Chemical and biological control of fruit pests in Connecticut

BULLETIN 751

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CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL

Control of

Froit Pests

in Connecticut

Richard C. Moore

THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION • NEW HAVEN

Published March 1975

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
FRUIT PESTS IN CONNECTICUT (1974)

Richard C. Moore

<r'
In recent years emphasis has been placed on reducing the amounts
of insecticides used to control fruit pests in the Northeastern fruit
growing regions (Asquith 1972, Trammel 1972). In Connecticut, programs
involving reduced spray schedules, reduced rates of pesticides, and
better timing of spray applications have been evaluated (Moore 1973,
1974). Emphasis has also been placed on an integrated pest management
program using natural enemies to control mites and aphids and chemicals
to control other insect pests.

One of the major problems is allowing mite predators to survive
while controlling early season pests such as plum curculio, European
sawfly and tarnished plant bugs on apples. These three insects can
damage fruit during a 10 week period from Pink to 3rd Cover.

Field trials were undertaken in 1974 to study the effectiveness
of various pesticides and methods of applying pesticides for controlling
orchard insects and mites. Two seasonal programs were evaluated for
use in commercially sprayed apple orchards to reduce pesticide use and
to encourage the build up of natural enemies of mites. The effectiveness
of pre- and post-bloom applications of various insects were evaluated
for control of plum curculio, European apple sawfly and plant bugs on
apples and peaches. Candidate insecticides were tested in a seasonal
program for control of insect pests on apples. Other tests included
evaluation of (1) effectiveness of 3rd Cover application of aphicides
for green apple aphid control, (2) two summer applications of miticides
for European red mite control on apples, and (3) two seasonal programs
for control of pear psylla.

PROCEDURES

Experiments were conducted at the Lockwood Farm, Mt. Carmel , Conn.
Materials used in the reduced rate and reduced spray programs (Tables
1,3,4) and on standard peach trees (Table 6) were applied as 10X
concentrates (Moore 1971) with a tractor-mounted mistblower. Full
sprays (both sides of tree sprayed) were applied at 30 gal/acre and
\ sprays (one side of tree sprayed using alternate middle row technique)
at 15 gal/acre with the exception of Difolitan 4F, used in the reduced
spray plot (Table 1) which was applied dilute (IX) using 300 gal/acre.
Acaricides applied to semi-dwarf trees (Table 9) were applied 10X using
20 gal/acre.

2 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 751

The remaining test sprays were applied dilute with a hydraulic
sprayer at a pressure of 400 psi using a four nozzle hand gun. Early
season application of insecticides for control of apple pests (Table 5)
and seasonal application of candidate insecticides (Table 7) were
applied to standard trees at 400 gal/acre. Aphicides (Table 8) and
psylla sprays (Table 10) were applied at 300 gal/acre. In the concentrate
tests (Table 2) where two 1.1 acre plots were sprayed, fruit was taken
from 9 randomly selected trees of each variety (Cortland, Red Delicious,
and Baldwin) per treatment. For the test on candidate materials (Table 7),
fruit samples were taken from 4 single tree replicates consisting of
one Gravenstein, one Mcintosh, and two Red Delicious. In these tests,
one bushel of picked and one bushel of dropped fruit were scored per tree.

Two Mcintosh apple trees were used per treatment for control of
plum curculio, sawfly and plant bugs (Table 5) and 100 apples were
picked and scored per tree the first week in June. For control of plum
curculio and plant bugs on peaches (Table 6) two replicates consisting
of 3 trees of each variety (Harbelle, Red Haven, Glo Haven or Harmony)
were sprayed. In mid June 50 peaches from one tree in each replicate
were picked and scored; in mid August \ bushel from each of six treated
trees was scored.

Mites were sampled as described by Moore (1971). In the concentrate
tests (Tables 3,4) 20 leaves were taken from 3 trees of each variety per
treatment o Fifteen leaves per tree were taken from 3 Mcintosh and

3 Spartan apple trees per treatment in the miticide test (Table 9).

Aphids were counted in the field (Table 8) in the distal 3 leaves
of 5 tagged terminals on two Mcintosh trees per treatment. Four Bosc
pear trees were used per treatment in the pear psylla tests. Pear
psylla were counted on 5 clusters of 5 leaves each per tree.

A list of spray materials used and their mammalian toxicities
are found in Appendix I. Pests mentioned in this Bulletin that these
materials are registered to control on apples, peaches or pears are
found in Appendix II.

RESULTS

Concentrate (10X) , % sprays combining Guthion 50WP and Imidan 70WP
in the reduced rate program (Table 1) produced 83.7% fruit free from
insect damage (Table 2). Most of the fruit damage was caused by plum
curculio (8.9%) and European apple sawfly (5.7%). Apple maggot, codling
moth, plant bugs and other insects were adequately controlled. Cygon
25WP was applied at 1.25 lb/acre at Tight Cluster and 9 oz/acre at
3rd Cover to control leafrollers and aphids (Table 1). Dikar 80WP applied
at various rates during the season helped suppress mites as well as
control apple scab and other diseases. Scab infection was 7.7% (Table 2).

Control of Fruit Pests 3

In early July, ERM began to increase in the reduced rate plot
(Table 3). In addition to the regular spray program, Plictran 50WP
and Carzol 92SP were applied as \ sprays on July 11 and 18 to rows 2
and 4, respectively, to suppress ERM. ERM decreased in rows 2 and 4
and also in row 6 where the regular spray program was continued. A
predatory mite, Typhlodromus sp., also increased during this same period
and in August outnumbered ERM in all treated rows. Stethorus punctum
was found in low numbers throughout the season (Table 3).

In the reduced spray plot (Table 1) , Imidan 70WP was applied
concentrate (10X) as a full spray at Pink and Petal Fall and as \ sprays
for the remainder of the season. This program produced 85.77. fruit
free from insect damage (Table 2) . European apple sawf ly caused the
most fruit damage followed by plum curculio. Other insects were
adequately controlled. Difolitan applied dilute (Table 1) at Green Tip
using the single application technique followed by full sprays of
Captan 80WP applied at Petal Fall and 1st Cover and \ sprays from 2nd
to 8th Cover adequately controlled apple scab (1.7%) and other diseases.

A delayed dormant oil spray was applied at Green Tip for control of
overwintering eggs. However, ERM began to increase in early July
(Table 4) in the reduced spray plot. In addition to Imidan 70WP,
Plictran 50WP and Vendex 50WP were applied on July 11 and 18 to rows 2
and 4, respectively, to control ERM. As shown in Table 4, ERM decreased
in rows 2 and 4, however, in row 6 where only Imidan was applied, ERM
increased. The mite predators, Typhlodromus and Stethorus , were found
in low numbers .

The results of Pink, Petal Fall, and 1st Cover dilute application
of insecticides for control of plum curculio, European apple sawfly
and plant bugs on apples are shown in Table 5. Torak 4EC, a candidate
material, was most effective against these pests providing 97.5% control
at 16 or 24 oz/100 gals. Guthion 50WP applied at P and PF was the
least effective (86.0%). Other applications of Guthion 50WP or Imidan
70WP were as effective as Dieldrin 50WP for controlling these pests.

Table 6 presents results of concentrate (10X) application of
materials for control of plum curculio and plant bugs on peaches.
Harvest data taken on August 13 indicated that none of the test materials
applied concentrate provided adequate control of these pests when used
in a seasonal program on peaches. Zolone 3EC (40 oz/10 gal) or Imidan
70WP (20 oz/10 gal) applied at Petal Fall, Shuck Split and 1st Cover
provided the most effective early season control of these pests, 90
and 87% respectively, when fruit was scored on June 11. Oriental fruit
moth damage at harvest was 0 to 0.3% on the treated trees compared to
5.5% damage in unsprayed check trees, indicating that all materials
tested adequately controlled this peach pest.

4 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 751

As shown in Table 7, San 1-197 4.28EC was the most effective of
the 6 candiate materials tested for seasonal control of apple pests.
CGA-18809 50WP effectively controlled plum curculio. None of the
materials tested adequately controlled sawfly, however, M-3016 25WP
was the most effective Zolone 25WP, San 1-197 and MC-9087 2EC were
the most effective materials against apple maggot. All materials
effectively controlled codling moth and plant bugs. Only Zolone 25WP
did not adequately control San Jose scale.

Table 8 presents the results of a single 3rd Cover application of

6 aphicides. All materials tested provided effective control of green
apple aphids 5 days after application.

The effectiveness of two concentrate (10X) summer applications,

7 days apart, of miticides for control of ERM is shown in Table 9.
All materials tested, except SD-14144 (Vendex) 50WP showed a 99-100%
reduction of ERM 15 days after the initial application. S-15126 50WP

and plictran 50WP were the most effective 7 days after the first application.

As shown in Table 10, 70-sec oil applied (3 gal/100 gal) on 4/17,
followed by five applications of Zolone 3EC or Guthion 50WP plus 70-sec
oil (32 oz/100 gal) effectively controlled pear psylla eggs and nymphs.

DISCUSSION

This season 83.7% of the fruit was free from insect damage using
Guthion plus Imidan in the reduced rate plot. These results compare
favorably with those obtained in 1972 when 88.8% of the fruit was clean
using Zolone in a full spray program (Moore 1973). European apple sawfly
and plum curculio accounted for most of the damaged fruit in the reduced
rate plot for the past three seasons while codling moth and apple maggot
were adequately controlled. The incidence of apple scab was higher
than in the previous year because lower rates of fungicides were used
this season.

While two-spotted mites were a problem in this plot in 1972 and
1973, ERM were predominant in 1974. The seasonal use of Dikar alone
or Dikar plus two low rate summer applications of either Plictran or
Carzol suppressed ERM and allowed a predatory phytoseiid mite to
build up and control the ERM. Although the mite predator, Stethorus
punctum, was not as numerous as anticipated in this plot in 1974, its
establishment from the previous season's introduction was encouraging.

This past season 85.7% of the fruit was clean using Imidan in a
reduced spray program, while 93.87, of the fruit was free from insect
damage in 1972 using Guthion in a full spray program in this plot.
The decrease in control in 1974 was due to an increase in damage caused
by plum curculio.

Control of Fruit Pests 5

Both ERM and two-spotted were adequately controlled in this plot
in 1972 using Zolone-Dikar in a full spray program. In 1974, however,
ERM began to increase in early July and the use of two ^ sprays of
Plictran or Vendex at this time reduced ERM in this plot when compared
with a check row where these miticides were not used. Although higher
rates of Imidan 70WP were used in this plot compared to the reduced
rate plot, S_. punctum was found in low numbers in late July and early
August. Field observations indicated that adult S_. punctum flew into
this plot in late July from the adjacent reduced spray plot.

Because of the problems encountered in controlling plum curculio
and European apple sawfly in these two plots in previous seasons using
Guthion, Imidan or Zolone, a test was conducted this season comparing
the use of these materials to Dieldrin, a chemical previously used by
growers to control these insects, and Torak, a candidate material.
Torak applied to apples at Pink, Petal Fall and 1st Cover appeared to
be the most promising for achieving better control of these pests on
apples, however, its effect on predators has yet to be determined.
None of the materials applied concentrated provided adequate seasonal
control of plum curculio or plant bugs on peaches. It should be noted
that there were unsprayed barrier rows of peach trees in this plot which
provided increased pests pressure.

Of the five candidate materials tested for use in a seasonal
program for controlling apple pests, San 1-197 looked most promising.
MC-9087, a new insecticide which acts as a stomach poison, and a wettable
powder formulation of Zolone effectively controlled apple maggot and
codling moth. These materials may be useful in an integrated program
to control these two pests from 4th Cover to harvest.

All miticides tested provided effective control of high populations
of ERM, following the second application. Of the four candidate materials
tested, S-15126, a broad spectrum miticide belonging to a new class of
pesticides (benzylidene malononitriles) provided the most effective
control 7 days after the initial application. Of the three miticides
tested which were tin derivatives, R-28627 and Plictran were more effective
than SD- 14144 (Vendex). Swift (1974) reported that Vendex was more
effective than Plictran against very low populations of ERM whereas
the reverse was true at moderate to high densities.

Because of suspected resistance to Guthion, the use of Zolone for
pear psylla control has increased in recent years in Connecticut.
Applications of Guthion plus low rates of 70- sec oil provided control of
pear psylla eggs and nymphs comparable to that obtained with Zolone.

6 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 751

REFERENCES CITED

Asquith, D. 1972. Initiating integrated pest management in apple
orchards. Proc. Mass . Fruit Growers Assoc. 78: 24-35.

Moore, R. C. 1971. Experiments on the chemical control of fruit insects
and mites in Connecticut (1971). Conn. Agric. Expt. Station
Special Bull. IV: 20 p.

Moore, R. C. 1973. Experiments on the chemical control of fruit insects
and mites in Connecticut (1972). Conn. Agric. Expt. Station
Special Bull. VI: 18 p.

Moore, R. C. 1974. Experiments on the chemical control of fruit insects
and mites in Connecticut (1973). Conn. Agric. Expt. Station
Special Bull. VII: 19 p.

Swift, F. C. 1974. Acaricidal activity of Vendex and Plictran in

New Jersey apple orchards. Paper presented at 46th Annual Meeting
of Eastern Branch, Entomol. Soc. Amer., Hershey, Pa.

Thomson, W. T. 1972. Agricultural Chemicals. I. Insecticides.
Thomson Publ., Fresno, Ca. 315 p.

Trammel, K. 1972. The integrated approach to apple pest management

and what we are doing in New York. N.Y.S. Hort. Soc. Proc. 117: 37-49.

Vasvary, L. M. and F. C. Swift. 1966. How poisonous are pesticides?
In Northeastern Pesticide Information Manual. 3 p.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The technical assistance of Mr. Leo Herbette and Mr. Arturo Giron
in conducting these field studies is gratefully acknowledged.

Table 1. Schedule, rates and methods of application of pesticide
combinations. West Orchard, Lockwood Farm, Mt. Carmel, Conn. 1974.

Pesticide per Acre

Application

Date

Reduced Rate Plot

4/11

h Spray

Green tip

2.25 lb Dikar 80 WP

Half Inch Green

4/18

Repeat above

Tight cluster

4/27

2.25 lb Dikar 80 WP
1.25 lb Cygon 25 WP

Pre -pink

5/2

Repeat above

Pink

5/8

2.25 lb Dikar 80 WP

4 oz Guthion 50 WP

6 oz Imidan 70 WP

Bloom 5/16 2.25 lb Dikar 80 WP

Petal fall 5/21 Same as Pink

1st Cover 5/30 Same as Pink

2nd

Cover

6/6

Same as Pink

6/13

Repeat above

3rd

Cover

6/20

1.5 lb Dikar 80 WP
4 oz Guthion 50 WP
6 oz Imidan 70 WP

6/27

Repeat above

4th

Cover

7/3

Same as 3rd Cover +
9 oz Cygon 25 WP

7/11

Same as 3rd Cover

5 th

Cover

7/18

18 oz Dikar 80 WP

7/25

3 oz Guthion 50 WP
6 oz Imidan 70 WP
Repeat above

6 th

Cover

8/1

Same as 5th Cover

8/9

Repeat above

7 th

Cover

8/15

18 oz Captan 80 WP
3 oz Guthion 50 WP
6 oz Imidan 70 WP

8/22

Repeat above

8th

Cover

8/29

Same as 7th Cover

9/5

Repeat above

Date

4/6

5/8

5/21
5/30

6/6
6/20

7/3
7/18

8/1
8/15

8/29

Reduced Spray Plot

Full Spray

3.75 gal Difolitan '\ F
6.0 gal Oil - 70 sec2

3.0 lb Imidan 70 WP

4.75 lb Captan 80 WP
3.0 Imidan 70 WP

Repeat above

* Spray

2.0 lb Captan 80 WP
1.5 lb Imidan 70 WP

1.5 lb Captan 80 WP
1.5 lb Imidan 70 WP

Same as 3rd Cover +
12 oz Cygon 25 WP

Same as 3rd Cover

Same as 3rd Cover
Same as 3rd Cover

Same as 3rd Cover

^■Concentrate mistblower application; 30 gal/acre for full spray , 15 gals /acre

for \ spray, 1.1 acre/plot.
2
Dilute handgun application, 300 gals /acre.

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H

APPENDIX I

17

Spray Materials Evaluated in 1974 and Their Mammalian Toxicity

MATERIAL AND
FORMULATION

ORAL LD

mg/kg

Captan

80WP

9,000

Carzol

92SP

20

CGA-18809

50WP

1,180*

Cygon

25WP

215

Diazinon

50WP

150

Dieldrin

50WP

46

Difolitan

4F

6,200*

Dikar

80WP

5,000*

Guthion

50WP

10

Imidan

70WP

300

Ke lthane

35WP

684

Lannate

1.8EC

17

M-3016

25WP

135

MC-9087

2EC

102*

Phosphamidon

8EC

20

Plictran

50WP

540

R-28627

25WP

860*

S-15126

50WP

350*

SD- 14414

50WP

857*

San 1-197

4.28EC

1,800

Sunspray Oil

70 sec

—

Thiodan

50WP

80

Torak

^EC

50

U-36059

1.66EC

600*

Zolone

3EC, 25WP

100

MAMMALIAN
TOXICITY RATING2

Non

Highly

Slightly

Moderately

Moderately

Highly

Non

Non

Highly

Moderately

Slightly

Highly

Moderately

Moderately

Highly

Slightly

Slightly

Moderately

Slightly

Slightly

Non

Moderately

Highly

Slightly

Moderately

MANUFACTURER
Stauffer Chemical Co.
Nor-Am Agr. Products, Inc.
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
American Cyanamid Co.
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
Shell Chemical Co.
Chevron Chemical Co.
Rohm & Haas Company
Chemagro Corporation
Stauffer Chemical Co.
Rohm & Haas Company
E. I. DuPont deNemours
Dow Chemical Company
Mobil Chemical Company
Chevron Chemical Co.
Dow Chemical Company
Stauffer Chemical Co.
Gulf Oil Company
Shell Chemical Company
Sandoz-Wander , Inc.
Sun Oil Company
FMC Corporation
Hercules Incorporated
The Upjohn Company
Rhodia Inc., Chlpman Div.

1 Acute oral toxicities as reported by Thomson (1972) or the manufacturer*

2 According to Vasvary and Swift (1966)

EC = lbs /gal emulsifiable concentrate, F = lbs /gal flowable concentrate,
SP = 7. soluble powder, WP = 7. wettable powder

18

APPENDIX II

REGISTERED MATERIALS

The following materials were registered as of December 31, 1974
for control of the indicated insect or mite pests on apples, pears or
peaches mentioned in this Bulletin.

Carzol:

Cygon :

Diazinon :

Dikar ;
Guthion:

Imidan:

Kel thane:

Phos pham idon :

Plictran:

Sunspray Oil:

Th iodan :

Zolone:

mites

aphids, pear psylla, mites

aphids, apple maggot, codling moth, leafrollers,
pear psylla, San Jose scale

mites

aphids, apple maggot, codling moth, European sawfly,
green fruit worm, leafrollers, Oriental fruit moth,
pear psylla, plant bugs, plum curculio, mites,
San Jose scale

aphids, apple maggot, codling moth, leafrollers,
Oriental fruit moth, pear psylla, plant bugs, plum
curculio, mites

mites

aphids, codling moth, leafrollers, mites, San Jose scale

mites

aphids, pear psylla, mites

aphids

aphids, apple maggot, codling moth, leafrollers,
Oriental fruit moth, pear psylla, plum curculio, mites

UNREGISTERED MATERIALS

CGA-18809, Dieldrin, Lannate, M-3016, MC-9087, R-28627, S-15126,
SD-14414, San 1-197, Torak and U-36059 were used as experimental materials
and are not registered for use on apples, pears or peaches.

THE CONNECTICUT
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT 06504

U^

Director 00

voiS

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE

AGR 101

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

PUBLICATION
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

University of
Connecticut

Libraries

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