbean slope) south through Costa Rica (primarily Caribbean slope), Panama
(entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope in Veraguas and Darién) and western
Colombia (including Gorgona Island) to western Ecuador.

Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert). WHITE-LINED TANAGER.

Tangara rufa Boddaert, 1783. Table Planches Enlum.. p. 44. Based on “Le
Tangaroux de Cayenne”~ Daubenton, Planches Enlum.. pl. 711. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings. second growth,
open woodland and scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Costa Rica (primarily Caribbean lowlands) and Pan-
ama (entire Caribbean slope. on Pacific slope from western Panama province
eastward). and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Is-
land. Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to north-
western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay,
northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil.

Genus HABIA Blyth

Habia Blyth, 1840, in Cuvier, Anim. Kingdom, p. 184. Type, by subsequent
designation (Oberholser. 1922). Tanagra flammiceps Temminck = Salta-
tor rubicus Vieillot.

Habia rubica (Vieillot). RED-CROWNED ANT-TANAGER.

Staltator [sic] rubicus Vieillot, 1817. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.. nouv. éd.. 14,
p. 107. Based on ““Habia Roxiza™” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.. 1.
p. 351 (no. 85). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest undergrowth and edge, second-growth wood-
land, scrub, thickets and swampy woodland (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Nayarit and southern Tamaulipas south along
both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to Nicaragua,
in Costa Rica (Pacific lowlands) and Panama (primarily Pacific lowlands, locally
on Caribbean slope). and in South America from eastern Colombia (locally also
in western Colombia) and northern Venezuela (also Trinidad) south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru and northerm Bolivia. thence east across Amazonian Brazil
to Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina, and southeastern Brazil.

Habia fuscicauda (Cabanis). RED-THROATED ANT-TANAGER.

Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 9, p. 86. (Costa
Rica.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 657

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings, undergrowth in
second-growth woodland, plantations and mangroves (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, eastern San Luis Potosi
and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America (including
the Yucatan Peninsula, and Meco and Mujeres islands) to Honduras, and in
Nicaragua (Caribbean slope only), Costa Rica (mostly Caribbean slope, absent
from Pacific coast south of Rio Pirris), Panama (throughout, but rare on Pacific
slope in western Panama) and northern Colombia.

Notes.— Also known as DUSKY-TAILED ANT-TANAGER. Some authors consider
H. fuscicauda to be conspecific with the South American H. gutturalis (Sclater,
1854) [Sooty ANT-TANAGER]; they consistute at least a superspecies. In the com-
bined situation, RED-THROATED ANT-TANAGER is the most appropriate English
name.

Habia atrimaxillaris (Dwight and Griscom). BLACK-CHEEKED ANT-
TANAGER.

Phenicothraupis atrimaxillaris Dwight and Griscom, 1924, Am. Mus. Novit.,
no. 142, p. 4. (Puerto Jimenez, Golfo Dulce, Prov. de Puntarenas, Costa
Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest undergrowth and shaded second growth (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Costa Rica
(Golfo Dulce region).

Genus PIRANGA Vieillot

Piranga Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. iv. Type, by
monotypy, Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus = Fringilla rubra Linnaeus.

Spermagra Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 437. Type, by mono-
typy, Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson.

Piranga roseogularis Cabot. ROSE-THROATED TANAGER.

Pyranga roseo-gularis Cabot, 1846, Boston J. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 416. (road from
Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan = Yalahua, Quintana Roo.)

Habitat.— Edge and clearings of humid lowland and deciduous forest (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Mexico (throughout the Yucatan Pen-
insula, including Cozumel Island) and northern Guatemala (Petén), also a sight
report for Belize (Gallon Jug).

Piranga flava (Vieillot). HEPATIC TANAGER. [609.]

Saltator Flavus Vieillot, 1822, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl.
Méth., Ornithol., 2, livr. 91, p. 791. Based on “Habia Amarilla” Azara,
Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 1, p. 358 (no. 87). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest (especially pine and pinyon-juniper), montane
pine-oak association, riparian woodland, lowland pine savanna and, from Costa
Rica southward, also open humid forest, scrub and orchards in both lowlands and

658 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

highland regions, the migratory northern populations ranging in nonbreeding sea-
son to lowland woodland and forest (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [hepatica group] from southern California (San Bernar-
dino and Kingston mountains, and Clark Mountain, probably also the New York
Mountains), northwestern and central Arizona, western Colorado (probably),
northern New Mexico, western Texas, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas south through
the highlands of Middle America to northern Nicaragua, and in the lowland pine
savanna to northeastern Nicaragua.

Winters [hepatica group] from northern Mexico (casually from southern Cali-
fornia and southern Arizona) south through the breeding range, occurring also in
lowland areas in northern Mexico.

Resident {lutea group] from central Costa Rica (Cordillera Central southward),
Panama (both slopes), Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad), western Guyana and
Surinam south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to
eastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia, and extreme northern Brazil (Sierra Imeri);
and [flava group] from the Guianas south, east of the Andes, through most of the
Brazil, southern Bolivia and Paraguay to northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Casual [hepatica group] elsewhere in central and southern California (north to
Solano and Inyo counties, and in the Farallon Islands), north to southern Nevada
(probably breeds) and southern Wyoming, and east to southeastern Texas. Ac-
cidental in Illinois (Beverly).

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, P. hepatica
Swainson, 1827 [HEPATIC TANAGER], P. /utea (Lesson, 1834) [TOOTH-BILLED TAN-
AGER], and P. flava [RED TANAGER.].

Piranga rubra (Linnaeus). SUMMER TANAGER. [610.]

Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. Based on “The
Summer Red-Bird”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 56, pl. 56. (in Amer-
ica = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, open woodland, pine-oak association, riparian
woodland and parks, in migration and winter in a wide variety of forest, woodland
and scrub habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern California (west to San Bernardino
County, and north to southern Inyo County), southern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, central Arizona, central New Mexico, central and northeastern Texas, cen-
tral Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, central Iowa (formerly),
central (formerly northern) Illinois, southern Wisconsin (formerly), central In-
diana, central Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, eastern
Maryland, southern Delaware and southern New Jersey south to northeastern
Baja California, southeastern Sonora, northern Durango, southeastern Coahuila,
central Nuevo Leon, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sinaloa and Veracruz south
through Middle America and South America (also Trinidad) west of the Andes
to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil, rarely north to coastal (casually northern) California and south-
ern Arizona, casually in the Bahama Islands and Cuba.

In migration occurs regularly through northern Mexico, the Bahama Islands,
Cuba, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and islands in the western Caribbean Sea
(Swan, Providencia and San Andrés).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 659

Casual or accidental north to southern Oregon, Montana, southern Saskatch-
ewan, central Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and to Clipperton Island, Bermuda, the Lesser An-
tilles (Mustique in the Grenadines, and Barbados), Galapagos Islands, Curacao
and the British Isles.

Piranga olivacea (Gmelin). SCARLET TANAGER. [608.]

Tanagra olivacea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 889. Based primarily on
the “Olive Tanager” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 218. (in Cayenna
et Noveboraco = New York.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and mature deciduous woodland, less frequently in
mixed deciduous-coniferous forest, in migration and winter in a variety of forest,
woodland, scrub and partly open habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern North Dakota, southeastern Manitoba,
western Ontario, northeastern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario,
southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick and central Maine south to central Ne-
braska, western Kansas, north-central and southeastern Oklahoma, central Ar-
kansas, west-central Tennessee, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, north-
western South Carolina, western North Carolina, central Virginia and Maryland.

Winters from Panama (rarely, in the lowlands) and Colombia south, east of the
Andes, through eastern Ecuador and Peru to northwestern Bolivia.

Migrates primarily through the eastern United States (west to eastern New
Mexico and central Texas), Middle America (primarily the Gulf-Caribbean slope
north of Costa Rica, in Mexico recorded only from Veracruz, Jalisco and the
Yucatan Peninsula) and the West Indies, casually west to the eastern slopes of the
Rockies, in California and Bermuda, and to the Netherlands Antilles and Isla Los
Roques (off Venezuela).

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southern British Columbia,
southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan (possibly breeding) south to Arizona
and Colorado, and in northeastern North America north to Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow) and the
British Isles.

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). WESTERN TANAGER. [607.]

Tanagra ludoviciana Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 3, p. 27, pl. 20, fig. 1.
(prairies of the Missouri, between the Osage and Mandan nations = about
two miles north of Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, pri-
marily in mountains, in migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland,
scrub and partly open habitats, in Middle America mostly in highland pine, pine-
oak association, and humid forest edge and clearings.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia,
southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta and central Saskatchewan south to northern
Baja California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central and southeastern
Arizona, southern New Mexico and western Texas, and east to eastern Montana,
western South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, central Colorado and central New
Mexico; one isolated breeding record from southern Wisconsin (Jefferson County,
1877) is questionable.

660 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Winters from southern Baja California, Jalisco and southern Tamaulipas (rarely
north to southern Oregon, coastal California, southern Arizona and southem
Texas) south through Middle America (mosily highlands, not recorded Belize.
doubtfully recorded Yucatan Peninsula) io Costa Rica, casually along the Gulf
coast from southeastern Texas cast to southem Florida, and to western Panama
(western Chiriqui).

In migration occurs regularly cast to western Nebraska, western Kansas, western
Oklahoma and central Texas.

Casual north to central Alaska and southem Yukon, and across northeasiem
North America from Minnesota east through Wisconsin, Michigan. southern On-
tario and southern Quebec to Maime and Nova Scotia, and south to New York,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, also sight reporis elsewhere
in eastern North America. Accidental in northem Alaska (Point Barrow), the
Bahama Islands (New Providence) and Cuba (Cardenas).

Piranga bidentata Swainson. FLAME-COLORED TANAGER.

Pyranga bidentata Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag.. new ser., 1, p. 438. (Tem-
sicaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec. state of México.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and. less frequenily dense pime-
oak association (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonore, southern Chihuahua, central
Nuevo Leon and southern Tamaulipas south through the mountains of Mexico
(also the Tres Marias Islands. off Nayarit), Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
to north-central Nicaragua: and in the mountains of Cosia Rica (primarily ihe
Cordillera Central) and western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes.— Also known as STREAK-BACKED TANAGER.

Piranga leucoptera Trudeau. WHITE-WINGED TANAGER.

Pyranga leucoptera Trudeau, 1839, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8, p. 160-
(Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge, clearings, mature second-growth wood-
land. scrub and plantations (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south
(west to Hidalgo. the state of México and Oaxaca) through Middle America (mostly
in the highlands. not recorded Yucatan Penmsula) to western Panama (Chinqui
and Veraguas). and in South America from Colombia and Venezuela south, wesi
of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, north-
western Bolivia and extreme northwestern Brazil.

Piranga erythrocephala (Swainson). RED-HEADED TANAGER.

Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson. 1827. Philos. Mag.. new ser., 1, p. 437.
(Temiuscaltipec. Mexico = Temascaltepec. state of México.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest and pine-oak association, in nonbreeding
season also to deciduous forest (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).
Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora and Chihuahua south

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 661

through Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, the state of
México, Morelos and Guerrero to Oaxaca (east to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

[Piranga rubriceps Gray. RED-HOODED TANAGER.] See Appendix B.

Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest

Ramphocelus Desmarest, 1805, Hist. Nat. Tangaras, Manakins, Todiers, livr.
1, pl. 28 (and text), p. [1]. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
1855), Tanagra brasilia [sic] Linnaeus.

Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., pp. 21,
155. Type, by original designation, Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus
Lesson.

Ramphocelus sanguinolentus (Lesson). CRIMSON-COLLARED TANAGER.

Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, 1831, Cent. Zool., p. 107, pl.
39. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, clearings, shrubby second
growth, and thickets (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Tabasco, northern Oaxaca, Chiapas and
southern Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America
to western Panama (Bocas del Toro, Veraguas and western Panama province,
locally also on Pacific slope in Veraguas).

Notes.— Often placed in the monotypic genus Phlogothraupis.

Ramphocelus dimidiatus Lafresnaye. CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER.

Ramphocelus dimidiatus Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 7, cl. 2, pl. 81,
p. 2. (du sud du Mexique et de Carthagéne, Nouvelle-Grenade = Cartagena,
Colombia.)

Habitat.— Scrub, shrubby areas, gardens, and humid lowland and foothill forest
edge and clearings (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (both slopes west to Chiriqui and Veraguas,
including Coiba and the Pearl islands), northern and western Colombia, and
western Venezuela.

Notes.—R. dimidiatus and the South American R. melanogaster (Swainson,
1838), R. carbo (Pallas, 1764) and R. bresilius (Linnaeus, 1766) appear to con-
stitute a superspecies.

Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte. SCARLET-RUMPED TANAGER.

Ramphocelus Passerinii Bonaparte, 1831, Antologia [Florence], 44 (130), p.
164. (in Insula Cuba, error = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Thickets, gardens, shrubby areas, second growth, and humid forest
edge (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas south on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope of Central America to Nicaragua, and on both slopes of Costa

662 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Rica (except the dry northwest) and western Panama (Bocas del Toro and Chi-
riqui).
Notes.— R. passerinii and R. flammigerus appear to constitute a superspecies.

Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jardine and Selby). FLAME-RUMPED TANAGER.

Ramphopis flammigerus Jardine and Selby. 1833, Illus. Ormmithol.. 3, pl. 131.
(Columbia River. error = Antioquia. Colombia.)

Habitat.—Shrubby areas, gardens, thickets and humid forest edge, especially
near water (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [icteronotus group] in Panama (west to Bocas del Toro
and Veraguas, more commonly on the Caribbean slope). western Colombia and
western Ecuador: and [/lammigerus group] in western Colombia (east of the pre-
ceding, from the middle Cauca Valley south to Narifio).

Notes.— The two morphologically distinct groups are sometimes regarded as
separate species, R. icteronotus Bonaparte, 1838 [YELLOW-RUMPED T ANAGER]. and
R. flammigerus [FLAME-RUMPED TANAGER], but they intergrade in the Rio San
Juan region of western Colombia. See also comments under R. passerinii.

Genus PHAENICOPHILUS Strickland

Phenicophilus Strickland, 1851, in Jardine, Contrib. Ornithol., 1. p. 104.
Type, by original designation, Phaenicophilus palmarum (Linn.) = Turdus
palmarum Linnaeus.

Phaenicophilus palmarum (Linnaeus). BLACK-CROWNED PALM-TANAGER.

Turdus palmarum Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat.. ed. 12, 1, p. 295. Based in part
on “Le Palmiste a teste [=téte] noire” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 303, pl.
29, fig. 2. (in Cayenne Palmis. error = Santo Domingo, Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Woodland and thickets. in both semi-arid and humid regions, pri-
marily in lowlands.

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (except the southern peninsula of Haiti
west of the Trouin Valley) and adjacent Saona Island.

Phaenicophilus poliocephalus (Bonaparte). GRAY-CROWNED PALM-
TANAGER.

Dulus poliocephalus Bonaparte. 1851. Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 3, p. 178.
(Hispaniola = Haiti.)

Habitat.— Woodland and thickets, mostly in lowland regions.

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Hispaniola (Massif de la Hotte area,
in southwestern Haiti) and on adjacent islands (Gonave. Ile-a-Vache and Grand
Cayemite).

Genus CALYPTOPHILUS Cory

Calyptophilus Cory, 1884, Auk, 1. p. 3. Type. by monotypy, Phenoicophilus
frugivorus Cory.

Notes.—Now thought to be more closely related to Rhodinocichla than to
Phaenicophilus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 663

Calyptophilus frugivorus (Cory). CHAT TANAGER.

Phenicophilus frugivorus Cory, 1883, Q. J. Boston Zool. Soc., 2, p. 45. (Santo
Domingo = Almercen [=Villa Rivas], Dominican Republic.)

Habitat.— Dense mountain thickets, locally also in semi-arid lowland scrub.

Distribution. — Resident on Hispaniola [tertius group] in southern Haiti (massifs
de la Hotte and la Selle); and [f/rugivorus group] in western Dominican Republic
(east to Semana province), and on Gonave Island.

Notes.— The two groups are considered by some authors to be separate species,
C. tertius Wetmore, 1929 [WESTERN CHAT-TANAGER], and C. frugivorus [EASTERN
CHAT-TANAGER.].

Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub

Rhodinocichla Hartlaub, 1853, J. Ornithol., 1, p. 33. Type, by original des-
ignation, Furnarius roseus Lesson.

Notes.— Systematic position uncertain; may be related to the “‘paruiine” genus
Granatellus.

Rhodinocichla rosea (Lesson). RoSy THRUSH-TANAGER.

Furnarius roseus Lesson, 1832, Illus. Zool., livr. 2, pl. 5. (du Brésil et du
district peu connu de San-Jose, error = Caracas, Venezuela.)

Habitat.— Thickets, dense undergrowth in second-growth woodland, brushy
areas and scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Mexico from Sinaloa to west-
ern Michoacan (Coahuayana); on the Pacific slope of southern Middle America
from southwestern Costa Rica east to central Panama (to eastern Panama province,
also on the Caribbean slope in Colon and the Canal Zone); and in South America
in northern and central Colombia, and northern Venezuela.

Notes.— Also known as ROSE-BREASTED THRUSH-ITANAGER.

Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway

Mitrospingus Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 225. Type, by original designation,
Tachyphonus cassini [sic] Lawrence.

Mitrospingus cassinii (Lawrence). DUSKY-FACED TANAGER.

Tachyphonus Cassinii Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 297.
(on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, along the line of the Panama
Railroad = Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge, undergrowth of second-
growth woodland, thickets adjacent to forest, and plantations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands) south through
Panama (entire Caribbean slope, also in Pacific lowlands in Veraguas, eastern
Panama province and Darién) and the Pacific lowlands of Colombia to north-
western Ecuador.

664 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis

Chlorospingus Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 139. Type, by virtual
monotypy, Chlorospingus leucophrys Cabanis = Arremon ophthalmicus Du
Bus de Gisignies.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus de Gisignies). COMMON BUSH-
TANAGER.

Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett.
Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, p. 106. (Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land, shrubby areas and thickets, in nonbreeding season also to lowland forest
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones, in nonbreeding season to lower Tropical
Zone, in South America also to lower Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [ophthalmicus group] in the highlands from Guerrero,
Puebla, Hidalgo, eastern San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz south through
Middle America to western Panama (western Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro), and
in South America from the mountains of Colombia and northern Venezuela south
through the Andes of Ecuador and Peru to Bolivia and northwestern Argentina;
and [punctulatus group] in the highlands of western Panama (Veraguas and Coclé).

Notes.— Also known as BROWN-HEADED BUSH-TANAGER. Species limits within
the genus are poorly understood. The two groups have sometimes been regarded
as separate species, C. ophthalmicus [COMMON BUSH-TANAGER] and C. punctu-
latus Sclater and Salvin, 1869 [DoTTED BUSH-TANAGER]; C. inornatus is regarded
by some authors as a race of C. ophthalmicus, while C. tacarcunae is considered
a race of C. ophthalmicus or a race of C. flavigularis. Two South American forms,
C. flavopectus (Lafresnaye, 1840) and C. cinereocephalus Taczanowski, 1874,
included herein in C. ophthalmicus, are sometimes regarded as full species or, in
the case of cinereocephalus, as a race of the South American C. semifuscus Sclater
and Salvin, 1873.

Chlorospingus tacarcunae Griscom. TACARCUNA BUSH-TANAGER.

Chlorospingus tacarcunae Griscom, 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 141, p. 11.
(Mt. Tacarcuna, east slope, alt. 4600 ft., eastern Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and brushy second growth (upper
Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama in eastern Panama province (Cerro
Jefe) and eastern Darién (Cerro Tacarcuna).

Notes.—See comments under C. ophthalmicus.

Chlorospingus inornatus (Nelson). PIRRE BUSH-TANAGER.

Hylospingus inornatus Nelson, 1912, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 60, no. 3, p.
18. (Mount Pirri, at 5200 feet altitude, eastern Panama.)

Habitat.—Humid montane forest, forest edge and second-growth woodland
(upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

“>

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 665

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama in eastern Darién (Cerro Pirre, Cerro
Sapo, and Cana).
Notes.—See comments under C. ophthalmicus.

Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin. SooTY-CAPPED BUSH-TANAGER.

Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 581.
(Volcan de Cartago [=Irazu], Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, scrubby second growth,
and brushy areas (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Tilaran) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.— Includes C. zeledoni Ridgway, 1905 [VOLCANO BUSH-TANAGER], of the
Irazu and Turrialba volcanoes in central Costa Rica, now shown to be a color
morph of C. pileatus (see Johnson and Brush, 1972, Syst. Zool., 21, pp. 245-262).

Chlorospingus flavigularis (Sclater). YELLOW-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER.

Pipilopsis flavigularis Sclater, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, p. 8. (Nouvelle-
Grenade = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, forest edge and clearings (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones). |

Distribution.— Resident in western Panama (Bocas del Toro and Veraguas); and
in South America from Colombia south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador
and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia.

Notes.— Differences in eye color and behavior suggest that the Panama form
may represent a species, C. hypophaeus Sclater and Salvin, 1868 [DARK-BREASTED
BuUSH-TANAGER], different from the South American C. flavigularis. See also com-
ments under C. ophthalmicus.

Chlorospingus canigularis (Lafresnaye). ASHY-THROATED BUSH-
TANAGER.

Tachyphonus canigularis Lafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 11, p. 11. (ad
. Bogotam, in Colombia = Bogota, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge and clearings (Subtropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of central Costa Rica (primarily Ca-
ribbean slope from Rio Reventazon to the Cordillera Central) and extreme western
Panama (western Bocas del Toro); and in South America from Colombia and
northwestern Venezuela south to northwestern Peru and eastern Ecuador.

Genus NESOSPINGUS Sclater
Nesospingus Sclater, 1885, Ibis, p. 273. Type, by monotypy, Ch/orospingus
speculiferus Lawrence.
Nesospingus speculiferus (Lawrence). PUERTO RICAN TANAGER.

Chlorospingus ? speculiferus Lawrence, 1875, Ibis, p. 383, pl. 9, fig. 1. (Porto
Rico.)

666 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Highland forest and second-growth woodland.
Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Puerto Rico.

Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis

Hemithraupis Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum, 1 (1851), p. 21. Type, by
original designation, Hylophilus ruficeps Wied = Nemosia ruficapilla Vieil-
lot.

Hemithraupis flavicollis (Vieillot). YELLOW-BACKED TANAGER.

Nemosia flavicollis Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 22, p.
491. (?Amérique méridionale = Cayenne.)
Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge and scrub (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).
Distribution. — Resident from extreme eastern Panama (Rio Tuira and Cana, in
eastern Darién), northern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south,
east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Amazonian and south-
eastern Brazil.

Genus CHRYSOTHLYPIS Berlepsch

Chrysothlypis Berlepsch, 1912, Verh. V Int. Ornithol. Kongr., Berlin (1911),
p. 1080. Type, by original designation, Tachyphonus chrysomelas Sclater
and Salvin.

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin). BLACK-AND-YELLOW
TANAGER.

Tachyphonus chrysomelas Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 440, pl. 32. (Cordillera del Chuct, Veraguas, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill forest, forest edge, and adjacent open woodland (up-
per Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (primarily Caribbean slope north to Ar-
enal) and Panama (east to western Panama province, and in Darién).

Tribe TERSINI: Swallow-Tanagers

Genus TERSINA Vieillot

Tersina Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 33, p. 401. Type,
by monotypy, Tersina caerulea Vieillot = Hirundo viridis Mliger.

Notes.— This genus was formerly placed in the monotypic family Tersinidae.

Tersina viridis (Illiger). SWwALLOW-TANAGER.

Hirundo viridis Mliger, 1811, Prodromus, p. 229. Based on “L’Hirondelle
verte” Temminck, Cat. Syst. Cab. Ornithol., Quadr., p. 245. (Sandwich
Islands, error = eastern Brazil.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 667

Habitat.— Open woodland, second growth, clearings, parks and suburban areas,
nesting in holes in earth banks (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and east-
ern Darién), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas
south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern
Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and south-
ern Brazil. Southernmost populations apparently are migratory, at least in part.

Subfamily CARDINALINAE: Cardinals, Grosbeaks and Allies

Genus SALTATOR Vieillot

Saltator Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, ““Grand Tanagra”
Buffon = Tanagra maxima Miller.

Saltator albicollis Vieillot. STREAKED SALTATOR.

Saltator albicollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p.
107. (Cayenne, error = Martinique.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, shrubby areas, scrub, deciduous woodland, thickets
and cultivated areas (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [albicollis group] in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia); and [striatipectus group] on the Pacific slope
of southwestern Costa Rica (El General region) and Panama (including Coiba,
Coibita, Taboga and the Pearl islands, and on the Caribbean slope in the Canal
Zone), and in South America from northern Colombia and northern Venezuela
(also Patos, Monos, Chacachacare islands, and Trinidad) south, west of the Andes,
to western Ecuador and western Peru.

Accidental [albicollis group] on Nevis, in the Lesser Antilles.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, S. albicollis
[LESSER ANTILLEAN SALTATOR] and S. striatipectus Lafresnaye, 1847 [STREAKED
SALTATOR].

Saltator coerulescens Vieillot. GRAYISH SALTATOR.

Saltator cerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p.
105. Based on “‘Habia Ceja blanca” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag.,
1, p. 344 (no. 81). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, scrub, second growth, thickets and plantations
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [grandis group] from Sinaloa, western Durango, eastern
San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle
America (including the Yucatan Peninsula, but unrecorded Pacific slope of Nic-
aragua) to central Costa Rica; and [coerulescens group] from northern and eastern
Colombia, Venezuela (also Monos and Chacachacare islands, and Trinidad) and
the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern
Argentina, Uruguay, and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, S. grandis (W.

668 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Deppe, 1830) [MippLE AMERICAN SALTATOR] and S. coerulescens [GRAYISH SAL-
TATOR]. ;

Saltator maximus (Miiller). BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR.

Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst.., Suppl.. p. 159. Based on
““Tanagra, des grands bois de Cayenne” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl.
205. (Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid forest edge, second growth, open woodland, clearings, scrub.
swamps and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope of Central America to Nicaragua. on both slopes of Costa Rica
(except the dry northwest) and Panama. and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay. and central and south-
eastern Brazil.

Saltator atriceps (Lesson). BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR.

Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps Lesson, 1832, Cent. Zool., p. 208. pl. 69. (Mex-
ico = Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest edge. second growth. clearings.
scrub, thickets and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in central Guerrero (Chilpancingo): and from eastern
San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas. Veracruz, eastern Puebla, northern and
eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula south along both slopes of
Central America to Honduras, and in Nicaragua (Pacific slope only), Costa Rica
(primarily Caribbean slope) and Panama (both slopes, east to Darién).

Genus PITYLUS Cuvier

Pitylus Cuvier, 1829, Régne Anim., nouv. éd., 1, p. 413. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Loxia grossa Linnaeus.

Pitylus grossus (Linnaeus). SLATE-COLORED GROSBEAK.

Loxia grossa Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 307. Based on “Le
Gros-bec bleu d’Amérique” Brisson, Ornithologie, 6. suppl., p. 89. pl. 5,
fig. 1. (in America = Cayenne.) ;

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest. second growth and adja-
cent scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of northeastern Honduras (sight
report), Nicaragua and Costa Rica. on both slopes of Panama (more widespread
on the Caribbean), and in South America from Colombia. southern Venezuela
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the
Andes to eastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia, and Amazonian and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—Some authors consider P. grossus and the South American P. fuligi-
nosus (Daudin, 1800) to be conspecific: they constitute a superspecies.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 669

Genus CARYOTHRAUSTES Reichenbach

Caryothraustes Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 78. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Sclater and Salvin, 1869), **Pitylus” [=Coccothraustes|
viridis = Loxia canadensis Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Rhodothraupis.

Caryothraustes poliogaster (Du Bus de Gisignies). BLACK-FACED GROS-
BEAK.

Pitylus poliogaster Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-
Arts Belg., 14, p. 105. (Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, and dense second-
growth woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo south along the Gulf-
Caribbean slope of Central America to western Panama (Bocas del Toro, and both
slopes of Veraguas, casually or formerly to Coclé, western Panama province and
the Canal Zone).

Notes.—Some authors consider C. poliogaster and C. canadensis to be conspe-
cific; they constitute a superspecies. With a single species treatment, BLACK-FACED
GROSBEAK would be the appropriate English name.

Caryothraustes canadensis (Linnaeus). GREEN GROSBEAK.

Loxia canadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 304. Based on “Le
Gros-bec de Cayenne”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 229, pl. 11, fig. 3. (in
Canada, error = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, second growth, shrub-
by areas, clearings and suburban regions (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Cana, in eastern Darién):
and in South America from southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the
Guianas south through Amazonian and central Brazil to southeastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-GREEN GROSBEAK. See comments under C.
poliogaster.

Genus RHODOTHRAUPIS Ridgway

Rhodothraupis Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 226. Type, by original designation,
Fringilla celaeno Lichtenstein = Tanagra celaeno Deppe.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Caryothraustes.

Rhodothraupis celaeno (Deppe). CRIMSON-COLLARED GROSBEAK. [594.1.]

Tanagra Celaeno (Lichtenstein MS) W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Saugeth.
Vogel, etc., Mex., p. 2. (Mexico = Papantla, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Brushy woodland, second growth and scrub (Tropical and lower Sub-
tropical zones).

670 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from east-central Nuevo Leon and southern Tamau-
lipas south through eastern San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz to northeastern
Puebla.

Casual in southern Texas (Hidalgo County).

Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte

Cardinalis Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 111. Type.
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Cardinalis virginianus Bo-
naparte = Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus.

Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1 (2), p. 500. Type. by
monotypy, Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte.

Richmondena Mathews and Iredale, 1918, Austral Avian Rec., 3, p. 145.
Type, by original designation, Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus.

Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). NORTHERN CARDINAL. [593.]

Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 172. Based mainly
on “The Red-Bird” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 38, pl. 38. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Thickets, brushy areas, fields, shrubbery, forest edge, clearings,
around human habitation, and, in arid regions, in scrub, riparian thickets, wood-
land and brush (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from cental Baja California, southeastern California,
central and southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, western and north-
ern Texas, western Kansas, central Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, central
Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, north-
ern New York, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California
(including Cerralvo, Santa Margarita, Carmen and San José islands), along the
Pacific slope of Mexico to Oaxaca (including Tiburon and the Tres Marias islands),
in the interior to Guanajuato and Hidalgo, along the Gulf-Caribbean slope to the
Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island), northern Guatemala (Petén) and
Belize, and to the Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the Florida Keys);
also has bred in southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg). The range in North America
has been gradually expanding northward over the past few decades.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (common on all main islands
from Kauai eastward), southwestern California (Los Angeles County) and Ber-
muda.

Casual west and north to central Colorado and southern Saskatchewan.

Notes.— Formerly known as the CARDINAL; also known as COMMON CARDINAL.
C. cardinalis and the South American C. phoeniceus Bonaparte, 1838, constitute
a superspecies.

Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte. PYRRHULOXIA. [594.]

Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1337) po Ue
(Western parts of Mexico = Zacatecas.)

Habitat.— Arid brush, thorn scrub, weedy fields and riparian thickets (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Baja California (north to lat. 27°N.), So-
nora, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and south-central

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 671

Texas south to southern Baja California, northern Nayarit, northeastern Jalisco,
northern Michoacan, Querétaro, southern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamau-
lipas.

Casual north to southern California (Imperial and San Bernardino counties,
attempted nesting in latter in 1977), central Arizona, central New Mexico and
east-central Texas, also a sight report for Oklahoma (Cimarron County). Reports
from Nevada and Puebla are open to question.

Notes.— Frequently placed in the monotypic genus Pyrrhuloxia.

Genus PHEUCTICUS Reichenbach

Pheucticus Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 78. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Pitylus aureoventris dOrbigny and Laf-
resnaye.

Hedymeles Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, |, p. 152. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus (Vigors). YELLOW GROSBEAK. [596.1.]

Coccothraustes chrysopeplus Vigors, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Comm.
Sci. Corresp., pt. 2, p. 4. (Mexico = San Blas, Nayarit.)

Habitat.— Foothill and montane forest edge, second-growth woodland, clear-
ings, scrub and brushy areas (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, Si-
naloa and western Durango south in the highlands to Guerrero, Morelos, south-
western Puebla and northwestern Oaxaca; and in southern Chiapas and central
Guatemala.

Casual in southern Arizona.

Notes.—Some authors regard P. chrysopeplus, P. tibialis and the South Amer-
ican P. chrysogaster (Lesson, 1832) as conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.
With a single species treatment, YELLOW GROSBEAK is the appropriate English
name.

Pheucticus tibialis Lawrence. BLACK-THIGHED GROSBEAK.

Pheucticus tibialis (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8,
p: 478. (“Eervantes” [=Cervantes], Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge and adjacent woodland (upper Subtrop-
ical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera
de Tilaran) and western Panama (east to Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under P. chrysopeplus.

Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus). ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. [595.]

Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 306. Based on “Le
Gros-bec de la Louisiane”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 247, pl. 12, fig. 2.
(in Ludovicia = Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest (especially poplar and aspen), woodland and second
growth, in migration and winter in a variety of forest, woodland and scrub habitats.
Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southwestern and

672 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

south-central Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani-
toba, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick. Prince
Edward Island and Nova Scotia south to central and southeastern Alberta, south-
em Saskatchewan, north-central North Dakota. eastern South Dakota. eastern
Nebraska, central (formerly northwestern) Kansas, central Oklahoma. southern
Missouri, southern Illinois, central Indiana, northern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,
eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, western North Carolina, western Virginia.
West Virginia and Maryland, casually west to northeastern Wyoming and eastern
Colorado.

Winters from Michoacan and San Luis Potosi south through Middle America
to northern and eastern Colombia. Venezuela. eastern Ecuador and east-central
Peru, rarely in southern Texas, southern Louisiana and western Cuba: recorded
occasionally in winter in the breeding range, and in Oregon and California.

Migrates regularly through the southeastern states (west to the Rockies) and
northeastern Mexico, irregularly west to California, Utah. Colorado and New
Mexico, and through the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin
Islands), and islands in the western Caribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia and San
Andrés). and casually elsewhere in western North America from southern British
Columbia, Idaho and Montana south to Arizona and northwestern Mexico.

Casual or accidental in the Lesser Antilles (Barbuda. Dominica. Barbados).
Greenland and the Bnitish Isles.

Notes.—P. /udovicianus and P. melanocephalus hybridize where their ranges
overlap in the Great Plains: they constitute a superspecies and are regarded as
conspecific by a few authors.

Pheucticus melanocephalus (Swainson). BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK. [596.]

Guiraca melanocephala Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 438.
(Temiscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec. state of México.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and woodland, pine-oak association. oak scrub,
pinyon-juniper woodland and deciduous thickets (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution. — Breeds from southern British Columbia. southern Alberta. south-
western Saskatchewan. northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota
south to northern Baja California, southern California. southern Nevada, central
and southeastern Arizona and, in the Mexican highlands, to Guerrero and Oaxaca
(west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec). and east to central Nebraska, central Kansas.
western Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico and western Texas.

Winters from coastal California (rarely), southern Baja California, northern
Mexico, southeastern Texas and (rarely) southern Louisiana south to Oaxaca and
Veracruz.

Casual in eastern North America from southern Manitoba, Minnesota. Wis-
consin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York. Maine. New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia south to the Gulf coast and Florida (recorded most frequently in New
England and along the Atlantic coast south to South Carolina): also a sight report
from southern Alaska (Middleton Island). but another for Costa Rica and an old
record from the state of Yucatan are highly questionable.

Notes.—See comments under P. /udovicianus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 673

Genus CYANOCOMPSA Cabanis

Cyanocompsa Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 9, p. 4. Type, by original desig-
nation, Fringilla [Cyanoloxia] parellina Bonaparte.

Notes.—Some authors merge Cyanocompsa and Guiraca in Passerina.

Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye). BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK.

Coccoborus cyanoides Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 10, p. 74. (Pan-
ama.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest undergrowth, forest edge, second
growth, open woodland, clearings, plantations and thickets (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,
Chiapas, southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope of Central America to Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica
(except the dry northwest) and Panama, and in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

A report from Trinidad is regarded as erroneous.

Cyanocompsa parellina (Bonaparte). BLUE BUNTING. [597.1.]

Cyanoloxia parellina (Lichtenstein MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Av-
ium, 1(2), p. 502. (Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, forest edge, pine-oak association, clearings, arid
scrub, brushy fields and thickets (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from central Sinaloa, eastern San Luis Potosi, northern
Nuevo Le6én and central Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Mexico (including
the Yucatan Peninsula and Isla Mujeres) and Central America to north-central
Nicaragua.

Casual or accidental in Texas (Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park area) and south-
western Louisiana (Cameron Parish).

Genus GUIRACA Swainson

Guiraca Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 438. Type, by subse-
quent designation (Swainson, 1827), Loxia caerulea “*Wilson” [=Linnaeus].

Notes.—See comments under Cyanocompsa.

Guiraca caerulea (Linnaeus). BLUE GROSBEAK. [597.]

Loxia cerulea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 175. Based on “The
blew Gross-bec’”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 39, pl. 39. (in America =
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, riparian woodland, scrub,
thickets and cultivated lands, in migration and winter also in second growth,

674 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

weedy fields and grassy areas (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones, in non-
breeding season also to lower Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds from central interior and southern California (north to
Owen’s Valley and Mono County). southern Nevada. southern and eastern Utah,
southern Colorado, Nebraska (also north through central South Dakota to south-
central North Dakota and probably also southwestern Minnesota). Kansas. central
Missouri, central Illinois, southern Indiana, southern Ohio, West Virginia. south-
ern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey south to northern Baja California and
southern Arizona. in the highlands and Pacific lowlands of Middle America
through Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to central
Costa Rica. and to southern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast and central Florida:
breeding sporadic and casual in the extreme northeastern parts of the breeding
range.

Winters from southern Baja California and northern Mexico (rarely from the
Gulf coast and southern Florida, casually elsewhere in the North American breed-
ing range and north to New England) south through Middle America to central
Panama (Canal Zone), and (rarely) in Cuba.

Migrates from California and the North American breeding range south over
most of Middle America (including the Caribbean lowlands). through the Bahama
Islands and Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands). and to the Swan Islands
(western Caribbean Sea).

Casual north to Washington, southern Saskatchewan, Minnesota, Wisconsin.
southern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia. Accidental in Ecuador (also sight record from Colombia).

Genus PASSERINA Vieulot

Passerina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 30. Type, by subsequent designation (G.
R. Gray. 1840), “Le Ministre” Buffon = Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Cyanocompsa.

Passerina rositae (Lawrence). ROSE-BELLIED BUNTING.

Cyanospiza rosite (Sumichrast MS) Lawrence. 1874, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N_Y.. 10. p. 397. (Tehuantepec. Mexico = Cacoprieto, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, riparian woodland and adjacent brush (Tropical
Zone).

Distribution. — Resident in eastern Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec region west
to Chivela, Matias Romero and Juchitan) and extreme western Chiapas (La Trin-
idad).

Notes.— Also known as RoOsITA’s BUNTING.

Passerina amoena (Say). LAZULI BUNTING. [599.]

Emberiza ame@na Say, 1823. in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 47 (note).
(Rocky Mountains. source of the Arkansas = near Canyon City, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Arid brushy areas in canyons, riparian thickets, chaparral and open
woodland, in migration and winter also in open grassy and weedy areas.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 675

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, south-
ern Saskatchewan, central North Dakota and northeastern South Dakota south
to northwestern Baja California, southern California, southern Nevada, central
Arizona, central New Mexico and central Texas (Kerr County, with summer
records also for Trans-Pecos and the Panhandle), and east to east-central Nebraska,
western Kansas and western Oklahoma.

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Arizona and Chihuahua south
to Guerrero and central Veracruz.

Migrates regularly through the southwestern United States and northwestern
Mexico (including Baja California), rarely west to southwestern British Columbia,
north to central Alberta, and east to Minnesota, western Missouri, and eastern
and southern Texas.

Casual in eastern North America (recorded Illinois, southern Ontario, Penn-
sylvania, Maine, Maryland and Florida, also sight reports from Wisconsin, Ar-
kansas and Virginia). Accidental in southern Mackenzie.

Notes.— P. amoena and P. cyanea hybridize where their ranges overlap in the
Great Plains region but are locally sympatric without interbreeding in the South-
west; they constitute a superspecies and are regarded as conspecific by a few
authors.

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). INDIGO BUNTING. [598.]

Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 315. Based on “The
blew Linnet’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, [espe 45, pl. 45. (in Carolina =
South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest edge and clearings, open woodland, second growth,
shrubby areas, scrub and cultivated lands, in migration and winter in a variety of
open forest, woodland, scrub and open habitats.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northern Minnesota, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, south-
ern Maine and southern New Brunswick south to southern New Mexico, central
and southeastern Texas (south to San Patricio County), the Gulf coast and central
Florida, and west to eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, western Kansas and
central New Mexico; recorded breeding sporadically also in central Colorado,
southwestern Utah, central Arizona and southern California.

Winters from Jalisco and San Luis Potosi (rarely from southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and Florida, casually in winter elsewhere in the North American breeding
range) south through Middle America (including most adjacent islands), the Great-
er Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands) and Bahama Islands to Panama (rare east
of the Canal Zone) and northwestern Colombia.

Migrates through the United States east of the Rockies, Mexico (except the
northwestern portion), northern Middle America, the western Greater Antilles
and Bahama Islands; uncommonly (but regularly) through California, Baja Cali-
fornia, northwestern Mexico, southern Arizona and New Mexico; and casually
elsewhere in western North America from southern British Columbia, Idaho,
southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan southward.

Casual north to central Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Iceland and the
british Isles (possibly escapes).

Notes.—See comments under P. amoena.

676 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Passerina versicolor (Bonaparte). VARIED BUNTING. [600.]

Spiza versicolor Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 120.
(near Temascallepec [=Temascaltepec, state of México].)

Habitat.— Arid thorn brush and thickets, dry washes and arid scrub (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Baja California (Cape District), northern
Sonora, south-central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico (Guada-
lupe Mountains, Carlsbad Caverns), and western and southern Texas (Culberson
and Crockett counties, and the Rio Grande Valley) south through Mexico (except
the Yucatan Peninsula) to central Guatemala (Motagua Valley).

Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, southern Chihuahua,
central Nuevo Leon and southern Texas south through the remainder of the
breeding range.

Casual north to southern California (to Riverside and Inyo counties), west-
central Arizona, west-central New Mexico and south-central Texas.

Passerina leclancherii Lafresnaye. ORANGE-BREASTED BUNTING.

Passerina (Spiza) Leclancherii Lafresnaye, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 3, p. 260.
(Acapulco, [Guerrero,] Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, arid scrub, brush and abandoned fields (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from Colima, Jalisco and Michoa-
can south through Guerrero, southern Puebla and Oaxaca to southwestern Chiapas
(Arriaga).

An individual netted in southern Texas (Hidalgo County) in 1972 was almost
certainly an individual escaped from captivity.

Notes.— Also known as LECLANCHER’S BUNTING.

Passerina ciris (Linnaeus). PAINTED BUNTING. [601.]

Emberiza Ciris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 179. Based mainly
on “The Painted Finch” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 44, pl. 44. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered brush and trees, riparian thickets
and brush, and weedy and shrubby areas, in migration and winter in a variety of
open weedy, grassy and scrub habitats, and in open woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds from southeastern New Mexico, northern Texas, central
Oklahoma, east-central Kansas, southern Missouri and southwestern Tennessee
south to southern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, southern Texas and southern
Louisiana, and east along the Gulf coast to southern Alabama (locally to the
Apalachicola region of western Florida); and from central South Carolina and
southeastern North Carolina south, primarily on banger islands and the adjacent
mainland coast, to central Florida.

Winters from Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi, central Tamaulipas, northern Florida
and the northwestern Bahama Islands south through Cuba, Jamaica and Middle
America (both slopes) to western Panama (Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui, casually
to western Panama province).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 677

Migrates regularly through the southeastern United States from the breeding
range and northern portions of the Gulf states southward, and west (at least
formerly) to southeastern Arizona and Sonora, casually to southern California.

Casual north to Oregon, Colorado, Nebraska, Minnesota, Michigan, southern
Ontario, New York, New Hampshire, Maine and Nova Scotia; some of these
reports are likely based on individuals escaped from captivity. Accidental in
Bermuda; a report from the British Isles was almost certainly of an escape.

Genus SPIZA Bonaparte

Spiza Bonaparte, 1824, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, p. 45. Type, by
subsequent designation (Bonaparte, 1827), Emberiza americana Gmelin.

Notes.— Affinities of this genus are uncertain; some authors believe it to be an
icterine, others an aberrant cardinaline.

Spiza americana (Gmelin). DICKCISSEL. [604.]

Emberiza americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 872. Based on the
“Black-throated Bunting” Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 363, pl. 17. (in Nov-
eboraco = New York.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, meadows, savanna, cultivated lands and brushy fields,
in migration and winter also in a variety of open country, second growth and
scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Montana, southeastern Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, northwestern and central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,
central Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York and Massachusetts south
to central Colorado, eastern New Mexico (probably), western and southern Texas,
southern Louisiana, central Mississippi, central (rarely southern) Alabama, central
Georgia and South Carolina, formerly also in the Atlantic lowlands from Mas-
sachusetts to North Carolina; breeding sporadic and irregular in eastern portion
of range.

Winters from Michoacan south, primarily along the Pacific slope, through Mid-
dle America to northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and
the Guianas, locally in small numbers also in coastal lowlands from southern New
England south to Florida and west to southern Texas.

Migrates regularly from southern (casually northwestern) California, southern
Arizona, New Mexico, the southeastern United States and the Bahama Islands
south through Middle America (both slopes), casually through Baja California,
Jamaica, Puerto Rico, islands in the western Caribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia,
San Andrés and Albuquerque Cay), and the Netherlands Antilles (Aruba).

Casual north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, northern Mich-
igan, southern Quebec, southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland.

Subfamily EMBERIZINAE: Emberizines

Genus PAROARIA Bonaparte

Paroaria Bonaparte, 1831, G. Arcad. Sci. Lett. Arti [Rome], 52, p. 206. Type,
by original designation, Fringilla cucullata Vieillot = Loxia coronata Mil-
ler.

678 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.—Sometimes treated as a cardinaline, but appears to be emberizine, or
possibly thraupine of uncertain relationships.

Paroaria coronata (Miller). RED-CRESTED CARDINAL. [592.2.]

Loxia coronata J. F. Miller, 1776, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pt. 1, pl. 2. (No
locality given = Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.)

Habitat.—Scrub, brushy areas, parks and residential areas, mostly in humid
regions.

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and extreme
southern Brazil south to northern Argentina.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands in 1928 on Oahu (where
now common), presently also on Molokai and, locally, on Kauai, Lanai, Maui
and Hawaii.

Notes.— Also known as BRAZILIAN CARDINAL.

Paroaria capitata (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL.
[592238]

Tachyphonus capitatus d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris],
7, cl. 2, pl. 77-79, p. 29. (Corrientes, rep. Argentina.)

Habitat.— Forest and woodland, and-adjacent partly open situations with scat-
-tered trees, primarily in semi-arid habitats.

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Bolivia, central Brazil (western Mato
Grosso) and Paraguay south to northern Argentina.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (since 1933, presently in
small numbers along the Kona coast of Hawaii).

Genus LYSURUS Ridgway

Lysurus Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 225. Type, by origina] designation, Buar-
remon crassirostris Cassin.

Lysurus crassirostris (Cassin). SOOTY-FACED FINCH.

Buarremon crassirostris Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17,
p. 170. (Barranca, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest undergrowth, edge, and clearings (Subtropical
and lower Temperate zones). ;

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from central Costa Rica (Aguacate
Mountains southward) south through Panama (recorded Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro,
Veraguas, Coclé and eastern Darién). i

Notes.— L. crassirostris and the South American L. castaneiceps (Sclater, 1860)
[OLIVE FINCH] constitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some
authors.

Genus PSELLIOPHORUS Ridgway

Pselliophorus Ridgway, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 225. Type, by original designation,
Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence.

Notes.—Some authors suggest merger of this genus in A¢/apetes.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 679

Pselliophorus tibialis (Lawrence). YELLOW-THIGHED FINCH.

Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence, 1864, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 41.
(San Jose, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge and clearings, thickets, brush, and dense
second growth (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from central Costa Rica (Cordillera
Central southward) to extreme western Panama (western Chiriqui).

Notes. — P. tibialis and P. luteoviridis are closely related and possibly conspecific;
they constitute a superspecies.

Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom. YELLOW-GREEN FINCH.

Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom, 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 141, p. 10.
(Cerro Flores, alt. 6000 ft., eastern Chiriqui, Panama.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest undergrowth, edge and clearings, and adjacent
brushy areas (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of western Panama (eastern Chiriqui
and adjacent Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under P. tibialis.

Genus PEZOPETES Cabanis

Pezopetes Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 415. Type, by monotypy, Pezo-
petes capitalis Cabanis.

Notes.—Some authors suggest that this genus be merged in A/¢/apetes.

Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis. LARGE-FOOTED FINCH.

Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 415. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Brushy undergrowth of humid montane forest edge and clearings,
thickets, and dense second growth (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from central Costa Rica (Cordillera
Central southward) to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro and
western Chiriqui).

Genus ATLAPETES Wagler

Atlapetes Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. Type, by monotypy, At/apetes
pileatus Wagler.

Notes.— Members of this genus are sometimes known under the group name
ATLAPETES. See also comments under Pezopetes and Pselliophorus.

Atlapetes albinucha (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). WHITE-NAPED
BRUSH-FINCH.

Embernagra albinucha d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838, Rev. Zool. [Paris],
1, p. 165. (Cartagené, error = Caribbean slope of Mexico.)

Habitat.— Thickets, brush, and undergrowth of humid montane forest (Sub-
tropical and lower Temperate zones).

680 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands on the Gulf slope in Veracruz, Puebla.
northern Oaxaca and northern Chiapas, also sight reports from eastern San Luis
Potosi. A report from the valley of México is considered doubtful, while those
from Colombia are regarded as erroneous.

Notes.—A. albinucha and A. gutturalis are closely related and sometimes con-
sidered conspecific; they constitute a superspecies.

Atlapetes gutturalis (Lafresnaye). YELLOW-THROATED BRUSH-FINCH.

Arremon gutturalis Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 98. (la Bolivie,
error = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas, humid montane forest edge, clearings, undergrowth of
pine-oak association, dense second growth, and scrub (Subtropical and lower
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southern Chiapas, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, north-central Nicaragua, Costa Rica, western Panama (Chi-
riqui and Veraguas) and Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under A. albinucha.

Atlapetes pileatus Wagler. RUFOUS-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH.
Atlapetes pileatus Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid montane forest and pine-oak association, and
adjacent dense brush (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the Mexican highlands from western Chihuahua,
Sinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, central
Nuevo Leon and southwestern Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec), Puebla and western Veracruz.

Atlapetes brunneinucha (Lafresnaye). CHESTNUT-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH.

Embernagra brunnei-nucha Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 97.
(Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid forest, pine-oak association, dense second
growth and plantations (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident [apertus group] in the Sierra de Tuxtla, southern Ve-
racruz; and [brunneinucha group] in the highlands from eastern San Luis Potosi
and northern Veracruz south through Hidalgo and Puebla to Guerrero, central
Oaxaca and central Veracruz, and locally in Chiapas, central Guatemala, northern
El] Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Cordillera de Tilaran southward)
and Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Veraguas, western Panama province, and
eastern Darién), and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela
south through Ecuador to southeastern Peru.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, A. apertus
Wetmore, 1942 [PLAIN-BREASTED BRUSH-FINCH]. and A. brunneinucha
[CHESTNUT-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH].

Atlapetes virenticeps (Bonaparte). GREEN-STRIPED BRUSH-FINCH.

Buarremon virenticeps Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 41, p. 657.
(Mexico = Desierto de los Leones, near Ciudad México, Distrito Federal.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 68 |

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid montane forest and pine-oak association
(Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains, primarily on the Pacific slope, from
southern Sinaloa and western Durango south through Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima
and Michoacan to the state of México, Distrito Federal, Morelos and western
Puebla.

Notes.—A. virenticeps, A. atricapillus and the South American A. assimilis (Bois-
sonneau, 1840) [GRAY-STRIPED BRUSH-FINCH] are sometimes considered conspe-
cific with another South American species, A. torquatus (Lafresnaye and d’Or-
bigny, 1837) [STRIPE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH]; the forms constitute a superspecies.
With a single species concept, STRIPED BRUSH-FINCH is the appropriate English
name.

Atlapetes atricapillus (Lawrence). BLACK-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.

Buarremon atricapillus Lawrence, 1874, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 10, p.
396. (“Bogota” = probably northern Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid foothill and montane forest edge and clearings, dense second
growth, and thickets (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of southwestern Costa Rica (north to
the Gulf of Nicoya), Panama (western Chiriqui, eastern Panama province, and
eastern Darién) and northern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under A. virenticeps.

Genus ARREMON Vieillot

Arremon Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, ““L’Oiseau Sil-
encieux” Buffon = Tanagra taciturna Hermann.

Notes.—See comments under Arremonops.

Arremon aurantiirostris Lafresnaye. ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW.

Arremon aurantiirostris Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 10, p. 72. (Pan-
ama.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid lowland forest, forest edge, and dense second
growth (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco and
Chiapas south through the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Central America to Nic-
aragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (except the dry northwest) and Panama, and
in northern and western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador.

Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway

Arremonops Ridgway, 1896, Man. North Am. Birds, ed. 2, pp. 434, 605.
Type, by original designation, Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence.

Notes.—Some authors would merge this genus in Arremon.

Arremonops rufivirgatus (Lawrence). OLIVE SPARROW. [586.]

Embernagra ryfvirgata Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. IN: ¥.,'5,p: 142,
pl. 5, fig. 2. (Rio Grande in Texas = Brownsville, Texas.)

682 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Undergrowth of deciduous forest, thickets, thorn scrub. dense second
growth, mesquite and riparian brush (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [superciliosus group] along the Pacific coast from central
Sinaloa south to central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), and in
northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste); and [rufivirgatus group] in the Gulf-Ca-
ribbean lowlands from southern Texas (north to Zapata, Bee and Refugio counties),
Coahuila and Nuevo Leén south through eastern Mexico (including the Yucatan
Peninsula) to northern Guatemala (Petén) and Belize, and in the Central Valley
of Chiapas.

Notes.—Some authors have suggested that the two groups represent distinct
species, A. rufivirgatus [OLIVE SPARROW] and A. superciliosus (Salvin, 1865) [PA-
CIFIC SPARROW]. A. rufivirgatus and the South American A. tocuyensis Todd, 1912,
appear to constitute a superspecies.

Arremonops chloronotus (Salvin). GREEN-BACKED SPARROW.

Embernagra chloronota Salvin, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 202. (In
Prov. Vere Pacis regione calida = Choctum, Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of open woodland, humid lowland and deciduous forest
edge. clearings, second growth, brush and scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Tabasco, northern Chiapas and the Yucatan Pen-
insula (except the northern part of the state of Yucatan) south in the Gulf-Carib-
bean lowlands through northern Guatemala and Belize to northern Honduras (east
to Yoro and Olancho).

Notes.— Although once considered conspecific with A. conirostris, differences
in morphology. juvenal plumage and vocalizations as well as range overlap in
northern Honduras confirm the specific distinctness of A. chloronotus.

Arremonops conirostris (Bonaparte). BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW.

Arremon conirostris Bonaparte. 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 488.
(Brasil, error = Colombia.)

Habitat.— Scrub, dense undergrowth, forest edge and clearings, and partly open
situations with scattered trees (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Caribbean slope of Honduras (west to the Sula
Valley) and Nicaragua, on both slopes of Costa Rica (rare in the dry northwest)
and Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl islands), and in South America from
Colombia and Venezuela south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east
of the Andes to extreme northern Brazil. -

Notes.—See comments under A. chloronotus.

Genus MELOZONE Reichenbach
Melozone Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 79. Type, by subsequent
designation (Sharpe. 1888), Pyrgita biarcuata Prévost and Des Murs.
Melozone kieneri (Bonaparte). RUSTy-CROWNED GROUND-SPARROW.

Pyrgisoma kieneri Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 486. (ex
Amf[erica]. occ[identale]. = San Blas, Nayarit.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 683

Habitat.— Arid scrub, brush, thickets, and undergrowth of open forest (upper
Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora south through Sinaloa, west-
ern Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Colima, Michoacan, the state of Méx-
ico, Morelos and Guerrero, to southwestern Puebla and central Oaxaca.

Notes.— MM. kieneri and M. biarcuatum have been considered conspecific by
some authors; they appear to constitute a superspecies.

Melozone biarcuatum (Prévost and Des Murs). PREvOsT’s GROUND-
SPARROW.

Pyrgita biarcuata Prévost and Des Murs, 1846, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Zool.,
Ois., pl. 6. (No locality given = Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Brush, scrub, dense undergrowth, meadows and cultivated fields
(Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador,
western Honduras (east to the Sula and Comayagua valleys) and central Costa
Rica (Aguacate Mountains east to Turrialba).

Notes.—See comments under M. kieneri.

Melozone leucotis Cabanis. WHITE-EARED GROUND-SPARROW.

Melozone leucotis Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8, p. 413. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Dense forest understory, forest edge, clearings, scrub and brush (upper
Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands (primarily on the Pacific slope) of
southeastern Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, north-central Nicaragua and cen-
tral Costa Rica (Cordillera de Tilaran and central highlands).

Genus PIPILO Vieillot

Pipilo Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, “Pinson aux yeux
rouges” Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus.

Chlorura Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds, p. 117. Type, by monotypy,
Fringilla chlorura Audubon.

Oreospiza (not Keitel, 1857) Ridgway, 1896, Man. N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p.
439. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla chlorura Audubon.

Oberholseria Richmond, 1915, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180. New name
for Oreospiza Ridgway, preoccupied.

Notes. — The generic name Hortulanus Vieillot, 1807, sometimes used for Pipi/o,
is rejected as having no standing.

Pipilo chlorurus (Audubon). GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. [590.]

Fringilla chlorura Audubon, 1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 336. (No locality
given = Ross’ Creek, ca. 20 miles southwest Blackfoot, Bingham County,
Idaho.)

Habitat.—Thickets, chaparral, shrublands and riparian scrub, primarily in
mountains in breeding season, to lowland habitats in nonbreeding season.

684 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern and central Oregon, southeastern
Washington, southern Idaho, southwestern Montana, northwestern and south-
eastern Wyoming, and north-central Colorado south to southern California (pri-
marily interior mountains south to Cuyamaca Mountains), southern Nevada,
central Arizona, southern New Mexico and western Texas (Chisos Mountains).

Winters from southern (casually central) California, southern Arizona, southern
New Mexico, and western and southern Texas south to southern Baja California,
Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Morelos, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi and Tamau-
lipas.

In migration occurs east to western Kansas, western Oklahoma and west-central
Texas.

Casual north to northwestern Washington, southern Saskatchewan and southern
Manitoba. and over most of eastern North America from Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Hampshire, Maine and
Nova Scotia south to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Cuba.

Notes.— Often treated in the monotypic genus Chlorura (or Oberholseria).

Pipilo ocai (Lawrence). COLLARED TOWHEE.

Buarremon Ocai Lawrence. 1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 126.
(Jalapa, Mexico = Las Vigas, west of Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Thickets, shrubby slopes, and brushy edges and undergrowth of hu-
mid montane forest and pine-oak association (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains from western Jalisco and extreme
northeastern Colima southeast through north-central Michoacan, Guerrero (Sierra
Madre del Sur) and eastern Puebla to west-central Veracruz and northern and
central Oaxaca.

Notes.— Hybridizes extensively with P. erythrophthalmus in western portions
of the range but on a limited basis or not at all in the eastern portions.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE. [587.]

Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 180. Based
on the ““Towhee-bird’’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 34, pl. 34. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of open woodland, forest edge, second growth, brushy
areas, chaparral. and riparian thickets and woodland (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [erythrophthalmus group] from southern Manitoba,
northeastern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern
Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, northern New York, Vermont,
central New Hampshire and southwestern Maine south to extreme northeastern
Texas (at least formerly), northeastern and south-central Louisiana, the Gulf coast
(from Mississippi eastward) and southern Florida, and west to western Iowa,
southeastern Nebraska. eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma; and [maculatus
group] from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta and southern Saskatch-
ewan south to southern California (including Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Santa Cat-
alina and San Clemente islands), northwestern Baja California (also mountains
of southern Baja California and, formerly, Guadalupe Island), southern Nevada,
west-central and southern Arizona, and through the Mexican highlands to Chiapas

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 685

and central Guatemala, and east to the central Dakotas, north-central and western
Nebraska, northeastern and central Colorado, eastern New Mexico and extreme
western Texas.

Winters [erythrophthalmus group] from Nebraska, Iowa, the southern Great
Lakes region, southern New York and Massachusetts (rarely farther north) south
to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida; and [maculatus group]
from southern British Columbia, Nevada, Utah and Colorado (casually farther
north) south to northern Baja California (also in mountains of southern Baja
California), northern Sonora, through the Mexican breeding range to central Gua-
temala, and to south-central Texas.

Resident [socorroensis group] on Socorro Island, in the Revillagigedo Islands,
off western Mexico.

Casual [erythrophthalmus group] north to northern Ontario, southern Quebec,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and west to Colorado; and [maculatus group]
east to Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois and Louisiana, and in Pennsylvania, New York,
New Jersey, Alabama and Florida.

Notes.— The two northern groups, although intergrading in riparian habitats in
southern Saskatchewan and in the Platte River system in Nebraska, were once
regarded as distinct species, P. erythrophthalmus [EASTERN TOWHEE, 587] and P.
maculatus Swainson, 1827 [SPOTTED. TOWHEE, 588]; the Socorro Island form, a
derivative of the latter group, is occasionally treated as a full species, P. socor-
roensis Grayson, 1867 [SocoRRO TOWHEE]. See also comments under P. ocai.

Pipilo fuscus Swainson. BROWN TOWHEE. [591.]

Pipilo fusca Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 434. (Temiscaltepec,
Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Brushlands, arid scrub, chaparral, mesquite, riparian thickets, and
around human habitation (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident [crissalis group] from southwestern Oregon south
through California (from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Argus Range
westward, and west of the southeastern desert region) south to southern Baja
California; and [fuscus group] from western and central Arizona, northern New
Mexico, southeastern Colorado, extreme northwestern Oklahoma, and western
and central Texas south to northern Sinaloa (including Isla Tibur6n, off Sonora),
and in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec),
west-central Veracruz, Puebla and southwestern Tamaulipas.

Casual [fuscus group] in northern Arizona, southwestern Kansas and southern
Texas. Accidental [crissalis group] on Todos Santos Island, off Baja California.

Notes.— Because of differences in vocalizations and morphology, the two groups
are thought by some authors to represent separate species, P. crissalis (Vigors,
1839) [CALIFORNIA TOWHEE] and P. fuscus [BROWN TOWHEE].

Pipilo aberti Baird. ABERT’S TOWHEE. [592.]

Pipilo aberti Baird, 1852, in Baird and Stansbury, Explor. Great Salt Lake
Utah, p. 325. (““New Mexico” = Gila Bend, Maricopa County, Arizona.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, especially near water, and undergrowth of riparian
woodland and thickets.
Distribution.— Resident from southeastern California (west to Salton Sea), ex-

686 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

treme southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central and southeastern Arizona,
and southwestern New Mexico south to northeastern Baja California and north-
western Sonora.

A report from extreme western Texas (El Paso) requires verification.

Pipilo albicollis Sclater. WHITE-THROATED TOWHEE.

Pipilo albicollis Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 304. (San Miguel
de las Peras, Oaxaca, Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, and undergrowth. of pine-oak association (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Guerrero, southern Puebla
and Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec).

Notes.—P. rutilus W. Deppe, 1830, sometimes used for this species, is now
regarded as a synonym of P. fuscus.

Genus VOLATINIA Reichenbach

Volatinia Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 79. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra jacarinia [sic] Linnaeus.

Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus). BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT.

Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 314. Based mainly
on “Jacarini’” Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210. (in Brasilia = north-
eastern Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open situations in grassy or bushy areas, weedy fields, scrub, savanna,
second growth and cultivated lands (Tropical, rarely lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from southern Sonora, Sinaloa, western Durango, Na-
yarit, Jalisco, Michoacan, the state of México, Morelos, Puebla, eastern San Luis
Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south along both slopes of Middle America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula) to Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl
islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Margarita Island,
Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to extreme
northern Chile and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay
and northern Argentina; also on Grenada, in the Lesser Antilles.

Casual on Isla Cancun (off Quintana Roo); an individual! captured in Cuba was
likely an escaped cage bird.

Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis

Spermophila (not Richardson, 1825) Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 348.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Pyrrhula falcirostris
Temminck.

Sporophila Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10, p. 291. New name for
Spermophila Swainson, preoccupied.

Notes.—Some authors would merge Oryzoborus in Sporophila.

Sporophila schistacea (Lawrence). SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER.

Spermophila schistacea Lawrence, 1863, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 474.
(along the line of the Panama Railroad, on the Atlantic side of Isthmus of
Panama = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 687

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge and clearings, dense second growth, and
brushy areas adjacent to forest (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident (presumably) in Oaxaca (known from two specimens
from the confluence of the Rio Coatzacoalcos and Rio Sarabia); and locally in
northern Honduras (Lancetilla, Tela), Costa Rica (upper Térraba valley) and Pan-
ama (both slopes), and in South America from Colombia, southern Venezuela
and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of
the Andes to northern and northeastern Brazil, and in northern Bolivia.

Notes.— The Oaxaca specimens, provisionally described as a subspecies of this
species, S. (? schistacea) subconcolor Berlioz, 1959, are definitely assigned to S.
schistacea (Meyer de Schauensee, 1966, Spec. Birds South Am., p. 506).

Sporophila aurita (Bonaparte). VARIABLE SEEDEATER.

Spermophila aurita Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 497.
(Bras[il]., error = Canal Zone.)

Habitat.— Grassy and shrubby areas of open humid lowland and foothill forest,
forest edge, clearings, second growth, scrub and plantations (Tropical and lower
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [corvina group] from northern Oaxaca, southern Ve-
racruz and Tabasco south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America to
western Panama (Bocas del Toro); and [aurita group] from the Pacific slope of
southwestern Costa Rica (north to the Gulf of Nicoya) south through Panama
(both slopes, except for Bocas del Toro), western Colombia and western Ecuador
to northwestern Peru.

Notes.— Although there are differences in morphology and vocalizations be-
tween the two groups, which are sometimes regarded as separate species, S. aurita
[VARIABLE SEEDEATER] and SS. corvina (Sclater, 1860) [BLACK SEEDEATER], inter-
gradation occurs in central Panama. Some authors would also merge this complex
with the South American S. americana (Gmelin, 1789) [WING-BARRED SEED-
EATER]; the merged complex would be known as VARIABLE SEEDEATER. Recognition
of S. americana and S. aurita as allospecies of a superspecies complex seems the
appropriate treatment.

Sporophila torqueola (Bonaparte). WHITE-COLLARED SEEDEATER. [602.]

Spermophila torqueola Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1(2), p. 495.
(Mexico = Ciudad México.)

Habitat.— Brushy and weedy areas, open situations with scattered scrub or trees,
cultivated lands and savanna (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [torqueola group] on the Pacific slope and in the interior
of Mexico from central Sinaloa and western Durango south through Nayarit,
Jalisco, Colima, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Guerrero, the state of México, Distrito
Federal, Morelos and western Puebla to central Oaxaca (vicinity of Ciudad Oa-
xaca); and [morelleti group] from southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley north to
Webb County), Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope
through eastern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco and the
Yucatan Peninsula (including Mujeres, Cozumel and Cancun islands), and on
both slopes of Middle America from Chiapas, Guatemala and Belize south to
extreme western Panama (Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui).

Notes.— This species is highly variable and relationships between various pop-

688 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ulations are not well understood. Because of approach of two distinct morpho-
logical types in Oaxaca without reported intergradation, some authors suggest that
the two groups may represent distinct species, S. torqueola [CINNAMON-RUMPED
SEEDEATER] and S. morelleti (Bonaparte, 1851) [WHITE-COLLARED or MORELLET’S
SEEDEATER].

[Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus). LINED SEEDEATER.] See Appendix A.

Sporophila nigricollis (Vieillot). YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER.

Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl.
Méth., Ornithol., 3, livr. 93, p. 1027. (Brésil = Brazil.)

Habitat.— Open grassy and shrubby areas, savanna, cultivated lands, and forest
and woodland edge (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in southwestern Costa Rica (Puntarenas) and Panama
(Pacific slope, including Taboga and the Pearl islands, and Caribbean slope in the
Canal Zone), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Chacachacare
Island, Tobago and Trinidad), Guyana and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, extreme northeastern Argentina, and central and
eastern Brazil; also in the southern Lesser Antilles (Grenada, and Carriacou in
the Grenadines).

Accidental in St. Vincent (in the Lesser Antilles).

Sporophila minuta (Linnaeus). RUDDY-BREASTED SEEDEATER.

Loxia minuta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 176. (Surinami =
Surinam.)

Habitat.— Open grassy and weedy areas, savanna, and forest and woodland edge
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope from Nayarit south on the Pacific
slope of Middle America to Nicaragua; in southwestern Costa Rica (upper Térraba
valley) and Panama (Pacific slope throughout, and Caribbean slope in the Canal
Zone); and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trin-
idad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east
of the Andes through Amazonian, central and eastern Brazil to eastern Bolivia,
Paraguay, northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Genus ORYZOBORUS Cabanis

Oryzoborus Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 151. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Foxe forrida “Gmelin? [= Scopoli] = Lox-
ia angolensis Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Sporophila.

Oryzoborus maximiliani Cabanis. GREAT-BILLED SEED-FINCH.

Fringilla crassirostris (not Loxia crassirostris Gmelin, 1789) Wied, 1830,
Beitr. Naturgesch. Bras., 3 (1), p. 564. (Rio Espirito Santo, Espirito Santo,
and Caravellas, Bahia, Brazil.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 689

Oryzoborus Maximiliani Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 151 (foot-
note). New name for Fringilla crassirostris Wied, preoccupied.

Habitat.—Open grassy or weedy areas (especially near marshes or in damp
regions), cultivated lands, and woodland edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [nuttingi group] in the Caribbean lowlands of Nicara-
gua, northern Costa Rica (Laguna de Arenal, near Finca La Selva) and western
Panama (Bocas del Toro); [maximiliani group] in South America from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to north-
western Ecuador and east of the Andes across Amazonian and eastern Brazil to
central Brazil; and [atrirostris group] in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia.

Notes.— Some authors regard the groups as distinct species, O. nuttingi Ridgway,
1884 [NICARAGUAN SEED-FINCH], O. maximiliani [GREAT-BILLED SEED-FINCH],
and O. atrirostris Sclater and Salvin, 1878. O. maximiliani was formerly consid-
ered a race of O. crassirostris (Gmelin, 1789) [LARGE-BILLED SEED-FINCH], but the
two are widely sympatric in South America east of the Andes and currently
regarded as separate species.

Oryzoborus funereus Sclater. THICK-BILLED SEED-FINCH.

Oryzoborus funereus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 378. (Sucha-
pam, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Open grassy areas with scattered shrubs or bushes, savanna, and
forest edge or clearings (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from central Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco and
Chiapas south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America to Costa Rica
(also on Pacific slope in Térraba region), and in Panama (both slopes, including
Coiba and the Pearl islands), western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Notes.—O. funereus and the South American O. angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
[CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEED-FINCH] are closely related and regarded as conspecific
by some authors; they constitute a superspecies. With a single species concept,
LESSER SEED-FINCH is the appropriate English name.

Genus AMAUROSPIZA Cabanis

Amaurospiza Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 9, p. 3. Type, by original desig-
nation, Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis.

Amaurospizopsis Griscom, 1934, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 75, p. 412.
Type, by original designation, Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom.

Notes.—Systematic position of this genus is uncertain.

Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis. BLUE SEEDEATER.

Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol., 9, p. 3. (Costa Rica =
Miravalles, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Shrubbery and thickets (especially bamboo) adjacent to humid forest
and pine-oak association, and in forest edge and clearings (upper Tropical and
Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident [relicta group] in the mountains of Guerrero, Morelos

690 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

and Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); and [concolor group] locally in
Chiapas (Cintalapa, Tuxtla Gutiérrez), El Salvador (Cerro Verde), Honduras (Lago
de Yojoa, Arenal), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas and the
Canal Zone), southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, A. relicta
(Griscom, 1934) [SLATE-BLUE SEEDEATER] and 4. concolor [BLUE SEEDEATER].

Genus MELOPYRRHA Bonaparte

Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 924. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Loxia nigra Linnaeus.

Melopyrrha nigra (Linnaeus). CUBAN BULLFINCH.

Loxia nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 175. Based on “The
Little Black Bullfinch”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 68, pl. 68, and
“The Black Bullfinch”’ Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 65, pl. 69. (in America
australi = Cuba.)

Habitat.— Scrub and woodland.
Distribution.— Resident on Cuba (including coastal cays), the Isle of Pines, and
Grand Cayman Island.

Genus TIARIS Swainson

Tiaris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 438. Type, by monotypy,
Tiaris pusillus Swainson = Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus.

Tiaris canora (Gmelin). CUBAN GRASSQUIT.

Loxia canora Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 858. Based on the ““Brown-
cheeked Grosbeak”” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2(1), p. 155. (in nova
Hispania, error = Cuba.)

Habitat.— Woodland (including pine) and shrubbery bordering fields.

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba and the Isle of Pines (possibly introduced on
the latter).

Introduced and established in the Bahama Islands (New Providence).

Several reports from southern Florida are probably based on escaped cage birds;
reportedly bred in Dade County in 1960 but no population has become established.
An old report from Sombrero Key is based on T. bicolor.

Notes.— Also known as MELODIOUS GRASSQUIT.

Tiaris olivacea (Linnaeus). YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT. [603.2.]

Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 309. Based on
“Le Bruant de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 300, pl. 13, fig.
5. (in Dominica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.—Open grassy and shrubby areas, fields, second growth, forest and
woodland edge and clearings, and around human habitation (Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 691

south along the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula,
and Cozumel and Holbox islands), Guatemala and Belize, on both slopes of El
Salvador and Honduras, in Nicaragua (Caribbean slope only), on both slopes of
Costa Rica and Panama (including Isla Coiba), and in western and central Co-
lombia and northwestern Venezuela; also in the Greater Antilles (east to Puerto
Rico, and including the Cayman Islands).

Introduced in 1974 and probably established in the Hawaiian Islands (in the
highlands of Oahu).

Tiaris bicolor (Linnaeus). BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT. [603.]

Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 324. Based on “The
Bahama Sparrow” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 37, pl. 37. (in Amer-
ica = Bahama Islands.)

Habitat.— Open grassy and bushy areas, arid scrub, fields and second growth
(Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident throughout the West Indies (except Cuba, where con-
fined to cays off Las Villas and Camagiiey provinces), on islands in the western
Caribbean Sea (Providencia, Santa Catalina and San Andrés), and in northern
Colombia and northern Venezuela (including islands from the Netherlands An-
tilles east to Tobago and Trinidad).

Casual in southern Florida (Palm Beach County south to Sombrero Key), pos-
sibly based on escaped individuals.

Genus LOXIPASSER Bryant

Loxipasser Bryant, 1866, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, p. 254. Type, by
original designation, Spermophila anoxantha Gosse.

Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse). YELLOW-SHOULDERED GRASSQUIT.

Spermophila anoxantha Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 247 (footnote).
(Mount Edgecumbe, Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Shrubbery, forest edge and clearings, more commonly in hills and
mountains.

Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-BACKED FINCH.

Genus LOXIGILLA Lesson

Loxigilla Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 6, p. 443. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla noctis Linnaeus.

Loxigilla portoricensis (Daudin). PUERTO RICAN BULLFINCH.

Loxia portoricensis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornithol., 2, p. 411. (Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Woodland (primarily in interior hills, but also in coastal lowlands),
arid scrub and mangroves.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico, and formerly also on St. Kitts in the
Lesser Antilles (last reported there in 1926).

692 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Loxigilla violacea (Linnaeus). GREATER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH.

Loxia violacea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 176. Based on “‘The
Purple Gross-beak”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 40, pl. 40. (Gan Amer-
ica = Bahama Islands.)

Habitat.— Shrubbery, thickets, scrub and dense second growth, on larger islands
more commonly in montane forest areas.

Distribution.— Resident throughout the Bahama Islands, and in the Greater
Antilles on Hispaniola (including Tortue, Gonave, Saona, Beata and Catalina
islands, and Ile-a-Vache) and Jamaica; a sight report for southern Florida (Hy-
poluxo Island) is unverified.

Loxigilla noctis (Linnaeus). LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH.

Fringilla noctis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 320. Based mainly
on “Le Pere noir” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 118, pl. 7, fig. 1. ((@n Jamaica,
Mexico, Martinica = Martinique.)

Habitat.—Shrubbery, forest undergrowth and gardens.

Distribution. — Resident in the Virgin Islands (on St. John, since 1971, possibly
introduced) and Lesser Antilles (from Anguilla and Saba south to St. Vincent and
Barbados, also on Grenada).

Genus EUNEORNIS Fitzinger

Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856, Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Natur-
wiss. KI., 21 (2), p. 316. Type, by original designation, Motacilla campestris
Linnaeus.

Notes.— Systematic position uncertain; formerly included in the ““Coerebidae”
or as a thraupine.

Euneornis campestris (Linnaeus). ORANGEQUIT.

Motacilla campestris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 184. Based on
“The American Hedge-Sparrow” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 122, pl.
122, lower fig. (in Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, forest edge and clearings, primarily in the moun-
tains.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica.

Genus MELANOSPIZA Ridgway
Melanospiza Ridgway, 1897, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 19 (1886), p. 466. Type,
by original designation, Loxigilla richardsoni Cory.
Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory). St. LUCIA BLACK FINCH.

Loxigilla richardsoni Cory, 1886, Auk, 3, p. 382. (Mountains of Santa Lucia,
West Indies.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth and shrubbery, mostly in mountain clearings, less com-
monly in arid lowland scrub.
Distribution.— Resident on St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 693

Genus PINAROLOXIAS Sharpe

Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 10, pp. ix, 3, 52. Type, by
monotypy, Cactornis inornata Gould.

Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould). Cocos FINCH.

Cactornis inornata Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 104. (Bow
Island, Low Archipelago, Polynesia, error = Cocos Island.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, open habitats, and around human habitation.
Distribution.— Resident on Cocos Island, off Costa Rica.

Genus HAPLOSPIZA Cabanis

Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 147. Type, by original
designation, Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis.

Spodiornis Sclater, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 322. Type, by original
designation, Spodiornis jardinii Sclater = Phrygilus rusticus Tschudi.

Haplospiza rustica (Tschudi). SLATY FINCH.

Phrygilus rusticus (Lichtenstein MS) Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch., 10.
p. 290. (Republica Peruana = Peru.)

Habitat.— Bushy or shrubby areas in open montane forest, overgrown clearings,
and grassy areas adjacent to forest (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in the highlands of Middle America in Veracruz
(Jalapa), Chiapas (Volcan Tacana), El Salvador, Honduras (El Chorro), Costa Rica
(Volcan Iraza, Cartago) and western Panama (western Chiriqui and western Pan-
ama province); and in South America in the mountains from Colombia and
Venezuela south to Peru and northwestern Bolivia.

Notes.— Often treated in the monotypic genus Spodiornis.

Genus ACANTHIDOPS Ridgway

Acanthidops Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 4 (1881), p. 335. Type,
by original designation, Acanthidops bairdii Ridgway.

Notes.— Closely related to the genus Haplospiza and possibly not separable
generically from it.

Acanthidops bairdii Ridgway. PEG-BILLED FINCH.

Acanthidops bairdii Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 4 (1881), p. 336.
(Volcan de Irazt, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.—Scrubby and bushy growth at high elevations (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in Costa Rica (the high volcanoes of Poas, Irazu and
Turrialba, and in the Dota Mountains).

Casual in western Panama (Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, January-March 1979).

Genus DIGLOSSA Wagler

Diglossa Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 280. Type, by monotypy, Dig/ossa
baritula Wagler.

Notes.— Formerly placed in the family “‘Coerebidae” or in the Thraupinae.

694 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Diglossa baritula Wagler. CINNAMON-BELLIED FLOWERPIERCER.
Diglossa baritula Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 281. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land, pine-oak association, scrub and brushy fields (Subtropical and Temperate
zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands from Jalisco, Guanajuato, Hidalgo and
Veracruz south through southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador to Hon-
duras.

Notes.— Also known as CINNAMON FLOWERPIERCER. Some authors consider D.
baritula and D. plumbea to be conspecific; they constitute a superspecies. With a
single species concept, SLATY FLOWERPIERCER is the most appropriate English
name.

Diglossa plumbea Cabanis. SLATY FLOWERPIERCER.

Diglossa plumbea Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol., 8. p. 411. (Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest edge and clearings, second growth, scrub and
brushy fields (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de
Guanacaste) and western Panama (western Chiriqui and Veraguas).

Notes.—See comments under D. baritula.

Genus SICALIS Boie

“ Sicalis Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 324. Type, by subsequent designation
(Cabanis, 1846), Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin = Fringilla flaveola Lin-
naeus. ,

Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus). SAFFRON FINCH. [586.1.]

Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 321. (No locality
given = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Open grassland, savanna, open woodland, second growth, and urban
and suburban areas (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in South America from northern and eastern Colombia,
Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, through eastern and southern
Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay to central Argentina; and west of
the Andes in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (since 1966, presently in
small numbers on Oahu and Hawaii), central Panama (Canal Zone), Jamaica and
Puerto Rico.

Sicalis luteola (Sparrman). GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH.

Emberiza luteola Sparrman, 1789, Mus. Carlson., fasc. 4, pl. 93. (No locality
given = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Short grasslands and savanna (Tropical, locally to Temperate zones).
Distribution. — Resident locally in Middle America.in Puebla (Atlixco), Morelos

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 695

(Pacific drainage), Veracruz (Orizaba), Chiapas (Palenque), central Guatemala
(Duenas), the Mosquitia of eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua, Costa
Rica (Guanacaste) and Panama (Coclé and eastern Panama province); and in
South America from Colombia, western and southern Venezuela (also Trinidad),
and the Guianas south, east of and locally in the Andes, to Chile and central
Argentina, with the southernmost populations at least partly migratory northward
in nonbreeding season.

Introduced and established in the Lesser Antilles on Barbados, from whence it
has since spread to the Grenadines (Mustique), St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique,
Guadeloupe and Antigua.

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW GRASS-FINCH.

Genus EMBERIZOIDES Temminck

Emberizoides Temminck, 1822, Planches Color., livr. 19, text to pl. 114.
Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Emberizoides mar-
ginalis Temminck = Sylvia herbicola Vieillot.

Emberizoides herbicola (Viecillot). WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH.

Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 11, p. 192.
Based on “Cola aguda encuentro amarillo” Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax.
Parag., 2, p. 257 (no. 230). (Paraguay.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, savanna, grassy hillsides, and open grassy fields (Tropical
and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident locally in southwestern Costa Rica (Térraba region) and
western Panama (Chiriqui, Cerro Campana, and the Tocumen-Chepo area in
eastern Panama province); and in South America from Colombia (except the
southwestern portion) east across Venezuela and the Guianas, and south through
eastern and southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia and Paraguay to northeastern Argen-
tina.

Notes.— Also known as WEDGE-TAILED GROUND-FINCH.

Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson

Aimophila Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 287. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Aimophila rufescens (Swainson) = Pipilo
rufescens Swainson.

Notes.— Relationships within this genus are poorly understood, and it is prob-
ably polyphyletic as now constituted. See also comments under Amphispiza.

Aimophila mystacalis (Hartlaub). BRIDLED SPARROW.

Zonotrichia mystacalis Hartlaub, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, p. 3. (Rio
Frio entre Puebla et la ville de Mexico = Rio Frio, between Puebla and
Mexico City.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, thorn forest and cactus (upper Tropical to lower Tem-
perate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the eastern portion of the state of México, southern
Puebla, west-central Veracruz and northern Oaxaca.

696 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Aimophila humeralis (Cabanis). BLACK-CHESTED SPARROW.

Haemophila humeralis (Lichtenstein MS) Cabanis, 1851. Mus. Heineanum,.
1, p. 132. (Mexico = Tehotepec, Puebla.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Jalisco south through Colima, Michoa-
can, Guerrero, Morelos and southern Puebla to extreme western Oaxaca (San José
Estancia Grande).

Aimophila ruficauda (Bonaparte). STRIPE-HEADED SPARROW.

Chondestes ruficauda Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 918.
(Nicaragua.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, brushy savanna, and thickets bordering fields (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident along the Pacific slope from southern Durango and
Nayarit south through Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Morelos, southern Puebla,
Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala (also in arid interior in Motagua Valley), El Salvador,
Honduras and Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

Notes.— Also known as RUSSET-TAILED SPARROW.

Aimophila sumichrasti (Lawrence). CINNAMON-TAILED SPARROW.

Hemophila sumichrasti Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 10, p.
6. (Tuchitan Tehuantepec = Juchitan, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the Pacific slope of Oaxaca (west to Las Tejas) and
extreme southwestern Chiapas.

Notes.— Also known as SUMICHRAST’S SPARROW.

Aimophila aestivalis (Lichtenstein). BACHMAN’S SPARROW. [575.]

Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 25.
(Georgia.)

Habitat.—Open pine woods with scattered bushes or understory, brushy or
overgrown hillsides, and overgrown fields with thickets and brambles.

Distribution.— Breeds (at least formerly) from south-central Missouri, central
and northeastern Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio. southwestern Pennsyl-
vania and central Maryland south to eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, the Gulf
coast and south-central Florida: now generally absent (or very local) as a breeding
bird in the northeastern portion of the breeding range north of southern Kentucky
and North Carolina.

Winters from eastern Texas, the Gulf states and Atlantic coast (from south-
eastern North Carolina) south through the remainder of the breeding range (cas-
ually elsewhere in the northern parts of the breeding range), and to southern
Florida.

Casual north to northeastern Kansas, southeastern Michigan, southern Ontario,
New York and New Jersey.

Notes.— Also known as PINE-woops SPARROW.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 697

Aimophila botterii (Sclater). BOTTERI’Ss SPARROW. [576.]

Zonotrichia botterii Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 214.
(vicinity of Orizaba, [Veracruz,] in Southern Mexico.)

Habitat.—Grassland and savanna, especially with scattered bushes or scrub,
and coastal prairie (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico
(probably), eastern Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Ta-
maulipas and extreme southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south through
Mexico to Chiapas and Tabasco, and locally in the state of Yucatan, Guatemala
(lowlands of Petén, and central highlands), Belize, eastern Honduras, northwestern
and northeastern Nicaragua, and northwestern Costa Rica (base of Cordillera de
Guanacaste).

Winters from northern Mexico south throughout the remainder of the breeding
range.

Casual in southern Texas just north of the breeding range.

Notes.— Populations in lowland savanna from Tabasco and Petén, Guatemala,
south to northeastern Nicaragua, either with or without interior highland popu-
lations from Guatemala southward, have sometimes been regarded as a distinct
species, A. petenica (Salvin, 1863) [PETEN SPARROW]; extensive variability and
apparent intergradation in Tabasco and Veracruz suggest strongly that but a single
species should be recognized.

Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse). CASSIN’s SPARROW. [578.]

Zonotrichia Cassinii Woodhouse, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
6, p. 60. (near San Antonio, Texas.)

Habitat.—Open grassland and short-grass plains with scattered bushes or
shrubs, sagebrush, mesquite or yucca.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Arizona, New Mexico (except the
northwestern part of state), central and northeastern Colorado, southwestern Ne-
braska, west-central Kansas and western Oklahoma south to northern Chihuahua,
southern Coahuila, northern Tamaulipas, and central and southern Texas. In
recent years singing males have appeared sporadically, sometimes in large num-
bers, from southern California east across southern Arizona, in northwestern New
Mexico, and north to central Wyoming and southwestern South Dakota, although
breeding has not been confirmed in these regions.

Winters from southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico (rarely), Sonora
Chihuahua, and western and south-central Texas south to southern Sinaloa, Gua-
najuato, San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas.

Casual or accidental in California (north to the Farallon Islands), southern
Nevada, southern Ontario (Point Pelee), Nova Scotia (Seal Island) and New Jersey
(Ocean County).

Aimophila carpalis (Coues). RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW. [579.]

Peucea carpalis Coues, 1873, Am. Nat., 7, p. 322 (footnote). (Tucson,
Ariz[ona].)

Habitat.— Open flat grassy areas with scattered thorn bush, mixed bunch-grass,
mesquite or cholla (Subtropical Zone).

698 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident from south-central Arizona (north to Tucson area)
south through central and southeastern Sonora to central Sinaloa.

Aimophila ruficeps (Cassin). RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW. [580.]

Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6,
p. 184. (Calaveras River [east of Stockton], California.)

Habitat.— Arid rocky and hilly regions with brush, scattered scrub or stunted
trees, and grassy or weedy patches, also in Mexico in arid scrub and pine-oak
association (Subtropical and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central California (north to Sonoma County, and
including Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Catalina islands, with an isolated colony
in eastern San Bernardino County), southwestern Utah, northwestern and central
Arizona, central and northeastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, north-
western and central Oklahoma, and north-central Texas south to southern Baja
California (including Todos Santos Islands), throughout Mexico to Oaxaca (west
of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), southern Puebla, west-central Veracruz and south-
ern Tamaulipas.

Winters throughout the breeding range except for the northeastern portion,
where wintering is usually from northeastern New Mexico, northern Texas and
south-central Oklahoma southward.

Casual or accidental in southwestern Kansas (Comanche County), west-central
Arkansas (Magazine Mountain) and southeastern Texas.

Aimophila notosticta (Sclater and Salvin). OAXACA SPARROW.

Peucea notosticta Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 322.
(Mexico = probably Puebla.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, brushy hillsides and oak scrub (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in northwestern and central Oaxaca (south to Ciudad
de Oaxaca region) and probably adjacent southwestern Puebla.

Aimophila rufescens (Swainson). RUSTY SPARROW.

Pipilo rufescens Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 434. (Temis-
caltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Brushy areas and scrub in both arid and humid pine-oak association
and oak woodland, deciduous and humid lowland forest edge, brushy edges of
savanna, second-growth woodland, and plantations (Tropical to lower Temperate
zones).

Distribution.— Resident from north-central and eastern Sonora, western Chi-
huahua, Sinaloa, northwestern Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, eastern
San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas south through Mexico (except the Yu-
catan Peninsula) and Central America to north-central and northeastern Nicaragua
and northwestern Costa Rica (base of Cordillera de Guanacaste).

Genus ORITURUS Bonaparte

Oriturus Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 469. Type, by sub-
sequent designation (Bonaparte, 1856), Oriturus mexicanus Bonaparte =
Aimophila superciliosa Swainson.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 699

Oriturus superciliosus (Swainson). STRIPED SPARROW.

Aimophila superciliosa Swainson, 1837, Anim. Menag. (1838), p. 314, fig.
63e-g. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Open grassy and shrubby areas in or near humid montane forest or
pine-oak association (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident from eastern Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, western Za-
catecas, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi south to central Oaxaca, Puebla and
west-central Veracruz.

Genus TORREORNIS Barbour and Peters

Torreornis Barbour and Peters, 1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 9, p. 96.
Type, by monotypy, 7orreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters.

Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters. ZAPATA SPARROW.

Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters, 1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club.,
9, p. 96. (Santo Tomas, Peninsula de Zapata, Cuba.)

Habitat.— Dense brush and sawgrass in swampy regions, and coastal scrub.

Distribution.— Resident locally in southwestern Cuba (Ciénaga de Zapata),
southeastern Cuba (near Baitiquiri, Oriente province), and Cayo Coco (offnorthern
Camagiiey province).

Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte

Spizella Bonaparte, 1831, G. Arcad. Sci. Lettr. Arti [Rome], 52, p. 205. Type,
by original designation, Fringilla pusilla Wilson.

Spizella arborea (Wilson). AMERICAN TREE SPARROW. [559.]

Fringilla arborea Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 123, pl. 16, fig. 3. (eastern
Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Open willow, low shrubbery, scrub conifers, and bogs, in migration
and winter also in weedy fields, fencerows, thickets, brushy areas and gardens.

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mac-
kenzie, Banks Island (probably), central interior Keewatin, northern Quebec and
Labrador south to southern Alaska (Bristol Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and Wrangell
Mountains), northwestern British Columbia, southeastern Yukon, west-central
and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, James Bay and central Quebec.

Winters from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (rarely), southern Canada
(British Columbia east to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia,
except southern Manitoba), central Minnesota and northern Michigan (casually
farther north) south to eastern Oregon, northern California, central Nevada, north-
ern and east-central Arizona, central and southeastern New Mexico, north-central
Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina, casually to coastal and southern
California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Louisiana, northwestern Mis-
sissippi and South Carolina, also a sight report for southwestern Arizona.

In migration occurs regularly throughout central and southern Canada (includ-
ing Newfoundland), and in central coastal California.

Notes.— Formerly known in American literature as the TREE SPARROW.

700 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Spizella passerina (Bechstein). CHIPPING SPARROW. [560.]

Fringilla passerina (Borkhausen MS) Bechstein, 1798, in Latham, Allg. Ueb-
ers. V6gel, 3 (2), p. 544, pl. 120, fig. 1. (Canada = City of Quebec, Quebec.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest (especially early second growth) and forest
edge (especially pine), oak woodland, pine-oak association, thickets and shrubs
near woodland, and parks, in migration and winter also in a variety of open
woodland, and brushy and shrubby habitats (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central and southeastern Alaska, central Yu-
kon, central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, central On-
tario, southern Quebec and southwestern Newfoundland south to northern Baja
California, southwestern and east-central California, southern Nevada, and central
and southeastern Arizona, through the highlands of Mexico and northern Central
America to north-central Nicaragua, in the Caribbean lowland pine savanna of
Guatemala, Belize, eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua, and to central
and eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and northwestern Florida.

Winters from central California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, central New
Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia and Maryland
(casually farther north) south throughout Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
throughout the breeding range from Oaxaca and Chiapas southward, and to the
Gulf coast and southern Florida, casually to the northern Bahama Islands and
Cuba.

Casual or accidental in northern Alaska, northern Newfoundland, Costa Rica
and Bermuda.

Spizella pallida (Swainson). CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. [561.]

Emberiza pallida Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., 2 (1831), p. 251. (Carlton-house, Saskatchewan.)

Habitat.—Shrubby areas and thickets, especially near water, tall shrubbery in
meadows, bushy openings or burns in open coniferous or deciduous forest, and
dry pastures with a few shrubs, in migration and winter also in brushy and weedy
fields, fencerows and arid scrub.

Distribution.— Breeds from west-central and southern Mackenzie, eastern Brit-
ish Columbia, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba and
central Ontario south to eastern Washington, southern Alberta, central Montana,
southeastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, western Kansas (casually), southern
Nebraska, northern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, central and southeastern Michigan,
southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec and (sporadically) western New York;
recorded in summer (and possibly breeding) in eastern Washington (Spokane
Valley), northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Reports of breeding in northern
Texas are without foundation.

Winters from southern Baja California, northern Sonora, southern Coahuila,
central Nuevo Leon and central Texas (casually farther north) south through
Mexico (mostly in the highlands) to Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, casually to
western Guatemala (Sacapulas).

Migrates regularly west to California (especially southern), southeastern Arizona
and New Mexico, and through the Great Plains east to the Mississippi Valley,
rarely (most frequently in fall) from New York, Maine and Nova Scotia south

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 701

through Pennsylvania, West Virginia and the Atlantic states to South Carolina,
and casually to the northern Pacific coast (southern British Columbia southward).

Casual along the Gulf Coast from Louisiana eastward, in Florida (mostly north-
western portion), and off Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island); reports from the Ba-
hama Islands and Cuba are unverified.

Spizella breweri Cassin. BREWER’S SPARROW. [562.]

Spizella Breweri Cassin, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8, p. 40.
(western North America, California, and New Mexico = Black Hills, North
Dakota.)

Habitat.— Brushland, especially sagebrush, in migration and winter also in des-
ert scrub and creosote bush.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern Yukon, northwestern and interior
British Columbia, west-central and southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan
and southwestern North Dakota south, generally east of the Cascades and the
coast ranges, to eastern and southern California (to Mt. Pinos and the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, formerly elsewhere), southern Nevada, central Arizona,
northwestern New Mexico, central Colorado, southwestern Kansas, northwestern
Nebraska and southwestern South Dakota.

Winters from southern interior (casually central and coastal) California, south-
ern Nevada, western and central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and
central Texas south to southern Baja California and Sonora (including Isla Ti-
buron), in the Mexican highlands to Jalisco and Guanajuato, and to southern
Texas.

In migration occurs regularly through western Kansas and western Oklahoma,
and in coastal California, casually elsewhere in coastal areas from British Columbia
southward.

Accidental in Massachusetts (Watertown), also a sight (and sound) report for
Minnesota.

Spizella pusilla (Wilson). FIELD SPARROW. [563.]

Fringilla pusilla Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 131, pl. 16, fig. 2. (Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Old fields, brushy hillsides, overgrown pastures, thorn scrub, decid-
uous forest edge, sparse second growth, and fencerows.

Distribution.— Breeds from northwestern and southeastern Montana, northern
North Dakota, central Minnesota, north-central Wisconsin, north-central Mich-
igan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, southern Maine and southern New
Brunswick south to northeastern Colorado (possibly), western Kansas, western
Oklahoma, central and southern Texas (west to Irion County), the Gulf coast (east
to northern Florida) and southern Georgia; also in southern Manitoba (Winnipeg).

Winters from Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, southern Michigan, northern Ohio,
Pennsylvania and Massachusetts (casually farther north) south to southeastern
New Mexico, northern Coahuila, central Nuevo Leon, northern Tamaulipas, the
Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Casual east to southeastern Quebec (including the Magdalen Islands) and Nova

702 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Scotia, and west to Wyoming, California (Farallon Islands), Arizona (Ganado)
and central New Mexico. :

Notes.—S. pusilla and S. wortheni are closely related and considered conspecific
by some authors; they constitute a superspecies.

Spizella wortheni Ridgway. WORTHEN’S SPARROW. [564.]

Spizella wortheni Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 7, p. 259. (Silver
City, New Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid brush and thorn scrub (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds in western Zacatecas and southwestern Tamaulipas, pre-
sumably elsewhere in northeastern Mexico.

Recorded also in Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Puebla and Veracruz, almost cer-
tainly a migrant in the latter two states. Accidental in New Mexico (Silver City,
16 June 1884).

Notes.—See comments under S. pusilla.

Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis). BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW. [565.]
Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 133. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Chaparral, sagebrush, arid scrub and brushy hillsides (Subtropical
and lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central California (north to the San Francisco region
and southern Sierra Nevada), southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Ar-
izona, central New Mexico, western Texas (Guadalupe and Chisos mountains),
central Nuevo Leén and southwestern Tamaulipas south to northern Baja Cali-
fornia, southwestern California and southeastern Arizona, and in the Mexican
highlands to Guerrero, Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and Puebla.

Winters from coastal California (casually), southern Arizona, southern New
Mexico, western Texas and Nuevo Leon south to southern Baja California, and
through the remainder of the breeding range in Mexico.

Casual in southwestern Oregon (Medford); sight reports in central and south-
eastern Texas are questionable.

Genus POOECETES Baird

Pooecetes Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
R. Pac., 9, pp. xx, xxxix [on pp. 439 and 447, as “Pooce@tes’|. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla graminea Gmelin.

Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin). VESPER SPARROW. [540.]

Fringilla graminea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 922. Based on the
“Grass Finch”? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 273. Gn Noveboraco =
New York.)

Habitat.— Plains, prairie, dry shrublands, savanna, weedy pastures, fields, sage-
brush, arid scrub and woodland clearings.

Distribution. — Breeds from east-central and southern British Columbia, south-
ern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 703

central and northeastern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Ed-
ward Island and Nova Scotia south to western Oregon, eastern and southern
California (to Inyo and San Bernardino counties), central Nevada, southwestern
Utah, northern and east-central Arizona, central New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas,
Missouri, Tennessee and North Carolina, generally local south of northern Illinois,
southern Michigan, northern Ohio and (east of the Appalachians) Maryland.

Winters from central California, the southern Great Basin and Rocky Mountain
areas, western and central Texas, Arkansas, southern Illinois, Kentucky, West
Virginia, southern Pennsylvania and Connecticut (casually farther north) south
to southern Baja California, in the Mexican interior to Guerrero, Oaxaca and
Veracruz, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Casual in the state of Yucatan, central Guatemala, southern Florida, the Bahama
Islands (Grand Bahama) and Bermuda.

Genus CHONDESTES Swainson

Chondestes Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 435. Type, by mono-
typy, Chondestes strigatus Swainson = Fringilla grammaca Say.

Chondestes grammacus (Say). LARK SPARROW. [552.]

Fringilla grammaca Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 1, p. 139.
(Prairies on the Missouri between the Kansas and Platte = Bellefontaine,
four miles from mouth of Missouri River, Missouri.)

Habitat.— Open situations with scattered bushes and trees, prairie, forest edge,
cultivated areas, orchards, fields with bushy borders, and savanna.

Distribution.— Breeds from western Oregon, eastern Washington, southern in-
terior British Columbia, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, northwestern and central Minnesota, north-central Wisconsin, south-
ern Michigan, southern Ontario and central Pennsylvania (formerly) south to
southern California (chiefly west of the Sierra Nevada), central Nevada, southern
Arizona, northeastern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Nuevo
Leon, northern Tamaulipas, southern and eastern Texas, Louisiana, central Al-
abama, central North Carolina and western Virginia, with breeding very local and
irregular east of the Mississippi Valley.

Winters from central California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico (rare-
ly), north-central and eastern Texas, the Gulf coast and (casually) the Atlantic
coast from New York (and casually farther north in interior North America) south
through Mexico to southern Baja California, Chiapas and Veracruz, and (rarely)
southern Florida.

Casual in the northeast from southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
and Newfoundland southward, and south to the state of Yucatan, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Cuba and the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama,
Bimini, New Providence).

Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues

Amphispiza Coues, 1874, Birds Northwest (Misc. Publ. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terr.), p. 234. Type, by original designation, Emberiza bilineata Cassin.

Notes.—Some authors would merge this genus in Aimophila.

704 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Amphispiza bilineata (Cassin). BLACK-THROATED SPARROW. [573.]

Emberiza bilineata Cassin, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p.
103, pl. 3. (Texas, on the Rio Grande.)

Habitat.— Desert scrub, thorn brush, mesquite and juniper, in migration and
winter also occasionally in grassy areas and weedy fields away from desert regions
(Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from south-central and southeastern Oregon, southwest-
ern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, western and southern Colorado, northwestern
Oklahoma and north-central Texas south through eastern California (primarily
Colorado, Mojave and Great Basin deserts) to southern Baja California (including
many islands), northern Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas,
and central and southern Texas.

Winters from southern California, southern Nevada, central and southeastern
Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central and southern Texas south through
the remainder of the breeding range.

Casual in western North America west and north of the breeding range from
Washington, southern interior British Columbia and southern Alberta southward.
Casual or accidental in eastern North America (recorded from South Dakota,
Nebraska and Kansas east through Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois to Ohio,
along the Atlantic coast in Massachusetts, New Jersey and Virginia, and in the
Gulf states in Louisiana and western Florida).

Amphispiza belli (Cassin). SAGE SPARROW. [574.]

Emberiza Belli Cassin, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p. 104,
pl. 4. (California near Sonoma.)

Habitat.— Sagebrush, salt-bush brushland and chaparral, in migration and win-
ter also in arid plains with sparse bushes, grasslands, and open situations with
scattered brush.

Distribution.— Breeds from central interior Washington, eastern Oregon, south-
ern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado south to southern
California (including San Clemente Island, but absent from the northwestern part
of the state), central Baja California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, north-
eastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.

Winters from central California, central Nevada, southwestern Utah, northern
Arizona and central New Mexico south to central Baja California, northern Sonora,
northern Chihuahua and western Texas.

Casual in the Pacific coastal region from southwestern British Columbia south-
ward, and to Montana, eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado and western Kansas.

Amphispiza quinquestriata (Sclater and Salvin). FIvE-STRIPED SPARROW.
[584.2.]

Zonotrichia quinquestriata Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 323. (Mexico = Bolafios, Jalisco.)

Habitat.— Dense bushy vegetation and grasses on steep hillsides, especially with
acacia, Mesquite or riparian vegetation (Subtropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Arizona south through eastern So-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 705

nora and western Chihuahua to central Sinaloa and western Durango; also in
northern Jalisco.
Notes.— This species was formerly placed in the genus Aimophila.

Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte

Calamospiza Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 30. Type, by monotypy,
Fringilla bicolor Townsend = Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger.

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. LARK BUNTING. [605.]

Fringilla bicolor (not Linnaeus, 1766) J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p. 189. (plains of Platte River = western Nebraska.)
Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger, 1885, Auk, 2, p. 49. New name for

Fringilla bicolor Townsend, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Plains, prairies, meadows and sagebrush, in migration and winter
also in cultivated lands, brushy areas and desert.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, south-
western Manitoba, southeastern North Dakota and southwestern Minnesota
south, east of the Rockies, to eastern New Mexico, northern Texas (Panhandle),
western Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, and northwestern Missouri; also locally or
sporadically in southern California (San Bernardino County), Utah (Murray),
southwestern Colorado (Navajo Springs), northwestern New Mexico (Star Lake)
and west-central Texas (northern Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau).

Winters from southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern
New Mexico and north-central Texas south to southern Baja California, Jalisco,
Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, southern and eastern Texas, and southern
Louisiana.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from central British Columbia,
central Alberta and Montana southward, and in eastern North America from
Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
south to the Gulf coast and Florida.

Genus PASS#KCULUS Bonaparte

Passerculus Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 33. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Fringilla savanna Wilson = Emberiza
sandwichensis Gmelin.

Notes.—Some authors merge Passerculus and Xenospiza in Ammodramus.

Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin). SAVANNAH SPARROW. [542.]

Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 875. Based on
the “Sandwich Bunting” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 202. (in
Unalaschea et sinu Sandwich = Unalaska, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Open areas, especially grasslands, tundra, meadows, bogs, farmlands,
grassy areas with scattered bushes, and marshes, including salt marshes in the
beldingi and rostratus groups (Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [princeps group] on Sable Island and the adjacent main-
land of Nova Scotia; [sandwichensis group] from western and northern Alaska,

706 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Keewatin, northern Ontario, is-
lands in James Bay, northern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south
to southwestern Alaska (including Nunivak Island and the Aleutians west to
Amukta), in coastal regions to west-central California (Monterey region), in the
interior to central California (locally to San Bernardino County), southern Nevada,
southern Utah, east-central Arizona, northern New Mexico, central Colorado,
Nebraska, Missouri (at least formerly), Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western
Virginia, western Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey,
and locally in the interior highlands of Mexico from Chihuahua and Coahuila
south to Guerrero and Puebla, and in southwestern Guatemala; and [rostratus
group] along the Pacific coast of Baja California from El Rosario south to Mag-
dalena Bay (including the San Benito Islands), and from northeastern Baja Cali-
fornia (San Felipe, mouth of the Colorado River) south along the coast of Sonora
to northern Sinaloa (lat. 25°N.).

Winters [princeps group] along the Atlantic coast from central Nova Scotia
south to northeastern Florida; [sandwichensis group] from southern British Co-
lumbia, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, central New Mexico, Oklahoma,
Tennessee, southern Kentucky and, east of the Appalachians, from Massachusetts
(casually north to Alaska, the northern United States, southern Ontario and Nova
Scotia) south to southern Baja California (including most adjacent islands),
throughout most of Mexico (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to Guatemala,
Belize and northern Honduras, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern
Florida, the Bahama Islands (south to Rum Cay), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and
Cayman and Swan islands; and [rostratus group] in salt marshes from central
coastal and southern California (rarely north to the Monterey region and Channel
Islands) south to southern Baja California (along both coasts), and the coasts of
Sonora and northern Sinaloa.

Resident [beldingi group] in salt marshes of coastal southern California (north
to Santa Barbara region) and northwestern Baja California (Todos Santos Islands,
El Rosario).

Casual or accidental [sandwichensis group] in the Pribilofs and western Aleutians
(Shemya), north to Seymour, Cornwallis and Southampton islands, in England,
and in northeastern Asia (Chukotski Peninsula, Koryak highlands) and Japan,
also a sight report for the Hawaiian Islands (Kure).

Notes.— The various groups have been recognized by some authors as separate
species, P. princeps Maynard, 1872 [IpswicH SPARROW, 541], P. sandwichensis
[SAVANNAH SPARROW, 542], P. beldingi Ridgway, 1885 [BELDING’s SPARROW, 543],
and P. rostratus (Cassin, 1852) [LARGE-BILLED SPARROW, 544]; intergradation
between the princeps and sandwichensis groups occurs in Nova Scotia.

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson

Ammodramus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 435. Type, by
monotypy, Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson = Fringilla savannarum
Gmelin.

Centronyx Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, p. 440. Type, by monotypy, Emberiza bairdii Audubon.
Ammospiza Oberholser, 1905, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 48, p. 68. Type, by

original designation, Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin.

Passerherbulus ‘““Maynard”’ Stone, 1907, Auk, 24, p. 193. Type, by original
designation, Ammodramus lecontei Audubon = Emberiza leconteii Au-
dubon.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 707

Thryospiza Oberholser, 1917, Ohio J. Sci., 17, p. 332. Type, by original
designation, Fringilla maritima Wilson.

Nemospiza Oberholser, 1917, Ohio J. Sci., 17, p. 335. Type, by original
designation, Emberiza henslowii Audubon.

Notes.— Generic limits within this group have been treated in a variety of ways
in recent years; see comments under each species and also under Passerculus.

Ammodramus bairdii (Audubon). BAIRD’s SPARROW. [545.]

Emberiza Bairdii Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 359, pl. 500.
(Prairie of the upper Missouri = near Old Fort Union, North Dakota.)

Habitat.— Short-grass prairie with scattered low bushes and matted vegetation,
in migration and winter also in open grasslands and overgrown fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and
southern Manitoba south to central and eastern Montana, southern South Dakota,
southeastern North Dakota and west-central Minnesota.

Winters from southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico (casually) and north-
central Texas south to northern Sonora, Durango, Chihuahua, Coahuila and south-
ern Texas.

Migrates regularly through the Plains states from western Kansas east to western
Missouri, and south through eastern and southern New Mexico, Texas, and central
and western Oklahoma, casually west to western Montana and southern Idaho.

Accidental in California (Farallon Islands and San Diego) and New York (Mon-
tauk).

Ammodramus savannarum (Gmelin). GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. [546.]

Fringilla Savannarum Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 921. Based on the
“Savanna Finch” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 270. (in Jamaicae =
Jamaica.)

Habitat.— Prairie, old fields, open grasslands, cultivated fields and savanna
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern Washington, southern interior British Co-
lumbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern
Minnesota, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, northern Vermont, central
New Hampshire and southern Maine south to southern California (west of the
Sierra Nevada), central Nevada (rare and local), northern Utah, central Colorado,
northeastern New Mexico, northern and south-central Texas, Arkansas, northern
and east-central Mississippi, central Alabama, central Georgia, central North Car-
olina and southeastern Virginia; in central peninsular Florida (Kissimmee Prairie
region); and in southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora.

Winters from central California (rarely), southern Arizona, southern New Mex-
ico (rarely), Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina (casually
farther north) south through Mexico and northern Central America to north-
central Costa Rica.

Resident locally in Middle America in Mexico (the state of México, Veracruz,
Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala (Petén and the Caribbean lowlands), Belize,
Honduras (interior highlands and eastern pine savanna), northeastern Nicaragua
(pine savanna), northwestern Costa Rica, and Panama (Pacific lowlands in western
Chiriqui, Coclé and eastern Panama province); in the Greater Antilles (Jamaica,

708 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Hispaniola and Puerto Rico); and in western Colombia (Cauca Valley), western
Ecuador, and the Netherlands Antilles (Curacao and Bonaire).

Casual west to the Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia southward,
and east to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land; also in the Swan Islands and northwestern Panama (Bocas del Toro).

Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon). HENSLOW’sS SPARROW. [547.]

Emberiza Henslowii Audubon, 1829, Birds Am. (folio), 1, pl. 70 (1831, Or-
nithol. Biogr., 1, p. 360). (opposite Cincinnati, in state of Kentucky.)

Habitat.—Open fields and meadows with grass interspersed with weeds or
shrubby vegetation, especially in damp or low-lying areas, in migration and winter
also in grassy areas adjacent to pine woods or second-growth woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds from eastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, central
Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, southern
Vermont, southern New Hampshire and northeastern Massachusetts south to
central Kansas, southwestern and central Missouri, southern Illinois, northern
Kentucky, central West Virginia, eastern Virginia and east-central North Carolina;
also locally in eastern Texas (Harris County). The breeding range in the north-
western and eastern portions has decreased in recent years.

Winters in coastal states from South Carolina south to southern Florida, and
west to eastern and (rarely) southern Texas, casually north to Illinois, Indiana,
New England and Nova Scotia.

Notes.— Often treated in the genus Passerherbulus.

Ammodramus leconteii (Audubon). LE CONTE’s SPARROW. [548.]

Fringilla caudacuta (not Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin) Latham, 1790, Index
Ornithol., 1, p. 459. (in Georgie americane interioribus = interior of Geor-
gia.) .

Emberiza le conteii Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 338, pl.
488. (wet portions of prairies of upper Missouri = Fort Union, North Da-
kota.)

Habitat.— Moist grass or sedge meadows, damp matted grass and shrubby tan-
gles on edges of marshes and bogs, and areas of moist or dry, tall, rank grass, in
migration and winter also in weedy fields, broomsedge and cattails.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, north-central On-
tario and west-central Quebec south to southern Alberta, north-central Montana,
southern Saskatchewan, northern North Dakota, northwestern and eastern Min-
nesota, northeastern Wisconsin and northern Michigan, casually south to south-
eastern South Dakota, northeastern Illinois and southern Ontario.

Winters from west-central Kansas, southern Missouri (rarely), southern Illinois
(rarely), western Tennessee, central Alabama, south-central Georgia and South
- Carolina south to eastern New Mexico (rarely), eastern and southern Texas, the
Gulf coast (east to western Florida) and southeastern Georgia.

Migrates regularly through the Great Plains (east to the Mississippi Valley),
irregularly through the Ohio Valley, and casually to the east coast from Maine
south to southern Florida.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 709

Casual west to Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and California, and
south to Coahuila (Sabinas).

Notes.—In the past usually treated in the literature as Passerherbulus caudacutus
(Latham, 1790) or Ammospiza leconteii.

Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmelin). SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. [549.]

Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 394. Based mainly on
the “Sharp-tailed Oriole” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 448. (in
Noveboraco = New York.)

Habitat.— Marshes (both salt and fresh-water) and wet meadows, in migration
and winter also in brushy areas and overgrown fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan and central Manitoba south to south-
central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and south-
eastern North Dakota, southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Minnesota:
around James Bay in northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec; and in south-
eastern Quebec (along the southern shore of St. Lawrence River), and along the
Atlantic coast from eastern Quebec (including the Magdalen Islands), Prince Ed-
ward Island and Nova Scotia south to North Carolina (Pea Island).

Winters in coastal marshes from New York (casually from Massachusetts) south
to southern Florida, along the Gulf coast west to southern Texas, and rarely in
coastal California and northwestern Baja California.

Migrates presumably through the interior United States, but recorded only
casually from Colorado and the Great Plains east to Michigan, western Pennsy]l-
vania and central New York, and virtually unrecorded in the west away from
coastal areas.

Notes.— Often treated in the genus Ammospiza.

Ammodramus maritimus (Wilson). SEASIDE SPARROW. [550.]

Fringilla maritima Wilson, 1811, Am. Ornithol., 4, p. 68, pl. 34, fig. 2. (sea
islands along our Atlantic coast = Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.)

Habitat.— Salt marshes, especially Spartina grass, rushes and tidal reeds, also
[mirabilis group] marsh prairie (Muhlenbergia).

Distribution.— Breeds [maritimus group] from Massachusetts south along the
Atlantic coast to northeastern Florida (south to the St. John’s River, formerly to
New Smyrna Beach); and along the Gulf coast from western Florida (south to
Tampa Bay) west to southeastern Texas (south to Corpus Christi area).

Winters [maritimus group] along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts south
through the remainder of the breeding range, casually to southern Florida (Fla-
mingo region); and along the Gulf coast throughout the breeding range and south
to the mouth of the Rio Grande.

Resident [nigrescens group] formerly along the coast of east-central Florida
(eastern Orange and northern Brevard counties), approaching extinction (only a
few surviving males in 1981); and [mirabilis group] in southern Florida (south-
western Collier, Monroe and southern Dade counties).

Casual [maritimus group] north to Maine, southern New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, and inland in North Carolina (Raleigh).

710 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.— The three groups have often been considered as separate species, A.
maritimus [COMMON SEASIDE-SPARROW, 550], A. nigrescens Ridgway, 1873
[Dusky SEASIDE-SPARROW, 551], and A. mirabilis (Howell, 1919) [CAPE SABLE
SPARROW or SEASIDE-SPARROW, 551.1]. Often treated in the genus Ammospiza.

Genus XENOSPIZA Bangs

Xenospiza Bangs, 1931, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, p. 86. Type, by original
designation, Xenospiza baileyi Bangs.

Notes.—See comments under Passerculus.

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs. SIERRA MADRE SPARROW.

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs, 1931, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, p. 87. (Bolafios,
Jalisco, Mexico.)

Habitat.— Bunch grass areas, generally in regions of highland pine (upper Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the highlands of Durango, Jalisco, Morelos and the
Distrito Federal.

Genus PASSERELLA Swainson

Passerella Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 288. Type, by monotypy, P.
iliaca Wilson, ili. 22. f. 4 = Fringilla liaca Merrem.

Notes.— Some authors merge Passerella and Melospizain Zonotrichia; a broader
generic concept would merge these also in Junco.

Passerella iliaca (Merrem). Fox SPARROW. [585.]

Fringilla iliaca Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar. Icones Descr., 2, p. 37, pl. 10.
(North America = Quebec.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of deciduous or coniferous forest, forest edge, woodland
thickets, scrub, cut-over lands, chaparral, riparian woodland, streamside shrub-
bery and montane brushland, in migration and winter also in deciduous forest,
open woodland and lowland thickets.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and south-central Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec and northern Labrador south to
southern Alaska (west to Unalaska in the Aleutians), on the Pacific coast to
northwestern Washington, in the western mountains to southern California, cen-
tral Nevada, central Utah and central Colorado, and, east of the Rockies, to central
Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Que-
bec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands), northwestern New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia and southern Newfoundland.

Winters from southern Alaska (west to Kodiak) and southern British Columbia
south through the Pacific states to northern Baja California, and from central
Arizona, northern New Mexico, Kansas, southern Iowa, southern Wisconsin,
northern Indiana, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and southern Newfoundland south to northern Sonora (casually), southern
New Mexico, western and southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES ee

In migration occurs regularly throughout eastern North America between the
breeding and wintering ranges.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, conti-
nental Europe and Japan.

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird

Melospiza Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xx, xl, 440, 476. Type, by original designation, Fringilla
melodia Wilson.

Helospiza Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xx, xl, 476. Type, by original designation, Fringilla
palustris Wilson = Fringilla georgiana Latham.

Notes.—See comments under Passerella.

Melospiza melodia (Wilson). SONG SPARROW. [581.]

Fringilla melodia Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 125, pl. 16, fig. 4.
(Canada to Georgia = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Brushy, shrubby and deep grassy areas along watercourses and sea-
coasts, in marshes (cattail, bulrush and salt), and, mostly in northern and eastern
portions of the range, in forest, edge, bogs, brushy clearings, thickets, hedgerows,
gardens and brushy pastures (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands),
south-central Yukon, northern British Columbia, south-central Mackenzie, north-
ern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec and
southwestern Newfoundland south to south-central Baja California and northern
Sonora, locally in the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, the state of México,
Tlaxcala and Puebla, and to northern New Mexico, northeastern Kansas, north-
central Arkansas, southern Tennessee, northeastern Alabama, northern Georgia,
and northwestern and coastal South Carolina.

Winters from southern Alaska (resident in the Aleutians), coastal and southern
British Columbia, the northern United States, southern Ontario, southwestern
Quebec, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia south throughout the remainder
of the breeding range, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the Bahama Islands (New Providence, Grand
Bahama) and British Isles.

Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon). LINCOLN’s SPARROW. [583.]

Fringilla Lincolnii Audubon, 1834, Birds Am. (folio), 2, pl. 193. (Labrador =
near mouth of Natashquan River, Quebec.)

Habitat.— Bogs, wet meadows and riparian thickets, mostly in northern and
montane areas, in migration and winter also in brushy areas, thickets, hedgerows,
understory of open woodland, forest edge, clearings, and scrubby areas.

V2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

the Great Basin), east-central Arizona and northern New Mexico, and to south-
western and south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario,
northern New York, northwestern Massachusetts, southern Vermont, northern
New Hampshire, central Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia.

Winters from northern California, southern Nevada, Arizona, central New Mex-
ico, Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, central Missouri, southern Kentucky and northern
Georgia (casually at Kodiak in southern Alaska, and north to the northern United
States) south to southern Baja California, through northern Middle America to
El Salvador and Honduras, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central
Florida, casually to Costa Rica and Panama (east to the Canal Zone), the Greater
Antilles (Cuba and Jamaica, also sight reports from Puerto Rico), southern Florida
and the Bahama Islands (south to Little Inagua).

Migrates regularly throughout continental North America between the breeding
and wintering ranges.

Accidental in Greenland.

Melospiza georgiana (Latham). SwAmp SPARROW. [584.]

Fringilla georgiana Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 1, p. 460. (in Georgie
americane interioribus = interior of Georgia.)

Habitat.—Emergent vegetation around watercourses, marshes, bogs and wet
meadows, in migration and winter also in weedy fields, brush, thickets, scrub and
forest edge.

Distribution.— Breeds from west-central and southern Mackenzie, northern Sas-
katchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Lab-
rador and Newfoundland south to northeastern and east-central British Columbia,
south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, the Dakotas,
eastern Nebraska, northern Missouri (formerly), northern Illinois, northern In-
diana, central Ohio, southeastern West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.

Winters from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, the Great Lakes region, central New York
and Massachusetts (casually farther north) south to western and southern Texas,
the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west across central and southern New
Mexico to southeastern Arizona and (rarely) California, irregularly or sporadically
to central Mexico (recorded Sonora, Durango, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Coahuila, San
Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas).

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Colum-
bia and Montana southward, and in Bermuda; a report from the Bahama Islands
is questionable. Accidental in Alaska (Anchorage).

Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson

Zonotrichia [subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), pp. 254-257, 493. Type, by subsequent designation
(Bonaparte, 1832), Fringilla pensylvanica Latham = Fringilla albicollis
Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Passerella.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 713

Zonotrichia capensis (Miiller). RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW.

Fringilla capensis P. L. S. Miller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165. Based on
“‘Bruent, du Cap de Bonne-Espérance” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl.
386, fig. 2. (Cape of Good Hope, error = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered bushes, shrubby hillsides, mon-
tane thickets, cultivated fields, humid forest edge, open woodland, and around
human habitations (Subtropical and Temperate, locally also Tropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the Greater Antilles in the mountains of Hispaniola:
in the highlands of Middle America from Chiapas south through Guatemala and
El Salvador to Honduras, and in Costa Rica and western Panama (east to western
Panama province); and in South America at higher elevations from Colombia,
Venezuela (also Curacao and Aruba) and the Guianas south to Peru, and virtually
throughout from Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil south to Tierra del Fuego.

Notes.— Also known as ANDEAN SPARROW.

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. [558.]

Fringilla albicollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 921. Based on the
“White-throated Sparrow” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 198, pl. 304.
(in Pensilvania = Philadelphia.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, forest edge, clear-
ings, bogs, brush, thickets and open woodland, in migration and winter also in
deciduous forest and woodland, scrub, shrubbery and gardens.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Yukon, west-central and southern
Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, north-
central Quebec, southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to central interior
British Columbia, central Alberta, central and southeastern Saskatchewan, north-
central North Dakota, northern and east-central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,
central and southeastern Michigan, northern Ohio, northern West Virginia (ir-
regularly), northern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey.

Winters from southeastern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan,
northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, central New York and Massachusetts (casually north
to southern Canada from Manitoba eastward) south to Nuevo Leon, northern
Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and west across
Texas, New Mexico and southern Arizona to California (virtually statewide) and
northern Baja California (casually to Guadalupe Island).

Migrates regularly through North America east of the Rockies, casually through
western North America from southern British Columbia and the breeding range
southward.

Casual north to northern Alaska, and to the Outer Hebrides, British Isles and
continental Europe, also a sight report from Puerto Rico.

Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gmelin). GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. [557.]

Emberiza atricapilla Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 875. Based mainly
on the “Black-crowned Bunting” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 202.
pl. 45. (in Sinu Natka, et insulis Sandwich = Prince William Sound,
Alaska.)

714 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Montane thickets and shrubbery, dwarf conifers and brushy canyons,
in migration and winter in dense brush, thickets, chaparral and gardens. -

Distribution.— Breeds from western and north-central Alaska and south-central
Yukon south to southern Alaska (west to Unimak in the eastern Aleutian Islands).
southern British Columbia, extreme northern Washington (Okanogan County)
and southwestern Alberta (Banff).

Winters from southern Alaska (west to Kodiak) and southern British Columbia
south, mostly west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, to northern Baja California,
southern California and southern Arizona, casually east to Utah, Colorado and
central New Mexico, and south to southern Baja California (including offshore
islands) and northern Sonora.

In migration occurs casually through the Pribilofs and western Aleutians (Attu,
Amchitka), and east to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and Idaho.

Casual in northern Alaska and northwestern Mackenzie: in northern North
America from Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New
York, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia south to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey; along the Gulf coast east to eastern Texas, southern Lou-
isiana and southern Alabama; and in northeastern Siberia. Accidental in Japan,
with a sight report for Nayarit.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster). WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. [554.]

Emberiza leucophrys J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 62,
p. 340. (Severn River, west shore of Hudson Bay.)

Habitat.— Stunted trees and shrubs, wet meadows with willows, brushy edges
of woodland and forest, thickets, chaparral. coastal brushland in the fog belt,
gardens and parks, in migration and winter also farmlands and brushy desert
areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northern Mackenzie and central Keewatin south to southern Alaska (west to the
Alaska Peninsula), in coastal areas and mountains (somewhat disjunctly in south-
erm portion) to southern California (to Santa Barbara and San Bernardino coun-
ties), southern Nevada, northern and east-central Arizona, and northern New
Mexico, and from northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba east across
northern Ontario and northern Quebec to Labrador, northern Newfoundland and
south-central Quebec.

Winters from central Alaska (casually), southern British Columbia, Washington,
Idaho, Wyoming and the central United States (Kansas east to southern West
Virginia, casually farther north) south to southern Baja California, Michoacan,
Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast (east to
northwestern Florida) and south-central Georgia, less fequently or rarely in eastern
coastal areas from Massachusetts south to southern Florida, the Bahama Islands.
Cuba and Jamaica, casually to the Yucatan Peninsula.

Migrates regularly through North America between the breeding and wintering
ranges and, in the northeast, from southern Ontario eastward (rare in the Maritime
Provinces and New England), and south to Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware.

Casual or accidental on islands in the Bering Sea (Pribilofs, Nunivak); north to
Banks and southern Baffin islands, and to the Melville Peninsula; on Fletcher’s
Ice Island (in the Arctic Ocean west of northern Ellesmere Island): and in Green-
land, the British Isles and Japan. An individual photographed in Panama (Canal
Zone) may have been a man-assisted vagrant.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 0

Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). HARRIS’ SPARROW. [553.]

Fringilla querula Nuttall, 1840, Man. Ornithol. U.S. Can., ed. 2, 1, p. 555.
(few miles west of Independence, Missouri.)

Habitat.— Woody shrubbery and stunted trees in coniferous forest-tundra eco-
tone, in migration and winter in thickets, open woodland, forest edge, hedgerows
and scrub.

Distribution. — Breeds from northwestern and east-central Mackenzie and south-
ern Keewatin south to northeastern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba.

Winters from southeastern Alaska (Juneau area southward), southern British
Columbia, southern Idaho, northern Utah, northern Colorado, northern Nebraska
and central Iowa (casually farther north) to southern California (mostly east of
the Sierra Nevada), southern Nevada, southern Utah, southern New Mexico,
southern Texas, western Louisiana, Arkansas and western Tennessee, also locally
in northeastern Saskatchewan (Hasbala and Milton lakes).

In migration occurs regularly through the northern Great Plains region from
Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Minnesota south to Nebraska and Iowa.

Casual in northern and south-coastal Alaska; elsewhere in western North Amer-
ica from Washington south through coastal areas of California to southern Cali-
fornia and east to southern Arizona; and in eastern North America from western
and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf
coast and central Florida. Accidental on Banks Island.

Genus JUNCO Wagler

Junco Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. Type, by monotypy, Junco
phaeonotus Wagler.

Notes.—See comments under Passerella.

Junco vulcani (Boucard). VOLCANO JUNCO.

Zonotrichia vulcani Boucard, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 57, pl. 4.
(Volcan of Irazu, altitude of 10,000 feet, Costa Rica.)

Habitat.— Thickets, scrubby openings, bushy areas and bare open ground, just
below to well above timerline (upper Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident on the high mountains of Costa Rica (Irazi and Tur-
rialba volcanoes, and northern portion of Cordillera de Talamanca) and extreme
western Panama (Volcan Bart, in western Chiriqui).

Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus). DARK-EYED JUNCO. [567.]

Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 183. Based on
“The Snow-bird” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 36, pl. 36. (in Amer-
ica = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and deciduous forest, forest edge, clearings, bogs, open
woodland, brushy areas adjacent to forest, and burned-over lands, in migration
and winter in a variety of open woodland, brushy and grassy habitats.

Distribution. — Breeds [hyemalis group] from western and northern Alaska, cen-
tral Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, islands in southern James Bay, northern Quebec,

716 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Labrador and Newfoundland south to southwestern and south-coastal Alaska,
southern Yukon, central interior British Columbia, south-central Alberta, south-
central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and east-central Minnesota,
southeastern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario and northeastern
Ohio, in the Appalachians through eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern
Tennessee and western North Carolina to northern Georgia and northwestern
South Carolina, and to southeastern New York and southern New England: [or-
eganus group] from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, coastal and central
British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte Islands), west-central and South-
ern Alberta, and extreme southwestern Saskatchewan south to central coastal
California, and in the mountains to northern Baja California, western Nevada,
eastern Oregon, northern Utah, southern Idaho and northwestern Wyoming; [aik-
eni group] from southeastern Montana and western South Dakota south to north-
eastern Wyoming and northwestern Nebraska; and [caniceps group] in the moun-
tains from southern Idaho, northern Utah and southern Wyoming south to eastern
California (Clark Mountain and Grapevine Mountains), central Arizona, southern
New Mexico and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). =

Winters [hyemalis group] from central (casually) and south-coastal Alaska (west
to Kodiak), coastal and southern British Columbia and southern Canada (east to
Newfoundland) south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, central Chi-
huahua, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and northern (casually southern) Florida;
[oreganus group] from south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, southern British
Columbia and the northwestern United States (east to the Dakotas and Minneosta)
south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, Durango, southern Chihua-
hua, eastern Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas: [aikeni group] from the breeding range
south to northern and east-central Arizona (rarely), southern Colorado, northern
New Mexico, western Oklahoma and western Kansas; and [caniceps group] from
Nevada, southern Idaho, southern Wyoming and western Nebraska south to south-
ern California (rarely), northern Sonora, northern Sinaloa, northern Durango,
Chihuahua and western Texas.

Resident [insularis group] on Guadalupe Island, off Baja California.

Casual or accidental [hyemalis group] north to the Arctic coast of Alaska and
to islands in the Bering Sea, and to Banks, Southampton and southern Baffin
islands, Bermuda, the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, New Provindence), Ja-
maica, the British Isles, continental Europe and eastern Siberia, also sight reports
for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas); [oreganus group] in the
eastern Aleutians (Unalaska), north to Banks Island, and through much of eastern
North America from Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Maine
and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast (east to southern Louisiana), Tennessee
and South Carolina; [aikeni group] to southern Idaho, eastern Nebraska, central
Oklahoma and northern Texas, and in Michigan (Presque Isle County); and [can-
iceps group] west to the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia south to
coastal California, and east to eastern Montana, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Illinois,
Arkansas and Louisiana.

Notes.—The various groups of this complex have been treated as species by
many authors, J. hyemalis [SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, 567], J. oreganus (J. K. Town-
send, 1837) [OREGON JUNCO, 567.1], J. aikeni Ridgway, 1873 [WHITE-WINGED
JUNcO, 566], J. caniceps (Woodhouse, 1853) [GRAY-HEADED JUNCO, 569]; and J.
insularis Ridgway, 1876 [GUADALUPE JUNCO]. The form insularis is an isolated
population closest to the oreganus group; the remaining groups intergrade in

ORDER PASSERIFORMES FAW

varying degrees. A few authors also treat several distinctive populations within
these groups as separate species: J. mearnsi Ridgway, 1897 [PINK-SIDED JUNCO,
568], of the oreganus group, breeding from southeastern Alberta and southwestern
Saskatchewan to eastern Idaho and northwestern Wyoming, and J. dorsalis Henry,
1858 [RED-BACKED JUNCO, 569.1], of the caniceps group, breeding from northern
Arizona and central New Mexico to western Texas.

Junco phaeonotus Wagler. YELLOW-EYED JUNCO. [570.]
Junco phaeonotus Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. (Mexico.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous forest, pine-oak association and adjacent scrub,
brush, pastures and fields (upper Subtropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution. — Resident [phaeonotus group] from northeastern Sonora, southern
Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico (Animas, casually Hatchet moun-
tains), Chihuahua, north-central Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and southwestern Ta-
maulipas south through the mountains to Oaxaca and western Veracruz (west of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); [bairdi group] in the Cape district of southern Baja
California; [ful/vescens group] in the interior of Chiapas (from vicinity of San
Cristobal south to Teopisca); and [a/ticola group] in the mountains of extreme
southeastern Chiapas (Volcan Tacana area) and western Guatemala.

Notes.— The four groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, /. phaeo-
notus [MEXICAN JUNCO, 570], J. bairdi Ridgway, 1883 [BAIRD’s JUNCO], J. fulves-
cens Nelson, 1897 [CHIAPAS JUNCO], and J. alticola Salvin, 1863 [GUATE-
MALA JUNCO].

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein

Calcarius Bechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb. Dtsch., | (1802), p. 130. Type,
by monotypy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus.

Rhynchophanes Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.
Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xx, xxxviii, 432. Type, by monotypy, Plectrophanes
maccownii [sic] Lawrence.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Emberiza.

Calcarius mccownii (Lawrence). MCCown’s LONGsPUR. [539.]

Plectrophanes McCownii Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p.
122. (high prairies of Western Texas.)

Habitat.— Sparse short-grass plains, plowed and stubble fields, and on bare or
nearly bare ground.

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,
north-central North Dakota and (formerly) southwestern Minnesota south through
Montana to southeastern Wyoming, northeastern Colorado, northwestern Ne-
braska and central North Dakota.

Winters from southeastern California (rarely), central Arizona, southern (for-
merly northern) New Mexico, southeastern Colorado (casually), west-central Kan-
sas and central Oklahoma south to northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua, northern
Durango, and western and south-central Texas (rare in recent years in eastern
portions of range).

718 (CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

In migration occurs rarely in eastern and coastal southern California.

Casual north and west to southern British Columbia, Idaho and Nevada, and
east to Illinois, Missouri and eastern Texas. Accidental in Massachusetts (Bridge-
water) and Louisiana (New Orleans).

Notes.— Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Rhynchophanes.

Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus). LAPLAND LONGSPUR. [536.]

Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 180. (in Lap-
ponia = Lapland.)

Habitat.— Arctic tundra in wet meadows, grassy tussocks and scrub, in migra-
tion and winter in weedy and grassy areas, plowed fields and stubble.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, and Prince Patrick, Melville and northern Ellesmere islands south
to islands in the Bering Sea, the Aleutians, south-coastal Alaska (east to the Susitna
River highlands and Middleton Island), northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin,
northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec and Labrador; and
in the Palearctic from Greenland, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to southern Scandinavia, central and eastern Siberia, Kam-
chatka and the Commander Islands.

Winters in North America from coastal southern Alaska (casually), southern
British Columbia, the northern United-States, southern Ontario and Nova Scotia
south to southeastern California, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennes-
see and Maryland, rarely to coastal California, northern Baja California, south-
western and central Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern and eastern Texas,
the Gulf coast and northern Florida; and in the Palearctic from northern Europe
and northern Siberia south to central Europe, southern Russia, Mongolia, China,
Korea and Japan.

Migrates in North America throughout Alaska and Canada, and in Eurasia
throughout the regions between the breeding and wintering ranges, including Ice-
land.

Accidental in southern Baja California (Isla Cerralvo) and the state of Yucatan
(Celesttn).

Notes.—In Old World literature known as LAPLAND BUNTING.

Calcarius pictus (Swainson). SMITH’S LONGSPUR. [537.]

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 250, pl. 49. (Carlton House, on the banks of
the Saskatchewan [River].)

Habitat.— Dry, grassy, and hummocky tundra, in migration and winter in grassy
and weedy areas, fields, prairies and airports.

Distribution. — Breeds in east-central Alaska (Susitna River highlands, Wrangell
Mountains region) and adjacent northwestern British Columbia, and from north-
ern Alaska (Brooks Range) east across northern Yukon and northern and east-
central Mackenzie to southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba and extreme
northern Ontario.

Winters from Kansas and Iowa south to Oklahoma, east-central Texas and
northwestern Louisiana.

Migrates primarily through the northern Great Plains (east to Minnesota), cas-
ually from central and southern British Columbia east to Montana, and east to
Michigan, southern Ontario, Ohio and central Alabama.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 719

Casual or accidental in Arizona, Connecticut, New York, Maryland and South
Carolina, also a sight report from North Carolina.

Calcarius ornatus (Townsend). CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. [538.]

Plectrophanes ornata J. K. Townsend, 1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
7, p. 189. (prairies of Platte River = near forks of Pleiic River, western
Nebraska.)

Habitat.—Short-grass plains and prairies, in migration and winter also in open
cultivated fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and
southwestern Manitoba south, east of the Rockies, to northeastern Colorado,
western Kansas (formerly), north-central Nebraska and western Minnesota.

Winters from southern California (rarely), northern Arizona, central and north-
eastern New Mexico, eastern Colorado and central Kansas south to northern
Sonora, central Chihuahua, southern Texas and northern Louisiana, casually south
to Puebla, Veracruz and the state of México.

In migration occurs regularly west to northern and central California, and Ne-
vada.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southern and central British
Columbia south to southern California and southern Nevada; north to northern
Alberta and northern Manitoba; and in eastern North America from Wisconsin,
northern Michigan, southern Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and New-
foundland south to Missouri, Illinois, southern Ohio, and along the Atlantic coast
to Virginia. Accidental in western Florida (Tallahassee).

Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus

Emberiza Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 176. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Calcarius.

Emberiza pusilla Pallas. LirrLE BUNTING. [535.2.]

Emberiza pusilla Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Proc. Russ. Reichs, 3, p. 647.
(Daurian Range, southern Chita, southeastern Siberia.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in birch and willow scrub in tundra and taiga
from northern Finland, northern Russia and northern Siberia south to Lake Baikal,
Anadyrland and the Sea of Okhotsk, and winters in scrub and cultivated lands in
the northern parts of India and Southeast Asia, rarely in the British Isles, conti-
nental Europe, North Africa, the Near East and Philippines.

Accidental in Alaska in the Chukchi Sea (280 km northwest of Icy Cape, 6
September 1970; Watson, Angle and Browning, 1974, Auk, 91, p. 417) and in the
Aleutian Islands (Shemya, 8 September 1977; Gibson, 1981, Condor, 83, p. 74).

Emberiza rustica Pallas. RUSTIC BUNTING. [535.1.]

Emberiza rustica Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3, p. 698.
(Dauria = Transbaicalia.)

Habitat.— Low bushes and wet grassy areas of taiga, undergrowth of open co-
niferous-deciduous woodland, and thickets along streams, in migration and winter
in scrub, brushy areas, grasslands, open woodland and cultivated lands.

720 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern
Siberia southeast to southeastern Siberia, northern Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk
and Kamchatka.

Winters in eastern China, Japan and, rarely, the Commander Islands.

In migration ranges rarely but regularly to the western Aleutian Islands (Near
Islands, casually east to Amchitka), casually to St. Lawrence Island, and rarely to
the British Isles and continental Europe, also a questionable sight report from
British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands).

[Emberiza aureola Pallas. YELLOW-BREASTED BUNTING.] See Appendix B.

Emberiza variabilis Temminck. GRAY BUNTING. [535.3.]

Emberiza variabilis Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., livr. 98, pl. 583, fig.
2. (northern Japan.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in thickets, bamboo, and undergrowth of co-
niferous-deciduous woodland in southern Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin
and possibly northern Japan, and winters in scrub, thickets and woodland un-
dergrowth in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.

Accidental in Alaska (Shemya, in the Aleutian Islands, 18 May 1977; Gibson
and Hall, 1978, Auk, 95, pp. 428-429), also a sight report for Attu.

Emberiza pallasi (Cabanis). PALLAS’ REED-BUNTING. [535.4.]

Cynchramus Pallasi Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 130 (footnote).
Based on Emberiza schoeniclus var. 3 Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 48.
(No locality given = near Selenga River, Transbaicalia.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in birch and river thickets in tundra and taiga,
and in reed beds, from central and eastern Siberia south to Mongolia and Man-
churia, and winters from the southern part of the breeding range and Ussuriland
south to northern China, Korea and Japan, casually west to the British Isles.

Accidental in northern Alaska (Barrow, 11 June 1968; Pitelka, 1974, Arct. Alp.
Res., 6, p. 167) and on St. Lawrence Island (Gambell, 28 May 1973; Johnson,
1976, Syesis, 9, p. 40).

Emberiza schoeniclus (Linnaeus). COMMON REED-BUNTING. [535.5.]

Fringilla Scheniclus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 182. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Reed beds, rushes and riparian thickets, in migration and winter also
wet meadows, pastures and open country.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia and
northern Siberia south to the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan,
southern Siberia, Kamchatka and northern Japan.

Winters from the southern portions of the breeding range south to the Medi-
terranean region, Iraq, northwestern India, northeastern China and southern Ja-
pan.

In spring migration casually in the western Aleutian Islands (Attu, Shemya,
Buldir).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the REED BUNTING.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 721

Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger

Plectrophenax Stejneger, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 5, p. 33. Type, by
original designation, Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus.

Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus). SNow BUNTING. [534.]

Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 176. (in alpibus
Lapponiz, Spitsberge ad sinum Hudsonis = Lapland.)

Habitat.— Arctic rocky shores, cliffs, stony escarpments and dry tundra, also
nesting in bird houses, empty oil barrels, cabins, and other artificial structures, in
migration and winter in grassy or weedy fields, stubble, and along roadsides and
shores of lakes and oceans.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern Mackenzie, and Prince Patrick, Ellef Ringnes, Axel Heiberg and
northern Ellesmere islands south to southern Alaska (including the Aleutian Is-
lands), extreme northwestern British Columbia, southwestern and central Yukon,
east-central Mackenzie, central and southeastern Keewatin, Southampton and
Belcher islands, northern Quebec and northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic
from Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and northern
Siberia south to the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, central Siberia, Kamchatka
and the Commander Islands.

Winters in North America from west-central and southern Alaska, southern
Canada (British Columbia east to southern Labrador and Newfoundland) south
to northern (casually southern) California, northern Utah, Colorado, central Kan-
sas, Missouri, northern Kentucky and North Carolina, casually to northeastern
New Mexico, Oklahoma, eastern Texas, Arkansas, central Mississippi, Tennessee,
Georgia and northeastern Florida; and in the Palearctic from the breeding range
south to central continental Europe, the Mediterranean region (casually), Asia
Minor (casually), southern Russia, Manchuria, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands and
(casually) Japan.

Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, northwestern Arizona, the Ba-
hamas (Cat Island), Bermuda, eastern Atlantic islands, and northern Africa.

Notes.—P. nivalis and P. hyperboreus are closely related and considered con-
specific by some authors, with limited hybridization occurring on St. Lawrence
Island; they constitute a superspecies.

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway. McKAy’s BUNTING. [535.]

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 7, p. 68.
(St. Michael’s, Alaska.)

Habitat.— Open rocky ground, beaches, and shores of tundra pools, in migration
and winter in open rocky or sandy areas.

Distribution. — Breeds in Alaska on islands in the Bering Sea (Hall and St. Mat-
thew, also rarely on St. Paul in the Pribilofs and on St. Lawrence).

Winters on the coast of western Alaska (Nome to Nushagak, including Nunivak
Island), casually to the Aleutians (Adak, Unalaska) and south-coastal Alaska (Ko-
diak Island, Homer).

Accidental in British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Washington (Ocean Shores)
and Oregon (mouth of Columbia River).

Notes.—See comments under P. nivalis.

W22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Subfamily ICTERINAE: Icterines

Notes.— Whether the Icterini or Agelaiini is the more derived group is contro-
versial.

Tribe DOLICHONYCHINI: Bobolinks

Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson

Dolichonyx Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 435. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). BOBOLINK. [494.]

Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 179. Based mainly
on “The Rice-Bird”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 14, pl. 14. (@n Cuba,
... in Carolinam = South Carolina.)

_ Habitat.—Tall grass areas, flooded meadows, prairie, deep cultivated grains,
and alfalfa and clover fields, in migration and winter also in rice fields, marshes
and open woody areas.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, southern Al-
berta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Que-
bec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova
Scotia south to eastern and south-central Washington, eastern Oregon, north-
eastern Nevada (local), northern Utah, central Colorado, Kansas, northern Mis-
souri, central Illinois, central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania and central New Jersey,
and locally to north-central Kentucky, extreme northeastern Tennessee, western
North Carolina and western Virginia, also isolated breeding in east-central Ari-
zona; recorded in summer (but without positive evidence of breeding) north to
southwestern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, northern
Ontario and eastern Quebec, and south to northeastern California, central Nevada
and north-central New Mexico.

Winters in southern South America (mostly east of the Andes) from Peru, eastern
Bolivia and central Brazil south to northern Argentina.

Migrates regularly through the southeastern United States (west to the Great
Plains and eastern Texas), the West Indies, islands in the Caribbean Sea (Swan,
Providencia and San Andrés), the northern coast of South America, Costa Rica
(Caribbean lowlands, rarely on Pacific slope), Panama, and northern South Amer-
4ica from Colombia, Venezuela (also islands off the northern coast) and the Guianas
southward; also rarely through California, southern Nevada, western Arizona and
southern New Mexico.

Casual or accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow), Labrador, Newfoundland, the
Yucatan Peninsula (state of Yucatan, and Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo),
Belize (Northern Two Cays and Half Moon Cay), Honduras (Isla Utila in the Bay
Islands), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Cocos Island (off Costa Rica), Bermuda, the
Galapagos Islands, northern Chile, Greenland, the British Isles and Helgoland.

Tribe AGELAIINI: Blackbirds, Meadowlarks,
Grackles and Cowbirds

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot

Agelaius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 33. Type, by original designation, ““Trou-
piale Commandeur” Buffon = Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 723

Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus). RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. [498.]

Oriolus pheniceus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 161. Based mainly
on “The red wing’d Starling” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 13, pl. 13.
(in America septentrionali = Charleston, South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water and brackish marshes, bushes and small trees along wa-
tercourses, and upland cultivated fields, in migration and winter also in open
cultivated lands, plowed fields, pastures and prairie (Tropical to Temperate zones,
in Central America restricted to Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from east-central, south-coastal and southern Alaska
(west to Anchorage and north to Fairbanks), southern Yukon, west-central and
southern Mackenzie, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba,
central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands), New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and southwestern Newfoundland
south to northern Baja California, through Mexico (including the Yucatan Pen-
insula, and Holbox and Cozumel islands) and along both coasts of Central America
to Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Rio Frio), and to southern
Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida; also in the northern Bahama Islands
(south to Andros and Eleuthera), western Cuba and the Isle of Pines (Cienega de
Lanier).

Winters from southern British Columbia, Idaho, Colorado, Kansas, lowa, the
southern Great Lakes region, southern Ontario and New England (casually farther
north) south throughout the remainder of the breeding range, with the south-
western and most of Middle American populations being sedentary.

Casual north to western and northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie and Victoria
Island.

Agelaius tricolor (Audubon). TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD. [500.]

Icterus tricolor Audubon, 1837, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl. 388, fig. 1 (1839,
Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 1). (No locality given = Santa Barbara, California.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes of cattails, tule, bulrushes and sedges, in mi-
gration and winter also in open cultivated lands and pastures.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern Oregon (east of the coast ranges) south
through interior California, and along the coast from central California (Sonoma
County) south to northwestern Baja California (south to lat. 30°N.).

Winters from northern California (Glenn County southward) south throughout
the breeding range and adjacent agricultural areas.

Casual in southeastern California.

Agelaius humeralis (Vigors). TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD. [500.1.]

Leistes humeralis Vigors, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 442. (neighborhood of Havana,
Cuba.)

Habitat.— Open country, primarily in lowlands, woodland edge, and cultivated
lands.

Distribution. — Resident in Cuba (including coastal cays) and western Hispaniola
(west-central Haiti in vicinity of Port-de-Paix, lower Artibonite River, and St.
Marc).

Casual in Florida (Florida Keys, also a sight report from Marathon).

Notes.— A. humeralis and A. xanthomus appear to constitute a superspecies.

724 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater). YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.

Icterus xanthomus Sclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Am. Birds., p. 131. (Mexico,
error = Puerto Rico.)

Habitat.— Mangroves, trees bordering pastures, plantations, and sea cliffs.

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (presently restricted to the southwestern
and northeastern sections, including Mona Island).

Notes.—See comments under 4. humeralis.

Genus NESOPSAR Sclater

Nesopsar Sclater, 1859, Ibis, p. 457 (footnote). Type, by original designation,
N. nigerrimus = Icterus nigerrimus Osburn.

Nesopsar nigerrimus (Osburn). JAMAICAN BLACKBIRD.

Icterus nigerrimus Osburn, 1859, Zoologist, 17, p. 6662. (lower mountains
of Jamaica.)

Habitat.—Humid mountain forest. less frequently in woodland at lower ele-
vations.
Distribution. — Resident on Jamaica.

Genus STURNELLA Vieillot

Sturnella Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 34. Type, by monotypy, “Stourne, ou
Merle a fer-a-cheval” Buffon = Alauda magna Linnaeus.

Leistes Vigors, 1825, Zool. J., 2, p. 191. Type, by original designation, Oriolus
americanus Gmelin = Emberiza militaris Linnaeus.

Sturnella militaris (Linnaeus). RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD.

Emberiza militaris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 178. Based mainly
on Turdus hematodos Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 1, p. 18. (in Amer-
ica, Asia = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Open country, savanna, partly open situations with scattered trees,
cultivated fields, and swamps (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [militaris group] in southwestern Costa Rica (Punta-
renas province), Panama (entire Pacific slope, and Caribbean lowlands in Colén
and the Canal Zone), and South America from northern Colombia, Venezuela
(also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south. east of the Andes, to north-
eastern Peru, and Amazonian and central Brazil: and [superciliaris group] from
southeastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and southern and eastern Brazil south to north-
erm Argentina.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, S. militaris
[RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD] and S. superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850) [WuHrtTE-
BROWED BLACKBIRD]. Often placed in the genus Leistes.

Sturnella magna (Linnaeus). EASTERN MEADOWLARK. [501.]

Alauda magna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 167. Based on “The
Large Lark” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 33, pl. 33. (in America,
Africa = South Carolina.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 725

Habitat.— Grasslands, savanna, open fields, pastures and cultivated lands
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northwestern and central Arizona, central New
Mexico, northern Texas, northeastern Colorado (probably), central Kansas, central
Nebraska, southwestern South Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,
northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, Maine, southern New
Brunswick and central Nova Scotia south through the southern United States and
Middle America (except Baja California) to central Panama (Pacific slope east to
eastern Panama province), and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida,
Cuba (including Cayo Coco, off northern Camagiiey province) and the Isle of
Pines; and in South America from northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to Amazonian Brazil.

Winters from central Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern Texas, Kansas,
Nebraska, Iowa, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, New
York, New England and central Nova Scotia (casually farther north) south through-
out the remainder of the breeding range, with the West Indian, Middle American
and South American populations being essentially sedentary.

Casual north to southern Manitoba, central Ontario, west-central and eastern
Quebec, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland.

Notes.—S. magna and S. neglecta appear to constitute a superspecies.

Sturnella neglecta Audubon. WESTERN MEADOWLARK. [501.1.]

Sturnella neglecta Audubon, 1844, Birds Am. (octavo ed.), 7, p. 339, pl. 489.
(Missouri River above Fort Croghan = Old Fort Union, North Dakota.)

Habitat.— Grasslands, savanna, cultivated fields and pastures (Subtropical and
Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from central British Columbia, north-central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northeastern Min-
nesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario and north-
western Ohio south to northwestern Baja California, southern California, north-
western Sonora, central and southeastern Arizona, in the Mexican highlands to
eastern Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, southern Nuevo Leon and western
Tamaulipas, and to west-central Texas, northwestern Louisiana, northern Arkan-
sas, southwestern Tennessee, southern IIlinois, southern Michigan, central Ohio,
western Pennsylvania (possibly) and western New York.

Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatch-
ewan, southern Manitoba and southern Wisconsin south to southern Baja Cali-
fornia, Michoacan, the state of México, Veracruz, southern Texas and the Gulf
coast east to northwestern Florida, occurring east regularly to western Kentucky,
central Tennessee and Alabama.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (on Kauai).

Casual north to southeastern Alaska (one record also from the Brooks Range),
southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario and
southwestern Quebec, and east to New York and Georgia; singing birds, presum-
ably this species, have been recorded in New England and New Jersey.

Notes.—See comments under S. magna.

Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte

Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (2), p. 431. Type,
by monotypy, Psarocolius perspicillatus Wagler = Icterus xanthocephalus
Bonaparte.

726 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). YELLOW-HEADED BLACK-
BIRD. [497.]

Icterus icterocephalus (not Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 = Agelaius
icterocephalus) Bonaparte, 1825, Am. Ornithol., 1, p. 27, figs. 1-2. (Pawnee
villages on the river Platte = along the Loup River, just west of Fullerton,
Nance County, Nebraska.) Nomen oblitum.

Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5,
p. 223. New name for Icterus icterocephalus Bonaparte.

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes of cattail, tule or bulrushes, in migration and
winter also in open cultivated lands, pastures and fields.

Distribution. — Breeds from western Oregon, central Washington, central interior
British Columbia, northern Alberta, north-central Saskatchewan, central Mani-
toba, extreme western Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern and east-central
Michigan and extreme southern Ontario south to southern California, northeastern
Baja California, southwestern and east-central Arizona, central and northeastern
New Mexico, northern Texas (Panhandle), northwestern Oklahoma, central Kan-
sas, northwestern Arkansas, southwestern (formerly) and northern Missouri, cen-
tral Illinois, northwestern Indiana and northwestern Ohio.

Winters from central California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and
central and southeastern Texas south to southern Baja California, Oaxaca (to
Isthmus of Tehuantepec), Puebla and central Veracruz.

Casual north to western and northern Alaska (including in the Arctic Ocean
100 miles west of Point Hope), southern Mackenzie and northern Manitoba, and
over eastern North America from southern Quebec and Nova Scotia south to the
Gulf coast (eastern Texas eastward) and southern Florida; also recorded Costa
Rica (Palo Verde), Panama (eastern Panama province), Cuba, the northern Ba-
hama Islands (Grand Bahama, San Salvador), Barbados, at sea in the Atlantic
Ocean (300 miles northeast of New York City), and in Greenland and Europe.

Genus DIVES Deppe

Dives W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sdugeth. Vogel, etc., Mex., p. 1. Type,
by tautonymy, Jcterus dives Deppe.

Ptiloxena Chapman, 1892, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 307. Type, by
original designation, Quiscalus atroviolaceus d’Orbigny.

Dives dives (Deppe). MELODIOUS BLACKBIRD.

Icterus dives W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sdugeth. V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 1.
(Mexico.)

Habitat.—Scrub, second growth, woodland edge, and partly open situations
with scattered trees, especially near water, and around human habitation (Tropical
and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas,
Puebla, the state of México and northern Oaxaca south on the Gulf-Caribbean
slope of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to north-central Nic-
aragua.

Notes.— Also known as SINGING BLACKBIRD. D. dives and the South American
D. warszewiczi (Cabanis, 1861) and D. kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
1892, constitute a superspecies; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES Gel

Dives atroviolacea (d’Orbigny). CUBAN BLACKBIRD.

Quiscalus atroviolaceus d’Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., p. 121, pl. 19. (Cuba.)

Habitat.— Cultivated areas, woodland edge, and around human habitation.
Distribution.— Resident on Cuba; reports from the Isle of Pines are doubtful.
Notes.— Sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Ptiloxena.

Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin

Euphagus Cassin, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18 (1866), p. 413.
Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler.

Euphagus carolinus (Miller). RUSty BLACKBIRD. [509.]
Turdus Carolinus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., pl. 140. (Carolina.)

Habitat.— Moist woodland (primarily coniferous), bushy bogs and wooded
edges of watercourses, in migration and winter also open woodland, scrub, pastures
and cultivated lands.

Distribution. — Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, northern Yukon,
northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland south
to southwestern and south-coastal Alaska, central interior British Columbia,
southwestern and south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba,
south-central Ontario, southern Quebec, northeastern New York, western Mas-
sachusetts, central New Hampshire, central Maine and Nova Scotia.

Winters from central (casually) and south-coastal Alaska, southeastern British
Columbia, centrgl Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern
Ontario and the northern United States (east of the Rockies) south to central and
southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and northern Florida, and west to Montana,
central Colorado and eastern New Mexico, also rarely in coastal California.

In migration occurs regularly through southeastern Alaska, northern British
Columbia and eastern California.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Colum-
bia, Idaho and western Montana south to northern Baja California, southern
Arizona, southern New Mexico and western Texas, and to islands in the Bering
Sea (St. Lawrence, and St. Paul in the Pribilofs) and to southern Florida. Accidental
in Siberia and Greenland.

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). BREWER’S BLACKBIRD. [510.]
Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 758. (Mexico).

Habitat.—Shrubby and bushy areas (especially near water), riparian woodland,
aspen parklands, cultivated lands, marshes, and around human habitation, in
migration and winter also in pastures and fields.

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern and central interior British Columbia,
southwestern Mackenzie, north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba and southern Ontario south to northwestern Baja California, southern
California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and
northern Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, northern Iowa, southern Wis-

728 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

consin, northeastern Illinois, northwestern Indiana and southern Michigan. The
breeding range has recently expanded along its eastern border.

Winters from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, east-central Montana,
the eastern edge of the Rockies, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, the northern por-
tions of the Gulf states, northern Georgia and western South Carolina (casually
farther north) south to southern Baja California, Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec),
central Veracruz, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

In migration occurs regularly as far east as the Appalachians from Ohio south-
ward.

Casual north to southern Keewatin and north-central Ontario, and in the north-
east from New York, New England and Nova Scotia southward. Accidental in
northern Alaska (Barrow) and western Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol).

Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot

Quiscalus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 36. Type, by subsequent designation (G.
R. Gray, 1840), Gracula quiscala [sic] Linnaeus.

Cassidix Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornithol., livr. 6, p. 433. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Cassidix mexicanus Lesson = Corvus mex-
icanus Gmelin.

Holoquiscalus Cassin, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18 (1866),
p. 404. Type, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1884), Quiscalus cras-
sirostris Swainson.

Quiscalus nicaraguensis Salvin and Godman. NICARAGUAN GRACKLE.

Quiscalus nicaraguensis Salvin and Godman, 1891, Ibis, p. 612. (Momotom-
bo, Lake Managua [Nicaragua].)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes, shores of lakes, and adjacent open country and
pastures (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in southwestern Nicaragua (vicinity of Lake Managua
and Lake Nicaragua) and northern Costa Rica (Rio Frio district).

Notes.— This species is sometimes treated in the genus Cassidix.

TQuiscalus palustris (Swainson). SLENDER-BILLED GRACKLE.

Scaphidurus palustris Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 437.
(marshes and borders of the lakes round Mexico [City] = marshes at head-
water of Rio Lerma, state of México.)

Habitat.— Fresh-water marshes and lake margins (lower Temperate Zone).

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident in marshes in the upper reaches
of the Rio Lerma, state of México.

Notes.— Although conspecificity with QO. mexicanus has been suggested by some
authors, the distinctive juvenal plumage indicates continued specific treatment is
warranted. This species is often placed in the genus Cassidix.

Quiscalus niger (Boddaert). GREATER ANTILLEAN GRACKLE.

Oriolus niger Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 31. Based on
‘“‘Troupiale Noir, de St. Domingue”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 534.
(Santo Domingo = Port au Prince, Haiti.)

Habitat.— Open situations, cultivated lands, pastures, and around human hab-
itation.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 729

Distribution.— Resident on Cuba (including nearby cays), the Isle of Pines, Cay-
man Islands (including Cayman Brac), Jamaica, Hispaniola (including Gonave,
Tortue and Beata islands, and Ile-a-Vache) and Puerto Rico (including Vieques
Island).

Notes.—Q. niger and Q. /ugubris appear to constitute a superspecies. These two
species are often treated in the genus Holoquiscalus.

Quiscalus lugubris Swainson. CARIB GRACKLE.

Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, 1837, Anim. Menag. (1838), p. 299, fig. ““50c”
[=54c]. (Brazil, error = Guyana.)

Habitat.—Open woodland, cultivated lands, pastures, arid scrub, and around
human habitation (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie
Galante, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, the Grenadines,
and Barbados), Trinidad, northern Venezuela (including islands nearby), the
Guianas and extreme northeastern Brazil.

Introduced and established on St. Martin, Barbuda, Antigua, and probably also
St. Kitts.

Notes.— Also known as LESSER ANTILLEAN GRACKLE. See comments under Q.
niger.

Quiscalus mexicanus (Gmelin). GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE. [51 2.]

Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 375. Based in part on
the ““Mexican Crow” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (1), p. 396. (in nova
Hispania = Veracruz, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, cultivated lands, pastures,
shores of watercourses, swamps, wet thickets, and around human habitation (Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern (locally also central) California,
southern Nevada, southern Utah, northern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado,
Kansas, southern Nebraska, southwestern Missouri, southwestern Arkansas and
southwestern Louisiana south along both slopes of Middle America (including the
Yucatan Peninsula, islands and cays off the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize, and
the Bay Islands off Honduras) to Costa Rica and Panama (Pacific slope throughout,
Caribbean slope in Bocas del Toro, the Canal Zone and San Blas, and widely on
islands off the Pacific coast and off San Blas), and along both coasts of South
America from Colombia east to northwestern Venezuela and south to Ecuador
and northwestern Peru. The breeding range has expanded greatly in the last cen-
tury, and is apparently continuing to do so.

Casual north to eastern Oregon.

Notes.— Although QO. mexicanus and QO. major were long considered conspecific,
sympatry without interbreeding is known from southwestern Louisiana to south-
eastern Texas; they should probably be regarded as constituting a superspecies.
Q. mexicanus and Q. major are often placed in the genus Cassidix.

Quiscalus major Vieillot. BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE. [513.]

Quiscalus major Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 28, p. 487.
(Mexico and Louisiana = New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.)

Habitat.— Brackish marshes in coastal areas, and adjacent open situations, pas-
tures and cultivated lands.

730 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident along the Atlantic coast from New York (Long Island)
and New Jersey southward, throughout peninsular Florida, and west along the
Gulf coast to southeastern Texas (south to Calhoun County).

Casual in Nova Scotia.

Notes.—See comments under Q. mexicanus.

Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus). COMMON GRACKLE. [511.]

Gracula Quiscula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 109. Based mainly
on “The Purple Jack-Daw”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 12, pl. 12.
(in America septentrionali = coast of South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, open woodland (conif-
erous or deciduous), forest edge, and around human habitation, in migration and
winter also in open situations, cultivated lands, pastures, fields and marshes.

Distribution.— Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southern Macken-
zie, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, central and north-
eastern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island),
New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and southwestern Newfound-
land south to central and southeastern Texas (south to Corpus Christi region), the
Gulf coast and southern Florida (including the Florida Keys), and west to eastern
Wyoming, central Colorado, and central and southeastern New Mexico.

Winters from Kansas, Iowa, the southern Great Lakes region, southern Ontario,
New England and Nova Scotia (casually farther north) south to southeastern New
Mexico, central and southern Texas (rarely also western Texas in the Big Bend
region), the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Casual in western North America from northern and western Alaska south
through western British Columbia, Washington, Idaho and Oregon to southern
California, and east to Nevada, Utah and western Colorado; reports from northern
Tamaulipas are unverified.

Notes.— Although some authors recognize the southeastern Q. guiscula [PURPLE
GRACKLE, 511] as a species distinct from the more widespread Q. versicolor Vieil-
lot, 1819 [BRONZED GRACKLE, 511.1], random and essentially complete inter-
breeding occurs along a line of junction from Massachusetts to Louisiana.

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson

Molothrus Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
2 (1831), pp. 275, 277. Type, by original designation, Fringilla pecoris
Gmelin = Oriolus ater Boddaert.

Tangavius Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 41. Type, by monotypy,
Tangavius involucratus Lesson = Psarocolius aeneus Wagler.

Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin). SHINY COWBIRD.

Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin,.1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 898. Based on “Tan-
gavio”’ Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 241, and Daubenton, Planches Enlum.,
pl. 710. (Gn Bonaria = Buenos Aires, Argentina.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, open woodland, cultivated
lands, pastures, marshes, and around human habitation (Tropical and Subtropical
zones).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 731

Distribution.— Resident on Puerto Rico (since 1940's), Vieques Island (where
recorded initially about 1860, possibly as an introduction) and Barbados (probably
an introduction), since spreading throughout the Antilles west to Hispaniola and
south to Grenada; and in eastern Panama (eastern Panama province, San Blas
and Darién), and from Colombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the
Guianas south over most of South America to central Chile and central Argentina.

Notes.— Also known as GLOssy COwBIRD.

Molothrus aeneus (Wagler). BRONZED COWBIRD. [496.]

Psarocolius aeneus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 758. (Mexico = Mexico
City.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees or scrub, cultivated lands,
pastures, and around human habitation (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southeastern California (lower Colorado
River valley), west-central and southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico,
western Chihuahua, and west-central and southern Texas (with an isolated breed-
ing population in the New Orleans area, Louisiana) south through Middle America
(including the Yucatan Peninsula, but absent from Baja California) to central
Panama (on the Caribbean slope in Bocas del Toro, and east to eastern Panama
province on the Pacific slope). Northern populations are partially migratory, but
a few individuals usually winter in the northern portions of the range.

Casual or accidental in southern California (west of the breeding range), central
New Mexico, Missouri (Squaw Creek), southern Mississippi, and Florida.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Tangavius. M. aeneus and the South Amer-
ican M. armenti Cabanis, 1851, constitute a superspecies; they are considered
conspecific by some authors.

Molothrus ater (Boddaert). BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD. [495.]

Oriolus ater Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 37. Based on ““Troup-
iale, de la Caroline” Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 606, fig. 1. (Carolina.)

Habitat.— Woodland, forest (primarily deciduous) and forest edge, in migration
and winter also in open situations, cultivated lands, fields, pastures and scrub
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southeastern (and probably south-coastal) Alaska,
northern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, north-central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Bruns-
wick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and southern Newfoundland south to
northern Baja California, Guerrero, Michoacan, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi,
northern Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Winters from northern California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, Kan-
sas, central Missouri, the southern Great Lakes region, southern Ontario, New
England, southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (casually farther north) south
to southern Baja California, Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec), central Veracruz,
southern Texas, the Gulf coast and southern Florida.

Casual north to western and northern Alaska, northern Manitoba and southern
Labrador, and in Bermuda, the Bahama Islands (New Providence, Great Inagua)
and Cuba.

ey CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus SCAPHIDURA Swainson

Scaphidura Swainson, 1837, Class. Birds, 2, p. 272. Type, by virtual mono-
typy, Scaphidura barita Swainson = Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin.

Psomocolax Peters, 1929, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, Dp. 123. Type, by original
designation, Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin.

Scaphidura oryzivora (Gmelin). GIANT COWBIRD.

Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 386. Based on the “Rice
Oriole” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (2), p. 423. Gn Cayenna = Cayenne.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, cultivated lands, second
growth, open fields and plantations, usually in vicinity of colonies of oropendolas
or caciques (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident from Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and
southern Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Central America
to Honduras, in Nicaragua (both slopes), Costa Rica (Caribbean slope and central
plateau) and Panama (both slopes, more widespread on Caribbean), and in South
America from Colombia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, west
of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to eastern Peru, Bolivia,
eastern Paraguay, extreme northeastern Argentina, and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.— Also known as RICE GRACKLE.

Tribe ICTERINI: Oropendolas, Caciques and American Orioles

Genus ICTERUS Brisson

Icterus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 30; 2, p. 85. Type, by tautonymy,
Icterus Brisson = Oriolus icterus Linnaeus.

Pendulinus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 33. Type, by subsequent designation
(Sclater, 1883), Oriolus spurius Linnaeus.

Bananivorus Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 834. Type, by
original designation, Oriolus bonana Linnaeus.

Andriopsar Cassin, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19, p. 49. Type,
by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1883), Psarocolius gularis Wagler.

Icterus dominicensis (Linnaeus). BLACK-COWLED ORIOLE.

Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 163. Based on
““Le Carouge de S. Domingue” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 121, pl. 12, fig.
3. (in Dominica = Hispaniola.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest edge, open woodland, second growth, plan-
tations, scrub and mangroves (Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Resident [prosthemelas group] from southern Veracruz, northern
Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula south through Central
America to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro); and [dominicensis
group] in the northern Bahama Islands (Andros, Grand Abaco and Little Abaco),
Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola (including Tortue and Gonave islands, and
Ile-a- -vache) and Puerto Rico.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 733

An unverified sight report from Nova Scotia is likely based on an escape from
captivity.

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as separate species, /. pros-
themelas (Strickland, 1850) [BLACK-COWLED ORIOLE] and J. dominicensis [GREAT-
ER ANTILLEAN ORIOLE]. J. dominicensis, I. laudabilis, I. oberi, I. bonana and I.
wagleri appear to constitute a superspecies.

Icterus laudabilis Sclater. St. LUCIA ORIOLE.

Icterus laudabilis Sclater, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 270, pl. 21. (St.
Lucia.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, and partly open situations with scattered trees,
from lowlands to mountains, and in both arid and humid habitats.

Distribution.— Resident on St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles.

Notes.—See comments under J. dominicensis.

Icterus oberi Lawrence. MONTSERRAT ORIOLE.

Icterus oberi Lawrence, 1880, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 3, p. 351. (Montserrat.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, uncommonly to woodland at lower elevations.
Distribution. — Resident on Montserrat, in the Lesser Antilles.
Notes.—See comments under /. dominicensis.

Icterus bonana (Linnaeus). MARTINIQUE ORIOLE.

Oriolus Bonana Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 162. Based primarily
on “Le Carouge”’ Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 115, pl. 12, fig. 2. (in America
meridionali = Martinique.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, woodland and plantations.
Distribution.— Resident on Martinique, in the Lesser Antilles.
Notes.—See comments under J. dominicensis.

Icterus wagleri Sclater. BLACK-VENTED ORIOLE. [504.1.]

Icterus wagleri Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 7. (No locality
given = Mexico.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub, second growth, woodland edge, and undergrowth of pine-
oak association or along ravines (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Sonora, central Chihuahua, Coahuila
and Nuevo Leon south through the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador
and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua.

Accidental in Texas (Big Bend, also a sight report for San Ygnacio).

Notes.— Also known as WAGLER’S ORIOLE. See comments under /. dominicensis.

Icterus mi:.culialatus Cassin. BAR-WINGED ORIOLE.

Icterus maculialatus Cassin, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3
(1847), p. 332. (near Vera Cruz, Mexico, error = Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

734 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Oak woodland, pine-oak association and second growth (Ere Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident on the Pacific slope from western Chiapas south through
Guatemala to El Salvador.

Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). ORCHARD ORIOLE. [506.] 7

Oriolus spurius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 162. Based mainly
on “The Bastard Baltimore” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 48, pl. 48.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.— Scrub, second growth, brushy hillsides, partly open situations with
scattered trees, open woodland, mesquite and orchards (Subtropical and lower
Temperate zones, in winter to Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds [spurius group] from southeastern Saskatchewan, south-
ern Manitoba, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern
Ontario, central New York and northern Massachusetts south to eastern Chihua-
hua, Coahuila, southern Texas, the Gulf coast and central Florida, west to eastern
Wyoming, eastern Colorado and southeastern New Mexico, and on the Mexican
Plateau from central Durango and Zacatecas to Jalisco, northern Michoacan, the
state of México and Hidalgo (probably also in central Sonora); and [fuertesi group]
in southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz.

Winters [spurius group] in coastal California (rarely), and from Sinaloa, Guer-
rero, Puebla and central Veracruz (casually north to the Gulf coast and southern
Texas, with occasional reports farther north) south through Middle America (in-
cluding islands along the coast) to northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela;
and [fuertesi group] presumably in central Mexico (recorded Guerrero and Mo-
relos).

In migration [spurius group] occurs regularly through Mexico (west to southern
Sinaloa), southern Florida (including the Keys) and Cuba, rarely to California,
southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Sonora, the Bahama Islands (Eleuthera),
Jamaica and the Swan Islands.

Casual [spurius group] west to Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, central Colorado
and northern New Mexico, and north to south-central Manitoba, southern Quebec,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; and [fvertesi group] in southern Texas (Browns-
ville).

Notes.— The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, J. spurius
[ORCHARD ORIOLE, 506] and J. fuertesi Chapman [OCHRE or FUERTES’ ORIOLE,
506.1].

Icterus cucullatus Swainson. HOODED ORIOLE. [505.]

Icterus cucullatus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 436. (Tem-
iscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec, state of México.)

Habitat.— Riparian woodland, palm groves, mesquite, arid scrub, deciduous
woodland, and around human habitation (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from northern coastal and central California, southern
Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western
and southern Texas (one breeding record also from Bell County, in central Texas)
south to southern Baja California, and through Mexico to Guerrero, Veracruz,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 735

Tabasco, northern Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula (including Mujeres, Hol-
box, Contoy and Cozumel islands).

Winters from northern Mexico (rarely from southern California, southern Ar-
izona and southern Texas) south through the breeding range in Mexico and to
Oaxaca.

Casual north to west-central Oregon and eastern Texas.

Icterus chrysater (Lesson). YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE.

Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, 1844, Echo Monde Savant, ser. 2, 11, p. 204.
(Mexico.)

Habitat.— Forest edge, clearings, scrub, brushy areas, pine-oak association, pine
savanna, thorn scrub and plantations (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, northern Chiapas and the Yucatan Pen-
insula south through the interior of Central America to northern Nicaragua, and,
locally, the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands to northeastern Nicaragua; and from Panama
(west to Veraguas) east through Colombia to northern Venezuela. Apparently at
least partly migratory in El Salvador and probably elsewhere in northern Central
America.

Notes.— Includes the lowland form in Panama and Colombia, regarded by some
authors as a distinct species, J. hondae Chapman, 1914 [HONDA ORIOLE], but the
latter intergrades altitudinally with J. chrysater giraudii Cassin, 1848.

Icterus auricapillus Cassin. ORANGE-CROWNED ORIOLE.

Icterus auricapillus Cassin, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3 (1847),
p. 332. (Mexico and South America = Santa Marta, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Forest and woodland edge, scrub and brush, especially near water,
and arid scrub and cultivated areas (Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from eastern Panama (eastern Panama province and
Darién) east across northern Colombia to Venezuela.

Icterus mesomelas (Wagler). YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE.

Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 755. (Mexico =
Chalcaltianges, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Thickets, brush and scrub, primarily near water, and swamps, less
frequently in second growth and forest edge (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and
the Yucatan Peninsula south along the Gulf-Caribbean slope of Middle America
to Panama (also on Pacific slope from western Panama province eastward), and
in South America from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south, west of the
Andes, to western Peru.

Icterus icterus (Linnaeus). TROUPIAL.

Oriolus Yeterus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 161. Based primarily
on “Le Troupiale” Brisson, Ornithologie, 2, p. 86, pl. 8, fig. 1. (in America
calidiore = Cumana, Sucre, Venezuela.)

736 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Deciduous woodland, second growth, thorn scrub, thickets and pas-
tures (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident from northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela (also
Aruba, Curacao and Margarita Island) and southern Guyana south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, northeastern Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico, Mona Island, and St. Thomas
(including Water Island) in the Virgin Islands; also reported from Jamaica, St.
John, Antigua, Dominica, Grenada and Trinidad, presumably based on escaped
cage birds. West Indian introductions were apparently primarily from the Curacao
population.

Notes.—The more southern South American populations are sometimes re-
garded as species, J. croconotus (Wagler, 1829) [ORANGE-BACKED ORIOLE] and J.
jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788) [CAMPO ORIOLE], distinct from J. icterus.

Icterus pustulatus (Wagler). STREAK-BACKED ORIOLE. [505.1.]
Psarocolius pustulatus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 757. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest edge, open woodland, arid scrub and savanna
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [pustulatus group] in the Pacific lowlands from Sonora
and Chihuahua south to Oaxaca (except southeastern portion); [graysonii group]
in the Tres Marias Islands, off Nayarit; and [sc/ateri group] on the Pacific slope
of southeastern Oaxaca and Chiapas, in the arid interior of Guatemala, and in
the Pacific lowlands of El Salvador, Honduras (also arid interior valleys on Ca-
ribbean slope), Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste).

Casual in southern California and southern Arizona.

Notes.— The three groups have sometimes been regarded as distinct species, J.
graysonii Cassin, 1867 [TRES MARIAS ORIOLE], J. pustulatus [SCARLET-HEADED
ORIOLE, 505.1], and J. sclateri Cassin, 1867 [STREAK-BACKED ORIOLE], although
the latter two intergrade in the lowlands of southeastern Oaxaca. /. pustulatus and
I. nigrogularis appear to constitute a superspecies.

[Icterus nigrogularis (Hahn). YELLOW ORIOLE.] See Appendix B.

Icterus auratus Bonaparte. ORANGE ORIOLE.

Icterus auratus (Du Bus de Gisignies MS) Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen.
Avium, | (2), p. 435. (Yucatan.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest and dense second growth (Tropical Zone).
Distribution.— Resident in southeastern Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula
(Campeche, the state of Yucatan, and Quintana Roo).

Icterus leucopteryx (Wagler). JAMAICAN ORIOLE.

Oriolus mexicanus (not Linnaeus, 1766) Leach, 1814, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 8,
pl. 2. (St. Andrews, Jamaica.)

Psarocolius Leucopteryx Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, sig. 22, genus Psaro-
colius, sp. 16. New name for Oriolus mexicanus Leach, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, woodland, plantations and gardens.
Distribution.— Resident on Jamaica, Grand Cayman (where possibly extinct,
not recorded since 1938), and on Isla San Andrés, in the western Caribbean Sea.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 737

Icterus pectoralis (Wagler). SPOT-BREASTED ORIOLE. [503.2.]

Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 755. (Mexico = To-
tulapa, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, deciduous forest, arid scrub and brushy areas (Trop-
ical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands from Colima south to central
Costa Rica (vicinity of Puntarenas), and locally in arid interior valleys and on the
Caribbean slope of Guatemala and Honduras.

Introduced and established in southeastern Florida (Palm Beach, Broward and
Dade counties).

Icterus gularis (Wagler). ALTAMIRA ORIOLE. [503.1.]

Psarocolius gularis Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 754. (Mexico = Te-
huantepec, Oaxaca.)

Habitat.— Deciduous forest, arid scrub, open woodland, second growth and
semi-desert (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from extreme southern Texas (lower Rio Grande val-
ley), Nuevo Leén and eastern San Luis Potosi south in the Gulf-Caribbean slope
(including the Yucatan Peninsula) to Belize and (locally) Honduras, and from the
state of México and Guerrero south along the Pacific slope to west-central Nic-
aragua (also locally in arid interior valleys of Guatemala and Honduras).

Notes.— Also known as LICHTENSTEIN’S Or BLACK-THROATED ORIOLE.

Icterus graduacauda Lesson. AUDUBON’S ORIOLE. [503.]
Icterus graduacauda Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 105. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Scrub, mesquite, riparian thickets, pine-oak association, and humid
montane forest edge (upper Tropical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southern Texas (north to Val Verde, Bee and
Nueces counties), Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Nayarit, Jalisco and
Guanajuato south through the state of México, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla and
Guerrero to Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec); old records from Chia-
pas and Guatemala (Santo Tomas) are questionable.

Notes.— Formerly known as BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE, a name now restricted to
an Old World group of species in the genus Oriolus.

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). NORTHERN ORIOLE. [507.]

Coracias Galbula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 108. Based on
“The Baltimore-Bird’”’ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 48, pl. 48. (in
America = Virginia.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, deciduous forest edge, riparian woodland, partly
open situations with scattered trees, orchards, and planted shade trees, in migration
and winter also in humid forest edge, second growth and scrub (Subtropical and
Temperate zones, in winter to Tropical Zone).

Distribution. — Breeds [galbula group] from central Alberta, central Saskatche-
wan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Michigan, southern Ontario,
southwestern Quebec, central Maine, southern New Brunswick and central Nova
Scotia south to eastern Texas, central Louisiana, central Mississippi, central Al-

738 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

abama, north-central Georgia, western South Carolina, central North Carolina,
central Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, and west to the western edge of the
Great Plains (also single breeding records from northeastern Colorado and Key
West, Florida); and [bullockii group] from southern interior British Columbia,
southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, southwestern
North Dakota and central South Dakota south, east of the coastal areas of Wash-
ington and Oregon, to northern Baja California, central Sonora, northern Durango,
Coahuila, and central and southern Texas, and east to western Nebraska, western
Kansas and western Oklahoma.

Winters [galbula group] from Nayarit and Veracruz (casually from coastal Cal-
ifornia and Sonora) south through Middle America to northern Colombia, north-
ern Venezuela and Trinidad, regularly in small numbers in the Atlantic states
north to Virginia, in the Greater Antilles east to the Virgin Islands, and casually
elsewhere in eastern North America north to the Great Lakes region, southern
Ontario and New England; and [bullockii group] regularly in coastal California,
and from southern Sinaloa, the state of México and Puebla south to Guatemala
(casually to northwestern Costa Rica), in small numbers in the Gulf coast region
from eastern and southern Texas east to southern Georgia and Florida, and cas-
ually north to central California and southern Arizona.

Migrates |galbula group] regularly through the southeastern United States (west
to eastern New Mexico and western Texas) and northeastern Mexico, and in coastal
California, rarely through the northern Bahama Islands and Yucatan Peninsula,
and casually elsewhere in western North America west to Oregon, Arizona and
northwestern Mexico; and [bullockii group] regularly through western North
America (west of the Rockies), including Baja California.

Resident [abeillei group] from central Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and
southern Nuevo Leon south in the Central Plateau of Mexico to Michoacan, the
state of México, Morelos, Puebla and Veracruz (Oaxaca records are open to ques-
tion).

Casual [galbula group] north to northern Manitoba, south-central Ontario,
Prince Edward Island, eastern Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and in
British Columbia, the Lesser Antilles (Barbados), Greenland and the British Isles;
and [bullockii group] in southeastern Alaska (Petersburg), and in northeastern
North America from Minnesota, southern Ontario, New York, New Brunswick,
Maine and Nova Scotia south through New England to New Jersey.

Notes.— The three groups have often been regarded as separate species, J. gal-
bula [BALTIMORE ORIOLE, 507], I. bullockii (Swainson, 1827) [BULLOCK’s ORIOLE,
508] and J. abeillei (Lesson, 1839) [ABEILLE’s or BLACK-BACKED ORIOLE], although
the former two intergrade in the southern Great Plains, and the latter two in
northern Durango; two species are sometimes recognized, with ga/bula as one
species and abeillei merged with bullockii constituting the other.

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. ScoTT’s ORIOLE. [504.]

Icterus Parisorum Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 110.
(Mexico.)

Habitat.— Yucca, pinyon-juniper, arid oak scrub and palm oases (upper Trop-
ical to lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southern California (north in the interior to Santa
Barbara and Mono counties), southern Nevada, southern Utah, western Colorado,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 739

northwestern and central New Mexico, and western Texas (locally east io the
Edwards Plateau in Kerr, Kendall and Comal counties) south to southern Baja
California, southeastern Sonora, Durango, southeastern Coahuila and, locally, to
Michoacan and western Oaxaca.

Winters from southern California (rarely), northern Baja California, southern
Sonora, Coahuila and western Nuevo Leon south to Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec), Puebla and Hidalgo.

Casual north to northern California, east-central Utah and central Colorado,
southwestern Kansas, and east to Louisiana. Accidental in Washington (Chehalis),
Minnesota (Duluth) and southern Ontario (Silver Islet Landing).

Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis

Amblycercus Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, |, p. 186. Type, by monotypy,
Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson = Sturnus ho!>sericeus Deppe.

Amblycercus holosericeus (Deppe). YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE.

Sturnus holosericeus W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sdugeth. Végel, etc., Mex-
ico, p. 1. (Mexico = Alvarado, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Undergrowth of humid’ forest, forest edge, thickets and bamboo
(Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca
south along both slopes of Middle America (including the Yucatan Peninsula) to
Panama, and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south,
west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to eastern Peru and
northern Bolivia.

Notes.— Also known as PREvosT’s CACIQUE. Some authors would place this
species in the genus Cacicus.

Genus CACICUS Lacépéde

Cacicus Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 6. Type, by subsequent des-
ignation (Zimmer, 1930), Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus.

Cassiculus Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 436. Type, by original
designation, Cassiculus coronatus Swainson = Icterus melanicterus Bona-
parte.

Cacicus uropygialis (Lafresnaye). SCARLET-RUMPED CACIQUE.

Cassiculus uropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 6, p. 290. (Co-
lombia = Bogota.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge and second-growth
woodland (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident [microrhynchus group] on the Caribbean slope of north-
eastern Honduras (Olancho, Gracias a Dios) and Nicaragua, and on both slopes
of Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and Panama (except eastern Darien);
[pacificus group] in extreme southeastern Panama (eastern Darién), western Co-
lombia and western Ecuador; and [uropygialis group] in South America from
northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south, east to the Andes, to
eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru.

740 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Notes.—Some authors suggest that the groups represent separate species. C.
microrhynchus (Sclater and Salvin, 1865) [SMALL-BILLED CACIQUE], C. pacificus
Chapman, 1915 [PaciFic CAcIQUE], and C. uropygialis [CURVE-BILLED CACIQUE].

Cacicus cela (Linnaeus). YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. -

Parus Cela Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. Based on Parus
niger, rostro albo Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 2, p. ... (in Indiis,
error = Surinam.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings. second-growth wood-
land, plantations, savanna and marshes (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident [vitellinus group] in Panama (west on Pacific slope to
Veraguas and on Caribbean slope to the Canal Zone) and northern Colombia: and
[cela group] in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, and from eastern Colom-
bia, Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to eastern
Peru, northern Bolivia, and central and eastern Brazil.

Notes.—The two groups are sometimes regarded as distinct species, C. cela
[YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE] and C. vitellinus (Lawrence, 1864) [SAFFRON-RUMPED
CACIQUE].

Cacicus melanicterus (Bonaparte). YELLOW-WINGED CACIQUE.

Icterus melanicterus Bonaparte, 1825, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4. p.
389. (Mexico = restricted to Temascaltepec, state of México. by van Ros-
sem, 1945, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., La. State Univ., no. 21, p. 234. but
this locality is certainly erroneous.)

Habitat.— Lowland deciduous forest. open woodland, plantations, and around
human habitation (Tropical Zone). ;

Distribution.— Resident in the Pacific lowlands from extreme southern Sonora
(at least formerly) south to western Chiapas (Tonala. Monserrate).

Notes.-- Also known as MEXICAN CACIQUE. Often placed in the monotypic genus
Cassiculus.

Genus PSAROCOLIUS Wagler

Psarocolius Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, 1, sig. “22° [=23]. Type. by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray. 1855), Oriolus cristatus Gmelin = Xan-
thornus decumanus Pallas.

Subgenus PSAROCOLIUS Wagler

Eucorystes (not Bell, 1862) Sclater, 1883, Ibis. p. 147. Type, by monotypy,
Cassicus [sic] wagleri Gray, 1844.

Zarhynchus Oberholser. 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51, p. 215.
New name for Eucorystes Sclater, preoccupied.

Psarocolius decumanus (Pallas). CRESTED OROPENDOLA.

Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1. fasc. 6, p. 1, pl. 1. (Amer-
ica = Surinam.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 74]

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, and clearings, second-
growth woodland, and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in Panama (Pacific slope of western Chiriqui, Veraguas,
and from the Canal Zone east to Darién, and on the Caribbean slope recorded
only in the Canal Zone), and in South America from northern and eastern Co-
lombia, Venezuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the
Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and southern Brazil.

Psarocolius wagleri (Gray). CHESTNUT-HEADED OROPENDOLA.

Cacicus Wagleri G. R. Gray, 1845, Genera Birds, 2, p. 342, pl. 85. (No locality
given = “Coban,” Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, second-
growth woodland, partly open situations with scattered trees, and plantations
(Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas south on the Gulf-
Caribbean slope of Central America to Honduras, on both slopes of Nicaragua,
Costa Rica (absent from the dry northwest) and Panama, and in western Colombia
and northwestern Ecuador.

Notes.— Also known as WAGLER’S OROPENDOLA. Often placed in the monotypic
genus Zarhynchus.

Subgenus GYMNOSTINOPS Sclater

Gymnostinops Sclater, 1886, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 11, pp. xvi, 309, 312. Type,
by subsequent designation (Ridgway, 1902), Cacicus montezuma Lesson.

Psarocolius montezuma (Lesson). MONTEZUMA OROPENDOLA.

Cacicus Montezuma Lesson, 1830, Cent. Zool., livr. 2, p. 33, pl. 7. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland and foothill forest, forest edge, clearings, open wood-
land, second growth and plantations (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones).

Distribution.— Resident from Veracruz, eastern Puebla, northern Oaxaca, Ta-
basco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-Caribbean slope
of Central America (also on Pacific slope of Nicaragua) to central Panama (east
to the Canal Zone).

Notes.—P. montezuma, P. guatimozinus and two South American species, P.
cassini (Richmond, 1898) and P. bifasciatus (Spix, 1824), appear to constitute a
superspecies.

Psarocolius guatimozinus (Bonaparte). BLACK OROPENDOLA.

Ostinops guatimozinus Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833.
(Guaripata [=Garrapata], middle Rio Magdalena, near Malena, Antioquia,
Colombia.)

Habitat.— Humid lowland forest, forest edge, clearings, second-growth wood-
land, and plantations (Tropical Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in eastern Panama (extreme eastern Panama province
and Darién) and northwestern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under P. montezuma.

742 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Family FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilline and Cardueline
Finches and Allies

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE: Fringilline Finches

Genus FRINGILLA Linnaeus

Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 179. Type, by tautonymy,
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus (Fringilla, prebinomial specific name, in syn-
onymy).

Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus. COMMON CHAFFINCH. [514.3.]

Fringilla celebs Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 179. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in open and partly open country, forest and
woodland throughout Eurasia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, Mediterranean
region, Asia Minor, Iran, southern Russia and western Siberia, with the north-
ernmost populations wintering south to northern Africa and southwestern Asia.

Casual or accidental in Maine (Lincoln Center. 3 April 1980), Massachusetts
(Chatham, 1-3 April 1961), Newfoundland (St. John’s. 25 February 1967) and
Louisiana (Venice, December 1978). Some of these individuals (particularly the
one in Louisiana) may represent escapes from captivity, but a good case can be
made for natural vagrancy on the part of the northeastern birds (see Am. Birds,
34: 756, 1980).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the CHAFFINCH.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus. BRAMBLING. [514.1.]

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 179. (in
Europa = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Mixed deciduous-coniferous forest, forest edge, and birch and willow
scrub, in migration and winter also in woodland and weedy fields.

Distribution. — Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and northern
Siberia south to southern Scandinavia, central Russia, Transbaicalia, northern
Amurland, Anadyrland, Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk.

Winters from the British Isles and southern portions of the breeding range south
to the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, the Near East, Iran, northwestern
India, Tibet, China, Formosa and Japan, casually to the Faroe Islands, Iceland,
Madeira and the Philippines.

In migration ranges regularly to the western Aleutian Islands (Near Islands,
casually east to Adak), and casually to islands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence,
and St. Paul in the Pribilofs), and to western and south-coastal Alaska (Hooper
Bay east to Cordova).

Casual or accidental in northern and southeastern Alaska (Barrow, Juneau).
British Columbia (Graham Island, Vancouver), Oregon (Portland), Nevada (Sut-
cliffe), Montana (Swan Lake). North Dakota (Bismarck), Pennsylvania (Allegheny
County), New York (Kennedy Airport), Massachusetts (Hadley, Richland) and
New Jersey (Stanton, Branchville). Some records, especially those from the north-
eastern states, may be of escaped cage birds.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 743

Subfamily CARDUELINAE: Cardueline Finches

Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson

Leucosticte [subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., 2 (1831), p. 265. Type, by monotypy, Linaria (Leucosticte) te-
phrocotis Swainson = Passer arctous Pallas.

Leucosticte arctoa (Pallas). Rosy FINcu. [524.]

Passer arctous Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 21. (ad Jeniseam
[=Yenisei River] et in orientali Sibiria = Russian Altai.)

Habitat.— Barren, rocky or grassy areas and cliffs among glaciers or beyond
timberline, in migration and winter also in open situations, fields, cultivated lands,
brushy areas, and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Breeds [tephrocotis group] from western and north-central Alaska
(north to the Seward Peninsula and Brooks Range), central Yukon, British Co-
lumbia and southwestern Alberta south to southern Alaska (including St. Matthew,
Nunivak, and the Pribilof and Aleutian islands), and through the Cascades, Sierra
Nevada and Rocky Mountains to northeastern Oregon, east-central California (to
Tulare County), central Idaho and northwestern Montana, also in the Commander
Islands; [atrata group] in the mountains from central Idaho, southwestern and
south-central Montana, and northwestern and north-central Wyoming south to
southeastern Oregon, northeastern and east-central Nevada (south to the Snake
Mountains) and central Utah (to the Tushar and La Sal mountains); [australis
group] in the mountains from southeastern Wyoming (Medicine Bow Range) south
through Colorado to north-central New Mexico (Santa Fe region); and [arctoa
group] in Asia from the Russia Altai, and southern and eastern Siberia south to
Transbaicalia, Lake Baikal, northern Mongolia, the Kurile Islands and Kam-
chatka.

Winters [tephrocotis group] from the Aleutians, southern mainland Alaska (rare-
ly), British Columbia, southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan south to
eastern California, central Nevada, central Utah, northern New Mexico and north-
western Nebraska; [atrata group] from central Idaho and western and southeastern
Wyoming south to eastern California (at least casually), southern Nevada, northern
Arizona and northern New Mexico; [australis group] generally at lower elevations
in the breeding range; and [arctoa group] in the breeding range, and south to
Manchuria and Japan.

Casual [tephrocotis group] east to Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa,
and south to southern California (Ventura County): and [atrata group] in eastern
Oregon and eastern Montana. Accidental [tephrocotis group] in Ontario (Thunder
Bay) and Maine (Gorham); and [atrata group] in Ohio (Conneaut).

Notes.—The three American groups are sometimes recognized as distinct
species, L. tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832) [GRAY-CROWNED Rosy-FINcH, 524], L.
atrata Ridgway, 1874 [BLACK Rosy-FINcH, 525], and L. australis Ridgway, 1874
[BROWN-CAPPED Rosy-FINCH, 526]; intergradation between the tephrocotis and
atrata groups occurs from west-central Idaho to central Montana. Some authors
merge the three American groups into a single species, L. tephrocotis [AMERICAN
Rosy-FiNcH], but maintain it as distinct from the Asiatic L. arctoa [ASIAN
Rosy-FIncuH].

744 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus PINICOLA Vieillot

Pinicola Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am. Sept., 1 (1807), p. iv, pl. 1, fig.
13. Type, by monotypy, Pinicola rubra Vieillot = Loxia enucleator Lin-
naeus.

Pinicola enucleator (Linnaeus). PINE GROSBEAK. [515.]

Loxia Enucleator Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. (in Svecie
summe, Canade Pinetis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous (less commonly mixed coniferous-deciduous) forest
and forest edge, in migration and winter also in deciduous forest, woodland, second
growth and shrubbery.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, north-
ern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador and Newfoundland south to south-
ern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island), British
Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), central Cali-
fornia (southern Sierra Nevada), extreme west-central Nevada, northern and east-
central Arizona, northern New Mexico, and, east of the Rockies, to northern
Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, northern
Michigan (probably), southern Quebec, northern New Hampshire, northern Ver-
mont (probably), central Maine and Nova Scotia; and in the Palearctic from
northern Scandinavia east across northern Russia to northern Siberia, and south
to northern Mongolia, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Kamchatka and Japan.

Winters in North America from western and central Alaska, southern Yukon,
southern Mackenzie and southern Canada (east to southern Labrador and New-
foundland) south through the breeding range, casually or sporadically as far as
central New Mexico, northern and north-central Texas, northwestern Oklahoma,
north-central Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia and the Carolinas; and in
the Old World south to northern Europe, the Amur River and Ussuriland, casually
to the British Isles and central Europe.

Casual or accidental in the Pribilof, western Aleutian (Attu) and Commander
islands, and in Bermuda and Greenland.

Genus CARPODACUS Kaup

Carpodacus Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., 1, p. 161. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1842), Fringilla rosea Pallas.

Burrica Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 390. Type, by original des-
ignation, Fringilla mexicana Miiller.

Notes.— Erythrina C. L. Brehm, 1828, is a nomen nudum.

Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas). COMMON ROSEFINCH. [516.1.]

Loxia erythrina Pallas, 1770, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropol., 14, p. 587,
pl. 23, fig. 1. (Volga and Samara Rivers.)

Habitat.—Swampy woods, brushy meadows, thickets, forest edge, clearings,
cultivated areas, and around human habitation.
Distribution.— Breeds from southern Finland, northern Russia and northern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 745

Siberia south to central Europe, Asia Minor, the Himalayas, Mongolia, northern
China, Amurland, the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka.

Winters primarily from India east through Southeast Asia to southern China.

In migration ranges irregularly to the western Aleutians (Attu, Shemya, Buldir),
Pribilofs (St. Paul), St. Lawrence Island, the western Alaskan mainland (Yukon-
Kuskokwim delta), British Isles, western Europe and Japan.

Notes.— Also known as SCARLET GROSBEAK.

Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin). PURPLE FINCH. [517.]

Fringilla purpurea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 923. Based mainly on
“The Purple Finch” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 41, pl. 41. (in
Carolina = South Carolina.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous (especially fir and spruce) and mixed coniferous-
deciduous forest, forest edge, open woodland and second growth, in migration
and winter also in deciduous forest, tall shrubbery, weedy areas, and around human
habitation.

Distribution.— Breeds from northern and central British Columbia, southern
Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northern and central Alberta, central Saskatch-
ewan, south-central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including An-
ticosti Island) and Newfoundland south (west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada)
to northwestern Baja California, and (east of the Great Plains) to central Min-
nesota, central Wisconsin, central and southeastern Michigan, northern Ohio,
West Virginia, central Pennsylvania and southeastern New York.

Winters from southwestern British Columbia south through western Washing-
ton, central and western Oregon, and California to northern Baja California, and
(rarely) east across central and southern Arizona to southern New Mexico; and
from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf
coast, and central (casually southern) Florida.

Casual elsewhere in western North America from eastern Washington, Idaho
and Montana south to northern Arizona, New Mexico and extreme western Texas.
Accidental north of Labrador (off Resolution Island).

Carpodacus cassinii Baird. CASSIN’S FINCH. [518.]

Carpodacus cassinii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p.
119. (Camp 104, Pueblo Creek, New Mexico = 10 miles east of Gemini
Peak, Yavapai County, Arizona.)

Habitat.— Open coniferous forest, in migration and winter also in deciduous
woodland, second growth, scrub, brushy areas, and partly open situations with
scattered trees.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, extreme south-
western Alberta, north-central and southeastern Montana, and northern Wyoming
south (east of the Cascades and coast ranges) to interior southern California,
northern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona and northern New Mex-
ico.

Winters from southern British Columbia, northwestern Montana and east-cen-
tral Wyoming south in the interior to northern Baja California, southern Arizona,

746 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

and in the Mexican highlands to Durango, Zacatecas and Coahuila, casually to
coastal and southeastern California. the Tres Marias Islands (off Nayarit), the state
of México, and west-central Veracruz.

Casual or irregular east to western Nebraska, western Kansas, western Oklahoma
and central Texas.

Notes.— Also known as CASSIN’S PURPLE FINCH.

Carpodacus mexicanus (Miller). House Fincu. [519.]

Fringilla mexicana P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165. (Mex-
ico = valley of México.)

Habitat.— Arid scrub and brush, thornbush., oak-juniper. pine-oak association,
chaparral, open woodland, urban areas, cultivated lands and savanna (Subtropical
and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds [mexicanus group] from southwestern and south-central
British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), northern Idaho, western Montana,
north-central and southeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska and west-central
Kansas south to southern Baja California (including the Channel Islands off Cal-
ifornia, and most islands off both coasts of Baja California, except Guadalupe and
the San Benito islands), central Sonora (including Tiburén and San Pedro Martir
islands), in the Mexican highlands to Oaxaca (west of Isthmus of Tehuantepec)
and west-central Veracruz, and to eastern San Luis Potosi, southwestern Tamau-
lipas, Nuevo Leon. and western and south-central Texas.

Winters |mexicanus group] throughout the breeding range and east to southern
Texas.

Resident |mcgregori group] formerly on the San Benito Islands, off Baja Cali-
fornia, where now extinct (last recorded in 1938), and possibly also on Cedros
Island (two records, latest in 1925). where a representative of the mexicanus group
is now common: and [amplus group] on Guadalupe Island, off southern Baja
California.

Introduced and established [mexicanus group] in the Hawaiian Islands (about
1859, now common on all main islands from Kauai eastward, straggling casually
west to Nihoa); and in eastern North America on Long Island, New York (early
1950s), now breeding from Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, southern On-
tario, southern Quebec, New York. Vermont, Massachusetts, and (probably)
Maine and southern New Brunswick south to Missouri, Tennessee, Georgia and
South Carolina, and wintering south to Mississippi and Alabama, and north to
southern Wisconsin.

Casual [mexicanus group] in southern Alberta and North Dakota. Reports from
Europe may pertain to escapes from captivity.

Notes.— The three groups are sometimes recognized as distinct species, C. mex-
icanus [COMMON HousE-FINcH. 519]. C. mcgregori Anthony, 1897 [MCGREGOR’S
House-FIncu], and C. amplus Ridgway. 1876 [GUADALUPE HOUSE-FINCH].

Genus LOXIA Linnaeus

Loxia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. Type, by tautonymy,
Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus (Loxia, prebinomial specific name, in synon-
ymy).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 747

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus. RED CROSSBILL. [521.]

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. (in Europe =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, humid pine-oak
association, and lowland pine savanna, in migration and winter also in deciduous
forest, woodland, second growth, scrub, weedy fields, shrubbery and gardens (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones, locally to Tropical Zone in lowland pine savanna).

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from south-coastal and southeastern
Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island), southern
Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Sas-
katchewan, central Manitoba, south-central Ontario, southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland south to north-
ern Baja California, southern California, southern Nevada, central and south-
eastern Arizona, in the Middle American highlands through Mexico, Guatemala,
El Salvador and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua (also in lowland pine sa-
vanna in Belize, eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua), in the Rockies
and Plains region east to southeastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western
South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, eastern Colorado, northeastern and central
New Mexico (probably) and extreme western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains), and
to southern Manitoba, central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central and south-
eastern Michigan, southern Ontario, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, western Vir-
ginia (also in the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North
Carolina, possibly northern Georgia), southeastern New York and Massachusetts
(with isolated breeding in northeastern Kansas and east-central Mississippi); and
in the Old World from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia
and northern Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region,
Caucasus, Himalayas, southern China, northern Philippines and Japan.

Winters throughout the breeding range, wandering irregularly and sporadically
in the nonbreeding season, occurring in North America south to central Baja
California (including Santa Cruz Island off California, and Guadalupe and Cedros
islands off Baja California), Sinaloa, southern and eastern Texas, the northern
portions of the Gulf states, southern Georgia and central Florida; and in the Old
World casually to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Bear Island and Jan
Mayen.

Casual in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and on St. Lawrence Island and
Bermuda.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the CROSSBILL.

Loxia leucoptera Gmelin. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. [522.

Loxia leucoptera Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 844. Based on “The
White-winged Crossbill’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 108. (in sinu
Hudsonis et Noveboraco = Hudson Bay and New York.)

Habitat.— Coniferous forest (especially spruce, fir or larch), mixed coniferous-
deciduous woodland, and forest edge, in migration and winter also in deciduous
forest and woodland.

Distribution. — Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, north-

748 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

ern Yukon, northern and east-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central
Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, north-central Labrador and New-
foundland south to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula and
Kodiak Island), Washington, northeastern Oregon (with isolated populations
breeding irregularly in northern Utah, northwestern Wyoming, and probably
north-central New Mexico), western Montana, central and southwestern Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wis-
consin, northern Michigan, south-central Ontario, southern Quebec, northeastern
New York, northern Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia; in the Greater Antilles in the mountains of Hispaniola (Dominican Re-
public, and the Massif de La Selle of southeastern Haiti); and in the Palearctic
from northern Scandinavia east across northern Russia to northern Siberia, and
south to Lake Baikal and Transbaicalia.

Winters in North America throughout the breeding range, wandering irregularly
and sporadically south to western Washington, central Oregon, southern Idaho,
northern Utah, Colorado, central and northeastern New Mexico, northern Texas
(Lubbock), central Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina;
in Hispaniola in the breeding range; and in the Old World irregularly south to
central Europe, Sakhalin, Japan, and the Seven Islands of Izu.

Casual in the Bering Sea (Pribilofs, St. Lawrence Island, and at sea), northwestern
California, southern Utah, northern Manitoba, southern Baffin Island, Bermuda,
Greenland, the Faroe Islands and British Isles, also sight reports for northern
Florida and Jamaica.

Genus CARDUELIS Brisson

Carduelis Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 36; 3, p. 53. Type, by ELOY,
Carduelis Brisson = Fringilla carduelis Linnaeus.

Subgenus ACANTHIS Borkhausen

Acanthis Borkhausen, 1797, Dtsch. Fauna, 1, p. 248. Type, by subsequent
designation (Stejneger, 1884), Fringillaria linaria Linnaeus = Fringilla
flammea Linnaeus.

Carduelis flammea (Linnaeus). COMMON REDPOLL. [528.]

Fringilla flammea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 182. (in Europa =
Norrland, Sweden.)

Habitat.— Forest, scrub and shrubby areas, and open tundra with bushes or
dwarf trees, in migration and winter in open woodland, weedy fields, fence rows
and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska,
northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Victoria Island, northern Kee-
watin, northern Quebec, Baffin Island and northern Labrador south to the eastern
Aleutians (Unalaska), south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, northwestern British
Columbia, central Alberta, northern (casually southern) Saskatchewan, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, central and southeastern Quebec, and Newfound-
land; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, north-
ern Russia and northern Siberia south to the British Isles, central Europe (Alps),
central Russia, southern Siberia, Amurland, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 749

Winters in North America from central Alaska, southern Mackenzie, northern
Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, central Lab-
rador and Newfoundland south to the northern United States, irregularly or cas-
ually to western Oregon, northern California, northern Nevada, northern Utah,
central Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky and South Carolina (also unverified
sight reports for northern Arizona, northern New Mexico and northern Texas):
and in the Old World from the southern part of the breeding range south to
southern Europe, the northern Mediterranean region, Balkans, Turkestan, Mon-
golia, eastern China and Japan.

In migration occurs regularly in the Aleutian Islands.

Introduced and established in New Zealand and on Lord Howe Island.

Accidental in Bermuda, also sight reports for the Hawaiian Islands (Kure).

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the REDPOLL. C. flammea and C.
hornemanni are often placed in the genus Acanthis; they appear to constitute a
superspecies. See aiso comments under C. hornemanni.

Carduelis hornemanni Holbdéll. HoARyY REDPOLL. [527.]

Carduelis hornemanni Holbdll, 1843, in Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 398.
(Greenland = Ameralikfjord, Greenland.)

Habitat.—Shrubby areas, including sparse low vegetation in open tundra, in
migration and winter in open situations, fields and open woodland.

Distribution.— Breeds [exilipes group] in North America in western and northern
Alaska (south to Hooper Bay), northern Yukon, northern and east-central Mac-
kenzie, southern Victoria Island, Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, Southampton
Island and northern Quebec (reported breeding in northern Labrador requires
confirmation), and in Eurasia from northern Scandinavia east across northern
Russia to northern and eastern Siberia; and [hornemanni group] in North America
on Ellesmere, Bylot and northern Baffin islands, and in northern Greenland.

Winters [exilipes group] in North America in the breeding range (except extreme
northern areas) and south, irregularly, to southern Canada (British Columbia
eastward), Montana, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Illinois,
northern Indiana, northern Ohio, New York, Maryland and New England (sight
reports from Washington, Nebraska and Virginia need verification), and in the
Palearctic irregularly to the British Isles, central Europe, central Asia, Japan,
Kamchatka and the Commander Islands; and [hornemanni group] in southern
Greenland, casually south to northern Manitoba, Keewatin, northern Michigan,
southern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador and the British Isles.

Notes.— Also known as Arctic REDPOLL. The relationships between C. /lammea
and C. hornemanni are not totally understood. C. flammea and C. h. exilipes
(Coues, 1862) hybridize extensively in Scandinavia, and recent studies in Alaska
suggest that the two forms may be extremes of a single variable species; should
this analysis prove to be correct, the morphologically distinct and allopatrically
breeding C. hornemanni [HORNEMANN’S REDPOLL] may actually represent a
species distinct from the flammea-exilipes complex. Until the matter is resolved,
we are maintaining the present status. See also comments under C. /lammea.

Subgenus SPINUS Koch

Spinus C. L. Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1, p. 232. Type, by tautonymy,
Fringilla spinus Linnaeus.

750 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Loximitris Bryant, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11 (1866), p. 93. Type,
by monotypy, Chrysomitris dominicensis Bryant.

[Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus). EURASIAN SISKIN.] See Appendix B.

Carduelis pinus (Wilson). PINE SISKIN. [533.]

Fringilla pinus Wilson, 1810, Am. Ornithol., 2, p. 133, pl. 17, fig. 1. (Bush-
hill in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, woodland, parks
and suburban areas, in migration and winter in a variety of woodland and forest
habitats, partly open situations with scattered trees, open fields, pastures and
savanna (Temperate Zone).

Distribution.— Breeds from central and south-coastal Alaska, central Yukon,
south-central Mackenzie, northwestern and east-central Saskatchewan, west-cen-
tral and southern Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador
and Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, southern California, south-
ern Nevada, northern and southeastern Arizona, in the western Mexican highlands
to Michoacan, the state of México and west-central Veracruz (also in the mountains
of interior Chiapas), and, east of the Rockies, to southern New Mexico, western
Texas, western Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, central Illinois, central Indiana,
southern Ontario, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, with
nesting irregular and sporadic in southern areas of the range east of the Rockies.
Recorded in summer (and probably breeding) in the mountains south to eastern
Tennessee and western North Carolina.

Winters throughout the breeding range (rare in more northern portions) and
south to northern Baja California, Sonora, Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf
coast and northern Florida (casually to the Florida Keys).

Casual or accidental in the Pribilofs (St. Paul) and eastern Aleutians (Unimak),
on St. Lawrence, Bathurst, Cornwallis and Coats islands, and in northern Man-
itoba, southern Baja California and Bermuda.

Notes.— Often placed in the genus Spinus along with all species following
through C. cucullata. See also comments under C. atriceps.

Carduelis atriceps (Salvin). BLACK-CAPPED SISKIN.

Chrysomitris atriceps Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 190. (near
Quetzaltenango, 8,000 ft., Guatemala.)

Habitat.— Oak and alder growth, saiaceny pasture, and pine woodland (Tem-
perate Zone).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Chiapas (interior highlands, and
Sierra Madre de Chiapas) and Guatemala (Western Highlands).

Notes.— Reportedly hybridizes with C. pinus in Chiapas, although the extent
and nature of this are not clear. Some authors have considered C. atriceps con-
specific with C. pinus; they are here treated as allospecies of a superspecies. See
also comments under C. pinus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES TS

Carduelis notata Du Bus de Gisignies. BLACK-HEADED SISKIN.

Carduelis notata Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-
Arts Belg., 14, p. 106. (Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.)

Habitat.— Pine-oak association, humid montane forest, adjacent weedy areas,
pastures, and lowland pine savanna, in winter also in humid lowland forest and
adjacent open situations (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southeastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, Sinaloa,
Durango, Zacatecas, eastern San Luis Potosi and Veracruz south through the
highlands of southern Mexico and northern Central America to north-central
Nicaragua (also present in the lowland pine savanna of northeastern Nicaragua
and probably also eastern Honduras).

Notes.—See comments under C. pinus.

Carduelis xanthogastra (Du Bus de Gisignies). YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN.

Chrysomitris xanthogastra Du Bus de Gisignies, 1855, Bull. Acad. R. Sci.
Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg., 22, p. 152. (Ocana, Colombia.)

Habitat.— Montane forest edge, clearings, plantations and pastures (upper Trop-
ical and Subtropical zones).

Distribution. — Resident in the highlands of Costa Rica (Cordillera Central, Dota
Mountains, and Cordillera de Talamanca) and western Panama (western Chiriqui);
and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south to south-
western Ecuador, and in central Bolivia.

Notes.—See comments under C. pinus.

[Carduelis magellanica (Vieillot). HOODED SISKIN.] See Appendix B.

Carduelis cucullata Swainson. RED SISKIN.

Carduelis cucullata Swainson, 1820, Zool. Illus., ser. 1, 1 (2), pl. 7 and text.
(“Spanish Main” = Cumana, Venezuela.)

Habitat.—Open grassy areas with shrubs and bushes, and scrubby hillsides
(upper Tropical Zone.)

Distribution. — Resident, at least formerly, in northern Venezuela (also Trinidad,
and Monos and Gasparee islands) and northeastern Colombia; recorded in the
original range during the last 30 years only in Colombia, perhaps approaching
extinction there.

Introduced and established in southeastern Puerto Rico.

Notes.—-See comments under C. pinus.

Carduelis dominicensis (Bryant). ANTILLEAN SISKIN.

Chrysomitris dominicensis Bryant, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11
(1866), p. 93. (Port au Prince, Haiti.)

Habitat.— Mountain pine forest and adjacent scrubby areas, in winter wandering
to lowland regions.

Tiss CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution.— Resident on Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic from the
province of La Vega westward, and in southeastern Haiti in the Massif de la Selle
and probably also Massif de la Hotte).

Notes.— Authors sometimes place this species in Spinus or the monotypic genus
Loximitris.

Subgenus ASTRAGALINUS Cabanis

Astragalinus Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, |, p. 159. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla tristis Linnaeus.

Carduelis psaltria (Say). LESSER GOLDFINCH. [530.]

Fringilla psaltria Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount., 2, p. 40 (note).
(Arkansas River near the mountains = near Colorado Springs, Colorado.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, woodland edge, second
growth, open fields, pastures, and around human habitation (upper Tropical to
lower Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from southwestern Washington, western Oregon, north-
ern California, northern Utah, northern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, and
central and southern Texas south to southern Baja California, through Middle
America (including the Tres Marias Islands off Nayarit, and Isla Mujeres off
Quintana Roo, but in Nicaragua primarily on the Pacific slope), and in South
America from Colombia east to Venezuela and south, west of the Andes, to
northwestern Peru.

Introduced and established on Cuba (at least formerly).

Casual or accidental in southwestern British Columbia (Huntingdon), eastern
Oregon, southern Wyoming, Kansas, Missouri (Kansas City), southwestern Lou-
isiana (Cameron) and Kentucky (Elizabethtown).

Notes.— Also known as DARK-BACKED or ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH. See comments
under C. pinus.

Carduelis lawrencei Cassin. LAWRENCE’S GOLDFINCH. [531.]

Carduelis lawrencei Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5 (1850),
p. 105. (Sonoma and San Diego, California = Sonoma, California.)

Habitat.— Oak woodland, chaparral, riparian woodland, pinyon-juniper asso-
ciation, and weedy areas in arid regions but usually near water.

Distribution. — Breeds from central California south (west of the Sierra Nevada)
to southern California, and in northwestern Baja California and western Arizona.

Winters from north-central California, central Arizona, southwestern New Mex-
ico and (at least formerly) extreme western Texas (El Paso area) south to northern
Baja California (to lat. 30°S.), northern Sonora and southern Arizona.

Casual in southern Oregon and southern Nevada.

Notes.—See comments under C. pinus.

Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus). AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. [529.]

Fringilla tristis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. Based on “The
American Goldfinch” Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 43, pl. 43. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 753

Habitat.— Weedy fields, cultivated lands, open deciduous and riparian wood-
land, forest edge, second growth, shrubbery, orchards and farmlands.

Distribution.— Breeds from southern British Columbia, north-central Alberta.
central Saskatchewan, west-central and southern Manitoba, central Ontario,
southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island, Nova Scotia and southwestern Newfoundland south to southern California
(west of the Sierra Nevada and southeastern deserts), northern Baja California,
eastern Oregon, central Nevada, southern Colorado, northern New Mexico (prob-
ably), central Oklahoma, extreme northeastern Texas, northern Louisiana, north-
ern Mississippi, central Alabama, central Georgia and South Carolina.

Winters from southern British Columbia, the northern United States, southern
Manitoba, southern Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to northern
Baja California, northern Sonora, southern New Mexico, western and southern
Texas, northern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, the Gulf coast
and southern Florida.

Casual north to northern Ontario, northern Quebec and southern Labrador,
and in Bermuda, the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Bimini)
and Cuba (Cardenas).

Notes.—See comments under C. pinus.

Subgenus CARDUELIS Brisson

Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH. [526.1.]

Fringilla carduelis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 180. (in Europe
juniperetis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Partly open situations with scattered trees, open woodland, weedy
areas, pastures, cultivated lands, forest edge, clearings, and around human habi-
tation.

Distribution.— Resident from the British Isles, central Scandinavia, central Rus-
sia and southern Siberia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, Mediterranean
region, northern Africa, the Near East, Himalayas and Mongolia. Northern pop-
ulations are partially migratory, wintering to the southern parts of the breeding
range.

Introduced and established in New York (Long Island, where the population is
very low or possibly extirpated), on Bermuda, and in Uruguay and the Australian
region; also introduced widely elsewhere in North America (Oregon, Missouri,
Ohio, New Jersey, Massachusetts) but not presently established in any of these
localities. Occasional reports from North America in these areas and elsewhere
(California, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and widely in the northeastern United
’ States) probably are based on birds escaped from captivity.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the GOLDFINCH.

Carduelis sinica (Linnaeus). ORIENTAL GREENFINCH. [526.2.]

Fringilla sinica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 321. Based on “Le
Pincon de la Chine” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 175, pl. 7, fig. 2. (in China =
Macao.)

Habitat.— Open woodland (including pine), and cultivated areas with trees or
bushes.

TSE CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Distribution. — Breeds from Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands
and Kamchatka south to central and eastern China, Japan, and the Bonin and
Volcano islands.

Winters mostly in the southern portions of the breeding range, casually south
to Formosa.

In migration ranges casually to the western Aleutian Islands (Attu, Shemya,
Buldir).

Notes.— Also known as CHINESE GREENFINCH. This species is often placed in
the genus Ch/oris, although it appears to be more closely related to C. carduelis
than to C. chloris.

[Subgenus CHLORIS Cuvier]

Chloris Cuvier, 1800, Legons Anat. Comp., |, tab. 2. Type, by tautonymy,
Loxia chloris Linnaeus.

[Carduelis chloris (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN GREENFINCH.] See Appendix B.

Genus SERINUS Koch

Serinus C. L. Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1, p. 228, pl. 6A, fig. 50. Type,
by monotypy, Serinus hortulanus Koch = Fringilla serinus Linnaeus.

Serinus mozambicus (Miller). YELLOW-FRONTED CANARY. [533.2.]

Fringilla mozambica P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 163. (Mo-
zambique.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, grasslands, cultivated areas and parks.

Distribution.— Resident throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara and east
to Ethiopia and Somalia.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (since 1964, now in small
numbers on Oahu and Hawaii), northeastern Puerto Rico, and the Mascarene
Islands (in the Indian Ocean).

Notes.— Also known as GREEN SINGING-FINCH.

Serinus canaria (Linnaeus). COMMON CANARY. [533.1.]

Fringilla Canaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. (@@n Canariis
insulis = Canary Islands.)

Habitat.— Open woodland and cultivated districts with trees and shrubs.

Distribution.— Resident in the Azores, Madeira and western Canary Islands.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (on Midway since at least
1912, presently surviving in small numbers) and on Bermuda. Escaped cage birds
occur widely in continental areas of North America and on Puerto Rico but have
not established breeding populations.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the CANARY.

Genus PYRRHULA Brisson

Pyrrhula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 36. Type, by tautonymy, Pyrrhula
Brisson = Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES The:

Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus). EURASIAN BULLFINCH. [516.]

Loxia Pyrrhula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. (in Europe
sylvis = Sweden.)

Habitat.— Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, less commonly
open deciduous woodland and parks, in migration and winter also in scrub and
partly open situations with scattered trees.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern
Russia and northern Siberia south to the Azores, southern Europe, the Balkans,
northern Iran, northern Mongolia, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Japan, the Kurile Islands
and Kamchatka.

Winters throughout the breeding range and south to Korea, northern China and
southern Japan.

In migration ranges casually to Alaska on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands,
in the Aleutians (Attu, Shemya), and to Nulato, Anchorage and Petersburg.

Notes.— Known in Old World literature as the BULLFINCH.

Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson

Coccothraustes Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 36, 3, p. 218. Type, by
tautonymy, Coccothraustes Brisson = Loxia coccothraustes Linnaeus.

Hesperiphona Bonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, p. 424. Type, by
original designation, Fringilla vespertina Cooper.

Coccothraustes abeillei (Lesson). HOODED GROSBEAK.
Guiraca Abeillei Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 2, p. 41. (Mexico.)

Habitat.— Humid montane forest, forest edge, and pine-oak association (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Sinaloa, southern Chihuahua and
Durango; in eastern San Luis Potosi and southwestern Tamaulipas; and from
Michoacan, the state of México, Morelos, Puebla and west-central Veracruz south
through Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas to central Guatemala.

Notes.— Also known as ABEILLE’S GROSBEAK. See comments under C. vesper-
linus.

Coccothraustes vespertinus (Cooper). EVENING GROSBEAK. [514.]

Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, 1825, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 1, p. 220.
(Sault Ste. Marie, near Lake Superior [Michigan].)

Habitat.— Coniferous (primarily spruce and fir) and mixed coniferous-decidu-
ous woodland, second growth, and occasionally parks, in migration and winter in
a variety of forest and woodland habitats, and around human habitation (Sub-
tropical and Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Breeds from southwestern and north-central British Columbia,
northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario,
southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia south, in the mountains, to central California, west-central
and eastern Nevada, central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, in
the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, the state of México, Puebla and west-central

756 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Veracruz, and, east of the Rockies, to north-central and northeastern Minnesota,
northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York and Massachusetts.

Winters throughout the breeding range and south, sporadically, to southern
California, southern Arizona, Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, where possibly resident),
western and central Texas, the northern portions of the Gulf states, Georgia and
South Carolina, casually to the Gulf coast and central Florida.

Casual in southeastern Alaska, southern Mackenzie and Newfoundland. Acci-
dental in the British Isles (St. Kilda).

Notes.—C. vespertinus and C. abeillei are often placed in the genus Hesperi-
phona.

Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linnaeus). HAWFINCH. [514.2.]

Loxia Coccothraustes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 171. (in Europa
australiori = Italy.)

Habitat.— Mixed deciduous-coniferous or deciduous forest, woodland, parks,
bushy areas, scrub and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Rus-
sia and central Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean region,
Asia Minor, northern Iran, Transbaicalia, Amurland, Manchuria, Ussuriland,
Sakhalin and Japan.

Winters throughout the breeding range and south to northern Africa, southern
Iran, northwestern India, northern China, and the Ryukyu, Bonin and Volcano
islands.

In migration ranges casually (primarily in spring) to St. Lawrence Island, the
Aleutians (Attu, Adak) and the Pribilofs (St. Paul).

Subfamily DREPANIDINAE: Hawaiian Honeycreepers

Notes.—In the arrangement of this group, we follow Berger (1981, Hawaiian
Birdlife, ed. 2, which was based largely on Pratt, 1979, Univ. Microfilms, CDM-
79-21977) uncritically because of the extensive work unpublished and in progress,
including studies of fossil material.

Tribe PSITTIROSTRINI: Hawaiian Finches

Genus TELESPYZA Wilson

Telespyza S. B. Wilson, 1890, Ibis, p. 341. Type, by monotypy, Telespyza
cantans Wilson.

Notes.—Some authors merge the genera from Telespyza through Chloridops in
a single genus Psittirostra; others maintain Psittirostra as distinct, combining the
rest in Loxioides. i

Telespyza cantans Wilson. LAYSAN FINCH. [774.]

Telespyza cantans S. B. Wilson, 1890, Ibis, p. 341, pl. 9. (Midway Island,
North Pacific, error = Laysan Island.)

Habitat.— Scaevola thickets, bunch-grass and low bushy areas.

Distribution.— Resident on Laysan Island, in the Hawaiian Islands.

Introduced and established on islets in Pearl and Hermes Reef, formerly also
on Midway (but since extirpated there).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES IW

Notes.— 7. cantans and T. ultima are closely related and constitute a super-
species; they are considered conspecific by some authors.

Telespyza ultima Bryan. NIHOA FINCH. [775.]

Telespiza [sic] ultima Bryan, 1917, Auk, 34, pp. 70, 71. (Nihoa Island, Hawai-
ian Group.)
Habitat.— Rock outcroppings and shrub-covered slopes.
Distribution.— Resident on Nihoa Island, in the Hawaiian Islands.
Introduced but not certainly established on French Frigate Shoals.
Notes.—See comments under 7. cantans.

Genus PSITTIROSTRA Temminck

Psittirostra Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol., ed. 2, 1, p. 70. Type, by mono-
typy, Loxia psittacea Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under TJe/espyza.

Psittirostra psittacea (Gmelin). Ou. [776.]

Loxia psittacea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 844. Based on the “Parrot-
billed Grosbeak”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 108, pl. 42. (Sand-
wich Islands = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, occasionally in drier or lowland forest.

Distribution.— Resident in very small numbers in the mountains of Kauai (Alak-
ai Swamp region) and Hawaii (Mauna Loa), formerly also on Oahu (last reported
in late 1890’s), Molokai (last reported 1907, extirpated before 1948), Lanai (last
reported 1923, extirpated by 1932) and Maui (last reported before 1930), in the
Hawaiian Islands.

Genus LOXIOIDES Oustalet

Loxioides Oustalet, 1877, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, 1, p. 99. Type,
by monotypy, Psittirostra bailleui Oustalet.

Notes.—See comments under 7e/espyza.

Loxioides bailleui (Oustalet). PALILA. [777.]
Psittirostra bailleui Oustalet, 1877, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, 1, p.
100. (Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Dry mamane-naio forest at higher elevations.

Distribution.— Resident in small numbers in the mountains of Hawaii (slopes
of Mauna Kea and, at least formerly, also the western slope of Mauna Loa), in
the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus RHODACANTHIS Rothschild

Rhodacanthis Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p. 110.
Type, by subsequent designation (Bryan and Greenway, 1944), Rhodacan-
this palmeri Rothschild.

Notes.—See comments under TJe/espyza.

758 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

*Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild. LESSER KOA-FINCH. [778.]

Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p.
111. (Sona, Hawaii, Sandwich group.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, primarily koa.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident at higher elevations in the moun-
tains of the Kona district of Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands (last collected in
1891).

Notes.— Also known as YELLOW-HEADED KOA-FINCH.

+Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild. GREATER KOA-FINCH. [779.]

Rhodacanthis Palmeri Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p.
111. (Kona, Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, primarily koa.
Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident at higher elevations in the moun-

tains of the Kona district of Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands (last collected in
1896).

Notes.— Also known as ORANGE KOA-FINCH.

Genus CHLORIDOPS Wilson

Chloridops S. B. Wilson, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 218. Type, by
monotypy, Chloridops kona Wilson.

Notes.—See comments under Telespyza.

*Chloridops kona Wilson. KONA GROSBEAK. [780.]

Chloridops kona S. B. Wilson, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 218. (Kona,
Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Medium-sized trees (especially naio) on lava flows with little graund
cover.

Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident on Hawaii (Kona district), in the
Hawaiian Islands.
Notes.— Also known as GROSBEAK FINCH.

Genus PSEUDONESTOR Rothschild

Pseudonestor Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p. 35. Type, by
monotypy, Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild.

Notes.— Tribal affinities of this genus are uncertain.

Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild. MAuI PARROTBILL. [781.]

Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 1, p.
36. (Island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.)

Habitat.— Native mountain forest, especially koa.

Distribution.— Resident in very small numbers in the mountains of eastern Maui
(slopes of Haleakala), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as PSEUDONESTOR.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 759

Tribe HEMIGNATHINI: Hawaiian Creepers and Allies

Genus HEMIGNATHUS Lichtenstein

Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839, Abh. Phys. KI. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1838),
p. 449. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1841), HWemignathus
lucidus Lichtenstein.

Heterorhynchus Lafresnaye, 1839, Mag. Zool. [Paris], 9, pl. 10. Type, by
monotypy, Heterorhynchus olivaceus Lafresnaye = Hemignathus lucidus
Lichtenstein.

Viridonia Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p. 112. Type,
by monotypy, Viridonia sagittirostris Rothschild.

Hemignathus virens (Gmelin). COMMON AMAKIHI. [782.]

Certhia virens Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 479. Based on the “‘Olive-
green Creeper” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 740. (in insulis Sand-
wich = Hawaii.) )

Habitat.— Humid ohia forest, drier mamane-naio forest, and subalpine scrub,
mostly at higher elevations but seasonally to lowland mixed native-exotic forest.

Distribution.— Resident in the Hawaiian Islands [stejnegeri group] in the moun-
tains of Kauai; and [virens group] in mountain forests on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai
(formerly), Maui and Hawaii.

Notes.— Formerly known as the AMAKIHI. Some authors regard the two groups
as separate species, H. virens and H. stejnegeri (S. B. Wilson, 1890) [KAUAI AMA-
KIHI, 783]. This and the next two species are sometimes placed in the genus
Viridonia.

Hemignathus parvus (Stejneger). ANIANIAU. [784.]
Himatione parva Stejneger, 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 10, p. 94. (Kauai.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, primarily ohia.

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Kauai (Kokee, and the Alakai
Swamp region), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as LESSER AMAKIHI. See comments under H/. virens.

+Hemignathus sagittirostris (Rothschild). GREATER AMAKIHI. [785.]

Viridonia sagittirostris Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10, p.
112. (Mauna Kea, Hawai[i], Sandwich group.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, especially ohia.
Distribution.—EXTINCT. Formerly resident in the mountains of Hawaii

(Mauna Kea, and the Wailuku River region), in the Hawaiian Islands.
Notes.—See comments under H. virens.

+Hemignathus obscurus (Gmelin). HAWAIIAN AKIALOA. [786.]

Certhia obscura Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 470. Based on the “Hook-
billed green Creeper” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 703, pl. 33, fig.
1. (in insulis Sandwich = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forests, especially ohia, locally in lowland forest.
Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident in the mountains of Oahu (last

760 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

recorded 1837, sight report in 1892), Lanai (last recorded late 1890’s) and Hawaii
(last recorded in 1890's), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— H. obscurus and H. procerus are considered conspecific by some authors
[AKIALOA]; they constitute a superspecies.

Hemignathus procerus Cabanis. KAUAI AKIALOA. [787.]
Hemignathus procerus Cabanis, 1889, J. Ornithol., 39, p. 331. (Kauai.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest.

Distribution.— Resident (at least formerly) in the mountains of Kauai (Alakai
Swamp region, now very rare or extinct, last reported in 1967), in the Hawaiian
Islands.

Notes.—See comments under H. obscurus.

Hemignathus lucidus Lichtenstein. NUKUPUU. [788.]

Hemignathus lucidus Lichtenstein, 1839, Abh. Phys. KI. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
(1838), p. 451, pl. 5. (Oahu.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, especially ohia and koa.

Distribution. — Resident locally in very small numbers on Kauai (Alakai Swamp
region) and eastern Maui (slopes of Haleakala), formerly also on Oahu (last re-
corded in 1860), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Hemignathus munroi Pratt. AKIAPOLAAU. [789.]

Heterorhynchus wilsoni (not Himatione wilsoni Rothschild, April 1893)
Rothschild, November 1893, Avifauna Laysan, p. 75. (Hawaii.)
Hemignathus munroi Pratt, 1979, Dissert. Abstracts, 40, p. 1581. New name

for Heterorhynchus wilsoni, preoccupied.

Habitat.— Forest, especially koa or mamane-naio, and adjacent brushy areas,
mostly in mountainous regions.

Distribution.— Resident in small numbers in widely separated areas on Hawaii
(slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus OREOMYSTIS Stejneger

Oreomyza (not Pokorny, February 1887, Insecta) Steyneger, April 1887, Proc.
U.S. Natl. Mus., 10, p. 99. Type, by original designation, Oreomyza bairdi
Stejneger. f

Oreomystis Stejneger, 1903, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 11. New name for
Oreomyza Stejneger, preoccupied.

Notes.—Some authors merge Oreomystis and Paroreomyza in Loxops.

Oreomystis bairdi (Stejneger). KAUAI CREEPER. [790.]
Oreomyza bairdi Stejneger. 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 10, p. 99. (Kauai.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, especially ohia.
Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of Kauai (Kokee, and the Alakai
Swamp region), in the Hawaiian Islands.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 761

Notes.— Relationships in the ““Hawaiian Creeper” complex (herein split into
two genera, Oreomystis and Paroreomyza) are controversial. Some authors would
merge all five species in these two genera into a single one, Paroreomyza (or
Loxops) maculata(us) [HAWAIIAN CREEPER]; others would combine mana with
bairdi. At present, it seems best to consider the two species in Oreomystis as
constituting a superspecies, and of uncertain relationship with the other “‘creep-
Cisse

Oreomystis mana (Wilson). HAWAII CREEPER. [791.]

Himatione mana S. B. Wilson, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 7, p. 460.
(Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Humid forest, especially koa-ohia.

Distribution.— Resident on Hawaii (mostly at higher elevations, but in lower
forest in the Hilo district), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.—See comments under O. bairdi.

Genus PAROREOMYZA Perkins

Paroreomyza [subgenus] Perkins, 1901, Ibis, p. 583. Type. by original des-
ignation, Oreomyza [=Himatione] maculata Cabanis.

Notes.—See comments under Oreomystis.

Paroreomyza montana (Wilson). MAUI CREEPER. [792.]

Himatione montana S. B. Wilson, 1890, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1889), p.
446. (Lanai.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest and adjacent brushy areas.

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Maui (slope of Haleakala),
formerly also on Lanai (last recorded in 1937), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as MAulI ALAUWAHIO. See comments under P. maculata.

Paroreomyza flammea (Wilson). MOLOKAI CREEPER. [793.]

Loxops flammea S. B. Wilson, 1890, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1889), p. 445.
(Kalae, Molokai.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest.

Distribution.— Resident (at least formerly) in the mountains of Molokai (now
very rare and possibly extinct, last reported in 1962), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as KAKAWAHIE. See comments under P. maculata.

Paroreomyza maculata (Cabanis). OAHU CREEPER. [794.]

Himatione maculata Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, |, p. 100 (footnote).
(Oahu.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest.

Distribution.— Resident (now very rare and local) in the mountains of Oahu
(Waianae and Koolau ranges), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as OAHU ALAUWAHIO. P. maculata, P. flammea and P.

762 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

montana are closely related and constitute a superspecies. See also comments
under Oreomystis bairdi.
Genus LOXOPS Cabanis

Loxops Cabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch., 13, p. 330. Type, by original des-
ignation, Fringilla coccinea Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Oreomystis.

Loxops coccineus (Gmelin). AKEPA. [795.]

Fringilla coccinea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 921. Based on the “Scarlet
Finch” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 270. (in insulis Sandwich =
Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Forest (primarily ohia or koa), especially in mountainous regions.

Distribution.— Resident in the Hawaiian Islands [caeruleirostris group] in the
mountains of Kauai (Kokee, and the Alakai Swamp region); and [coccineus group]
in the mountains of eastern Maui (very rare and local) and Hawaii (uncommon),
formerly also on Oahu (not recorded since the early 1900’s).

Notes.— The two groups are regarded by some authors as distinct species, L.
caeruleirostris (S. B. Wilson, 1890) [KAUAI AKEPA, 796] and L. coccineus [COMMON
AKEPA].

Tribe DREPANIDINI: Mamos, liwis and Allies

Genus CIRIDOPS Newton
Ciridops Newton, 1892, Nature, 45, p. 469. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla
anna Dole.
TCiridops anna (Dole). ULA-AI-HAWANE. [797.]

Fringilla anna Dole, 1878, in Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac Annual (1879), p.
49. (Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, especially loulu palm.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident in the mountains of Hawaii (Kona
and Hilo districts, and Kohala Mountains, last collected in early 1890’s), in the
Hawaiian Islands.

Genus VESTIARIA Jarocki

Vestiaria Jarocki, 1821,:Zoologia, 2, p. 75. Type, by monotypy, Certhia
vestiaria Latham = Certhia coccinea Forster.

Notes.— This genus is sometimes merged in Drepanis.

Vestiaria coccinea (Forster). Iwi. [798.]

Certhia coccinea J. R. Forster, 1780, Géttinger Mag. Wiss., 1, p. 347. (Hawai-
ian Islands = probably Kauai.)

Habitat.— Forest, especially ohia, mamane, and where lobelias are present.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 763

Distribution. — Resident on Kauai, Oahu (near extirpation), Molokai (very rare),
Maui, Lanai (last recorded in 1923) and Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands.
Genus DREPANIS Temminck

Drepanis Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol., ed. 2, 1, p. 86. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Certhia pacifica Gmelin.

Notes.—See comments under Vestiaria.

+Drepanis pacifica (Gmelin). HAwAl MAmo. [799.]

Certhia pacifica Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 470. Based on the “Great
Hook-billed Creeper’? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 703. (in insula
amicis maris australis, error = Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Mountain forest, especially ohia.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident in the mountains of Hawaii (last
recorded in 1898), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Frequently known as the MAmo.

+Drepanis funerea Newton. BLACK MAmo. [800.]

Drepanis funerea Newton, 1894, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1893), p. 690.
(Molokai.)

Habitat.— Underbrush of humid mountain forest.

Distribution.— EXTINCT. Formerly resident in the mountains of Molokai (last
recorded in 1907), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as PERKINS’ MAmMo.

Genus PALMERIA Rothschild
Palmeria Rothschild, 1893, Ibis, p. 113. Type, by monotypy, Pa/meria mi-
rabilis Rothschild = Himatione dolei Wilson.
Palmeria dolei (Wilson). CRESTED HONEYCREEPER. [801.]

Himatione dolei S. B. Wilson, 1891, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 166. (Maui.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, especially ohia.

Distribution.— Resident in the mountains of eastern Maui (slopes of Haleakala),
formerly also on Molokai (last reported in 1907), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Also known as AKOHEKOHE.

Genus HIMATIONE Cabanis
Himatione Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, |, p. 99. Type, by monotypy,
Certhia sanguinea Gmelin.
Himatione sanguinea (Gmelin). APAPANE. [802.]

Certhia sanguinea Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 479. Based on the
“Crimson Creeper” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, | (2), p. 739. (in insulis
Sandwich = Hawaii.)

764 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Habitat.— Native (primarily ohia and ohia-koa) and mixed native-exotic forest
at higher (casually lower) elevations, and [/reethii group] in brushy areas, shrubbery
and bunch-grass.

Distribution.— Resident [sanguinea group] in the mountains in the Hawaiian
Islands (all main islands from Kauai eastward): and [freethii group] formerly on
Laysan Island (extirpated in 1923).

Accidental [sanguinea group] on Nihau.

Notes.—Some authors regard the two groups as distinct species, H. sanguinea
[APAPANE, 802] and H. freethii Rothschild, 1892 [LaysAN HONEYCREEPER, 803].

Genus MELAMPROSOPS Casey and Jacobi

Melamprosops Casey and Jacobi, 1974, Bishop Mus., Occas. Pap.. no. 12, p.
217. Type, by original designation, Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey and
Jacobi.

Notes.— Relationships of this recently discovered genus are uncertain.

Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey and Jacobi. Poo-uLi. [804.]

Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey and Jacobi, 1974, Bishop. Mus., Occas.
Pap.. no. 12. p. 219. (Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii.)

Habitat.— Humid mountain forest, primarily ohia.

Distribution. — Resident in very small numbers in the mountains of Maui (slopes
of Haleakala), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Notes.— Known also as BLACK-FACED HONEYCREEPER.

Family PASSERIDAE: Old World Sparrows

Notes.— Sometimes included in the Ploceidae.

Genus PASSER Brisson

Passer Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie, 1, p. 36: 3, p. 71. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray. 1840). Passer domesticus Brisson = Fringilla do-
mestica Linnaeus.

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus). HOUSE SPARROW. [688.2.]

Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 183. (nm Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat.— Cultivated lands. fields, woodland. forest edge, and around human
habitation (Tropical to Temperate zones).

Distribution.— Resident from the British Isles. northern Scandinavia, northern
Russia and northern Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the Mediterranean
region. northeastern Africa, Arabia. India (including Ceylon) and Southeast Asia.

Introduced (initially in 1850 at Brooklyn, New York, with several subsequent
introductions elsewhere in the northeast through 1867) and established in North
America, presently resident from southern Yukon. central and southeastern British
Columbia. southwestern Mackenzie. northwestern and central Saskatchewan,
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti and
Magdalen islands) and Newfoundland south throughout southern Canada, the
continental United States, and most of Mexico to Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 765

locally in Central America (where range expanding rapidly in recent years) south
to Panama (east to eastern Panama province); also in the Hawaiian Islands (Ho-
nolulu in 1871, since spreading throughout all main islands), Bahama Islands
(Grand Bahama, New Providence), Cuba (late 1890's), Jamaica (1903-1904),
Hispaniola (1978), Puerto Rico (1978), the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, early
1950’s), South America (Ecuador to Chile, and eastern Brazil to Paraguay, Ar-
gentina and the Falkland Islands), southern and eastern Africa, islands in the
Indian Ocean, Australia and New Zealand.

Passer montanus (Linnaeus). EURASIAN TREE SPARROW. [688.3.]

Fringilla montana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 183. (in Europa =
Bagnacavallo, Ravenna, Italy.)

Habitat.— Open woodland, fields, cultivated lands, and around human habi-
tation.

Distribution.— Resident from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern
Russia and northern Siberia south to the Mediterranean region, Iran, Afghanistan,
northern India, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, Java, Bali, the Himalayas, Sea of
Okhotsk, and on Pacific islands from Sakhalin and the Kuriles south through
Japan to Hainan, Formosa, and the Ryukyu Islands.

Introduced and established at St. Louis, Missouri (1870), from whence it has
spread into east-central Missouri and western Illinois, with a straggler reported
in western Kentucky (Lone Oak); also introduced in Bermuda (no recent records),
and established in Borneo, Celebes, the Philippines and Australia.

Notes.— Also known as EUROPEAN TREE SPARROW and, in Old World literature,
as the TREE SPARROW.

Family PLOCEIDAE: Weavers
Subfamily PLOCEINAE: Typical Weavers

Genus PLOCEUS Cuvier

Ploceus Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., 1, p. 383. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Loxia philippina Linnaeus.

Ploceus cucullatus (Miiller). VILLAGE WEAVER.

Oriolus cucullatus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87. (Senegal.)

Habitat.— Forest, woodland, scrub, brush, vegetation near water, and around
human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident [cucullatus group] in West Africa from Senegal east-
ward, and across the Congo region to Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda and western
Kenya; [collaris group] from Gabon to northern Angola; and [nigriceps group]
from southern Somalia south through eastern Kenya and Tanzania to southern
Africa.

Introduced [cucullatus group] and established on Hispaniola (including Saona
Island).

Notes.—Also known as BLACK-HEADED WEAVER. The three groups are often
regarded as distinct species, P. cucullatus [BLACK-HEADED WEAVER], P. collaris
Vieillot, 1819, and P. nigriceps (Layard, 1867).

766 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Genus EUPLECTES Swainson

Euplectes Swainson, 1829, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, 1, text to pl. 37. Type, by
original designation, “Loxia’” [=Emberiza] orix Linnaeus.

Notes.— Members of this genus are sometimes known under the group name
BISHOPBIRD.

Euplectes orix (Linnaeus). RED BISHOP.

Emberiza Orix Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 177. Based on ““The
Grenadier” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 178, pl. 178. (in Africa inte-
riore = Angola.)

Habitat.— Tall grasslands, cultivated grains and fields.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Sudan, Ethiopia and
Somalia, and south to southern Africa.

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico and Bermuda; introductions in the
Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) have not become established.

Notes.— Also known as GRENADIER WEAVER. The northern race occurring from
Senegal to the northern Cameroons, and in eastern Zaire, northern Uganda and
northwestern Kenya, is sometimes recognized as a full species, E. franciscanus
(Isert, 1789) [ORANGE BISHOP].

Euplectes afer (Gmelin). YELLOW-CROWNED BISHOP.

Loxia afra Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 857. Based mainly on the
““Black-bellied Grosbeak” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 2 (1), p. 155. (in
Africa = Senegal.)

Habitat.—Swamps, marshes, and tall grass areas in wet situations, in Puerto
Rico also in cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Sudan, Ethiopia and
northern Kenya, and south to southern Africa.

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico: introductions in the Hawaiian Is-
lands (Oahu) have not become established.

Notes.— Also known as GOLDEN or NAPOLEON BISHOP, or NAPOLEON WEAVER.

Family ESTRILDIDAE: Estrildid Finches
Subfamily ESTRILDINAE: Estrildine Finches

[Genus LAGONOSTICTA Cabanis]
Lagonosticta Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 171. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla rubricata Lichtenstein.

{[Lagonosticta rubricata (Lichtenstein). AFRICAN FIRE-FINCH.] See Appen-
dix B.
Genus URAEGINTHUS Cabanis

Uraeginthus Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum, 1, p. 171. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla bengalus Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 767

Uraeginthus bengalus (Linnaeus). RED-CHEEKED CORDONBLEU. [805.]

Fringilla bengalus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 323. Based on “Le
Bengali” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 203, pl. 10, fig. 1. (in Bengala, error =
Senegal.)

Habitat.— Thornbush, savanna, forest edge, cultivated lands, and around hu-
man habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Sudan, Eritrea and So-
malia, and south to Angola, Zambia and Tanzania.

Introduced and established in very small numbers in the Hawaiian Islands (since
1965 on Oahu, where now nearly or actually extirpated, and on Hawaii).

Genus ESTRILDA Swainson

Estrilda Swainson, 1827, Zool. J., 3, p. 349. Type, by original designation,
Loxia astrild Linnaeus.

Notes.—See comments under Amandava.

Estrilda caerulescens (Vieillot). LAVENDER WAXBILL. [806.]

Fringilla cerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 12, p.
176. (Zone Torride = Senegal.)

Habitat.— Bush country, scrub, gardens, and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, and inland to
western Central African Republic, southwestern Chad and northern Cameroons.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (first reported in 1965, now
in small numbers on Oahu and Hawaii).

Notes.— Also known as RED-TAILED LAVENDER WAXBILL and LAVENDER FIRE-
FINCH.

Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot). ORANGE-CHEEKED WAXBILL. [807.]

Fringilla melpoda Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 12, p.
177. (India and west coast of Africa = Senegal.)

Habitat.— Savanna, grasslands, cultivated lands, and around human habitation.

Distribution. — Resident in West Africa from Senegal and Gambia east to Chad,
and south to Angola and Zambia.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (first reported in 1965, now
in small numbers on Oahu) and on Puerto Rico.

Estrilda troglodytes (Lichtenstein). BLACK-RUMPED WAXBILL. [808.]

Fringilla Troglodytes Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p.
26. (Senegambia.)

Habitat.— Bush country, swampy areas, and brushy habitats.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal and Gambia east to Sudan,
Eritrea and Ethiopia, and south to northeastern Zaire and northwestern Uganda.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (first reported in 1965, now
in small numbers on Oahu and Hawaii) and on Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Also known as RED-EARED wy AXBILL.

768 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Estrilda astrild (Linnaeus). COMMON WAXBILL.

Loxia Astrild Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 173. Based on “‘The
Wax Bill’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 4, p. 179, pl. 179, lower fig. (in
Canariis, America, Africa = Cape Town, South Africa.)

Habitat.—Open country, grasslands, cultivated lands, open woodland, and
around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident throughout Africa south of the Sahara.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Also known as the WAXBILL.

Genus AMANDAVA Blyth

Amandava Blyth, 1836, in White, Nat. Hist. Selbourne, p. 44, footnote. Type,
by monotypy, Amandava punctata Blyth = Fringilla amandava Linnaeus.

Notes.—Some authors merge this genus in Estrilda.

Amandava amandava (Linnaeus). RED AVADAVAT. [809.]

Fringilla Amandava Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 180. Based on
““Amandava” Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 72, pl. 77. (in india orientali =
Calcutta, West Bengal.)

Habitat.— Second growth, grasslands, scrub, reed beds, and cultivated lands.

Distribution.— Resident from West Pakistan, India and southern Nepal south
through Southeast Asia and Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands (east to Timor).

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahu, between 1900
and 1910), and on Puerto Rico, Sumatra and Singapore.

Notes.— Also known as STRAWBERRY FINCH or RED MuNIA.

Genus LONCHURA Sykes

Lonchura Sykes, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 94. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Fringilla nisoria Temminck = Loxia punc-
tulata Linnaeus.

Spermestes Swainson, 1837, Birds W. Afr., 1, p. 201. Type, by monotypy,
Spermestes cucullata Swainson.

Euodice Reichenbach, 1863, Singvégel, p. 46. Type, by subsequent desig-
nation (Sharpe, 1890), Loxia cantans Gmelin = Loxia malabarica Lin-
naeus.

Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus). WARBLING SILVERBILL. [810.]

Loxia malabarica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 175. (in Indiis =
Malabar.)

Habitat.— Bush country, scrub, brushy areas, and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Sudan, Ethiopia and
Somalia, and south to Kenya and northern Tanzania; in southern Arabia; and
from India, Nepal, Sikkim and East Pakistan south to Ceylon.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (first reported in 1973 on
Hawaii, recently spreading to Maui, Lanai and Molokai), and on Puerto Rico. A

ORDER PASSERIFORMES 769

pair successfully bred on Merritt Island, Florida, in June 1965 (Am. Birds. 19:
537, 1965, listed as “Euodice cantans’’), but this species has not become estab-
lished there.

Notes.— Also known as WHITE-THROATED MuniA. Often placed in the genus
Euodice.

Lonchura cucullata (Swainson). BRONZE MANNIKIN.

Spermestes cucullata Swainson, 1837, Birds W. Afr., 1, p. 201. (West Africa =
Senegal.)

Habitat.— Open country, bush, cultivated lands, and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Sudan, Ethiopia and
Kenya, and south to Angola, Zambia and Rhodesia (including Zanzibar and other
coastal islands in the Gulf of Guinea and along the Indian Ocean).

Introduced and established in Puerto Rico (common in coastal lowlands, but
rare in hill country).

Notes.— Also known as BRONZE MUNIA or HooDED WEAVER. Often placed in
the genus Spermestes.

Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus). NUTMEG MANNIKIN. [81 1.]

Loxia punctulata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 173. Based on ““The
Gowry Bird” Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 40, pl. 40. (in Asia = Calcutta,
India.)

Habitat.— Second growth, scrub, grasslands, cultivated lands, and around hu-
man habitation.

Distribution.— Resident from India, Nepal, southern China, Hainan and For-
mosa south to Ceylon, and through Southeast Asia to the East Indies (east to
Celebes and Tanimbar) and Philippines.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (about 1865, presently
widespread on all main islands), in Australia, and on islands in the Indian Ocean.
Pairs bred successfully in Fic. *2 2t Cocoa Beach in 1964 (Am. Birds, 18: 504-
505, 1964) and on Merritt Island in 1965 (Am. Birds, 19: 537, 1965), but no
population has become established: also reported (status uncertain) from Hispan-
iola and Puerto Rico.

Notes.— Also known as SpoTTED MUuNIA, SPICE FINCH, RICEBIRD or SCALY-
BREASTED MANNIKIN.

Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus). CHESTNUT MANNIKIN. [81 2.]

Loxia malacca Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 302. Based mainly
on “‘Le Gros-bec de Java” Brisson, Ornithologie, 3, p. 237, pl. 13, fig. 1.
(in China, Java, Malacca, error = Belgaum, India.)

Habitat.—Second growth, scrub, grasslands, cultivated lands, marshes, and
around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident from India, Nepal, Southeast Asia, southern China,
Hainan and Formosa south to Ceylon, the Greater Sunda Islands and Philippines.

Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Islands (first observed in 1959 on
Oahu, presently also occurs on Kauai and possibly Hawaii), on Puerto Rico, and

770 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

in the Moluccas and Micronesia. A pair bred successfully in 1965 on Merritt
Island, Florida (Am. Birds, 19: 537, 1965), but no population became established.

Notes.— Also known as BLACK-HEADED MUNIA or MANNIKIN, CHESTNUT MUNIA
or BLACK-HEADED NUN.

Genus PADDA Reichenbach

Padda Reichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 76, fig. 4. Type, by mono-
typy, Loxia oryzivora Linnaeus.

Padda oryzivora (Linnaeus). JAVA SPARROW. [813.]

Loxia oryzivora Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 173. Based in part
on “The Cock Padda or Rice-bird”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 41, pl.
41. (in Asia & A2thiopia = Java.)

Habitat.— Scrub, mangroves, cultivated lands, and around human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident on Java and Bali, in the East Indies.

Introduced and established in the mid-1960’s in the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahu,
where locally common; other introductions on Oahu in 1865 did not become
established), in southern Florida (Miami region, probably established), on Puerto
Rico (San Juan area), and widely elsewhere, especially in Ceylon, Southeast Asia,
Celebes, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines and Moluccas.

Notes.— Also known as JAVA FINCH:

Subfamily VIDUINAE: Whydahs

Genus VIDUA Cuvier

Vidua Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., 1, p. 388. Type, by tautonymy, Emberiza
vidua Linnaeus = Fringilla macroura Pallas.

Vidua macroura (Pallas). PIN-TAILED WHYDAH.

Fringilla macroura Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raissoné Ois., Adumbr., p.
3. (East Indies, error = Angola.)

Habitat.— Arid bush country, grasslands, scrub, cultivated areas, and around
human habitation.

Distribution.— Resident in Africa from Senegal east to Eritrea, and south to
southern Africa, including Zanzibar and other coastal islands.

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico; escapes in the Hawaiian Islands
(Oahu) probably bred in the mid-1970’s, but the species has not become estab-
lished.

APPENDIX A 771

APPENDIX A

Species recorded in the Check-list area only on the basis of observation and
which are accepted by the appropriate regional group are included in Appendix
A. For further discussion of sight records, refer to the Preface (pp. xx—xxi).

Diomedea irrorata Salvin. WAVED ALBATROSS.

Diomedea irrorata Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 430. (Callao
Bay, Peru.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on Hood Island in the Galapagos and on Isla
de la Plata off Ecuador, and ranges at sea along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.
A specimen was taken just outside the North American area at Octavia Rocks,
Colombia, near the Panama-Colombia boundary (8 March 1941, R. C. Murphy).

Sight records.—Panama, west of Pifas Bay, Darién, 26 February 1941, and
southwest of the Pearl Islands, 27 September 1964 (Ridgely, 1976, Birds Panama,
p. 30).

Notes.— Known also as the GALAPAGOS ALBATROSS.

Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). ANTARCTIC GIANT-PETREL.

Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 563. Based in part on
the “Giant Petrel’’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 396, pl. 100. (in
oceano, potissimum australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego = Isla los
Estados [= Staten Island], off Tierra del Fuego.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in Antarctica and on subantarctic islands, and
ranges at sea throughout southern oceans. A report from the “coast of Oregon”
(immature specimen taken by Townsend) is generally regarded to be in error as
to locality (see Stone, 1930, Auk, 47, pp. 414-415, but for conflicting opinion,
see also Fisher, 1965, Condor, 67, pp. 355-356).

Sight records.—Hawaiian Islands, Midway, 9 December 1962, dark-phased
individual, plus two other probables in December 1959 and December 196]
(Fisher, /oc. cit.).

Notes.— Also known as GIANT FULMAR or SOUTHERN GIANT-PETREL. The above
reports may pertain either to M. giganteus, a more southern breeding form, or
to the recently recognized M. halli Mathews, 1912 [HALL’s or NORTHERN GIANT-
PETREL], which breeds on islands in the southern Indian Ocean and off New
Zealand. Dark-phased birds in the field and immatures in the hand are not iden-
tifiable to species.

Pterodroma rostrata (Peale). TAHITI PETREL.

Procellaria rostrata Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p. 296. (Mountains
about 600 feet on Tahiti, Society Islands.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on New Caledonia and in the Society and
Marquesas islands, and ranges widely in the South Pacific, occasionally north to
Hawaiian waters.

Sight record.—Lat. 19°45’N., long. 153°59’W., ca. 50 miles east of Hawaii, 7
December 1964, W. King. Other sight records in Hawaiian waters were not allocat-
ed to species and may have pertained to either P. rostrata or P. alba.

V2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Pterodroma alba (Gmelin). PHOENIX PETREL.

Procellaria alba Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 565. Based on the ““White-
breasted Petrel’? Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 400. (in insulis Tur-
turum et nativitatis Christi = Turtle and Christmas islands.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds from Christmas Island south to the Tonga and
Tuamotu islands, and ranges in the tropical Pacific Ocean, occasionally north to
Hawaiian waters.

Sight record.— Lat. 17°49’N., long. 153°55’W., ca. 90 miles southeast of Hawaii,
10 November 1964, W. King. See also comments under P. rostrata.

Pterodroma solandri (Gould). SOLANDER’S PETREL.

Procellaria Solandri Gould, 1844, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 57. (Austra-
lia = Bass Strait.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in the South Pacific from New Zealand waters
east to the Tuamotu Islands, and ranges south of the Equator in the same general
area west to Australia, straggling casually north to the Equator.

Sight record. —Lat. 20°01’N., long. 153°58’W., ca. 50 miles northeast of Hawaii,
7 October 1964, W. King; a report from 60 miles off California (between Cape
Mendocino and Point Reyes) apparently pertains to P. ultima.

Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger). STEJNEGER’S PETREL.

Az strelata longirostris Stejneger, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16, p. 618.
(Province of Mutzu, Hondo, Japan.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on small islands off New Zealand and on Mas
Afuera Island, in the Juan Fernandez group, and ranges at sea in the North Pacific
to waters off Japan and between the Hawaiian Islands and North America (spec-
imens from lat. 33°6’N., long. 134°W., and lat. 35°40’N., long. 133°10’W., the
latter ca. 685 miles west of Piedras Blancas, San Luis Obispo County, California;
Moffitt, 1938, Auk, 55, pp. 255—256); however, no specimens have been taken
within 200 miles of either the Hawaiian Islands or North American continent.

Sight record.— Davidson Seamount, lat. 35°44’N., long. 122°43’W., ca. 65 miles
southwest of Point Sur, Monterey County, California, 17 November 1979, G.
McCaskie, J. Dunn and R. Stallcup (Am. Birds, 34:200, 1980).

Notes.— The specimens mentioned above were reported as P. /eucoptera mas-
afuerae Lénnberg, 1921, presently regarded as a synonym of P. /ongirostris; other
reports of P. /eucoptera in North American waters pertain also to P. /ongirostris.

Oceanites gracilis (Elliot). WHITE-VENTED STORM-PETREL.

Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot, 1859, Ibis, p. 391. (West Coast of America =
coast of Chile.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeding grounds unknown; ranges regularly to the
Galapagos Islands, and along the Pacific coast of South America from Colombia
to Chile.

Sight records.—‘‘Gulf of Panama” and at Humboldt Bay, just south of the
Darién border (in Colombia), September 1937, R. Murphy (Wetmore, 1965,
Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (1), p. 45).

APPENDIX A VT3

Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson). GUANAY CORMORANT.

Carbo Bougainvillii Lesson, 1837, in Bougainville, J. Navig. Thétis Espérance,
2, p. 331. (Valparaiso, Chile.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru, central Chile
and southern Argentina, and ranges north to Colombia and Ecuador.

Sight record.—Panama, off Ensenada de Guayabo Chiquito, southern Darién,
21 May 1941, R. C. Murphy, flock of 100 individuals plus specimens obtained
just to the south off Colombia in March and April 1941 (Ridgely, 1976, Birds
Panama, p. 39). The reported introduction of this species in 1953 on Isla San
Gerénimo, Baja California (see A.O.U., 1957, Check-list N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, p.
34), is erroneous.

Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. GREEN SANDPIPER.

Tringa Ocrophus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds in forested regions along brooks and pools in
the Palearctic, and winters in marshes and flooded areas south to equatorial Africa,
southeast Asia and the Philippines.

Sight records.— Alaska, Attu in the western Aleutians, 13 June 1978 and 22
May 1979 (King et a/., 1980, Am. Birds, 34, pp. 319-321). Two Canadian records
from Hudson Bay (Swainson and Richardson, 1831) and Nova Scotia (Brewer,
1878) are regarded as unsatisfactory (see Godfrey, 1966, Birds Can., p. 146).

Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot. GRAY-HOODED GULL.

Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21, p.
502. (Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on bays, estuaries and lagoons along the Pacific
coast of Ecuador and Peru, the Atlantic coast of South America from southern
Brazil to central Argentina, and in tropical and southern Africa, and winters in
coastal areas and on inland lakes near the breeding areas, occasionally north along
the coasts of South America and Africa.

Sight record.—Panama, Panama Bay at Panama City, 25 September 1955, M.
Moynihan, one adult (Ridgely, 1976, Birds Panama, p. 111).

Larus crassirostris Vieillot. BLACK-TAILED GULL.

Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 21, p.

508. (Nagasaki, Japan.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Breeds on small, rocky, coastal islands from southern
Sakhalin, Ussuriland and the Kurile Islands south through Japan to eastern China
and Korea, and winters along coasts from Japan and Korea south to eastern China,
Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands.

Sight record. — Alaska, Attu in the Aleutians, 29 May 1980 (Am. Birds, 34:806-
807, 1980). An individual present in San Diego Bay, California, 16-18 November
1954, and collected (Monroe, 1955, Auk, 72, p. 208) is believed to have been a
man-assisted vagrant.

774 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Creagrus furcatus (Néboux). SWALLOW-TAILED GULL.

Larus furcatus Néboux, 1846, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Zool., Ois., pl. 10. (rade de
Monterey, Haute-Californie, error = Galapagos Islands.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in the Galapagos Islands. ranging off South
America from Colombia to Chile. The type locality of Monterey, California, is
regarded as an error.

Sight record.—Panama, northwest of Pifias Bay, Darién. 18 July 1957. one
individual (Robins, 1958, Condor, 60, p. 302).

Columba goodsoni Hartert. DUsky PIGEON.

Columba goodsoni Hartert, 1902, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club, 12, p. 42. (S[an].
Javier, Pambilar and Carondelet, n.w. Ecuador = Pambilar, Ecuador.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in humid lowland forest in western Colombia
and western Ecuador.

Sight record.— Panama (upper Tuira valley, Darién, 7 March 1981. two indi-
viduals, R. Ridgely, V. Emanuel ef a/.).

Coccyzus pumilus Strickland. DwARF CUCKOO.

Coccyzus pumilus Strickland, 1853, in Jardine, Contrib. Ornithol. (1852). p.
28. pl. 82. (Tmnidad, error = Venezuela.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open woodland, forest edge and savanna
in northern Colombia and northern Venezuela (including Margarita Island).

Sight record.—Panama (Tocumen. eastern Panama province, 9 January 1979,
V. Emanuel, D. Wolf et a/.. Ridgely, 1981. Birds Panama, rev. ed., p. 366).

Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte. GRAY-CAPPED CUCKOO.

Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, | (1), p. 112. (Sta.
Fé de Bogota [Colombia].)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open woodland, scrub, and dense brushy
undergrowth in northern Colombia and northern Venezuela, migrating, at least
in part. south to western Peru. This species was listed from Panama initially by
Shelley (1891, Cat. Birds Br. Mus.. 19, p. 303). but it seems clear from the
comments of Wetmore (1968, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (2). pp. 115-116)
that there are no definite records from Panama prior to 1980.

Sight record.— Panama (Tocumen, eastern Panama province, 10 February 1980,
VY. Emanuel and M. Braun: Ridgely, 1981, Birds Panama, rev. ed., p. 366).

Anthracothorax viridigula (Boddaert). GREEN-THROATED MANGO.

Trochilus viridigula Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 41. Based on
Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 671, fig. 1. (Cayenne.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open country. second growth and scrub
from eastern Venezuela (also Trinidad) and the Guianas south to northeastern
Brazil.

APPENDIX A Thi ls;

Sight record.—Lesser Antilles, Union Island in the Grenadines, immature in-
dividual, A. Clark (Bond, 1956, Birds West Indies, ed. 4, p. 91, footnote).

Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus). RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus Mosquitus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 120. Based on
Trochilus rectricibus e@qualibus ferrugineis Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Frider-
ici, 2, p. ... (in Indiis, error = Surinam.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open woodland, scrub, second growth and
savanna from Colombia, Venezuela (also islands from the Netherlands Antilles
east to Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south to central Brazil. An old
report from southwestern Costa Rica (San Pedro) is erroneous.

Sight record.—Lesser Antilles, Grenada, 7-8 September 1962 (Groome, 1970,
Nat. Hist. Grenada, p. 45).

Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot). CATTLE TYRANT.

Tyrannus rixosus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 35, p. 85.
Based on “Suiriri’”? Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax. Parag., 2, p. 148 (no.
197). (Paraguay.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in brushy savanna, open fields, scrub and
cultivated lands in northern and eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela, and
from Bolivia, Paraguay and central Brazil south to northern Argentina and Uru-
guay, with the southernmost populations migratory northward in winter.

Sight record.— Panama (Cana, Darién, 18 June 1981, P. Scharfand G. Vaucher).

Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus). LINED SEEDEATER.

Loxia Lineola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 174. (in Asia, error =
Surinam.)

Habitat & Distribution.— Resident in open woodland, second growth, savanna
and grassy fields in South America from northern and eastern Colombia, Vene-
zuela (also Tobago and Trinidad) and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to
eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and central and south-
eastern Brazil.

Sight record.—Panama (Yaviza, Darién, 30 April 1979, two pairs, J. Pujals;
Ridgely, 1981, Birds Panama, rev. ed., p. 367).

Notes.— The morphologically distinct populations from Tobago and Trinidad
are often regarded as a distinct species, S. bouvronides (Lesson, 1831) [LESSON’s
SEEDEATER], since similar birds appear elsewhere through the range of S. /ineola
(see Schwartz, 1975, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 45, pp. 277-285); should S. bouvronides
be recognized as a species, it will include the Panama report.

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APPENDIX B 6 ka a |

APPENDIX B

Appendix B is the “Hypothetical List” of previous editions (excluding hybrids
and forms of doubtful status). Included in this appendix are all species appearing
in the fifth edition (or published subsequently) that are not now accepted in the
main text for any of the following reasons:

1. The data on which the record is based are either demonstrably erroneous or
in all probability erroneous and cannot now be verified, or have been rejected by
regional committees evaluating such data.

2. Occurrence in the Check-list area is probably through escape from captivity
or through human agency other than intentional introduction, and establishment
(according to presently accepted criteria) is not verified although breeding may
have been reported.

3. Inclusion in previous editions was based exclusively on records from Green-
land, which is outside the area covered by the sixth edition.

Diomedea chrysostoma Forster. GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS.

Diomedea chrysostoma J. R. Forster, 1785, Mém. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 10, p. 571, pl. 14. (voisinage du cercle polaire antarctique & dans
Ocean Pacifique = Isla de los Estados, off Tierra del Fuego.)

A southern ocean species, this albatross breeds on islands off Cape Horn, in the
South Atlantic, in the southern Indian Ocean and off New Zealand. The records
from Oregon (mouth of the Columbia River), California (coast near Golden Gate)
and Panama (Bay of Chiriqui) are deemed unsatisfactory (see A.O.U., 1957,
Check-list N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, p. 643, and Wetmore, 1965, Smithson. Misc.
Collect., 150 (1), pp. 32-33).

Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster). LIGHT-MANTLED ALBATROSS.

Diomedea palpebrata J. R. Forster, 1785, Mém. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris,
10, p. 571, pl. 15. (depuis le degré quarante-septiéme de latitude austral
jusqu’au soixante-onziéme & dix minutes = south of Prince Edward and
Marion islands.)

This species, also known as LIGHT-MANTLED SOOTY-ALBATROSS, breeds on sub-
antarctic islands and ranges in southern oceans. A specimen taken by Townsend
near the “mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon” is the only report for northern
waters; the locality has been regarded as erroneous (A.O.U., 1957, Check-list N.
Am. Birds, ed. 5, p. 644).

Procellaria cinerea Gmelin. GRAY PETREL.

Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 563. Based on the
““Cinereous Fulmar” Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 3 (2), p. 405. (intra cir-
culum Antarcticum = Antarctic seas, lat. 48°S.)

This species, also known as BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER and frequently placed
in the genus Adamastor, breeds on islands in the South Pacific, South Atlantic
and southern Indian oceans, ranging at sea throughout all southern oceans between
lat. 25° and 55°S. A report from California (off Monterey, specimen prior to 1853)
is inadequately substantiated.

778 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot). WHITE-BELLIED STORM-PETREL.

Procellaria grallaria Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 25
(1817), p. 418. (Nouvelle-Hollande = New South Wales, Australia.)

Lawrence (1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, pp. 117-119) reported the capture
of seven individuals in the harbor of St. Marks, Florida; one specimen was pre-
served and given to the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, but its
present whereabouts are unknown. The report has been listed under F. tropica
(Gould, 1844) [BLACK-BELLIED STORM-PETREL] (see A.O.U., 1957, Check-list N.
Am. Birds, ed. 5, pp. 25—26) as well as F. grallaria (see Palmer, 1962, Handb. N.
Am. Birds, 1, pp. 251—254). Since there is confusion as to which of these two
southern pelagic species the report pertains, with the one specimen apparently no
longer extant, it seems best to consider the record as hypothetical.

Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray). RINGED STORM-PETREL.

Thalassidroma Hornbyi G. R. Gray, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1853),
p. 62. (north-west coast of America, error = west coast of South America.)

The type locality originally given for this species, normally found off the Pacific
coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile, is deemed in error (see A.O.U.,
1957, Check-list N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, p. 644).

Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall. GALAPAGOS PENGUIN.

Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 126,
129. (Galapagos Islands.)

Animmature of this Galapagos endemic was captured alive at Puerto Armuelles,
Chiriqui, Panama, in February 1955 (Eisenmann, 1956, Condor, 58, pp. 74-75);
since it 1s unlikely, although not beyond the realm of possibility, that this indi-
vidual reached Panamanian waters on its own, the occurrence is regarded as a
probable result of transport and release by man.

+Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas. PALLAS’ CORMORANT.

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 305. (in
Beringii = Bering Island.)

North American records of this species, known only from Bering Island in the
Commander Islands and extinct since 1852, are unsatisfactory.

Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot). RED-LEGGED CORMORANT.

Carbo Gaimardi Lesson and Garnot, 1828, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool.,
Atlas, 1, livr. 7, pl. 48; 1830, livr. 14, p. 601. (Lima, au Pérou = San Lorenzo
Island, roadstead of Lima, Peru.)

There is a sight record of this species for Texas (Galveston, 28 December 1946;
Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 1, p. 94); even if the sighting had been verified
through a specimen or photograph, the occurrence of this southern South American
species in Texas would have to be the result of an escape from captivity.

APPENDIX B 779

Egretta intermedia (Wagler). INTERMEDIATE EGRET.
Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 659. (Java.)

The specimen of this Old World species, also known as the YELLOW-BILLED or
LESSER EGRET, reportedly taken at Vancouver, British Columbia, may actually
have been obtained elsewhere, and the species is considered hypothetical for the
Americas.

Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus. WHITE SPOONBILL.

Platalea Leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

This widespread Old World species, sometimes called the EUROPEAN SPOONBILL
or, in Old World literature, the SPOONBILL, has been included in previous check-
lists on the basis of several accidental records from Greenland.

Anser anser (Linnaeus). GRAYLAG GOOSE.

Anas Anser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 123. Based on “The
Laughing-Goose”’ Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 153, pl. 153. (in Europa
& America maxime boreali = Sweden.)

An individual of this widespread Eurasian species captured alive on the Hou-
satonic River near Lenox, Massachusetts, 2 December 1932, was considered later
to be a domestic bird (Snyder, 1957, Auk, 74, p. 394). More recent sight records,
mostly in the eastern United States, are thought also to pertain to escapes from
captivity.

Anser indicus Latham. BAR-HEADED GOOSE.

Anser indica Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 839. (in India; hyeme
gregaria; e Thibeto = India in winter, and Tibet.)

Although the wandering of this central Asiatic species to North America is not

beyond the realm of possibility, the individual reported from Oregon (Lower

Klamath, 18 March 1959, photograph; Scott, 1959, Audubon Field Notes, 13, p.
311) is almost certainly an escape from captivity.

Branta ruficollis (Pallas). RED-BREASTED GOOSE.

Anser ruficollis Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 6, p. 21, pl. 4. (lower Ob,
southern Russia.)

This western Siberian species has been recorded in North America between
September and April from California (six reports, 1890's to 1969), Maine (1962)
and Texas (1969-1970). It is widely kept by aviculturists, and these records prob-
ably pertain to escaped individuals.

Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas). RUDDY SHELDUCK.

Anas ferruginea Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raissoné Ois., Adumbr., p. 5.
(No locality given = Tartary.)

780 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

This Eurasian species has been recorded casually as a stray in western Greenland.
Reports from California, and in eastern North America from Iowa, Ohio, Quebec
and Rhode Island south to Kentucky and New Jersey, most likely pertain to escapes
from captivity: a record from North Carolina (Waterlily, 1886) is regarded as
erroneous.

Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus). COMMON SHELDUCK.

Anas Tadorna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 122. (in Europe
maritimis = Sweden.)

This Eurasian species, known in Old World literature as the SHELDUCK and kept
widely in captivity, has been recorded from Massachusetts (Ipswich Bay, 1921)
and Delaware (Bombay Hook, 1970-1976), mostly likely escaped individuals; in
addition, several other reports of birds definitely known to have escaped have
appeared in the literature.

Netta rufina (Pallas). RED-CRESTED POCHARD.

Anas rufina Pallas, 1773, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 2, p. 713. (in
Mari Caspio lacubusque vastissimis deserti Tatarici = Caspian Sea.)

The report of a specimen of this Eurasian species from Long Island Sound
(1881) is unsatisfactory; the specimen cannot be located. Sight reports of indi-
viduals in eastern North America pertain to individuals escaped from captivity.

Aythya baeri (Radde). BAER’s POCHARD.

Anas (Fuligula) Baeri Radde, 1863, Reisen Sud. Ost-Sib., 2, p. 376, pl. 15.
(in der oberen Salbatsche-Ebene auf dem rechten Amurufer = upper Sal-
batch Plains, middle Amur River, eastern Siberia.)

This species has been included in the North American avifauna on the basis of
two specimens (one still extant) reportedly taken about 1841 by Titian Peale in
“Oregon” (= southern British Columbia to Oregon: see Friedmann, 1949, Condor,
51, pp. 43-44). Although the extant specimen is apparently baeri (there has been
some question as it is not typically plumaged), it is unlikely that this central Asiatic
species would wander to the American coast; the possibility of an error in location
is substantial. It seems best to consider the species as hypothetical for North
America.

Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus). EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK.

Falco Nisus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 92. (in Europa = Sweden.)

An immature female of this species, also known as the EUROPEAN or NORTHERN
SPARROWHAWK and, in Old World literature, the SPARROW HAWK, was reported
from New Jersey (Cape May, 24 October 1978; N. J. Audubon Suppl., 5:11, 1979);
the individual photographed is not identifiable as this Old World species, and the
record is regarded as hypothetical.

Falco subbuteo Linnaeus. NORTHERN HOBBY.

Falco Subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.. ed. 10, 1, p. 89. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

APPENDIX B 781

A report of an individual of this widespread Eurasian species, known in Old
World literature as the Hossy, from Cordova, Alaska, on 19 September 1977
(Roberson, 1980, Rare Birds W. Coast, p. 481) and deemed “possibly correct” is
regarded as unsatisfactory.

Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. WATER RAIL.

Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 153. (in Europa =
Great Britain.)

This Eurasian species was included in former check-lists on the basis of several
stragglers taken in Greenland. There are no known reports from the area treated
in the present volume.

Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). PIED LAPWING.

Charadrius cayanus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol., 2, p. 749. Based mainly
on “Le Pluvier armé de Cayenne” Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8. p. 102. (in
Cayana = Cayenne.)

The report of this South American species from Honduras, based on a reputed
specimen from the “Aloor River” [= Rio Ulta] region (1855-1856), is regarded
as unsatisfactory (see Monroe, 1968, A.O.U. Ornithol. Monogr., no. 7, pp. 109-
110).

Charadrius veredus Gould. ORIENTAL PLOVER.

Charadrius veredus Gould, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38. (Northern
Australia.)

This Asiatic species has been reported as a vagrant in Greenland (A.O.U., 1957,
Check-list N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, pp. 165-166, footnote, as C. asiaticus veredus):
there are no North American records.

Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. EURASIAN OYSTERCATCHER.

Hematopus Ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 152. (in
Europe, Americ septentrionalis littoribus marinis = Oland Island, Swe-
den.)

This Old World species, known also as EUROPEAN OyYSTERCATCHER and, in Old
World literature, as the OySTERCATCHER, has been included in former check-lists
because of records of stragglers in Greenland.

Tringa totanus (Linnaeus). COMMON REDSHANK.

Scolopax Totanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

This species, known in Old World literature as the REDSHANK, breeds in the
Palearctic and winters south to southern Africa and the East Indies; it was included
in the 5th edition on the basis of a record for Greenland. A sight report from
Nova Scotia (Halifax, within a week of 3 January 1960; Audubon Field Notes,
14:82, 1960) is more likely based on 7. erythropus; another report from Copano
Bay, Texas, originally listed as 7. totanus, definitely pertains to 7. erythropus (see
Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 1, pp. 343-344).

782 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Gallinago media (Latham). GREAT SNIPE.

Scolopax Media Latham, 1787, Gen. Synop. Birds, suppl., 1, p. 292. (Lan-
cashire, England.)

This Eurasian species, which winters in Africa, was supposedly photographed
in New Jersey (Cape May, 7 September 1963; Audubon Field Notes, 18:21, 1964),
but the report has not been verified.

Catharacta chilensis (Bonaparte). CHILEAN SKUA.

Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, 1856, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2
(1857), p. 207. (ex Amf[erica]. m[eridionale]. = Chile.)

Reports of this South American form in Pacific waters off the coast of North
America pertain to C. maccormicki (see Devillers, 1977, Auk, 94, pp. 417-429).

Sterna sumatrana Raffles. BLACK-NAPED TERN.

Sterna Sumatrana Raffles, 1822, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13 (2), p. 329.
(Sumatra.)

This tern ranges throughout much of the Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific from
southeastern China and the Ryukyu, Caroline, Gilbert and Phoenix islands south
to Australia, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Old reports from the Hawai-
ian Islands (Kauai, Hawaii) are erroneous (based on specimens of S. hirundo),
although pre-recent or subfossil bones have been reported from Hawaii.

Sterna trudeaui Audubon. TRUDEAU’S TERN.

Sterna Trudeaui Audubon, 1838, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl. 409, fig. 2 (1839,
Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 125). (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.)

This species, known also as SNOWY-CROWNED TERN, breeds in marshes in Chile
(province of Curico) and Argentina (Santa Fé, Entre Rios and Buenos Aires prov-
inces) and winters along the coast of Chile and Peru. The type was supposedly
taken by Audubon at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; the natural occurrence of
this species in North America is highly questionable.

Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas). WHISKERED TERN.

Sterna hybrida Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 338. (circa Jaicum seu
Rhymnum, australem Volgam et ad Sarpae lacus = Southern Volga and
Sarpa Lake, southeastern Russia.)

A specimen of this Old World species, known also as MARSH TERN, in the
British Museum that is labelled ““Barbados” is generally regarded as of doubtful
origin (see Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.,
13 (1), no. 3, p. 292, footnote).

Cepphus carbo Pallas. SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT.

Cepphus carbo Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 350. (circa insulas
Aleuticas, error = Kurile Islands.)

APPENDIX B 783

The type locality of this Asiatic species, known also as Sooty GUILLEMOT. is
regarded as erroneous; there is no evidence for its occurrence in North American
waters.

Nandayus nenday (Vieillot). BLACK-HOODED PARAKEET.

Psittacus nenday Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl.
Méth., Ornithol., 3, livr. 93, p. 1400. (Paraguay.)

This southern South American species, known also as NANDAY PARAKEET or
CONURE, is widely reported in the United States and Puerto Rico as an escape.
There have been several reports of breeding (especially in southern California),
and a small population has apparently become established in recent years at Coney
Island, Brooklyn, New York.

Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix). BLUE-wINGED PARROTLET.

Psittacula xanthopterygius Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 42, pl.
31. (Amazon Basin.)

This South American species has. been doubtfully recorded from Panama [as
F. passerinus spengeli (Hartlaub, 1885)].

Amazona amazonica (Linnaeus). ORANGE-WINGED PARROT.

Psittacus amazonicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 147. Based
mainly on “Le Perroquet Amazone” Brisson, Ornithologie, 4, p. 256. (in
Surinamo = Surinam.)

Small numbers of this recently introduced South American species are now
resident and apparently breeding in Puerto Rico (San Juan area); it likely will
meet criteria for establishment within the next few years.

Aerodramus vanikorensis (Quoy and Gaimard). GRAY SWIFTLET.

Hirundo vanikorensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., |, p.
206; Atlas, Ois., pl. 12, fig. 3. (Island and Vanikoro.)

This species, known also (along with related species) as CAVE, UNIFORM or
Mossy-NEST SWIFTLET, ranges from Guam, the Palau Islands and Celebes south
to New Guinea, northeastern Australia (Queensland) and the Solomon Islands,
and has been introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahu, from the Guam
population in 1962 and 1965), with breeding confirmed in 1978. However, es-
tablishment of a stable population is not yet certain, and the identity of the swifltlet
now present has not been definitely ascertained. Relationships among species
within the genus are uncertain; the Guam (and presumably Hawaiian) form has
sometimes been treated as a race of C. inexpectata Hume, 1873, a group now
generally considered conspecific with C. fuciphaga (Thunberg, 1912), which occurs
in southeast Asia, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Philippines and Greater
Sunda Islands.

Amazilia chionopectus (Gould). WHITE-CHESTED EMERALD.

Thaumatias chionopectus Gould, 1859, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 18, pl. [8] and
text. (Trinidad).

784 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Four specimens of this South American species in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology are labeled ““Grenada W. I. Peter Gellineau’”’; since these are of a typical
Trinidad “trade skin” make, they are regarded as mislabeled (Ridgway, 1911,
Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 50 (5), p. 431, footnote).

Amazilia tobaci (Gmelin). COPPER-RUMPED HUMMINGBIRD.

Trochilus Tobaci Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1 (1), p. 498. Based on the ““Tobago
Humming-bird”’ Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1 (2), p. 781. (in insula To-
bago.)

This species is known primarily from Tobago, Trinidad and Venezuela. Spec-
imens in the Boucard collection, labeled ““Grenada’’, may have been taken on
Tobago (Bond, 1956, Birds W. Indies, ed. 4, p. 91, footnote), and the occurrence
of the species in the Lesser Antilles is regarded as doubtful.

Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee. CHOCO TOUCAN.

Ramphastos ambiguus brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 97, p. 14. (Rio Mechengue (2500 ft.), Cauca, western
Colombia.)

This species, distributed along the Pacific lowlands of western Colombia and
western Ecuador, was attributed to eastern Panama (as Ramphastos ambiguus)
by Ridgway (1914, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 50 (6), p. 339) on the basis of a
specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology reported from Loma del Leén
(eastern Darién); Wetmore (1968, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 150 (2), p. 526) and
subsequent authors regard the locality as uncertain.

Celeus immaculatus Berlepsch. IMMACULATE WOODPECKER.

Celeus immaculatus Berlepsch, 1880, Ibis, p. 113. (Agua dulce, Panama.)

Both the identity and source of the unique type specimen of C. immaculatus
have been questioned. The type locality was based on the “make” of the type
specimen, a trade skin of uncertain origin. The relationship of C. immaculatus
appears to be with the South American C. elegans or possibly with C. castaneus;
regardless of the final disposition of this form, the uncertainty of the origin warrants
relegation to hypothetical status.

Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye. BAR-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE.

Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7, p. 82.
(Colombie = Bogota, Colombia.)

This species, known from the northern Andes in extreme western Venezuela
and Colombia, was recorded by Sclater (1890, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 15, p. 211)
from Panama; there is apparently no basis for this listing, and the report is regarded
as erroneous.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Boddaert). RED-BILLED BLUE-MAGPIE.

Corvus erythrorynchus [sic] Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 38.
Based on the ““Geay de la Chine a bec rouge”’ Daubenton, Planches Enlum.,
pl. 622. (China = Canton, China.)

APPENDIX B LSS

This widespread species of southeast Asia became established in the mid-1960's
in the Hawaiian Islands (in the Kahaluu Valley on Oahu) through escaped indi-
viduals, but apparently has now been extirpated; also introduced in Puerto Rico,
but no population has become established.

Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus. EURASIAN ROOK.

Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

An Old World species, generally called the ROOK, this corvid had been included
in earlier check-lists on the basis of a record from southeastern Greenland.

Corvus corone Linnaeus. CARRION CROW.

Corvus Corone Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105. (in Europa =
England.)

The distinct form of this Eurasian species occurring in Eire, Scotland, and from
eastern Europe eastward, formerly treated as a separate species, C. cornix Lin-
naeus, 1758 [HOODED Crow], has been included previously on the basis of a
specimen from Greenland.

Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus). WILLOW WARBLER.

" Motacilla Trochilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 188. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

A specimen, reported as this widespread Eurasian species (which has also strag-
gled to Greenland), was taken at Barrow, Alaska, on 10 June 1952 (Pitelka, 1974,
Arct. Alp. Res., 6, pp. 161-184); however, recent examination of the specimen
indicates that it is an example of P. borealis (see Roberson, 1981, Rare Birds W.
Coast, pp. 481-482).

Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus). MAGPIE ROBIN.

Gracula Saularis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 109. Based mainly
on the “‘Dialbird’’ Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 17, pl. 17-18. (in Asia =
Bengal.)

Various introductions of this species in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai and Oahu)
were made between 1922 and 1950, but there is no evidence of establishment;
there have been no reliable reports since 1967.

Saxicola rubetra (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN WHINCHAT.
Motacilla Rubetra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 186. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

A sight report of this European species, known in Old World literature as the
WHINCHAT, from Massachusetts (Lincoln, 22 October 1964; Am. Birds, 19:8,
1965) is considered unsatisfactory.

786 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Saxicola torquata (Linnaeus). STONECHAT.

Motacilla torquata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 328. (Cape of
Good Hope.)

A sight report of this widespread Old World species from Alaska (Gambell, St.

Lawrence Island, 6 June 1978: Roberson, 1980, Rare Birds W. Coast. p. 481) is
considered unsatisfactory.

Garrulax caerulatus (Hodgson). GRAY-SIDED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Cinclosoma Caerulatus Hodgson, 1836, Asiat. Res., 19, p. 147. (Nepal.)

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu), this laughing-thrush was frequently
recorded during the 1940's and 1950's; a well-substantiated sighting in the same
locality in 1978 (Taylor and Collins, 1979, Elepaio, 39, pp. 79-81) suggests that
the species is established in small numbers on Oahu, but the specific identification
of the recent report has not been verified.

Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus). MEADOW PIPIT.
Anthus pratensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1, p. 166. (in Europe
pratis = Sweden.)

This Palearctic species breeds in Greenland and has been included in previous
Check-lists on that basis.

Acridotheres javanicus Cabanis. WHITE-VENTED MyYnNa.

Acridotheres javanicus Cabanis, 1850. Mus. Heineanum, 1 (1851), p. 205.
(Java.)

A native of southeast Asia, this species has been introduced in recent years in
Puerto Rico (Bayam6on area); criteria for establishment will likely be met in the
next few years.

Euphonia mesochrysa Salvadori. BRONZE-GREEN EUPHONIA.

Euphonia mesochrysa Salvadon, 1873, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Cl. Sci.
Fis. Math. Nat.. 8. p. 193. (No locality given = Bogota, Colombia.)

The locality “Honduras” on the label of a specimen in the Academy of Natural
Sciences at Philadelphia is regarded as erroneous: the species ranges from Colom-
bia to Peru and Bolivia.

Piranga rubriceps Gray: RED-HOODED TANAGER.

Pyranga rubriceps G. R. Gray. 1844, Genera Birds, 2. p. 364, pl. 89, lower
fig. (No locality given = Bogota. Colombia.)

This South American species, also known as GRAY’S TANAGER, is native to
western Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru. A specimen taken about 1871 at
Dos Pueblos [= Naples], Santa Barbara County, California, is regarded as a escaped
cage bird.

APPENDIX B 787

Emberiza aureola Pallas. YELLOW-BREASTED BUNTING.

Emberiza Aureola Pallas, 1773, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, 2, p. 711.
(Irtysh River, south-central Siberia.)

A sight report of this Asian species from Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island.
26-27 June 1978; Roberson, 1980, Rare Birds W. Coast, p. 482) is regarded as
unsatisfactory.

Icterus nigrogularis (Hahn). YELLOW ORIOLE.

Xanthornus nigrogularis Hahn, 1819, Végel Asien, Afr., etc., lief 5, pl. 1.
(Jamaica, Mexico, and Cayenne = Brazil.)

There is an old specimen from the “Isthmus of Panama” of this South American
species; the locality is regarded as questionable.

Carduelis spinus (Linnaeus). EURASIAN SISKIN.

Fringilla Spinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. (in Europe
juniperetis = Sweden.)

Early introductions of this Eurasian species, known in Old World literature as
the SIsKIN, in Oregon and Ohio were unsuccessful. One individual was seen in
Massachusetts (Cambridge, August 1904, W. Brewster; Forbush, 1929, Birds Mass..
3, p. 32) while another was trapped in Maine (Kittery, 24 March 1962; Borror,
1963, Auk, 80, p. 201) and subsequently preserved; these birds are considered to
be escapes from captivity. A sight record from Alaska (Attu in the Aleutians, 4
June 1978; Roberson, 1980, Rare Birds W. Coast, p. 482) is considered unsat-
isfactory.

Carduelis magellanica (Vieillot). HOODED SISKIN.

Fringilla magellanica Vieillot, 1805, Ois. Chant., pl. 30. (southern America
and vicinity of Straits of Magellan, error = Buenos Aires, Argentina.)

A specimen of this widespread South American species taken at Henderson,
Kentucky, was described and figured by Audubon (1838, Birds Am. (folio), 4, pl.
394, fig. 2: 1839, Ornithol. Biogr., 5, p. 46); it is regarded as an escape from
captivity.

Carduelis chloris (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN GREENFINCH.

Loxia chloris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 174. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

An individual of this European finch, known in Old World literature as the
GREENFINCH, was present (and photographed) at St. John, New Brunswick, 31
March-3 April 1977 (Am. Birds, 31:977, 1977); although thissport may represent
a natural vagrant, a pattern of such vagrancy in a popular cage-bird species should
be demonstrated before the species is removed from hypothetical status.

788 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Lagonosticta rubricata (Lichtenstein). AFRICAN FIRE-FINCH.

Fringilla rubricata Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 27.
(terra Caffrorum = Uitenhage, Cape Province, Africa.)

Successful breeding of escaped pairs of this widespread African species was
reported at Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California, in 1965 and 1966 (Am.
Birds, 20:90, 598, 1966), but no population became established: it was also in-
troduced in the 1960’s in the Hawaiian Islands, where persisting into the mid-
1970’s, although it has since disappeared.

APPENDIX C 789

APPENDIX C

Appendix C contains forms of doubtful status or of hybrid origin that have
been given a formal scientific name.

Lophortyx leucoprosopon Reichenow, 1895, Ornithol. Monatsber., 3, p. | 1. (Origin
unknown).

Known only from a living pair in a private aviary, believed to have been bought
from a sailor arriving at Hamburg, Germany, this quail is generally regarded as
a hybrid between Callipepla douglasii and C. gambelii.

Tringa cooperi Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv.
R. R. Pac., 9, p. 716. (Long Island [New York].)

Known from the unique type specimen, taken in May 1833, the Cooper’s
SANDPIPER, while certainly a representative of the present genus Ca/idris, remains
in undetermined status (Ridgway, 1919, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 50 (8), p. 289).

Larus nelsoni Henshaw, 1884, Auk, 1, p. 250. (St. Michael, Alaska.)

NELSON’S GULL [46] is regarded as a hybrid between L. hyperboreus and L.
argentatus (Dwight, 1925, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 52, p. 249).

Amazilia Ocai Gould, 1859, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 4, p. 96. (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz.)

This unique hummingbird is regarded as a hybrid between Amazilia cyano-
cephala and A. beryllina (Berlioz, 1932, Ois. Rev. Fr. Ornithol., new ser., 2, p.
5)3)!)));

Thaumatias lerdi d’Oca, 1875, La Naturaleza, 3, p. 24. (Paso del Mancho, Vera
Cruz.) ;

Of uncertain identity, this form may also represent a hybrid between Amazilia
cyanocephala and A. beryllina.

Saucerottia florenceae van Rossem and Hachisuka, 1938, Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist., 8, p. 408. (Rancho Santa Barbara, 5000 feet, 20 miles northeast of
Guirocoba, Sonora.)

The unique type of FLORENCE’S HUMMINGBIRD is Closest to Amazilia beryllina
and is probably a hybrid between that species and some other unidentified one.
Cyanomyia salvini Brewster, 1893, Auk, 10, p. 214. (Nacosari, Sonora.)

This form, known as SALVIN’S HUMMINGBIRD, is regarded as a hybrid between
Amazilia violiceps and Cynanthus latirostris (Griscom, 1934, Bull. Mus. Comp.
ZOO HAG. 155). 5113):

Amaczilis [sic] bangsi Ridgway, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 54. (Volcan
de Miravalles, Costa Rica.)

This hummingbird is regarded as a hybrid between Amazilia rutila and A
tzacatl (Bangs, 1930, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 70, p. 218).

790 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Trochilus violajugulum Jeffries, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 168. (Santa Barbara, California.)

This form is now regarded as a hybrid between Archilochus alexandri and
Calypte anna (Banks and Johnson, 1961. Condor, 63, p. 10).

Phasmornis mystica Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, 2, p. 485. (Boot Spring,
Chisos Mts., Texas.)

Described from the unique type (subsequently lost) as a new species (and genus),
the CHIsoSs HUMMINGBIRD probably represents a hybrid (of unknown parentage)
or an aberrant individual of Archilochus alexandri.

Selasphorus floresii Gould, 1861, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 23, pl. [10] and text.
(Bolafios, Jalisco, México.)

This hummingbird is regarded as a hybrid between S. sasin and Calypte anna.

Regulus cuvieri Audubon, 1829, Birds Am. (folio), 1, pl. 55 (1831, Ormmithol. Biogr.,
1, p. 288). (Fatland Ford, about ten miles west of Norristown, Pennsylvania.)

CUVIER’S KINGLET is known only from Audubon’s description and plate of a
specimen (since lost) taken in June 1812 and of uncertain identity; the drawing
may have been based partly on memory and thus be inaccurate.

Vireosylvia propinqua Baird, 1866, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, pp. 345, 348. (Coban, Vera
Paz, Guatemala.)

This form is regarded as a probable hybrid between Vireo flavifrons and V.
solitarius.

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster, 1874, Am. Sportsman, 5 (3), p. 33.
(Newtonville. Massachusetts.)

BREWSTER’S WARBLER is a hybrid form between Vermivora pinus and V. chry-
soptera, displaying the face pattern of V. pinus. See also comments under V. pinus
(page T3).

Helminthophaga Lawrencii Herrick. 1875, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 26
(1874), p. 220. (bank of the Passaic, near Chatham, New Jersey.)

LAWRENCE'S WARBLER is a hybrid form between Vermivora pinus and V. chry-
soptera, displaying the face pattern of V. chrysoptera. See also comments under
V. pinus (page T3).

Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis Langdon, 1880, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 3,

p. 119. (Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio.)

The CINCINNATI WARBLER is regarded as a hybrid between Vermivora pinus
and Oporornis formosus (Ridgway, 1880, Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club, 5, p. 237).
Dendroica potomac Haller, 1940, Cardinal. 5, p. 50. (Berkeley County, twelve

miles south of Martinsburg, West Virginia.)

SUTTON’s WARBLER is generally regarded as a hybrid between D. dominica and
Parula americana.

APPENDIX C 79\

Sylvia carbonata Audubon, 1829, Birds Am. (folio), 1, pl. 60 (1831, Ornithol.
Biogr., 1, p. 308). (Near Henderson, Kentucky.)

Audubon’s description and plate of two specimens of the CARBONATED WARBLER
taken in May 1811 (since lost) are not identifiable with any known species; the
plates may have been based partly on memory.

Sylvia montana Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 5, p. 113, pl. 44, fig. 2. (Near the
Blue Mountains, Virginia.)

The BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER is known only from the plates of Wilson and
Audubon, and is not identifiable as any known species.

Muscicapa minuta (not Gmelin, 1789) Wilson, 1812, Am. Ornithol., 6, p. 62, pl.
50, fig. 5. (New Jersey.)

Sylvania microcephala Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8, p. 354. New
name for Muscicapa minuta Wilson, preoccupied.

This odd bird, called the SMALL-HEADED FLYCATCHER, iS known only from the
works of Wilson and Audubon whose specimens (since lost) came from New
Jersey and Kentucky, respectively; it has generally been considered to be a paruline
and has never been satisfactorily identified with any known species.

Emberiza townsendi Audubon, 1834, Ornithol. Biogr., 2, p. 183. (near New Gar-
den, Chester County, Pennsylvania.)

TOWNSEND’S BUNTING is known only from the unique type, taken 11 May 1833
by John K. Townsend; it is generally treated in the genus Spiza, although its
peculiarities cannot be accounted for by hybridism or apparently by individual
variation.

Aegiothus (flavirostris var.) Brewsterii Ridgway, 1872, Am. Nat., 6, p. 434. (Wal-
tham, Massachusetts.)

BREWSTER’S LINNET is known only from the type, taken | November 1870,
which possibly is a hybrid between Carduelis flammeus and C. pinus.

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iy Prue sae

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| ; : ; : =4 7 -
- Prvg* j ,
i - ;

APPENDIX D 793

APPENDIX D

Appendix D is a list of deliberately introduced species or escaped captives of
which there are records but that are deemed not to have become established nor
of sufficient importance to warrant treatment in Appendix B.

Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815). RED-wINGED TINAMOU.
Nothoprocta ornata (Taczanowski, 1867). ORNATE TINAMOU.
Nothoprocta perdicaria (Kittlitz, 1830). CHILEAN TINAMOU.
Nothura darwinii Gray, 1867. DARWIN’s NOTHURA.

Nothura maculosa (Temminck, 1815). SPOTTED NOTHURA.
Eudromia elegans Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832. CRESTED TINAMOU.
Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790). BLACK SwAN.

Cygnus melanocoryphus (Molina, 1782). BLACK-NECKED SWAN.
Anser cygnoides (Linnaeus, 1758). SWAN Goose.

Chenonetta jubata (Latham, 1801). MANED Goose.

Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758. COMMON CAPERCAILLIE.

Lyrurus tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758). EURASIAN BLACK-GROUSE.
Tetrastes bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758). HAZEL GROUSE.

Ammoperdix griseogularis (Brandt, 1843). SEE-SEE PARTRIDGE.
Tetraogallus himalayensis Gray, 1843. HIMALAYAN SNOWCOCK.
Alectoris graeca (Meisner, 1804). Rock PARTRIDGE.

Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus, 1758). RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE.

Alectoris barbara (Bonnaterre, 1790). BARBARY PARTRIDGE.
Francolinus pintadeanus (Scopoli, 1786). CHINESE FRANCOLIN.
Francolinus adspersus Waterhouse, 1838. RED-BILLED FRANCOLIN.
Francolinus icterorhynchus Heuglin, 1863. HEUGLIN’S FRANCOLIN.
Francolinus clappertoni Children, 1826. CLAPPERTON’S FRANCOLIN.
Francolinus leucoscepus (Gray, 1867). YELLOW-NECKED SPURFOWL.
Coturnix pectoralis Gould, 1837. STUBBLE QUAIL.

Coturnix chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766). BLUE-BREASTED QUAIL.
Rollulus rouloul (Scopoli, 1786). CRESTED WOOD-PARTRIDGE.
Bambusicola thoracica (Temminck, 1815). CHINESE BAMBOO-PARTRIDGE.
Gallus sonneratii Temminck, 1813. GRAY JUNGLEFOWL.

Lophura nycthemera (Linnaeus, 1758). SILVER PHEASANT.
Syrmaticus reevesii (Gray, 1829). REEVES’ PLEASANT.

Syrmaticus soemmerringii (Temminck, 1830). COPPER PHEASANT.
Syrmaticus ellioti (Swinhoe, 1872). ELLIOT’S PHEASANT.
Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus, 1758). GOLDEN PHEASANT.
Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater, 1829). LADY AMHERST PHEASANT.
Turnix varia (Latham, 1801). PAINTED BUTTONQUAIL.

Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758). PURPLE SWAMPHEN.

Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826. SILVER GULL.

Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas, 1773). PALLAS’ SANDGROUSE.
Columba palumbus Linnaeus, 1758. WooD PIGEON.

Columba corensis Jacquin, 1784. BARE-EYED PIGEON.

Geopelia cuneata (Latham 1801). DIAMOND Dove.

Geopelia humeralis (Temminck, 1821). BAR-SHOULDERED DOVE.
Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758). EMERALD Dove.

Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck, 1822). CRESTED PIGEON.

Phaps chalcoptera (Latham, 1790). COMMON BRONZEWING.

794 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Petrophassa plumifera (Gould, 1842). SprintFEx PIGEON.

Petrophassa smithii (Jardine and Selby, 1830). PARTRIDGE PIGEON.

Gallicolumba luzonica (Scopoli, 1786). BLEEDING-HEART PIGEON.

Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham, 1801). WONGA PIGEON.

Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus, 1758). NICOBAR PIGEON.

Trichoglossus haematod (Linnaeus, 1771). RAINBOW LORIKEET.

Eolophus roseicapillus (Vieillot, 1817). GALAH.

Cacatua sulphurea (Gmelin, 1788). LESSER SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO.

Cacatua galerita (Latham, 1790). GREATER SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO.

Cacatua moluccensis (Gmelin, 1788). SALMON-CRESTED COCKATOO.

Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr, 1792). COCKATIEL.

Eclectus roratus (Miller, 1776). EcLEcTUS PARROT.

Platycercus adscitus (Latham, 1790). PALE-HEADED ROSELLA.

Agapornis roseicollis (Vieillot, 1818). PEACH-FACED LOVEBIRD.

Agapornis fischeri Reichenow, 1887. FISCHER’S LOVEBIRD.

Agapornis personata Reichenow, 1887. MASKED LOVEBIRD.

Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766). PLUM-HEADED PARAKEET.

Psittacula roseata Biswas, 1951. BLOSSOM-HEADED PARAKEET.

Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758. GRAY PARROT.

Pyrrhura melanura (Spix, 1824). MAROON-TAILED PARAKEET.

Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820). SCALY-HEADED PARROT.

Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758). TURQUOISE-FRONTED PARROT.

Melanocorypha mongolica (Pallas, 1776). MONGOLIAN LARK.

Lullula arborea (Linnaeus, 1758). Woop LARK.

Cyanocorax chrysops (Vieillot, 1818). PLUSH-CRESTED JAY.

Grallina cyanoleuca (Latham, 1801). MAGPIE-LARK.

Parus major Linnaeus, 1758. GREAT TIT.

Parus caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758. BLUE Tit.

Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758). BLACKCAP.

Cyanoptila cyanomelana (Temminck, 1829). BLUE-AND-WHITE FLYCATCHER.

Rhipidura leucophrys (Latham, 1790). WILLIE-WAGTAIL.

Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758). EUROPEAN ROBIN.

Luscinia akahige (Temminck, 1835). JAPANESE ROBIN.

Luscinia komadori (Temminck, 1835). RyUKYU ROBIN.

Luscinia megarhynchos Brehm, 1831. EUROPEAN NIGHTINGALE.

Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831. SONG THRUSH.

Garrulax albogularis (Gould, 1836). WHITE-THROATED LAUGHING-THRUSH.

Garrulax leucolophus (Hardwicke, 1815). WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHING-THRUSH.

Garrulax monileger (Hodgson, 1836). LESSER NECKLACED LAUGHING-THRUSH.

Garrulax chinensis (Scopoli, 1786). BLACK-THROATED LAUGHING-THRUSH.

Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758). EURASIAN DIPPER.

Prunella modularis (Linnaeus, 1758). DUNNOCK.

Trena puella (Latham, 1790). BLUE-MANTLED FAIRY-BLUEBIRD.

Sturnus nigricollis (Paykull, 1807). BLACK-COLLARED STARLING.

Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758. YELLOWHAMMER.

Gubernatrix cristata (Vieillot, 1817). YELLOW CARDINAL.

Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758). RED-COWLED CARDINAL.

Paroaria gularis (Linnaeus, 1766). RED-CAPPED CARDINAL.

Sturnella loyca (Bonaparte, 1850) [= Pezites militaris (Linnaeus, 1771)]. GREATER
RED-BREASTED MEADOWLARK.

APPENDIX D 795

Loxia pytyopsittacus Borkhausen, 1793. PARROT CROSSBILL.
Serinus leucopygius (Sundavell, 1850). WHITE-RUMPED SEEDEATER.
Carduelis cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758). EURASIAN LINNET.

Passer luteus (Lichtenstein, 1823). GOLDEN SPARROW.

Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766). BAYA WEAVER.

Emblema guttata (Shaw, 1796). DIAMOND FIRETAIL.

Poephila guttata (Vieillot, 1817). ZEBRA FINCH.

Lagonosticta senegala (Linnaeus, 1766). RED-BILLED FIRE-FINCH.
Uraeginthus angolensis (Linnaeus, 1758). AFRICAN CORDONBLEU.
Uraeginthus cyanocephala (Richmond, 1897). BLUE-CAPPED CORDONBLEU.
Amandava formosa (Latham, 1790). GREEN AVADAVAT.
Amandava subflava (Vieillot, 1819). ZEBRA WAXBILL.

Lonchura nana (Pucheran, 1845). MADAGASCAR MANNIKIN.
Amandina fasciata (Gmelin, 1789). CUT-THROAT FINCH.

Vidua chalybeata (Miiller, 1776). VILLAGE INDIGOBIRD.

Vidua paradisaea (Linnaeus, 1758). PARADISE WHYDAH.

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betwee! terhert Reacher Be ley yy Mb cacy
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T bales pete MA 4b Perry i -< Pie w 5 ms he
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rus wt i) Ge Fb sR Gt vi Arsh CL ARQENAS ;

: ‘4 *
STi fiele' ae 7 Tr Baru ePr | Aa)! ¥ sary ry. iret A, er iy ‘?

AOU NUMBERS 797

A.O.U. NUMBERS

Following the policy of previous check-list editions, we have continued to pro-
vide A.O.U. numbers. Originally, the stimulus was to retain stability in the mark-
ing of egg sets in collections, but with the increased usage of computers, particularly
by federal agencies involved with birds, there is added reason to provide such
numbers.

Subsequent to the establishment of the original list in the first edition of the
Check-list, radical changes in classification have resulted in the sequence losing
much of its taxonomic usefulness; however, groups have tended to remain rela-
tively intact, and it is the intent of the present edition to provide numbers in as
taxonomically sound a way as is possible while retaining numbers already estab-
lished.

Major policy changes in the sixth edition have also caused a change in appli-
cation of numbers. It is not our intent to provide numbers for Middle American
or West Indian birds, and, indeed, such a vast number of new forms would require
an essentially new numbering system to accommodate all species. In addition,
subspecies are not treated herein and thus will not be considered in the numbering
system; in the past, letters were added after the A.O.U. species number (e.g., 58 1a,
581b, etc.) to indicate subspecies.

A.O.U. numbers are here provided for all species (and groups sometimes con-
sidered as species) in the United States and Canada, including the Hawaiian
Islands; thus, Greenland, Baja California and Bermuda are removed from the area
of consideration. Any number previously assigned by the A.O.U. will remain
unchanged (unless two or more numbers now apply to a species, in which case
one will be used and the other indicated as an equivalent in the List of A.O.U.
Numbers). In the List, any number previously assigned a species not currently
recognized as occurring in the United States or Canada will be so indicated. Species
currently included in the main body of the Check-list are assigned numbers; species
appearing in the Appendices will not be given numbers.

New numbers are added as in the past by providing an additional digit (e.g.,
622.1, 622.2, etc.), selecting a number in the appropriate place based on our current
classification and availability of a number. Additional three-digit numbers are
provided following 768 (the terminal number in the past) to accommodate the
muscicapines, monarchines, drepanidines and estrildids, thus bringing the system
through number 813. There are ample numbers remaining within the present
system to handle future additions, providing the area of coverage is not expanded.
Certain federal agencies involved with species from U.S. territories and protec-
torates (e.g., Guam, Puerto Rico) that are not included in the areas covered by
the previous A.O.U. numbering system have provided their own “numbers” for
such species. We feel that such piecemeal additions are inconsistent with the
geographic coverage of the A.O.U. Check-list and also will cause additional prob-
lems within the numbering system. This is especially true of those territories such
as Guam that are totally outside the expanded coverage of the sixth edition.

798

- INo verified reports for Untied States/Canada.

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

LIST OF A.O.U. NUMBERS
* New AOU number assigned.

x a brid or unknown form.
fl

G0 Ue be

Aechmophorus occidentalis
= | [clarkii I]
Podiceps grisegena
P. auritus
P_ nigricollis
Tachybaptus dominicus
Podilymbus podiceps
Gavia immer
G. adamsii
= 10 [arctica 1
G. arctica |pacifica 1|
= 10 [viridigularis T
G. stellata
Fratercula cirrhata
F. arctica
F. corniculata
Cerorhinca monocerata
Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Cyclorrhynchus psittacula
Aethia cristatella
A. pygmaea
A. pusilla
Synthliboramphus antiquus
[S. wumizusume]
Brachyramphus marmoratus
B. brevirostris
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
S_ craveri
Cepphus grylle
= 27 [C. g. mandiii]
C. columba
Uria aalge
U. lomvia
Alca torda
Pinguinus impennis
Alle alle
Catharcta skua
[C_ chilensis]
C. maccormicki
Stercorarius pomarinus
S. parasiticus
S. longicaudus
Pagophila eburnea
Rissa tridactyla

41. R_ brevirostris
42. Larus hyperboreus
42.1 =42[L. hk. barrovianus]
43. L. glaucoides
*43.1 L. thayeri
44. L. glaucescens
45. = 43 [L. ¢ kumiienij
x46. [L. nelsoni—App. C]
47. JL. marinus
48. L. schistisagus
49. L. occidentalis
*49.1 L. livens
50. L. fuscus
31. L. argentatus
a2: = 31 [L. @ vegae|
53. L. californicus
54. L. delawarensis
#34.1 [L. crassirostris]
*54.2 L. belcheri
55. L. canus [brachyrhy nchus|
55.1 L. ridibundus
#36. = 35 [L. c. canus]
*36.1 = 55 [kamitschatschensis J]
37. L. heermanni
58. L. atricilla
39. L. pipixcan
60. L. philadelphia
60.1 L. minutus
61. Rhodostethia rosea
62. Xema sabini
63. Sterna nilotica
64. S_ caspia
65. S. maxima
66. S. elegans
67. S. sandvicensis
=68. [S. trudeaui]
69. S_ forsteri
70. S_ hirundo
71. S_ paradisaea
72. S. dougallii
73. S. aleutica
74. SS. antillarum
75. S.fuscata
76. S. anaethetus

AOU NUMBERS

*76.1 S. lunata

77. Chlidonias niger

78. C. leucopterus

79. Anous stolidus

*79.1 A. minutus

*79.2 Procelsterna cerulea
*79.3 Gygis alba

80. Rynchops niger

81. Diomedea nigripes
*81.1 D. exulans

82. D. albatrus

82.1 D. immutabilis
#82.2 D. melanophris

82.3 D. cauta

83. D. chlororhynchos
#84. [Phoebetria palpebrata}
#85. [Macronectes giganteus]

86. Fulmarus glacialis

86.1 = 86 [F. g. rodgersii]
#87. [F. glacialoides]

88. Calonectris diomedea
*88.1 C. leucomelas

89. Puffinus gravis

90. P. puffinus

91. P. creatopus

92. P. lherminieri

92.1 P. assimilis

93. P. opisthomelas

93.1 P. auricularis {auricularis 9]
*93.2 = 93.1 [newelli J]

94. = 95.

95. P. griseus

95.1 P. carneipes
96. P. tenuirostris
96.1 P. pacificus
96.2 P. bulleri
*96.3 P. nativitatis

#97. [Procellaria cinerea]
98. Pterodroma hasitata
#98.1 [P. cahow]

98.2 P. arminjoniana
[arminjoniana 4]
98.3 P. cookii
*98.4 P. neglecta
*98.5 P. phaeopygia
*98.6 = 98.2 [heraldica ‘]
*98.7 P. externa
99. P. inexpectata
*99.1 P. hypoleuca
100. = 99
*100.1 P. ultima

*100.2
101.
*101.1
102.
103.
104.
105.

105.1

105.2
106.
#106.1
106.2
106.3
107.
*107.1
108.
108.1
109.
#110.
ES es
112.
ES
113.1
114.
114.1
VES.
fi:
116.
oe
118.
119:
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
Ae
128.
*128.1
*128.2
128:
130.
131.
131.1
132.

*132.1
AY 322

799

P. nigripennis
Bulweria bulwerii
B. fallax
Daption capense
Oceanodroma microsoma
Hydrobates pelagicus
Oceanodroma furcata
= 106 [O. |. “kaedingr’ =
socorroensis %]
= 106 [socorroensis %]
O. leucorhoa {leucorhoa %|
[O. macrodactyla}|
. castro
. tethys
. melania
. tristrami
. homochroa
= 106 [O. /. willetti]
Oceanites oceanicus
[Fregetta tropical]
Pelagodroma marina
Phaethon lepturus
P. aethereus
P. rubricauda
Sula dactylatra
S. nebouxii
S. leucogaster
= 115 [S. L. brewsteri]
S. sula
S. bassanus

OS9900

Anhinga anhinga

Phalacrocorax carbo
P. auritus
P. olivaceus
P. penicillatus
P. pelagicus
P. urile
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
P. occidentalis
= 126 [P. o. californicus]
Fregata magnificens
F. minor
F. ariel
Mergus merganser
M. serrator
Lophodytes cucullatus
Mergellus albellus

Anas platyrhynchos

[platyrhynchos 9]
A. wyvilliana
A. laysanensis

800

IL3}3s.
3}3ho I
134.
*134.1
1352
3x8.
3s
NSW)
138.
SY),
N31

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

A. rubripes

= 132 [diazi 1]
A. fulvigula
A. poecilorhyncha
A. strepera
A. penelope
A. americana
A. falcata

= 139 [crecca 1]
A. crecca [carolinensis 1]
A. formosa

*139.2 A. querquedula

140.
141.
#141.1

#141.2

142.
143.
143.1
144.
#145.
146.
146.1
147.
148.
149.
149.1

#149.2

150.
LPSS1F
eS!
3%
154.
NSD.
156.
NSW<
158.
9)
160.
161.
162.
163.
#164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.

169.1
170.

A. discors
A. cyanoptera
[Tadorna tadorna|
[7. ferruginea]
A. clypeata
A, acuta
A. bahamensis
Aix sponsa
[Netta rufina]
Aythya americana
A. ferina
A. valisineria
A. marila
A. affinis
A. fuligula
[A. baeri]
A. collaris
Bucephala clangula
B. islandica
B. albeola
Clangula hyemalis
Histrionicus histrionicus

Camptorhynchus labradorius

Polysticta stelleri
Somateria fischeri
S. mollissima
= 159 [S. m. dresseri]
= 159 [S. m. v-nigra]
S. spectabilis
Melanitta nigra
= 165 [fusca 1]
M. fusca [deglandi 1
M. perspicillata
Oxyura Jamaicensis
O. dominica
Chen caerulescens
[Ayperborea 1]
= 169 [caerulescens 1]
C. rossii

Wl.
We
2
Seles
IY,

ala eae
ND
NB
WB.
174.
IGS:
ATS
WGs
Wee
178.
#178.1
178.2
L/S).
180.

*180.1
NSHe
182.
NSSe

#183.1
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
ite
One
IQ,
195%
194.

#195.
196.
196.1

*196.2
OVE
198.
(9.
200.
200.1
DOE
20D:
23%
204.

Anser albifrons
A. fabalis
A. brachyrhynchus
A. erythropus
Branta canadensis
[canadensis 1
172 [leucopareia ]
172 [minima 1]
= 172 [hutchinsii 1
B. bernicla {bernicla 1
= 173 [nigricans 1]
B. leucopsis
Nesochen sandvicensis
Chen canagica
Dendrocygna autumnalis
D. bicolor
[D. viduata]
Cygnus olor
C. cygnus
C. columbianus
[columbianus 1
= 180 [bewickii 1]
C. buccinator
Phoenicopterus ruber
Ajaia ajaja
[Platalea leucorodia|
Eudocimus albus
E. ruber
Plegadis falcinellus
P. chihi
Mycteria americana
Jabiru mycteria
Botaurus lentiginosus
Ixobrychus exilis
= 191 [“neoxenus’’}
= 194 [occidentalis 1]
= 194 [A. h. wardi]
Ardea herodias {herodias 1}
[A. cinerea]
Casmerodius albus
Egretta garzetta
E. eulophotes
E. thula
E. rufescens
E. tricolor
E. caerulea
Bubulcus ibis
Butorides striatus
Nycticorax nycticorax
N. violaceus
Grus americana

205.
206.
*206.1
207.
208.
209.
PO!
210.1

P1|\ eal
#211.2
202.
#212.1
NP)
#213.

122.6n1

228.
229)
222951
230.
#230.1
23,022.

23M
D3)
DSB:
234.
234.1
2S)
236.
237.

AOU NUMBERS

= 206 [G. c. canadensis]
G. canadensis [tabida|
G. grus
Aramus guarauna
Rallus elegans
= 211 [R. L. beldingi)
= 211 [obsoletus
= 211 [R. /. levipes]
R. longirostris
[/ongirostris 1]
= 211 [R. L. scottii]
= 211 [R. L. caribaeus]
R. limicola
[R. aquaticus]
Pardirallus maculatus
[Porzana porzana}
P. carolina
P. sandwichensis
P. palmeri
Coturnicops noveboracensis
Laterallus jamaicensis
= 216 [L. j. coturniculus]
Crex crex
Neocrex erythrops
Porphyrula martinica
Gallinula chloropus
Fulica atra
F. americana
F. caribaea
Phalaropus fulicaria
P. lobatus
P. tricolor
Recurvirostra americana
Himantopus mexicanus
[mexicanus 1]
= 226 [knudseni 1]
Scolopax rusticola
S. minor
= 230 [G. g. gallinago]
Gallinago stenura
G. gallinago {delicata
[G. media]
Lymnocryptes minimus
Limnodromus griseus
L. scolopaceus
Calidris himantopus
C. canutus
C. tenuirostris
C. maritima
C. ptilocnemis [couesi]
= 236 [ptilocnemis]

wre”
ARARARADRADD

Al
ail

80]

. acuminata
. melanotos
. fuscicollis
. bairdir
temminckii
minutilla
subminuta
. ruficollis
* minuta
alpina
. ferruginea
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Calidris pusilla
C. mauri
C. alba
Limicola falcinellus
Limosa fedoa
L. lapponica
L. haemastica
L. limosa
Tringa nebularia

[7. totanus]
T. erythropus
T. melanoleuca
T. flavipes
T. stagnatilis
T. solitaria

[7. ocrophus]|
T. glareola
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
Heteroscelus incanus
H. brevipes
Philomachus pugnax
Bartramia longicauda
Tryngites subruficollis
Actitis macularia
A. hypoleucos
Xenus cinereus
Numenius americanus
N. arquata
N. phaeopus [hudsonicus ‘]
N. borealis

= 265 [phaeopus 1]
N. tahitiensis
N. tenuirostris
N. madagascariensis
Vanellus vanellus
Charadrius morinellus
Pluvialis squatarola
P. apricaria
P. dominica [dominica %}

802

2272.1
D3:
274.
21D:
276.
DTT:
DIS:
2D:
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.

#285.
286.
286.1
287.
288.
288.1
288.2

*288.3

*288.4

*288.5

*288.6
289.

#290.
DONE
222:
293:
294.
295.
296.
297:

302.1

309.

309.1
*309.2
#3093

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

= 272 [fulva J]
Charadrius vociferus
C. semipalmatus
. hiaticula
dubius
. melodus
. alexandrinus
. mongolus
wilsonia
. montanus
Aphriza virgata
Arenaria interpres
A. melanocephala
[Haematopus ostralegus]
H. palliatus
= 286 [H. p. frazari|
H. bachmani
Jacana spinosa
Perdix perdix
Alectoris chukar
Francolinus francolinus
F. pondicerianus
F. erckelii
Coturnix japonica
Colinus virginianus
= 289 [C. v. cubensis]
= 289 [C. v. ridgwayi]
Oreortyx pictus
Callipepla squamata
C. californica
C. gambelii
Cyrtonyx montezumae
Dendragapus obscurus
[obscurus 1]
= 297 [fuliginosus 1]
D. canadensis {canadensis 1]
= 298 [franklinii 1]
Bonasa umbellus
Lagopus lagopus
L. mutus
= 302 [L. m. evermanni]
= 302 [L. m. welchi]
L. leucurus
Tympanuchus cupido
= 305 [T. c. cupido]
T. pallidicinctus
T. phasianellus
Centrocercus urophasianus
Phasianus colchicus
= 309.1 [versicolor §]
Lophura leucomelana

MAMMA MO

*309.4 Gallus gallus
*309.5 Pavo cristatus

310.
Sui
+300
6) 2
313:
S135
314.
314.1
S15:
31501

31522
#3153

316.
SUYE
318.
319.
320.
*320.1
321.
322:
32231
#323.
324.
325.
326.
#326.1
327.
VATE
328.
329:
330.
331.
332;
333:
334.
3353
#336.
BEE
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
*343.1
344.
*344.1
345.
346.

Meleagris gallopavo
Ortalis vetula
Pterocles exustus
Columba fasciata
C. flavirostris
C. livia
C. leucocephala
C. squamosa
Ectopistes migratorius
Streptopelia chinensis
S. risoria
Geopelia striata
Zenaida macroura
Z. aurita
Leptotila verreauxi
Zenaida asiatica
Columbina passerina
C. talpacoti
C. inca
Geotrygon chrysia
G. montana
[Starnoenas cyanocephala]
Gymnogyps californianus
Cathartes aura
Coragyps atratus
[Sarcoramphus papa]
Elanoides forficatus
Chondrohierax uncinatus
Elanus caeruleus
Ictinia mississippiensis
Rostrhamus sociabilis
Circus cyaneus
Accipiter striatus
A. cooperii
A. gentilis
Parabuteo unicinctus
[Buteo buteo]
B. jamaicensis
= 337 [harlani §]
B. lineatus
B. albonotatus
B. albicaudatus
B. swainsoni
B. platypterus
B. magnirostris
B. brachyurus
B. solitarius
Buteogallus anthracinus
Buteo nitidus

AOU NUMBERS

347. B. lagopus
348. B. regalis
349. Aquila chrysaetos
#350. [Harpyia harpyja}
351. Haliaeetus albicilla
352. H. leucocephalus
352.1 H. pelagicus
B55: = 354 [Falco r. candicans]
354. F. rusticolus
355. F. mexicanus
356. F. peregrinus
357. F. columbarius
358. = 357 [F. c. richardsoni]
#358.1 = 357 [F. c. aesalon]
359. F. femoralis
359.1 F. tinnunculus
360. F. sparverius
#361. =360 [F. s. cubensis]

362. Polyborus plancus [cheriway 1]

#363. = 362 [lutosus 1]

364. Pandion haliaetus

365. Tyto alba

366. Asio otus

367. A. flammeus

368. Strix varia

369. S. occidentalis

370. S. nebulosa

371. Aegolius funereus

372. A. acadicus

373. Otus asio [asio {]

373.1 O. trichopsis

373.2 O. kennicottii

374. O. flammeolus
*374.1 O. sunia

375. Bubo virginianus

376. Nyctea scandiaca

377. Surnia ulula

378. Athene cunicularia

379. Glaucidium gnoma

379.1 = 379 [G. g. hoskinsii]

380. G. brasilianum

381. Micrathene whitneyi

382. Conuropsis carolinensis

382.1 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
*382.2 Melopsittacus undulatus
*382.3 Myiopsitta monachus
*382.4 Brotogeris versicolurus
*382.5 Amazona viridigenalis

383. Crotophaga ani

384. C. sulcirostris

385. Geococcyx californianus

386.
387.
388.
388.1
388.2
389.
*389.1
390.
390.1
391;
*39 12
392.
S93:
394.
395;
396.
3971:
398.
599:
400.
401.
402.
*402.1
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
414.
#415.
415.
416.
*416.1
*416.2
417.
418.
419.
420.
*420.1
421.
422.
*422.1
*422.2
423.
424.

—

—_

803

Coccyzus minor
C. americanus
C. erythropthalmus
Cuculus canorus
C. saturatus
Trogon elegans
Euptilotus neoxenus
Ceryle alcyon
C. torquata
Chloroceryle americana
Upupa epops
Campephilus principalis
Picoides villosus
. pubescens
. borealis
. scalaris
. nuttallii
. Stricklandi
. albolarvatus
. arcticus
. tridactylus
Sphyrapicus varius [varius 9]
= 402 [nuchalis %}
S. ruber
S. thyroideus
Dryocopus pileatus
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
M. formicivorus
M. lewis
M. carolinus
M. aurifrons
M. uropygialis
Colaptes auratus [auratus 9]
= 412 [cafer 1]
= 412 [chrysoides 9]
= 412 [C. a. rufipileus]
Jynx torquilla
Caprimulgus carolinensis
C. ridgwayi
C. indicus
C. vociferus
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
Nyctidromus albicollis
Chordeiles minor
C. gundlachii
C. acutipennis
Cypseloides niger
Streptoprocne zonaris
Hirundapus caudacutus
Chaetura pelagica
C. vauxi

ae) as) ae} Beh as) as) ae) ae!

804

424.1

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Apus pacificus

424.2 A. apus

425.
*425.1
426.
*426.1
427.
*427.1
428.
429.
*x429.1
430.
431.
*431.1

432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
*437.1
438.
*438.1
439.
439.1
#440.
440.1
441.
441.1
442.
443.
444.
445.
445.1
*445.2
446.
*446.1
*446.2
447.
448.
449.
#450.
451.
*451.1
452.
453.
453.1
454.
455.
*455.1

Aeronautes saxatalis
Tachornis phoenicobia
Eugenes fulgens
Heliomaster constantii
Lampornis clemenciae
Colibri thalassinus
Archilochus colubris
A. alexandri

[A. violajugulum— App. C]

Calypte costae

C. anna
[| Selasphorus floresii—

App. C]

S. platycercus

S. rufus

S. sasin

Atthis heloisa

Stellula calliope

Calothorax lucifer

Calliphlox evelynae

Amaczilia tzacatl

A. beryllina

A. yucatanensis

A. violiceps
[Hylocharis xantusil|

H. leucotis

Cynanthus latirostris

Pachyramphus aglaiae

Tyrannus savana

T. forficatus

| tyrannus

. dominicensis

. crassirostris

. caudifasciatus

. melancholicus

. couchii

= 446 [occidentalis 1

T. verticalis

T. vociferans

Pitangus sulphuratus
[Myiozetetes similis]

Myiodynastes luteiventris

Empidonomus varius

Myiarchus crinitus

M. tyrannulus

M. nuttingi

M. cinerascens

M. tuberculifer

M. sagrae

SSAA

456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.
#464.1
465.
466.
*466.
467.
468.
469.
469.1
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
#480.1
480.2
481.

ahhh

481.1
482.
483.
#483.1
*483.2
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
*489.1
*489.2
490.
7490.1
#490.2
491.
492.
493.

Sayornis phoebe
S. saya
S. nigricans
Contopus borealis
C. pertinax
C. virens
C. sordidulus
Empidonax flaviventris
E. difficilis
= 464 [E. d. cineritius]
. virescens
. traillii
. alnorum
. minimus
. hammondii
. oberholseri
. wrightii
E. fulvifrons
Pyrocephalus rubinus
Camptostoma imberbe
Alauda arvensis
Eremophila alpestris
Pica pica
P. nuttalli
Cyanocitta cristata
C. stelleri
= 481 [coerulescens 1]
= 481 [woodhousei 1]
= 481 [A. c. cyanotis]
= 481 [A. c. texana]
Aphelocoma coerulescens
[californica
= 481 [insularis §]
A. ultramarina
Cyanocorax yncas
[C. sanblasianus]
C. morio
Perisoreus canadensis
= 484 [P. c. obscurus]
Corvus corax
C. cryptoleucus
C. brachyrhynchos
C. caurinus
C. imparatus
C. hawaiiensis
C. ossifragus
[C. frugilegus]
[C. corone]
Nucifraga columbiana

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Sturnus vulgaris

493.1
*493.2
494.
495.
496.
497.

498.
#499.
500.
500.1
501.
501.1
#502.
508%
503.1
503.2
504.
*504.1
505.
505.1
506.
*506.1
507.
508.
509.
510.
Sie
Set
SI
S152
514.
514.1
514.2
AIA
515.
SG:
* Sos!
Se
518.
SIL).
#520.
#520.1
site
322:
23:
524.

DD
526.
526.1

AOU NUMBERS

Acridotheres cristatellus
A. tristis
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Molothrus ater
M. aeneus
Xanthocephalus xanthocepha-
lus
Agelaius phoeniceus
= [A. p. gubernator]
A. tricolor
A. humeralis
Sturnella magna
S. neglecta
[/cterus icterus]
I. graduacauda
I. gularis
I. pectoralis
I. parisorum
I. wagleri
I. cucullatus
I. pustulatus
I. spurius [spurius 1]
= 506 [fuertesi 1]
I. galbula [galbula {|
= 508 [bullockii 1]
Euphagus carolinus
E. cyanocephalus
Quiscalus quiscula [quiscula 1]
= 511 [versicolor 1]
QO. mexicanus
Q. major
Coccothraustes vespertinus
Fringilla montifringilla
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
Fringilla coelebs
Pinicola enucleator
Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Carpodacus erythrinus
C. purpureus
C. cassinil
C. mexicanus [mexicanus 1]
= 519 [amplus 1]
= 519 [mcgregori 1]
Loxia curvirostra
L. leucoptera
= §24 [L. a. griseonucha]
Leucosticte arctoa
[tephrocotis 1]
= 524 [atrata 1]
= 524 [australis 1]
Carduelis carduelis

*526.2

D2:
528.
529,
530.
so
#532.
538
BSA:

*5393;2

534.
BSS:
585;

A392
S559
*535.4
5-5

536.
ole
538.
59:
540.
541.
542.

543.
544.
#544.

545.

546.
547.
548.
549.

549.
550.
S00
Soe

352.

D3.
554.
55:
556.
STe Nf
558.
359:
560.
561.
562.
563.
564.
565.

805

C. sinica
C. hornemanni
C. flammea
C. tristis
C. psaltria
C. lawrencei
[C. magellanica]
C. pinus
Serinus canaria
S. mozambicus
Plectrophenax nivalis
P. hyperboreus
Emberiza rustica
E. pusilla
E. variabilis
E. pallasi
E. schoeniclus
Calcarius lapponicus
C. pictus
C. ornatus
C. mccownil
Pooecetes gramineus
= 542 [princeps {]
Passerculus sandwichensis
[sandwichensis 1]
= 542 [beldingi 1]
= 542 [rostratus 1]
= 542 [P. s. sanctorum]
Ammodramus bairdii
A. savannarum
A. henslowii
A. leconteii
A. caudacutus
= 549 [4. c. nelsoni]
A. maritimus [maritimus 4]
= 550 [nigrescens 1]
= §50 [mirabilis 1]
Chondestes grammacus
Zonotrichia querula
Z. leucophrys
= 554 [Z. Ll. gambelii]
= 554 [Z. /. nuttalli]
Z. atricapilla
Z. albicollis
Spizella arborea
y. passerina
». pallida
. breweri
. pusilla
. wortheni
». atrogularis

NNNHHAN

806 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

566. = 567 [aikeni I] 602. Sporophila torqueola

567. Junco hyemalis {hyemalis 1] 603. Tiaris bicolor

*567.1 = 567 [oreganus 1] #603.1 [T7. canora]

568. = 567 [mearnsi 1] *603.2 T. olivacea

568.1 = 567 [J/. h. “ridgwayi’’| 604. Spiza americana

569. = 567 [caniceps 1] 605. Calamospiza melanocorys
*569.1 = 567 [dorsalis 1] #606. [Euphonia elegantissima]

570. J. phaeonotus [phaeonotus 1] 607. Piranga ludoviciana
#571. = 570 [bairdi 1] 608. P. olivacea
#571.1 = 567 [J. h. townsend] 609. P. flava
#572. = 567 [insularis 1] 610. P. rubra

573. Amphispiza bilineata *610.1 Spindalis zena

574. A. belli 611. Progne subis

574.1 =574 [A. b. nevadensis| 611.1 P. cryptoleuca

*574.2 A. quinquestriata 611.2 P. chalybea

575. Aimophila aestivalis *611.3 P. elegans

576. A. botterii 612. Hirundo pyrrhonota
#577. = 576 [A. b. mexicana] 612.1 H. fulva

578. A. cassinii 613. H. rustica

579. A. carpalis 613.1 = 613 [A r. rustica]

580. A. ruficeps 614. Tachycineta bicolor

581. Melospiza melodia 615. T. thalassina

582. = 581 [M. m. sanaka] 615.1 7. cyaneoviridis

583. M. lincolnii 615.2 Delichon urbica

584. M. georgiana 616. Riparia riparia

585. Passerella iliaca 617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis

586. Arremonops rufivirgatus 618. Bombycilla garrulus
*586.1 Sicalis flaveola 619. B. cedrorum

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus 620. Phainopepla nitens

[erythrophthalmus 1] 621. Lanius excubitor

588. = 587 [maculatus 1] FOO lee eenistatus:
#589. = 587 [P. e. consobrinus] 622. L. ludovicianus

590. P. chlorurus *622.1 Moho braccatus

591. P. fuscus *622.2 M. apicalis

591.1 = 591 [P. f crissalis] *622.3 M. bishopi

592. P. aberti *622.4 M. nobilis

592.1 = 590 *622.5 Chaetoptila angustipluma
*592.2 Paroaria coronata *622.6 Zosterops japonica
*592.3 P. capitata 623. Vireo altiloquus

593. Cardinalis cardinalis 624. V. olivaceus [olivaceus {|

594. C. sinuatus 625. = 624 [flavoviridis 1]
*594.1 Rhodothraupis celaeno 626. V. philadelphicus

595. Pheucticus ludovicianus 627. V. gilvus

596. P. melanocephalus 628. V. flavifrons
*596.1 P. chrysopeplus 629. V. solitarius

597. Guiraca caerulea 630. V. atricapilla
*597.1 Cyanocompsa parellina 631) Viteniseus

598. Passerina cyanea 632. V. huttoni

599. P. amoena 633. V. bellii

600. P. versicolor 634. V. vicinior

COIR PEGs 635. Coereba flaveola

636.
637.
638.
639.
640.
641.
642.
643.
644.
645.
646.
647.
647.1
648.
649.
#649.1
650.
Gpile
652.
ADS 25
653.
654.
655.
656.
657.
658.
659.
660.
661.
662.
663.
664.
665.
666.
667.
668.
669.
670.
Gyalk
O72:
673.
674.
675.
676.
OW:
678.
679.
680.
681.
#682.
682.1

Mniotilta varia
Protonotaria citrea

Limnothlypis swainsonii
Helmitheros vermivorus

Vermivora bachmanii
V. pinus

V.
V.

chrysoptera
luciae

V. virginiae
V. ruficapilla

celata

V. peregrina

crissalis

Parula americana

P. pitiayumi [pitiayumi 1]
= 649 [graysoni 1]

Dendroica tigrina

Peucedramus taeniatus

Dendroica petechia [aestiva 1]
= 652 [petechia ]
= 652 [erithachorides ]

D. coronata {coronata 4]

= 655 [auduboni 1]

. magnolia

. cerulea

. pensylvanica

. castanea

SSSSSysygsyygyysyysys

caerulescens

striata

fusca

dominica
graciae
nigrescens
chrysoparia
virens
townsendi

. occidentalis

kirtlandii
pinus

. palmarum
. discolor

Seiurus aurocapillus
S. noveboracensis
S. motacilla
Oporornis formosus

O.
O.
O.

agilis
philadelphia
tolmiei

Geothlypis trichas

[G. beldingi]

poliocephala

AOU NUMBERS

683.
684.
685.
686.
687.
688.

688.1

A
A
Di Ak
A
A

ail

807

Icteria virens
Wilsonia citrina
W. pusilla
W. canadensis
Setophaga ruticilla
Myioborus pictus
Euthlypis lachrymosa
Passer domesticus
P. montanus
Myioborus miniatus
Cardellina rubrifrons
[Ergaticus ruber]
Basileuterus culicivorus
B. rufifrons
[B. belli)
Motacilla alba
= 694 [M. a. ocularis]
M. lugens
M. flava
M. cinerea
Anthus spinoletta
= 697 [A. s. japonicus]
. pratensis
. gustavi
trivialis
. hodgsoni
. Cervinus
A. spragueil
Cinclus mexicanus
Oreoscoptes montanus
Mimus polyglottos
M. gundlachii
Dumetella carolinensis
Toxostoma rufum
T. longirostre
T. curvirostre
T. bendirei
[7. cinereum]
T. redivivum
T. lecontei
T. dorsale
Campylorhynchus brunneica-
pillus
= 713 [C. b. affinis)
Salpinctes obsoletus
= 715 [S. 0. guadeloupensis)
Catherpes mexicanus
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Thryomanes bewickit
= 719 [T. b. leucophrys]
719 [T. b. brevicauda)

808

WAM:
VANell
VAd.
V23e
123-1
724.
V23«
V2d.)\
126:
a Zon
YAS 74
Vale
728.
VES
730.
eile
32:
Vax
734.
Eta
WBDe
736.
(3Ge
Bee
V2.
740.
741.
742.
AN
*742.2
*742.3
743.
744.
744.1
745.
746.
*746.1
746.2

*746.3
747.
747.1

#747.2

*747.3

*747.4
748.
749.
749.1

#750.
ase

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Troglodytes aedon [aedon 1]

= 721 [brunneicollis 1]
T. troglodytes
= 722 [T. t. alascensis]
= 722 [T. t. meligerus]
Cistothorus platensis
C. palustris
= 725 [C. p. marianae|
Certhia americana
Pycnonotus Jocosus
P. cafer
Sitta carolinensis
S. canadensis
S. pusilla
S. pygmaea
Parus bicolor {bicolor \\\
= 732 [atricristatus 1]
. Inornatus
wollweberi
varius
. atricapillus
. carolinensis
. sclateri
. gambeli
. clnctus
. hudsonicus
. rufescens
Chamaea fasciata
Leiothrix lutea
Garrulax canorus
G. pectoralis
Psaltriparus minimus
= 743 [P. m. plumbeus]
= 743 [P. m. lloydi\
= 743 [melanotis 1]
Auriparus flaviceps
Cettia diphone
Acrocephalus familiaris
[familiaris 1]
= 746.2 [kingi 1]
Phylloscopus borealis
Locustella ochotensis
[Phylloscopus trochilus|
P. sibilatrix
P. fuscatus
Regulus satrapa
R. calendula
Prunella montanella
= 749 [R. c. obscurus]
Polioptila caerulea

Ss} Se) Sse) Se) Se) Se) Se) Se) as) 8)

Wa.
W220
eT ec)|
754.
*754.1
TOG he?
VD»
756.
Se
T58:
(59:
760.
761.
761.1
TOL 2
ri Giles
*761.4
#762.
1/62
VOL
763.
“TOs!
764.
764.1
765.
766.
(Ode
768.
*769.
WTO);
TN
Tn
13s
*774.
NT De
1c
ae
TUT 8
TTS).
*780.
esis
Ts.
“YS.
*784.
TS:
*786.
TS Te
Tess
S789:
TSKO),

P. melanura [melanura 1]
= 752 [californica

P. nigriceps

Myadestes townsendi

Phaeornis obscurus

P. palmeri

Hylocichla mustelina

Catharus fuscescens

C. minimus

C. ustulatus

C. guttatus

Turdus iliacus

T. migratorius [migratorius }

T. merula

T. pilaris

T. obscurus

T. naumanni
= 761 [confinis 1]

T. grayi

T. rufopalliatus

Ixoreus naevius

Ridgwayia pinicola

Luscinia svecica

L. calliope

Oenanthe oenanthe

Sialia sialis

S. mexicana

S. currucoides

Copsychus malabaricus

Chasiempis sandwichensis

Ficedula parva

Muscicapa sibirica

M. griseisticta

Telespyza cantans

T. ultima

Psittirostra psittacea

Loxioides bailleui

Rhodacanthis flaviceps

R. palmeri

Chloridops kona

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Hemignathus virens [virens 1]
= 782 [stejnegeri 1]

H.. parvus

H. sagittirostris

H. obscurus

H. procerus

H. lucidus

H. munroi

Oreomystis bairdi

Soils
ioe.
POS:
*794.
BIOS:
7796:
TOT:
HIG:
SO:
*800.
*801.
*802.

AOU NUMBERS

O. mana

Paroreomyza montana

P. flammea

P. maculata

Loxops coccineus {coccineus 1]

= 795 [caerulirostris 1]

Ciridops anna

Vestiaria coccinea

Drepanis pacifica

D. funerea

Palmeria dolei

Himatione sanguinea
[sanguinea 1]

*803.
*804.
*805.
*806.
*807.
*808.
*809.
*810.
eS Ae
Toe:
*S13.

809

= 802 [freethii 1]
Melamprosops phaeosoma
Uraeginthus bengalus
Estrilda caerulescens
E. melpoda
E. troglodytes

Amandava amandava

Lonchura malabarica
L. punctulata

L. malacca

Padda oryzivora

> Peep gta igs atk en.” ie ita

"Sidiyrs ie

£ NP Nemra?, a at }' Ougpag ol bm

Fc mfoert dk, Atel ‘oie, /) eeteht betes
Ps paveg hd, | “2. eaa Gone
Pye es 2S Cunkaliy oniralie
f Apna & ie. 3 anday baeedty) . a
vans ER See,

Paewn, %. mw : Sinan eri ee
sy
OIE (Pe. peer qan Ww no te \

m= VRE ge Xniudl . é Te eres cay
ee eee . 3% q whines oe

cn i he A p
OKs cay oe os ~ i erie

i a Pae : Pr rikneddes haiftena

h 2S4 ft seal F des
Ohi ei ox hr ig
ed reel te ant
iF reer foe =, ¥
tl A Aa
ret |
AD eng "ihe
1p i ; 1)
Pere ay a 7
ODT PLP nr} av
wy, BO ee. es oe
: .

INDEX

IN aestiva, Amazona, 794
Dendroica, 608
aalge, Uria, 240 aestivalis, Aimophila, 696
abbas, Thraupis, 652 aethereus, Phaethon, 32
abeillei, Abeillia, 334 Aethia, 246
Coccothraustes, 755, 756 Aethiini, 246
Icterus, 738 afer, Euplectes, 766
Abeillia, 334 affinis, Aythya, 86
aberti, Anas, 76 Cyanocorax, 502
Pipilo, 685 Empidonax, 455
acadicus, Aegolius, 306, 307 Euphonia, 648
Acanthidops, 693 Lepidocolaptes, 413
Acanthis, 748 Veniliornis, 393
ACCENTOR, Mountain, 576 africana, Upupa, 367
Siberian, 575 agami, Agamia, 52
Accipiter, 108 Agamia, 52
Accipitres, 100 Agapornis, 794
Accipitridae, 98, 100, 102 Agelaiini, 722
Accipitrinae, 101 Agelaius, 722
Accipitroidea, 100 agilis, Amazona, 279
Acestrura, 359 Oporornis, 626
Acridotheres, 586 aglaiae, Pachyramphus, 478, 479
Acrocephalus, 539 Agriocharis, 141
Acrochordopus, 428 aguimp, Motacilla, 577
Actitis, 181 aikeni, Junco, 716
acuminata, Calidris, 198 Aimophila, 695, 703, 705
acuta, Anas, 77, 78 Aix, 72
acutipennis, Chordeiles, 308 Ajaia, 58
Adamastor, 20 ajaja, Ajaia, 58
adamsii, Gavia, 6 akahige, Luscinia, 794
adelaidae, Dendroica, 615, 616 AKEPA, 762
adorabilis, Lophornis, 335 Common, 762
adscitus, Platycercus, 794 Kauai, 762
adspersus, Francolinus, 793 AKIALOA, 760
Aechmolophus, 445, 446 Hawaiian, 759
Aechmophorus, 10 Kauai, 760
aedon, Troglodytes, 531, 532, 533 AKIAPOLAAU, 760
Aegialeus, 167 AKOHEKOHE, 763
Aegithalidae, xviii, 512, 517 ALALA, xxiil, 511
Aegolius, 305 Alauda, 488
aenea, Chloroceryle, 373 Alaudidae, 488
Glaucis, 325 ALAUWAHIO, Maui, 761
aeneus, Molothrus, 731 Oahu, 761
aenigma, Sapayoa, 483 alba, Calidris, 192
aequatorialis, Androdon, 328 Gygis, 238
Xiphorhynchus, 413 Motacilla, 577, 578
aequinoctialis, Buteogallus, 112 Procnias, 482
Geothlypis, 630 Pterodroma, 16, 771, 772
Procellaria, 20 Tyto, 291, 292
Aerodramus, 322 ALBATROSS, Black-browed, 12
Aeronautes, 323 Black-footed, | 1
Aerornis, 319 Galapagos, 771
aeruginosus, Piculus, 395 Gray-headed, 13, 777
Aesalon, 125 Laysan, 12

811

812 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Light-mantled, 13, 777
Short-tailed, 11
Shy, 12
Sooty, See Soory-ALBATROSS
Wandering, 11
Waved, 11, 771
White-capped, 13
Yellow-nosed, 13
albatrus, Diomedea, 11
albellus, Mergellus, 94
albeola, Bucephala, 93
alberti, Crax, 132
albertinae, Tangara, 643
albescens, Synallaxis, 400
albicaudatus, Buteo, 117
albicilla, Haliaetus, 106
albicollis, Corvus, 511
Leucopternis, 111
Nyctidromus, 309
Pipilo, 686
Saltator, 667
Turdus, 562
Zonotrichia, 713
albifacies, Geotrygon, 263, 264
albifrons, Amazona, 277, 278
Anser, 65, 67
Psittacus, 278
Sterna, 233
albigula, Buteo, 117
albigularis, Empidonax, 452
Falco, 127
Laterallus, 150
Sclerurus, 407
Synallaxis, 400
albilinea, Columba, 253
Tachycineta, 493
albiloris, Polioptila, 544
albinucha, Atlapetes 679, 680
Thryothorus, 529
albiventer, Fluvicola, 459
albivittata, Procelsterna, 238
albobrunneus, Campylorhynchus, 522
albocoronata, Microchera, 348
albogriseus, Pachyramphus, 477, 478
albogularis, Brachygalba, 376
Garrulax, 794
albolarvatus, Picoides, 392
albonotatus, Buteo, 117
albovittatus, Coryphotriccus, 468, 469
albus, Casmerodius, 47
Eudocimus, 55, 56
Alca, 241
Alcae, 239
Alcedines, 367
Alcedinidae, 371

Alcedinoidea, 371
Alcidae, 239
Alcini, 240
alcyon, Ceryle, 372
alector, Crax, 132
Alectoris, 134
aleutica, Sterna, 233
aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 246
alexandri, Archilochus, 350, 356, 790
alexandrinus, Charadrius, 168, 169
alfaroana, Amazilia, 343
Alle, 239
alle, Alle, 240
alleni, Porphyrula, 158
Allenia, 574, 575
Allini, 239
alnorum, Empidonax, 451, 452
alpestris, Eremophila, 489
alpina, Calidris, 199
altaicus, Falco, 129
altera, Corapipo, 485
alticola, Junco, 7\7
altiloquus, Vireo, 598
amabilis, Amazilia, 342
Cotinga, 480, 481
Amandava, 767, 768
amandava, Amandava, 768
Amandina, 795
AMAKIHI, 759
Common, 759
Greater, 759
Kauai, 759
Lesser, 759
amaurocephalus, Leptopogon, 436
Amaurolimnas, 154
Amaurospiza, 689
Amaurospizopsis, 689
Amazilia, 341, 343
AMAZON, 277
Amazona, 277, 282
amazona, Chloroceryle, 372
amazonica, Amazona, 280, 783
ambigua, Ara, 272
ambiguus, Ramphastos, 381, 784
Trogon, 364
Amblycercus, 739
americ, Vermivora, 623
americana, Anas, 82
Aythya, 83, 84
Certhia, 520
Chloroceryle, 372
Fulica, 159, 160
Grus, 163
Mycteria, 59
Parula, 606, 607, 790

Recurvirostra, 175
Spiza, 677
Sporophila, 687
americanus, Coccyzus, 284
Daptrius, 122
Numenius, 186
Siphonorhis, 310
amethystinus, Lampornis, 349
amherstiae, Chrysolophus, 793
Ammodramus, 705, 706
Ammoperdix, 793
Ammospiza, 706, 709, 710
amoena, Passerina, 674, 675
Amphispiza, 695, 703
amplus, Carpodacus, 746
Anabacerthia, 404
anabatina, Dendrocincla, 408
anabatinus, Thamnistes, 417 ©
anaethetus, Sterna, 234
analis, Formicarius, 425
Anas, 72
Anatidae, 60
Anatinae, 71
Anatini, 72
andinus, Podiceps, 10
andrei, Chaetura, 321
Andriopsar, 732
Androdon, 327
angelae, Dendroica, 620
angolensis, Oryzoborus, 689
Uraeginthus, 795
angustipluma, Chaetoptila, 588
angustirostris, Todus, 368
Anhinga, 40
anhinga, Anhinga, 40, 41
ANHINGA, 40
Anhingidae, 37, 40
ani, Crotophaga, 290
ANI, Greater, 289
Groove-billed, 290
Smooth-billed, 290
ANIANIAU, 759
anna, Calypte, 350, 357, 790
Ciridops, 762
anneae, Euphonia, 651
Anous, 236
anoxanthus, Loxipasser, 691
Anser, 64, 66
anser, Anser, 66, 779
Anseres, 60
Anseriformes, xvii, 60
Anserinae, 60
Anserini, 64

ANT-TANAGER, Black-cheeked, 657

Dusky-tailed, 657

INDEX

Sooty, 657
Red-crowned, 656
Red-throated, 656, 657
antarctica, Catharacta, 2\2
antarcticus, Fulmarus, 14
ANTBIRD, Bare-crowned, 422
Bicolored, 424
Buffl-banded, 424
Chestnut-backed, 422
Dull-mantled, 422
Dusky, 421
Gray-faced, 416
Immaculate, 423
Jet, 421
Ocellated, 424
Spotted, 423
Tyrannine, 421
White-bellied, 422
White-cheeked, 424
Wing-banded, 423
Wing-spotted, 422
anthophilus, Phaethornis, 327
anthracinus, Buteogallus, 112
Anthracothorax, 331
Anthus, 578
antillarum, Myiarchus, 465, 466
Sterna, 232, 233
antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 245
antisianus, Pharomachrus, 366
Antiurus, 311
antoniae, Carpodectes, 481
ANTPITTA, Black-crowned, 425
Fulvous-bellied, 425
Ochre-breasted, 426
Scaled, 425
Spectacled, 425
Streak-chested, 425
Wing-banded, 424
Antrostomus, 311
ANTSHRIKE, Bar-crested, 415, 784
Barred, 415
Black, 416
Black-hooded, 416
Fasciated, 414
Great, 415
Russet, 417
Slaty, 416
Speckle-breasted, 416
Speckled, 416
Spiny-faced, 416
Tawny, 417
ANTTHRUSH, Black-faced, 425
Black-headed, 425
Ocellated, 424

813

814

Rufous-breasted, 425
Wing-banded, 424
ANTVIREO, Plain, 417
Spot-crowned, 418
Streak-crowned, 417
ANTWREN, Black-breasted, 420
Boucard’s, 420
Checker-throated, 419
Dot-winged, 420
Griscom’s, 418
Pygmy, 418
Rufous-rumped, 421
Rufous-winged, 419
Short-billed, 418
Slaty, 419
Streaked, 418
White-flanked, 419
White-fringed, 420
APAPANE, 763, 764
apertus, Atlapetes, 680
Aphanotriccus, 445
Aphelocoma, 505
Aphriza, 189, 190
apicalis, Moho, 587, 588
Apodidae, 317
Apodiformes, 317
Apodinae, 322
apolinari, Cistothorus, 534
appalachiensis, Sphyrapicus varius, xiv, Xv
apricaria, Pluvialis, 166, 167
Apus, 322
apus, Apus, 322, 323
aquaticus, Rallus, 153, 781
Aquila, 120
aquila, Eutoxeres, 327
Ara, xv, 271
aracari, Pteroglossus, 379
ARACARI, Collared, 379
Fiery-billed, 379
Pale-billed, 379
Stripe-billed, 379
aradus, Cyphorhinus, 537
Aramidae, 161
Aramides, 153
Aramus, 161
ararauna, Ara, 273
Aratinga, xv, Xvi, 268
araucana, Columba, 253
arausiaca, Amazona, 281, 282
arborea, Dendrocygna, 61
Lullula, 794
Spizella, 699
arcaei, Buthraupis, 653
Archilochus, 355, 357
arctica, Fratercula, 249
Gavia, 4, 5

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

arcticus, Picoides, 392

arctoa, Leucosticte, 743

arcuata, Dendrocygna, 61

Ardea, 45, 47

Ardeae, 42

Ardeidae, 42

Ardeini, 45

Ardenna, 21

ardens, Selasphorus, 361

Ardeola, 50, 51

ardesiaca, Fulica, 160

ardosiaceus, Turdus, 564

Arenaria, 189

Arenariinae, 189

Arenariini, 189, 190

arenarum, Sublegatus, 431

argentatus, Larus, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,

223, 789

argentifrons, Scytalopus, 428

argentigula, Cyanolyca, 505

ariel, Fregata, xxv, 42

Arinae, 267

Aristonetta, 82

arizonae, Picoides, 391

armenti, Molothrus, 731

arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 17, 18

arquata, Numenius, 186, 187

Arquatella, 191

Arremon, 681

Arremonops, 681

arvensis, Alauda, 488
Alauda arvensis, 488

Asarcia, 175

asiatica, Zenaida, 256

asiaticus, Charadrius, 172

Asio, 303

asio, Otus, 293, 294

Aspatha, 369

assimilis, Atlapetes, 681
Chlorostilbon, 336
Puffinus, 25, 26
Tolmomyias, 441
Turdus, 560, 561, 562

astec, Aratinga, 270

Astragalinus, 752

astrild, Estrilda, 768

Asturina, 114, 115

Asyndesmus, 382, 383

Atalotriccus, 438

ater, Molothrus, 731

Athene, 300

atlanticus, Larus, 216

Atlapetes, 678, 679

ATLAPETES, 679

atra, Fulica, 159

atrata, Leucosticte, 743

atratus, Coragyps, 98
Cygnus, 793
atricapilla, Sylvia, 794
Zonotrichia, 713
atricapillus, Atlapetes, 681
Donacobius, 521
Myiornis, 437, 438
Parus, 512, 513
Vireo, 592
atricaudus, Myiobius, 444
atriceps, Carduelis, 750
Empidonax, 456
Saltator, 668
atricilla, Larus, 213
atricristatus, Parus, 516
atrimaxillaris, Habia, 657
atrirostris, Oryzoborus, 689
atrocapillus, Crypturellus, 2
atrogularis, Spizella, 702
Thryothorus, 526
atroviolacea, Dives, 727
Atthis, 358
Atticora, 495
Attila, xviii, 460
ATTILA, Bright-rumped, 460
audax, Aphanotriccus, 445
auduboni, Dendroica, xxiii, 611
augustus, Psittacus, 282
AuK, Great, 242
Little, 240
Razor-billed, 242
AUKLET, Cassin’s, 246
Crested, 247
Least, 247
Parakeet, 246
Rhinoceros, 248
Whiskered, 247
Aulacorhynchus, 378
aura, Cathartes, 98
aurantiacus, Manacus, 485
aurantiifrons, Hylophilus, 599
aurantiirostris, Arremon, 681
Catharus, 553
aurantiiventris, Trogon, 364
aurantius, Lanio, 654, 655
Turdus, 563
auratus, Colaptes, 395, 396
Icterus, 736
aurea, Jacamerops, 377
aureata, Euphonia, 649
aureliae, Haplophaedia, 352
aureola, Emberiza, 720, 787
auricapillus, Basileuterus, 636
Icterus, 735
auriceps, Pharomachrus, 366
auricularis, Geothlypis, 630

INDEX $15

Piculus, 395
Puffinus, 24, 25
auriculata, Zenaida, 256, 257
aurifrons, Melanerpes, 386, 387
aurigaster, Pycnonotus, 521
Auriparus, xviii, 516
aurita, Heliothryx, 352
Sporophila, 687
Zenaida, 256
auritus, Phalacrocorax, 38, 39
Podiceps, 8
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 624
auropalliata, Amazona, 281\
aurulentus, Piculus, 394
australis, Leucosticte, 743
Automolus, 405
autumnalis, Amazona, 280
Dendrocygna, 62
AVADAVAT, Green, 795
Red, 768
averano, Procnias, 482
Aves, |
Avocet, American, 175
axillaris, Aramides, 154
Myrmotherula, 419
Pterodroma, 18

Aythya, 82

Aythyini, 82

azurea, Aratinga, 270

AZURECROWN, Red-billed, 343
Small-billed, 343

bachmani, Haematopus, 173
bachmanii, Vermivora, 601
badius, Caprimulgus, 313
Baeolophus, 512
baeri, Aythya, 84, 780
bahamensis, Anas, 77
Coereba, 641
baileyi, Xenospiza, 710
bailleui, Loxioides, 757
bairdi, Junco, 717
Oreomystis, 760, 761, 762
Vireo, 590
bairdii, Acanthidops, 693
Ammodramus, 707
Calidris, 197
Campephilus, 399
Trogon, 363
Balanosphyra, 382
BAMBOO-PARTRIDGE, Chinese, 793
Bambusicola, 793
BANANAQUIT, 641
Bahama, 641

816 ; CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Bananivorus, 732

bangsi, Amazilia, 789

Bangsia, 653

barbara, Alectoris, 793

barbarus, Otus, 295

barbatus, Apus, 323
Dendrortyx, 142
Myiobius, 444

BARBET, Prong-billed, 378
Red-headed, 378
Spot-crowned, 377

barbirostris, Myiarchus, 462

BARBTAIL, Spotted, 402

BARBTHROAT, Band-tailed, 326

baritula, Diglossa, 694

BARN-OwL, Ashy-faced, 291
Common, 291
Hispaniolan, 292

barroti, Heliothryx, 352

Bartramia, 183

Baryphthengus, 370

Basileuterus, 636, 638

Basilinna, 339

bassanus, Sula, 35, 36

battyi, Leptotila, 262

beani, Troglodytes, 532

BEARDLESS- TYRANNULET, Northern, 430
Southern, 430

BECARD, Barred, 476
Black-and-white, 477
Cinereous, 476
Cinnamon, 477
Gray-collared, 478
Jamaican, 479
One-colored, 478
Rose-throated, 478
White-winged, 477

beecheii, Cyanocorax, 503, 504

belcheri, Larus, 216
Larus belcheri, 216

beldingi, Geothlypis, 628, 629
Passerculus, 706

bella, Goethalsia, 341

BELLBIRD, Three-wattled, 482

belli, Amphispiza, 704
Basileuterus, 637

bellii, Vireo, 592

bellulus, Margarornis, 402

Belonopterus, 164

bendirei, Toxostoma, 571, 572

bengalus, Uraeginthus, 767

BENTBILL, 439
Northern, 438
Southern, 439

berlepschi, Columba subvinacea, 254

bernicla, Branta, 68, 69

beryllina, Amazilia, 343, 344, 789

bewickii, Cygnus, 63
Thryomanes, 530
biarcuatum, Melozone, 683

bicolor, Accipiter, 109
Cyanophaia, 338
Dendrocygna, 60, 61
Fringilla, 705
Gymnopithys, 424
Parus, 516
Tachycineta, 492, 493
Tiaris, 690, 691

bidentata, Piranga, 660

bidentatus, Harpagus, 104

bifasciatus, Psarocolius, 741

bilineata, Amphispiza, 704

bilopha, Eremophila, 489

BisHop, Golden, 766
Napoleon, 766
Orange, 766
Red, 766
Yellow-crowned, 766

BISHOPBIRD, 766

bishopi, Catharopeza, 620
Moho, 587, 588

bistriatus, Burhinus, 164

BITTERN, American, 43
Least, 43
Pinnated, 43
Tiger, see TIGER-BITTERN

Blacicus, 446

BLACK-GROUSE, Eurasian, 793

BLACK-HAwk, Common, 112
Cuban, 112
Great, 112
Mangrove, 112

BLACKBIRD, 558
Brewer’s, 727
Cuban, 727
Eurasian, 558
European, 558
Jamaican, 724
Melodious, 726
Red-breasted, 724
Red-winged, 723
Rusty, 727
Singing, 726
Tawny-shouldered, 723
Tricolored, 723
White-browed, 724
Yellow-headed, 726
Yellow-shouldered, 724

BLACKCAP, 794

BLUE-MAGPIE, Red-billed, 508, 784

BLUEBIRD, Eastern, 549
Mountain, 550
Western, 549

BLUETHROAT, 547

blumenbachii, Crax, 132
BoBOLINK, 722
Boswhlite, 146
Black-throated, 146
Common, 146
Crested, 145
Northern, 145
Spot-bellied, 145
boissonneautii, Pseudocolaptes, 403
Bolborhynchus, 274
Bombycilla, 581
Bombycillidae, 581, 582, 583
bonana, Icterus, 733
bonapartei, Nothocercus, |
bonariensis, Molothrus, 730
Bonasa, 139
bonasia, Tetrastes, 793
Boosy, Blue-faced, 34
Blue-footed, 34
Brown, 34
Masked, 33
Red-footed, 35
White, 34
White-bellied, 34
borealis, Contopus, 447
Numenius, 184
Phylloscopus, 540, 785
Picoides, 391
Botaurini, 42
Botaurus, 42
botterii, Aimophila, 697
boucardi, Amazilia, 342
Crypturellus, 2, 3
Microrhopias, 420
bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax, 40, 773
bourcierii, Eubucco, 378
bouvronides, Sporophila, 775
braccatus, Moho, 587
brachydactyla, Certhia, 520
Brachygalba, 376
Brachypterus, 124
Brachypus, 520
Brachyramphini, 243
Brachyramphus, 243
brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 509
brachyrhynchus, Anser, 65
brachyura, Chaetura, 320
Myrmotherula, 418
Synallaxis, 400
brachyurus, Buteo, 116, 117
Myiarchus, 465
Ramphocinclus, 573, 575
BRAMBLING, 742
BRANT, 68
Black, 69
White-bellied, 69
Branta, 68, 70

INDEX

brasilianum, Glaucidium, 299, 300
brasilianus, Phalacrocorax, 39
brasiliensis, Leptotila, 261
bresilius, Ramphocelus, 661
brevipennis, Vireo, 589
brevipes, Heteroscelus, 181
brevirostris, Brachyramphus, 244
Rhynchocyclus, 440
Rissa, 224
brevis, Ramphastos, 380, 784
breviunguis, Alauda, 619
Dendroica, 619
breweri, Spizella, 701
brewsteri, Empidonax, 452
Siphonorhis, 310
brewsterii, Aegiothus, 791
bridgesi, Thamnophilus, 416
BRILLIANT, Green-crowned, 357
BRONZEWING, Common, 793
Brotogeris, 275
Brown-JAy, Plain-tipped, 503
White-tipped, 503
browni, Thryorchilus, 535
brunneicapillum, Ornithion, 429, 430
brunneicapillus, Campylorhynchus, 523
brunneicollis, Troglodytes, 532, 533
brunneinucha, Atlapetes, 680
brunnescens, Premnoplex, 402
BRUSH-FINCH, Black-headed, 681
Chestnut-capped, 680
Gray-striped, 681
Green-striped, 680
Plain-breasted, 680
Rufous-capped, 680
Stripe-headed, 681
Striped, 681
White-naped, 679
Yellow-throated, 680
bryantae, Calliphlox, 353
Bubo, 297
Bubulcus, 50
buccinator, Cygnus, 63
Bucco, 373
Bucconidae, 373
Bucephala, 92
buckleyi, Columbina, 260
BUDGERIGAR, 266
BUDGERYGAH, 266
BUFFLEHEAD, 93
buffonii, Chalybura, 348
BULBUL, Red-vented, 521
Red-whiskered, 521
bulleri, Puffinus, 23
BULLFINCH, 755
Cuban, 690
Eurasian, 755
Greater Antillean, 691

817

, 524

818 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Lesser Antillean, 691
Puerto Rican, 690
bullockii, Icterus, 738
Bulweria, 19
bulwerii, Bulweria, 19
BUNTING, Blue, 673
Gray, 720
Indigo, 675
Lapland, 718
Lark, 705
Lazuli, 674
Leclancher’s, 676
Little, 719
McKay’s, 721
Orange-breasted, 676
Painted, 676
Reed, 720
(see also REED-BUNTING)
Rose-bellied, 674
Rosita’s, 674
Rustic, 719
Snow, 721
Townsend’s, 791
Varied, 676
Yellow-breasted, 720, 787
Burhinidae, 163
Burhinus, 163
burmeisteri, Phyllomyias, 428
Burrica, 744
burrovianus, Cathartes, 99
Busarellus, 106, 113
BUSH-TANAGER, Ashy-throated, 665
Brown-headed, 664
Common, 664
Dark-breasted, 665
Dotted, 664
Pirre, 664
Sooty-capped, 665
Tacarcuna, 664
Volcano, 665
Yellow-throated, 665
BUSH-WARBLER, Chinese, 538
Japanese, 538
Manchurian, 538
BusnrTIitT, 517
Black-eared, 517
Common, 517
Lead-colored, 517
Buteo, 114
buteo, Buteo, 118
Buteogallus, 111
Butorides, 51
Buthraupis, 653
BUTTONQUAIL, Painted, 793
BUZZARD, 114

cabanisi, Basileuterus, 636
Tangara, 642
Cacatua, 794
cachinnans, Herpetotheres, 123
Larus, 219
Cacicus, 739
CACIQUE, Curve-billed, 740
Mexican, 740
Pacific, 740
Prevost’s, 739
Saffron-rumped, 740
Scarlet-rumped, 739
Small-billed, 740
Yellow-billed, 739
Yellow-rumped, 740
Yellow-winged, 740
caerulatus, Garrulax, 566, 786
caerulea, Egretta, 49
Guiraca, 673
Polioptila, 543
caeruleirostris, Loxops, 762
caeruleogaster, Chalybura, 348
caeruleogularis, Aulacorhynchus, 379
caerulescens, Chen, 66, 67, 68
Dendroica, 610
Estrilda, 767
Geranospiza, 110
Melanotis, 574
caeruleus, Cyanerpes, 646
Elanus, 103
Parus, 7194
cafer, Pycnonotus, 521
Colaptes, 396
caffer, Apus, 323
cahow, Pterodroma, 15, 16
CAHow, 16
Cairina, 71
Cairinini, 71
cajanea, Aramides, 153
Calamospiza, 705
Calcarius, 717, 719
caledonicus, Nycticorax, 54
calendula, Regulus, 541
Calidridini, 190
Calidris, 189, 191, 201, 789
californianus, Geococcyx, 289
Gymnogyps, 99
californica, Aphelocoma, 506
Callipepla, 147
Polioptila, 544

californicus, Larus, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,

223
caligatus, Trogon, 363

Callichelidon, 492, 494
callinota, Terenura, 421
calliope, Stellula, 358
Luscinia, 547
Callipepla, 146
Calliphlox, 353
callizonus, Xenotriccus, 445
callophrys, Chlorophonia, 647
callopterus, Piculus, 394
Calocitta, 501
Caloenas, 794
calolaema, Lampornis, 350, 351
Calonectris, 20
Calothorax, 354
Calypte, 355, 357
Calyptophilus, 662
Campephilus, 398
campestris, Euneornis, 692
Camptorhynchus, 88
Camptostoma, 430
Campylopterus, 328
Campylorhamphus, 414
Campylorhynchus, 521, 522
Canachites, 136
canadensis, Branta, 67, 69, 70
Caryothraustes, 669
Dendragapus, 137
Grus, 162
Perisoreus, 500
Sitta, 518
Wilsonia, 633
canagica, Chen, 68
canaria, Serinus, 754
CANARY, 754
Common, 754
Yellow-fronted, 754
cancrominus, Platyrinchus, 442
candei, Manacus, 484, 485
candida, Amazilia, 342
Gygis, 238
caniceps, Geotrygon, 265
Junco, 716
Myiopagis, 432
canicularis, Aratinga, 270
canigularis, Chlorospingus, 665
canivetii, Chlorostilbon, 335, 336
cannabina, Carduelis, 795
canora, Tiaris, 690
canorus, Cuculus, 282, 283
Garrulax, 566
cantans, Euodice, 769
Horeites, 538
Telespyza, 756, 757
canturians, Cettia, 538

INDEX 819

canus, Larus, 216
Larus canus, 217

canutus, Calidris, 192

CANVASBACK, 83

Capella, 204

capensis, Daption, 15
Sula, 36
Zonotrichia, 713

CAPERCAILLIE, Common, 793

capillatus, Phalacrocorax, 38

capitalis, Aphanotriccus, 445
Pezopetes, 679

capitata, Paroaria, 678

Capito, 377

Capitonidae, 377

Caprimulgidae, 307

Caprimulgiformes, 307

Caprimulginae, 309

Caprimulgus, 311

Capsiempis, 436

Caracara, 122

CARACARA, Crested, 122, 123
Guadalupe, 123
Red-throated, 122
Southern, 123
Yellow-headed, 123

carbo, Cepphus, 243, 782
Phalacrocorax, 37, 38
Ramphocelus, 661

carbonata, Sylvia, xxi, 791

Cardellina, 634

CARDINAL, 670
Brazilian, 678
Common, 670
Northern, 670
Red-capped, 794
Red-cowled, 794
Red-crested, 678
Yellow, 794
Yellow-billed, 678

Cardinalinae, xvill, 667, 677, 678

Cardinalis, 670

cardinalis, Cardinalis, 670

Carduelinae, xvi, xvill, 743

Carduelis, xvii, 748, 753

carduelis, Carduelis, 753, 754

Carib, Green-throated, 333
Purple-throated, 332

caribaea, Columba, 253
Fulica, 160

caribaeus, Contopus, 449, 450
Vireo, 591

caribbaea, Pterodroma, \5

carinatum, Electron, 370

caripensis, Steatornis, 316

820 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

carmioli, Chlorothraupis, 653, 654
Vireo, 594
carneipes, Puffinus, 21
carolina, Porzana, 155
carolinensis, Anas, 74
Caprimulgus, 312, 313
Conuropsis, 268
Dumetella, xxii, 567
Parus, 513
Sitta, 518, 519
carolinus, Euphagus, 727
Melanerpes, 387
carpalis, Aimophila, 697
Carpodacus, 744
Carpodectes, 481
Caryothraustes, 669
Casarca, 71
Casmerodius, 47
caspia, Sterna, 227
caspicus, Podiceps, 10
Cassiculus, 739, 740
Cassidix, 728, 729
cassini, Psarocolius, 741
cassinii, Aimophila, 697
Carpodacus, 745
Leptotila, 262
Mitrospingus, 663
Veniliornis, 393
castanea, Dendroica, 618
castaneiceps, Lysurus, 678
castaneoventris, Lampornis, 350
castaneus, Celeus, 397, 784
Pachyramphus, 477
Thryothorus, 526
castanotis, Pteroglossus, 379
castro, Oceanodroma, 27, 29
CATBIRD, XXi1
Black, xx1i, 568
Common, 568
Gray, xxil, 567
Northern, 568
Catharacta, 211
Catharopeza, 607, 620
Cathartae, 98
Cathartes, 98
Cathartidae, 98
Cathartoidea, 98
Catharus, 552, 557
Catherpes, 524, 525
Catoptrophorus, 179
caudacuta, Fringilla, 708
caudacutus, Ammodramus, 709
Hirundapus, 322
Passerherbulus, 709
caudatus, Ptilogonys, 582
Theristicus, 57

caudifasciatus, Tyrannus, 474

caurinus, Corvus, 509, 511

cauta, Diomedea, 11, 12
Diomedea cauta, 13

cayana, Dacnis, 645
Piaya, 287
Tangara, 644

cayanensis, Leptodon, 101
Myiozetetes, 467

cayanus, Hoploxypterus, 164, 781

cayennensis, Caprimulgus, 314
Columba, 251
Mesembrinibis, 51
Panyptila, 324

cedrorum, Bombycilla, 581

cela, Cacicus, 740

celaeno, Rhodothraupis, 669

celata, Vermivora, 603

Celeus, 396

Centrocercus, 139

Centronyx, 706

Centurus, 382, 385

Cephalopterus, 482

Cepphini, 242

Cepphus, 242

Cerchneis, 125

Cercomacra, 421

Cerorhinca, 248

cerritus, Manacus, 485

Certhia, 520

certhia, Dendrocolaptes, 411

Certhiaxis, 401

Certhiidae, 520

Certhiinae, 520

certhiola, Locustella, 539

cerulea, Dendroica, 619
Procelsterna, 238

cerverai, Cyanolimnas, 157
Ferminia, 531

cervicalis, Pterodroma, 16

cervinus, Anthus, 579

Ceryle, 371

Cerylinae, 371

Cettia, 538

CHACHALACA, Black, 131
Chestnut-winged, 130
Gray-headed, 130
Plain, 130
Rufous-bellied, 131
Rufous-tailed, 130
Rufous-tipped, 130
Rufous-vented, 129
Wagler’s, 130
West Mexican, 130
White-bellied, 130

chacuru, Bucco, 374

Chaetoptila, 588
Chaetura, 318, 319
Chaeturinae, 319
CHAFFINCH, 742
Common, 742
Chalcophaps, 793
chalcoptera, Phaps, 793
chalybea, Progne, 490, 491
chalybeata, Vidua, 795
Chalybura, 348
Chamaea, xviil, 567
Chamaeidae, xviii, 567
Chamaepetes, 131
Chamaethlypis, 628, 630
chapalensis, Geothlypis, 628
chapmani, Chaetura, 319, 320
Charadri, 59, 163
Charadriidae, 164
Charadriiformes, xvii, 3, 59, 163, 250
Charadriinae, 165
Charadrius, 167
Chasiempis, 546
CHAT, Gray-throated, 640
Ground, 630
Red-breasted, 639
Tres Marias, 639
Yellow-breasted, 639
CHAT-TANAGER, Eastern, 663
Western, 663
Chaulelasmus, 73
Chen, 65, 66
Chenonetta, 793
cheriway, Polyborus, 123
cherriei, Cypseloides, 318
chiapensis, Campylorhynchus, 522
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, 512
Boreal, 514
Brown-capped, 515
Carolina, 513
Chestnut-backed, 515
Gray-headed, 514
Mexican, 513
Mountain, 513
Siberian, 514
CHICKEN, Prairie, 140
(See also PRAIRIE-CHICKEN)
chihi, Plegadis, 56
chil, Anthus, 581
chilensis, Accipiter, 109
Catharacta, 212, 782
Phoenicopterus, 60
Vanellus, 165
chinensis, Coturnix, 793
Garrulax, 794
Streptopelia, 255
chimachima, Milvago, 123

INDEX

chimango, Milvago, 123
chionogaster, Accipiter, 109
chionopectus, Amazilia, 342, 783
chionura, Elvira, 347
chiriquensis, Columba, 254
Elaenia, 434
Geothlypis, 630
Geotrygon, 264
Scytalopus, 428
Chiroxiphia, 485
chivi, Vireo, 598
Chlidonias, 235
Chloridops, 756, 758
Chloris, 754
chloris, Carduelis, 754, 787
Piprites, 484
Chloroceryle, 372
Chloroenas, 250
chloromeros, Pipra, 487
chloronotus, Arremonops, 682
Chlorophanes, 645, 646
Chlorophonia, 647
CHLOROPHONIA, Blue-crowned, 647
Golden-browed, 647
Chloropipo, 484
chloroptera, Ara, 272
Aratinga, 269, 270
chloropus, Gallinula, xxii, 158, 159
chlororhynchos, Diomedea, \1\, \3
Chlorospingus, 664
Chlorostilbon, 335
Chlorothraupis, 653
Chlorura, 683, 684
chlorurus, Pipilo, 683
choliba, Otus, 295
Chondestes, 703
Chondrohierax, 101
Chordeiles, 307
Chordeilinae, 307
chrysaetos, Aquila, 120
chrysater, Icterus, 735
chrysauchen, Melanerpes, 384
Chryserpes, 382, 385
chrysia, Geotrygon, 263
chrysocaulosus, Colaptes auratus, 396
chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes, 469
chrysochloros, Piculus, 394
chrysocrotaphum, Todirostrum, 440
chrysogaster, Pheucticus, 671
chrysogenys, Melanerpes, 385
chrysoides, Colaptes, 396
Chrysolampis, 333
Chrysolophus, 459, 793
chrysomelas, Chrysothlypis, 666
chrysoparia, Dendroica, 613, 614
chrysopeplus, Pheucticus, 671

822 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

chrysophrys, Tangara, 643
chrysops, Cyanocorax, 194
chrysoptera, Vermivora, 602, 790
Chrysoptilus, 395
chrysostoma, Diomedea, 13, 777
Chrysothlypis, 666
CHUCK-WILL’S-wIDow, 312
chukar, Alectoris, 134
CHUKAR, 134
Ciccaba, 301
Cichalopia, 574
Cichlherminia, 564
Ciconiae, 58
Ciconiidae, 58, 98
Ciconiiformes, xvii, 42
cincinnatiensis, Helminthophaga, 790
Cinclidae, 537
Cinclocerthia, 575
Cinclus, 537
cinclus, Cinclus, 794
cinctus, Parus, 514, 515
Rhynchortyx, 144
cinerascens, Myiarchus, 463, 464
Rynchops niger, 239
cinerea, Ardea, 46
Columba, 260
Motacilla, 576
Procellaria, 20, 777
Serpophaga, 435
cinereicauda, Lampornis, 351
cinereiceps, Ortalis, 130
cinereigulare, Oncostoma, 438, 439
cinereiventris, Chaetura, 321, 322
Microbates, 542
cinereocephalus, Chlorospingus, 664
cinereum, Todirostrum, 439, 440
Toxostoma, 571, 572
cinereus, Circus, 108
Contopus, 449
Ptilogonys, 582
Xenus, 183
cinnamomea, Ornismya, 345
cinnamomeus, Crypturellus, 2, 3
Pachyramphus, 477
Circus, xxii, 107
Ciridops, 762
ciris, Passerina, 676
cirrhata, Fratercula, 248
cirrocephalus, Larus, 215, 773
Cissilopha, 502, 503
Cistothorus, 534
citrea, Protonotaria, 622
citrina, Wilsonia, 632
citreolus, Trogon, 362
citrinella, Emberiza, 794
clamator, Asio, 304

Clanganas, 92
Clangocycnus, 62
Clangula, 89
clangula, Bucephala, 92
clappertoni, Francolinus, 793
Claravis, 260
clarkii, Aechmophorus, 10
Otus, 295
clathratus, Trogon, 365
clemenciae, Lampornis, 349
clypeata, Anas, 80
Cnipodectes, 440
coccinea, Vestiaria, 762
coccineus, Loxops, 762
Coccothraustes, xvii, 755
coccothraustes, Coccothraustes, 756
Coccyzinae, 283
Coccyzus, 283
Cochleariini, 54
Cochlearius, 54
cochlearius, Cochlearius, 54
COCKATIEL, 794
CocKATOoO, Sulphur-crested, see
SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO
Salmon-crested, 794
cocoi, Ardea, 46
coelebs, Fringilla, 742
Coereba, xviii, 641
Coerebidae, xviii, 641, 645, 692, 693
Coerebinae, xvili, 641
coeruleocapilla, Pipra, 486
coeruleogularis, Lepidopyga, 339
coerulescens, Aphelocoma, 505, 506
Saltator, 667, 668
Colaptes, 395
colchicus, Phasianus, 135, 136
Colibri, 330, 349
Colinus, 145
collaria, Amazona, 278
collaris, Aythya, 84
Charadrius, 168
Ploceus, 765
Trogon, 364
colliei, Calocitta, 501
Collocalia, 322
collurio, Lanius, 584
colombica, Thalurania, 338
Colonia, 459
colonus, Colonia, 459
coloratus, Myadestes, 551
colubris, Archilochus, 355, 356
Columba, 250
columba, Cepphus, 243
Columbae, 250
columbarius, Falco, 126
columbiana, Nucifraga, 507

columbianus, Crypturellus, 3
Cygnus, 62, 63
Neocrex, 156, 157

Columbidae, 250

Columbiformes, 163, 250

Columbigallina, 258

Columbina, 258

Colymbus, 4, 8

Comarophagus, 654

Coms-Duck, American, 72

concolor, Amaurolimnas, 154
Amaurospiza, 689, 690

Conpbor, California, 99

CONEBILL, White-eared, 642

confinis, Turdus, 563

conirostris, Arremonops, 682

Conirostrum, 641

Conopias, 469

conspicillatus, Forpus, 275

constantii, Heliomaster, 353

Contopus, 446

CONURE, 268
Hoffmann’s, 267
Nanday, 783

Conuropsis, xv, 268

conversil, Discosura, 335

cookii, Pterodroma, 18, 19

cooperi, Tringa, 789
Otus, 294

cooperil, Accipiter, 109

Coot, 159
American, 159
Caribbean, 160
Eurasian, 159
European, 159

Coprotheres, 209

Copsychus, 547

CoqQueETTE, Adorable, 335
Black-crested, 334
Rufous-crested, 334
White-crested, 335

Coraciiformes, 361, 367, 373

Coragyps, 98

Corapipo, 485

corax, Corvus, 511, 512

CORDONBLEU, African, 795
Blue-capped, 795
Red-cheeked, 767

corensis, Columba, 793

CORMORANT, 38
Black, 38
Brandt’s, 39
Common, 38
Double-crested, 38
Great, 37
Guanay, 40, 773

INDEX 823

Neotropic, 39
Olivaceous, 38
Pallas’, 39, 778
Pelagic, 39
Red-faced, 39
Red-legged, 40, 778
corniculata, Fratercula, 249
cornix, Corvus, 785
cornuta, Pipra, 487
coronata, Dendroica, xxiii, 611
Paroaria, 678
Pipra, 486
Zeledonia, 638
coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus, 114
Onychorhynchus, 443
Platyrinchus, 442
corone, Corvus, 509, 785
Corthylio, 541
Corvidae, 499
corvina, Sporophila, 687
Corvus, 508
Coryphotriccus, 468
costae, Calypte, 357
costaricensis, Geotrygon, 264
Touit, 276
Cotinga, 480
cotinga, Cotinga, 480
CoTINGA, Antonia’s, 481
Black-tipped, 481
Blue, 480
Lovely, 480
Natterer’s, 481
Snowy, 481
Turquoise, 480
White, 481
Yellow-billed, 481
Cotingidae, xviii, 460, 476, 479, 483
cotta, Myiopagis, 432
Coturnicops, 149
Coturnix, 134
coturnix, Coturnix, 134
couchii, Tyrannus, 472
couesi, Anas, 81
CowsirbD, Bronzed, 731
Brown-headed, 731
Giant, 732
Glossy, 731
Shiny, 730
Cracidae, 129
Cracoidea, 129
CRAKE, Colombian, 156
Corn, 151
Gray-breasted, 150
Ocellated, 149
Paint-billed, 156
Ruddy, 150

824 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Rufous-sided, 150
Spotted, 154
Uniform, 154
White-throated. 150
Yellow-breasted, 155
CRANE, 163
Common, 162
European, 163
Sandhill, 162
Whooping, 163
CRANE-HAWK, Blackish, 110
Cranioleuca, 401
crassirostris, Fringilla, 688
Larus, 216, 773
Lysurus, 678
Oryzoborus, 689
Tyrannus, 472
Vireo, 590
craveri, Synthliboramphus, 245
Graxe 132
Craxirex, 114
Creagrus, 212, 225
creatopus, Puffinus, 21, 22
crecca, Anas, 73
CREEPER, Brown, 520
Hawaii, 761
Hawaiian, 761
Kauai, 760
Maui, 761
Molokai, 761
Oahu, 761
Tree, 520
(see also TREE-CREEPER)
Crex, 151
crex, Crex, 151
crinitus, Myiarchus, 463, 464, 465
crissale, Toxostoma, 573
crissalis, Pipilo, 685
Vermivora, 604. 605
cristata, Cyanocitta, 500, 501
Gubernatrix, 794
Lophostrix, 296 _
cristatella, Aethia, 247
cristatellus, Acridotheres, 586
cristatus, Colinus, 145, 146
Lanius, 584
Orthorhynchus, 333
Oxyruncus, 487
Pavo, 136
Crocethia, 191, 193
croconotus, Icterus, 736
CROSSBILL, 747
Parrot, 795
Red, 747
White-winged, 747
Crotophaga, 289

Crotophaginae, 289
Crow, American, 509
Carrion, 509, 785
Common, 509
Cuban, 510 ©
Fish, 510
Hawaiian, xxii, 511
Hooded. 785
Jamaican, 510
Mexican, 510
Northwestern, 509
Palm, 509
Sinaloa, 510
White-necked, 510
cruentatus, Melanerpes, 384
Crypticus, 370
cryptoleuca, Progne, 490
cryptoleucus, Corvus, xxiii, 511
Crypturellus, 2
cryptus, Cypseloides, 317
cubanensis, Caprimulgus, 313
cubensis, Tyrannus, 475
Cuckoo, 283
Bay-breasted. 286
Black-billed. 283
Chestnut-bellied. 286
Cocos, 285
Common, 282
Dwarf, 283, 774
Gray-capped. 285, 774
Ground, see GROUND-CUCKOO
Himalayan, 283
Little, 287
Lizard, see LIZARD-CUCKOO
Mangrove. 284
Oriental, 283
Pheasant, 288
Squirrel, 287
Striped. 287
Yellow-billed, 284
Cuculidae, 282
Cuculiformes, 282
Cuculinae, 282
cucullata, Carduelis, 750. 751
Cyanolyca, 504
Lonchura, 769
Tangara, 644
cucullatus, Icterus, 734
Lophodytes, 94
Ploceus, 765
Cuculus, 282
culicivorus, Basileuterus, 636
culik, Selenidera, 380
cuneata, Geopelia, 793
cunicularia, Athene, 301
cupido, Tympanuchus, 140

cupreiceps, Elvira, 347
CurRAssow, Great, 132
CURLEW, 186
Bristle-thighed, 185
Common, 186
Eskimo, 184
Eurasian, 196
Far Eastern, 186
Hudsonian, 185
Long-billed, 186
Slender-billed, 186
currucoides, Sialia, 550
curvipennis, Campylopterus, 329
curvirostra, Loxia, 747
curvirostre, Toxostoma, 572
cuvieri, Regulus, 790
cuvieril, Phaeochroa, 328
cyanea, Passerina, 675
cyaneoviridis, Tachycineta, 494
Cyanerpes, 645, 646
cyanescens, Galbula, 377
cyaneus, Circus, 107, 108
Cyanerpes, 647
cyanicollis, Tangara, 644
cyanifrons, Amazilia, 343

cyanocephala, Amazilia, 343, 346, 789

Psittacula, 794
Starnoenas, 266
Uraeginthus, 795
cyanocephalus, Euphagus, 727
Gymunorhinus, 506
Cyanocitta, 500
Cyanocompsa, 673, 674
Cyanocorax, 502
cyanoides, Cyanocompsa, 673
cyanoleuca, Grallina, 794
Pygochelidon, 494, 495
Cyanolimnas, 157
Cyanolyca, 504
cyanomelaena, Cyanoptila, 794
Cyanophaia, 337
cyanophrys, Eupherusa, 346
cyanoptera, Anas, 79
Cyanoptila, 794
cyanopygius, Forpus, 274
cyanotus, Colibri, 331
cyanura, Amazilia, 344
Cyclarhidae, 600
Cyclarhinae, xviii, 600
Cyclarhis, 600
Cyclorhynchus, 440
Cyclorrhynchus, 246
Cygnini, 62
cygnoides, Anser, 793
Cygnus, 62, 64
cygnus, Cygnus, 63, 64

INDEX

Cymbilaimus, 414
Cymochorea, 28
Cynanthus, 337
Cyphorhinus, 537
Cypseloides, 317
Cypseloidinae, 317
Cyrtonyx, 144
Cyrtopelicanus, 36

Dacnis, 645, 646
Dacnis, Blue, 645
Scarlet-thighed, 645
Viridian, 645
dactylatra, Sula, 33
Dactylortyx, 143
Dafila, 72
daggetti, Sphyrapicus varius, xiv
Sphyrapicus ruber, xv
daguae, Turdus, 562
Damophila, 338, 339
Daption, 14
Daptrius, 122
Darter, American, 41
darwinii, Nothura, 793
daubentoni, Crax, 132
decaocto, Streptopelia, 255
Deconychura, 409
decora, Amazilia, 342
decumanus, Psarocolius, 740
decurtatus, Hylophilus, 599
defilippiana, Pterodroma, 18
deglandi, Melanitta, 92
deiroleucus, Falco, 127
delatrii, Tachyphonus, 656
delattrei, Lophornis, 334
delattrii, Basileuterus, 637
delawarensis, Larus, 217
delicatula, Tyto, 291
Delichon, 499
delphinae, Colibri, 330
Deltarhynchus, 466
Dendragapus, 136
Dendrocincla, 408
Dendrocolaptes, 410
Dendrocolaptidae, 400, 408
Dendrocopos, 389
Dendrocygna, 60
Dendrocygnini, 60
Dendroica, 601, 607, 620, 640
Dendroplex, 411, 412
Dendrortyx, 141
derbianus, Oreophasis, 132
diadema, Amazona, 280
dialeucos, Odontophorus, 143

826 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

diazi, Anas, 76
Dichromanassa, 47, 50
DICKCISSEL, 677
dickeyi, Cyanocorax, 502
dicolurus, Ramphastos, 380
difficilis, Empidonax, 455, 456
Diglossa, xviii, 693
dilectissima, Touit, 276
dimidiatus, Ramphocelus, 661
Diomedea, 1\\
diomedea, Calonectris, 21
Diomedeidae, 11
diphone, Cettia, 538
Dipper, American, 538
Eurasian, 794
North American, 538
discolor, Dendroica, 617
discors, Anas, 79
Discosura, 335
dissita, Certhiaxis, 401
DIveER, 3
Black-throated, 5
Great Northern, 6
White-billed, 6
Dives, 726
dives, Dives, 726
dolei, Palmeria, 763
doliatus, Thamnophilus, 415
Dolichonychini, 722
Dolichonyx, 722
domestica, Sylvia, 532
domesticus, Passer, 764
Troglodytes, 532
dominica, Dendroica, 615, 616, 790
Oxyura, 97
Pluvialis, 166, 167
dominicana, Paroaria, 794
dominicanus, Larus, 221, 223
dominicensis, Carduelis, 751
Icterus, 732, 733
Progne, 490, 491
Spindalis, 652
Tyrannus, 474
dominicus, Anthracothorax, 332
Dulus, 583
Tachybaptus, 7
Donacobius, xviii, 521, 567
DonaAcosius, Black-capped, 521
Doricha, 354
dorsale, Toxostoma, 573
dorsalis, Junco, 717
Doryfera, 328
DOTTEREL, 173
Eurasian, 172
doubledayi, Cynanthus, 337
dougallii, Sterna, 229

douglasii, Callipepla, 147, 148, 789
Dove, Bar-shouldered, 793
Barbary, 254
Barred, 255
Brown-backed, 262
Caribbean, 262
Cassin’s, 262
Diamond, 793
Eared, 256
Emerald, 793
Gray-chested, 262
Gray-fronted, 261, 262
Gray-headed, 262
Grenada, 262
Ground, see GROUND-DOVE
Inca, 258
Mourning, 257
Peaceful, 255
Quail, see QUAIL-DOVE
Rock, 250
Scaled, 259
Socorro, 257
Spotted, 255
Turtle, see TURTLE-DOVE
White-bellied, 262
White-fronted, 261
White-tipped, 261
White-winged, 256
Zebra, 255
Zenaida, 256
DOVEKIE, 240
dowii, Tangara, 644, 645
DowiTcH_ER, Long-billed, 203
Short-billed, 203
Drepanididae, xviii
Drepanidinae, xviii, 756
Drepanidini, 762
Drepanis, 762, 763
Dromococcyx, 288
dryas, Catharus, 554
drygalskii, Anas, 78
Dryobates, 389
Dryocopus, 397
dubius, Charadrius, 171
Duck, American Black, 74
Bahama, 75
Black, 75
Comb, 71
(see also CoMB-DUCK)
Harlequin, 89
Hawaiian, 76
Labrador, 88
Laysan, 76
Long-tailed, xxii, 90
Masked, 97
Mexican, 76

Mottled, 75
Muscovy, 71
Ring-necked, 84
Ruddy, 97
Spot-billed, 77
Tree, see TREE-DuUCK
Tufted, 85
Whistling, see WHISTLING-DUCK
Wood, 72

duidae, Crypturellus, 3

Dulidae, 581, 583

Dulus, 583

Dumetella, 567, 568

DUNLIN, 199

DUNNOCK, 794

dupontii, Tilmatura, 354

Dysithamnus, 417

Dytes, 8

EAGLE, American Crowned, 114
Bald, 106
Crested, 119
Crowned, 114
Golden, 120
Harpy, 120
Hawk, see HAWK-EAGLE
Sea, see SEA-EAGLE
Solitary, 114
White-tailed, 106
eatoni, Anas, 78
eburnea, Pagophila, 226
ecaudatus, Myiornis, 438
Eclectus, 794
Ectopistes, 258
edward, Amazilia, 344, 345
EGret, American, 47
Cattle, 50
Chinese, 48
Common, 47
Great, 47
Intermediate, 48, 779
Lesser, 779
Little, 48
Reddish, 50
Snowy, 48
Yellow-billed, 779
Egretta, 47, 50
Eider, 86
EIDER, 87
Common, 86
King, 87
Spectacled, 88
Steller’s, 88
ekmani, Caprimulgus, 313

INDEX $27

Elaenia, 433

ELAENIA, Caribbean, 433
Forest, 432
Gray, 432
Greater Antillean, 434
Greenish, 433
Jamaican, 432
Jamaican Yellow-crowned, 432
Lesser, 434
Mountain, 434
Yellow-bellied, 433

Elaeniinae, 428, 456

Elanoides, 102

Elanus, 103

elatus, Tyrannulus, 432

Electron, 370

elegans, Celeus, 397, 784
Eudromia, 793
Progne, 490, 491, 492
Rallus, 152
Sterna, 228
Trogon, 364

elegantissima, Euphonia, 649

ELEpPAIO, 546

eliciae, Hylocharis, 340

elisabeth, Myadestes, 551

eliza, Doricha, 354

ellioti, Atthis, 358
Syrmaticus, 793

Elvira, 347

Emberiza, 717, 719

Emberizidae, xviii, 601

Emberizinae, xvill, 641, 677, 678

Emberizoides, 695

Emblema, 795

EMERALD, Allied, 336
Blue-tailed, 336
Coppery-headed, 347
Cuban, 336
Fork-tailed, 335
Garden, 336
Hispaniolan, 336
Honduran, 342
Puerto Rican, 337
White-bellied, 342
White-chested, 342, 783
White-tailed, 347

Empidonax, 450

Empidonomus, 471

Endomychura, 244, 245

enicura, Doricha, 354

enucleator, Pinicola, 744

Eolophus, 794

episcopus, Thraupis, 651, 652

epops, Upupa, 367

Erator, xviii, 479

$28 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

erckelu, Francolinus, 133

Eremophila, 488

Ereunetes, 191, 193

Ergaticus, 634

erithachorides, Dendroica, 608

Erithacus, 546, 794

erithacus, Psittacus, 794

Erolia, 191

Erythrina, 744

erythrinus, Carpodacus, 744

erythrocephala, Pipra, 487
Piranga, 660

erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 383

erythrocercus, Philydor, 404, 405

erythronemius, Accipiter, 109

erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 684, 685

erythrops, Cranioleuca, 401
Neocrex, 1356
Odontophorus, 142, 143

erythropthalmus, Coccyzus, 283

erythropus, Anser, 65
Crypturellus, 3
Tringa, 178, 781

erythropygius, Pteroglossus, 379
Xiphorhynchus, 413

erythropygus, Morococcyx, 288

erythrorhyncha, Urocissa, 308, 784

erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 36

Erythrosoma, 635

erythrothorax, Synallaxis, 401

erythrurus, Terenotriccus, 443

Estrilda, 767, 768

Esinildidae, xix. 766

Estrildinae. xix, 766

Eubrania, 68

Eubucco, 378

euchrysea, Tachycineta, 493

Eucometis, 634

Eucorystes, 740

Eudocimus, 355

Eudromia, 793

Eudromias, 167, 173

Eugenes, 331 ;

Ewulabeornis, 153

Eulampis, 332

euleri, Coccyzus, 284
Empidonax, 453

eulophotes, Egretta, 48

Eumomozta, 371

Euneornis, xvii, 692

Eunetta, 73

eunomus, Turdus, 359

Euodice, 768, 769

euops, Aratinga, 270

Euphagus, 727

Eupherusa, 346

Euphonia, 648, 649
EuPHonia, Aniillean, 649
Black-throated, 648
Blue-hooded, 649
Bonaparie’s, 649
Bronze-green, 650, 786
Fulvous-venied, 650
Gould’s, 650
Jamaican, 648
Lesson’s, 648
Olive-backed, 650
Orange-bellied, 631
Pale-venied, 648
Scrub, 648
Spoi-crowned, 630
Tawny-bellied, 650
Tavwmy-capped, 631
Thick-billed, 648
White-vented, 650
Yellow-crowned, 648
Yellow-throated, 649
Evuplectes, xix, 766
Eupoda, 167, 172
Evupitilotis, 366
eurygnatha, Sterna, 229
Eurylaimidae, 483
Eurynorhynchus, 191, 201
Eurypyga, 161
Eurypygidae, 161
Euthlypis, 636
Eutoxeres, 327
evelynae, Calliphlox, 353
Exanthemops, 66
excellens, Campylopterus, 329
excubitor, Lanius, 384, 585
exilipes, Carduelis hornemanm, 749
exilis, Ixobrychus, 43, 44
Laterallus, 130
eximua, Eupherusa, 346, 347
examuus, Vireolarius, 600
exquisita, Coturnicops, 149
exsul, Myrmeciza, 422
externa, Pterodroma, 15. 16
exulans, Diomedea, 11
exustus, Pterocles, 2350

Jjabalis, Anser, 65

Fairy, Purple-crowned, 352
FAaIRY-BLUEBIRD, Blue-maniled, 794

jalcata, Anas, 74
jalcinellus, Limicola, 201

Plegadis, 56, 37
Falco, 125

FALCON, Aplomado, 127

Bat, 127

Forest, see FOREST-FALCON
Gyr, 129

Laughing, 123

Orange-breasted, 127

Peregrine, 128

Prairie, 129
Falcones, 122
Falconidae, 98, 122
Falconiformes, 98
Falconini, 125

falcularius, Campylorhamphus, 414

fallax, Bulweria, 19
Elaenia, 434
familiaris, Acrecephalus, 539
Certhia, 520
fannyi, Thalurania, 338
farinosa, Amazona, 280
fasciata, Amandina, 795
Chamaea, 567
Columba, 253
fasciatoventris, Thryothorus, 526
fasciatum, Tigrisoma, 44, 45
fasciatus, Campylorhynchus, 522
Myiophobus, 444
Philortyx, 146
fasciolata, Crax, 132
fedoa, Limosa, 189
felix, Thryothorus, 529
femoralis, Falco, 127
ferina, Aythya, 83, 84
Ferminia, 531
fernandinae, Colaptes, 396
Teretistris, 631
ferox, Myiarchus, 463
ferruginea, Calidris, 200
Tadorna, 71, 779
ferrugineus, Coccyzus, 285
Ficedula, 545
FIELDFARE, 559
FincuH, Brush, see BRUSH-FINCH
Cassin’s, 745
Cassin’s Purple, 746
Cocos, 693
Cut-throat, 795
Fire, see FirE-FINCH
Grass, see GRASS-FINCH
Grosbeak, 758
Ground, see GROUND-FINCH
House, 746
(see also HOUSE-FINCH)
Java, 770
Koa, see KOA-FINCH
Large-footed, 679
Laysan, 756

INDEX

Nihoa, 757
Olive, 678
Peg-billed, 693
Purple, xxii, 745
Rosy, 743
(see also ROSy-FINCH)
Saffron, 694
St. Lucia Black, 692
Seed, see SEED-FINCH
Singing, see SINGING-FINCH
Slaty, 693
Sooty-faced, 678
Spice, 769
Strawberry, 768
Yellow, see YELLOW-FINCH
Yellow-backed, 691
Yellow-green, 679
Yellow-thighed, 679
Zebra, 795
FiInFoot, American, 161
finschi, Amazona, 279
Aratinga, 269
FireE-Fincnu, African, 766, 788
Lavender, 767
Red-billed, 795
FIRETAIL, Diamond, 795
fischeri, Agapornis, 794
Somateria, 88
FLAMINGO, 60
American, 60
Greater, 59

flammea, Carduelis, xvi, 748, 749, 791

Paroreomyza, 761
flammeolus, Otus, 292, 293
flammeus, Asio, 305
flammigerus, Ramphocelus, 662
flammula, Selasphorus, 360, 361
flammulatus, Deltarhynchus, 466
FLATBILL, Eye-ringed, 440

Olivaceous, 441

Yellow-margined, 441
flava, Eremophila alpestris, 489

Motacilla, 576

Piranga, 657, 658
flaveola, Capsiempis, 436

Coereba, 641

Sicalis, 694
flavescens, Celeus, 397

Empidonax, 455, 456
flaviceps, Auriparus, 517

Rhodacanthis, 758
flavicollis, Hemithraupis, 666
flavifrons, Melanerpes, 384

Vireo, 592, 790
flavigaster, Xiphorhynchus, 412

flavigularis, Chlorospingus, 664, 665

830 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

flavipes, Hylophilus, 598, 599
Tringa, xxii, 177
flavirostris, Anser albifrons, 66
Columba, 252, 253
Grallaricula, 427
flaviventer, Porzana, 155
flaviventris, Empidonax, 450
flavogaster, Elaenia, 433, 434

flavopectus, Chlorospingus, 664
flavovelata, Geothlypis, 628, 629

flavovirens, Phylloscartes, 437
flavoviridis, Vireo, 597
FLICKER, Common, 396
Northern, 395
Gilded, 396
Red-shafted, 396
Yellow-shafted, 396
florenceae, Saucerottia, 789
floresii, Selasphorus, 790
Florida, 47, 49
florida, Tangara, 642
Florisuga, 330

FLOWERPIERCER, Cinnamon, 694

Cinnamon-bellied. 694
Slaty, 694

Fluvicola, 459

Fluvicolinae, 443

FLYCATCHER, Acadian, 450
Alder, 451
Ash-throated. 463
Beardless., 430
Belted, 445
Black-billed, 445
Black-capped. 456
Black-tailed, 444
Blue-and-white, 794
Boat-billed. 467
Bran-colored, 444
Brown-crested, 464
Brownish, 440
Buff-breasted, 456
Cocos. 456
Coues’, 447
Dusky, 454
Dusky-capped. 462
Euler’s, 452
Flammulated, 466
Fork-tailed, 475
Golden-bellied, 469
Golden-crowned, 469
Gray, 454
Gray-capped, 468
Gray-spotted, 546
Great Crested, 463
Grenada, 465
Hammond’s, 453

Kiskadee, 467

La Sagra’s, 465
Lawrence’s, 453
Least, 453

Lesser Antillean. 466
Nutting’s, 463
Ochre-bellied, 435
Olivaceous, 462
Olive-sided, 447
Olive-striped, 435
Ometepe. 465
Pale-throated. 463
Panama. 462
Pileated, 446
Pine. 455

Piratic, 470
Puerto Rican, 466
Red-breasted. 545
Red-throated. 545
Royal. 443

(see also ROYAL-FLYCATCHER)

Ruddy-tailed, 443
Rufous-tailed. 465
Rusty-margined. 467
Sad, 462
Scissor-tailed, 475
Scrub, 431
Sepia-capped, 436
Short-billed. 431
Short-crested, 463
Siberian. 545
Slaty-capped, 436
Small-headed. 791
Social, 468

Sooty. 546

Stolid. 465

Streaked, 469
Sulphur-bellied, 470
Sulphur-rumped, 444
Tawny-breasted, 444
Tawny-chested, 445
Tody, see TOoDY-FLYCATCHER
Traill’s, 452

Tufted, 446
Variegated, 471
Vermilion, 458
Vermilion-crowned, 468
Western, 455
White-ringed, 468
White-throated, 452
Wied’s Crested, 465
Willow, 452
Wright's, 454
Yellow-bellied. 450
Yellow-margined, 441
Yellow-olive, 441

Yellowish, 456
Yucatan, 461

FOLIAGE-GLEANER, Black-tailed, 406

Buff-fronted, 405
Buff-throated, 405
Cinnamon-rumped, 405
Lineated, 403
Pale-throated, 405
Ruddy, 405
Rufous-rumped, 404
Scaly-throated, 404
Slaty-winged, 404
Spectacled, 404
FOREST-FALCON, Barred, 124
Collared, 124
Slaty-backed, 124
forficatus, Elanoides, 102
Tyrannus, 475
Formicariidae, 414
Formicariinae, 424
Formicarius, 424
Formicivora, 420
formicivorus, Melanerpes, 383
formosa, Amandava, 795
Anas, 74
Calocitta, 501
formosus, Oporornis, 626, 790
fornsi, Teretistris, 631
Forpus, 274
forsteri, Sterna, 231
francescae, Granatellus, 639
franciscanus, Euplectes, 766
FRANCOLIN, Black, 133
Chinese, 793
Clapperton’s, 793
Erckel’s, 133
Gray, 133
Heuglin’s, 793
Red-billed, 793
Francolinus, 133
francolinus, Francolinus, 133
franklinii, Dendragapus, 137
frantzii, Catharus, 553, 554
Elaenia, 434
Pteroglossus, 379
Semnornis, 378
Fratercula, 248
Fraterculini, 248
freethii, Himatione, 764
Fregata, 41
Fregatae, 41
Fregatidae, 41
Fregetta, 27
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, 41
Least, 42

INDEX

Lesser, 42

Magnificent, 41
Fringilla, xviii, 742
Fringillidae, xviii, 742
Fringillinae, xviii, 742

frontalis, Nonnula, 376
Srugilegus, Corvus, 508, 785
Srugivorus, Calyptophilus, 663

FRuITCROW, Purple-throated, 481

fuciphaga, Collocalia, 783
fucosa, Tangara, 644, 645
fuertesi, Icterus, 734

fulgens, Eugenes, 351, 352

Fulica, 159

fulica, Heliornis, 160
fulicaria, Phalaropus, 208
Juliginosa, Artomyias, 546

Dendrocincla, 408

fuliginosus, Dendragapus, 137

Pitylus, 668

fuligula, Aythya, 85

FULMAR, 14
Giant, 771
Northern, 14
Slender-billed, 14
Southern, 14
Fulmarus, 13

fulva, Hirundo, 498

Pluvialis, 167

fulvescens, Junco, 717

Strix, 302, 303

fulvicauda, Phaeothlypis, 638
fulvicrissa, Euphonia, 650
fulvifrons, Empidonax, 456
fulvigula, Anas, 75, 76
fulviventris, Hylopezus, 426

Myrmotherula, 419

fumigatus, Contopus, 447

Turdus, 560, 561
Veniliornis, 393

funerea, Drepanis, 763
funereus, Aegolius, 306

Oryzoborus, 689

furcata, Oceanodroma, 28

Thalurania, 338

furcatus, Anthus, 580

Creagrus, 225, 774
Furnariidae, 400, 408
Furnarioidea, 400

fusca, Dendroica, 614

Melanitta, 91, 92

fuscata, Sterna, 234
fuscater, Catharus, 553
fuscatus, Margarops, 575

Phylloscopus, 540

fuscescens, Catharus, 554, 555, 556,

831

832 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

fuscicauda, Habia, 656, 657
fuscicollis, Calidris, 196
fuscipennis, Philydor, 404
fuscus, Larus, xxii, 219, 220
Margarops, 574
Pipilo, 685, 686

GADWALL, 80
Common, 81
Coues’, 81
gaimardi, Phalacrocorax, 40, 778
gaimardii, Myiopagis, 432
GALAH, 794
Galbula, 376
galbula, Galbula, 377
Icterus, 737, 738
Galbulae, 373
Galbulidae, 376
galeata, Numida meleagris, 148
galerita, Cacatua, 794
Gallicolumba, 794
Galliformes, 129
Gallinago, 204
gallinago, Gallinago, 204, 205
Gallinago gallinago, 205
Gallinagoini, 204
Gallinula, xxii, 158
GALLINULE, Common, 159
Florida, 159
Purple, 158
gallopavo, Meleagris, 141
Gallus, 135
gallus, Gallus, 135
gambeli, Parus, 513
gambelii, Callipepla, 147, 148, 789
Gampsonyx, 102
GANNET, 36
Northern, 35
GARGANEY, 78
garrula, Ortalis, 130
Garrulax, 565
garrulus, Bombycilla, 581
garzetta, Egretta, 48, 49
gaumeri, Chaetura, 320
Gavia, 3, 4, 8
gavia, Puffinus, 24
Gaviidae, 3
Gaviiformes, 3, 163
gayaquilensis, Campephilus, 399
Gelochelidon, 226, 227
genibarbis, Myadestes, 551
Gennaeus, 135
gentilis, Accipiter, 109, 110

Geococcyx, 288
geoffroyi, Neomorphus, 289
Geopelia, 255
georgiana, Melospiza, 712
georgica, Anas, 78
Geothlypis, 626, 628
Geotrygon, 262, 265
Geranospiza, 110
GIANT-PETREL, Antarctic, 13, 771
Hall’s, 771
Northern, 771
Southern, 771
giganteus, Macronectes, 13, 771
gigas, Podilymbus, 7
gilvicollis, Micrastur, 124
gilvus, Mimus, 569
Vireo, 595, 596
giraudii, Icterus chrysater, 735
glabricollis, Cephalopterus, 482
glabrirostris, Melanoptila, xxii, 568
glacialis, Fulmarus, 14
glacialoides, Fulmarus, 14
glareola, Tringa, 179
glaucescens, Larus, 219, 221, 222
Glaucidium, 298, 299
Glaucionetta, 92
Glaucis, 325, 326
glaucoides, Larus, 219
glaucops, Tyto, 291
globulosa, Crax, 132
Glottis, 176
Glyphorhynchus, 410
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, 544
Black-tailed, 543, 544
Blue-gray, 543
Cuban, 543
Plumbeous, 544
Slate-throated, 545
Tropical, 544
White-lored, 544
GNATWREN, Half-collared, 542
Long-billed, 542
Straight-billed, 542
Tawny-faced, 542
gnoma, Glaucidium, 298, 299, 300
godefrida, Claravis, 261
godmani, Euphonia, 648
GopwIt, Bar-tailed, 188
Black-tailed, 187
Hudsonian, 187
Marbled, 189
goeringi, Brachygalba, 376
Goethalsia, 341
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, 167
Asiatic, 167
Eurasian, 166

INDEX 833

Greater, 166
Lesser, 166
GOLDENEYE, 93
Barrow’s, 93
Common, 92
GOLDENTAIL, Blue-throated, 340
GOLDFINCH, 753
American, 752
Arkansas, 752
Dark-backed, 752
European, 753
Lawrence’s, 752
Lesser, 752
goldmani, Geotrygon, 264
Goldmania, 340
goodsoni, Columba, 254, 774
GOOSANDER, 96
Goose, Bar-headed, 66, 779
Barnacle, 69
Bean, 65
Blue, 67
Brent, 69
Cackling, 70
Canada, 69
Emperor, 68
Graylag, 66, 779
Hawaiian, xxiii, 70
Hutchins’, 70
Maned, 793
Pink-footed, 65
Red-breasted, 70, 779
Richardson’s, 70
Ross’, 67
Snow, 66, 67
Swan, 793
Tundra, 70
White-fronted, 66
(see also WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE)
GosHAwk, 110
Northern, 109
gouldi, Euphonia, 650
gouldii, Selenidera, 380
graciae, Dendroica, 615
gracilirostris, Catharus, 553
Vireo, 598
gracilis, Oceanites, 26, 772
GRACKLE, 587
Boat-tailed, 729
Bronzed, 730
Carib, 729
Common, 730
Great-tailed, 729
Greater Antillean, 728
Lesser Antillean, 729
Nicaraguan, 728
Purple, 730

Rice, 732
Slender-billed, 728
Gracula, 587
graduacauda, Icterus, 737
graeca, Alectoris, 134, 793
Grallaria, 426, 427
grallaria, Fregetta, 27, 778
Grallaricula, 427
Grallina, 794
gramineus, Pooecetes, 702
grammacus, Chondestes, 703
grammicus, Pseudoscops, 305
granadensis, Myiozetetes, 468
Granatellus, 639, 663
grandis, Acridotheres, 587
Motacilla, 577
Nyctibius, 315
Saltator, 667
GRASS-FINCH, Wedge-tailed, 695
Yellow, 695
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, 539
Pallas’, 539
Grassqult, Black-faced, 691
Blue-black, 686
Cuban, 690
Melodious, 690
Yellow-faced, 690
Yellow-shouldered, 691
gravis, Puffinus, 22
grayi, Hylocharis, 339
Turdus, 561
graysoni, Mimodes, 570
Parula, 607
Turdus, 562
Zenaida, 257, 258
graysonil, Icterus, 736
GRAYTAIL, Double-banded, 402
Grebe, Atitlan, 7
Black-necked, 10
Clark’s, 10
Eared, 9
Giant Pied-billed, 8
Horned, 8
Least, 7
Pied-billed, 7
Red-necked, 9
Slavonian, 8
Western, 10
GREENFINCH, 787
Chinese, 754
European, 754, 787
Oriental, 753
GREENLET, Golden-fronted, 599
Gray-headed, 599
Lesser, 599
Scrub, 598

834 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Tawny-crowned, 599

Yellow-green, 599
GREENSHANK, 177

Common, 176
grisea, Formicivora, 420
grisegena, Podiceps, 9
griseicapillus, Sittasomus, 409
griseiceps, Catharus, 553

Phyllomyias, 429

Piprites, 483, 484
griseisticta, Muscicapa, 546
griseogularis, Ammoperdix, 793
griseus, Campylorhynchus, 523

Empidonax, 455

Limnodromus, 203, 204

Nyctibius, 316

Puffinus, 23

Vireo, 589, 590, 591
GrosBEAK, Abeille’s, 755

Black-faced, 669

Black-headed, 672

Black-thighed, 671

Blue, 673

Blue-black, 673

Crimson-collared, 669

Evening, 755

Green, 669

Hooded, 755

Kona, 758

Pine, 744

Rose-breasted, 671

Scarlet, 745

Slate-colored, 668

Yellow, 671

Yellow-green, 669
grossus, Pitylus, 668
GROUND-CUCKOO, Lesser, 288

Rufous-vented. 289
GROUND-DoveE, Blue, 260

Common, 259

Maroon-chested, 261

Plain-breasted, 259

Ruddy, 260

Scaly-breasted, 259
GROUND-FINCH, Wedge-tailed, 695
GROUND-SPARROW, Prevost’s, 683

Rusty-crowned, 682

White-eared, 683

Grouse, Black, see BLACK-GROUSE

Blue, 137
Dusky, 137
Franklin’s, 137
Hazel, 793
Pinnated, 140
Ruffed. 139
Sage, 139
Sharp-tailed, 140

Sooty, 137
Spruce, 137
Willow, 138
Gruidae, 162
Gruiformes, 149
Gruinae, 162
Grus, 162
grus, Grus, 162
grylle, Cepphus, 242, 243
Guan, Black, 131
Crested, 131
Highland, 131
Horned, 132
guarauna, Aramus, 161
guatemalae, Otus, 294, 295
guatemalensis, Campephilus, 399
Sclerurus, 407
guatimalensis, Grallaria, 426
guatimozinus, Psarocolius, 741
Gubernatrix, 794
guianensis, Morphnus, 119
Polioptila, 545
guildingii, Amazona, 282
GUILLEMOT, 241
Black, 242
Brunnich’s, 241
Pigeon, 243
Sooty, 783
Spectacled, 243, 782
guimeti, Klais, 333
GUINEAFOWL, Helmeted, 148
Tufted, 148
Guiraca, 673
gujanensis, Cyclarhis, 601
Odontophorus, 142
gularis, Aspatha, 369
Campylorhynchus, 523
Cuculus, 283
Icterus, 737
Paroaria, 794
gulgula, Alauda, 488
GULL, Band-tailed, 216
Belcher’s, 216
Black-headed, 215
Black-tailed, 216, 773
Bonaparte’s, 215
California, 218
Common, 217
Common Black-headed, 214
Franklin’s, 213
Glaucous, 222
Glaucous-winged, 221
Gray, 216
Gray-hooded, 215, 773
Great Black-backed, xxii, 222
Heermann’s, 215
Herring, 218

Iceland, 219
Ivory, 226
Kamchatka, 217
Kumlien’s, 219
Laughing, 213
Lesser Black-backed, xxii, 220
Little, 214
Mew, 216
Nelson’s, 789
Olrog’s, 216
Ring-billed, 217
Ross’, 224
Sabine’s, 225
Short-billed, 217
Silver, 793
Slaty-backed, 220
Swallow-tailed, 225, 774
Thayer’s, 219
Western, 221
Yellow-footed, 221
gundlachi, Accipiter, 109
gundlachii, Buteogallus, 112
Chordeiles, 309
Mimus, 569
Vireo, 591
gustavi, Anthus, 578
guttata, Emblema, 795
Poephila, 795
Tangara, 643, 654
guttatum, Toxostoma, 571
guttatus, Catharus, 556
Odontophorus, 143
Xiphorhynchus, 412
guttifer, Accipiter, 109
guttulata, Syndactyla, 404
gutturalis, Atlapetes, 680
Habia, 657
Parula, 607
guy, Phaethornis, 326
Gygis, 238
Gymnasio, 292
Gymunocichla, 422
Gymnoglaux, 292, 296
Gymnogyps, 99
Gymnopithys, 424
Gymnorhinus, 506
Gymnostinops, 741
GYRFALCON, 128
gyrola, Tangara, 643
gyroloides, Tangara, 643

Habia, 656

haemastica, Limosa, 187
haematod, Trichoglossus, 794
haematogaster, Campephilus, 398

INDEX

Haematopodidae, 173
Haematopus, 173
haematotis, Pionopsitta, 276
Haliaeetus, 106, 113
haliaetus, Pandion, 100
halli, Macronectes, 771
Halocyptena, 28, 31
hamatus, Rostrhamus, 104
hammondii, Empidonax, 453
handleyi, Amazilia, 345
Haplophaedia, 352
Haplospiza, 693
harlani, Buteo, 118
HARLEQUIN, 89
Harpagus, 104
Harpia, 120
Harpyhaliaetus, 114
harpyja, Harpia, 120
HARRIER, American, 108
Hen, 108
Northern, 107
hasitata, Pterodroma, 15, 16
hauxwelli, Turdus, 561
hawaiiensis, Corvus, 511
HAWFINCH, 756
HAwk, Barred, 111
Bay-winged, 113
Bicolored, 109
Black, 112
(see also BLACK-HAWk)
Black-collared, 114
Broad-winged, 116
Cooper’s, 109
Crane, 110
(see also CRANE-HAWK)
Ferruginous, 118
Gray, 114
Gray-lined, 115
Gundlach’s, 109
Harlan’s, 118
Harris’, 113
Hawaiian, 118
Marsh, 108
Pigeon, 127
Plumbeous, 1! 11
Red-shouldered, 115
’ Red-tailed, 118
Ridgway’s, 116
Roadside, 115
Rough-legged, 119
Rufous-thighed, 109
Savanna, 113
Semiplumbeous, | 11
Sharp-shinned, 108, 109
Short-tailed, 116
Slate-colored, 111
Sparrow, 126, 780

835

836 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Swainson’s, 117
Tiny, 108
White. 111
White-breasted, 109
White-tailed, 117
Zone-tailed, 117
HAwK-EAGLE, Black, 121
Black-and-white, 121
Ornate, 121
HaAwk-OwL, Northern, 298
Hedymeles, 671
heermanni, Larus, 215
helenae, Lophornis, 334, 335
Mellisuga, 356
helias, Eurypyga, 161
Helicolestes, 103
heliodor, Acestrura, 359
Heliodoxa, 351
Heliomaster, 352
Heliornis, 160
Heliornithidae. 160
Heliothryx, 352
Helminthophaga, 601
Helminthophila, 601
Helmitheros, 623
heloisa, Atthis, 358
Helospiza, 711
hemichrysus, Myiodynastes, 469
Hemignathini, 759
Hemignathus, 759
hemileucurus, Campylopterus, 329
hemileucus, Lampornis, 350
Hemipuffinus, 21
Hemithraupis, 666
HEN, Heath, 140
Henicorhina, 536
henslowii, Ammodramus, 708
henstii, Accipiter, 110
hepatica, Piranga, 658
heraldica, Pterodroma, 18
herbicola, Emberizoides, 695
herminieri, Melanerpes, 383
HErMIT, Bronzy, 325
Green, 326
Hairy, 325
Little, 327
Long-tailed, 326
Pale-bellied. 327
Rufous-breasted, 325
herodias, Ardea, 45, 46
HERON, 46
Agami, 52
Boat-billed, 54
Buff-backed. 51
Capped, 53
Chestnut-bellied. 52

Cocoi, 46

Gray, 46

Great Blue, 45

Great White, 46, 47

Grecn 2

Green-backed, 51

Little, 52

Little Blue, 49

Louisiana, 50

Night, see NIGHT-HERON

Striated, 52

Tiger. see TIGER-HERON

Tricolored. 49

White-necked, 46
Herpetotheres, 123
Herpetotherini, 123
Herpsilochmus, 401, 419
Hesperiphona, 755, 756
Hesperocichla, 564
Hesperornithiformes, 6
Heterocnus, 44, 45
Heterorhina, 536
Heterorhynchus, 759
Heteroscelus, 180
Heterospingus, 655
Heterospizias, 112, 113
hiaticula, Charadrius, 169, 170
Hierofalco, 125
HILLROBIN, Japanese. 566
himalayensis, Tetraogallus, 793
Himantopus, 174
himantopus, Calidris, 200

Himantopus, 174
Himatione, 763
hirsuta, Glaucis, 325
Hirundapus, 322
hirundinacea, Euphonia, 649

Tanagra, 649
Hirundinidae, 489
Hirundininae, 489
Hirundo, 497
hirundo, Sterna, 230, 231, 782
Histrionicus, 89
histrionicus, Histrionicus, 89
Hospsy, 781

Northern, 127. 780
hodgsoni, Anthus, 578
hoffmanni, Pyrrhura, 267
hofimannii, Melanerpes, 386, 387
holerythra, Rhytipterna, 461
hollandicus, Nymphicus, 794
holochlora, Aratinga, 269

Chloropipo, 484
Holoquiscalus, 728, 729
holosericeus, Amblycercus, 739

Eulampis, 333

INDEX

homochroa, Dendrocincla, 409
Oceanodroma, 29
homochrous, Pachyramphus, 478
hondae, Icterus, 735
HONEYCREEPER, Bahama, 641
Black-faced, 764
Crested, 763
Green, 646
Laysan, 764
Purple, 646
Red-legged, 647
Shining, 646
Yellow-legged, 646
Hoopoe, 367
African, 367
Common, 367
hopkei, Carpodectes, 481
Hoploxypterini, 164
Hoploxypterus, 164
Horeites, 538
hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 28, 778
hornemanni, Carduelis, 749
Hortulanus, 683
HouseE-FINCH, Common, 746
Guadalupe, 746
McGregor’s, 746
House-MARTIN, Common, 499
House-Wren,. Antillean, 532
Northern, 532
Southern, 532
hudsonicus, Numenius, 185
Parus, 515
hudsonius, Circus, 108
huhula, Ciccaba, 302
humeralis, Aimophila, 696
Agelaius, 723, 724
Geopelia, 793
HUMMINGBIRD, Abeille’s, 334
Admirable, 352
Allen’s, 360
Amethyst-throated, 349
Anna’s, 357
Antillean Crested, 333
Azure-crowned, 343
Beautiful, 355
Bee, 356
Berylline, 343
Black-bellied, 347
Black-chinned, 356
Black-fronted, 340
Blue-capped, 346
Blue-chested, 342
Blue-fronted, 343
Blue-headed, 338
Blue-tailed, 344
Blue-throated, 349

Blue-vented, 344
Boucard’s, 343
Broad-billed, 337
Broad-tailed, 359
Buff-bellied, 345
Bumblebee, 358
Calliope, 358
Cerise-throated, 361
Charming, 342
Chisos, 790
Cinnamon, 345
Copper-rumped, 344, 784
Costa’s, 357
Doubleday’s, 337
Dusky, 337
Emerald-chinned, 334
Emerald-throated, 333
Escudo, 345
Fawn-breasted, 345
Fiery-throated, 338
Florence’s, 789
Garnet-throated, 332, 351
Glow-throated, 361
Green-fronted, 346
Heliotrope-throated, 361
Heloise’s, 358
Indigo-capped, 343
Lucifer, 355
Magnificent, 351, 352
Mangrove, 342
Margaret’s, 349
Oaxaca, 347

Pirre, 341

Rieffer’s, 345
Rivoli’s, 352
Robert’s, 328
Rose-throated, 361
Ruby-throated, 355
Ruby-topaz, 333, 775
Rufous, 359
Rufous-cheeked, 341
Rufous-tailed, 345
Salvin’s, 789
Sapphire-throated, 339
Scaly-breasted, 328
Scintillant, 361
Snowy-bellied, 344
Snowy-breasted, 344
Sparkling-tailed, 354
Steely-vented, 344
Stripe-tailed, 346
Tooth-billed, 328
Vervain, 356
Violet-bellied, 339
Violet-capped, 340
Violet-crowned, 346

837

838 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Violet-headed, 333
Volcano, 360
White-bellied, 345
White-eared, 340
White-tailed, 347
Wine-throated, 358
Xantus’, 340
Yucatan, 345
hutchinsii, Branta, 70
huttoni, Puffinus, 24
Vireo, 595
HwaA-MEI, 566
hybridus, Chlidonias, 235, 782
Hydranassa, 47, 50
Hydrobates, 27
Hydrobatidae, 13, 26
Hydrocoloeus, 212
Hydroprogne, 226, 228
hyemalis, Clangula, xxii, 89
Junco, 715, 716
Hyetornis, 286
Hylatomus, 397
Hylocharis, 339
Hylocichla, 552, 555, 557, 558
‘Hyloctistes, 403, 404
Hylomanes, 368
Hylonax, 461, 465
Hylopezus, 426
Hylophilus, 598
Hylophylax, 423
Hylorchilus, 525
hyperborea, Chen, 67

Plectrophenax, 721
hypochryseus, Vireo, 595
hypoleuca, Pterodroma, 18, 19
hypoleucos, Actitis, 182
hypoleucus, Melanotis, 574

Sylthliboramphus, 244, 245
Hypomorphnus, 112
hypophaeus, Chlorospingus, 665
hypopolius, Melanerpes, 385
hypopyrra, Laniocera, 460
Hypotriorchis, 125

ibis, Bubulcus, 50
Isis, Buff-necked, 57
Glossy, 56
Green, 57
Scarlet, 55

White, 55

White-faced, 56

Wood, 59
Icteria, 639

Icteridae, xvill

Icterinae, xvill, 677, 722

Icterini, 722, 732

icterocephala, Tangara, 643

icterocephalus, Icterus, 726

icteronotus, Ramphocelus, 662

icterorhynchus, Francolinus, 793

Icterus, 732

icterus, Icterus, 735, 736

Ictinia, 105

idoneus, Crypturellus, 2, 3

ignobilis, Turdus, 560

ignota, Myrmotherula, 418

ignotus, Basileuterus, 637

Irwi, 762

iliaca, Passerella, 710

iliacus, Turdus, 559

imberbe, Camptostoma, 430, 431

imitans, Euphonia, 650

immaculata, Myrmeciza, 423

immaculatus, Celeus, 397, 784

immer, Gavia, 5, 6

immutabilis, Diomedea, 11, 12

imparatus, Corvus, 510, 511

impennis, Pinguinus, 242

imperialis, Amazona, 282
Campephilus, 399

inca, Columbina, 258, 259

incanus, Heteroscelus, 180, 181

inda, Chloroceryle, 373

indica, Chalcophaps, 793

indicus, Anser, 66, 779
Caprimulgus, 315

INDIGOBIRD, Village, 795

inexpectata, Collocalia, 783
Pterodroma, \7
Torreornis, 699

infaustus, Perisoreus, 500

infuscatus, Turdus, 560

inornata, Columba, 252
Pinaroloxias, 693
Tangara, 642

inornatus, Chlorospingus, 664
Parus, 516

inquisitor, Tityra, 479

insignis, Panterpe, 338

insularis, Aphelocoma, 506
Junco, 716

intermedia, Chalybura, 348
Egretta, 48, 779

interpres, Arenaria, 189, 190

Trena, 794

iridescens, Anthracothorax prevostil, 331

Tridoprocne, 492, 493
iris, Pipra, 486
irrorata, Diomedea, 11, 771

Ischnosceles, 110
isidorei, Pipra, 486
islandica, Bucephala, 93
Ixobrychus, 43

Ixoreus, 564, 565

Jabiru, 58
Japiru, 58
JACAMAR, Black-chinned, 377
Dusky-backed, 376
Great, 377
Rufous-tailed, 376
Jacamerops, 377
Jacana, 175 ;
Jacana, Jacana, 176
JACANA, American, 176
Northern, 175
Wattled, 176
Jacanidae, 175
Jacanoidea, 175
jacarina, Volatinia, 686
JACKSNIPE, European, 204
JACOBIN, White-necked, 330
jacquacu, Penelope, 131
Jacula, Heliodoxa, 351
JAEGER, Long-tailed, 210
Parasitic, 210
Pomarine, 209
jamacaii, Icterus, 736
jamaica, Euphonia, 648
jamaicensis, Buteo, 118
Corvus, 510
Laterallus, 151
Leptotila, 262
Nyctibius, 316
Oxyura, 97
Turdus, 561
japonica, Alauda, 488
Coturnix, 134
japonicus, Zosterops, 588, 589
jaraguana, Synallaxis, 400
jardinii, Glaucidium, 299
javanicus, Acridotheres, 586, 786
Jay, Azure-hooded, 504
Black-and-blue, 503
Black-chested, 502
Black-throated, 504
Blue, 501
Brown, 503
(see also BROWN-JAY)
Bushy-crested, 503
California, 506
Dwarf, 504
Florida, 506

INDEX

Gray, 500
Gray-breasted, 506
Green, 502
Inca, 502
Magpie, 501

(see also MAGPIE-JAy)
Mexican, 506
Omilteme, 505
Pinyon, 506
Plush-crested, 794
Purplish-backed, 504
San Blas, 503
Santa Cruz, 506
Scrub, 505
Silvery-throated, 505
Steller’s, 500
Tufted, 502
Ultramarine, 506
Unicolored, 506
White-throated, 505
Woodhouse’s, 506
Yucatan, 504

Jocosus, Campylorhynchus, 523, 524

Pycnonotus, 521
Jubata, Chenonetta, 793
jugularis, Brotogeris, 275

Eulampis, 332
julie, Damophila, 339
Junco, 710, 715
JuNco, Baird’s, 717

Chiapas, 717

Dark-eyed, 715

Gray-headed, 716

Guadalupe, 716

Guatemala, 717

Mexican, 717

Oregon, 716

Pink-sided, 717

Red-backed, 717

Slate-colored, 716

Volcano, 715

White-winged, 716

Yellow-eyed, 717
JUNGLEFOWL, Gray, 793

Red, 135
Jynginae, 381
Jynx, 381

KAKAWAHIE, 761
kalinowskii, Dives, 726
Kalochelidon, 492, 494
kamtschatschensis, Larus,
kelsalli, Oceanodroma tethys, 30
kennicottii, Otus, 293

217

839

840 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

kerriae, Crypturellus, 3
KESTREL, 125
American, 125
Eurasian, 125
European, 125
kieneri, Melozone, 682. 683
KILLDEER, 171
KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, 472
Couch’s, 472
Eastern, 473
Giant, 475
Gray, 474
Loggerhead, 474
Thick-billed. 472
Thornscrub, 472
Tropical, 471
Western, 473
West Mexican. 472
KINGFISHER, Amazon, 372
American Pygmy, 373
Belted, 372
Green, 372
Green-and-rufous. 373
Pygmy, 373
Ringed, 371
kingi, Acrocephalus, 539
KINGLET, Cuvier’s, 790
Golden-crowned, 540
Ruby-crowned, 541
KIoEA, 588
kirkii, Veniliornis, 393
kirtlandii, Dendroica, 616
KISKADEE, Great, 467
Lesser, 466

Kite, American Swallow-tailed, 102

Black-shouldered,. 103
Black-winged,. 103
Cuban, 102
Double-toothed. 104
Everglade, 104
Gray, 105
Gray-headed, 101
Hook-billed, 102
Mississippi. 105
Pearl, 103
Plumbeous, 105
Slender-billed. 104
Snail. 104
Swallow-tailed, 102
White-tailed. 103

KiTTIWAKE, Black-legged, 223

Red-legged, 224
Klais, 333
Knot, 192
Great, 191
Red, 192

knudseni, Himantopus, 174
KoaA-FINcH, Greater, 758
Lesser, 758
Orange, 758
Yellow-headed. 758
KOoLoa, 76 ;
komadori, Luscinia, 794
kona, Chloridops, 758
krameri, Psittacula, 266
kreyenborgi, Falco, 128
kumlieni, Larus, 219
Larus glaucoides, 219

labradorius, Camptorhynchus, 88
lachrymosa, Euthlypis, 636
lachrymosus, Xiphorhynchus, 412
lacrymiger, Lepidocolaptes, 414
lactea, Polioptila, 544
laemosticta, Myrmeciza, 422
Lagonosticta, 766
Lagopus, 137
lagopus, Buteo, 119
Lagopus, 137
Lampornis, 330, 348
Lamprochelidon, 492
Lamprolaima, 351
Lampronetta, 86
LANCEBILL, Green-fronted, 328
lanceolata, Chiroxiphia, 485, 486
Micromonacha, 375
Laniidae, 584
Laniinae, 584
laniirostris, Euphonia, 648
Lanio, 654
Laniocera, xviii, 460
Lanius, 584
Lanivireo, 593
lansbergi, Coccyzus, 285, 774
lapponica, Limosa, 188
lapponicus, Calcarius, 718
LAPWING, 165
Northern, 164
Pied, 164, 781
Southern, 165
Spur-winged, 165
Lari, 209
Laridae. 209
Larinae, 212
LARK, Horned, 489
Mongolian, 794
Shore, 489
-Sky, 488
Wood, 794
LGTY GL, DVB), DD DS

larvata, Tangara, 644

Laterallus, 150

latimeri, Vireo, 591

latirostris, Contopus, 450
Cynanthus, 337, 789
Sayornis, 457

laudabilis, Icterus, 733

LAUGHING-THRUSH, Black-gorgeted, 566

Black-throated, 794
Gray-sided, 566, 786
Greater Necklaced, 566
Lesser Necklaced, 794
Melodious, 566
Spectacled, 566
White-crested, 794
White-throated, 794
lauta, Tanagra, 649
lavinia, Tangara, 644
lawrencei, Carduelis, 752
Empidonax, 453
lawrencii, Geotrygon, 264
Gymnoglaux, 296
Helminthophaga, 790
Pseudocolaptes, 403
Vermivora, 602
laysanensis, Anas, 76
LEAFSCRAPER, 407
LEAFTOSSER, Gray-throated, 407
Scaly-throated, 407
Tawny-throated, 407
leclancherii, Passerina, 676
lecontei, Toxostoma, 573
leconteii, Ammodramus, 708
Ammospiza, 709
Legatus, 470
Leiothrix, 566
LEIOTHRIX, Red-billed, 566
Leistes, 724
lembeyei, Polioptila, 543
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 43
Lepidocolaptes, 413
Lepidopyga, 339
Leptodon, 101
Leptopelicanus, 36
Leptopogon, 435
Leptoptilini, 58
Leptotila, 261
lepturus, Phaethon, 31
lerdi, Thaumatias, 789
lessonti, Momotus, 369
leucaspis, Gymnopithys, 424

leucobronchialis, Helminthophaga, 790

Vermivora, 602

leucocephala, Amazona, 278, 279

Columba, 252
leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 106

INDEX

Leucochelidon, 492
leucogaster, Lepidocolaptes, 413
Sula, 34
leucogastra, Ortalis, 130
Uropsila, 535
leucogenys, Conirostrum, 642
Pycnonotus, 521
leucognaphalus, Corvus, 510
leucogonys, Phyllomyias, 428
leucolaemus, Odontophorus, 143
Piculus, 394
leucolophus, Garrulax, 794
leucomelana, Lophura, \35
leucomelas, Calonectris, 20
Leucopareia, 68
leucopareia, Branta, 70
Leucopeza, 631
leucophaius, Legatus, 470
Leucophoyx, 48, 49
leucophrys, Dendrortyx, 142
Henicorhina, 536
Rhipidura, 794
Vireo, 596
Zonotrichia, 714
leucophthalmus, Aratinga, 269
leucopogon, Colinus, 145
Thryothorus, 527
Leucopolius, 167
leucoprosopon, Lophortyx, 789
leucopsis, Branta, 69
Sitta, 519
leucoptera, Loxia, 747
Piranga, 660
Pterodroma, 18, 772
Leucopternis, 111
leucopterus, Chlidonias, 235
leucopteryx, Icterus, 736
leucopygius, Serinus, 795
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 28, 29
leucorodia, Platalea, 58, 779
leucorrhoa, Corapipo, 485
Leucosarcia, 794
leucoscepus, Francolinus, 793
leucosticta, Henicorhina, 536
Leucosticte, xvi, 743
leucothorax, Lanio, 654
leucotis, Hylocharis, 340
Melozone, 683
Thryothorus, 529, 530
leucurus, Elanus, 103
Lagopus, 138
levaillantii, Chrysotis, 280
lewis, Melanerpes, 382
lherminieri, Cichlherminia, 564
Puffinus, 25, 26
lictor, Pitangus, 466

84]

842 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Ligea, 031

Ligia, 631

Limicola, 201

limicola, Rallus, 153

Limnodromini, 203

Limnodromus, 203

Limnodytes, 6

Limnogeranus, 162

Limnothlypis, 623

Limosa, 187

limosa, Limosa, 187, 188

Limosini, 187

LImMPKIN, 161

lincolnii, Melospiza, 711

linearis, Chiroxiphia, 486
Geotrygon, 264

lineatum, Tigrisoma, 44

lineatus, Buteo, 115, 116
Cymbilaimus, 414
Dryocopus, 397, 398

lineola, Bolborhynchus, 274
Sporophila, 688, 775

LINNET, Brewster’s, 791
Eurasian, 795

Lipaugus, 479

Lithoenas, 250

livens, Larus, 221

livia, Columba, 250

LIZARD-CUCKOO, Great, 285
Hispaniolan, 286
Jamaican, 286
Puerto Rican, 285

lobatus, Phalaropus, 208

Lobipes, 207, 208

Lochmias, 408

LocumIAsS, Streamside, 408

Locustella, 539

lomvia, Uria, 241

Lonchura, 768

longicauda, Bartramia, 183
Deconychura, 409

longicaudus, Stercorarius, 210

longipes, Myrmeciza, 422

longirostre, Toxostoma, 571

longirostris, Heliomaster, 353
Pterodroma, 19, 772
Rallus, 152, 153
Saurothera, 286

LONGsPuUR, Chestnut-collared, 719
Lapland, 718
McCown’s, 717
Smith’s, 718

longuemareus, Phaethornis, 326

lonnbergi, Catharacta, 2\2

Loomelania, 28

Loon, Arctic, 4
Black-throated, 5
Common, 5
Green-throated, 5
Pacific, 5
Red-throated, 4
Yellow-billed, 6

Lophodytes, 94

Lophornis, 334

Lophortyx, 146, 147

Lophostrix, 296

lophotes, Ocyphaps, 7193

Lophotriccus, 438

Lophura, 135

lorata, Sterna, 233

loricatus, Celeus, 397

LORIKEET, Rainbow, 794

LOVEBIRD, Fischer’s, 794
Masked, 794
Peach-faced, 794

Loxia, xvi, xvii, 746

Loxigilla, 691

Loximitris, 750, 752

Loxioides, 756, 757

Loxipasser, 691

Loxops, 760, 762

loyca, Sturnella, 794

Lucar, 567

luciae, Amazilia, 342
Vermivora, 605

lucida, Hirundo, 499

lucidus, Cyanerpes, 646, 647
Hemignathus, 760
Phalacrocorax, 38

lucifer, Calothorax, 355

lucionensis, Lanius cristatus, 584

luctuosus, Tachyphonus, 655

ludoviciae, Doryfera, 328

ludoviciana, Piranga, 659

ludovicianus, Lanius, 585
Pheucticus, 671, 672
Thryothorus, 529

lugens, Motacilla, 577

lugubris, Brachygalba, 376
Celeus, 397
Contopus, 447, 448
Quiscalus, 729

Lullula, 794

lunata, Sterna, 233

Lunda, 248, 249

Lurocalis, 307

Luscinia, 546

luscinia, Microcerculus, 537

lutea, Dendroica, 609
Leiothrix, 566

Muscicapa, 609

Piranga, 658
luteicapilla, Euphonia, 648
luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 470
luteola, Sicalis, 694
luteoviridis, Pselliophorus, 679
lutescens, Anthus, 580
luteus, Passer, 795
lutosus, Polyborus, 123
luxuosus, Cyanocorax, 502
luzonica, Gallicolumba, 794
Lymnocryptes, 204
Lyrurus, 793
Lysurus, 678

macao, Ara, 272
Macrocercus, 272
Macaw, Blue-and-yellow, 273
Buffon’s, 272
Chestnut-fronted, 271
Cuban, 273
Great Green, 272
Green, 272
Green-winged, 272
Military, 271
Red-and-green, 272
Red-blue-and-green, 272
Scarlet, 272
maccormicki, Catharacta, 212, 782
Machetornis, 459
macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 30
macromystax, Antrostomus, 313
Macronectes, 13
macrorhynchos, Bucco, 374, 375
macroura, Dendrortyx, 142
Trogon, 365
Vidua, 770
Zenaida, 257, 258
macularia, Actitis, 182
maculata, Cotinga, 480
Paroreomyza, 761
maculatus, Anthus, 578
Loxops, 761
Myiodynastes, 469, 470
Pardirallus, 157
Pipilo, 685
maculialatus, Icterus, 733
maculicaudus, Caprimulgus, 315
maculicoronatus, Capito, 377, 378
maculifer, Myrmeciza, 422
maculifrons, Veniliornis, 393
maculipectus, Thryothorus, 527, 528
maculipennis, Larus, 215

INDEX

maculirostris, Selenidera, 380
maculosa, Nothura, 793
madagascariensis, Numenius, 186
magellanica, Carduelis, 751, 787
magister, Myiarchus, 465
Vireo, 598
magna, Sturnella, 724, 725
magnificens, Fregata, 41
magnirostris, Buteo, \15
Mimus, 569
magnolia, Dendroica, 609
MaAaGpie, 508
Black-billed, 507
Blue, see BLUE-MAGpPIE
Yellow-billed, 508
MaaGpie-JAyY, Black-throated, 501
White-throated, 501
MAGPIE-LARK, 794
maior, Polioptila, 544
major, Crotophaga, 289
Pachyramphus, 478
Parus, 794
Quiscalus, 729
Taraba, 415
Tinamus, |
malabarica, Lonchura, 768
malabaricus, Copsychus, 547
malacca, Lonchura, 769
Malacoptila, 375
matlaris, Phaethornis, 326
MALLARD, 75
Mamo, 763
Black, 763
Hawaii, 763
Perkins’, 763
mana, Oreomystis, 761
Manacus, 484
manacus, Manacus, 485
MANAKIN, Almirante, 485
Bearded, 485
Blue-backed, 486
Blue-crowned, 486
Broad-billed, 483
Brown, 483
Collared, 484
Golden-collared, 484
Golden-headed, 487
Gray-headed, 483
Green, 484
Lance-tailed, 485
Long-tailed, 486
Orange-collared, 485
Red-capped, 487
Thrushlike, 483
White-bearded, 485

843

844 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

White-bibbed, 485
White-collared, 484
White-crowned, 486
White-ruffed, 485
Yellow-thighed, 487
mango, Anthracothorax, 332
MANGo, Antillean, 332
Black-throated, 331
Green, 332
Green-breasted, 331
Green-throated, 331, 774
Jamaican, 332
Prevost’s, 331
Veraguas, 331
MANNIKIN, Black-headed, 770
Bronze, 769
Chestnut, 769
Madagascar, 795
Nutmeg, 769
Scaly-breasted, 769
Mareca, 72
margaritae, Lampornis, 349
Margarops, 574
Margarornis, 402
marginatus, Charadrius, 169
Microcerculus, 537
Pachyramphus, 478
marila, Aythya, 85, 86
marina, Pelagodroma, 27

marinus, Larus, xxii, 218, 219, 221, 222,

maritima, Calidris, 198, 199
maritimus, Ammodramus, 709, 710
markhami, Oceanodroma, 30, 31
marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 243
MArSH-WReEN, Long-billed, 535

Short-billed, 534
martii, Baryphthengus, 370
MArTIN, Brown-chested, 492

Caribbean, 490

Cuban, 490

Galapagos, 491

Gray-breasted, 491

House, 499

(see also HOUSE-MARTIN)

Peruvian, 492

Purple, 489

Sand, 497

Sinaloa, 491

Snowy-bellied, 491

Southern, 491
martinica, Chaetura, 321

Elaenia, 433

Porphyrula, 158
martinicensis, Troglodytes, 532
masafuerae, Pterodroma leucoptera, 772

massena, Trogon, 365
matsudariae, Oceanodroma, 30
maugaeus, Chlorostilbon, 336, 337
mauri, Calidris, 193, 194
maxima, Sterna, 228, 229
maximiliani, Oryzoborus, 688, 689
Pionus, 794
maximus, Saltator, 668
maynana, Cotinga, 480
mecownil, Calcarius, 717
mcgregori, Carpodacus, 746
mcleannani, Phaenostictus, 424
mcleodii, Nyctiphrynus, 311
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, 724
Greater Red-breasted, 794
Western, 725
mearnsi, Junco, 717
Mecocerculus, 437
media, Gallinago, 205, 782
Megaceryle, 371
megalopterus, Campylorhynchus, 522
megalura, Leptotila, 261
megarhynchos, Luscinia, 794
Megarynchus, 467
melacoryphus, Coccyzus, 285
Melamprosops, 764
melancholicus, Tyrannus, 471, 472
Melanerpes, 382, 385
melania, Oceanodroma, 30
melanicterus, Cacicus, 740
Melanitta, 90
melanocephala, Arenaria, 190
melanocephalus, Pheucticus, 672
Trogon, 362
melanochloros, Colaptes, 395
Melanocorypha, 794
melanocoryphus, Cygnus, 793
melanocorys, Calamospiza, 705
melanocyaneus, Cyanocorax, 503, 504
melanogaster, Anhinga, 41
Ramphocelus, 661
melanogenia, Galbula, 377
melanogenys, Basileuterus, 637, 638
melanoleuca, Leucosarcia, 194
Tringa, xxii, 177
melanoleucos, Campephilus, 398, 399
melanoleucus, Accipiter, 110
Spizastur, 121
melanophaius, Laterallus, 150
melanophris, Diomedea, \2
melanophrys, Diomedea, \2
melanopis, Theristicus, 57
melanops, Myadestes, 551, 552
Melanoptila, 567, 568
melanorrhoa, Chalybura, 348
Melanospiza, 692

Melanotis, 574

melanotis, Odontophorus, 143
Psaltriparus, 517

melanotos, Calidris, 197
Sarkidiornis, 71, 72

melanoxantha, Phainoptila, 582

melanura, Polioptila, 543, 544
Pyrrhura, 794

melanurus, Ramphocaenus, 542
Trogon, 365

melba, Apus, 323

Meleagrididae, 141

Meleagridinae, 141

Meleagris, 141

meleagris, Numida, 148

Meliphagidae, 587

melitophrys, Vireolanius, 600

Mellisuga, 356

mellisugus, Chlorostilbon, 336

mellivora, Florisuga, 330

melodia, Melospiza, 711

Melodivireo, 595

melodus, Charadrius, 170

Melopelia, 255

Melopsittacus, 266

Melopyrrha, 690

Melospiza, 710, 711

Melozone, 682

melpoda, Estrilda, 767

mendiculus, Spheniscus, 31, 778

menstruus, Pionus, 277

mentalis, Dysithamnus, 417
Pipra, 487

merganser, Mergus, 95

MERGANSER, Common, 95
Hooded, 94
Red-breasted, 96

Mergellus, 94, 95

Mergini, 86

Mergus, 94, 95

meridae, Cistothorus, 534

meridionalis, Buteogallus, 113
Parus, 513

MERLIN, 126

merlini, Saurothera, 285, 286

merula, Turdus, 558

meruloides, Dendrocincla, 408

Mesembrinibis, 57

mesochrysa, Euphonia, 650, 786

mesomelas, Icterus, 735

Mesophoyx, 48

mexicana, Sialia, 549

mexicanoides, Colaptes cafer, 396

mexicanum, Tigrisoma, 45

mexicanus, Carpodacus, 746
Catharus, 554

INDEX

Catherpes, 525

Cinclus, 538

Cyanocorax, 503

Falco, 129

Himantopus, 174

Momotus, 369

Onychorhynchus, 443

Oriolus, 736

Quiscalus, 728, 729, 730

Sclerurus, 407

Todus, 368

Trogon, 363

Xenotriccus, 446
meyerianus, Accipiter, 110
michleri, Pittasoma, 425
Micrastur, 124
Micrasturini, 124
Micrathene, 300
Microbates, 542
microcephala, Sylvania, 791
Microcerculus, 536
Microchelidon, 495
Microchera, 348
Microlarus, 212
Microligea, 631, 640
micromegas, Nesoctites, 382
Micromonacha, 375
Micropalama, 191, 201
Micropallas, 300
Micropygia, 149
Microrhopias, 420
microrhyncha, Amazilia, 343
microrhynchus, Cacicus, 740

microsoma, Oceanodroma, 31

Microtriccus, 429
migratorius, Ectopistes, 258
Turdus, 562, 563

militaris, Ara, 271, 272
Pezites, 794
Sturnella, 724

MILLERBIRD, 539
Laysan, 539
Nihoa, 539

millsi, Porzana, 156

Milvago, 122, 123

Mimidae, xviii, 521, 567

Mimocichla, 558, 564

Mimodes, 570

Mimus, 568

miniatus, Myioborus, 635

minima, Branta, 70
Mellisuga, 356

minimus, Caprimulgus, 31
Catharus, 555
Empidonax, 453

845

846 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Lymnocryptes, 204 Monarchinae, xviii, 546
Psaltriparus, 517 Monasa, 376
minlosi, Xenerpestes, 402 mondetoura, Claravis, 261
minor, Chordeiles, 308, 309 mongolica, Melanocorypha, 794
Coccyzus, 284, 285 mongolus, Charadrius, 167
Fregata, 41 monileger, Garrulax, 794
Hylophilus, 599 MOoNKLET, Lanceolated, 375
Pachyramphus, 478 monocerata, Cerorhinca, 248
Scolopax, 206 monorhis, Oceanodroma, 28, 29
minuta, Calidris, 195 — montana, Geotrygon, 265
Columbina, 259 Paroreomyza, 761, 762
Euphonia, 650 Sylvia, 791
Muscicapa, 791 Xenoligea, 640
Sporophila, 688 montanella, Prunella, 575
Piaya, 287 montanus, Charadrius, 172
minutilla, Calidris, 195, 196 Oreoscoptes, 570
minutissimum, Glaucidium, 299 Parus, 513
minutus, Anous, 237 Passer, 765
Ixobrychus, 44 montezuma, Psarocolius, 741
Larus, 214 montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 144
Numenius, 184 monticola, Troglodytes, 533
Xenops, 406 montifringilla, Fringilla, 742
Mionectes, 435 Mooruen, 159
mirabilis, Ammodramus, 710 Common, xxii, 158
Cyanolyca, 505 morelleti, Sporophila, 688
mirandollei, Micrastur, 124 morinellus, Charadrius, 172
mississippiensis, Ictinia, 105 morio, Cyanocorax, 503
mitrata, Numida, 148 Morococcyx, 288
Mitrephanes, 446 Morphnus, 119
Mitrephorus, 446 morphoeus, Monasa, 376
Mitrospingus, 663 Morus, 35
Mniotilta, 621 moschata, Cairina, 7\
mocinno, Pharomachrus, 366 mosquitus, Chrysolampis, 333, 775
MOCcKINGBIRD, Bahama, 569 Motacilla, 576
Blue, 574 motacilla, Seiurus, 625
Blue-and-white, 574 Motacillidae, 576
Northern, 568 Mortmort, Blue-crowned, 369
St. Andrew, 569 Blue-throated, 369
Socorro, 570 Broad-billed, 370
Tropical, 569 - Keel-billed, 370
MOCcKINGTHRUSH, Black-capped, 521 Lesson’s, 369
modesta, Progne, 490, 491, 492 Rufous, 370
modestus, Larus, 216 Rufous-capped, 370
Sublegatus, 431 Russet-crowned, 369
Thryothorus, 530 Tawny-bellied, 369
Vireo, 591 Tody, 368
modularis, Prunella, 794 Turquoise-browed, 371
Moho, 587 MOounrtTAIN-GEM, Gray-tailed, 351
mollissima, Somateria, 86 Green-breasted, 349
Molothrus, 730 Green-throated, 349
moluccensis, Cacatua, 794 Purple-throated, 350
momota, Momotus, 369 Variable, 350
Momotidae, 368 White-bellied, 350
momotula, Hylomanes, 368 White-throated, 350
Momotus, 369 Mourner, Rufous, 461

monachus, Myiopsitta, 267 Speckled, 460

mozambicus, Serinus, 754
multicolor, Todus, 367
multistriatus, Thamnophilus, 415, 784
Muni, Black-headed, 770
Bronze, 769
Chestnut, 770
Red, 768
Spotted, 769
White-throated, 769
munroi, Hemignathus, 760
murina, Phaeomyias, 431
murphyi, Progne, 492
Murre, Brunnich’s, 241
Common, 240
Thick-billed, 241
Thin-billed, 241
MurreELeT, Ancient, 245
Craveri’s, 245
Japanese, 245
Kittlitz’s, 244
Marbled, 243
Temminck’s, 245
Xantus’, 244
Muscicapa, 545, 619
Muscicapidae, xviii, 538, 546, 638, 640
Muscicapinae, xviii, 545
Muscivora, 471, 475
Muscovy, 71
musculus, Troglodytes, 532
musica, Euphonia, 649
Tyrannula, 448
musicus, Contopus, 448
Turdus, 559
mustelina, Hylocichla, 557
mutus, Lagopus, 138
Myadestes, 550, 552
Mycteria, 59
mycteria, Jabiru, 58
Mycteriini, 59
Myiarchus, 461
Myiobius, 443
Myioborus, 635
Myiochanes, 446
Myiodynastes, 469
Myiopagis, 432
Myiophobus, 444
Myiopsitta, 267
Myiornis, 437
Myiozetetes, 467
Myna, Common, 586
Crested, 586
Indian, 586
Indian Hill, 587
Hill, 587
House, 586

INDEX

Talking, 587

White-vented, 586, 786
Myrmeciza, 422
Myrmornis, 423
Myrmotherula, 418
mystacalis, Aimophila, 695

Malacoptila, 375
mystacea, Geotrygon, 263
mystaceus, Platyrinchus, 442
mystica, Phasmornis, 790

naevia, Hylophylax, 423
Tapera, 287

naevioides, Hylophylax, 423

naevius, Ixoreus, 564

nana, Aratinga, 270
Cyanolyca, 504
Lonchura, 795

_ Nandayus, 269

Nannus, 531
nanum, Glaucidium, 300
nanus, Vireo, 590, 591, 592
nasicus, Corvus, 510
nataliae, Sphyrapicus thyroideus, xiv
nativitatis, Puffinus, 24
nattereri, Lurocalis, 307
Pipra, 486
Selenidera, 380
nattererii, Cotinga, 480
naumanni, Turdus, 558, 559
nebouxii, Sula, 34
nebularia, Tringa, 176, 177
nebulosa, Strix, 303
NEEDLE-TAILED SwirFt, White-throated, -
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, 322
neglecta, Pterodroma, 17, 18
Sturnella, 725
nelsoni, Geothlypis, 630
Larus, 789
Vireo, 592
nematura, Lochmias, 408
Nemospiza, 707
nenday, Nandayus, 269, 783
NENE, xxiil, 70
Neochelidon, 495
Neochloe, 589
Neocrex, 156
Neognathae, xviii, 3
Neomorphinae, 287
Neomorphus, 289
Neonectris, 21
Neornithes, |
neoxenus, Euptilotis, 366

847

848 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

nereis, Sterna, 233, 238

Nesoceleus, 395, 396

Nesochen, 70

Nesoctites, 382

Nesoctitini, 382

Nesopsar, 724

Nesospingus, 665

Nesotriccus, 456

Netta, 82

Nettion, 73

newelli, Puffinus, 24, 25

nicaraguensis, Quiscalus, 728

nicefori, Thryothorus, 528

nicobarica, Caloenas, 794

niger, Chlidonias, 236
Cypseloides, 317
Pachyramphus, 478, 479
Quiscalus, 728, 729
Rynchops, 239

nigerrimus, Nesopsar, 724

NiGHtT-HErRon, Black-crowned, 53
Yellow-crowned, 54

NIGHTHAWK,. Antillean. 309
Booming. 309
Common. 308
Lesser, 308
Semicollared, 307
Short-tailed, 307
Trilling, 308

NIGHTINGALE, European, 794
Pekin, 56€

NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH, Black-billed. 553

Black-headed, 354
Gray-headed, 553
Olive. 553
Orange-billed, 553
Ruddy-capped, 554
Russet, 553
Slaty-backed, 553
Spotted, 554
NIGHTIJAR, Buff-collared, 313
Cuban, 313
Dusky, 314
Gray. 315
Greater Antillean. 313
Hispaniolan. 313
Jungle, 315
Puerto Rican, 314
Ruddy, 312
Rufous, 312
St. Lucia, 312
Silky-tailed, 313
Spot-tailed. 315
Tawny-collared. 313
White-tailed, 314
Yucatan, 313
nigra, Geranospiza, 110

Melanitta, 90
Melopyrrha, 690
Penelopina, 131
nigrescens, Ammodramus, 710
Dendroica, 612
Turdus, 559, 560, 561, 562
nigricans, Branta, 69
Cercomacra, 421
Sayornis, 457
nigricapillus, Formicarius, 425
Thryothorus, 526, 527
nigricauda, Automolus, 406
nigricephala, Spindalis, 652
nigriceps, Ploceus, 765
Polioptila, 545
Thamnophilus, 416
Todirostrum, 440
nigricollis, Anthracothorax, 331
Busarellus, 114
Podiceps, 9, 10
Sporophila, 688
Sturnus, 794
nigripes, Diomedea, 11, 12
nigripennis, Gallinago, 205
Pterodroma, 18. 19
nigrirostris, Columba, 254
nigriventris, Eupherusa, 347
nigrocincta, Tangara, 644
nigrogularis, Colinus, 145, 146
Icterus, 736, 787
nigrolineata, Ciccaba, 302
nilotica, Sterna, 226
nisus, Accipiter, 108, 780
nitens, Phainopepla, 583
nitidus, Buteo, 114, 115
Carpodectes, 481
nivalis, Plectrophenax, 721
niveoventer, Amazilia, 344, 345
nobilis, Moho, 587, 588
noctis, Loxigilla, 692
noctitherus, Camprimulgus, 314
noctivagus, Crypturellus, 2
Noppy, Black, 237
Blue-gray, 238
Brown, 236
Common, 237
Lesser, 237
White, 238
White-capped, 237
Nomonyx, 97
Nonnula, 375
notata, Carduelis, 731
notatus, Elanus, 103
Notharchus, 374
Nothocercus, 1
Nothoprocta, 793
Nothura, 793

NortuHurRA, Darwin’s, 793
Spotted, 793

Notiochelidon, 495

notosticta, Aimophila, 698

novaehollandiae, Anhinga, 41
Larus, 793

noveboracensis, Coturnicops, 149
Seiurus, 625

nuchalis, Campylorhynchus, 522
Sphyrapicus, xv, Xvi, 388, 389
Sphyrapicus varius, xiv, Xv

Nucifraga, 507

nudiceps, Gymnocichla, 422

nudicollis, Procnias, 482

nudigenis, Turdus, 561

nudipes, Bubo, 295
Otus, 295

nugator, Myiarchus, 464, 465 -

Nukupuu, 760

Numeniini, 183

Numenius, 184

Numida, 148

Numididae, 148

Numidinae, 148

Nun, Black-headed, 770

NUNBIRD, White-fronted, 376

NUNLET, Gray-cheeked, 375, 376
Rufous-capped, 376

NUTCRACKER, Clark’s, 507

NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, 519
Pygmy, 519
Red-breasted, 518
White-breasted, 518

nuttalli, Pica, 508

nuttallii, Phalaenoptilus, 310
Picoides, 390

Nuttallornis, 447

nuttingi, Myiarchus, 463, 464
Oryzoborus, 689

Nyctagreus, 311

Nyctanassa, 53, 54

Nyctea, 297

nycthemera, Lophura, 793

Nyctibiidae, 315

Nyctibius, 315

Nycticoracini, 53

Nycticorax, 53

nycticorax, Nycticorax, 53, 54

Nyctidromus, 309

Nyctiphrynus, 310

Nymphicus, 794

Nyroca, 82

Nystalus, 374

Oo
oberholseri, Empidonax, 454, 455

INDEX

849

Oberholseria, 683, 684
oberi, Icterus, 733
Myiarchus, 465, 466
obscura, Elaenia, 434
Myrmotherula, 418
Penelope, 131
obscurus, Dendragapus, 137
Hemignathus, 759, 760
Myadestes, 551
Phaeornis, 552
Turdus, 558
obsoletum, Camptostoma, 430
obsoletus, Picoides, 391
Rallus, 152
Salpinctes, 524
Turdus, 560, 561
ocai, Amazilia, 789
Pipilo, 684, 685
occidentalis, Aechmophorus, 10
Ardea, 46
Catharus, 553, 554
Charadrius, 169
Dendroica, 613
TAT USA 22S 222223
Pelecanus, 36
Strix, 302, 303
Tyrannus, 472
occipitalis, Chlorophonia, 647
Podiceps, 10
occultum, Glaucidium minutissimum, 299
oceanicus, Oceanites, 26
Oceanites, 26
Oceanodroma, 27
ocellata, Agriocharis, 141
ocellatum, Toxostoma, 572
ocellatus, Cyrtonyx, 144
Nyctiphrynus, 311
ochotensis, Locustella, 539
ochraceiceps, Hylophilus, 599
ochraceus, Contopus, 448
Troglodytes, 532, 533
ochrocephala, Amazona, 281}
Cyclarhis, 601
ochrolaemus, Automolus, 405
Ochthodromus, 167
ocrophus, Tringa, 179, 773
ocularis, Aratinga, 271
Ocyphaps, 793
Odontophorinae, 141
Odontophorus, 142
Oenanthe, 548
oenanthe, Oenanthe, 548
Oenoenas, 250
Oidemia, 90
OILBIRD, 316
OLDSQUAW, xxi, 89
oleagineus, Mionectes, 435

850 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

olivacea, Chlorothraupis, 643, 653
Euphonia, 651
Piranga, 659
Tiaris, 690

olivaceum, Oncostoma, 439

olivaceus, Hylophilus, 599
Mionectes, 435
Mitrephanes, 446
Phalacrocorax, 38
Picumnus, 381
Rhynchocyclus, 441
Vireo, 597, 598

olivascens, Catharus, 553

Olor, 62

olor, Cygnus, 64

Omao, 552

Oncostoma, 438

Onychorhynchus, 443

Oo, Bishop’s, 538
Hawaii, 588
Kauai, 587
Molokai, 588
Oahu, 587

ophthalmicus, Chlorospingus, 664, 665

opisthomelas, Puffinus, 24

Oporornis, 626, 628

ORANGEQUIT, 692

oratrix, Amazona, 280, 281

Orchilus, 540

oreganus, Junco, 716

orenocensis, Xiphocolaptes, 410

Oreomystis, 760, 761, 762

Oreomyza, 760

Oreopeleia, 262

Oreophasis, 132

Oreortyx, 148

Oreoscoptes, 569

Oreospiza, 683

Oreothlypis, 606, 607

orientalis, Branta, 69

ORIOLE, Abeille’s, 738
Altamira, 737
Audubon’s, 737
Baltimore, 738
Bar-winged, 733
Black-backed, 738
Black-cowled, 732, 733
Black-headed, 737
Black-throated, 737
Black-vented, 733
Bullock’s, 738
Campo, 736
Fuertes’, 734
Greater Antillean, 733
Honda, 735
Hooded, 734

Jamaican, 736
Lichtenstein’s, 737
Martinique, 733
Montserrat, 733
Northern, 737
Ochre, 734 ~
Orange, 736
Orange-backed, 736
Orange-crowned, 735
Orchard, 734
St. Lucia, 733
Scarlet-headed, 736
Scott’s, 738
Spot-breasted, 737
Streak-backed, 736
Tres Marias, 736
Wagler’s, 733
Yellow, 736, 787
Yellow-backed, 735
Yellow-tailed, 735

Oriolus, 737

Oriturus, 698

orix, Euplectes, 766

ornata, Nothoprocta, 793

ornatus, Calcarius, 719
Cephalopterus, 482
Spizaetus, 121

Ornithion, 429

OROPENDOLA, Black, 741
Chestnut-headed, 741
Crested, 740
Montezuma, 741
Wagler’s, 741

Ortalis, 129

Orthorhynchus, 333

oryzivora, Padda, 770
Scaphidura, 732

Oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 722

Oryzoborus, 686, 688

osburni, Vireo, 593

Osprey, 100

Ossifraga, 13

ossifragus, Corvus, 509, 510

ostralegus, Haematopus, 173, 781

otiosus, Caprimulgus, 312, 313

Otocoris, 488

Otophanes, 311

Otus, 292, 293, 296

otus, Asio, 304

Ou, /57/

OVENBIRD, 624

Ow L, Bare-legged, 296
Barn, 291

(see also BARN-OwWL)

Barred, 302
Black-and-white, 302

Boreal, 306
Burrowing, 301
Crested, 296
Elf, 300
Ferruginous, 300
Flammulated, 292
Fulvous, 303
Great Gray, 303
Great Horned, 297
Hawk, 298
(see also HAWK-OwL)
Jamaican, 305
Long-eared, 304
Mottled, 301
Puerto Rican Bare-legged, 296
Pygmy, see PYrGMy-OwL
Saw-whet, 307
(see also SAW-WHET OwL)
Scops, see Scops-OWL
Screech, 293
(see also SCREECH-OWL)
Short-eared, 305
Snowy, 297
Spectacled, 296
Spotted, 302
Striped, 304
Stygian, 304
Tengmalm’s, 306
Whiskered, 294
Wood, see Woop-OwL
Oxyechus, 167
Oxyruncidae, 487
Oxyruncus, 487
Oxyura, 96
Oxyurini, 96
OYSTERCATCHER, 781
American, 173
American Black, 173
Black, 174
Eurasian, 173, 781
European, 781
Pied, 173

Pachyramphus, xviii, 476

pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 273, 274

pacifica, Drepanis, 763
Gavia, 5

pacificus, Apus, 323
Cacicus, 740
Puffinus, 22

Padda, 770

Pagolla, 167

Pagophila, 212, 225

Paleognathae, |

INDEX

PALILA, 757

pallasi, Emberiza, 720

pallens, Vireo, 590, 591

pallescens, Dendrocolaptes, 411

palliatus, Haematopus, 173, 174
Thamnophilus, 415

pallida, Spizella, 700

pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 140

pallidigularis, Automolus, 405

PALM-TANAGER, Black-crowned, 662
Gray-crowned, 662

palmarum, Corvus, 509
Dendroica, 617
Glaucidium, 299
Phaenicophilus, 662
Thraupis, 652

PALMCHAT, 583

palmeri, Phaeornis, 552
Porzana, 156
Rhodacanthis, 758
Tangara, 642

Palmeria, 763

palpebrata, Phoebetria, \3, 777

palpebrosus, Zosterops, 589

palumbus, Columba, 793

palustris, Cistothorus, 535
Microligea, 631, 640
Quiscalus, 728

pampa, Campylopterus, 329

Pan, 378

panamensis, Malacoptila, 375
Myiarchus, 462, 463
Scytalopus, 427

Pandion, 100

Pandionidae, 100

Pandioninae, 100

Panterpe, 338

Panyptila, 324

papa, Sarcoramphus, 100

Paphosia, 334, 335

Parabuteo, 113

paradisaea, Sterna, 23)
Vidua, 795

paradoxus, Syrrhaptes, 793

paraguaiae, Gallinago, 205

PARAKEET, Aztec, 270
Barred, 274
Black-hooded, 268, 783
Blossom-headed, 794
Brown-throated, 271
Canary-winged, 275
Caribbean, 271
Carolina, 268
Crimson-fronted, 269
Cuban, 270
Green, 269

852 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Hispaniolan, 269
Jamaican, 270
Maroon-tailed, 794
Monk, 267
Nanday, 783
Olive-throated, 270
Orange-chinned, 275
Orange-fronted, 270
Pacific, 269
Painted, 267
Plum-headed, 794
Red-throated, 269
Rose-ringed, 266
Shell, 266
Sulphur-winged, 267
Tovi, 275
Veraguas, 271
White-eyed, 269
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 210
Parasula, 33
Pardirallus, 157
parellina, Cyanocompsa, 673
pareola, Chiroxiphia, 486
Paridae, xviii, 512, 516, 517
parisorum, Icterus, 738
parkinsoni, Procellaria, 20
Paroaria, 677
Paroreomyza, 760, 761
PARROT, Black-billed, 279
Blue-crowned, 280
Blue-headed, 277
Brown-hooded, 276
Cuban, 278
Eclectus, 794
Gray, 794
Green-cheeked, 279
Hispaniolan, 278
Imperial, 282
Lilac-crowned, 279
Maroon-fronted, 273
Mealy, 280
Orange-winged, 280, 783
Puerto Rican, 279
Red-crowned, 279
Red-lored, 280
Red-necked, 281
Saffron-headed, 276
Scaly-headed, 794
St. Lucia, 282
St. Vincent, 282
Thick-billed, 273
Turquoise-fronted, 794
White-crowned, 277
White-fronted, 277
Yellow-billed, 278
Yellow-cheeked, 280

Yellow-crowned, 281
Yellow-headed, 280, 281
Yellow-lored, 278
Yellow-naped, 281
PARROTBILL, Maui, 758
PARROTLET, Blue-fronted, 276
Blue-rumped, 274
Blue-winged, 274, 783
Common, 274
Green-rumped, 274
Guiana, 274
Mexican, 275
Red-fronted, 276
Red-winged, 276
Spectacled, 275
PARTRIDGE, 133

Bamboo, see BAMBOO-PARTRIDGE

Barbary, 793
Common, 133
Gray, 132
Hungarian, 133
Red-legged, 793
Rock, 134, 793
See-see, 793

Wood, see WOOD-PARTRIDGE

Parula, 601, 606
PARULA, Northern, 606
Tropical, 606

Parulidae, xvili

Parulinae, xviii, 601, 638, 639, 640, 641,

663

Parus, 512
parva, Ficedula, 545
parvus, Coryphotriccus, 469

Hemignathus, 759
Passer, xviii, 764
Passerculus, 705, 707, 710
Passerella, 710, 711, 712, 715
Passeres, 488
Passerherbulus, 706, 708
Passeridae, xvili, 764
Passeriformes, 400
Passerina, 673, 674
passerina, Columbina, 259

Spizella, 700

passerinii, Ramphocelus, 661, 662

passerinus, Forpus, 274
pastazae, Galbula, 377
Patagioenas, 250
patagonica, Pygochelidon, 495
PAURAQUE, 309

Common, 309

Jamaican, 310

Least, 310
Pavo, 136
pavoninus, Pharomachrus, 366

PEAFOWL, Common, 136
pectoralis, Bucco, 374
Coturnix, 793
Garrulax, 566
Icterus, 737
Pedetaithya, 8
Pedioecetes, 139
pekinensis, Alauda arvensis, 488
pelagica, Chaetura, 319, 320
pelagicus, Haliaeetus, 107
Hydrobates, 27
Phalacrocorax, 39
Pelagodroma, 26
Pelecani, 33
Pelecanidae, 36
Pelecaniformes, 31
Pelecanus, 36
pelegrinoides, Falco, 128
PELICAN, American White, 36
Brown, 36
White, 36
Pelidna, 191
Pelionetta, 90
pelzelni, Granatellus, 639
Pseudotriccus, 437
penduliger, Cephalopterus, 482
Pendulinus, 732
Penelope, 131
penelope, Anas, 81, 82
Penelopina, 131
PENGUIN, Galapagos, 31, 778
penicillata, Eucometis, 654
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 39
pennsylvanicus, Falco, 116
Pennula, 154
pensylvanica, Dendroica, 608
PEPPERSHRIKE, Rufous-browed, 601
percussus, Xiphidiopicus, 389
perdicaria, Nothoprocta, 793
Perdicini, 132
Perdix, 132
perdix, Perdix, 132
peregrina, Vermivora, 603
PEREGRINE, 128
peregrinoides, Falco, 128
peregrinus, Falco, 128
Perisoreus, 499
Perissonetta, 83
Perissotriccus, 437, 438
Peristera, 260
perquisitor, Vireo, 590
personata, Agapornis, 794
personus, Turdus, 560
perspicillata, Melanitta, 91
Pulsatrix, 296

INDEX

perspicillatus, Hylopezus, 426
Phalacrocorax, 39, 778
pertinax, Aratinga, 27\
Contopus, 447, 448
petechia, Dendroica, 607, 608
petenica, Aimophila, 697
PETREL, Bermuda, 16
Black, 20
Black-capped, 15
Black-winged, 19
Blue-footed, 18
Bonin, 18
Bulwer’s, 19
Cape, 15
Cook’s, 18
Dark-rumped, 16
Galapagos, 16
Giant, see GIANT-PETREL
Gray, 20, 777
Hawaiian, 16
Herald, 18
Jamaican, 15
Jouanin’s, 19
Juan Fernandez, 16
Kermadec, 17
Mottled, 17
Murphy’s, 17
Parkinson’s, 20
Phoenix, 16, 772
Pintado, 15
Scaled, 17
Solander’s, 17, 772
South Trinidad, 18
Stejneger’s, 19, 772
Storm, 27

(see also STORM-PETREL)

Tahiti, 16, 771
Trindade, 18
Variable, 18
White-necked, 16
Petrochelidon, 497, 498
Petrophassa, 794
Peucedramus, 640
Pewee, Dark, 448
Greater, 447
Greater Antillean, 449
Lesser Antillean, 450
Ochraceous, 448
Tropical, 449
Wood, 449
(see also WOOD-PEWEE)
Pezites, 794
Pezopetes, 679
Phaenicophilus, 662
Phaenostictus, 424

phaeocephalus, Cyphorhinus, 537

854 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

phaeocercus, Mitrephanes, 446
Phaeochroa, 328
Phaeomyias, 431, 456
phaeonotus, Junco, 717
Phaeoprogne, 489, 492
Phaeopus, 184
phaeopus, Numenius, 184, 185
phaeopygia, Pterodroma, 15, 16
Phaeornis, 550, 552
phaeosoma, Melamprosops, 764
Phaeothlypis, 636, 638
Phaethon, 31
Phaethontes, 31
Phaethontidae, 31
Phaethornis, 326
Phaetusa, 235
Phainopepla, 583
PHAINOPEPLA, 583
Phainoptila, 582
Phalacrocoracidae, 37, 40
Phalacrocorax, 37
Phalaenoptilus, 309
PHALAROPE, Gray, 209

Northern, 208

Red, 208

Red-necked, 208

Wilson’s, 207
Phalaropodidae, 207
Phalaropodinae, 207
Phalaropus, 207
Phaps, 793
pharetra, Dendroica, 620
Pharomachrus, 366
phasianellus, Dromococcyx, 288

Tympanuchus, 140
Phasianidae, 132
Phasianinae, 132
Phasianini, 135
Phasianoidea, 132
Phasianus, 135
Phasmornis, 790
PHEASANT, 136

Common, 136

Copper, 793

Elliot’s, 793

English, 136

Golden, 793

Green, 136

Japanese, 136

Kali, 135

Lady Amherst, 793

Reeves’, 793

Ring-necked, 135, 136

Silver, 793
Pheucticus, 671
Philacte, 66, 68

Dhiladelphia, Larus, 215
Oporornis, 627, 628
philadelphicus, Vireo, 596
Dhilippinus, Ploceus, 795
phillipii, Pterodroma, 18
Philodice, 353, 354
Philohela, 206
Philomachus, 202
Dhilomela, Microcerculus, 537
Dhilomelos, Turdus, 794
Philortyx, 146
Philydor, 403, 404
Phloeoceastes, 398
Phlogothraupis, 661
phoebe, Sayornis, 448, 457
PHOEBE, Black, 457
Eastern, 457
Say’s, 458
White-winged, 457
Phoebetria, 13
phoeniceus, Agelaius, 723
Cardinalis, 670
phoenicobia, Tachornis, 325
Phoenicopteri, xvii
Phoenicopteridae, xvii, 59

Phoenicopteriformes, xvii, 59, 163

Phoenicopterus, 59

Phrenopicus, 389

Phyllomyias, 428

Phylloscartes, 436

Phylloscopus, 539

Piaya, 287

Pica, 507

pica, Fluvicola, 459
Pica, 507, 508

Pici, 377

Picidae, xiv, 381

Piciformes, 373

Picinae, 382

picirostris, Xiphorhynchus, 412

Picoides, 389

picta, Pyrrhura, 267

pictus, Calcarius, 718
Chrysolophus, 793
Myioborus, 635
Oreortyx, 148

PIcuLET, Antillean, 382
Olivaceus, 381

Piculus, 393

Picumninae, 381

Picumnini, 381

Picumnus, 381

picumnus, Dendrocolaptes, 411

picus, Xiphorhynchus, 411, 412

PIGEON, Band-tailed, 253
Bare-eyed, 793

Bleeding-heart, 794
Gapenis
Common, 251
Crested, 793
Dusky, 254, 774
Feral, 251
Nicobar, 794
Pale-vented, 251
Partridge, 794
Passenger, 258
Plain, 252
Red-billed, 252
Red-necked, 252
Ring-tailed, 253
Rock, 251
Ruddy, 254
Rufous, 251
Scaled, 251
Scaly-naped, 251
Short-billed, 254
Spinifex, 794
White-crowned, 252
White-naped, 253
Wonga, 794
Wood, 793
PIHA, Rufous, 480
pilaris, Atalotriccus, 438
Turdus, 559
pileata, Nemosia, 644
Notiochelidon, 495
pileatus, Atlapetes, 680
Chlorospingus, 665
Dryocopus, 397, 398
Lophotriccus, 438
Pilherodius, 53
Pilherodius, 52
Pinaroloxias, 693
Pinguinus, 242
Pinicola, 744
pinicola, Glaucidium, 299
Ridgwayia, 565
pinnatus, Botaurus, 43
PINTAIL, 78
Bahama, 77
Common, 78
Northern, 77
White-cheeked, 77
pintadeanus, Francolinus, 793

pinus, Carduelis, 750, 751, 752, 753, 791

Dendroica, 616
Vermivora, 602, 603, 790

Pionopsitta, 276

Pionus, 277

Pipilo, 683

Pipit, Meadow, 578, 786
Olive-backed, 578

INDEX

Pechora, 578
Red-throated, 579
Rock, 580
Sprague’s, 580
Tree, 578
(see also TREE-Pipir)
Water, 579
Yellowish, 580
pipixcan, Larus, 213
Pipra, 486
pipra, Pipra, 486
Pipridae, 483
Piprites, 483
Pipromorpha, 435
Piranga, 657
Pisobia, 191
pitangua, Megarynchus, 467
Pitangus, 466
pitiayumi, Parula, 606
Pittasoma, 425
Pitylus, 668
pityophila, Dendroica, 615, 616
placida, Geopelia, 255
plagiatus, Buteo, 115
plancus, Polyborus, 100, 122, 123
Planofalco, 125
Platalea, 58
Plataleinae, 58
platensis, Cistothorus, 534
Platurornis, 359
Platycercinae, 266
Platycercus, 794
platycercus, Selasphorus, 359
Platypsaris, xviii, 476, 478
platypterus, Buteo, 116
platyrhynchos, Anas, 75, 76
platyrhynchum, Electron, 370
Platyrinchus, 442
platyrostris, Dendrocolaptes, 411
Plautus, 239, 242
plebejus, Turdus, 560
Plectrophenax, 721
Plegadis, 56
pleskei, Locustella, 539
pleuricinctus, Pteroglossus, 379
pleurostictus, Thryothorus, 528
Ploceidae, xviii, xix, 764, 765
Ploceinae, 765
Ploceus, xix, 765
PLover, Black-bellied, 165
Collared, 168
Common Ringed, 169
Golden, 166
(see also GOLDEN-PLOVER)
Gray, 166
Kentish, 169

856 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Little Ringed, 171
Mongolian, 167
Mouniain, 172
Oriental, 172, 781
Piping, 170
Ringed, 170
Semipalmated, 170
Snowy, 168
Thick-billed, 169
Upland, 184
Wilson’s, 169
plumbea, Dendroica, 620
Diglossa, 694
Ictinia, 105
Leucopternis, 111
Polioptila, 344
plumbeiceps, Leptotila, 262
plumbeus, Psaltriparus, 517
Turdus, 564
PLUMELETEER, Black-vented. 348
Bronze-tailed, 348
White-vented, 348
Dlumijera, Petrophassa, 794
Pluvialis, 165
pluvialis, Hyetornis, 286, 287
POCHARD, 83
Baer’s. 84, 780
Common, 83
Red-crested. 82. 780
Podasocys, 167
Podiceps, 6, 8
podiceps, Podilymbus, 7. 8
Podicipedidae, 6
Podicipediformes. 6
Podilymbus, 7
poecilochrous, Buteo, 117
poecilorhyncha, Anas, 77
Poephila, 795
poliocephala, Geothlypis, 630
Ortalis, 130, 131
poliocephalus, Phaenicophilus, 662
poliocerca, Eupherusa, 346, 347
poliogaster, Caryothraustes, 669
Poliolimnas, 155
Polioptila, 542
Polioptilinae, 542
Polioptilini. 542
Polyborini. 122
Polyborus, 122, 123
polychopterus, Pachyramphus, 477
Polyerata, 341
polyglottos, Mimus, 568. 569
polyosoma, Buteo, 117
Polysticta, 88
polystictus, Xiphorhynchus, 412
polytmus, Trochilus, 341

Domarinus, Stercorarius, 209
pondicerianus, Francolinus, 133 ~
Poo-uLi, 764
Pooecetes, 702
PoorwiLt, 310
Common, 310
Eared, 311
Ocellated, 311
Yucatan, 311
Popelairia, 335
Porphyrio, 157, 793
porphyrio, Porphyrio, 793
Porphyrula, 157
portoricensis, Loxigilla, 691
Melanerpes, 383
Porzana, 154
porzana, Porzana, 154
Porzanula, 154
potomac, Dendroica, 794
Potoo, Common, 316
Gray. 316
Great, 315, 316
Lesser, 316
Praedo, 445
PRAIRIE-CHICKEN, Greater. 140
Lesser, 140
prasinus, Aulacorhynchus, 379
pratensis, Anthus, 579, 786
Premnoplex, 402
pretiosa, Claravis, 260
prevostii, Anthracothorax, 331
princeps, Leucopternis, 111
Passerculus, 706
principalis, Campephilus, 399, 400
Priocella, 13
Priotelus, 361
Procellaria, 20
Procellariidae, 13, 26
Procellariiformes, xviii, 11. 31
Procelsterna, 237
procerus, Hemignathus, 760
Procnias, 482
Proctopus, 8
Progne, 489, 492

promeropirhynchus, Xiphocolaptes, 410

propinqua, Vireosylvia, 790
prosthemelas, Icterus, 733
Protonotaria, 622
Prunella, 575
Prunellidae, 575

psaitria, Carduelis, 752
Psaltriparus, xviii, 517
Psarocolius, 740
Pselliophorus, 678, 679
Pseudocolaptes, 403
Pseudonestor, 758

PsEUDONESTOR, 758
Pseudoscops, 305
Pseudotriccus, 437
Psilorhinus, 502, 503
psittacea, Psittirostra, 757
Psittacidae, 266
Psittaciformes, 266
Psittacinae, 266
Psittacula, 266

psittacula, Cyclorrhynchus, 246

Psittacus, 794
Psittirostra, 756, 757
Psittirostrini, 756
Psomocolax, 732
PTARMIGAN, 138
Rock, 138.
White-tailed, 138
Willow, 137
Pterocles, 250
Pterocletes, 250
Pteroclididae, 250
Pterodroma, 15
Pteroglossus, 379
ptilocnemis, Calidris, 199
Ptilogonatidae, 581, 582
Ptilogonys, 582
PtiLoGonys, Mexican, 583
Ptiloleptis, 286
Ptiloxena, 726, 727
Ptychoramphus, 246
PuAIOHI, 552
pubescens, Picoides, 390
pucherani, Melanerpes, 384
puella, Irena, 794
Trogon, 364
PUFFBIRD, Barred, 374
Black-breasted, 374
Buff-bellied, 374
Pied, 374
White-necked, 374
White-whiskered, 375
PuFFINn, 249
Atlantic, 249
Common, 249
Horn-billed, 248
Horned, 249
Tufted, 248
Puffinus, 20, 21
puffinus, Puffinus, 24, 25
PuFFLeG, Greenish, 352
pugnax, Philomachus, 202
pulchellus, Vireolanius, 600
pulcher, Calothorax, 355
Melanerpes, 384
pulchra, Cyanolyca, 504
Pulsatrix, 296

INDEX 857

pumilo, Cyanolyca, 504
pumilus, Coccyzus, 283, 774
punctatus, Thamnophilus, 416
puncticeps, Dysithamnus, 418
punctigula, Colaptes, 395
punctulata, Lonchura, 769
punctulatus, Chlorospingus, 664
purpurascens, Penelope, \31\
purpurata, Querula, 481
purpureus, Carpodacus, 745
pusilla, Aethia, 247
Calidris, 193
Emberiza, 719
Sitta, 519
Spizella, 701, 702
Wilsonia, 632
pusillus, Campylorhamphus, 414
pustulatus, Icterus, 736
Pycnonotidae, 520
Pycnonotus, 520
pygmaea, Aethia, 247
Sitta, 519, 520
pygmaeus, Melanerpes, 385, 386
pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus, 201
PyGmy-OwL, Andean, 299
Cuban, 300
Ferruginous, 299
Least, 299
Mountain, 299
Northern, 298
PyGMy-TYRANT, Black-capped, 437
Bronze-olive, 437
Pale-eyed, 438
Scale-crested, 438
Short-tailed, 438
Streak-crowned, 437
White-eyed, 438
Pygochelidon, 494
pyrilia, Pionopsitta, 276
Pyrocephalus, 458
pyrrhodes, Philydor, 405
pyrrhonota, Hirundo, 497, 498
Pyrrhula, xvii, 754
pyrrhula, Pyrrhula, 755
Pyrrhuloxia, 670, 671
PyYRRHULOXIA, 670
Pyrrhuphonia, 648
Pyrrhura, 267
pytyopsittacus, Loxia, 795

QuaiL, Banded, 146
Barred, 146
Blue-breasted, 793
California, 147

858

Elegant, 147
Gambel’s, 147
Harlequin, 144
Japanese, 134
Montezuma, 144
Mountain, 148
Ocellated, 144
Scaled, 146
Singing, 143
Stubble, 793
Tawny-faced, 144
Wood, see WooD-QUAIL

QUAIL-DoveE, Blue-headed, 266

Bridled, 263
Buff-fronted, 264
Chiriqui, 264
Costa Rican, 264
Crested, 265
Goldman’s, 264
Gray-headed, 265
Key West, 263
Moustached, 265
Olive-backed, 263
Purplish-backed, 264
Ruddy, 265
Russet-crowned, 264
Veraguas, 263
Violaceous, 265
White-faced, 263, 264
Querquedula, 73
querquedula, Anas, 78
Querula, 481
querula, Muscicapa, 450
Zonotrichia, 715
QUETZAL, Crested, 366
Golden-headed, 366
Pavonine, 366
Resplendent, 366

quinquestriata, Amphispiza, 704

Quiscalus, 728
quiscula, Quiscalus, 730
quixensis, Microrhopias, 420

radiatus, Bucco, 374

radiolatus, Melanerpes, 385

RAIL, Black, 151
Clapper, 152
Hawaiian, 156
King, 152
Laysan, 156
Spotted, 157
Virginia, 153
Water, 153, 781
Western, 152

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Wood, see Woop-RAIL
Yellow, 149
Zapata, 157
Rallidae, 149
Rallinae, 149
ralloides, Myadestes, 551
Rallus, 151, 157
Ramphastidae, 378
Ramphastos, 380
Ramphocaenini, 542
Ramphocaenus, 542
Ramphocelus, 661
Ramphocinclus, 573
RAVEN, 512
Chihuahuan, xxiii, 511
Common, 511
Holarctic, 512
Northern, 512
White-necked, xxiii, 511
ravidus, Turdus, 563, 564
RAZORBILL, 241
Recurvirostra, 174
Recurvirostridae, xvii, 174

RED-LEGGED THRUSH, Eastern, 564

Western, 564
REDHEAD, 84
redivivum, Toxostoma, 573
REDPOLL, 749

Arctic, 749

Common, xvi, xvii, 748

Hoary, 749

Hornemann’s, 749
REDSHANK, 781

Common, 178, 781

Spotted, 178
REDSTART, American, 621

Collared, 635

Painted, 635

Slate-throated, 635
REDWING, 559

REED-BUNTING, Common, 720

Pallas’, 720
reevesi, Syrmaticus, 793
regalis, Buteo, 118
Regulinae, 538
Regulus, 538, 540
reinwardtii, Selenidera, 380
relicta, Amaurospiza, 690
religiosa, Gracula, 587
Remizidae, xviii, 512, 516

rhami, Lamprolaima, 332, 351

Rhinocryptidae, 427
Rhinoptynx, 303, 305
Rhipidura, 794
Rhodacanthis, 757
Rhodinocichla, 662, 663

Rhodostethia, 212, 224
Rhodothraupis, 669
Rhynchocyclus, 440
Rhynchodon, 125
Rhynchofalco, 125
Rhynchophanes, 717, 718
Rhynchopsitta, 273
Rhynchortyx, 144
Rhynchotus, 793
Rhytipterna, xviii, 460, 461
Riccordia, 335
RICEBIRD, 769
richardsoni, Melanospiza, 692
richardsonii, Contopus, 448
Richmondena, 670
Richmondeninae, xviil
richmondi, Chaetura, 320
ricordii, Chlorostilbon, 336, 337
ridgwayi, Aegolius, 307
Buteo, 115, 116
Caprimulgus, 313
Cotinga, 480
Nesotriccus, 456
Stelgidopteryx, 496
Thalurania, 338
Tyrannula, 448
Ridgwayia, 564, 565
ridibundus, Larus, 214, 215
Riparia, 497
riparia, Riparia, 497
risoria, Streptopelia, 254
Rissa 2122223
rixosus, Machetornis, 460, 775
rivularis, Phaeothlypis, 638
ROADRUNNER, 289
Greater, 289
Lesser, 288
roberti, Phaeochroa, 328
Rosin, 560, 563
American, 562
Black, 560
Black-billed, 560
Clay-colored, 561
Dagua, 562
European, 794
Grayson’s, 562
Japanese, 794
Magpie, 547, 785
Mountain, 560
Pekin, 566
Rufous-backed, 562
Rufous-collared, 562
Ryukyu, 794
San Lucas, 563
Sooty, 559

INDEX 859

White-necked, 562
White-throated, 56]
Rollulus, 793
Rook, 785
Eurasian, 508, 785
roratus, Eclectus, 794
rosea, Rhodinocichla, 663
Rhodostethia, 224
roseata, Psittacula, 794
ROSEFINCH, Common, 744
roseicapillus, Eolophus, 794
roseicollis, Agapornis, 794
roseigaster, Priotelus, 362
ROSELLA, Pale-headed, 794
roseogrisea, Streptopelia, 255
roseogularis, Piranga, 657
roseus, Phoenicopterus, 60
rositae, Passerina, 674
rossil, Chen, 67
rostrata, Geothlypis, 628, 629
Pterodroma, 16, 771, 772
rostratus, Passerculus, 706
Rostrhamus, 103
Rosy-FiNcH, American, 743
Asian, 743
Black, 743
Brown-capped, 743
Gray-crowned, 743
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOw, Northern, 496
Southern, 496
Yucatan, 496
ROUGHLEG, Ferruginous, 119
rouloul, Rollulus, 793
ROYAL-FLYCATCHER, Amazonian, 443
Northern, 443
rubecula, Erithacus, 794
ruber, Ergaticus, 634
Eudocimus, 55
Laterallus, 150
Phoenicopterus, 59, 60
Sphyrapicus, xv, xvi, 388
Sphyrapicus ruber, xv
Sphyrapicus varius, XV
rubetra, Saxicola, 548, 785
rubica, Habia, 656
rubiginosus, Automolus, 405
Margarornis, 402, 403
Piculus, 394, 395
rubinus, Pyrocephalus, 458
rubra, Crax, 132
Piranga, 658
rubricata, Lagonosticta, 766, 788
rubricauda, Phaethon, 32
rubriceps, Piranga, 661, 786
rubricapillus, Melanerpes, 385, 386

860 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

rubrifrons, Cardellina, 634
Heterospingus, 655
rubripes, Anas, 74, 76
rubritorquis, Aratinga, 269
rubrocapilla, Pipra, 487
RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, 547
ruckeri, Threnetes, 326
rufa, Alectoris, 793
Anhinga, 41
rufalbus, Thryothorus, 528
rufaxilla, Leptotila, 261, 262
rufescens, Aimophila, 698
Egretta, 50
Laniocera, 460
Parus, 514, 515
Rhynchotus, 793
RurF, 202
ruficapilla, Nonnula, 375, 376
Vermivora, 604, 605
ruficapillus, Baryphthengus, 370
Charadrius, 169
ruficauda, Aimophila, 696
Cinclocerthia, 574, 575
Galbula, 376, 377
Ortalis, 129, 130
ruficeps, Aimophila, 698
ruficollis, Branta, 70, 779
Calidris, 194, 195
Corvus, 512
Micrastur, 124
Stelgidopteryx, 496
ruficrissa, Ortalis, 130
rufifrons, Basileuterus, 637
rufigularis, Falco, 127
Hyetornis, 286
rufimarginatus, Herpsilochmus, 419
rufina, Netta, 82, 780
rufinucha, Campylorhynchus, 523
rufipectus, Formicarius, 425
rufitorques, Turdus, 562, 563
rufiventris, Lurocalis, 307
Ramphocaenus, 542
rufivirgatus, Arremonops, 681, 682
rufobrunneus, Thripadectes, 406
rufociliatus, Troglodytes, 532, 533
rufocollaris, Hirundo, 498
rufopalliatus, Turdus, 562
rufum, Toxostoma, 570, 571
rufus, Campylopterus, 329
Caprimulgus, 312, 313
Pachyramphus, 476, 477, 478
Philydor, 405
Selasphorus, 359, 360
Tachyphonus, 656
Trogon, 365
rustica, Emberiza, 719

Haplospiza, 693
Hirundo, 498, 499
rusticola, Scolopax, 206
rusticolus, Falco, 128, 129
ruticilla, Setophaga, 621
rutila, Amazilia, 345, 789
rutilans, Xenops, 406
rutilus, Cypseloides, 318
Pipilo, 686
Thryothorus, 527, 528
Rynchopidae, 209
Rynchopinae, 238
Rynchops, 238, 239

sabini, Xema, 225
SABREWING, Curve-winged, 329
Long-tailed, 329
Rufous, 329
Violet, 329
Wedge-tailed, 329
Sagittirostris, Hemignathus, 759
sagrae, Myiarchus, 465, 466
sallaei, Granatellus, 639, 640
salmoni, Brachygalba, 376
Tigrisoma, 45
Salpinctes, 524, 525
Saltator, 667
SALTATOR, Black-headed, 668
Buff-throated, 668
Grayish, 667, 668
Lesser Antillean, 667
Middle American, 668
Streaked, 667
salvini, Cyanomyia, 789
Caprimulgus, 313
sanblasianus, Gyanocorax, 503, 504
sanchezi, Glaucidium minutissimum, 299
Sanctaemartae, Tyrannus savana, 476
sanctihieronymi, Panyptila, 324
SANDERLING, 192
SANDGROUSE, Chestnut-bellied, 250
Pallas’, 793
SANDPIPER, Baird’s, 197
Bartram’s, 184
Broad-billed, 201
Buff-breasted, 201
Common, 182
Cooper’s, 789
Curlew, 200
Green, 179, 773
Least, 196
Marsh, 178
Pectoral, 197
Purple, 198

Red-backed, 200
Rock, 199
Rufous-necked, 194
Semipalmated, 193
Sharp-tailed, 198
Solitary, 179
Spoonbill, 201
Spotted, 182
Stilt, 200
Terek, 183
Upland, 183
Western, 194
White-rumped, 196
Wood, 179
sandvicensis, Nesochen, 70
Sterna, 229
sandwichensis, Chasiempis, 546
Passerculus, 705, 706
Porzana, 156
Pterodroma, 16
sanguinea, Himatione, 763, 764
sanguineus, Pteroglossus, 379
sanguinolentus, Ramphocelus, 661
Sapayoa, 483
SAPPHIRE, Blue-headed, 339
SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, 388
Red-naped, 388
Williamson’s, 389
Yellow-bellied, 387
Sarcoramphus, 100
Sarkidiornis, 71
sasin, Selasphorus, 360, 790
satrapa, Regulus, 540
saturatus, Caprimulgus, 314
Cuculus, 283
Saucerottia, 341
saucerrottei, Amazilia, 344
saularis, Copsychus, 547, 785
saundersi, Sterna, 233
Saurothera, 285
savana, Tyrannus, 475
Tyrannus savana, 476
savannarum, Ammodramus, 707
SAW-WHET OwL, Northern, 306
Unspotted, 307
saxatalis, Aeronautes, 323
Saxicola, 548
saya, Sayornis, 458
Sayornis, 457
scalaris, Picoides, 390
scandiaca, Nyctea, 297
Scaphidura, 732
Scardafella, 258, 259
ScaAupP, 86
Greater, 85
Lesser, 86

INDEX

Schiffornis, 483
schistacea, Leucopternis, 11)
Sporophila, 686, 687
schistaceigula, Polioptila, 545
schisticolor, Myrmotherula, 419
schistisagus, Larus, 219, 220, 221
schoeniclus, Emberiza, 720
schomburgkii, Micropygia, 149
schulzi, Dryocopus, 397
scintilla, Selasphorus, 361
scitulus, Trochilus, 341
sclateri, Calliste, 642
Icterus, 736
Parus, 513, 514
Sclerurus, 407
scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 203
Scolopaci, 175
Scolopacidae, 176
Scolopacinae, 176
Scolopacini, 206
Scolopacoidea, 176
Scolopax, 206
scops, Otus, 292, 293
Scops-OwL, Common, 292
Oriental, 292
ScoTeER, Black, 90
Common, 91
Surf, 91
Velvet, 92
White-winged, 91, 92
SCREECH-OWL, Balsas, 294
Bare-legged, 295
Bare-shanked, 295
Bearded, 295
Bridled, 295
Common, 293
Cooper’s, 294
Eastern, 293
Flammulated, 293
Kennicott’s, 293
Middle American, 295
Pacific, 294
Puerto Rican, 295
Spotted, 294
Tropical, 295
Vermiculated, 294, 295
Vinaceous, 293
Western, 293
Whiskered, 294

86]

scrippsi, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, 245

Scytalopus, 427

SCYTHEBILL, Brown-billed, 414
Red-billed, 414

SEA-EAGLE, Gray, 106
Steller’s, 107
White-tailed, 106

862 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

SEASIDE-SPARROW, Cape Sable, 710
Common, 710
Dusky, 710
seductus, Otus, 294
SEED-FINCH, Chestnut-bellied, 689
Great-billed, 688, 689
Large-billed, 689
Lesser, 689
Nicaraguan, 689
Thick-billed, 689
SEEDEATER, Black, 687
Blue, 689, 690
Cinnamon-rumped, 688
Lesson’s, 775
Lined, 688, 775
Morellet’s, 688
Ruddy-breasted, 688
Slate-blue, 690
Slate-colored, 686
Variable, 687
White-collared, 687, 688
White-rumped, 795
Wing-barred, 687
Yellow-bellied, 88
Seiurus, 624
Selasphorus, 359
Selenidera, 380
semibadius, Thryothorus, 526, 527
semicollaris, Streptoprocne, 319
Semicollum, 318
semifasciata, Tityra, 479
semiflava, Geothlypis, 629
semiflavum, Ornithion, 429, 430
semifuscus, Chlorospingus, 664
semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 180
Charadrius, 170
semiplumbea, Leucopternis, 111
semitorquatus, Lurocalis, 307
Micrastur, 124
Semnornis, 378
semperi, Leucopeza, 632
senegala, Lagonosticta, 795
senilis, Pionus, 277
serena, Pipra, 486
sericocaudatus, Caprimulgus, 313
Sericotes, 332, 333
Serinus, Xvil, Xvili, 754
Serpophaga, 434
serranus, Turdus, 560
serrator, Mergus, 96
Sula, 36
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 496
setifrons, Xenornis, 416
Setochalcis, 311
Setophaga, 621, 635
severa, Ara, 271

SHAMA, White-rumped, 547
SHARPBILL, 487
SHEARTAIL, Mexican, 354
Slender, 354
SHEARWATER, Allied, 25
Audubon’s, 25
Black-tailed, 777
Black-vented, 24
Buller’s, 23
Christmas, 24
Cory’s, 21
Flesh-footed, 21
Gray-backed, 23
Great, 22
Greater, 22
Little, 25
Manx, 24
Newell’s, 25
New Zealand, 23
Pale-footed, 22
Pink-footed, 21
Short-tailed, 23
Slender-billed, 23
Sooty, 23
Streaked, 20
Townsend’s, 25
Wedge-tailed, 22
SHELDUCK, 780
Common, 71, 780
Ruddy, 71, 779
SHOVELER, 80
Northern, 80
SHRIKE, Brown, 584
Great Gray, 585
Loggerhead, 585
Northern, 584
Red-backed, 584
Red-tailed, 584

SHRIKE-TANAGER, Black-throated, 654

Great, 654
White-throated, 654
SHRIKE-VIREO, Chestnut-sided, 600
Green, 600
Yellow-browed, 600
Sialia, 548
sialis, Sialia, 549
sibilator, Sirystes, 461
sibilatrix, Phylloscopus, 539
sibirica, Muscicapa, 545
Sicalis, 694
SICKLEBILL, White-tipped, 327
Sieberocitta, 505
siju, Glaucidium, 300

SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Black-and-yellow, 582

Gray, 582
Long-tailed, 583

SILVERBILL, Warbling, 768
similis, Myiozetetes, 468
simoni, Selasphorus, 361
simplex, Phaetusa, 235
Piculus, 394
Rhytipterna, 461
sinaloa, Thryothorus, 528
sinaloae, Corvus, 510
Progne, 490, 491
sinensis, Ixobrychus, 44
SINGING-FINCH, Green, 754
sinica, Carduelis, 753
sinuatus, Cardinalis, 670
Siphonorhis, 310
Sirystes, 461
SIRYSTES, 461 -
SISKIN, 787
Antillean, 751
Black-capped, 750
Black-headed, 751
Eurasian, 750, 787
Hooded, 751, 787
Pine, 750
Red, 751
Yellow-bellied, 751
sissonil, Thryomanes, 531
Sitta, 518
Sittasomus, 409
Sittidae, 518
Sittinae, 518
SKIMMER, Black, 239
skua, Catharacta, 211, 212
SkuaA, Arctic, 210
Brown, 212
Chilean, 212, 782
Falkland, 212
Great, 211
Long-tailed, 211
Northern, 212
Pomarine, 210
Pomatorhine, 210
South Polar, 212
Southern, 212
SKYLARK, Common, 488
Eurasian, 488
European, 488
Japanese, 488
Smaragdolanius, 600
SMEw, 94
smithii, Petrophassa, 794
SNIPE, 205
Common, 204
Great, 205, 782
Jack, 204
Pin-tailed, 205
Wilson’s, 205

INDEX

SNOwCAP, 348

SNowcock, Himalayan, 793

sociabilis, Rostrhamus, 104

socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 29
Pipilo, 685

soemmerringil, Syrmaticus, 793

SoFTTAIL, Double-banded, 402

solandri, Pterodroma, 17, 772

SOLITAIRE, Andean, 551
Black-faced, 551
Brown-backed, 551
Cuban, 551
Rufous-throated, 551
Slate-colored, 552
Townsend’s, 550
Varied, 551

solitaria, Tringa, 179

solitarius, Buteo, 118
Harpyhaliaetus, 114
Myiodynastes, 470
Vireo, 593, 594, 790

Solivireo, 593

solstitialis, Troglodytes, 533

Somateria, 86

sonneratii, Gallus, 793

Sooty-ALBATRoss, Light-mantied, 777

Sora, 155
sordidulus, Contopus, 448, 449
sordidus, Cynanthus, 337
soui, Crypturellus, 2
souleyetii, Lepidocolaptes, 413
SPADEBILL, Golden-crowned, 442
Stub-tailed, 442
White-throated, 442
spadiceus, Attila, 460
spadix, Thryothorus, 526
SPARROW, American Tree, 699
Andean, 713
Bachman’s, 696
Baird’s, 707
Belding’s, 706
Black-chested, 696
Black-chinned, 702
Black-striped, 682
Black-throated, 704
Botteri’s, 697
Brewer's, 701
Bridled, 695
Cape Sable, 710
Cassin’s, 697
Chipping, 700
Cinnamon-tailed, 696
Clay-colored, 700
Eurasian Tree, 765
European Tree, 765
Field, 701

863

864 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Five-striped, 704
Fox, 710
Golden, 795
Golden-crowned, 713
Grasshopper, 707
Green-backed, 682
Ground, see GROUND-SPARROW
Harris’, 715
Henslow’s, 708
House, 764
Ipswich, 706
Java, 770
Large-billed, 706
Lark, 703
Le Conte’s, 708
Lincoln’s, 711
Oaxaca, 698
Olive, 681, 682
Orange-billed, 681
Pacific, 682
Peten, 697
Pine-woods, 696
Rufous-collared, 713
Rufous-crowned, 698
Rufous-winged, 697
Russet-tailed, 696
Rusty, 698
Sage, 704
Savannah, 705, 706
Seaside, 709
(see also SEASIDE-SPARROW)
Sharp-tailed, 709
Sierra Madre, 710
Song, 711
Stripe-headed, 696
Striped, 699
Sumichrast’s, 696
Swamp, 712
Tree, 699, 765
Vesper, 702
White-crowned, 714
White-throated, 713
Worthen’s, 702
Zapata, 699
SPARROWHAWK, Eurasian, 108, 780
European, 780
Northern, 780
sparverius, Falco, 125, 126
Spatula, 72
speciosa, Columba, 251
Geothlypis, 629
spectabilis, Elaenia, 434
Eugenes, 352
Selenidera, 380
Somateria, 87
speculiferus, Nesospingus, 665

spengeli, Forpus xanthopterygius, 783
Speotyto, 301 ;
Spermagra, 657
Spermestes, 768, 769
Spermophila, 686 —
Spheniscidae, 31
Sphenisciformes, xvii, 31
Spheniscus, 31
sphenocercus, Lanius, 585
Sphyrapicus, xiv, xvi, 387
Spindalis, 652
SPINETAIL, Coiba, 401
Pale-breasted, 400
Red-faced, 401
Rufous-breasted, 401
Rusty-backed, 401
Slaty, 400
spinicauda, Chaetura, 321
spinoletta, Anthus, 579
spinosa, Jacana, 175, 176
Spinus, 749, 750, 752
spinus, Carduelis, 750, 787
spirurus, Glyphorhynchus, 410
Spiza, 677, 791
spiza, Chlorophanes, 646
Spizaetus, 121
Spizastur, 121
Spizella, 699
splendens, Campephilus, 398
Spodiornis, 693
spodiurus, Pachyramphus, 477
sponsa, Aix, 72
SPOONBILL, 779
European, 779
Roseate, 58
White, 58, 779
Sporophila, xviii, 686, 688
spragueli, Anthus, 580
SPURFOWL, Yellow-necked, 793
spurius, Icterus, 734
squamata, Callipepla, 146, 147
squamatus, Capito, 378
squamiger, Margarornis, 402
squammata, Columbina, 259
squamosa, Columbia, 251
Squatarola, 165
squatarola, Pluvialis, 165
stagnatilis, Tringa, 178
STARLING, 586
Black-collared, 794
Common, 586
European, 585
Starnoenas, 263, 265
STARTHROAT, Constant’s, 353
Long-billed, 353
Plain-capped, 353

Steatornis, 316

Steatornithidae, 316

Steganopus, 207

stejnegeri, Hemignathus, 759
Melanitta fusca, 92

Stelgidopteryx, 496

stellaris, Cistothorus, 534

stellata, Gavia, 4

stellatus, Margarornis, 403

stelleri, Cyanocitta, 500, 501
Polysticta, 88

Stellula, 358

Stenorhynchus, 575

stenura, Gallinago, 205

Stercorariidae, 209

Stercorariinae, 209, 226, 238

Stercorarius, 209

Sterna, 226

Sternidae, 209

Sterninae, 226

Sternula, 226

stictoptera, Myrmornis, 424

StTiLT, Black-necked, 174
Black-winged, 174
Hawaiian, 174
Pied, 174

STINT, Little, 195
Long-toed, 195
Red-necked, 194
Rufous-necked, 194
Temminck’s, 195

stolidus, Anous, 236
Myiarchus, 465, 466

stolzmanni, Tachycineta, 493

STONECHAT, 548, 786

SToRK, Wood, 59

STORM-PETREL, Ashy, 29
Band-rumped, 29
Black, 30
Black-bellied, 778
British, 27
Dusky-rumped, 29
Fork-tailed, 28
Galapagos, 29
Guadalupe, 30
Harcourt’s, 29
Leach’s, 28
Least, 31
Madeira, 29
Markham’s, 30
Ringed, 28, 778
Sooty, 30
Wedge-rumped, 29
White-bellied, 27, 778
White-faced, 27

INDEX

White-vented, 26, 772
Wilson’s, 26
STREAMCREEPER, Sharp-tailed, 408
STREAMERTAIL, 341
Eastern, 341
Western, 341
strenua, Aratinga, 269
strepera, Anas, 80, 81
Streptoceryle, 371
Streptopelia, 254
Streptoprocne, 318
striata, Dendroica, 619
Motacilla, 619
Muscicapa, 619
Geopelia, 255
Striaticeps, Dysithamnus, 417, 418
striaticollis, Anabacerthia, 404
striatigularis, Xiphorhynchus, 412
striatipectus, Saltator, 667
Striatus, Accipiter, 108
Butorides, 51, 52
Melanerpes, 384, 385, 386, 387
stricklandi, Picoides, 391
Strigidae, 292
Strigiformes, 291
strigilatus, Trogon, 363
Strix, 302
Sturnella, 724
Sturnidae, 585
Sturninae, 585
Sturnus, 585
stygius, Asio, 304
subalaris, Syndactyla, 403, 404
subbrunneus, Cnipodectes, 440
subbuteo, Falco, 127, 780
subconcolor, Sporophila, 687
subflava, Amandava, 795
subis, Progne, 489, 490, 491, 492
Sublegatus, 431
subminuta, Calidris, 195, 196
subrubra, Ficedula, 545
subrufescens, Momotus, 369
subruficollis, Tryngites, 201
subtilis, Buteogallus, 112
subulatus, Hyloctistes, 403
Todus, 368
subvinacea, Columba, 254
Sula, 33
sula, Sula, 35
sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 290
Sulidae, 33
sulfuratus, Ramphastos, 380
SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO, Greater,
Lesser, 794
sulphuratus, Pitangus, 467
sulphurea, Cacatua, 794

865

794

866

sulphureipygius, Myiobius, 444
sulphurescens, Tolmomyias, 441
sumatrana, Sterna, 231, 782
sumichrasti, Aimophila, 696
Amaczilia, 344
Hylorchilus, 525
SUNBITTERN, 161
sundevalli, Butorides, 52
SUNGREBE, 160
sunia, Otus, 292
superciliaris, Leptopogon, 436
Melanerpes, 387
Phylloscartes, 437
Sterna, 233
Sturnella, 724
Thryothorus, 529
superciliosa, Eumomota, 371
Parula, 607
superciliosus, Accipiter, 108
Arremonops, 682
Oriturus, 699
Phaethornis, 326
SURFBIRD, 191
surinamensis, Myrmotherula, 418
Surnia, 298
susurrans, Xiphorhynchus, 412
svecica, Luscinia, 547
swainsoni, Bucco, 374
Buteo, 117
swainsonii, Chlorostilbon, 336
Gampsonyx, 103
Limnothlypis, 623
Ramphastos, 380, 381
swalesi, Turdus, 563
SWALLow, Bahama, 494
Bank, 497
Barn, 498
Black-capped, 495
Blue-and-white, 494
Cave, 498
Cliff, 497
Coban, 495
Golden, 493
Mangrove, 493
Patagonian, 495
Rough-winged, 497
(see also ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW)
Tree, 492
Violet-green, 494
White-thighed, 495
SWALLOW-TAILED SwiFT. Great, 324
Lesser, 324
SWALLOW-TANAGER, 666
SWAMPHEN, Purple, 793
SWAN, Bewick’s, 63
Black, 793

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Black-necked, 793
Mute, 64
Trumpeter, 63
Tundra, 62
Whistling, 63
Whooper, 63 >
SwiFT, 323
Alpine, 323
Andre’s, 321
Antillean Cloud, 319
Antillean Palm, 325
Ashy-tailed, 321
Band-rumped, 321
Black, 317
Chapman’s, 320
Chestnut-collared, 318
Chimney, 319
Common, 322
Dark-breasted, 320
Dusky-backed, 320
Fork-tailed, 323
Gray-rumped, 321
Lesser Antillean, 321
Needle-tailed, see NEEDLE-TAILED
SWIFT
Short-tailed, 320
Spot-fronted, 318
Swallow-tailed, see SWALLOW-TAILED
SwIFT
Vaux’s, 320
White-chinned, 317
White-collared. 318
White-naped, 319
White-rumped, 323
White-throated, 323
Yucatan, 320
SWIFTLET, Cave, 783
Gray, 322, 783
Mossy-nest. 783
Uniform, 783
sybillae, Lampornis, 349
Sylvia, 794
sylvia, Todirostrum, 439
sylvicola, Sarkidiornis, 72
Sylviidae, 542
Sylviinae, xvili, 538, 640
Sylviini, 538
Synallaxis, 400
Syndactyla, 403, 404
Synthliboramphini, 244
Synthliboramphus, 244
Syrichta, 446
Syrichtha, 446
Syrmaticus, 793
Syrrhaptes, 793

tacarcunae, Chlorospingus, 664
Tachornis, 324
Tachybaptus, 6
Tachycineta, 492
Tachyphonus, 655
Tachytriorchis, 114
taczanowskii, Podiceps, \0
Tadorna, 71
tadorna, Tadorna, 71, 780
Tadornini, 71
taeniatus, Peucedramus, 640
tahitiensis, Numenius, 185
talpacoti, Columbina, 260
TANAGER, Abbot’s, 652
Ant, see ANT- TANAGER
Azure-rumped, 642
Bay-and-blue, 643
Bay-headed, 643
Black-and-yellow, 666
Black-banded, 644
Blue-and-gold, 653
Blue-gray, 651
Bush, see BUSH- TANAGER
Cabanis’, 642
Carmiol’s, 653
Chat, 663
(see also CHAT-TANAGER)
Crimson-backed, 661
Crimson-collared, 661
Dusky-faced, 663
Emerald, 642
Flame-colored, 660
Flame-rumped, 662
Golden-hooded, 644
Golden-masked, 644
Gray-and-gold, 642
Gray-headed, 654
Gray’s, 786
Green-naped, 645
Hepatic, 657, 658
Hooded, 644
Lemon-browed, 653
Lesser Antillean, 644
Masked, 644
Olive, 653
Palm, 652
(see also PALM-TANAGER)
Plain-colored, 642
Puerto Rican, 665
Red, 658
Red-headed, 660
Red-hooded, 661, 786
Rose-throated, 657
Rufous-crowned, 644

INDEX 867

Rufous-winged, 644
Scarlet, 659
Scarlet-browed, 655
Scarlet-rumped, 661
Shrike, see SHRIKE-TANAGER
Silver-throated, 643
Spangle-cheeked, 644
Speckled, 643
Streak-backed, 660
Stripe-headed, 652
Sulphur-rumped, 655
Summer, 658
Swallow, see SWALLOW-TANAGER
Tawny-crested, 656
Thrush, see THRUSH- TANAGER
Tooth-billed, 658
Western, 659
White-lined, 656
White-shouldered, 655
White-winged, 660
Yellow-backed, 666
Yellow-browed, 654
Yellow-rumped, 662
Yellow-winged, 652
Tanagra, 648, 649
Tangara, 642, 645
Tangavius, 730, 731
tanneri, Troglodytes, 532
TAPACULO, Narino, 427
Pale-throated, 427
Silvery-fronted, 428
Tapera, 287
tapera, Phaeoprogne, 492
Taraba, 415
tatei, Margarornis, 402
TATTLER, Gray-tailed, 181
Polynesian, 181
Wandering, 180
TEAL, 73
Baikal, 74
Blue-winged, 79
Cinnamon, 79
Common, 73
Falcated, 74
Green-winged, 73, 74
Laysan, 76
tectus, Bucco, 374
Telespyza, 756, 757, 758
Telmatodytes, 534, 535
temminckii, Calidris, 195
Temnotrogon, 361, 362
Temnurus, 361
temnurus, Priotelus, 362
temporalis, Anabacerthia, 404
tenebrosa, Gallinula, 159
tenuirostris, Anous, 237

868 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Calidris, 191
Numenius, 186
Puffinus, 23
tephrocotis, Leucosticte, 743
Terenotriccus, 443
Terenura, 401, 421
Terestistris, 631
TERN, Aleutian, 233
Arctic, 231
Black, 236
Black-naped, 231, 782
Bridled, 234
Brown-winged, 234
Cabot’s, 229
Caspian, 227
Cayenne, 229
Common, xxii, 230
Elegant, 228
Fairy, 238
Forster’s, 231
Gray-backed, 233
Gull-billed, 226
Large-billed, 235
Least, 232
Little, 233
Marsh, 782
Noddy, 237
Roseate, 229
Royal, 228
Sandwich, 229
Snowy-crowned, 782
Sooty, 234
Trudeau’s, 232, 782
Whiskered, 235, 782
White, 238
White-winged, 235
White-winged Black, 236
Yellow-billed, 233
TERNLET, Gray, 238
terrisi, Rhynchopsitta, 273
Tersina, 666
Tersini, xviil, 666
Tersinidae, xviil, 666
tertius, Calyptophilus, 663
tethys, Oceanodroma, 29
Oceanodroma tethys, 30
Tetragonops, 378
Tetrao, 793
Tetraogallus, 793
Tetraonidae, 136
Tetraoninae, 136
Tetrastes, 793
tetrix, Lyrurus, 793
texensis, Myiozetetes, 468
thagus, Pelecanus, 37
Thalasseus, 226, 228

thalassina, Tachycineta, 494
thalassinus, Colibri, 330
Thalurania, 338, 339
Thamnistes, 417
Thamnophilinae, 414
Thamnophilus, 415
thayeri, Larus, 219, 220
Theristicus, 57
THICK-KNEE, Double-striped, 164
thoracica, Bambusicola, 793
thoracicus, Dactylortyx, 143
Thryothorus, 527
THORNTAIL, Green, 335
THRASHER, Bendire’s, 572
Brown, 570
California, 573
Cozumel, 571
Crissal, 573
Curve-billed, 572
Gray, 571
Le Conte’s, 573
Long-billed, 571
Ocellated, 572
Pearly-eyed, 575
Sage, 570
Scaly-breasted, 574
Socorro, 570
White-breasted, 573
Thraupidae, xviil
Thraupinae, xvili, 640, 641, 645, 678, 692,
693
Thraupini, xvili, 641
Thraupis, 651
THREE-TOED WOODPECKER, Arctic, 393
Black-backed, 393
Northern, 392
Threnetes, 325, 326
Threskiornithes, 55
Threskiornithidae, 55
Threskiornithinae, 55
Thripadectes, 406
THRUSH, 560
Aztec, 565
Bare-eyed, 561
Chinese, 566
Cocoa, 560
Dusky, 558, 559
Eye-browed, 558
Forest, 564
Glossy-black, 560
Grand Cayman, 563
Gray-cheeked, 555
Gray’s, 561
Grayson’s, 562
Hauxwell’s, 561
Hawaiian, 552

INDEX 869

Hermit, 556 Tinamus, |

La Selle, 563 Tinnunculus, 125

Naumann’s, 559 tinnunculus, Falco, 125, 126

Nightingale, see NIGHTINGALE- THRUSH Tit, Blue, 794

Olive-backed, 556 Great, 794

Pale-vented, 560 Siberian, 514

Red-legged, 564 Varied, 515

(see also RED-LEGGED THRUSH) Titmouse, Black-crested, 516

Russet-backed, 556 Bridled, 515

Shama, 547 Plain, 516

Small Kauai, 552 Tufted, 516

Song, 794 Tityra, xviii, 479

Swainson’s, 556 TityrA, Black-crowned, 479

Varied, 564 Masked, 479

White-chinned, 563 Tityrinae, 476

White-eyed, 561 tobaci, Amazilia, 344, 784

Wood, 557 tocuyensis, Arremonops, 682
THRUSH-TANAGER, Rose-breasted, 663 Todidae, 367

Rosy, 663 Todirostrum, 439
Thryomanes, 530 Todoidea, 367
Thryorchilus, 535 Todus, 367
Thryospiza, 707 todus, Todus, 368
Thryothorus, 525 Topy, Broad-billed, 368
thula, Egretta, 48 Cuban, 367
Thyellodroma, 21 Hispaniolan, 368
thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, xiv, xv, xvi, 388, Jamaican, 368

389 Narrow-billed, 368

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, xiv Puerto Rican, 368
Tiaris, xviii, 690 Topy-FLYCATCHER, Black-headed, 440
tibialis, Neochelidon, 495 Common, 439

Pheucticus, 671 Painted, 440

Pselliophorus, 679 Slate-headed, 439
TIGER-BITTERN, 44 Tolmarchus, 471, 474
TIGER-HERON, Bare-throated, 45 tolmiei, Oporornis, 627

Fasciated, 44 Tolmomyias, 441

Rufescent, 44 tombacea, Galbula, 377
tigrina, Dendroica, 609 torda, Alca, 241
Tigrisoma, 44 torquata, Ceryle, 37\
Tigrisomatini, 44 Myrmornis, 423, 424
Tilmatura, 354 Saxicola, 548, 786
Timaliidae, 565 torquatus, Atlapetes, 681
Timaliinae, xvili, 565 Myioborus, 635
Tinamidae, 1 Phasianus, 136
Tinamiformes, | Picus, 382
TINAMOU, Boucard’s, 3 Pteroglossus, 379, 380

Chilean, 793 torqueola, Sporophila, 687, 688

Choco, 3 torquilla, Jynx, 381

Crested, 793 Torreornis, 699

Great, | torridus, Selasphorus, 361

Highland, 1 Totanus, 176

Little, 2 totanus, Tringa, 178, 781

Ornate, 793 Toucan, Chestnut-mandibled, 380

Red-winged, 793 Choco, 380, 784

Rufescent, 2 Keel-billed, 380

Slaty-breasted, 3 Yellow-breasted, 381

Thicket, 2 Toucanet, Blue-throated, 379

870 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Emerald, 379
Yellow-eared, 380

Touit, 276

TowueE, Abert’s, 685
Brown, 685
California, 685
Collared, 684
Eastern, 685
Green-tailed, 683
Rufous-sided, 684
Socorro, 685
Spotted, 685
White-throated, 686

townsendi, Dendroica, 612, 613, 614

Emberiza, xxi, 791
Myadestes, 550
Thalurania, 338
Toxostoma, 570
traillii, Empidonax, 451, 452
transfasciatus, Dendrocolaptes, 411
TREE-CREEPER, European, 520
Short-toed, 520
TREE-DUCK, 61
TREE-PiPit, Brown, 578
Chinese, 578
Indian, 578
Olive, 578
Oriental, 578
TREEHUNTER, Streak-breasted, 406
TREERUNNER, Beautiful, 402
Ruddy, 402
TREMBLER, 575
triangularis, Xiphorhynchus, 413
tricarunculata, Procnias, 482
Trichas, 628
trichas, Geothlypis, 628, 629
Trichoglossus, 794
trichopsis, Otus, 294
tricolor, Agelaius, 723
Ara, 273
Egretta, 49
Phalaropus, 207
tridactyla, Rissa, 223
tridactylus, Picoides, 392
Tringa, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182
Tringini, 176
Tripsurus, 382, 384
tristis, Acridotheres, 586
Carduelis, 752
tristrami, Oceanodroma, 30
tristriatus, Basileuterus, 638
trivialis, Anthus, 578
Trochilidae, 325

trochilirostris, Campylorhamphus, 414

Trochilus, 341

trochilus, Phylloscopus, 539, 785
Troglodytes, 531, 536
troglodytes, Estrilda, 767
Troglodytes, xxii, 533
Troglodytidae, xviii, 521
Trogon, 362
TROGON, Baird’s, 363
Bar-tailed, 364
Black-headed, 362
Black-tailed, 365
Black-throated, 365
Citreoline, 362
Collared, 364
Coppery-tailed, 364
Cuban, 362
Eared, 366
Elegant, 364
Gartered, 363
Graceful, 365
Hispaniolan, 362
Large-tailed, 365
Lattice-tailed, 365
Massena, 365
Mexican, 363
Mountain, 363
Orange-bellied, 364
Slaty-tailed, 365
Violaceous, 363
White-tailed, 362
Trogonidae, 361
Trogoniformes, 361
TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, 32
Red-tailed, 32
White-tailed, 31
Yellow-billed, 32
tropica, Fregetta, 778
tropicus, Corvus, 511
TROUPIAL, 735
trudeaui, Sterna, 232, 782
Tryngites, 201
tschutschensis, Motacilla, 576
tuberculifer, Myiarchus, 462
tucanus, Ramphastos, 381
tucinkae, Eubucco, 378
TUFTEDCHEEK, Buffy, 403
Turdidae, 546
Turdinae, xviii, 546, 638
turdinus, Campylorhynchus, 522
Schiffornis, 483
Turdus, 557, 558, 560
TURKEY, Common, 141
Plain, 141
Ocellated, 141
Wild, 141
Turnix, 793

TURNSTONE, 190

Black, 190

Ruddy, 189
TuRTLE-Dove, Ringed, 254
Tympanuchus, 139
typica, Deconychura, 410
Tyranni, 400
Tyrannidae, xviii, 428, 460, 483
tyrannina, Cercomacra, 421
Tyranninae, 460
Tyranniscus, 428, 429
Tyrannoidea, 428
Tyrannula, 443

TYRANNULET, Beardless, see BEARD-

LESS- TYRANNULET
Brown-capped, 430
Crested, 429
Mottle-cheeked, 437
Mouse-colored, 431
Paltry, 429
Rough-legged, 428
Rufous-browed, 437
Sooty-crested, 429
Sooty-headed, 429
Torrent, 435
White-fronted, 428
Yellow, 436
Yellow-bellied, 429
Yellow-crowned, 432
Yellow-green, 437
Zeledon’s, 428

Tyrannulus, 431

tyrannulus, Myiarchus, 464, 465

Tyrannus, 471

tyrannus, Muscivora, 476
Spizaetus, 121
Tyrannus, 473

TYRANT, Cattle, 460, 775
Long-tailed, 459
Pygmy, see PyGMy-TyRANT
Water, see WATER-TYRANT

Tyto, 291

Tytonidae, 291

tzacatl, Amazilia, 345, 789

ULA-AI-HAWANE, 762

ultima, Pterodroma, 17, 772
Telespyza, 757

ultramarina, Aphelocoma, 506

ulula, Surnia, 298

umbellus, Bonasa, 139

UMBRELLABIRD, Bare-necked, 482

uncinatus, Chondrohierax, 102

INDEX

undulatus, Crypturellus, 3
Melopsittacus, 266

unicinctus, Parabuteo, 113

unicolor, Aphelocoma, 506
Chamaepetes, 131
Myadestes, 552
Sturnus, 586

uniformis, Chloropipo, 484

unirufus, Lipaugus, 480

Upupa, 367

Upupae, 367

Upupidae, 367

Uraeginthus, 766

urbica, Delichon, 499

Uria, 240

urile, Phalacrocorax, 39

urochrysia, Chalybura, 348

Urocissa, 508

urogallus, Tetrao, 793

urophasianus, Centrocercus, 139

Uropsila, 535

uropygialis, Cacicus, 739, 740
Melanerpes, 385, 386, 387

Urubitinga, 112

urubitinga, Buteogallus, 112

Urubitornis, 114

ustulatus, Catharus, 556

validus, Myiarchus, 465
Pachyramphus, 478

valisineria, Aythya, 83

Vanellinae, 164

Vanellini, 164

Vanellus, 164

vanellus, Vanellus, 164

vanikorensis, Aerodramus, 322, 783

varia, Mniotilta, 621
Strix, 302, 303
Turnix, 793
variabilis, Emberiza, 720
variegaticeps, Anabacerthia, 404
varius, Empidonomus, 471
Parus, 515

Sphyrapicus, xiv, XV, XVi, 387, 388, 389

Sphyrapicus varius, Xiv, X\
vauxi, Chaetura, 319, 320
VEERY, 554
velox, Geococcyx, 288
Veniliornis, 393
ventralis, Amazona, 278

Buteo, 118

Phylloscartes, 437
venusta, Dacnis, 645

872 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

venustus, Granatellus, 639, 640
veraepacis, Schiffornis, 483
veraguensis, Anthracothorax, 331
Geotrygon, 263
VERDIN, 517
veredus, Charadrius, 172, 781
Charadrius asiaticus, 781
vermiculatus, Otus, 295
Vermivora, 601, 606, 607, 609, 623
vermivorus, Helmitheros, 601, 623
verreauxi, Leptotila, 261
versicolor, Amazona, 281, 282
Ergaticus, 634
Geotrygon, 265
Pachyramphus, 476
Passerina, 676
Phasianus, 136
Quiscalus, 730
versicolurus, Brotogeris, 275
verticalis, Amazilia, 346
Tyrannus, 473
vespertinus, Coccothraustes, 755, 756
Vestiaria, 762, 763
Vetola, 187
vetula, Ortalis, 130
Saurothera, 285, 286
vicinior, Scytalopus, 427
Vireo, 593
Vidua, 770
viduata, Dendrocygna, 61
Viduinae, xix, 770
vieilloti, Saurothera, 285
viguierl, Dacnis, 645
vilasboasi, Pipra, 486
vilissimus, Zimmerius, 429
villosa, Sitta, 518
villosus, Myiobius, 444
Picoides, 391
vinaceus, Otus, 293
violacea, Geotrygon, 265
Loxigilla, 692
violaceus, Nycticorax, 54
Trogon, 363
violajugulum, Trochilus, 790
VIOLET-EAR, Brown, 330
Green, 330
Mountain, 331
violiceps, Amazilia, 346, 789
Goldmania, 340
virens, Contopus, 448, 449
Dendroica, 613
Hemignathus, 759
Icteria, 639
Thraupis, 652
virenticeps, Atlapetes, 680, 681

Vireo, 589
VIREO, Bell’s, 592
Black-capped, 592
Black-whiskered, 598
Blue Mountain, 593
Brown-capped, 596
Carmiol’s, 595
Chivi, 598
Cozumel, 590
Cuban, 591
Dwarf, 592
Flat-billed, 591
Golden, 595
Gray, 593
Hutton’s, 595
Jamaican, 591
Jamaican White-eyed, 591
Mangrove, 590
Philadelphia, 596
Puerto Rican, 591
Red-eyed, 597
St. Andrew, 591
Shrike, see SHRIKE- VIREO
Slaty, 589
Solitary, 593
Thick-billed, 590
Veracruz, 590
Warbling, 595
White-eyed, 589
Yellow-green, 598
Yellow-throated, 594
Yellow-winged, 594
Yucatan, 598
Vireolaniidae, 600
Vireolaniinae, xvili, 600
Vireolanius, 600
Vireonidae, xviii, 589
Vireoninae, 589
Vireosylva, 595
virescens, Butorides, 52
Empidonax, 450
Schiffornis, 483
virgata, Aphriza, 191
Ciccaba, 301
virginiae, Vermivora, 604, 605
virginianus, Bubo, 297
Colinus, 145, 146
viridanum, Todirostrum, 440
viridicata, Myiopagis, 433
viridiflavus, Hylophilus, 599
viridifrons, Amazilia, 346
viridigenalis, Amazona, 279, 280
viridigula, Anthracothorax, 331, 774
viridigularis, Gavia, 5
viridipallens, Lampornis, 349

INDEX

viridis, Anthracothorax, 332
Tersina, 666
Trogon, 362, 363
viridissima, Tangara, 643
Viridonia, 759
vitellina, Dendroica, 617
vitellinus, Cacicus, 740
Manacus, 484, 485
Ramphastos, 380
vittata, Amazona, 279
vociferans, Lipaugus, 480
Tyrannus, 472
vociferus, Caprimulgus, 314
Charadrius, 171
Volatinia, 686
vulcani, Junco, 715
vulgaris, Buteo, 117
Sturnus, 585, 586
vulpina, Cranioleuca, 401
VULTURE, Black, 98
King, 100
Turkey, 98
Yellow-headed, see YELLOW-HEADED
VULTURE

wagleri, Icterus, 733
Ortalis, 130
Psarocolius, 741

WAGTAIL, Black-backed, 577
Gray, 576
Pieds 57/7,
White, 577
Yellow, 576

WARBLER, Adelaide’s, 616
Arctic, 540
Arrow-headed, 620
Audubon’s, xxili, 611
Bachman’s, 601
Bay-breasted, 618
Bell’s, 637
Black-and-white, 621
Black-capped, 633
Black-cheeked, 637
Black-throated Blue, 610
Black-throated Gray, 612
Black-throated Green, 613
Blackburnian, 614
Blackpoll, 619
Blue Mountain, 791
Blue-winged, 602
Brewster’s, 790
Buff-rumped, 638
Bush, see BUSH-WARBLER

873

Cabanis’, 636
Canada, 633
Cape May, 609
Carbonated, 791
Cerulean, 619
Chestnut-capped, 637
Chestnut-sided, 608
Cincinnati, 790
Colima, 605
Connecticut, 626
Crescent-chested, 607
Dusky, 540
Elfin Woods, 620
Fan-tailed, 636
Flame-throated, 607
Golden, 608
Golden-browed, 637
Golden-cheeked, 614
Golden-crowned, 636
Golden-winged, 602
Grace’s, 615
Grasshopper, see GRASSHOPPER-
WARBLER
Gray-breasted Ground, 631
Gray-headed, 604
Green-tailed Ground, 631
Hartlaub’s, 607
Hermit, 613
Hooded, 632
Kentucky, 626
Kirtland’s, 616
Lawrence’s, 790
Lucy’s, 605
MacGillivray’s, 627
Magnolia, 609
Mangrove, 608
Middendorff's, 539
Mourning, 627
Myrtle, xxiii, 611
Nashville, 604
Olive, 640
Olive-backed, 607
Olive-capped, 616
Orange-crowned, 603
Oriente, 631
Palm, 617
Parula, 606
Pileolated, 633
Pine, 616
Pink-headed, 634
Pirre, 637
Plumbeous, 620
Prairie, 617
Prothonotary, 622
Red, 634

874

Red-faced, 634
River, 638
Rufous-capped, 637
Semper’s, 632
Socorro, 607
Spot-breasted, 607
Stripe-crowned, 636
Sutton’s, 790
Swainson’s, 623
Tennessee, xxil, 603
Three-striped, 638
Townsend’s, 612
Virginia’s, 605
Vitelline, 617
Whistling, 620
White-winged, 640
White-winged Ground, 640
Willow, 539, 785
(see also WILLOW-WARBLER)
Wilson’s, 632
Wood, 539
Worm-eating, 623
Yellow, 607, 608
Yellow-headed, 631
Yellow-rumped, xxiii, 611
Yellow-throated, 615
warszewiczl, Dives, 726
WATER-TYRANT, Pied, 459
WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, 625
Northern, 625
WAXBILL, 767
Black-rumped, 767
Common, 767
Lavender, 767
Orange-cheeked, 767
Red-eared, 767
Red-tailed Lavender, 767
Zebra, 795
WAXWING, 581
Bohemian, 581
Cedar, 581
Greater, 581
WEAVER, Baya, 795
Black-headed, 765
Grenadier, 766
Hooded, 769
Napoleon, 766
Village, 765
wellsi, Leptotila, 262
westlandica, Pterodroma, 20
WHEATEAR, 548
Northern, 548
WHIMBREL, 184, 185
WHINCHAT, 785
European, 548, 785

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

WHIP-POOR-WILL, 314
Puerto Rican, 314
Ridgway’s, 313
WHISTLING-Duck, Black-bellied, 62
Fulvous, 60 -
West Indian, 61
White-faced, 61
WHITE-EYE, Chinese, 589
Japanese, 588
WHITE-FRONTED Goose, Greater, 65
Lesser, 65
whiteheadi, Sitta, 518
whitneyi, Micrathene, 300
WHyYDAH, Paradise, 795
Pin-tailed, 770
WIGEON, 82
American, 82
Eurasian, 81
European, 82
WILLET, 180
WILLIE-WAGTAIL, 794
WILLOW-WARBLER, Arctic, 540
wilsoni, Heterorhynchus, 760
Wilsonia, 632
wilsonia, Charadrius, 169
wilsonii, Chondrohierax, 102
wollweberi, Parus, 515
Woop-OwL, Mottled, 301
Woop-PARTRIDGE, Bearded, 142
Buffy-crowned, 142
Crested, 793
Long-tailed, 142
Woop-PeEweE, Eastern 449
Western, 448
Woop-QualIL, Black-breasted, 143
Black-eared, 143
Marbled, 142
Rufous-fronted, 142
Spotted, 143
Tacarcuna, 143
White-throated, 143
Woop-RaAIL, Gray-necked, 153
Rufous-necked, 154
Woop-WREN, Gray-breasted, 536
White-breasted, 536
Woopcock, 206
American, 206
Eurasian, 206
European, 206
WooDcrREEPER, Barred, 41 1
Black-banded, 41 1
Black-striped, 412
Buff-throated, 412
Cherrie’s, 410
Ivory-billed, 412

INDEX
Line-throated, 408 Jamaican, 385
Long-tailed, 409 Ladder-backed, 390
Olivaceous, 409 Lewis’, 382
Plain-brown, 408 Lineated, 397
Plain-throated, 412 Nuttall’s, 390
Ruddy, 409 Pale-billed, 399
Spot-crowned, 413 Pileated, 398
Spot-throated, 413 Pucheran’s, 384
Spotted, 413 Puerto Rican, 383
Straight-billed, 411 Red-bellied, 387
Streak-headed, 413 Red-cockaded, 29]
Strong-billed, 410 Red-crowned, 386
Tawny-winged, 408 Red-headed, 383
Wedge-billed, 410 Red-rumped, 393
White-striped, 413 Red-vented, 385
WOODHAUNTER, Striped, 403 Rufous-winged, 394
WOoOoDHEWER, 408 Smoky-brown, 393
woodhouseii, Aphelocoma, 506 Splendid, 398
WOODNYMPH, Blue-crowned,. 338 Spot-breasted, 395
Common, 338 Strickland’s, 391
Crowned, 338 Stripe-cheeked, 394
Green-crowned, 338 Three-toed, 392
Mexican, 338 (see also THREE-TOED WOopDPECK-
WooppPECKER, Acorn, 383 ER)
Arizona, 391 West Indian, 387
Black-backed, 392 West Indian Red-bellied, 387
Black-cheeked, 384 White-headed, 392
Bronze-winged, 395 White-throated, 394
Brown-backed, 391 Yucatan, 385
Brown-barred, 391 WoopstTAr, Bahama, 353
Chestnut-colored, 397 Costa Rican, 354
Cinnamon, 397 Gorgeted, 359
Crimson-bellied, 398 Magenta-throated, 353
Crimson-crested, 398 wortheni, Spizella, 702
Cuban Green, 389 WREN, xxii, 534
Downy, 390 Band-backed, 522
Fernandina’s, 396 Banded, 528
Flint-billed, 399 Bar-vented, 528
Gila, 386 Bay, 526

Golden-cheeked, 385
Golden-fronted, 386
Golden-green, 394
Golden-naped, 384
Golden-olive, 394
Gray-breasted, 385
Gray-crowned, 395
Great Red-bellied, 387
Guadeloupe, 383
Guatemalan Ivory-billed, 399
Hairy, 391
Hispaniolan, 384
Hoffmann’s, 386
Immaculate, 397, 784
Imperial, 399
Ivory-billed, 399

Bewick’s, 530
Black-bellied, 526
Black-capped, 526
Black-throated, 526
Boucard’s, 523
Brown-throated, 532
Buff-breasted, 529
Cactus, 524
Canebrake, 530
Canyon, 525
Carolina, 529
Clarion, 532
Cozumel, 532
Giant, 523

Grass, 534
Gray-barred, 522

875

876 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Happy, 529

Holarctic, 534

House, 531

(see also HOUSE-WREN)
Marsh, 535
(see also MARSH-WREN)

Mountain, 533

Nightingale, 537

Northern, 534

Ochraceous, 533

Plain, 530

Riverside, 527

Rock, 524

Rufous-and-white, 538

Rufous-breasted, 527

Rufous-browed, 532

Rufous-naped, 523

Scaly-breasted, 537

Sedge, 534

Sinaloa, 528

Slender-billed, 525

Socorro, 531

Song, 537

Sooty-headed, 526

Speckled, 527

Spot-breasted, 528

Spotted, 523

Stripe-breasted, 527

Stripe-throated, 527

Thrushlike, 522

Timberline, 535

Whistling, 537

White-bellied, 535

White-browed, 529

White-headed, 522

Winter, 533

Wood, see WOOD-WREN

Yucatan, 523

Zapata, 531
WRENTHRUSH, 638
WRENTIT, 567
wrightii, Empidonax, 454
WRYNECK, 381

Eurasian, 381
wumizusume, Synthliboramphus, 245
wyvilliana, Anas, 76

p.¢

Xanthocephalus, 725
xanthocephalus, Xanthocephalus, 726
xanthogaster, Euphonia, 651
xanthogastra, Carduelis, 751
xantholora, Amazona, 278
xanthomus, Agelaius, 723, 724

xanthophrys, Pseudonestor, 758
xanthopterygius, Forpus, 274, 783 -
xanthopygius, Heterospingus, 655
Xanthoura, 502
xantusii, Hylocharis, 340
DMGLLIS DAZ Repay
Xenerpestes, 401
Xenoligea, 631, 640
Xenopicus, 389
Xenops, 406
XENOpS, Plain, 406
Streaked, 406
Xenornis, 416
Xenospiza, 705, 710
Xenotriccus, 445
Xenus, 182
Xiphidiopicus, 389
Xiphocolaptes, 410
Xiphorhynchus, 411

YELLOW-FINCH, Grassland, 694
YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE, Lesser, 99
YELLOWHAMMER, 794
YELLOWLEGS, Greater, xxli, 177

Laces soar 117/7/
YELLOWTHROAT, Altamira, 629

Bahama, 629

Belding’s, 629

Black-lored. 630

Black-polled, 629

Chapala, 628

Chiriqui, 630

Common, 628

Gray-crowned, 630

Hooded, 630

Masked, 630

Olive-crowned, 629

Yellow-crowned, 629
yncas, Cyanocorax, 502
yucatanensis, Amazilia, 345

Myiarchus, 461

yucatanicus, Campylorhynchus, 523, 524

Cyanocorax, 503, 504
Nyctiphrynus, 311
yunnanensis, Sitta, 518

Zarhynchus, 740, 741

zeledoni, Chlorospingus, 665
Phyllomyias, 428
Thryothorus, 530

Zeledonia, xviii. 638

INDEX 877

Zeledoniidae, xviii, 638 zonatus, Campylorhynchus, 522
zena, Spindalis, 652 Zonotrichia, 710, 712

Zenaida, 255 Zoothera, 564

Zenaidura, 255 Zosteropidae, 588

Zimmerius, 429 Zosterops, 588

zonaris, Streptoprocne, 318

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CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES
Political Boundaries

Land areas covered in the text are shown in white.

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3 Distrito Federal
4 Tlaxcala

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_AMNH LIBRARY

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Full text of "Check-list of North American birds : the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union"

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