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[TWENTY-EIGHTH YEAR]

THE CHICAGO DAILY NEWS

ALMANAC

AND YEAR-BOOK

FOR

912

COMPILED BY JAMES LANGLAND, M. A.

ISSUED BY
THE CHICAGO DAILY NEWS COMPANY

[Copyright, 1911, by The Chicago Dally News Company.]

PREFACE.

In addition to the statistical and other information con-
cerning international, national, state and local affairs usually
given in The Daily News Almanac and Year-Book, this issue
contains details of many matters of more than ordinary signifi-
cance. Mention of all of them cannot be made here, but the
following may be noted :

Decisions of the United States Supreme court in the
Standard Oil and Tobacco trust cases, together with the dis-
senting opinions of the late Justice John M. Harlan. The text
of these exceedingly weighty utterances is reproduced in full.

Effort of the United States and Canada to establish recip-
rocal trade relations. The failure of the reciprocity plan does
not lessen its importance from sc political, economic or historic
point of view and for that reason considerable space is devoted
to it.

Negotiation of general arbitration treaties between ' the
United States on the one hand and Great Britain and France
on the other. This has been regarded by many on both sides
of the Atlantic as a long step toward universal peace.

Revolution in Mexico resulting in the deposition of Presi-
dent Diaz and his flight to Europe.

Revolution in China against the Manchu regime and
efforts to establish a modern constitutional form of govern-
ment. The sudden awakening of the people of this ancient
empire is thought to be of the utmost importance in the
history of the far east.

Outbreak of hostilities between Italy and Turkey over the
seizure by the former of Tripoli, in northern Africa.

Other subjects concerning which information is given in
this volume include electoral and legislative reforms of the
day, pensions in the United States, alien contract labor laws,
admission of New Mexico and Arizona into the union, with a
digest of the constitution of each ; workmen's compensation
acts in various states and countries, congressional reappor-
tionment, national and state legislation, and political data for
the coming presidential campaign in the United States.

In conclusion it may also be noted that an increase in the
size of the book has again been found necessary in order to
maintain its standard as a reference work.

IP14-

INDEX 1912.

NOTE Table of contents of pre-
vious issues of The_ Daily News
Almanac and Yeai
found on page 649.

\ Abyssinia 207

Academy, French, Members. . . 130
Academy of Design, National. 479

Academy of Fine Arts 552

Academy of Sciences, Chicago 550
Academy of Sciences Library. 549
Accidents, Football 470

- Accidents, 4th of July 244

Accidents, Hunting 467

Accidents hi 1911 481, 482

Accidents, Railroad 366

Accountants, Examiners of.... 502

. Adams Park 570

t Administration, State Board.. 501

Administrator, Public 521

Adults, Heights and Weights of 112

Aeronautical Progress 360

Aeroplane Records 360

Afghanistan 206

Africa 207

Agent, County 521

Agricultural Exports by Years 166

*"< Agricultural Statistics 160

Agriculture, Department of... 220

Agriculture, Institute of 220

Agriculture, Secretaries of 143

Agriculture, State Board of.. 499

Alabama, Canals in 121

Alabama, Vote of 416

Alnska 215

Alaskan Bound'ry Delimitation 220

Alberta Crops 166

Aldermen, Board of 532

Aldlne Square 570

v Algeria 207

Alien Contract Labor 103

Alley Mileage, Chicago 590

Aluminum Produced 189

rJ Alumni Associations 614

'.. Ambassadors, Foreign, in U.S. 233

- Ambassadors, U. S. List of... 230

- American-Spanish War 122

America's Cup, The 339

Ampere Defined 147

Amundsen Expedition 210

Amusement Licenses 588

Amusement Places 616

Amy L. Barnard Park 570

Analysis of Public Debt 183

Anarchists, Japanese, Executed 215
Anatomists, American Assn. of 290

Anderson Expedition 210

Andrew and Philip, Brotherhood 307

Anglo-Boer War 122

Ansrlo-Japanese Treaty 130

~ Animals, Cruelty to. Illinois.. 502

'* Animals, Farm, Value 166

Annapolis Naval Academy 245

Annexation Law Amended 89

Anniversaries, Wedding 274

Antarctic Exploration 210

-) Anthems, National 291

Anti-Cruelty Society 598

, Antletam Park 101

Antimony Produced 189

Antiquities, American 101

Anti-Saloon League, Illinois... 517

T Antitrust Law, Sherman 63

, Apiaries, Inspection of 89

Apiaries, State Inspector 603

- T - Apollo Musical Club 646

" Appalachian Forest Reserve.. 65

" Appellate Court Branches 85

Appellate Court, Cook County 526
Apportionment, Congressional. 274
Apport'nm't of Representatives 70

Appraiser's Office, Chicago 536

Appropriations by Congress... 184

Appropriations, Chicago 541

Appropriations, Cook County.. 525

Appropriations, Illinois 516

Arabic and Roman Numerals. 117

Arbitration, Hague Court

Arbitration, State Board 501

Arbitration Treaties, General 477

Arbor Rest 570

Arcade Park 570

Archaeological Institute 290

Archbishops 301

Archer Point 570

Archery 349

Architect, City 536

Architect, County 520

Architect, State 502

Architects, Am. Institute of.. 290

Architects, Examiners of 502

Architects, Naval, Society of. 291
Architectural Club, Chicago... 550

Arctic Exploration 210

Area, Center of, U. S 370

Area of United States 200

Areas of Oceans and Lakes... 258

Argentina 207

Arizona, Admission 73

Arizona, Constitution 77

Arizona, Vote of 417

Arkansas, Canal in 121

Arkansas, Vote of 417

Armies of the World 243

Armories in Chicago 518

Armories, State, New 88

Armour Square 568

Army and Navy Union 317

Army of Philippines 320

Army of the United States.... 235

Army Pay, Table of 241

Army, Regular, and Militia... 242

Army Retired List 237

Army, Strength of U. S 241

Around World in Forty Days. 10S

Arrests in Chicago 572

Arrivals, Vessel, Chicago 612

Arsenals, United States 275

Art Commission, Illinois 502

Art Galleries of World........ 114

Art Institute 598

Art League, Municipal 64fi

Artists, Societies of 604

Arts, Am. Federation of 479

Asbestos Produced 189

Asia 206

Asiatic Association 290

Asphaltum Produced 189

Assassination of Caceres 482

Assassination of Stolypin 213

Assay Offices, United States.. 210

Assembly, Illinois 507

Assembly, Illinois, Ex. Sess.. 90
Assessmnt Illinois Property... 521

Assessments, Chicago 6*0

Assessments, Cook County 610

Assessors, Board of 520

Assets, Fixed, of Chicago 541

Associated Fraternities 296

Associated Press, The 213

Association of Commerce 578

Associations, Illinois State... 517

Associations, National 479

Astronomical Ass'n, Chicaeo. 5"0
Astronomical Society of Am.. 290

Astrophysical Soe. of Am 290

Asylums, Chicago 5S4

Asylums, Illinois 601

Asylums In United Ctates 305

Athletic Records 350

Attorney, City 534

Attorney, County 621

Attorney, Prosecuting 534

Attorney, U. S. District 536

Attorneys, City, Since 1837.... 555

Attorneys-General, U. S 143

Attorneys, U. S. District 223

Attys., State, Cook Co. Vote 511

Attorneys, State's, Assn 518

Attorneys, State's, Illinois.... 505

Austin, Pa., Flood 272

Austin Park 570

Australia 202

Austria-Hungary 202

Automobile Fares. Legal 592

Automobile Licenses 5S8

Automobile Registry 535

Automobiles in United States 279

Automobiling 355

Autumn Begins 13

Aviation Fatalities 364

Aviation Meet, Chicago 36'

Ballinger, Resignation of 225

Ballooning 357

Ballot Arrangement Act... . 88

Ballot, Short 91

Ballots, Nonpartlsan 93

Bangor, Me., Fire in 129

Bank Guaranty Laws Legal... 181

Bank Notes, National 179

Bank Statistics, Chicago...... 552

Bankers' Association, Am 479

Bankers' Association, Illinois. 517
Banking, Am. Institute of.... 479
Banking, Growth of, in U. S.. 180
Banking Power of U. S.. 180

Banking Statistics 179

Banks, Chicago 551

Banks, Postal, Chicago 558

Banks, Postal, Savings, Law.. 409

Banks, Savings, of World 179

Banks. Savings, of U. S 180

Baptist Denomination 305

Bar Association, American 290

Bar Association, Chicago 550

Bar Association, Illinois 517

Barbers' Examining Board 502

Barge Canal, New York State 121

Barley Crop by Years 167

Barley Crop by States 164

Barley Crop of World 162

Barometer, Wind 141

Barytes Produced 189

Baseball 321

Baseball, College 326

Basket Ball 349

Bathing Beaches, Municipal.. 571

Baths, Free Public 624

Bauxite Produced 189

Beatty Murder Case 562

Beef Packing, Chicago 530

Beet Sugar In United States.. 167

Belden Avenue Triangle 570

Belgium 203

Benevolent Institutions 395

Benevolent Societies 292

Ben-Hur, Tribe of 294

Bequests and Gifts 465

Bessemer Park 668

Bessey, Charles E., Sketch... 404

Bible Society, American 307

B>l>le, Words in 482

Bibliographical Society 550

Biokerdike Square 670

Billiards 357

Biological Chemists, Am. Soc. 290

Bird Reservations 246

Birth Rate in United States.. 397

Birth Stones 149

Bishops, Catholic 301

Bishops, Episcopal 303

Bishops, Methodist 303

Black River Falls Flood 394

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

Casting, Fly and Bait 344

Citizenship Congress, Chicago. 616
Citizenship in United States.. 145
City Attorney's Office 534

Blair, F. G., Portrait 198
Blast Furnaces in U S 192

Casualties, Fourth of July 244
Casualties from Fire 172, 481

City Attorneys Since 1837 555
City Clerk's Office 533

Catholic Church 301

Catholic Church Extension 302
Catholic Educational Ass'u... 302
Cement Produced 189

City Clerks Since 1837 542

Board of Trade, Chicago 542
Board of Trade, National 479
Boards State .... 499

City Collector's Office 533

City Council . 532

Cemeteries, Chicago 571

City Club 616

Boards* State Ex Officio 60?

Cemeteries, National 276

City Datum, Chicago. . .. 662

Census, Bureau of the 219

City Railways, Statistics .. . 676

Census Bureau, Work of 391
Centenarians Deaths of 320

City Treasurers Chicago ... 566

City Treasurer's- Office ... . 533

Bokhara 206

Center of Population 370

Civic Federation, Chicago 616
Civic Federation, Illinois 517
Civic Federation, National 479
Civil Service Ass'n, Illinois.. 517
Civil Service Co., City 536
Civil Service Com., County.... 520
Civil Service Com., State 602
Civil Service Com., U. S 220
Civil Service, Cook County.... 83
Civil Service Law, Illinois.... 82
Civil Service League, Chicago. 616
Civil Service Park 83

Bolivia 207

Chaco Canyon Reserve 101

Bond and Stock Commission.. 308

Chairman State Committees.. 265
Champions, 7, of Christendom 188

Borden, R. L., Sketch 404
Borup-Macmillan Expedition. . 210
Botanical Society of America. 290

Chancery, Masters in 526

Charities Commission 501

Charities Conference, Nat'l... 479
Charity Organizations 600

Boutell H S Sketch 404

Charity Service, Co.ok Co 528
Charleston, S. C., Storm at.. 108
Chart of Heavens 28

Bowling 32S

Boycott, Buck Stove Co. Case 64

Charter Movement, Chicago... 547

Civil Service Reform Ass'n... 616
Civil Service, United States.. 113

Brazil 207

Briand Attempt to Kill . . . 213

Checkers 358

Briceville Mine Disaster 497

Cheese, International Trade.. 169
Cheese, Production of 198

Clark, Champ, Sketch... 404

Clearances, vessel, Chicago... 612

Bridge 'Bonds ^ote on 464

Chemical Society, American.. 290
Chess 35S

Climatological Association 290
Climatology of United States.. 359

British 'Cabinet 201

British Compensation Act 97
Bryan N. P., Sketch 404

Chicago at a Glance 529

Chicago Citv Officials 532

Buck Stove Co. Boycott Case. 64
Buckwheat Crop by Years 167
Buena Circle 570

Chicago Election Returns 456

Chicago Federation of Labor.. 311
Chicago Finances 540

Coal Production in U. S 189
Coast Line of United States.. 476

Buena Terrace 570

Building Associations, U. S... 98
Building Laws Commis'n, 88, 503
Building Statistics, Chicago... 52R
Building Trades Council 311

Chicago, Growth in Area 528
Chicago, Points of Interest... 530
Chicago Population of 659

Coffee Consumed in U. S 193
Coffee, International Trade... 169
Coinage Mints, United States. 240
Coinage by Nations 175

Chicago, Progress of 682
Chicagoans, Old 616

Buildings, Department of 535
Buildings, Notable, Chicago... 554

Child Life, Bureau 479
Children, Heights, Weights... 112

Coinage Per Capita 185
Coins, Foreign, Value of 188

Bulgaria 203

Children, Surgical Inst. for... 88
Chile 207

Burial Places of Presidents... 120
Bushel Weights 150

Chilton, William E., Sketch.. 404

College Colors 243

Butter Production 198
Cab Fares, Legal 592
Cabinets and Presidents 142

China, Aid for 66
China, Famine in 395
China, Loan to 314
China, Revolution in 480

Colleges, American 285
Colombia 207

Colonial Wars, Order of 318
Coloniet of Nations 209

Caceres, President, killed 482
Calendar for 1912 15
Calendar for 1913 32

Chinese Calendar 14
Chinese Cut Off Queues 140
Chinese-Russian Dispute 320
Cholera Cases In America 308
Cholera in Italy 308

Colorado Point 570
Colorado, Vote of 419
Colors, College and School.... 243
Columbus Circle 570

Calendar, Ready Reference... 21

Calendars, Various 14
California Expositions 469
California Vote of 418

Christian Endeavor Society 307
Christian Science Church 306

Commerce Court 221
Commerce Department 218

Calumet Park 568
Campaign Contributions 69
Campbell Park 569
Canada 201

Chronological Cycles 13
Chronology of Recent Wars... 122
Chun, Prince, Abdicates 480
Church Census 300

Commerce, Secretaries of 143
Commission Form Government 91
Commission Form of Gov't Act 88
Commissioners, Canal, Illinois 502

Canadian Grain Crops 166
Canad'n Reciprocity Agreem't 67
Canal, Drainage 600

Church Days 27
Church Statistics 298
Churches of Christ Council... 307
Churches, Number in Chicago 529
Churches, Seven, of Asia 188

Commissions, Illinois 499
Commissions, International 220
Committees Cook County 269

Canal, Hennepin 121
Canal, New York State Barge 121

Committees, Nat'l Political... 265
Committees, State 2tiS

Canal, Panama 118
Canal, Sault Ste. Marie, Traf. 403
Canals, Great Ship '. .. 122
Canals in United States 121

Cicero Annexation Vote 461
Cincinnati, Society of the 317
Cinder Cone Reserve 101
Circuit Clerks, Illinois 503
Circuit Court, Cook Coun^v... 526
Circuit Court Judges, U. S.... 221
Circuit Court, U. S., Chicago. 526
Circuit Courts of Appeals 221
Circulation Statement 183

Cotnpensat'n Acts, Workmen's 96
Compensation, Bureau of 534

Compens'n Act, Workmen'^, 111. 79
Comptroller, City r,33
Comptroller, County 520

Cane Sugar In United States. 167
Canonsburg, Pa., Disaster.... 252
Capital Punishment 152

Comptroller of Currency 217

Comptroller of Treasury 217

Capitals of States 414

Capitol in Washington 30

Confederate Soldiers' Home... 240
Confederate Veterans. United. 316

Cardinals, College of 302

Circulation Table 648

Carnegie Corporation 407

Cities, Distances Between 387
Cities, Largest, in World 234
Cities of Fastest Growth 376
Cities, Population, American. 374
Cities Statistics of 388

Carnegie Foundation 126

Congress, Appropriations by.. 184

Carnegie Hero Fund Awards.. 123
Carnegie Institution 127

Carnegie Peace Endowment... 99
Carroll, William, Portrait.... 531
Casablanca Case Decision 99
Casa Grande Ruin.... .. 101

Citizens' League of Chicago... 598
Citizens' Association 598

Congress, 61st, Work of 65

Citizens* Ass'n of Chicago 616

CHICAGO DAILT NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAH-BOOK FOR 1912.

Customs Revenue Per Capita. 185

Eastern Star, Order of 293

Congress nal Apportioning, 70, 274

Cycles, Chronological 13
Dates Recent Historical 132

Eclipses in 1912 27
Economic Association Am 290

Connecticut Vote of 419

Daughters of Am. Revolution. 319

Economic, Western, Society... 291

Davis Square 668

Ecuador 207

Deaf and Blind 392

Education Board of 543

Deaf and Dumb, Education of 88

Education Board, General 128

Death Chief Causes of 396

Education, Bureau of 2 9

Death Penalty in U. S 152

Education, State Board 518

Death Rates 396

Education, Statistics of 283

Death Rates in Chicago 566

Educational Ass'n, National.. 291

Consuls U S List of 231

Death Roll of 1911 398

Educational Building Com'n . 89

Deaths of Noted Persons 133

Ed wards ville Memorial 89

Debt of Cities 390

Efficiency, Public, Chicago.... 536

Debt Public Analysis of 183

Egypt 207

Debt Public by Years 183

Eldred Grove 570

Convention United Christian 263

Debt, Public, Per Capita . .. 184

Election Calendar 257

Debt, Public, Statement of .. 182

Election Commissioners 536

Debts, National 186

Election, Judicial 462

Cook Co. Civil Service Law... 83

Decision, Standard Oil 33

Elections, Mayoralty, Former. 464

Cook County Committees 269

Decision, Tobacco Trust 51

Election, Presidential 258

Declaration of London 78

Election Returns 416

Cook County Officials 620

Decorations for Chicagoans.... 614

Election Returns, Chicago 456

Cook County, Population of... 559
Copper Coinage of D S 187

Defense, National, Secrets 66
DeKalb Square 570

Elections, Primary, Illinois... 508
Electoral College 258

Copper Produced in U. S 189

Delaware, Vote of 419

Electoral Districts, Illinois.... 509

Delinquent Children Educat'u 88

Electoral Reform 91

Electoral Vote by States 272

Corn Crop by Years 167
Corn Crop by States 163

Democratic League of Clubs.. 264
Democratic Nat'l Committee.. 265

Electric Railroads in U. S 196
Electrical Industry, Census 191

Corn Crop of World . . 161

Electrical Units 147

Corn, International Trade 168

Democratic State Chairmen... 266
Democratic State Committee.. 268

Electricity, Department of 535
Electrification Commission 594

Cornell Square 568

Deneen, C. S., Pon rait 498
Denmark 203

Electro-Therapeutic Ass'n 2 10
Elevated Road Stations 553

Elevation of Chicago 529

Elizabeth Water Tunnel 126

Corporation Tax Valid 181

Elks Order of 295

Ellis Park 570

El Morro Reserve 101

Corrupt Practices Acts 93
Corundum Produced in U. S.. 189
Costa Rica . 208

Dermatological Association.... 290
Devil's Tower Reserve 101

Embassies, American 230
Embassies, Foreign, in U. S.. 233
Ember Days 25

Emery Produced in U. S 189

Cotton Crop by" Years 168

Employes' Compensation Acts. 96

Cotton, International Trade... 170

Diaz, President, Deposed 211

Employes' Compens'n Law, 111. 79

Cotton Production by States.. 166
Cotton Production, World's... 162
Cot. Seed Oil, Internat'l Trade 170

Dickinson Park 570
Dietz, John F., Case 215

Employes, Federal 113
Employes, City Pay Rolls.. 529, 558
Employment Offices, Free 602

Cotton Tariff Bill 73

Diplomatic Service 230

Engineer, City 533

Cotton Tariff Veto 73

Coulomb Defined 147

gisasters Ship, Statistics ... 190

Engineer, U. S., Chicago 536

Council City 532

Counties, 111., Facts About 514

Engineers, Brotherhood of 311

County Agent 521

County Clerk .... b20

County Clerks, Illinois 503

Distance'of Visibility 391

Engineers' Library, Chicago... 54 < <

County Commissioners 520

Distances Between Cities 387

Engineers, Marine, Society of. 291

County Court, Cook Co 526

Distances in Chicago 582

Engineers, Mech. Am. Soc.... 290

County Democracv 616

Distances to Seaports 387

Engineers, Mining, Am. Inst. 290

District Attorney U S 636

County Officers, Illinois 503
County Offices, Directory 528

District Attorneys, U. S 223
District Court, U. S., Chicago 526

Engineers, Western Soc. of... 550
England 201

County Treasurer 520

District Judges, United States 222

County Treasurers, Illinois 505
Court of Claims 221

Divorce, Causes for 152
Divorce Statistics 151

Entomologist, State 500

Courts" in Cook County 526

Dollars Coined 187

Courts, United States 221

Dominican Republic 208

Crater Lake Park 101

Douglas Park 669

Crerar, The John, Library 548
Cribs, Waterworks 628

Drago Doctrine 114
Drainage Canal 600

Estates of the Realm, Three.. 188

Crime in Chicago 572
Crime Statistics of 393

Drinking Cup Act 88

Evanston Historical Society.. 550

Criminal Court, Cook County. 526

Dry Dock, Largest 187

Criminal Law, Union of 479

Dumb and Deaf, Education of 88

Events of 1911 481

Crocker Land Expedition 210

Crop Estimates for 1911 166

Dunning State Hospital 88

Crop Production, World 161

Duties Collected 155

Crops, Farm Value of 168

Duties, Customs 115

Duty Collcted Per Capita 185

Crops of 1910 by States 163

Cuba .. 208

Eagles Coined 187

Cuban War 122
Cup, Drinking, Act 88

Eagles, Fraternal Order 295
East End Park 67u

Expenditures, Gov't, Per Cap. 184

Curling 345

Farth, Facts About 26

Custom House, Chicago 536
Customs Appeals, Court 221
Customs Duties 115

Earthquake in Mexico City... 174
Earthquakes, Great 414
Easter Sunday Dates... . 11

Expenditures, Naval 244
Explosions, Boiler 13S
Exploration .. ,. 210

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Explosion, Jersey City 137

Explosion, Pleasant Prairie... 140
Exports, Agricultural, by Years 166

Exports by Continents 156

Exports by Countries 157

Exports by Years .158

Exports of Merchandise 154

Exports Per Capita 185

Express Statistics 192

Factory Fire in New York.... 483
Factory Inspectors, Illinois.... 500
Failures in the United States. 198
Falconio, Diomede, Sketch.... 404

Fall Begins 13

Fame, Hall of, American 200

Family, League for, Protect'n 479

Famine in China 395

Farad Defined 147

Fares for Cabs, etc 592

Farley, John M., Sketch 404

Farm Animals, Value 166

Farmers' Free List Bill 72

Farmers' Free List Veto 73

Farmers' Institute, Illinois... 500

Farms, Value of Medium 174

Farms, Wealth on 166

Farrell, James A., Sketch 404

Fastest Voyages 486

Fates, Three 188

Federation of Labor, Amer.... 309
Federation of Labor, Chicago. 311

Feeble-Mlnded and Insane 392

Fe?s of Jurors 85

Feldspar Produced in U. S.... 189

Fencing 349

Fern wood Park 570

Fibers, Textile, Production... 163

Field Museum 550

Field Museum Site 486

Filchner Expedition 210

Finances, Chicago City 540

Finances, Cook County 523

Financial Statistics 175

Fine Arts, Academy of 552

Fire Apparatus in Coal Mines 82

Fire Chiefs, Chicago 575

Fire Department 535

Fire Engines, Location 596

Fire Horror in New York 483

Fire in New York Capitol 185

Fire in Bangor, Me 129

Fire Insurance iOO

Fire Insurance Patrols 596

Fire Losses in 1911 481

Fire Marshal, State 503

Fire Statistics, Chicago 606

Fire, Stockyards 612

Fires, Persons Killed in 172

Fires, Theater 252

Fish and Game Laws 468

Fish Commissioners 500

Fisher, Walter L., Portrait... 216

Fisher, W. L., Sketch 405

Fisheries Case Decision 99

Fisheries Commission 220

Flag Day Association 517

Flax Crop of World 162

Flaxseed Crop by States 165

Florida, Vote of 420

FloOd at Austin, Pa 272

Flood at Black River Falls 394

Floods and Storms 482

Flour, International Trade 168

Flower Symbols of Mouths.... 210

Flowers, State 140

Fluorspar Produced in U. S. .. 189

Foe Signals 608

Folk Lore Society, American.. 290

Food Commission, Illinois 500

Food Inspection Act. Illinois.. 87

Football 327

Football Accidents 470

Forecasts, Weather 141

Foreign Coins, Value of 188

Foreign Born Population 371

Foreign Governments 201

Foreign Wars, Order of 318

Forest Fires in 1911 467

Forest Preserve Act VolJ 527

Forester, City 536

Foresters, Ind. Order of 293

Foresters, United Order of 295

Forestry Association, Am 290

Forests and Forestry 471

Forests, National 473

Fortification of Pauama Canal 66

Fortnightly Club 550

Fourth of July Casualties 244

France 203

Franchises, Street Railway... 559
Fraternal Congress, National.. 295

Fraternal Societies 292

Fraternities, Associated 296

Free List for Travelers 107

French Acamedy Members 130

French Compensation Law 96

Fuller's Earth Prod'd in U. S. 189

Funds. Municipal, Use of 89

Furies, Three 188

Furnaces, Blast, in U. S 192

Gage Park 567

Galleries, Art, of World 114

Game and Fish Laws -468

Game Commissioner, Illinois.. 500

Game Preserves, National 246

Gardens, Zoological 246

Garfield Park 569

Garnet Produced In I". S..._... 189
Garnishment Law, Illinois.".. 516

Gas and Oil Wells 82

Gas, Nat'l, Produced in U. S. 189

Gatun Dam 118

Gem Symbols o' Mouths 210

Geographic Boa -d, U. S 104

Geographical Society, Am 290

Geographical Society. Chicago 550
Geographic Society, National. 291

Geological Society of Am 291

Geological Survey 220

George V., Coronation 131

George V., Relatives of 108

Georgia, Vote of 420

German-American. Dem. Club. 616

Germanla Club 610

German Compensation Law.... 95

Germantown Monument 67

Germany 203

Gettysburg National Park 101

Gifts and Bequests..: 465

Gifts, Seven, of the Spirit.... 188

Gila Cliff Dwellings 1*1

Glacier Park 101

Gods and Goddesses 126

Gold Coinage by Nations 175

Gold Coinage by Years 177

Gold Coins of United States.. 187

Gold, Fineness of 140

Gold, Imports and Exports.... 156
Gold Production by Countries. 175

Gold Production by States 176

Gold Production by Y'ears 175

Gold Production Per Capita... 1S5

Gold, Stock of, in U. S 176

Golf 329

Government Employes 113

Government of Illinois 510

Government Offices, Chicago.. 536

Government Officials 217

Government Printing Office... 220

Governments, Foreign 201

Governors, Illinois, Vote for.. 511

Governors of Illinois 510

Governors of States 414

Grace, Days of... 148

Graces, Three 188

Grades, Street, Chicago 562

Grain Crops, Canadian 166

Grain Inspectors, Illinois 500

Grain Prices, Chicago 604

Grand Army of the Republic.. 315

Grand Canyon Reserve 101, 102

Gran Quivira 101

Grant, General, Park 101

Grant Park 567

Gravity, Specific, Table of 150

Graphite Produced iu U. S.... 189

Great Britain 201

Great Lakes Naval Station.... 246

Greece 204

Greek Calendar 14

Greek Gods and Goddesses 126

Green Bay Triangle 570

Gregory, S. S., Sketch 405

Grindstones Produced in U. S. 189

Gronna, Asle J., Sketch 405

Gross Park 570

Groveland Park 570

Growth, Territorial, of U. S.. 200

Guam 215

Guard, National 242

Guatemala 208

Guilford Battle Monument 67

Guunison Water Tunnel 126

Gypsum Produced in U. S 189

Hague Court of Arbitration... 99

Hague Decisions 99

Haiti 208

Haiti, Revolution In 130

Halloween 27

Halls, Number, Chicago 529

Hamilton Park 568

Hamtaond Library 549

Harbor, Chicago Outer 602

Harbor Commission, Chicago.. 620
Harbor Lights 608

Harbors, Municipal, Law ...... 87

568
225

Hardin Square ..................

Harlan, John M., Death of...
Harlan on Standard Oil Case. 45
Harlan on Tobacco Trust ...... 62

Harrison, C. H., Portrait ..... 531

Harvest and Hunter's Moon... 24
Harvest Calendar, Wheat ..... 166

Hawaii ......................... 214

Hawaii, Vote of ................ 421

Hawaiian Population .......... 384

Hay Crop by States ............ 165

Hay Crop by Years ............ 168

Health, Board of, Illinois ..... 500

Health, Department of ........ 534

Heavens, Chart of ............. 28

Hebrew Calendar.-. ............. 14

Heights of Adults and Children 112
Hemp Production ............... 163

Hennepin Canal ................ 121

Hero Fund, Carnegie, Awards 123
Hibernians, Ancient Order of. 295
[Ugh School Colors ............. 243

High Water Pressure Com ---- 594

Highest Points in States ...... 272

Highest Structures ............. 152

Highway Commission, State.. 502
Hilles, C. D., Sketch .......... 405

Historical Association, Am... 290
Historical Events .............. 132

Historial Society, 111 ...... 499, 518

Historical Society Library ---- 549

Hitchcock, F. H., Portrait.... 216

Hitchcock, G. M., Sketch ..... 405

Hockey ......................... 358

Holden Park .................... 570

Holidays, Legal ................ 139

Holland ........................ 206

Holstein Park .................. 569

Homeopathy, Am. Institute... 290
Homes, Illinois, State ......... 501

Homes (Asylums) in Chicago.. 584
Homes, Soldiers' ............... 240

Homestead Law ................ 112

Homicide in United States 393
Honduras ....................... 208

Hook and Ladder Companies.. 59C
Hookworm Disease Cominis'n. 170
Hop Production of World ..... 163

Hops, International Trade ---- 170

Horse Racing ................... 334

Hospital, County ............... 521

Hospitals, Illinois .............. 601

Hospitals in Chicago ........... 584

Hospitals in United States.... 395

Hot Springs Reservation ....... 101

Hot Weather in 1911 ........... 199

Hours of Work for Women... 82
House Number System ......... 575

House Numbers. Map .......... 574

House of Correction Statistics, 68C
House of Representatives ..... 227

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

Humane Association, Am 479

Humane Society, Illinois 517

Humlioldt Park 568

Humorists, American Press... 479

Hungary 202

Huuting Accidents 467

Hydrographic Office, Chicago.. 536

Hymns, National 291

Idaho Game Laws 469

Idaho, Vote of 422

Illinois Appropriations 516

Illinois Associations 517

Illinois, Canals in 121

Illinois Central Suits 515

Illinois Coal Industry 512

Illinois County OSlicers 503

Illinois Electoral Districts.... 509

Illinois Game Laws 468

Illinois, Government of 510

Illinois, Governors of 510

Illinois Legislation 79

Illinois Legislature 507

Illinois Officials 499

Illinois Primary Elections 508

Illinois Senatorial Districts... 506

Illinois State Committees 268

Illinois Tax Commission 512

Illinois, Vote of 422

Illinois, Vote, Popular 511

Immigration Act of 1907 103

Immigration Bureau 219

Immigration Bureau. Chicago. 536

Immigration Law of U. S 112

Immigation Statistics 476

Imports by Continents 156

Imports by Countries 157

Imports by Years 158

Imports Into Chicago 558

Imports of Merchandise 153

Imports Per Capita 185

Improvements, Board Local... 534

Income Tax Amendment 129

Independence Platform 261

Independence Square 570

India 201

India, Plague in 308

Indian Affairs, Office of 220

Indian Reservations 369

Indian Rights Association 479

Indiana Game Laws 468

Indiana Society 678

Indiana, Vote of 424

Indians Not Taxed 367

Industrial Peace Foundation.. 128

Industries, Leading 197

Infant Mortality, Ass'n 479

Infirmary, Oak Forest 520

Infusorial Earth Produced 189

Inheritance Tax, Illinois 129

Inheritance Tax Laws 12s)

Initiative, Tue 91

Insane and Feeble Minded.... 392

Insane in Foreign Lands 392

Insurance, Social 479

Insurance Statistics 100

Interest, Legal Rate 148

Interest Tables 149

Interior Department 220

Interior, Secretaries of 143

Internal Revenue Commlss'uer 217

Internal Revenue, Chicago 525

Internal Rev. Dept., Chicago. 536
Internal Revenue Per Capita. 185
Internal Revenue Receipts.... 484

Internal Revenue Taxes 486

International Commissions 220

Interstate Commerce Com'n... 220

Interurban Trolley Lines 620

Iowa Game Laws 468

Iowa, Vote of 426

Ireland 201

Ireland, Railway Strike in.... 479

Irish League of America 479

Iron Industry 192

Iron, Pig, Produced in U. S.. 189

Irrigated Areas 415

Irving Park 570

Israel. Free Sons of 294

Italo-Turkish War 412

Italy 204

Italy, Cholera in 308

Jackson Park 567

Japan 206

Japan, Am. Treaty with 98

Japanese Anarchists Executed 215
Japanese Antarctic Expedition 210

Japanese-English Treaty 130

Japanese-Russian War 122

Jefferson Park 569

Jersey City Explosion 137

Jewel Cave Reserve 101, 102

Jewish Calendar 14

Johnson, C. F., Sketch 405

Joule Defined 147

Judges, Circuit, United States 221

Judges, County, Illinois 503

Judges, Probate, Illinois 503

Judges, Superior Court, More. 85

Judges. U. S. District 222

Judicial Code, United States.. 65

Judicial Election 462

Judicial Recall Veto 74

Judicial Settlement Disputes. 100

Judiciary, Federal 221

Jurors' Fees 85

Jury Commission 520

Justice, Department of 219

Jute Production 163

Juvenile Court, Cook County.. 526

Juvenile Court Statistics 497

Juvenile Delinquents 394

Kansas Society of Chicago 578

Kansas, Vote of 428

Kedzie Park 570

Kenesaw Commission 502

Kenesaw Mountain Monument 89

Kentucky, Vote of 429

Kenyon, William S., Sketch.. 405

Kern, J. W., Sketch 405

Khiva 206

King's Daughters and Sons... 307

Kingston Earthquake 414

Kinzie Parkway 570

Knights and Ladies of Honor. 295

Knights of Honor 294

Knights of Labor 311

Knights of Maccabees 295

Knights of Pythias 293

Knights Templars 292

Knox, P. C., Portrait 216

Kongo 207

Korea 206

Kwantung. Rebellion in 78

Labor, Alien Contract 103

Labor, Bureau of 218

Labor, Bureau of, Chicago 536

Labor, Commissioners, Illinois 500

Labor Department 218

Labor, Knights of 311

Labor Office, International 479

Labor Organizations, Chicago. 311
Labor Organizations in U. S.. 309

Labor, Secretaries of 143

Lacrosse 354

Ladies of the G. A. R 317

LaFollette Headquarters 616

Lake Front Agreement 486

Lake Trade, Chicago 612

Lakes and Rivers Com's'n Act 86

Lakes, Areas of 258

Lakes-to-Gulf Association 291

Lakes-to-Gulf Waterway Plan 291

Lakewood Point 570

Landmarks, American 101

Languages Spoken 98

Land Office, General 220

Lands, Public 314

Lard Prices 608

Lassen Peak Reserve 101, 102

Latitude of Chicago 529

Law and Order Leagues 598

Law Examiners, Board of 499

Law Institute Library 649

Lawler Monument 89

Laws of Naval War 78

Laws, Uniform, Commission.. 602

Lea. Lnke, Sketch 405

Lead Produced in U. S 189

Learned Societies 290

Learned Societies, Chicago 550

Legations, American 230

Legations, Foreign, in U. S... 233

Legations, Buildings for 66

Legislative Reform 91

Legislatives Voters' League... 616

Legislature, Extra Session 90

Legislature, Illinois 507

Legislature, Work of ' 79

Legislatures of States 414

Lent, Beginning of 14 27

Lewis and Clark Cavern... 101, 102

Lewis Institute Library 649

Liberia 207

Liberte Disaster " 395

Libraries, Chicago 543

Library Association, Am 550

Library Association, Illinois.. 518

Library Club, Chicago 550

Library Extension Board 602

Library of Congress 128

License Rates in Chicago 588

Licenses in Cities 339

Licenses, Revenues from, Chi. 541

Life, Expectation of 100

Life Insurance 100

Life Saving Service 114 217

Life Saving Service, Chicago. 536

Light, Velocity of 26

Lighthouses, Bureau of 219

Lighthouse Establishment 244

Lighting, Street, Chicago 553

Lights Used in Chicago 629

Lily Gardens 670

Limitation, Statute of.. 148

Lincoln Monum't in Washington 66

Lincoln Park 557

Lincoln Way Project 90

Lippitt, H. F., Sketch 405

Liquor and Soldiers' Homes... 89

Liquors Consumed in U. S 178

Literacy and Crime 394

Literary Club, Chicago 550

Live Stock Commissioners 500

Live Stock in U. S 320

Loan Associations, U. S 98

Locomotive Inspection Law... 65

Lockouts and Strikes 276

Loetschberg Tunnel 413

London, Declaration of 78

London, Population of 201

Longitude of Chicago 529

Lords' Veto Power Curbed 78

Lorimer Investigation 410

Los Angeles Dynamite Case... 470

Louisiana, Vote of 430

Loyal Legion 319

Lumber Industry in U. S 193

Luther League 305

Luther Letter, High Price for 129

Lutheran Denomination 306

Lynchings 366

Maccabees, Knights of 295

Macmillan-Borup Expedition.. 210
MacVeagh, Franklin, Portrait 216

Magazines, Postage on 66

Mail Time from Chicago 667

Mail Time from New York 557

Maine, Cause of Loss of 403

Maine, Vote of 431

Manchuria, Plague in 308

Manganese Ore Produc'd in U.S. 189

Manitoba Crops 166

Manual Arts Ass'n, Illinois... 517
Manual Labor and Public Work 87

Manufactures, Bureau of 218

Manufactures, Chicago 680

Manufactures, Illinois 517

Manufactures, United States.. i97

Maps, Bureau of 534

Marine Corps, Navy 251

Marine Corps Headquarters... 218

Marine Corps Pay Table 256

Marine Disasters 48

Marine Insurance 10

Marine. Merchant. U. S 19

Mark White Square..... 668

Marls Produced in U. S 189

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

Marquette Park 567

Marriage Anniversaries 274

Marriage Laws 151

Marriage Statistics 151

Marshals, Fire, Chicago 575

Marshals, United States 224

Marshal, U. S., Chicago 636

Marline, J. E., Sketch 406

Maryland, Vote of 431

Masonic Bodies 292

Massachusetts, Vote of 431

Masters in Chancery 526

Mathematical Society, Am 290

Mawson Expedition 510

Mayors of Chicago 596

Mayors of Large Cities 478

Mayor's Office 532

Mayor, Vote for 456

Mayoralty Elections, Former. 464
McCullough, J. S., Portrait... 498

McKenna Triangle 570

McKinley Park 567

McLean, G. F., Sketch 406

McNamara Dynamite Case.... 470

Measures and Weights 147

Meat Trust Suits 64

Mechanics' Institutes, Illinois 82
Mechanics, United Order Am. 294
Median Lines of Population... 370
Median Point of Population... 371

Medical Association, Am 290

Medical Corps of Navy 249

Medical, Illinois State Ass'n.. 518
Medical, Nat'l Eclectic Ass'n. 291
Medicine, American Academy. 290
Medico-Psychological Ass'n 290

Men of the Year 404

Merchandise, Exports of 154

Merchandise, Imports of 153

Merchant Marine, U. S 190

Merrlck Park 570

Mesa Verde Park 101

Messages, President's 487

Messina Earthquake 414

Methodist Church 303

Metric System 147

Mexico 207

Mexico City, Earthquake in... 174

Mexico, Revolution In 211

Meyer, G. V. L., Portrait 216

Mica Produced in U. S 189

Michigan Game Laws 468

Michigan Society of Chicago.. 578

Michigan, Vote of 432

Microscopical Society, Am 290
Microscopical Society, Illinois 518

Midway Plaisance 567

Midway, The 570

Mikkelsen Expedition 210

Miles, Length of Various 198

Military Academy, U. S 245

Militia and Regular Army 242

Militia, Illinois 518

Militia, Naval 242

Mine Disaster, Briceville 497

Mine Disasters 482

Mine Rescue Stations 501

Mineral Paints Produced 189

Mineral Products of U. S 189

Miners' Institutes, Illinois.... 82

Miners Killed in U. S 297

Mines, Bureau of 220

Mines, Coal, Safety in 82

Mines, Inspectors of 501

Mining Board, State BOO

Mining Commission Law, 111.. 82
Ministers, Foreign, in U. S... 233

Ministers, U. S., List of 230

Minnesota Game Laws 468

Minnesota, Vote of 433

Minors, Chicago, Nativity 563

Mints, U. S. Coinage 240

Mississippi. Vote of 435

Missouri, Vote of 436

Mitchell, E. E., Portrait 498

Modern Woodmen of America. 293

Mohammedan Calendar 14

Monazite Produced in I". S... 189
Monetary Commission, National 263

Money and Finance 17P

Money, Foreign, Value of 188

Money in Circulation 183

Money of the World 177

Money Order Rates 135

Money Per Capita 184

Monroe Doctrine 114

Montana, Vote of 437

Montenegro 204

Montezuma Castle 101, 102

Months, Symbols of 210

Montrose Point 570

Monuments, Chicago 590

Monuments, National 101

Moon, Facts About 26

Moon, Harvest and Hunter's.. 24

Moon's Position for Year 23

Morgan Park Annexed 461

Moroccan Question 359

Morocco 207

Mortality, American Table of 100

Mortality Statistics 396

Mortality Statistics, Chicago.. 566
Mothers' Congress, National.. 479

Motorcycling 357

Motoring 355

Motor Vehicles and Roads.... 87

Mountains, Highest 130

Mount Olympus Reserve... 101, 102

Mount Rainier Park 101

Moving Picture Examiners.... 535

Muir Woods, Reserve 101, 102

Mukuntuweap Reserve 101, 102

Mulberry Point 670

Municipal Art League 646

Municipal Bathing Beaches... 571

Municipal Court 627

Municipal Court Act 84

Municipal Court Act, Vote 464

Municipal Harbors, Law 87

Municipal Funds, Use of 89

Municipal League, National.. 479

Municipal Lodging House 536

Mun. Lodg. House Statistics.. 590

Municipal Pension Funds 83

Municipal Playgrounds 671

Municipal Voters' League 616

Murders in U. S 393

Music Teachers' Ass'n, 111.... 517

Municipal Clubs, Chicago 646

Myers, H. L. Sketch 406

Mystic Shrine, Order of 292

Mystic Workers of World 295

National Banks 179

National Defense Secrets 66

National Guard 242

National Guard, Illinois 518

National Fraternal Congress.. 295

National Parks in U. S 101

National Political Committees 265

National Union 294

Natural Bridges Reserve.. 101. 102

Naturalization Bureau 219

Naturalization Laws 146

Naturalists, Am. Society 290

Nature Study Society, Am.... 290

Navajo Reserve 101, 102

Naval Academy, U. S 245

Naval Architects, Society of... 291

Naval Expenditures 244

Naval Office, Chicago 536

Naval Reserve, Illinois 618

Naval Training Station 246

Naval War, Laws of 78

Navies Compared 244

Navies of the World 243

Navy and Naval Militia 242

Navy Department 218

Navy League 320

Navy Pay Table 256

Navy Retired List 251

Navy, Secretaries of 143

Navy, United States 247

Navy, Vessels of 253

Nebraska Game Laws 469

Nebraska, Vote of 437

Necrology of 1911 398

Negroes in United States 369

Netherlands 206

Nevada, Vote of 438

Newberry Library 649

New Hampshire, Vote of 439

New Jersey, Vote of 439

New Jerusalem, Church of... 306

New Mexico, Admission 73

New Mexico, Constitution 76

New Mexico, Vote of 439

Newspapers of United States. 213

New York Capitol, Fire In 185

New York Compensation Law 97

New York, Population 374

New York Society of Chicago. 578

New York, Vote of 440

Nicaragua 208

Nicknames of States 140

Nobel Prizes, Winners of 475

Nonpartisan Ballots 93

Noon, S'dereal 23

Normal Park 570

Normal Schools, Illinois 499

North Carolina, Vote of 442

North Dakota Game Laws.... 469

North Dakota. Vote of 442

North Shore Festival Ass'n... 646

North Shore Park District 571

Northwestern Univ. Library.. 549

Norway 20-1

Norwood Circle 670

Notable Buildings. Chicago 554

Number, Street. System 575

Numerals, Roman 'and Arabic. 117

Numismatic Society, Am 290

Numismatic Society, Chicago.. 550

Nurseries in U. S 395

Nurses, Examiners of 503

Oakland Park 570

Oak Park 570

Oak Park Annexation Vote..! 461

Oat Crop by States 164

Oat Crop by Years 167

Oat Crop of World ig->

Oats, Price of, Chicago '. 604

Obituary 393

Oceans, Areas of "".' ' 258

Oceans, Average Depth of.... 275
Occupational Diseases Act, 111. 81
Occupations in United States. 483

O'Connell, W. H., Sketch 406

X d Fellows, Ind. Order of... 293

Officials, Chicago 530

Officials, Cook County "'.'. 520

Jffieials, Government...
Officials, Illinois... 499

Officials, Terms of

Officers of the Army

Officers of the Navy 247

Ogden Arrow 570

Ogden Park 568

Oglesby, J. G., Portrait 498

O'Gorman, James A., Sketch. 406

Ohio, Vote of 442

Ohm Defined 147

Oil and Gas Wells 82

Oil Cake, International Trade 169

Oil Inspector 536

Oil Inspectors' Fees 89

Oil, Standard, Decision 33

Oil Stones Produced In U. S. 189
Oklahoma Railroad Rate Void 234

Oklahoma, Vote of 445

Old Chlcagoans 616

Old Residents of Chicago 638

Olympian Records 353

Ontario, Forest Fires in 467

Opthalmological Society, Am.. 290

Opium Agreement 209

Opium Conference Delegates.. 220

Orchestral Association 646

Orders Given Chicagoans 614

Oregon Caves Reserve 101, 102

Oregon Plan, The 94

Oregon, Vote of.. 446

Organizations, National 479

Oriental Society, Am 290

Orphanages in U. S 395

Orthopedic Association. Am.. 29<i

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Osteopathic Association, Am.. 290

Pacing Records 836

Packers, Proceedings Against. 64

Packing in Chicago 630

Packing Statistics 188

Palm Sunday 14

Palmer Square 568

Panama 203

Panama Canal 118

Panama Canal Fortifications.. 66
Panama Canal Libel Cases.... 120

Panama Canal Zone 215

Panama-Pacific Exposition 469

Panama-Pac. Fair Corn'r, 111.. 89

Panama Railroad 120

Pan-American Union 225

Panics, Theater 252

Papers in the United States.. 213

Paraguay 207

Parcel Post Exchanges 136

Pardons, State Board of 501

Park Areas, Summary 571

Park Commission, Illinois 502

Park Boards 567

Park Legislation, Illinois 85

Parks and Boule va rds 567

Parks Civil Service 83

Parks, National, in U. S 101

Parks, Small 570

Party Lines in Congress 273

Party Platforms 259

Passport Regulations 30

Patent Office 220

Patent Office Statistics Ill

Patents, Applications for Ill

Patriotic Societies 315

Patterson Park 570

Paupers 392

Pavements, Chicago 590

Pay, Army, Table of 241

Paymaster's Bureau 533

Pay of Sovereigns 127

Peace Congress, National 99

Peace Endowment, Carnegie.. 99
Peace, Industrial, Foundation 128
Peace Movements, Dates of... 99

Peace, Palace of 99

Peace Society, Chicago 100

Peace Society, American 100

Pearse, C. G., Sketch 408

Pearj Made Rear- Admiral 66

Pedriatic Society, Am 290

Pellagra and Corn 152

Penitentiaries in U. S 395

Pension Agencies 280

Pension Funds, Municipal 83

Pension Funds, Various 84

Pension Office 220

Pension Office, Chicago 536

Pension Laws 277

Pension Statistics, U. S 280

Pensions, Cost of. Per Capita. 184
Pensions, Military, in U. S... 277

Pennsylvania, Canals in 121

Pennsylvania, Vote of 446

People's Party Platform 259

Per Capita Statistics, Gov't.. 18*
Perry Centennial Commission. 220

Perry Memorial 67

Persia 206

Peru 208

Petrified Forest Reserve... 101, 102
Petroleum Produced inIJ.S.170, 189

Pharmacy, State Board of B01

Philatelic Society, Chicago 550

Philippine Islands 214

Philippine Officials' Terms 66

Philippine War 122

Philippines, Army of the 320

Philological Association. Am.. 290

Philosophical Society, Am 290

Phosphate Produced in U. S.. 189

Physical Society, Am 290

Physician, County 521

Physicians. American Ass'n of 290

Pig Iron Produced 189

Pinnacles Reserve 101, 102

Pioneers, Deaths of 644

Pioneers of Chicago 638

Pioneers, Societies of 614

Pius Fund Decision 99

Plague in India 308

Plague in Manchuria 308

Planetary Conjunctions 25

Planets, Facts About 26

Planets, Rising and Setting of 24

Planets, Situation of 23

Planets, The 22

Planets, Visibility of 26

Pleasant Prairie Explosion... 140

Platforms, Party 259

Platinum Produced in U. S.. 189

Platt National Park 101

Playground Association 479

Playground Ass'n of Chicago. 571

Playgrounds. Municipal 571

Plumbers, Examiners of 535

Porto Rico 214

Poindexter, M., Sketch 406

Points, Highest, in States.... 272
Points of Interest, Chicago... 530

Polar Record 210

Police, Chiefs of, Chicago 529

Police Department 535

Police Department, Work of.. 572

Police Headquarters 572

Political Ass'ns in Chicago.... 616

Political Equality League 616

Politics of States 273

Polo 338

Pool 367

Poor's Railroad Statistics 194

Population, American Cities.. 374

Population, Center of 370

Popula tion, County 416 to 456

Population, Density of 368

Population, Foreign, U. S 371

Population, Growth of 368

Population, Increase, Map 369

Population, Median Lines 370

Population, Median Point of.. 371

Population of Chicago 559

Population of Cook County 669

Population of Illinois 513

Population of New Wards 562

Population of World 367

Population, School, Illinois... 497

Population Statistics 367

Population, United States 367

Pork, Mess, Prices 608

Pork Packing in Chicago 530

Pork Packing Statistics 188

Porto Rico Population 384

Portugal 204

Possessions of United States.. 214

Postage on Magazines 66

Postage Rates 135

Postal Banks, U. S 409

Postal Expenses Per Capita.. 185
Postal Revenue Per Capita... 185
Postal Savings Bank, Chicago 558
Postal Savings Banks, Foreign 179

Postal Statistics, Chicago 556

Postal Statistics, Foreign 138

Postal Statistics, U. S 408

Postmasters-General 143

Postmasters in Large Cities.. 409

Postmasters of Chicago 558

Postoffice, Chicago 556

Potato Crop by States 165

Potato Crop by Years 168

Potter, F. W., Portrait 498

Powder Explosion 140

Power Boat Racing 338

Precious Stones in U. S 189

Preferential Voting 93

Presbyterian Churches 804

Presidential Election 258

Presidential Succession 273

Presidential Vote 275

Presidential Vote (1908) 416

Presidents and Cabinets 142

Presidents, Burial Places of. 120

Presidents, College 285

President's Messages 487

Presidents, Salaries of 127

Press Association, Illinois.... 617
Press Humorists, American.. 479

Press, The Associated 213

Prices.Relative.of Commodities 173

Prices, Wholesale 171

Primaries, Direct 93

Primary Law, Illinois 608

Primary Vote for Mayor 461

Principals, School 543

Printing Office, Government... 220

Prison Association, Am 479

Prison Commission, Internat'l 479
Prison Commissioner for U. S. 220

Prisoners in U. S 393

Prisons, Illinois State 501

Prisons in United States 395

Probate Court, Cook County., f.26

Probate Judges, Illinois 503

Probation System Law 85

Progress of United States.... 30
Progressive, Repub., League.. 262
Prohibition, County Committee 270
Prohibition Nation'l Committee 266
Prohibition Nat'nal Convention 497

Prohibition Platform 260

Prohibition State Chairmen... 266
Prohibition State Committee.. 268
Property, Value of in U. S... 385

Prosecuting Attorney 534

Protective Associations 598

Public Debt by Years 183

Public Debt, Statement of.... 182

Public Domain 314

Public Efficiency Committee.. 536

Public Health Ass'n, Am 290

Public Library 548

Public Service, Superintendent 520
Public Works, Department of 534
Publicity of Campaign Expenses 69

Publishers' Association 213

Pugilism 346

Pullman Public Library 549

Pullman Park 570

Punishment, Capital 152

Pulse at Different Ages 112

Pyrite Produced in U. S 139

Qualifications for Suffrage 144

Quartz Produced in U. S 189

Queues Cut Off by Chinese 140

Quicksilver Produced in U. S. 189

Quinn, J. A., Portrait 631

Racing, Horse 334

Racquets 359

Railroad Accidents 366

Railroad Commission, 111., Act 86

Railroad Conductors, Order 311

Railroad Rate Decision 137

Railroad Rate, Oklahoma, Void 234

Railroad Rebate Cases 198

Railroad Speed 195

Railroad Stations, Chicago 529

Railroad Statistics, Foreign.. 138

Railroad Statistics, U. S '194

Railroad Strikes, British 479

Railroad Track Elevation 558

Railroad Wrecks 482

Railroads, Electric, in U. S... 196

Railroads, World's 190

Railway Gardens 570

Railway, Street, Chronology.. 594
Railway Terminal Commission 529
Rainbow Bridge Reserve... 101, 102

Ready Reference Calendar 21

Real Estate Board, Chicago.. 547

Real Estate Transfers 553

Rebate, Railroad, Cases 198

Recall, Judicial, Veto 74

Recall, The 92

Receipts, Cook County 523

Receipts, Government 184

Receipts, Gov't, Per Capita... 184

Receipts, Illinois 518

Reciprocity, Canadian 67

Reclamation Service 220

Reclamation Service, Chicago. 536

Recorders, Illinois 503

Recorder's Office 520

Records, World's Athletic 354

Red Cross Society 479

Red Men, Improved Order of. 293
Reed, James A., Sketch 4M

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Referendum League 616

Santo Domingo 208 482

Referendum, The 92

Skat ' 358

Reform Bureau, International 479

Sault Ste. Marie Canal Traffic 403

Skating, Ice 344

Reform, Electoral, Legislative 91
Reformatory, State 591

Savings Banks of World 179
Sav. Bank Statistics from 1820. 181

Skating, Roller 349

Regimental Officers 236

Savings Banks of U. S 180

Sleepers Seven.. 1S8

Savings Banks, Postal, Foreign 179

Small Parks.. 570

Registrar of Titles 520
Registration of Voters 92

Savings Banks, U. S. Postal.. 409
Savings Deposits in Nat'l Banks 181

Smith, Hoke, Sketch 406
Smithsonian Institution 117

Registration of Voters, Chicago 465

Say re Park 570

Relative Prices of Commodities. 173

Schoenhofen Place 570

Soapstone Produced in U S 189

Religious Education Ass'n.... 307

School Census, Chicago 563

Social Science Ass'n Am 290

Religious Societies, Chicago... 562

School Expenditures Per Capita 185

Social Settlements ' 606

Religious Statistics 298

School Population Illinois.... 497

Social Justice League 479

Representatives, Apportionm't 70
Representitives, House of 227
Representatives, Illinois 507

School Statistics, Chicago 547
School Statistics, U. S 283
Schools of Chicago 543

Socialist County Committee... 270
Socialist Labor Committee 267
Socialist Labor Platform 259

Republican County Committee 269

Schools Supt. County 620

Socialist National Committee 267

Republican Nat'l Committee.. 265
Republican Nat'l Convention.. 486

Schools, Supts. of Illinois 505
Science, Am. Ass'n for Advan't 290

Socialist Platform 259
Socialist State Committee 26S

Republican Progressive League 262

Science. Political, Academy... 290

Societies, Fraternal '. 292

Republican State Chairman... 265

Scott Expedition 2i.)

Societies, Learned 290

Republican State Committee.. 268
Reservations, Bird 246

Sculling 342
Screven-Stewart Monument.... 67

Societies, Learned, Chicago... 550
Societies, Patriotic 315

Resources, Conservation of 391
Retired List, Army 237
Retired List, Navy 251

Seamen, Strike of 479
Seaports, Distances to 387
Seaports Principal 215

Societies, Religious, Chicago.. 562
Societies, State, in Chicago... 578
Soil Fertility League 479

Review, Board of 520
Revolution in China 480

Seasons, The 13
Secret Societies .292

Soldiers' Homes and Liquor.. 89

Revolution in Haiti 130

Revolution, Sons of the 319

Secretaries of Interior 143

Rhode Island Vote of 447

Rice Crop by States 165

Rice International Trade 170

Secretaries of War 142

South Carolina Vote of . . . 448

Rice Crop of World 163

Senate, Illinois 507
Senate U S Members . 22fi

South Dakota Game Laws 469

Rifle Shooting 347

Senatorial Districts Illinois.. 506

South Parks 567

Rivers and Lakes Com'n Act. 86

Senatorial Flection Reform.... 93

Rivers and Lakes Commission 503

Senators, Compensation of 226

Spain 205

Rivers Longest in World 272

Senators U. S., from Illinois. 516

Roads and Motor Vehicles 87

Senses, Seven 188

Roads, Public, in Illinois 610

Sequoia Park 101

Speakers of the House 274

Rock Creek Park 101

Rockefeller Fund 128

Rolling Mills in U. S 192

Sporting Records Begin 321

Roman and Arabic Numerals.. 117
Roman Catholic Church 301

Shedd's Park 569
Sheep in the United States... 166

Spring Begins 13
Staff Corps General 235

Sheriffs' Association Illinois.. 518

Standard Oil Decision 33

Roosevelt Peace Foundation.. 128

Sheriffs Cook County Vote... 511

Roque 349

Sheriffs Illinois 505

Stars Table of Brightest 29

Rose, James A., Portrait 498
Rosin International Trade... 170

Sheriff's Office, Cook County. . 521

Starved Rock State Park 85

Roumania 205

Sherman, James S., Portrait.. 216
Sherman L Y. , Portrait 498

State's Attorneys, Illinois 505
State's Attorney's Office 521

Royal and Select Masters.. .. 293

Sherman Park 567

State Department 217

Shiloh Park 101

State Flowers 140

Shingles Produced in U. S.... 193

States in Union 127

Ship Canals, Great 122

State Nicknames 140

Ship Disasters Statistics 190

Russia 205

Ships, Built in United States 190

State' Societies in Chicago 578

States Capitals etc 414

Ships World's . 190

Shipwrecks . 481

States' Politics of 273

Russo-Japanese War 122
Rutherford Park 570

Shooting 347
Short Ballot ... 91

Stations, Elevated Road 553
Stations Police 572

Shoshone Cavern Reserve.. 101. 102

Stations, Postal, Chicago 556

Rye Crop by States 164

Siam 206

Stations, Railroad 529

Rye Crop by Years K>7

Sicilian Earthquake 414

Statistical Association, Am... 290

Rye Crop of World 162

Sidereal Noon 23

Statistician, City 535

Statistics Bureau of 219

Sages of Greece, Seven 188
St. Ignatius Col. Library 549

Silk, Raw, Production 162
Silver Coinage by Nations.... 175

Stead, William H., Portrait.. 498
Steamship Companies Sued... 229

Salaries, City Employes 537

Silver Coinage by Years 177
Silver Coins of United States 187

Steamships, Great Ocean 271
Steel Corporation Suit 314

Salaries of Presidents 127

Silver, Bar, Price of 176

Steel Corporation, U. S 138

Salaries of Teachers, Chicago 546

Silver, Bullion Value 178
Silver Comm'l Ratio to Gold 178

Steel, Crude, Production 476
Steel Industry 192

Saloons, Number, in Chicago.. 529
Salt Produced in U. S 189

Silver, Imports and Exports.. 156
Silver Production by Countries 175

Stef anson Expedition 210
Stephenson Investigation 407

Salvador . . 208

Silver Production by States.. 176

Stimson, H. L., Portrait 216

Salvation Army . 30 17

Silver Production by Years... 175

Stimson. H. L., Sketch 407

San Francisco Earthquake.... 414
San Francisco Exposition 469
Sanitary District 600

Silver Production Per Capita. 185
Silver, Stock of, In U. S 176
Single Tax Club 616

Stock and Bond Commission.. 308
Stock (Exchange, Chicago 542
Stock Prices in 1911 466

Sanitarv Insnection Act. 111.. 87

Sins. Seven Deadly... .. 188

Stockyards Fire 612

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Tires, Width of, State Law... 87
Tires Width of 573

Valuations, Cook County 610

Storm at Charleston, S. C.... 108

Venezuela 208

Tobacco Crop by States 165

Venezuela Case Decision 93
Vermont, Vote of 452

Street Lighting Chicago 5o3

Tobacco Crop of World 162
Tobacco, International Trade. 169
Tobacco Trust Decision 51
Tonnage Chicago District 612
Tonnage in Foreign Trade 156
Tonto Reserve 101, 102
Torrens Transfers 553
Towns Population of 376

Vernon Park 569
Vessel Arrivals, etc., Chicago. 612
Vessels Built in United States 190
Vessel Inspectors, Chicago 636
Vessels of United States Navy 253
Veterans, United Confederate. 316
Veterinarian, State 502
Veto- Power of Lords Curbed.. 78
Vetoes, Taft 71, 75

Street, Longest, iu Chicago... 529
Street Mileage, Chicago 590
Street Railway Acts, Chicago. 576
Street Railway Chronology.... 594
Street Railway Franchises 559
Streets Bureau of 533

Townsend, C. E., Sketch 407
Track Elevation 55S
Track Elevation Department.. 535
Tract Society, American 307

Structures, Highest 152
Subtreasury. U. S., Chicago... 536
Subway Commission, Chicago. 620

Vice Commission Report 630
Vice-Presidents, United States 142
Vicksburg Commission 502

Trade, Board of, Chicago 542
Trade Dollars Coined 187

Vicksburg Park 101

Suffrage Association, Illinois.. 517
Suffrage, Qualifications for 144
Suffrage, Woman, in States... 145
Sugar, International Trade 169
Sugar Production in U. S 167
Sugar Production of World 163
Sully Hill Park 101

Trademarks,' Registration of.. Ill
Trainmen, Brotherhood of 311
Trap Shooting 34S

Virginia, Vote of 452

Virtues, Seven, Chief 188

Visibility on Lakes 391

Volt Defined .. 147

Treasurer', City 633

Volunteers of America 308

Vote, Electoral, by States 272
Vote for Mayor 456

Sun Facts About 26

Treasurers, City, Chicago 566

Sunday Schools in U S ... 301

Treasurers, County, Illinois... 505
Treasurers, State, Vote 511
Treasury Department 217
Treasury, Secretaries of 142
Tree, Largest in World 382
Triangle Factory Fire 483
Trimble H. M., Sketch 407

Vote Popular, Illinois 511

Sunday School Union, Am 307
Supervising Engineer, State.. 89
Supervising Engineers 533
Superior Court, Cook County.. 526
Superior Court Judges, More.. 85
Supplies, Department of 535
Supreme Court, Illinois 499

Vote, Presidential 275

Vote, Presidential (1908) 416

Voters, Registration, Chicago. 465
Voters, Registration of 92
Voting by Women in States... 145
-Voting, Preferential 93

Tripoli, War in 412

Voting Requirements for 144

Supreme Court, United States 221
Surgical Association, Am 290
Surgical Inst. for Children... 88

Trolley Lines from Chicago... 620
Troops in United States Wars 122
Trotting Records 336

Wages, Tables of 148

Trust Decisions.U.S.Sup.Ct.SS, 51
Trusts, President on 487
Tuberculin Test Act 88

Walsh, John R., Pardoned 403
War Department 217
War Naval, Laws of 78

Surveyor, County 521
Sutro Tunnel 126

Sweden 205

Tuberculosis Ass'n, Illinois... 518
Tuberculosis, Deaths from 397
Tuberculosis Institute, Chi... 584
Tuberculosis, National Ass'n. . 291
Tumacacori Reserve 101, 102
Tunis 207

War of 1812, Society of 318

Swedenborgiun Church 306

War, Secretaries of 142

Swimming 343

Switzerland 205

Symbols of Months 210
Taal Volcano Eruption 137

Wards, Chicago, Number of... 582
Wards, Population of New 562
Warehouse Com'n, 111., Act... 86
Wars, Chronology of Recent.. 122
Wars, Troops in United States 122
Washington Park 567

Tablets in Chicago . 590

Taft, William H., Portrait.... 216
Taft Vetoes 71, 76

Tunnels, Great Water 126
Tunnels, Lake 628

Talc Produced in U. S 189
Tariff Commission, U. S 117
Tariff Legislation Resume 117
Tariff Rates 115

Tunnels Under River 555
Tunnels, Water 628
Turco-Italian War 412

Washington, Vote of 453

Turkey 206

Water Bureau of 533

Tax Commission, Illinois 512
Tax, Corporation, Legal 181
Tax Rates, Cook County 610
Tax Reform Ass'n, Illinois.... 517
Taxation in Cities 390

Turpentine, Internat 1 ! Trade.. 168
Tutuila 215
Tyler Monument 67

Waterfalls, Famous 102

Waterway Bill, Illinois 90
Waterway Plan, Lakes-to-Gulf 291
Waterways, International 220

Unemployment, Conference 479
Uniform, U.S., to Be Respected 66
Union of South Africa 202

Taxes, Internal Revenue 486
Taxieab Fares, Legal 592

Watson, C. W., Sketch 407

Union, Pan- American 225

Watt Defined 147

Taxing Bodies in Chicago 610
Tea Consumed in U. S 193

Union Park 569

Wealth of United States 385

Wealth on Farms 166

Tea, International Trade 169

Unitarian Church 306

Weather Bureau, Chicago 536
Weather, Chicago 586

Teachers' Association, Illinois 518
Teachers, Salaries of 546

United Christian Convention.. 263
United Christian Platform 259
United Societies Chicago 616

Teachers, Societies of 624

Weather Hot in 1911 199

Telegraph Stations, Wireless.. 178
Telegraph Statistics 178

United Spanish War Veterans 217
United States, Area of 200
United States Army 235
United States Marshals .. 224

Weather Records U. S 359

Wedding Anniversaries 274

Telegraphs, World's 190
Telephone Rates, Chicago 624
Telephone Statistics 186

Weights and Measures Dept... 636
Weight of Adults i& Children. 112
Wells, Gas and Oil 82
West Chicago Parks . . . 568

United States, Population 367
United States Possessions 214
United States, Progress of 30
I'nited States Steel Corpor'n. 538
United Workmen, Order of.... 294

Tennessee, Vote of 449

Tennis 331

Terms of Officials 264
Territorial Growth of U. S... 200
Territories in Union 127
Texas, Canals in 121

West Virginia Canals in 121

West Virginia Vote of 454

Universities, American 285

Western Economic Society 291
Wheat Crop by States 164

Texas, Vote of 449

University of Chicago Library 549
University of Illinois 499

Wheat Crop by Years 167

Textile Fibers, Production 163
Theater Fires Since -1811 252
Theaters in Chicago 616

Wheat Crop of World 160

University. State, Levy for... 89
Urban Population of U. S 3R3
Uruguay 208

Wheat Harvest Calendar 166
Wheat, International Trade... 168
Wheat Prices, Chicago 604
Wheeler Reserve 101 , 102

Thermometers Compared 150
Threes and Sevens 188

Time Eras of . . . . . 13

Utah Vote of 451

Whist 358

Time, Foreign 32
Time, Standard. Map 32

Valparaiso Earthquake 414
Valuation, Cities 390
Valuation Illinois B21

Wholesale Prices 171
Wicker Park 569
Wickersham, G. W., Portrait. 216
Wilson. James. Portrait 216

Time, Standards of 31

Tin Industry in United States 192

Valuations, Chicago... .. 610

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Wind Barometer 141

Wind Cave Park 101

Wines Consumed in U. S 178

Winnemac Avenue Park 570

Winter Begins 13

Wire Industry in U. S 192

Wire Trust, Suits Against 64
Wireless Telegraph Stations.. 178
Wisconsin Compensation Law. 97

Wisconsin Game Laws 468

Wisconsin Society of Chicago. 578

Wisconsin, Vote of 454

Woman's Relief Corps 317

Woman's Suffrage Association 479
Woman Suffrage In States 145
Women's Clubs, Illinois Fed.. 517
Women's Chr. Temp. Union... 479
Women's Chr. Temp. Un., 111. 518
Women, Hours of Work of 82

Women, National Council of.. 479
Women's Trade Union League 606
Women Voters, Council of.... 479

Wonders, Seven, of World 188

Wood Pulp, Internat'l Trade. 169

Woodland Park 570

Woodmen, Mod'n, of America 293

Woodmen of the World 294

Wool Consumed Per Capita... 185
Wool in the United States.... 166

Wool. International Trade 170

Wool Tariff Bill 71

Wool Tariff Bill Veto 72

Woolen Industry 172

Work, Public, and Man. Labor 87
Workmen's Comp'n Act, 111... 79
Workmen's Compensation Acts 96

Works, J. D., Sketch 407

World, Around, in Forty Days 108

World Crop Production 161

World's Cham'iiship, Baseball 322

Words, Twenty Most r.aau/.f.-.l 100

Worsted Goods Indusnv 172

Wrecks, Railroad ' 4S2

Wrecks, Vessel 431

Wrestling 343

Wyoming Game Laws 469

Wyoming, Vote of 456

Yellowstone Park 101

Yosemite Park 101

Young Men's Christian Ass'n. 307

Young People's Chr. Union... 307

Zinc Oxide Produced in U. S. 189

Zinc Produced in U. S 189

Zodiac, Signs of the 24

Zoological Gardens 246

Zoological Park, Washington. 101

Yachting 339

INDEX TO ADVEBTISEMENTS.

American Bonding Co 583

Assets Realization Co 579

American Rotary Valve Co.... 64
American Steel '& Wire Go... 601

Baker, Alfred L., & Co 577

Ball Park, Comiskey 626, 627

Bankers and Brokers: Baker

& Co 5

Banking: Corn Exchange Na-
tional Bank.. Inside Back Cover
Banking: Greenebaum Sons... 583
Banking: Merchants Loan and

Trust Co.... Outside Back Cover
Barnhart Brothers & Spindler. 629

Bartell Bros 2o

Bartlett-Frazier Co 64j

Becker, A. G., & Co 581

Bermingham & Seaman Co... 641

Bishop, H. A., Contractor 645

Bitter Root Valley Irrigation

Company 597

Blatchford, E. W., & Co 585

Boilers, Doylair 605

Bookbinding: Regan 61

Brick: Illinois Brick Co 647

Builders; J. M. Ewen Co 593

Designers and Builders: The

W. H. SchottCo..: 607

Burmite for Roofing & Siding 641
Castings: Nat'l Malleable.... 639

Casualty Co., Maryland 579

Cement, Portland 575

Chicago & Eastern Illinois 589

Chicago Portland Cement Co.. 575

Childs, S. D., & Co 647

Citizens' Construction Co 639

City Hall Square Building.... 587

Coal: Waller Co 621

Comiskey (Ball) Park 626, 627

Commercial Paper: A. G.

Becker & Co 581

Construction Co., Citizens' 63

Consumers' Company 603

Contractor, General: H. A.

Bishop 645

Contractor : H. A. Bishop 645

Corn Exchange National Bank.

Inside Back Cover

Cosmopolitan Electric Co .695

Cusack, Thos., Co

Inside Back Fly Leaf

Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co 613

Designers and Builders: The

W. H. Schott Co 607

Disk Harrow 634, 635

Dixon, Arthur, Transfer Co.. 629

Doylair Boilers, Furnaces 605

Drink Cure: Keeley Institute. 622

Electric Power: Cosmopolitan

Company 595

Elevated Railroads 619

Elevated Railroads, Man. of... 618
Elmes, Charles F., Engineer-
ing Works 625

Emrath, Louis 621

Engineers: J. M. Ewen Co... 593
Engineers: Phillips, Getschow

Company 625

EngineeringWorks: C.F.Elmes 625
Engravers: Marshall-Jackson

Company 609

Engravers: S. D. Childs i& Co. 647

Ericsson, Henry Co 643

Ewen, John M., Co 593

Farm Power 630

Federal Life, The 573

Fencing Wire 601

Fireworks: Pain Co 99

Furnaces, Doylair ,. 605

Gage Brothers & Co 615

Gasoline Engines 630, 631

Germ-No-Milk 641

Grain: Bartlet-Frazier Co 645

Grain Merchants; J. Rosen-

baum Co 617

Greenebaum Sons, Banking... 583

Harrows 634, 635

Hoe, R., & Co 664

Hydros Products 60S

Ice Cream, Hydrox 603

Illinois Brick Co 647

Illinois Life Insurance Co

....Opposite Inside Front Cover
Inks, Printing, Lithographic:

Geo. H. Morrill & Co

Opposite Title Page

Insurance: Federal Life 673

Insurance: Marsh & McLennan

Inside Front Cover

Insurance: U. S. Annuity &

Life 577

Internat'l Harvester Co... 630, 637
Investments: Russell, Brew-

ster & Co 581

Jenny Electric Motors 643

Joyce & Co 629

Keeley Institute 622

Knab's Restaurants 621

Kohler System 613

Lands; Bitter Root Valley Co. 697
Life Insurance: Illinois Life

Opposite Inside Front Cover

Machinist: Louis Emrath 621

Manure Spreaders 636, 637

Marsh & McLennan

Inside Front Cover

Marshall-Jackson Co 609

Maryland Casualty Co 679

McGillen, John 683

Merchants Loan & Trust Co..

Outside Back Cover

Metal, Stereotype, etc 685

Metropolitan Elevated 619

Millinery: Gage Brothers & Co. 615
Morrill, Geo. H., Co

Opposite Title Page

Nat'l Malleable Castings Co.. 639

National Surety Co 629

Northwestern Elevated 619

Northwestern Paper Stock Co. 611

Oak Park Elevated 619

Offices; City Hall Square Bldg. 587

Oils: Bartlell Bros 625

Outdoor Advertising : Thos. Cu-
sack Co... Inside Back Fly Leaf
Pain Fireworks Display Co 599
Paper Stock Co., Northwest'n 611

Phillips, Getschow Co 625

Press Controllers 613

Printers: Marshall-Jackson Co. 609
Printers: S. D. Childs & Co... 647

Printers' Rollers 691

Printers' Supplies: Barnhart

Bros. l& Spindler 629

Printing: Regan Prinfg House 617
Printing: The Ryan & Hart Co. 615
Printing Presses: R. Hoel&Co. 664
Real Estate and Loans: H.

H. Walker & Co 579

Regan Printing House 617

Restaurants, Knab's 621

Rosenbaum, J., Grain Co 617

Russell. Brewster & Co 581

Ryan, The, & Hart Co 615

Sam'l Bingham's Son Mfg. Co. 591

Schott, The W. H., Co 607

Separators for Farms 632, 633

South Side Elevated 619

Stationers: Marshall-Jackson

Company 609

Stationers: S. D. Childs & Co. 647

Stoves, Doylair 605

Surety Co., National 629

Transferring: Arthur Dixon Co. 629
United States Annuity & Life

Insurance Co 577

Vacuum Cleaners 643

Walker, H. H., & Co 679

Waller Coal Co 621

Wanzer, Sidney, & Sons 641

White Sox Ball Park 626, 627

Wir Fence. 601

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS
ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK

1912.

Astronomical calculations prepared by Berlin H. Wright, De Land, Fla., and expressed in mean local
me unless otherwise indicated.

THE SEASONS AND SUN'S APPARENT PATH THROUGH THE ZODIAC.
Central standard time.

Sun enters.

Sign. Constellation. D.

f December 22,

January 21,

X February

March
April
May
June
July
August
September 23,
October 23,
November 22,
December 21, 10 45
D. H. M.
89 44
89 18 37

M. D. H. M.

45 p. m., 1911 Winter begins and lasts 89 44 south of equator

29 a, m., 15)12

5ti p. m., 1912

29 p. m., 1912 Spring begins and lasts 92 19 48 north of equator

14 a. m., 1912

57 a. m,, 1912

17 p. m., 1912 Summer begins and lasts 93 14 51 north of equator.

14 a m., 1912

2 a. m., 1912

8 a. m., 1912 Autumn begins and lasts 89 18 37 south of equator

50 p. m., 1912

9 48 a. m., 1!)12

p. m., 1912 Winter begins. Tropical year 3ti5

D. H. M,

92 19 48

93 14 51

178 19 21 south of equator.

178

39 north of equator.

7 15 18 longer north of the equator than

south of it, owing to the slower motion of the earth (sun's apparent motion) when at and near aphelion
or farthest from the sun.

ERAS OF TIME.

The Gregorian year 1912 corresponds to the following eras:
The latter part of the 136th and the beginning of
the 137th year of the Independence of the United
States of America.

The year 1330 of the Mohammedan era, beginning
Dec. 22, 1911; the year 1331 begins Dec. 11 *

UUV. 661 AffAi , LUG JVZUl -lOLli. UCgJUD A^C*. 4.A. 1912'.

The year A. M. 8021 of the Greek church, begin-
ning Jan. 14

The year 4609 (nearly) of the Chinese era, begin-
ning Feb. 18.

The yoar 5672-73 (nearly) of the Jewish era; year

5673 begins at sunset Sept. 11.
The year 2572 of the Japanese era, beginning

Feb. 18.
The year 6625 of the Julian period.

The year 7420-21 of the Byzantine era, beginning

Sept. 1.

The first day of January is the 2,419,403d day
the beginning of the Julian period.

ince

CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES.

Dominical letters G. P.

Epact (moon's age Jan. 1).... 11

Solar cycle

Roman Indictiou.

Lunar cycle (golden number).. 13

EXPLANATORY NOTE Tbe Dominical letter or
letters (two for leap year), or Sunday letters,
Indicate the day of the year on which the first
Sunday occurs, the first seven letters of the al-
phabet being used. Thus, for 1910, the Dominical
letter is B, the second letter of tho alphabet, and
hence the second day of the year will De the first
Sunday of the year. In leap years two letters are
used, the first being for January and February,
and the latter, being the preceding letter, an-
swers for the last ten months, in order to main-
tain the cycle. Tlie rule for obtaining the Do-
minical letter for any year is somewhat compli-
cated and for that reason is omitted here. The
Golden Number is that number of a cycle of nine-
teen years which shows how many years have
elapsed since the new moon fell on Jan. 1, for in
nearly nineteen years the solar and lunar yeara
nearly come together. The chief use of this cycle
la In fixing the date of Easter, and in this same
connection is used the Epact. The Solar Cycle
la the number of years that have elapsed since
the days of the week fell on the same days of
:he year, or when there will, therefore, be a recur-

17 nionyslan period 241

10 Jewish lunar cycle 10

rence of the Dominical or Sunday Letter. This
would be the case every seven years but for leap
year, hence four times seven Is the cycle, or
twenty-eight years. It is the remainder found by
adding nine to the year and dividing the sum by
twenty-eight. The Roman Indiction Is a cycle of
fifteen years and Is of no utility except to chro-
nologers. It Is the remainder found by adding
three to the year and dividing by fifteen. The
Julian Period is a cycle of 7,980 years and is the
product of the three cycles. Golden Number (19),
Solar Cycle (28) and Roman Indiction (15), and
hence shows the time when these cycles will co-
incide, or begin at the same time. The first of
this cycle will be completed In the year 2267; It
is the year + 4713. The Dionysian Period la u
cycle of 532 years and is called the great Paschal
p.rcle. being the product of a completed solar and
lunar cycle (28X19). It Is the remainder found
by adding: 457 to the year and dividing by 532,
and with the Julian Period is chiefly used by
chronologers. The Jewish Lunar Cycle is always
three less than the Golden Number and is used
by the Jews In fixing the time of their festivals.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

JEWISH OR HEBREW CALENDAR YEAR 5672-73 A. M.
The year 5072 is the 10th of the 299th cycle of 19 years.

, MONTH >

Year. Number. Name. Day. Fast or festival. Gregorian date.

5672 6 Sh'vat 1 Rosh-Chodush Saturday, January 20, 1912

&672 6 Adar 1 Uosh-Chodesh Sunday -Monday, February 18-19, 1912

5672 ti Adar 13 Fast of Esther, -Saturday, March 2, 1912

5672 6 Adar 14 and 15 Purim Sunday-Monday, March 3-4, 1912

5872 7 Nissan 1 Hosh-Chodesh Tuesday, March 19, 1912

5872 7 Xlssan 15 First day of Passover Tuesday, April 2, 1U12

5672.

lyar 1 Rosh-Chodesh Wednesday-Thursday, April 17-18, 1912

5672. 8 lyar 18 Lag B'Omer(33d day of Omer) Sunday, May 5. 1912

5872

9..

....Sivan

1...

...liosh-Chodesh Friday, May 17, 1912

5872

9..

.... Sivan....

6...

...First day of Pentecost Wednesdav, May 22. 1M12

5672

10..

Tammuz ,

1...

. . .Rosh-Chodesh Saturday-Sunday, June la-lti, 1912

5672

10..

Tammuz

17...

. . .Fast of Tammuz Tuesday, J uly 2. 1912

5G72

11...

,...Av or Ab

1...

...Rosh-Chodesh Monday, July 15, 1912

5672

11 .,

, ...Avor Ab

9...

...Fast of Av Tuesday, July 23,1912

5672..

13.

....Kllul

1. .

...Rosh-Chodesh Tuesday-Wednesday, August 13-14, 1912

5673

1...

....Tishri

1...

...1st day of New Year Thursday, September 12, 1912

5673

I...

....Tishri

. . .Fast of Gedaliah tSaturday, September 14, 1912

5673

1..,

,... Tishri..

10...

. . . Yom Ki ppoor Saturday, September 21 , 1912

5673

1...

...Tishri

15...

...First Day of Tabernacles Thursday, September 26, 1912

5673

1..,

,... Tishri

. . .Hoshannah-Rabbah Wednesday, October 2. 1912

5673

1. ,

....Tishri

23...

. . .Sh'mini-Atseres Thursday, October 3. 1912

5673

1...

...Tishri

23...

. ..Simchas-Torah Friday, October 4, 1912

5673

2...

, ...Chesvan

1...

. . .Rosh-Chodfsh Friday-Saturday, October 11-12, 1912

5673

3...

...Kislev

1...

. . .Rosh-Chodesh Sunday-Monday, November 10-11. 1912

5673

3...

...Kislev

25...

...First day of Chanukah Thursday, Decembers, 1912

5673

4...

...Tebet

1...

...Rosh-Chodesh Tuesday- Wednesday. December 10-11, 1912

5673

4...

...Tebct

10...

...Fast of Tebet Friday, December 20, 1912

6673

5...

...Sh'vat

1...

. . .Rosh-Chodesh Thursday, J anuary 9, 1913

Observed previous Thursday. tObserved the following day.

GREEK CHTJKCH AND RUSSIAN CAIENDAR--A. D. 1912. A. M. 8021.

New
style.

Old
style.

HOLY DAYS.

New
style.

Old
style.

HOLY DA YS.

Jan. 14

Jan. 1

Circumcision.

July 12

June 29

Peter and Paul, Chief Apostles.

Jan. 19

Jan. 6

Theophany (Epiphany).

Aug. 14

Aug. 1

First Day of Theotokos.

Feb. 4

Jan. 22

Septuagesitna Sunday.

Aug. 19

Aug. 6

Transfiguration .

Feb. 11

Jan. 29

Carnival Sunday.

Aug.28

Aug. 15

Repose of Theotokos.

Feb. 15

Feb. 2

Hypopante (Purification).

Sept.l^

Aug. 30

St. Alexander Nevsky.*

Feb. 25

Feb. 12

First Sunday in Lent.

8ept.21

Sept. 8

Nativity of Theotokos.

Men. 31

Mch.18

Palm Sunday.

Sept.27

Sept. 14

Exaltation of the Cross.

April 5

Mch. 23

Great (Good) Friday.

Oct. 14

Oct. 1

Patronage of Theotokos.

April 7

Mch.2r,

Holy Pasch (Easter).

Nov. 28

Nov. 15

First Day of Nativity.

May 6

Apl. 23

St. George.

Dec. 4

Nov. 21

Entrance of Tneo tokos.

May 16

May 3

Ascension.

Dec. 21

Dec. 8

Conception of Theotokos.

May 22

May 9

St. Nicholas.

1913.

May W

May 13

Pentecost.

Jan. 7

Dec. 25

Nativity (Christmas).

May 27

May 14

Coronation of Emperor.*

*Observed only in Russia.

CHINESE CALENDAR YEARa 4.609.

1st month begins Feb. 18, 1912

2d month begins March 19

3d month begins April 17

4th month begins May 17

5th month begins June 15

6th month begins July 14

7th mouth begins August 13

8th month begins.... September 11

9th mouth begins October 10

10th month begins November 9

llth month begins December 9

12th month begins Jan. 7, 1913

The year 4609 Is the 49th of the 76th cycle of 60 years.

Year. No.

1330.... 1..

1330.... 2..

1330.

4..
5.
8.
1330.... 7.

-MONTH .

Name.

. . . .Muharrem

....Saphar

....Rabial

....Rabiall

... Jomhadi I

Jomhadi 11

....Rajeb

EAMMEDAN CALE

Lasts
Begins. Days.
..Dec, 22, 1911 30
..January 21. 1912. .'.!9
.February 19 30
..March 20 29
..April 18 30
..May 18 29
..June 16 30

NDAR--YEJ

Year. No.
1330.... 8...

im;"ib:;;

1330.. ..11...
1330.... 12...
1331.... 1...
1331.... 2...

LR 1330-31.

MONTH >
Name.
...Sheban
...Ramadan

Lasts
Begins. Days.
July 16 29
August 14 80
September 13 29

.. JJulkaeda

October 12 30
November 11.... 30

...Muharrem..
...Saphar

December 11 30
January 10, 1913. .29

The year 1330 is the 10th in the 45th cycle of 30 years.

EASTER SUNDAY DATES.

1907 March 81 I 1909 April 11 I 1911 April Ifi I 1913 March 23 I 1915 April 4

1908 April 19 I 1910 March 27 I 1912 April 7 I 1914 April 12 I 1916 April 28

The time of the celebration of the principal church days which depend upon Easter Is as follows:

Days. Before Easter.

Septuagcsima Sunday 9 weeks

First Sunday in Lent 6 weeks

Ash Wednesday (beginning of Lent) 46 days

Palm Sunday 8 days

Days. After Easter.

Rogation Sunday 5 weeks

Ascension Day (Holy Thursday) 40 days

Pentecost (Whitsunday) 7 weeks

Trinity Sunday , 8 weeks

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Full Moon, 4th. . . MO MTH
C Last Quar., llth. lst R IH '

JANUARY, 1912.

New Moon, 19th

L-,

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul. N. E.

Neb., N.Y., Pa.,

Va., Ky., Mo.,

Wis. and Mich..

w
p
M

*
fc*

DAY

SUN AT

NOON

MOON

ME-

S. Wis., S. Mich.,
N. 111., Ind., 0.

Kas., Col., Cal.,
Ind., Ohio.

N. E. New York,
Minn.. Ore.

WEEK

HARK.

RID-

Moou

Moon

(

IAN.

Sun

sets

Sun

sets

Sun

sets

)

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

Con.D.

H. M. 8.

11. M.

H. M.

II. M.

H. M.

~H. M.

H. M.

366

Monday

tf 4

12 3 19

933

728

439

411

716

451

4 1

739

429

421

3i 15

Tuesday...-.

V 19

12 3 43

1037

728

440

531

716

452

518

739

430

544

3!M

Wednesday

H 4

12 4 16

1145

728

442

646

716

453

632

738

431

7 1

3<i3

Thursday...

K 20

12 4 44

morn

728

443

rises

716

453

rises

738

432

rises

302

Friday

12 5 11

7 28

444

6 7

716

454

619

738

433

555

361

Saturday. . .

12 5 38

157

728

445

727

716

455

735

738

434

718

:!i;o

SUNDAY ...

n 5

12 6 4

255

727

446

845

716

456

851

738

435

840

359

Monday

n 19

12 6 30

347

727

447

959

716

457

10 1

737

436

956

358

Tuesday....

HP 2

12 6 56

435

727

448

11 8

716

458

11 8

737

437

11 8

357

Wednesday

TIP 16

12 7 21

520

727

449

morn

716

459

morn

737

438

morn

35ii

Thursday . .

HP 28

12 7 45

6 4

727

449

716

5 1

737

439

355

Friday

~ 11

12 8 9

648

726

450

122

715

5 2

117

736

440

127

354

Saturday. . .

^ 23

12 8 33

733

726

451

228

715

5 3

220

73(5

441

236

3., 3

SUNDAY ..

Til 5

12 8 56

819

726

452

333

715

5 4

323

736

442

344

351'

Monday

m 17

12 9 18

9 8

726

454

438

715

5 5

426

736

444

451

351

Tuesday

m so

12 9 39

958

725

455

540

714

5 6

526

735

446

554

350

Wednesday

^ 11

12 9 60

1049

725

456

635

714

5 7

620

734

447

650

3.111

Thursday.. .

? 22

12 10 20

1140

724

458

722

713

5 8

7 8

734

448

7H6

3. IS

Friday

-8 4

12 10 39

ev. 50

723

459

sets

713

5 9

sets

733

449

sets

317

Saturday...

S 1(5

12 10 58

117

722

610

712

510

619

732

450

3-H i

SUNDAY .

* 28

12 11 16

2 2

722

5 1

714

712

512

721

731

452

7 7

345

Monday ....

- 11

12 11 33

245

721

5 2

819

711

513

823

730

454

814

341

Tuesday. ..

- 23

12 11 49

328

720

5 3

923

711

514

925

729

455

921

313

Wednesday

H 5

12 12 5

4 8

720

5 4

1026

710

515

1025

729

456

1026

342

Thursday...

K 18

12 12 20

450

719

5 5

1131

710

516

1128

728

457

1134

341

2(5

Friday

T 1

12 12 34

535

719

5 6

morn

7 9

516

morn

727

458

morn

341)

Saturday...

T 15

12 12 47

624

7 18

5 7

7 9

517

726

459

33!)

SUNDAY..

T 28

12 12 59

717

5 8

152

7 8

518

144

725

5 1

2 1

338

Monday

V 13

12 13 11

817

716

5 9

3 4

7 8

519

253

724

5 3

316

337

Tuesday ...

tf 27

12 13 21

921

715

511

422

7 7

520

4 8

723

5 5

436

33(5

Wednesday

V 12

12 13 31

1028

715

512

533

7 6

521

518

722

5 6

548

Full Moon. 2(1.
Last Qnar.. 9th.

-. MO TH FFRRTTAPY
2d MON1 r g*PU AR I t

T>AV<; New Moon, 17th.
DAYS. s

First Quar

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. EX

Neb.. N.Y., Pa.,

Va.. Kv.. Mo.,

Wis. and Mich..

DAY

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich.,

Kas., Col., Cal..

N. E. New York,

fcc

STTN AT
NOON

ME-

N. 111.. Ind.. 0.

Ind., Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

\\KKK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

sets

Sun

sets

Sun

sets

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

Con.D.

H. M. S.

H. M.

n. M.

H. M.

335

Thursday..

K 28

12 13 40

1134

513

634

7 5

522

621

721

5 7

649

3)1

Friday

12 13 48

morn

712

514

rises

7 4

523

rises

720

5 8

rises

333

Saturday...

12 13 56

711

515

617

7 3

525

624

719

510

6 9

332

SUNDAY..

fl 13

12 14 2

132

710

517

734

7 2

526

738

717

511

780

331

Monday....

O 27

12 14 8

223

7 9

519

839

7 1

527

840

716

512

838

Tuesday . . .

TIP 11

12 14 13

311

7 8

520

959

528

958

715

514

10 1

32!)

Wednesday

HP 24

12 14 17

357

7 6

521

11 8

659

529

11 4

713

5 15

11 12

32S

Thursday...

o 7

12 14 20

442

7 5

523

morn

658

530

morn

712

516

morn

327

Friday

a 19

12 14 23

528

7 4

524

657

532

710

518

32ii

Saturday ..

Ti 2

12 14 25

614

7 3

525

123

656

533

114

7 9

520

1 33

325

SUNDAY..

in 14

12 14 26

7 3

7 2

526

230

655

534

218

7 7

522

242

324

Monday

in. 26

12 14 26

753

7 1

527

333

651

535

319

7 5

523

347

323

Tuesday ...

* 7

12 14 25

844

528

430

653

536

415

7 4

524

445

322

Wednesday

* 19

12 14 24

935

659

530

519

651

538

5 5

7 3

526

534

32 1

Thursday ..

5 1

12 14 22

1025

658

532

6 2

650

539

549

7 2

527

6 16

320

Friday

-5 13

12 14 20

1114

65(5

533

636

649

540

626

7 1

529

648

S19

Saturday ..

5 25

12 14 16

1200

654

534

7 4

648

541

655

659

531

713

318

SUNDAY..

12 14 12

ev. 43

652

536

sets

646

542

sets

657

532

sets

317

1!)

Monday....

- 20

12 14 7

126

650

538

715

645

544

717

65')

534

712

316

Tuesday . . .

X 2

12 14 2

2 8

649

539

820

644

545

820

654

535

8 20

315

Wednesday

X 15

12 13 55

250

647

540

925

643

546

922

652

536

927

314

Thursday..

X 28

12 13 48

334

646

541

1033

641

547

1027

650

538

1038

313

Friday

T 11

12 13 41

420

645

543

1142

640

548

1134

648

539

1150

312

Saturday...

T 25

12 13 33

511

641

544

morn

639

549

morn

647

540

morn

311

SUNDAY..

V 8

12 13 24

6 7

643

545

638

550

4 >

646

542

1 6

310

Monday

tf 23

12 13 14

7 7

641

546

2 8

636

551

155

644

543

2?2

300

Tuesday

n 7

12 13 4

811

6:^9

547

319

683

551

3 4

643

545

334

30 S

Wednesday

K 22

12 12 54

915

638

548

423

634

552

4 8

641

546

438

307

Thursday . . ,

9 6

12 12 43

1017

637

549

515

6 33

553

5 2

640

547

528

For far western points within any of tlio above zones of latitude add 2 ruin, for each h ur of longitude to
tne moon's rising, sotting and southing.

For far eastern points subtract 2 ruin, for each hour of longitude from moon's rising, setting and southing.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

K;$th. 3d MONTH. MARCH, 1912. 31 DAYS, f

LastQuar.

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111..

St. Paul. N. B.

Neb., N.Y., Pa..

Va.. Ky.. Mo.,

Wis. and Mich.,

MOON

S. Wis.. S. Mich..

Kas., Col., Cal.,

N. E. New York,

DAY

8PN AT

N. 111.. Ind.. O.

Ind., Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

NOON

ME-

WEEK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

sets

Snn

sets

Sun

sets

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises

sets.

and

rises.

Con.D.

H. M. 8.

H. M.

n. M.

H. M.

a. M.

H. M.

306

Friday

12 12 31

1115

636

550

559

632

554

548

639

548

6 7

305

Saturday. . .

a 6

12 12 19

morn

635

551

rises

631

555

rises

638

549

rises

304

SUNDAY..

C 21

12 12 6

634

553

622

630

556

624

636

5 50

619

303

Monday....

HP 6

12 11 53

632

554

734

628

557

733

634

552

734

302

Tuesday

TIP 19

12 11 39

145

630

556

847

626

558

844

632

553

850

301

Wednesday

*> 2

12 11 25

232

628

557

957

624

559

951

630

555

10 3

300
299

7
8

Thursday..
Friday

> 15
= 28

12 11 11
12 10 56

318
4 6

626
624

558
559

11 7
morn

623
621

1058
1155

628
627

556
557

1116
morn

298

Saturday...

m 10

12 10 41

455

622

619

6 2

morn

625

558

297

SUNDAY . .

m 22

12 10 25

545

620

6 1

122

618

6 3

1 9

623

136

206

Monday....

if 4

12 10 9

637

618

6 8

223

617

6 4

3 8

621

6 2

238

295

Tuesday....

if 16

12 9 54

728

617

6 4

315

616

6 6

3 1

619

6 3

330

294

Wednesday

* 28

12 fi 37

819

615

6 6

4 1

614

6 6

347

617

6 4

415

293

Thursday . .

* 10

12 9 20

9 8

613

6 7

437

613

6 7

425

615

6 5

449

292

Friday

* 22

12 9 3

955

611

6 7

5 7

612

6 7

457

613

6 6

518

291

Saturday. .

- 4

12 8 46

1040

610

6 8

532

610

6 8

524

611

6 7

6.39

290

SUNDAY..

- 16

12 8 29

1123

6 9

552

6 8

6 9

548

6 9

6 8

557

289

Monday

- 29

12 8 11

ev. 6

6 7

610

sets

6 6

610

sets

6 7

6 9

sets

288

Tuesday

X 11

12 7 54

6 5

611

715

6 4

611

713

6 5

610

717

287

Wednesday

H 25

12 7 36

131

6 4

612

822

6 3

612

817

6 3

611

326

286

Thursday...

T 8

12 7 18

218

6 2

613

933

6 2

613

926

6 1

613

941

285

Friday

T 22

12 7

3 8

614

1045

6 1

614

1035

615

1055

284

Saturday...

V 5

12 6 42

4 2

558

615

1147

558

616

morn

283

SUNDAY..

V 19

12 6 23

5 1

556

616

morn

559

616

morn

556

617

282

Monday....

H 3

12 6 5

6 3

554

617

112

557

617

554

619

1 27

281

Tuesday....

x 18

12 5 47

7 5

553

619

216

555

618

2 2

552

620

231

280

Wednesday

12 5 28

8 6

552

620

311

552

619

258

550

621

326

279

Thursday . .

8 16

12 5 10

9 4

551

621

356

550

620

344

548

622

4 8

278

Friday

12 4 51

957

550

622

431

549

621

422

546

624

440

277

Saturday . .

a 15

12 4 33

1047

548

624

459

548

622

453

544

626

5 4

276

SUNDAY . .

n 2i'

12 4 15

1135

546

625

522

546

623

520

543

627

525

iFnll Moon. 1st.
LastQuar., 9th.

4th MONTH. APRIL, 1912. 30 DAYS.

New Moon. 17th.
5 First Quar., 24th.

a
I*

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis. S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. E.

Neb.. N.Y.. Pa.,

Va.. Ky., Mo.,

Wis. and Mich.,

MOON

S. Wis.. S. Mich..

Has., Col., Cal..

N. E. New York.

DAY

\ &
-oo

stm AT

IN
ME-

N. 111.. Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

NOON

RID-

Moon

!K
,.

MARK.

IAN.

Sun

Snn

rises

Snn

rises

Snn

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

~* JJ

Con.D.

H. M. 8.

H. M.

B. M.

H. M.

275

Monday....

HP 13

12 3 57

morn

544

626

rises

545

624

rises

54-2

628

rises

274

Tuesday....

TIP 27

12 3 39

543

627

734

543

625

730

540

629

739

273

Wednesday

a 10

12 3 21

1 8

541

628

846

542

626

839

538

630

856

272

Thursday...

= 23

12 3 3

155

539

629

957

540

626

947

536

631

10 7

271

Friday

m 5

12 2 45

244

537

630

11 5

539

627

1053

534

632

11 18

270

Saturday ..

m 18

12 2 28

335

535

631

morn

537

628

1155

53^

634

morn

269

SUNDAY..

m 30

12 2 10

427

533

632

536

629

morn

530

635

268

Monday

* 12

12 1 53

519

531

633

531

630

528

636

1 4

100

267

Tuesday

if 24

12 1 37

611

529

634

155

533

631

141

520

637

210

101

266

Wednesday

12 1 21

7 1

527

635

236

531

632

223

524

639

250

102

265

Thursday . .

6 18

12 1 4

748

526

636

3 7

529

633

256

523

640

3 18

103

264

Friday

-6 30

12 48

833

524

637

334

528

634

325

521

641

343

104

263

Saturday...

12 33

917

525

638

357

526

635

351

519

642

4 3

105

262

SUNDAY..

- 25

12 17

959

521

639

416

524

636

412

518

643

419

106

261

Monday....

! v 7

12 3

1042

520

640

437

523

636

436

517

645

438

107

260

Tuesday

H 21

11 59 48

1126

519

642

456

522

637

458

515

646

454

108

259

Wednesday

T 4

11 59 34

ev. 12

517

643

sets

521

638

sets

513

647

sets

109

258

Thursday..

T 18

11 59 20

1 1

516

644

831

519

639

822

511

648

840

110

257

Friday

V 2

11 59 7

155

514

645

946

518

640

935

5 9

649

958

111

256

Saturday . .

V 16

11 58 54

254

512

646

517

641

1047

5 7

651

11 15

112

255

SUNDAY...

V 30

11 58 41

356

510

647

morn

516

642

1154

5 4

653

mom

113

254

Monday...

x 14

11 58 29

459

5 9

648

5 15

642

morn

5 2

654

114

253

Tuesday

H 29

11 58 18

6 1

5 7

649

1 7

514

643

656

1 20

115

252

Wednesday

& 13

11 58 6

659

5 5

650

156

513

644

144

459

657

2 8

116

251

Thursday..

11 57 56

762

5 4

652

234

511

645

224

458

658

244

117

250

Friday

11 57 45

842

5 3

653

3 3

5 9

646

256

457

659

310

118

249

Saturday...

a 25

11 57 36

929

5 2

654

328

5 7

646

324

456

332

119

248

SUNDAY...

TIP 8

11 57 26

1014

655

350

5 5

647

349

454

7 1

351

120

247

Monday....

TIP 22

11 57 17

459

656

410

5 4

649

412

452

7 3

4 8

121

246

Tuesday ...

* 5

11 57 9

1146

457

657

431

5 3

650

436

450

7 4

426

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

i Full Moon, 1st.
Last Quar., 9th.

5th MONTH. MAY, 1912. 31 DAYS.

New Moon, 16th.
1) First Quar., 23d.
Full Moon, 30th.

Chicaeo, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111..

St. Paul. N. E.

m
^

Neb., N.Y.. Pa.,

Va.. Ky., Mo.,

Wis. and Mich..

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich..

Kas.. Col., Cal.,

N. B. New York.

DAY

SUN AT

N. 111., Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

NOON

ME-

WEEK.

MAUK.

RID-

Moou

Moon

M
^,

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Son

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

rsets.

Con. D.

H. M. 8.

H. M.

H. If.

H. M.

H. H.

H. M.

122

245

Wednesday

" 18

11 57 1

morn

456

658

rises

5 2

651

rises

449

7 5

rises

123

241

Thursday .

m i

11 5654

455

659

849

5 1

652

837

448

7 6

9 1

124

243

Friday

m is

11 56 47

125

454

950

653

938

44ti

7 7

10 2

125

242

Saturday...

m 20

11 56 41

217

453

7 2

1050

459

654

1038

444

7 8

11 2

12(5

241

SUNDAY ..

* 8

11 5(5 35

310

452

7 8

1149

458

655

1135

443

710

morn

127

240

Monday

* 20

1 1 56 30

4 2

450

7 4

morn

457

656

morn

442

711

128

2.".',t

Tuesday....

11 56 26

453

449

7 6

456

657

440

712

129

238

Wednesday

11 56 22

541

448

7 6

1 7

455

658

439

713

1 19

130

237

Thursday ..

11 56 19

627

446

7 7

135

454

659

125

438

714

145

131

2:!(i

Friday

- 8

11 56 16

711

445

7 8

159

453

152

437

716

2 6

132

235

Saturday ..

- 20

11 56 14

753

444

7 9

219

452

215

436

717

224

133

2:! 1

SUNDAY..

11 56 13

835

442

710

239

451

7 1

237

435

718

241

134

233

Monday....

X 15

11 56 12

917

441

711

259

450

7 2

434

719

25S

135

232

Tuesday....

X 29

11 50 12

10 2

44)

712

320

449

7 3

323

432

720

316

130

231

Wednesday

T 13

11 56 12

10 50

439

713

343

448

7 3

349

431

721

336

137

2:;o

It!

Thursday ..

T 27

11 56 13

1143

438

714

413

448

7 4

422

430

723

4 4

138

22!)

Friday

V 11

11 56 14

ev. 41

437

715

sets

447

7 5

sets

429

724

sets

13fi

228

Saturday ..

W 26

11 56 16

144

436

716

956

446

7 6

941

428

725

1011

140

227

SUNDAY..

K 10

11 56 19

249

435

717

11 1

445

7 7

1046

427

726

11 16

141

22(5

Monday....

K 25

11 56 22

353

434

718

1153

444

7 8

1140

426

727

morn

142

225

Tuesday

a 9

11 56 25

454

434

719

uiorn

444

7 9

morn

425

728

143

224

Wednesday

8 24

11 56 29

549

433

720

443

710

424

729

144

22::

Thursday..

1 1 56 34

640

432

721

1 5

443

711

423

730

113

145

222

Friday

) 22

11 56 39

727

431

722

132

442

712

128

422

731

137

14(5

22 1

Saturday...

TIP 5

1 1 56 45

812

430

723

154

442

713

153

421

732

156

147

220

2( i

SUNDAY . .

TIP 18

11 56 51

857

429

724

216

441

713

217

420

734

215

148

210

Monday ....

11 56 57

942

428

725

236

441

714

240

419

735

232

149

218

Tuesday

* 14

11 57 4

1029

427

726

258

440

715

3 5

418

736

' 252

150

217

Wednesday

=* 27

11 57 12

1118

426

727

323

439

716

332

417

737

3 14

151

21(5

Thursday . .

m 9

1 1 57 20

morn

426

728

rises

439

717

rises

416

738

rises

152

215

Friday

m 22

11 57 28

426

729

843

438

717

829

416

739

858

<j[ Last Quar., 7th.
New Moon, 15th.

6th MONTH. . JUNE, 1912. 30 DAYS.

5 First Quar., 21st.
Full Moon, 29th.

H
H

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. E.

Neb., N.Y.. Pa..

Va.. Ky., Mo..

Wis. and Mich..

MOON

S. Wis.. S. Mich.,

Kas.. Col., Cal.,

N. E. New York,

>
fc

DAY

SUN AT

NOON

ME-

N. 111.. Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

-Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

MAUK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

ConD.

H. M. 8.

H. 11.

H. H.

H. M.

153

214

Saturday. . .

f 4

11 57 3*

1 1

425

729

941

438

718

927

415

740

9 56

154

213

SUNDAY..

* 16

11 57 4ii

154

425

730

1028

438

719

1014

415

741

1043

155

212

Monday....

f 28

11 57 56

246

425

730

11 7

438

719

1054

414

741

11 20

150

211

Tuesday....

* 10

11 58 5

335

425

731

1136

437

720

1126

414

742

11 47

157

210

5 Wednesday

* 22

11 58 15

422

425

731

morn

437

720

1154

414

742

morn

158

2011

6 Thursday..

- 4

11 58 2(5

5 6

424

732

437

721

morn

413

743

151>

208

7 .Friday

11 58 37

548

424

733

437

721

413

743

1(>0

207

8 Saturday ..

- 28

11 5848

629

424

733

436

722

413

744

161

201)

SUNDAY...

X 10

11 58 59

710

424

734

436

722

413

744

1 1

162

205

Monday....

X 23

11 59 12

753

423

734

121

436

723

123

412

745

1 19

1C3

_'(I4

Tuesday....

T 7

11 59 24

838

423

735

143

436

724

147

412

746

138

1G4

203

Wednesday

T 21

11 59 36

928

423

736

2 8

436

724

215

412

747

1(55

202

Thursday...

11 59 47

1024

423

737

241

43(5

725

252

412

747

230

166

201

Friday

12 1

1125

423

737

324

430

725

337

412

748

310

167

200

Saturday ..

H 5

12 14

ev. 31

423

738

sets

43(5

725

sets

412

749

sets

108

inn

its

SUNDAY..

H 20

12 27

138

423

738

943

436

726

929

412

750

967

1K9

198

Monday....

8 5

12 40

242

423

739

1030

430

726

1019

412

750

1038

170

HIT

Tuesday....

8 20

12 63

341

423

739

11 7

430

726

1058

4 12

751

11 15

171

i9f>

Wednesday

12 1 6

435

423

739

1136

436

726

1131

412

751

1142

172

195

Thursday . .

12 1 19

525

423

739

436

726

11 57

412

761

morn

173
174

194
193

Friday
Saturday ..

TIP 2
HP 15

12 1 32
12 1 45

611
656

424
424

740
740

uiorn
21

430
4S7

726

727

morn
21

412
413

751
751

20=

17:>

192

SUNDAY..

np 28

12 1 53

741

424

740

437

727

413

751

176

191

Monday...

o 11

12 2 11

826

424

740

1 4

437

727

1 9

413

751

177

190

Tuesday ...

- 24

12 2 23

914

424

740

12(5

438

727

135

413

751

118

178

189

Wednesday

m 6

12 2 33

10 4

425

740

1 55

438

727

2 6

413

751

144

179

188

Thursday . .

m is

12 2 48

1056

425

740

229

438

727

242

4 14

751

215

180

1*7

Friday

f i

12 3 1

1148

425

740

312

439

727

32tf

414

761

267

181

186

Saturday...

f 13

12 3 13

morn

425

740

rises

439

727

rises

414

761

rises

182

185

3 I

SUNDAY..

if 25

12 3 24

426

740

9 5

440

727

8. S3

415

761

919

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Last Quar., 7th.
i New Moon, 14th.

7th MONTH. JULY, 1912.

$ First Quar., 21st.
Full Moon, 28th.

Chicago. Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. B.

Neb., N.Y.. Pa.,

Va.. Kv., Mo.,

Wis. and Mich.,

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich.,

Kas.. Col., Cal.,

N. E. New York,

DAY

Sl T N AT

NOON

ME-

N. 111.. Ind., O.

Ind., Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

MAKK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

;

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

ets.

Oon.D.

H. M. S.

fl. M.

H. M.

B. M.

H. M.

183

184

Monday....

-6 6

12 3 36

130

427

740

938

440

727

927

416

751

950

184

183

Tuesday

* 18

12 3 47

218

428

740

10 3

440

727

955

417

751

1012

185

1 *2

Wednesday

* 30

12 3 59

3 2

429

740

1027

441

727

1021

418

751

1033

186

181

Thursday..

- 12

12 9

345

429

740

1047

441

727

1043

418

751

1051

187

180

Friday

- 24

12 20

426

430

740

11 5

442

727

11 4

419

751

11 7

188

179

Saturday...

X 6

12 30

5 6

431

739

1124

443

726

11 25

420

750

11 23

189

178

SUNDAY..

X 19

12 40

547

432

739

1143

443

726

1147

421

750

1139

190

177

Monday....

T 2

12 49

630

432

739

morn

444

726

morn

421

750

morn

191

176

Tuesday

T 15

12 57

717

433

739

444

725

422

749

192

175

Wednesday

T 29

12 5 7

8 8

433

738

445

725

422

749

193

174

Thursday . .

V 13

12 5 16

9 6

434

737

113

44-5

724

125

423

748

194

173

Friday

V 28

12 5 24

10 9

435

737

446

724

214

421

747

145

195

172

Saturday...

K 13

12 5 31

1116

435

736

3 3

447

724

3 17

424

746

248

196

171

SUNDAY..

K 29

12 5 33

ev.22

436

736

sets

447

723

sets

425

746

sets

197

170

Monday

8 14

12 5 44

126

436

735

9 2

448

723

853

426

745

912

1SI8

169

Tuesday

8 29

12 5 50

224

437

734

935

449

722

928

427

744

942

199

168

Wednesday

fl 14

12 5 56

317

438

734

10 1

450

722

958

428

743

10 4

200

167

Thursday..

ft 28

12 6 1

4 6

439

733

1024

451

721

1023

429

742

1025

301

166

Friday

HP 12

12 6 5

452

439

733

1045

451

721

1047

430

742

1043

202

165

Saturday...

np 25

12 6 9

538

440

732

11 7

4513

720

1112

431

741

11 2

203

164

SUNDAY..

= 8

12 6 12

624

441

731

1130

453

720

1137

432

740

1122

204

163

Monday....

= 21

12 6 15

712

442

730

1158

454

719

morn

433

739

1147

205

162

Tuesday

m 3

12 6 17

8 1

443

729

morn

454

719

434

738

morn

206

161

Wednesday

m 16

12 6 18

852

444

728

455

718

435

737

207

160

Thursday ..

in 28

12 6 19

944

445

727

110

456

717

124

436

736

208

159

Friday

* 10

12 6 19

1036

446

726

157

457

716

211

437

735

142

209

158

Saturday . .

if 22

12 6 19

1127

44'/

725

252

458

715

3 6

438

734

237

210

157

SUNDAY..

* 3

12 6 18

morn

448

724

rises

459

714

rises

439

733

rises

211

15(5

Monday....

* 15

12 6 16

449

723

8 9

459

713

759

440

732

819

212

155

Tuesday . . .

* 27

12 6 14

1 1

450

722

832

712

825

441

731

839

213

154

Wednesday

- 9

12 6 13

144

451

721

351

5 1

711

847 1

442

730

856

Last Qnar., 5th.
New Moon, 12th.

0*1, MOIMTH ATTfiTT^T 1O19 11 rAV<:
8th MONTH. AUVJUOl, Vil.Ii. 31 DAYS.

D First Quar., 19th.
Ful i M oon, 27th.

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. E.

Neb., N.Y., Pa.,

Va.. Ky.. Mo..

Wis. and Mich..

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich.,

Kas.. Col., Cal.,

N. E. New York,

DAY

SUN AT

N. 111.. Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

NOON

ME-

WEEK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

San

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

Snn

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

_o_

sets.

Con.D.

H. M. S.

B. H.

H. M.

H. 1M.

H. M.

B. M.

H. M.

214

153

Thursday . .

- 21

12 6 8

225

452

719

911

5 2

710

9 9

443

729

913

215

152

Friday

M 3

12 6 4

3 5

453

718

928

5 2

7 9

928

441

727

927

216

151

Saturday...

K 16

12 6

345

454

717

947

5 3

7 8

950

445

725

944

217

150

SUNDAY . .

X 28

12 6 55

426

454

716

10 8

5 4

7 7

1014

446

724

10 2

218

149

Monday....

T 11

12 5 49

511

455

715

1034

5 5

7 6

1042

447

722

1025

219

148

Tuesday....

T 24

12 5 43

559

456

714

11 6

5 6

7 5

1117

449

720

1054

220

147

Wednesday

W 8

12 5 36

652

457

713

1146

5 7

7 4

1159

450

719

1132

221

146

Thursday...

12 5 28

750

459

712

morn

5 7

7 3

morn

451

718

morn

222

145

Friday

K 7

12 5 20

854

710

5 8

7 2

453

717

223

144

Saturday...

K 22

12 5 12

1000

5 1

7 9

148

5 9

7 1

2 3

454

715

133

224

143

SUNDAY..

8 7

12 5 3

11 5

5 2

7 7

3 7

510

320

455

714

254

225

142

Monday

12 4 53

ev. 6

5 3

7 6

sets

511

659

sets

456

713

sets

226

141

Tuesday

12 4 43

1 2

5 4

7 5

759

512

657

754

458

712

8 5

22.7

140

Wednesday

ft 22

12 4 32

154

5 5

7 4

824

513

655

822

459

710

826

228

139

Thursday . .

TV 7

12 4 20

243

5 6

7 3

848

514

654

849

7 9

847

229

138

Friday

IV 21

12 4 9

331

5 7

7 2

9 9

515

653

913

5 2

7 8

9 5

230

137

Saturday...

= 4

12 3 56

418

5 8

7 1

931

516

651

938

5 3

7 6

924

231

136

SUNDAY..

= 17

12 3 43

5 6

5 9

659

958

516

650

10 8

5 4

7 4

948

232

18B

Monday....

~ 30

12 3 30

55S

510

657

1029

517

649

1041

5 5

7 2

1016

233

134

Tuesday

m 12

12 3 16

647

511

655

11 5

518

643

11 19

5 6

7 1

1051

234

133

Wednesday

ni 25

12 3 1

740

512

653

1152

519

646

morn

5 7

1137

235

182

'22

Thursday..

* 7

12 2 46

832

513

651

morn

520

644

5 8

658

morn

236

131

Friday

if 19

12 2 31

923

514

650

521

643

5 9

656

237

130

Saturday...

* 30

12 2 15

1012

515

649

146

522

642

159

510

654

132

238

12! >

SUNDAY..

* 12

12 1 59

1058

516

647

250

523

640

3 1

511

652

238

239

128

Monday ....

* 24

12 1 42

1142

517

645

353

524

639

4 2

512

650

344

240

127

Tuesday

- 6

12 1 25

mom

518

644

rises

525

637

rises

5 14

648

rises

241

12(5

Wednesday

- 18

12 1 8

520

643

717

526

636

714

516

646

720

242

125

Thursday .

- 30

12 50

1 5

521

641

735

527

635

735

517

645

735

243

124

Friday

H 13

12 32

145

522

639

752

5 2S

634

755

518

643

750

244

123

Saturday...

X 25

12 ?3

226

523

637

813

528

633

818

519

641

8 8

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

9thMONTH - SEPTEMBER, 1912. 30 DAYS

First Quar., 13th.
i Full Moon, 26th.

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111..

St. Paul. N. E.

Neb., N.Y., Pa.,

Va.. Ky., Mo.,

Wis. and Mich.,

H
^4

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich.,

Kas.. Col., Cal..

N. E. New York.

tx
h

DAY
OP

SUN AT

Noo.v

ME-

N. 111.. Ind.. O.

Ind., Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

MAllK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

Snn

rises

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

Con.D.

H. M. S.

H. M.

H M.

H. M.

245

122

SUNDAY..

T 8

11 59 51

3 9

524

636

836

529

632

844

520

639

829

246

12 j

2 Monday....

T 21

11 59 35

355

525

634

9 4

529

630

914

521

638

8 53

247

IL'O

Tuesday....

tf 4

11 59 16

445

526

633

941

530

629

953

523

636

928

248

119

Wednesday

W 18

11 58 57

540

527

630

1028

531

627

1043

524

634

1013

249

118

Thursday ..

H 2

11 58 37

640

528

629

1128

532

625

11 43

525

632

1113

250

117

Friday

* 16

11 58 17

743

529

627

morn

533

623

morn

526

630

morn

251

llti

Saturday ..

11 57 57

847

530

625

534

622

528

628

252

115

SUNDAY..

Ifi

11 57 36

948

531

624

535

621

211

529

626

148

253

114

Monday....

11 57 16

1046

532

622

320

536

619

329

530

624

3 12

254

113

Tuesday

11 56 55

1139

53J

620

443

537

6 17

448

531

622

438

255

111'

Wednesday

11 56 34

ev.80

534

618

sets

537

6 15

sets

532

620

sets

256

111

Thursday...

T0> 15

11 56 13

119

535

616

7 9

538

614

711

533

618

7 6

257

lid

Friday

TIP 29

11 55 53

2 8

536

615

732

539

613

738

534

6 17

727

258

109

<5.turday...

- 13

11 55 31

257

537

613

757

540

612

8 6

535

615

749

25! 1

108

SUNDAY..!

11 55 10

347

538

611

826

541

610

837

536

6 13

8 15

260

107

Monday....

m 9

11 54 49

439

539

6 9

9 2

542

6 8

915

537

611

8 48

261

10(i

17 'Tuesday

Bl 21

11 54 28

532

539

6 7

945

543

6 6

959

539

6 9

9 30

262

105

18 Wednesday

* 3

11 54 6

625

540

6 6

1037

544

6 4

10 52

541

6 7

1022

263

101

19 Thursday...

if 15

11 53 45

717

541

6 4

1135

545

6 3

1149

542

6 5

1121

264

103

'20 Friday

x- 27

11 53 24

8 7

542

6 2

morn

546

6 1

morn

543

6 3

morn

265

K iy

21 Saturday . .

* 9

11 53 3

855

543

547

544

6 1

26'i

101

22 SUNDAY..

* 21

11 52 42

939

544

559

143

547

559

153

546

1 32

267

100

23 i Monday ....

- 3

1 1 52 21

1022

545

558

247

548

557

255

547

558

240

268

24 Tuesday....

- 15

11 52

11 3

547

556

351

54!)

555

356

548

5 56

346

2(!9

25 Wednesday

- 27

11 51 39

1144

548

554

454

550

553

457

549

554

452

270

26 Thursday . .

X 9

11 51 19

morn

548

552

rises

551

rises

550

552

rises

271

27 Friday

X 22

11 50 58

550

619

552

550

623

552

550

615

272

28 Saturday...

T 5

1 1 50 38

1 7

552

549

641

553

549

647

553

548

634

273

SUNDAY..

T 18

11 50 18

153

553

547

7 9

554

547

718

554

546

659

274

9:i

Monday

W 1

11 49 58

242

554

545

743

555

545

755

555

544

730

C Last Quar., Sri.
New Moon, 10th.

ioth MONTH. OCTOBER, 1912. 3i DAYS.

D First Quar., 17th.
Full Moon, 25th.

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis. S. 111..

St. Paul, N. B.

Neb.. N.Y.. Pa..

Va.. Ky., Mo..

Wis. and Mich.,

'^
*^

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mieli..

Kas., Col.. Cal.,

N. B. New York.

***
K

DAT

SUN AT

NOON

ME-

N. 111., Ind.. O.

Ind., Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

iMoon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

seta.

Con.D.

H. M. 8.

H. M.

275

Tuesday ...

W 14

11 49 39

333

556

544

828

556

543

839

557

542

8 10

276

Wednesday

y 28

11 49 20

434

567

542

920

556

542

935

558

540

277

Thursday...

H 12

11 49 2

535

558

540

1026

557

541

1040

559

539

1011

278

8!)

Friday

H 26

11 48 43

637

559

538

1141

558

540

1153

538

11 28

279

Saturday...

1 1 48 25

737

537

morn

559

538

morn

3 1

536

morn

280

SUNDAY..

8 25

11 48 8

834

6 1

535

536

1 9

6 2

534

281

Monday....

11 47 50

927

6 2

533

218

6 1

534

224

6 4

532

2 11

282

Tuesday

11 47 34

1018

6 3

532

335

6 2

533

339

6 5

530

332

283

Wednesday

TIP 9

11 47 17

11 7

6 4

530

451

6 3

531

451

6 6

528

451

284

Thursday...

HP 23

11 47 1

1155

6 5

528

6 5

6 4

529

6 3

6 7

526

6 8

285

Friday

= 7

11 46 46

ev.44

8 7

526

sets

6 5

528

sets

6 8

524

sets

286

Saturday...

*> 20

11 46 31

134

6 8

525

622

6 6

527

632

610

522

6 11

287

SUNDAY..

TH 4

11 46 16

227

6 9

523

657

6 7

526

7 9

612

520

644

288

7:)

Monday....

m 16

11 46 3

321

610

521

737

6 8

524

751

613

519

722

280

Tuesday....

m 29

1 1 45 49

415

611

519

827

6 9

523

842

614

5 17

8 12

>!><>

Wednesday

* 11

11 45 3(3

5 9

612

518

923

610

522

938

(516

516

9 8

291

Thursday..

* 23

11 45 24

613

517

1025

611

520

1038

617

514

10 11

292

Friday

6 5

11 45 12

649

614

516

1129

612

519

1140

618

512

1117

293

Saturday . .

* 17

11 45 1

734

615

515

morn

613

518

morn

619

510

morn

294

SUNDAY..

* 29

11 44 51

818

616

513

614

517

621

5 8

295

Monday

- 11

11 44 44

869

618

511

138

615

516

144

622

5 7

132

296

Tuesday

- 23

11 44 32

940

619

5 9

241

616

514

244

624

5 5

238

297

Wednesday

M 5

11 44 23

1021

621

5 7

345

616

512

346

6 25

5 3

344

298

Thursday ..

X 18

11 44 15

11 3

622

5 6

448

617

511

447

627

5 2

450

20! i

Friday

T 1

11 44 8

1148

624

5 4

554

618

510

549

628

5 1

558

300

Saturday...

T 14

11 44 2

morn

625

5 2

rises

619

5 8

rises

630

459

rises

301

SUNDAY...

T 28

11 43 56

626

5 1

5 2

620

5 7

553

631

457

531

302

Monday

W 11

11 43 51

130

627

623

621

5 6

637

632

455

6 9

303

Tuesday

W 25

11 43 47

228

628

459

714

622

5 5

729

633

454

659

304

Wednesday

x 9

11 43 43

329

629

458

8 18

623

5 4

832

634

453

8 3

305

Thursday..

v 23

11 43 41

431

630

457

930

624

6 3

943

63ti

451

916

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOK 1912.

.Last Quar., 1st.
New Moon, 8th.

nth MONTH. NOVEMBER, 1912. 30 DAYS.

First Quar., 16th.
i Full Moon, 24th.

H
H

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis, S. 111.,

St. Paul, N. E.

Neb.. N.Y.. 1'a.,

Va.. Ky., Mo..

Wis. and Mich.,

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich.,

Kas., Col., Cal..

N. E. New York.

DAY

SUN AT
Noo>f

ME-

N. 111., Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

Minn.. Ore.

WEEK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

sets.

Con.D.

H. H. 8.

H. M.

306

Friday

11 43 39

531

631

455

1046

626

5 1

1057

638

449

1036

307

Saturday...

11 43 38

628

633

454

morn

627

morn

639

448

11 55

308

SUNDAY . .

a 6

11 43 38

721

634

453

628

459

640

447

morn

309

Monday

fl 20

1 1 43 39

811

635

452

119

629

458

123

641

445

114

310

Tuesday

HP 4

11 43 40

859

63ii

450

232

630

457

234

642

443

230

311

Wednesday

HP 18

11 43 42

946

637

449

345

631

456

344

644

442

347

312

Thursday...

- 2

11 43 46

1034

638

448

459

632

455

454

645

441

5 3

313

Friday

* 15

11 43 50

1123

639

447

611

633

454

6 4

646

440

619

314

Saturday ..

11 43 55

ev.14

640

446

sets

634

453

sets

647

439

sets

315

SUNDAY..

m 12

11 44

1 8

641

445

631

635

453

544

648

438

519

316

Monday....

m 24

11 44 7

2 3

643

444

617

637

452

630

650

436

6 1

317

Tuesday....

f 7

11 44 14

257

644

443

711

638

451

724

652

435

655

318

Wednesday

* 19

11 44 23

351

645

442

811

639

450

824

653

434

758

319

Thursday . .

* 1

11 44 32

441

646

441

916

640

450

927

655

433

9 4

320

Friday

* 13

11 44 42

528

648

440

1021

641

449

1030

656

432

1011

321

Saturday . .

* 25

11 44 53

612

649

439

1124

642

449

1131

658

431

11 17

322

SUNDAY..

- 7

11 45 4

654

651

438

morn

643

448

morn

659

430

morn

323

Monday

- 19

11 45 17

734

652

438

644

447

430

324

Tuesday

X 1

11 45 30

814

654

437

134

645

447

136

7 2

429

1 32

325

Wednesday

X 13

11 45 44

856

655

437

-232

646

446

231

7 3

428

232

326

Thursday..

X 26

11 45 59

939

656

436

336

647

445

333

7 5

427

339

327

Friday

T 9

11 46 14

1027

657

435

442

648

445

437

7 6

426

448

328

Saturday...

T 23

11 46 31

1119

658

434

554

649

444

5 15

7 7

426

6 3

329

SUNDAY..

V 7

11 46 48

morn

659

433

rises

650

444

rises

7 9

425

rises

330

Monday....

V 21

11 47 6

433

6 7

651

443

621

710

424

451

331

Tuesday ...

H 5

11 47 25

118

7 1

432

6 9

652

442

623

731

423

554

332

Wednesday

K 19

H 47 44

222

7 3

431

719

653

442

733

712

422

7 5

333

Thursday .

8 4

11 48 4

324

7 4

431

836

654

442

847

713

422

825

334

Friday

9 18

11 4S 25

422

7 5

431

953

655

442

10 1

714

421

945

335

Saturday...

11 48 47

518

7 6

431

11 8

656

442

1113

715

421

11 2

Last Quar., 1st.
New Moon, 8th.

First Quar., 16th.

MONTH. DECEMBER, 1912. 31 DAYS. <S Full M'oon,'23d.

, .
Last Quar., 30th.

Chicago, Iowa,

St. Louis. S. 111..

St. Paul. N. E.

Neb.. N.Y., Pa..

Va.. Ky., Mo..

Wis. and Mich..

H
w

MOON

S. Wis., S. Mich..

Kas.. Col., Cal.,

N. E. New York.

J.
r*

DAT

SUN AT
NOON

ME-

N. 111., Ind.. O.

Ind.. Ohio.

Minn., Ore.

WEEK.

MARK.

RID-

Moon

IAN.

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

Sun

rises

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets.

and

rises.

sets

and

fi_

sets.

Con.D.

H. M. 8.

H. M.

H. M

H. M.

a. M.

H. M.

B. M.

336

SUNDAY..

a 16

11 49 9

ti 9

7 7

431

morn

657

441

morn

716

421

morn

337

Monday....

11 49 32

656

7 8

430

658

441

717

420

338

Tuesday

HP It

11 49 55

743

7 9

430

133

659

441

133

718

420

134

339

Wednesday

HP 28

11 50 20

829

710

430

245

441

242

719

419

249

940

Thursday . .

*> 11

11 50 44

916

711

429

356

7 1

441

350

720

419

4 3

341

Friday

a 24

11 51 10

10 6

712

429

5 9

7 2

441

722

4 19

618

342

Saturday ..

m 7

11 51 36

1058

713

429

622

7 3

441

612

723

419

634

343

SUNDAY..

m 20

11 52 2

1152

714

429

731

7 4

441

717

724

419

745

344

Monday ....

* 3

11 52 29

ev.47

715

429

sets

7 5

441

sets

725

419

sets

345

Tuesday

* 15

11 52 56

141

716

429

559

7 6

441

613

726

419

644

346

Wednesday

* 27

11 53 24

233

717

429

7 1

7 6

441

714

727

419

648

347

Thursday...

* 9

11 53 52

321

718

429

8 7

7 7

441

817

728

419

756

348

Friday

-5 21

11 54 20

4 6

719

429

911

7 8

442

919

729

419

9 3

349

Saturday ..

11 54 49

449

720

429

1015

7 9

442

1020

730

420

10 9

850

SUNDAY..

- 14

11 55 18

629

721

430

1116

7 9

442

1119

731

420

1113

351

Monday....

11 55 47

6 9

721

430

morn

710

443

morn

732

420

morn

352

Tuesday

K 9

11 56 17

649

721

430

710

443

732

420

353

Wednseday

X 21

11 56 46

730

722

431

119

711

443

117

733

421

121

354

Thursday...

T 4

11 57 16

815

723

431

224

712

444

219

734

421

228

855

Friday

T 17

11 57 46

9 4

723

432

332

712

444

325

734

421

340

356

Saturday . .

tf 1

11 58 15

959

724

432

443

713

444

433

735

422

453

357

SUNDAY..

W 15

11 58 45

1059

724

433

658

713

445

546

735

422

611

358

Monday....

V 29

11 59 15

morn

725

434

rises

714

445

rises

736

423

rises

859

Tuesday....

X 14

11 59 45

725

434

638

714

446

652

736

424

523

860

Wednesday

K 29

12 15

1 9

725

435

617

714

446

629

737

425

6 6

861

Thursday . .

9 14

12 45

212

726

435

787

715

447

746

737

426

728

862

Friday

12 1 14

310

726

436

856

715

448

9 2

737

426

850

863

Saturday...

n 13

12 1 44

4 4

726

437

1013

715

449

1016

738

427

1010

864

SUNDAY..

12 2 13

454

727

438

1125

716

450

1125

738

428

1126

865

Monday

HP 11

12 2 32

541

727

438

morn

716

451

morn

739

429

morn

866

Tuesday

HP 25

12 3 11

627

728

439

716

451

739

429

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

A READY-REFERENCE CALENDAR.

For ascertaining any day of the week for any given time within two hundred years from the introduction of

the New Style, "1752 to 1962 Inclusive.

TEARS 1753 TO 1952.

c
rt

-3

-
a

a
<

s>>
a
S

c
a

<->

t-,

>-=

1761
1801

1767
1807

1778
1818

1789
1829

1795
1835

1846

1857
1903

1863
1914

1874
1925

1885
1931

1891
1942

1762
1802

1773
1813

1779
1819

17'VJ

lo;>o

1841

1847

1858
1909

1869
1915

1875
1926

1886
1937

1897
1943

1757
1803

1763

1814

1774
1825

1785
1831

1791

1842

1853

1859
1910

1870
1921

1881
1927

1887
1938

1898
1949

1754
1805

1765
1811

1771
1822

1782
1833

1793
1839

1799
1850
190 L

1861
1907

1867
1918

1878
1929

1889
1935

1895
1946

1755
1806

1766
1817

1777
1823

1785
1834

1794
1845

1800
1851
1902

1862
1913

1873
1919

1879
1930

1890
1941

1947

1758
1809

1769
1815

1775
1826

1786
1837

1797
1843

1854
1905

1865
1911

1871
1922

1882
1933

1893
1939

1899
1950

1753
1810

1759
1821

1770
1827

1781
1838

1787
1849

1798

1S55

18(56
1906

1877
1917

1883
1923

1894
1934

1900
1945
1951

LEAP YEARS.

1764 ; 1792

1804

1832

I860

1888 I 1928

I7|3|4I7|2|5|7|3|6I1|4|6

1768 I 1796

1808

1836

18(54

1892 | 1904

1932 |5|1|2|5|7|3|5|1|4|6|2|4

1772 I
1776 I
1780 1

1812
1816
1820

1840
1844
1848

1868
1872
1876

1896 ! 1908
I 1912
I 1916

1936 |3|6|7|3I5|1|3|6|2|4|7I2
1940 |1|4|5|1|3|6I1|4I7|2|5|7
1944 |6|2I3|6|1|4|6I2|5|7|3|B

1756 1 1784
1760 | 1788

1824
1828

18o2
1856

1880

1884

1 1920
1 1924

1948 |4|7|1|4|6|2|4|7|3|5|1|3
1952 |2I5|6|2|4|7|2|5|1|3|6|1

Monday 1

Tuesday 1

Wednesday. 1

Thursday,., 1

Friday ...... 1

Saturday . . 1

SUNDAY... 1

Tuesday 2

Wednesday. 2

Thursday ... 2

Friday 2

Saturday.... 2

SUNDAY... 2

Monday 2

Wednesday. 3

Thursday... 3

Friday 3

Saturday.... 3

SUNDAY... 3

Monday 8

Tuesday.... 8

Thursday... 4

Friday 4

Saturday.... 4

SUNDAY... 4

Monday 4

Tuesday.... 4

Wednesday. 4

Friday 6

Saturday... 5

SUNDAY... 5

Monday 5

Tuesday.... 5

Wednesday. 5

Thursday... 6

Saturday..., 6

SUNDAY... 6

Monday 6

Tuesday.... 6

Wednesday. 6

Thursday... 6

Friday 6

SUNDAY... 7

Monday.... 7

Tuesday .... 7

Wednesday. 7

Thursday... 7

Friday 7

Saturday.... 7

Monday 8

Tuesday 8

Wednesday. 8

Thursday ... 8

Friday 8

Saturday.... 8

SUNDAY... 8

Tuesday 9

Wednesday. 9

Thursday... 9

Friday 9

Saturday 9

SUNDAY... 9

Monday 9

Wednesday. 10

Thursday... 10

Friday 10

Saturday 10

SUNDAY. ..10

Monday 10

Tuesday ....10

Thursday. ..11

Friday H

Saturday.... 11

SUNDAY. ..11

Monday 11

Tuesday 11

Wednesday.il

Friday 12

Saturday ...12

8 UN DAY... 12

Monday 12

Tuesday 12

Wednesday. 12

Thursday ...12

Saturday.... 13

SUNDAY.... 13

Monday 13

Tuesday 13

Wednesday.13

Thursday.. ..13

Friday 18

SUNDAY. ..14

Monday 14

Tuesday 14

Wednesday .14

Thursday ...14

Friday 14

Saturday.. ..H

Monday 15

Tuesday ....15

Wednesday. 15

Thursday ...15

Friday 15

Saturday.... 15

SUNDAY ...16

Tuesday 16

Wednesday. 16

Thursday. ..16

Friday 16

Saturday.... 16

SUNDAY. ..16

Monday 16

Wednesday. 17

Thursday... 17

Friday 17

Saturday 17

SUNDAY ...17

Monday 17

Tuesday.... 17

Thursday. .18

Friday 18

Saturday.... 18

SUNDAY. ..18

Monday 18

Tuesday 18

Wednesday. 18

Friday 19

Saturday 19

SUNDAY. ..19

Monday 19

Tuesday 19

Wednesday. 19

Thursday ...19

Saturday.... 20

SUNDAY. ..20

Monday 20

Tuesday 20

Wednesday .20

Thursday... 20

Friday 20

SUNDAY... 21

Monday 21

Tuesday 21

Wednesday.21

Thursday... 21

Friday 21

Saturday.... 21

Monday 22

Tuesday 22

Wednesday. 22

Thursday... 22

Friday 22

Saturday.... 22

SUNDAY. ..22

Tuesday ... .23

Wednesday.23

Thursday... 23

Friday 23

Saturday.... 23

SUNDAY. ..23

Monday 23

Wednesday.24

Thursday... 24

Friday 24

Saturday ....24

SUNDAY. ..24

Monday 24

Tuesday ....24

Thursday... 25

Friday 25

Saturday 25

SUNDAY.... 25

Monday 25

Tuesday ... .25

Wednesday .25

Friday 26

Saturday.... 26

SUNDAY. ..26

Monday 26

Tuesday 26

Wednesday .2

Thursday... 26

Saturday . . .27

SUNDAY... 27

Monday 27

Tuesday ....27

Wednesday. 27

Thursday. ..27

Friday 27

SUNDAY... 28

Monday 28

Tuesday 28

Wednesday.28

Thursday ...28

Friday 28

Saturday ...J8

Monday ....29

Tuesday ... .29

Wednesday.29

Thursday... 29

Friday 29

Saturday. ...29

SUNDAY. ..29

Tuesday 30

Wednesday .30

Thursday... 80

Friday 30

Saturday.... 80

SUNDAY.... 30

Monday 30

Wednesday .31

Thursday... 31

Friday 31

Saturday.... 31

SUNDAY ...31

Monday 31

Tuesday.... 31

NOTE To ascertain any day of the week first line, under July, Is figure 1, which directs to

look in the table for the year required and under column 1, in which It will be seen that July 4

the months are figures which refer to the corre- falls on Thursday.

ponding figures at the head of the columns of *1752 same as 1772 from Jan. 1 to Sept. 2. From

days below. For example: To know on what Sept. 14 to Dec. 31 same as 1780 (Sept. 3-13 were

day of the week July 4 was in the year 1895, in the omitted). This Calendar is from Wbitaker's Lon-

table of yean look for 1896, and In a parallel don Almanack, with some revision*.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

THE PLANETS.

MERCURY ( H ) will be brightest:

(1) As an evening star March lfi-24, in X, and Nov.
20-27 in in. , setting about 1 hour 15 minutes alter the
sun. On Nov. 20 a will be 2 47' north of H and on
March 19 the moon will be 1 47' south of him.

(2) As a morning star Jan. 6-12 in m , Sept. 12-18 in
with the Sickle and Regulus 10" above or west of him,
and Dec. 27-31, in iti , and with the reel star Antaros
Iff 1 to 15 above or west of him and rising about 1 hour
16 minutes before the sun.

Watch for him within '.be llr-.lts of the dates
given, looking near the sunrise point of the hori-
zon in the morning, when he is a morning star, and
near the sunset point when he is an evening star.
The brightest and reddest star will surely be this
planet. At all other times it will be invisible.
It is worth while to be certain of seeing this
planet, as it is the one nearest the sun and the
smallest of our planetary family, except those of
the group of planet-like bodies or asteroids, which
move in orbits between Mars and Jupiter and of
which only one (Vesta) is ever visible to the naked
eye.

VENUS (), the most beautiful and attractive of
all the planets, will not reach her maximum de-
gree of brilliancy possible this year, as may be
seen by an inspection of the chart "Visibility of
the Planets." She will be best seen at the be-
ginning and close of the year. She will gradually
fade in brightness as a morning star in the east,
at the beginning of the :*ar, to invisibility about
July 1, being at superior conjunction with the sun
and rising with the sun July 5, after which she
will be an evening star.

In the different parts of her orbit Venus pre-
sents to us all the phases of the moon and with
a far greater change in apparent size and degree
of brilliancy than any other of the heavenly
bodies. In the annexed figure these phases and
changes in apparent diameter are shown, only the
concave margins (always on the side away from
the sun) will show, when viewed with a small
telescope, an Irregular outline, due to mountains,
etc.

Towards the Sun

: Phases
of

As seen in the morning
west of sun.

As seen in the evening
east of sun.

Explanation:
A Fifteen days before superior conjunction with

the sun, or June 18, 1912.
B At greatest elongation west of sun, Nov. 26,

1911, anil about July 1, 1913.
C When brightest as a morning star Oct. 21-25,

1911, and about Mey 25, 1913.
D Just after inferior conjunction with the sun,

or about April 28, 1913.
E Fifteen days after superior conjunction -with

the sun, July 20, 1912.
F At greatest elongation east of the sun, or about

Feb. 10. 1913.
G When brightest as an evening star, or about

March 15, 1913.
H Just before inferior conjunction with the sun,

about April 18, 1913.

Venus' place In the zodiac at the beginning of the
year will be in = on the eastern margin of the four
sided figure of the brightest stars of that constella-
tion. See Table of the Rising, Setting and Southing
of the Planets: also Star Table and Chart of the
Heavens. She is advancing or moving eastward past
the stars and on Jan. 9 will be 5 N. of Antares, the

noted red star in m , and 1 38' N. of a. At this time
9, a and Antares will be in a straight N. and S. line,
in the eastern morning sky, with the moon hlj.'h up
toward the meridian from them. On Jan. 15 the
will overtake and pass 6 to the N. of 9 . During the
last week of Jan. and first one of Feb. she will be
passing just north of the Milkmaid's Dipper in the
milky way; Feb. 14, 6 N. of , Feb. 24, 39" N. of 6 in ^
and 25 S. of Job's Coffin; March 16, 3 30' N. of ;
April 15, occulted by the ; April 27, 10' S. of a ; May
15 in T 3 S. of and lu N. of Menkar, the brightest
star in the head of the Whale; May 27 still in T. 1 7'
N. of b and 5 S. of the Pleiades or 7 stars low in the
S. E. at dawn; June 12 in V, 10 N. E. of Aldebaran and
26' N. of H , and J une 14, 4^ S, of > . Jul y 5 at superior
d with O, rising with him, and for some days before
and after that date she will be rendered invisible by
the overpowering light of the sun. When next seen
she will be E. of the O as an EVENING STAB. See
Chart. July 14 she will be in H, 10 S. of Castor and
Pollux and 4 S. of the ; Aug. 13, 2 S. of > ; Aug. 14.
close to liegulus in fl at the end of the Handle of the
Sickle and 6" N. of B : Sept. 9 on Equator of the
Heavens 20 W. of Spica Virginis, in rp and 30" N.
of d 1 ; Hept. 12 very close to and N. of : 4 N. of Spica
Sept. 21-23 and 1 43' S. of a ; near Alpha Librae Oct. 7
and 2 52* N. of > Oct. 12, near where she was at the
beginning of the year; lastof October, 5 N. of Antares
in n; Nov. 11, still in m.3N. of > and pointed at by
the three lower stars of the Milkmaid's Dipper, near
the bottom (upper side of bowl) of which she will
pass Nov. 20-23; 1 36' S. of 8 Dee. 13, when on the
boundary between * and -c, and at the close of the
year she will be near the boundary between -5 and -
and about 10 S. of the A-shaped figure which marks
- and through which the Equator of the Heavens
passes. At the close of the year she will be about as
bright as at its beginning.

MARS (<f) will not attain his maximum degree of
bright ness this year but will be most favorably situ-
ated for visibility early in the year, shining about
equally in the morning and evening hours. After
March 4 he will be exclusively an EVENING STAB
until his cf with the O Nov. 4. During October and
November he will be too near the sun to be well ob-
served, being, of course, absolutely INVISIBLE for
some days before and after Nov. 4. When next seen
he will be on the other (west) side of the sun as
a MORNING STAB in the east, continuing such to the
end of the year. His movements past the stars will
be as follows: At the opening of the year in T close
to and S. W.of the Pleiades; occulted by the > Jan. 1;
30" N. of > Jan. 28, when on a line joining the Hyades
(Aldebaran) and the Pleiades; 1 43' S. of > Feb. 28
and 2 S. March 25. Through February and March to
April 5 he will be ad vane ng past che stars of wand
about March 25 he will be on a line joining the two
bright stars which mark the tips of the horns of the
Bull. Here he will be surrounded by the brightest
stars of the firmament, being midway between Capella
on the N. and Betelg use on the S; Procyon S. E.,
Orion below (south) and Sirius S. E. He will be 3 S.
of > April 22 in M; </ v May 12, being 2 y N. of :
3 40- S. of > May 20, below Castor and Pollux; June o
in southern portion of dense cluster of small stars
called Praesepe; 3 N. of 1 June 18 in 8; 2 S. of
July 16 with Regulus 5 W. of him; close to > Aug. 20,
in fl and 30* S. of 9 Sept. 9.

JUPITER (a) will be at his brightest the latter part
of May and first of June, when he will shine all night,
rising with the setting of the sun. He will be exclu-
sively a morning star at the first of the year, rising
about 4 a. m. in iti, 5 above (north of) Antares; <f
with 9 Jan. 9, being 1 38' S. of her, and again on
Oct. 7. when a will be 1 43' N. of 9 ; at W. D or HO" W.
of O March 4, when he will begin to shine in the
evening hours also. He will be in conjunction with
the > as follows: Jan. 15, Feb. 11, March 10, April 6,
May 3 and 30. June 26, July 24. Aug. 20, Sept. 16, Oct. 14,
Nov. 11. and Dec. . In all the foregoing cases the moon
will pass to the S. of a from 5 to 6". He will be in cf
with the O Dec. 18 and therefore practically invisible
throughout December. He willbe90 W. of O (W. n)
Aug. 30, when he will cease to shine in the morning
hours and become exclusively an evening star to the
end of the year or to invisibility in December.

SATURN ( fc ) will be brightest In November-De-
cember, being invisible in May. At the beginning of
the year he will be 15 W. of the Pleiades and Hyades
in T, setting about 3a.m.; atE. D Feb. 3, when he wilj

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

cense to shine In the morning and become strictly
an evening star; 1 7' S. of 9 May 27; 2U' S of 8 June
2 and in o" with O May 14. His conjunctions with
the t are as follows: Jan. 27, Feb. 24, March 22 and
April li). in all of which he will be about 4 S. of the ;
aiso June 13, July ID, Aug 7. Sept. 8. Oct. 1 and 28. Nov.
2 land Dec. 21, in all of which he will be about 6 8. of
the . His wonderful ring system may be best ob-
served the latter part of the y^ar.

tTRANUS ( 8 ) will be at <f to the sun and brightest
Juiy 24. On or about that time very good eyes may
seo him, in the absence of the >, in the head of the
Goat (), about 4 8. of the brightest stars of that
constellation and in line with them. When at or near
his brightest he will appear auout as the dimmest
star the unaided eye can see.

NEPTUNE (v) will be brightest Jan. 13 in x
just below Castor and Pollux. None of the other
planets will pass near enough to him at or near
tlie time of his greatest brightness to aid in identi-
fying this, the dimmest and most distant member
of our planetary family. Nor will it be near
enough to any bilght or well known star to serve
as a guide to his place. Hence the amateur, even
with a good telescope, will be uncertain whether
he has seen this planet, unless his instrument Is
a large one and astronomically mounted so that it
can be directed to the exact spot.

The neiir approaches of the moon to Uranus and
Neptune are here disregarded, as the great Hsiit
of the moon would render these planets invisible
even with telescopes.

SITUATION OF THE PLANETS; ALSO MOON'S POSITION FOR THE YEAR.

Jan.

Feb.

Mcb.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Venus

D.Con.

7 m

D.Con.
4 f

D.Con.
3 -B

D.Con.

7 -

D.Con.
5 K

D.Con.

2 w

D.Con.

7 V.

D.Con.
4

D.Con.
I ft

D.Con.

6 "

D.Cou.
3 TO

D.Con.
1 7

14 T

11 tf

10 V

14 H

1? H

14 ft

11 ft

8 HP

13 =

10 =

8 in.

21 m

is m

17 m

,'i m

19 in

16 m

21 HI

18 m

15 m

20 m

17 m

15 m

Saturn

28 T

25 T

24 T

28 T

26 T

28 T

28 V

25 W

2J W

27 tf

24 tf

22 v

Uranus

31 *

30 *

29 t

29 r

3> Apogee

4
17

1-28
12

22
9

U
4

1-28

12
25

9
21

7
19

3-28
16

25
14

3 Highest (o)
3> Lowest (y)

3-30
16

26
12

25
11

18
5

15
1-23*

8
21

5
18

2-29
15

26
12

23t
9

3 at o

2-29

3-30

3 at ft

3-31

3on Equator

9-24

6-20

4-18-31

14-28

12-25

8-21

" 5-18

2-15-29

11-26

8-23

5-19

2-16-29

Lowest of the year or 57" lower than when highest. tHighest of the year or 57" higher tban when lowest.

Explanation of signs: TAries. V Taurus. K Gemini. sCancer. ft Leo. W Virgo. Libra, ni Scorpio.
t Sagittarius. Capricornus. -Aquarius. Kl'isces. The place Indicated for the planets is for the 1st, 2d,
3d, 4th and 5th Sundays of each month, in the order of the planets. The other signs used are as follows: & ,
conjunction or near approach; rf> opposition or 180" from the Sun; D, quadrature or 90 from the Sun; O, Sun;
, Karth;8, Mercury; 9, Venus; <f , Mars; a, Jupiter; b , Saturn; 8, Uranus; v, Neptune; ft, Ascending Node;

W, Descending Node; 1 , Moon, generally.

NOTE The moon will run 'high" from "lowest"
to "highest," and run "low" from "highest" to
"lowest." The full moon will be highest of the
year at meridian passage Dec. 16 and lowest June
22. She will begin to run lower March 21 and de-
crease in altitude until June 22 and then increase
(run higher) until Dec. 21, after which she will
gradually get lower until June 22. This is be-
cause the full moon must always be on the oppo-

site Bide of the earth from the sun, and hence
when the sun is lowest in declination the moon
must be highest and when the sun is highest the
moon must be lowest. The inclination of the
earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic (sun's
apparent path) being 23 '/& and that of the moon
being 6 to the ecliptic it follows that the total
swing from highest to lowest must be (2314+5)
X2=57.

SIDEREAL NOON OR MERIDIAN PASSAGE OF THE VERNAL EOTINOX.

(For usa In connection with the star table. See note under same.)

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

H. M.
6 20

H. M.
3 18

H.M.

J24

H.M.
11 22

H.M.
9 24

H.M.

7 22

H.M.
5 24

H.M.
3 22

H.M.
1 21

H.M.
11 18

H.M.
9 17

H.M.
7 19

6 16

3 14

11 18

9 'M

7 18

5 20

3 19

1 17

11 15

9 13

7 16

6 12

3 10

1 16

11 14

9 16

7 14

5 17

3 15

1 13

11 11

9 9

7 11

5 8

3 6

1 12

11 10

9 12

7 11

5 13

3 11

1 9

1 7

9 6

7 7

5 4

3 2

1 8

11 6

9 9

7 7

5 9

3 7

1 5

11 8

9 1

7 8

2 68*

1 4

11 3

9 5

7 3

6 5

3 3

1 1

10 59

8 67

6 59

2 65

10 59

9 1

6 69

5 1

2 59

10 55

8 63

8 56

8. ..

2 51

10 55

8 57

6 65

4 57

2 55

10 51

8 49

6 61

2 47

10 61

8 .">

6 51

4 63

2 51

10 47

8 45

6 47

2 43

10 47

8 49

4 40

2 47

10 43

8 41

6 43

2 39

10 43

8 45

6 43

4 45

2 43

10 39

8 38

6 40

2 35

10 39

8 41

6 39

4 41

2 39

10 35

8 34

6 36

2 31

10 35

8 37

6 35

4 37

2 3.5

10 32

8 30

6 32

2 27

10 31

8 33

6 31

4 33

2 31

10 28

8 26

6 28

2 23

10 27

8 29

6 27

4 29

2 27

10 24

8 22

6 24

2 19

10 23

8 25

6 23

4 25

2 24

10 20

8 18

6 20

2 15

10 19

8 21

6 19

4 21

2 20

10 16

8 14

6 16

18....

2 11

10 15

8 17

6 16

4 18

2 16

10 12

8 10

6 12

19. ...

2 7

10 11

8 13

6 12

4 14

2 12

10 8

8 6

6 8

'20. ..

2 3

10 7

8 10

6 8

4 10

2 8

10 4

8 2

6 4

1 59

10 4

8 6

6 4

4 6

2 4

7 58

8 57

1 56

8 2

4 2

11 54

9 56

7 54

6 56

' 3 63

1 62

11 5S

9 5(5

7 58

5 56

3 58

1 56

11 50

9 52

7 60

5 52

3 50

1 48

11 54

9 52

7 54

5 52

3 54

1 62

11 46

9 4g

7 46

5 48

3 46

1 44

11 50

9 48

7 50

5 48

3 5 )

1 48

11 42

9 44

7 43

5 45

2(3

3 43

1 40

11 40

9 44

7 4(j

5 44

3 46

1 44

11 38

9 40

7 89

5 41

3 38

1 36

11 42

9 40

7 42

5 40

3 42

1 40

11 34

9 36

7 85

5 87

8 34

1 32

11 38

9 36

7 38

5 36

3 38

1 36

11 31

9 33

7 81

6 33

3 30

1 21

11 34

9 32

7 34

5 32

3 34

1 32

11 27

9 29

7 27

6 29

3 26

11 30

9 28

7 30

5 28

3 30

1 28

11 23

9 25

7 23

5 25

8 22

11 20

7 26

3 2ri

1 25

921

6 21

NOTE Full-faced type are p. m. All others are a. m.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMAKAC AND \ T EAR-BOOK FOR 1912.
MERIDIAN PASSAGE, RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS.

Mean time. All p. m. figures are in black type.

MONTH.
DAT.

VENUS v

MARS <?

JUPITER a

SATUKN b

Merid-
ian.

South-
ern
states.

North-
ern
states.

Merid-
ian.

rioutii-
ern
states.

.North-
ern
states.

in
Merid-
ian.

Soutu-
ern
states.

North-
ern
states.

Merid-
ian.

South-
ern
states.

No--th-
ern
states.

Jan. 1...

H. M
8 59
9 8
9 18
932
9 45
9 58
10 8
10 18
10 26
1034
1040
10 46
10 62
1059
11 7
11 18
1131
11 44
11 58
12
025
37
46
54
1 1
1 6
1 12
1 18
1 26
1 36
1 50
2 3
2 18
2 32
2 44
2 55
3 2

Hiscs.
H. M.
3 46
4 1
4 18
432
4 45
4 55
4 58
4 58
4 56
4 50
441
438
4 32
427
423
4 21
431
4 39
8
Sets.
7 24
7 23
7 21
7 17
7 9
7 1
6 54
6 48
6 42
6 45
6 47
6 53
7 7
7 24
742
8 2
8 20

Rises.
H.M.
4 3
4 19
4 38
4 53
5 4
5 14
5 It
5 13
5 6
4 55
4 45
4 30
4 35
4 15
4 8
4 5
4 10
4 16
5th
Sets.
7 40
7 38
7 33
725
7 12
7
6 48
6 37
6 27
6 23
6 24
6 28
641
7
720
744
8 6

H.M.
8 44
8 9
7 38
7 9
6 45
6 23
6 5
5 47
5 30
5 12
4 56
441
4 27
4 12
3 57
3 41
3 26
3 11
2 53
2 40
2 24
2 6

ill

i 1 !

45
30
16
2

11 48
11 36
11 25
11 14
11 5
10 57
1049

Sets.
H.M.
3 39
3 10
2 41
2 14
1 52
1 32
1 16
58
42
24
9
11 51
11 34
11 17
10 59
1038
10 19
9 58
9 38
9 16
8 54
8 29
8 7
7 44
7 fcO
6 56
6 34
6 12
5 51
5 30
o" 0>
Rises.
6 15
6 9
6 5
6
5 54

Sets.
H.M.
4 5
3 30
3 2
2 35
2 16
1 56
1 39
1 23
1 7
51
35
16
11 58
11 40
11 20
10 58
10 36
10 10
9 53
9 29
9 4
8 37
8 12
7 48
7 20
6 54
6 30
6 6
5 43
520
4th
Rises.
6 32
6 29
6 26
623
6 17

H.M.
9 32
9 1
8 29
7 54
7 21
647
6 16
5 39
5 2
4 20
3 30
258
2 16
1 32
48
11 54
11 10
10 26
9 42
9
8 18
734
6 55
6 18
5 38
5 3
4 29
3 56
3 23
2 52
2 18
1 47
1 17
47
18
11 49
11 19

Rises.
11. M.
427
3 57
326
2 43
2 20
1 46
1 16
39
2
11 24
10 44
10 2
9 20
8 36
751
<P O

Sets.
3 33
2 49
2 7
1 25
041
2
11 21
10 41
10 5
9 30
8 68
8 23
7 51
716
6 45
6 15
5 44
o 1
Invi
Rises.

Rises.
H. M.
447
4 16
3 43
3 13
2 41
2 06
1 37
1
23
11 41
11 4
10 22
9 40
8 47
8 7
21st
Sets.
3 13
2 29
1 47
1 5
21
11 42
11 1
10 21
9 44
9 10
8 37
8 2
7 29
6 54
6 23
5 51
5 21
18th
sible.
Morn.

H. M.
8 10
7 26
6 46
6 4
5 26
4 49
4 17
3 41
3 5
2 26
1 52
1 17
43
9
11 35
1057
1023
948
9 14
8 39
8 3
724
6 47
6 10
5 29
4 50
4 11
3 31
2 50
2 9
1 23
40
11 53
11 11
10 28
946
9 5

Sets.
H. M.
2 41
2 6
1 26
44
6
11 29
10 53
10 19
9 45
9 6
8 33
7 59
7 26
6 54
cf O
Invi
Rises.
3 01
2 26
1 50
1 13
33
11 57
11 20
10 39
10
921
8 41
8
7 19
6 33
5 60

Sets.
6 19
437
3 56

Sets.
H.M.
2 56
2 18
1 38
56
18
11 41
11 7
10 32
9 68
9 21
8 48
8 14
7 42
7 10
14th
sible.
Rises
2 43
2 9
1 32
56
15
11 39
11 2
10 21
9 42
9 3
8 23
7 42

III
5 33
24th
Sets.
5 36
4 54
4 13

Feb. 1...

Moh. 1...

April 1

11...

21...

May 1...

11..

June 1

21...

July 1

it::

21...

Aua. 1...

it.:

Sept. 1 ..

it::

Oct. 1

Nov. 1

11...

Dec. 1 ...

THE SIGNS AND CONSTELLATIONS OF THE ZODIAC.

Until recently .'t was taken for granted that the
present relationship between signs and constella-
tions of the zodiac was generally understood, as
all astronomical textbooks mention their disagree-
ment and explain the cause. The numerous letters
of inquiry concerning differences between this data
in this almanac and certain others show the
necessity for this note of explanation.

Thousands of years ago when the zodiac, that
belt of the heavens about 16 in width within
which move the moon and planets, was formed and
divided into twelve parts or seasons called signs,
each containing certain star groups called constel-
lations, each was given the name of an object or
animal which never did bear any relationship to
the configuration of the stars in that group or
division, but which did or is supposed to have
reference to certain astronomical or other facts.
Thus Libra, , the scales or balance, comes at
the autumnal equinox when there is an equilibrium
or balance between the length of day and night
the world over. Aquarius, -, the water-bearer,
and whose sign is the Egyptian sign for running
water, comes at the season of greatest rains in
Egypt, and so on.

Since the time when these divisions were made
and named, owing to the nrecess'on of the equi-
noxes, resulting from the differing polar and equa-
torial diameters of the earth, the signs have
moved back west nearly a whole division or con-
stellation and where T was the fir>i, H now Is.
Hence, though the sun now enters the siirn T
March 20. it is a month later when he enters the
constellation T. It must be apparent, therefore,
that any supposed influence or relationship which
early astrologers attributed to the position of the
sun, moon or planets when in certain of these
divisions can no long?r exist, as the sign now
only represents that space or division of the zodiac
where the controlling constellation was 2.000 or
more years ago, but is not now. Nevertheless
some almanacs still give the signs for the moon's

place, which is very misleading to those who at-
tempt to follow her in her course among the stars.
Hence, this almanac gives the constellation and
discards the ancltnt picture of the disemboweled
man as relics of the age of superstition. The sign
Is retained for sun's place in connection with the
cseasons and sun's path through the zodiac each
mouth because of its relationship to the equinoxes
and solstices.

HARVEST MOON AND HUNTER'S MOON.
The full moon in September that falls near the
autumnal equinox (Sept. 23) is called the harvest
moon. Because at that time it Is in that part of
Its orbit where it makes the smallest angle with
the horizon it appears to rise at nearly the same
hour for several nights in succession, thus giving
an unusual number of moonlight evenings. The
same thing occurs to a slightly less degree at the
time of the first full moon after the equinox, when
it is called the hunter's moon. "It is true," says
Prof. George C. Comstock in his "Text-Book of
Astronomy," "that on the average the moon rises
and sets fifty-one minutes later each day tlun on
the day before. But there Is a good deal of Irreg-
ularity in the retardation of the time of moonrlse
and moonset, since the time of rising depends
largely upon the particular point of the horizon at
which the moon appears, and between two days
tiiis point may change so much as to make the re
tnrrtation considerably greater or less than its
average value. In northern latitudes this effect is
particularly marked in the month of September,
when the eastern horizon is nearly parallel with
the moon's appsrent path in the sky, and near the
time of full moon in that month the moon rises on
several successive nights at nearly the same hour,
and in a less degree the same is true for October.
This highly convenient arrangement of moonlight
has caused' the full moons of these two months to
be christened respectively the harvest moon and
the hunter's moon."

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

PLANETARY CONJUNCTIONS OR NEAR A7PROACHES.

CONJUNCTIONS OF PLANETS.
;. Min.

Januarys ............................. 9 1 88 N. of a

February 21 ........................... 9 8'J N. of 6

April 2i ................................ B 10 N. of 9

May 12 ............................... * 2 9 N. of

May 27 ................................. 9

June 2 ................................ j

June 1^ ............................... H

1 1 N. of
29 N. of
26 N. of

Augustl4 ............................ B G 33 S. of 9

SeptemberO ........................... ? 30 N. of (f

OctoberT .............................. 9 1 43 S. of a

November 21 ................ . ......... 2 47 8. of a

Decembers ......................... .8 35 S. of a

December 13 .......................... 9 1 86 S. of 8

OCCULTATIONS OF PLANETS AND STARS
BY THE MOON.

Wash, time Limiting parallels

Of <f in K.A. between

Mars Jan. 1, 3:02 a. m.

Mars Jau.28. 8:50 p.ir.

B Taurl Jan. 30, 8:68 a. .n.

Antares Feb. 11, 8:06 a. m.

BTauri Feb. 26, 4:43 p.m.

Antares Men. 9, 4:00 p. m.

B Taurl Men. 24, 10:21 p.m.

Antares April 6, 0:60 a. in.

Venus April 15, 0:08 p.m.

BTauri April 21, 4:04 a.m.

Antares May 3, 9:28 a. m.

Antares MaySO, 4:58 p.m.

Antares June 26, 11:12 p. m.

BTauri July 12, 7:45 a. m.

Antares July 24, 4: "it a. m.

BTauri Aug.8, 5:2(> p.m.

Splca AUK. 16, 9:22 p. m.

Antares AUK. 20, 11:11 a. m.

BTauri Sept.5, l:U8a. m.

gpica Sept. 13, 7:13 a. m.

Antares ...Sept. 16, 6:52 p.m.

BTauri Oct.2, 6:55 a.m.

Antares Oct.14, 3:63 a.m.

BTauri Oct. 29, 0:30 p. m.

Degrees.

45 N. and 31 S.
88 N. and 't N.
36 S. and 62 8.
64 N. and 25 N.
16 8. and 62 S.
64 N. and 6 N.
6 S. and 62 S.
61 N. and 1 S.
41 N. and 49 S.

5 S. and 62 S.
64 N. and 1 N.
64 N. and 4 N.
64 N. and 1 N.

6 S. and Gl S.
59 N. and 10 S.

4 N. and 60 S.
79 N. and 54 N.
45 N. and 23 S.
14 N. and 19 S.
79 N. and 31 N.
36 N. and 82 S.
18 N. and 44 S.
35 N. and 85 S.
16 N. and 47 S.

Wash, time
Of cC in R.A.

Limiting parallels
between

Degrees, l>e;ree>.

10 N. and 53 S.

79 N. and 20 N.
10 N. and 64 8.
79 N. and 2 N.

BTauri Nov. 25, 7:55 p.m.

Spica Dec. 4, 9:20 a.m.

BTauri Dec.23, 4:41 a.m.

Spica Dec.31, 2:54 p.m.

. NOTE The occupations will only be visible within
the given parallels of latitude wnen both the planet
and the moon are above the horizon after dark at the
time of cf in R. A. given. Sub. 52 m. for Central
Standard time.

PLANETARY CONFIGURATIONS.

Distance apart

Deg. Min.

180 east or west
23 51 west.

> 90 east.

Jan. 15 :.V f O

Jan. 15 B gr. elong. W. of O

Jan. 20 8 d O

Feb. 3 b a O, eastern

Mch. 2 8 cf O.Superior

Mch. 4 cf n O, eastern c? 90 east.

Mch. 4 a n O, western a 90 west.

Mch. 27 a gr. elong. E. of O 8 18 51 east.

AprillS a d O

April 23 8 D O, western....

May 13 8 gr. elong. W, of O.

May 14 b d O

June 1 a rf> O

June 17 8 d ., superior ...

JulyS 9 d O, superior....

July 16 f d O,

July24 8 rf> O

July25 a gr. elong. E. of O. .

Aug. 22 a d O, inferior

Aug.27 b D O, western b 90

Aug.30 a D O, eastern a 90

Sept. 7 8 gr. elong. W. of 8 18

Oct. 4 a d O.Superior

Oct. 22 e D O, eastern 890

Nov. 4 cf <f O

Nov. 19 a gr. elong. E. of O...

Nov. 23 b f O

Dec. 8 B cf O, inferior

Dec. 18 a cf O

Dec. 28..

8 90

i 26

180

B 27

west.

3 west.

E. or W

E. or W.

6 east.

west.

east.

west.

east.

8 22 15 east.
180 E. or W.

B gr. elong. W. of O . . . . a 22 23 west.

CONJUNCTIONS WITH THE MOON.

Washington mean time. Sub. 52 m. for Central time.

Planet. Date.

H. M.

<f January 1 8 2 a. m.

a January 15 49 a. m.

9 January 15 18 p.m.

b January27 7 2 p. m.

cf January 2S 8 50 p. m.

a February 11 4 12 p.m.

9 February 14 6 22 p.m.

b February 24 3 19 a.m.

<? February25 10 20 p.m.

a March 10. 6 28 a. m.

9 March 16 1 67 a.m.

b March 22 1 6 p. m.

cf March 25 3 22 a. m.

a April 3 24 p.m.

9 AprillS 9 p. m. see

b April 19 1 23 a.m.

cf April22 10 14 a.m.

a MayS U 1 p. m.

9 May 15 5 37 p.m.

b May 16 4 3 p. m.

cf May 20 6 55 p.m.

a MaySO 10 41 p.m.

b June 13 7 63 a. m.

9 June 14 3 56 p. m.

cf June 18 6 45 a. m.

Dist.

apart

Ueg.

Min.

. see oo

niltationl

6 N

51 N

. 4

9 S

37 S

87 N

. 5

44 N

23 8

. 1

43 8

. 5

43 N

36 8

. 2

44 S

. 5

8 N

. see 00(

tultationl

47 8

. 3

25 8

2 N

11 S

58 8

. 3

41 8

. 4

48 N

15 S

. 4

29 S

. 3

29 S

Planet. Date.

H. M.

June26 10 50 p.m.

July 10 10 5 p.m.

July 14 10 50 a.m.

July 16 7 p. m.

July24 1 4 a. m.

August 7..., 11 49 a.m.

August 13 7 23 a. m.

August 14 10 40 a.m.

August 20 8 2 a. m.

Septembers 8 49 p.m.

September 12 4 35 a.m.

9 September 12 7 53 a.m.

a September 16 8 25 a.m.

October 1 2 14 a.m.

October 11 1 a. m.

October 12 10 57 a.m.

October 14 1 7 p. m.

October28 6 1 a. m.

November U 8 13 a.m.

November 11 3 13 p.m.

November24 10 89 a.m.

December 7 5 S p. m.

December9 3 47 a.m.

December 11 9 37 p. m.

December 21 5 21 p.m.

Dlst. apart

Deg. Min.

4 37 N

5 36 S
468
2 46 8
4 36 N
60S
2 13 S
1 32 S
4 44 N

6 20 8
1 N

41 N

4 64 N
6 29 8

1 44 N

2 52 N

5 2 N

6 26 8
5 5 N

3 21 N
17 8

4 2 N

5 7 N
2 42 N

6 12 8

NOTE The distance apart is between centers us seen from center of earth. It should be borne In mind
that the bodies are not always nearest when in cf, but the above data will enable the absolute identification
of these planets on or near these dates and when the cf occurs in the daytime. The planets a, 6 and v
are ignored in this connection as usually the 3 's light will render the last two invisible and generally a will
be too near the sun to be seen.

Wednesday,

Friday

and

Saturday

EMBER DAYS,
f 1st Sunday in Lent Feb. 28, March 1, 2

I September 14 September 18,20,21

[ December 13 December 18, 20, 21

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

VISIBILITY OF THE PLANETS, 1912.

fete

Venus

Eye.
Star

Morn.
Stor

CT Mars

Eve, I Morn.
Star Star

Jupiter

Eve
Sta

Mom.
Star

Saturn

Eve Morn.

Star- Star

Jan.-'

hch.U

$&?._

ffl!

trim?

June I'

July II

fcatj.

iLltQfi

aug.

sgptjj

Oct.-.

Dec

Explanation: The light portions show the position
of the planet with respect to the sun whether east
of the sun and an evening star or west of him as
morning star and the approximate distance from
the sun in both hours and degrees of arc. The
width of the light space also indicates the relative
degree of brilliancy. Each of the small divisions
represents approximately one hour of time or 15"

of arc. Thus Venus at the beginning of the year
will l>e 3 -hours or 45 west of the sun and will
rise that much before the sun as a morning star.
Mars will be in conjunction with the sun Nov. 4,
when he changes from an evening tr a morning
star, and Jupiter will rise with the setting of the
sun or 180 or 12 hours from the sun the last of
May, shining all night.

Name.
Sun

FACTS ABOUT THE

Dlam- Distance Period

eter. from of rev.

Miles. sun. Miles. Days.
.866,400

Mercury 3,030 36,000,000 88

Venus 7700 67,200,000 225

Earth 7,918 92,900,000 365

Mars 4.230 141,500,000 687

Jupiter 86,500 483,300.000 4.333

Saturn 73,000 886,000.000 10.759

Uranus 31,900 1,781,900,000 30,687

Neptune 34,800 2,791,600,000 60,181

The sun's surface is 12.000 and its volume
1.300.000 times that of the earth, but the mass
is only 332,000 times as great and Its density
about one-quarter that of the earth. The force
of gravity at the surface of the sun is twenty-
seven times greater than that at the surface of
the earth. The sun rotates on its axis once in
25.3 days at the equator, but the time is longer
at the hiEher latitudes, from which fact it is
presumed that the sun Is not solid, at least as
to Its surface.

THE EARTH AND THE MOON.

Earth The equatorial diameter oJ the earth la

SUN AND PLANETS.

7,926.5 miles and the polar diameter 7,899.5 miles;
equatorial circumference, 25,000. The linear vfr
locity of the rotation of the earth on its axis
at the equator is 24,840 miles a day, or 1,440
feet a second; its velocity in its orbit around the
sun is approximately nineteen miles per second,
the length of the orbit being about 560,000.000
miles. The superficial area of the earth accord-
ing to Encke, the astronomer, is 197,108,580 square
miles, of which two-thirds is water and one-
third land. The planetary mass is about 256,-
OOO'.OOO cubic miles.

Moon The moon has a diameter of 2,162 miles,
a circumference of about 6,800 miles and a sur-
face area of 14,685,000 square miles. Her mean
distance from the earth is 238.840 miles. The vol-
ume of the moon is about l-49th that of the eartb
and the density about 3 2-5 that of water. The.
time from new moon to new moon is 29 days 12
hours 44.05 minutes. The moon has no atmos-
phere and no water and is a dead world.
VELOCITY OP LIGHT.

Light travels at the rate of 186,300 miles per
Becond. It requires 8 minutes and 8 seconds for
light to come from the sun to the earth.

CHICAGO. DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

There will be four eclipses In 1912, two of the
sun and two of the moon, as follows:

I. Partial of the moon April 1, invisible In the
United States; visible quite generally In Europe,
Africa, part of Asia and South America. This
eclipse will recur April 12, 1930, which will be its
lest return.

II. Central and total of the sun April 17. Th<
partial phase will be visible in eastern United
States. The sun will rise more or less eclipsed

ECLIPSES IN 1912.

The figure shows 1, 2, 3 and 4 digits cut off from

the sun's southern limb.

throughout most of the southern, middle and east-
ern states. Invisible west of a line from near
Pensacola, Fla., through Memphis, Tenn., to Win-
nipeg. East of a line from near Sag Harbor through
Albany to Clayton, N. Y., the eclipse will be
wholly visible, but very small and on the southern
limb of the suu. Throughout New England the
eclipse will begin a few minutes after sunrise and
end about 7 a. m. At Chicago the eclipse will be
decreasing at sunrise and will end at 5:45 a. m.
Only about two digits will be eclipsed In the great
lakes region and that on the southern limb of the
sim, as shown in the figure annexed. In the south-
eastern states about four digits will be eclipsed.

The last preceding eclipse of the series to which
this one belongs was April 5, 1894, and the next
succeeding one will be April 27, 1930, when it will
be total and visible in the United States. An
eclipse of the suu recurs sixty or seventy times

after the first small one on one limb, then follows,
at intervals of eighteen years eleven days, the
other partial, total and partial again, to the last
small one on the opposite limb from the one where
the series started, covering! a period of over 1,000
years.

111. Partial of the moon Sept. 26. In eastern
United States the moon will be setting as the
eclipse begins and hence invisible there. Visible
as follow^:

Begins at a.
-Middle at b..

Mountain
time.
H. M.
4:03 a. m.
4:45 a. m.
5:26 a. m.

Central
time.
H. M.
..5:03 a. m.

5:45 a. m.

Ends at c 6:26 a.m.

Size of the eclipse 1.46 digits, as shown in tha
annexed figure, where the arrow shows the course
of the moon through the southern portion of the
irreat dark shadow of the earth from west to east.
One more eclipse of this series, only, remains,
Oct. fi, 1930. Tiiis series began 847 years ago, since
which time it has recurred forty-seven times.

IV. Total of the sun Oct. 10. Visible in the
southeastern portion of the United States as a very
t-mall eclipse on the sun's southern limb. In the
pulf states The sun will rise with the ecllnse on.
Throughout most of North and South Carolina the
whole of the eclipse will be visible, just after the
rising of the sun, but it will be very small only
about one digit see figure 1.

This eclipse will recur Oct. 21, 1930, when It will
again be total.

FIXED AND MOVABLE FESTIVALS OR CHURCH DAYS, 1912.

New Year's day (clrcum.)...Jan. 1

Epiphany Jan.?

Conversion of St. Paul Jan. 25

Purification, B. V. M Feb. 2

Peptuagesima Sunday Feb. 4

Sexagesima Sunday.... Feb. 11

St. Valentine Feb. 14

Quinquiigesima Sunday Feb. 18

Shrove Tuesday Feb. 20

Ash Wed. (Lent begins)... Feb. 21

St. Matthias Feb. 24

Quadragesima Sunday Feb. 25

St. Patrick's day March 17

Annunciation (Lady day). March 25

Palm Sunday March 31

Good Friday April 5

Easter Sunday April 7

Low Sunday April 14

St. George April 23

St. Mark April 25

Philip and James May 1

Rotation Sunday May 12

Ascension (Holy Thursday). May 16
Pentecost (Whit Sunday)... May 26

Memorial day May 30

Trinity Sunday June 2

Corpus Chrlstl June 6

Nativity John the Baptist.. June 24

Peter and Paol..| June 29

Mary Magdalen July 23

St. Jamfs July 2S

Transfiguration Aug. 6

St. Bartholomew Aug. 24

Exaltation of Holy Cross.. Sept. 14

St. Matthew Sept. 21

Michaelmas Sept. 29

St. Luke Oct. 18

Simon and Jude Oct. 28

Halloween Oct. 31

All Saints Nov. 1

Thanksgiving day Nov. 28

St. Andrew Nov. 80

Advent Sunday Dec. 1

St. Thomas Dec. 21

Christmas day Dec. 25

St. Stephen Dec. 26

St. John the Evangelist Dec. 27

Holy Innocents Dec. 28

NUMBER OF THE STARS.

. According to tl.e best astronomers the number
of stars that can be seen by a person of average
eyesight is only about 7,000. The number visible

through the telescope has been estimated by J. E.
Gore at 70,000,000 and by Profs. Newcomb and
Young at 100,000,000.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOIl 1912.

CHART OF THE HEAVENS.

Scale of Magnilude&

EXPLANATION The chart of the heavens
shows all the bright stars and groups visible In
the United States. Canada. Mexico. Cuba and
Hawaii. Stars of the third magnitude are some-
times shown In order to complete a figure.

If a bright uncharted body be seen near the
"ecliptic circle" It must be a planet. To locate
the planets or moon, refer to the tables "posi-
tion of planets" and "moon's place" In the
almanac pages, find the proper signs on the chart
on the "ecliptic circle" and an inspection of that
part of the heavens, comparing with the chart,
will serve to identify the planet and all the sur-
rounding objects.

Because of the earth's motion from west to
east (opposite to the direction of the arrow in the
chart), the stars rise 4m. earlier each day or 30m.
per week, or 2b. n month. The chart shows the

position at 9 p. m. Then if the position for any
other hour be desired, as for 7 p. m., count back
one month, or ahead one month for 11 p. m., and
eo on for any hour of the night.

A circle described from the zenith on the
"zenith circle" for the desired latitude with a
radius of 90 (see graduated meridian) will show
what stars are above the horizon. Thus Capella
is near the overhead (zenith) point on latitude 40
north Jan. 15. 9 p. m., as will be Algenib in the
handle of the Big Dipper at 3 a. m. Then from
Capella or Algenib all the surrounding visible
groups can be identified. The "pointers" being 5
apart and always In sight may be used as a conven-
ient unit of measure; also when visible the Belt of
Orion. 3. or the sides of the square of Pegasus.
The observer is always supposed to stand under
the overhead point and to face south, and north
alternately.

CHICAGO DAILY NKWS. ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

THE ^BRIGHTEST STARS.

NAME.

Constellation OT group.

Magni-
tude.

Kight
ascension.
Slderial
time.
H. M.

Declina-
tion.

Deg. Min.

For
meridian
passage.
M 11. time.
H. M.

For rising
& setting.
Mn.time
Lat. 40.
H. M.

AlpheraU

Andromeda

2.1
2.4

01
04

+28 80
+58 40

03
04

7 62

2.o

+14 41

6 51

Alpha

Phoenix

3.0

43 19

2 25*

2.3

+56 30

2.2

18 39

4 53

2.3

+60 14

Mirach
Capb. (Polaris)

Andromeda

2.2
2.2

1 05
1 27

+35 09
+88 50

1 04
1 24

8 29

Acnernar
Sheratan

Erldanus
Aries (ram)
Andromeda

0.4
2.8
2.2

1 84
1 50
1 68

57 41
+20 22
+41 54

1 31
1 49
1 57

7 14
9 21

Aries

2.1

2 02

+23 03

2 01

7 26

Mira

2.1

2 14

3 26

2 13

6 48

Cetus

2,6

2 58

+ 3 44

2 56

6 13

Algol

Perseus

2.6

3 02

--40 37

3 00

9 10

Mafak.. ..

1.9

3 18

--49 33

3 18

Alcyone

Taurus (bull;

3.1
1.0

3 42
4 31

--23 50
--16 20

3 41
4 29

7 29
6 58

Capella
Rlgel

Auriga
Orion

0.1
0.3

5 10
5 10

+45 55
8 18

6 09
5 09

10 14
5 31

El Nat h

Taurus

1.8

5 21

+28 32

5 19

7 62

Mintaka

Orion

2.3

5 27

5 26

5 69

AINllam

Orion,

1.8

5 32

1 15

5 30

5 66

Phasr

Colomba (dove)

2.7

5 36

34 08

5 35

3 37*

Salph

Orion

2.3

5 43

9 42

5 42

6 28

Orion

0.9

5 50

+ 7 24

5 49

6 26

Menkallna

Auriga

2.0

5 53

+44 66

5 51

9 63

Amus

0.8

6 22

52 39

6 21

AlHena
Slrlua.

Gemini (twins)
Canis Major

-2.0
1.4

6 33
ii 41

+16 29
16 36

6 31
6 40

6 69
5 01

Cants Major

1.5

t: 55

-28 51

6 54

4 07

1.9

7 29

+32 05

7 27

8 11

Procy on
Pollux

Canis Minor
Gemini

0.5

1.2

'i 35
7 40

+ 5 27
+28 15

7 33

7 38

6 19

7 60

Beta

Cancer (crab)
Ilydra

3.8
2.1

8 12
9 23

+ 9 28
8 16

8 10
9 21

6 33
6 si

1.3

10 04

+12 25

10 01

6 44

Eia

Argus

1.6

10 42

69 13

10 39

Dubii'e . ...

Ursa Major

2.0

10 58

+62 14

10 56

2.2

11 44

+15 04

11 42

6 61

Acrux
Beta

Southern Cross
Corvus (crow)

0.9
2.8
1.1

12 22
12 30
13 20

-62 36
-22 54
10 42

12 19
12 27
13 18

4 85
5 23

A wen a

Centaurus '
Bootes

0.7
0.2

13 57
14 12

-59 56
+19 W

13 64
14 09

7 12

BenKula

Centaurus

0.2
2.9

14 33
14 46

60 28
15 40

14 30
14 43

*
5 04

Kochab

Ursa M inor

2.2

14 51

+74 31

14 48

Northern Crown

2.3

15 31

+27 01

15 28

7 44

Unuk ...
Antares

Serpent Bearer
Scorpion,

2.7
1 2

15 40
16 24

+ 6 42
26 14

15 37
16 20

6 23
4 20

Kutlllcus

Hercules

2.8

16 2

+21 41

16 23

7 20

Etamln

Dragon

2.5

17 64

+51 30

17 51

Vega.

0.2

18 34

+38 42

18 80

8 64

Delta

2.3

18 50

26 25

18 46

4 19

Altai r

Eagle

0.9

19 46

+ 8 38

19 43

6 30

Alpha

Capricorn

3.7
1.4

20 13
20 38

-12 49

+44 58

20 09
20 35

6 66
9 66

Alderamln

Cephus

2.6

21 16

+62 13

21 12

Beta
Bnl

Aquarius
Pegasus

2.9
2.4

21 27
21 40

-5 58
+ 9 28

21 23
21 36

6 89

6 33

The Crane

1.9

22 83

47 24

21 68

1 21*

Pisces Aust.

1.3

22 63

30 06

22 48

4 QQ

Markab

Pegasus

2.5

23 00

+14 41

22 66

(S 62

lota

Pisces

4.3

23 53

+ 5 09

23 31

8 17

Explanation: By the absolute scale of magnitudes
stats brighter than Aldebarun and Altalr are indi-
cated by fractional or negative quantities, thus
Vega 0.2 and Sirius 1.4. As the magnitudes In-
crease the brilliancy decreases, each increase of a
unit being >>qual to a decrease of about two and
one-half In brightness.

To ascertain when any star or constellation will
be on the upper 'meridian add the number opposite
lu the column "For Meridian Passage" to the fig-
ures in the following table "Sidereal Noon." taking
not? whether such figures be "Morn." or "Eve." If
Morn, and the sum is more than 12h. the result will
be Eve. of same day; if Eve. and the sum is more
than I2h. the result will be Morn, of the next day.
Having found the time of meridian passage, for the
rising subtract and for the setting add the numbers
opposite the star in the column headed "For Rising

and Setting" and observe the direction ag to Morn,
and Eve. given for the meridian passage. Those

marked ( ) in the last column are cireumpolar

and do not rise or st-t In the latitude of New York
city. Stars having an asterisk (*) in the last col-
umn are only to be seen in the far south and then
when near the meridian, as the vapors of the horizon
will prevent seeing them when they rise or set.
To tell how high from the nearest point of the
horizon a star will be at its meridian passage,
subtract the star's declination from 90 and if the
result Is less than the latitude of the place of
the observer that star will neither rise nor set,
but is clrcumpolar, and the difference between that
result and the latitude shows the star's altitude
above the nortn point of the horizon or below the
southern horizon. Or (90 Dec.) lat., = alt. or
elevation of the star above the nearest point of

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

the horizon at meridian passage for stars of south,
dec. Examples :

Sidereal noon, Oct. 30, ' 9:28 p.m.

Foiualhaut "In Merid." col., 22:48

32:16
Subtract, 24:00

8:16 p. m. of the 31st,
time of merid-
ian passage.
Fomalhaut tis. and set. col., 4:00

12:16 = 0:16 a. m. of
Nov. 1, the time
of setting.

Fomalhaut dec., SO" s. 90 30, =60 10, = 20.
Altitude of Fomalhaut in latitude 40 at Its me-
ridian passage. To measure celestial distances
with the eye keep in mind that one-third of the
distance from the zenith to the horizon is 30.
For smaller measurements use the "pointers" In
the "big dipper,-' which are nearly 5 apart a
convenient celestial yardstick because always to
be seen. In the case of a star whoso dec. Is such
as to bring it nearer to the zenith than to a
horizon at meridian passage, it will be more con-
venient to use its zenith distance as a means of
locating it. The difference between the latitude
and dec. is this eenith distance. If the dec. IB
greater than the latitude then such difference 'a
to be counted northward, otherwise southward
from the zenith.

PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1800.

[From table prepared by O. P, Austin of bureau of statistics, department of commerce and labor,
Washington, D. C.]

1800.

1850.

"1860.

1870.

1880.

1900.

1910.

Area* BO,, miles

843,255
5,3U8,483

'82.976,294
26,500,000

2.995,536
23,191.876
7.135,780.000
63.452,774
278,761,982

3.026.789
31,443,321
16,159.616.000
59.964.4U2
435,407,252

8,026,789

as.5.>s,37i
sn.ois.ais.otio

2,331.169.956
675,212.71>4
542.261,563
549.874.35*
8,5(44,857,749
4,232.325.442
395.959,834
194.538,374
184,899,756
293.G57,U05
57.IJ55.675
21.780,230
28,340,202
435,958,408
392,771,768
50.01 IO.OOU
16.434,1100
29.496.054
220.951.290
1.665.179
68,750
12.600
162,000.000
235,88-4.70(1
1,094.255,000
4,c52.317
87,043.000
52,922
28,492
19.772,221
9,157,646

3.026,789
50,155,783
42.642,000,000
1.919,326.748
973,:2.228
833,701.034
810,106,973
12.180.501,538
5,369,579,191
333.526.5U1
186.522,065
124,009.374
264.847.G37
38.116.916
13,536.9>5
66,777.174
667.954.746
835,6H8,668
36.000.00&
34.717.000
63,822.8HO
1,104.017,166
3.835,191
1,247.335
27,000
232,500,000
498.549,b68
1,717,434.543
6,605,750
178,872,000
93.267
42.989
33.315,419
29,215,509
34,305
54,319
13,947
457,257

3,026,789
75,994,575

8$.. r >i7.306,775

1,107.711.258
2.055.150.998
2.458,092.758
2,389.719.954
20.514,001,838
13,004,400.143
567.240,852
233.161.871
295.327,927
487.713,7<!2
134.774.768
55,953.078
140,877.316
849,941.184
1,394.483,082
79.171,006
35,741.100
240,789,310
2,672.062,218
13,789.242
10.1S8.3J9
270.588
288.636,621
522,229,505
2,105.102,516
10.245.P02
32->.549.011
198,964
70.6S8
102,3.->4.579
79,69(1,227
1.016.777
1,580,101
26,499
448,572

3,026,789
92,174,515
107.104,211.917
1,046,44'.,185
3.102.355.605
5,287.21(1,312
4,070,486,247

Population

Wealtht dols.
l>ebt dols.

Money in circulation . .dols.

Deposits, savings dols.

43.431.1;*)
3,967.343,580
1,019,106.616
43.592,a-i'J
39,668,686

"40.948,383
9.6S7.025
7.901,725
1.8(16.886
173.609.526
144,375.726
50,000.000
60.900
6,266,233

""563,755

149,277,504
7,980.493,060

l,885.861.t;7b
56.054,tiOO
53,187,512

""'63,i30'.598
16,472.203
11.514,160
1,100,802
353,616,119
333.576.057
4(5,000.000
156,800
13.044.680
21,000.000
821,223

Manufactures, value.. dols.

10,848,749

9.080.9X5
809,397
10.813.971
2,560.879
3,448,716
64,131
91,252,7fi8
70,971,780

14.802.147,087
675.511.715
333,683.445
289,933,619
659,705,391
155,911,706
123.173,717
l(iO.(?.W,416
1,556.947,430
1.744.934,720
96,055,214
30.476,898
411,431.631
t7,W9.639.508
27.298.545
J23.955.021
487.926
321.3t>.',750
695,443.000
8,125,713.000
11,965,962
750.4110,000
J244.084
59,580
224,128,637
575,135,405
1U.4S0.026
8,338.648
a r .,9W
1,041.570

Internal revenue dols.
Expendit's Net ord dols.
War dols.

Navy dols.

Pensions dols.

Imports, mdse dols.

Exports, mdse dols.

Silver dols.

Coal tons

Petroleum gallons
Pig iron tons

650

52,516.959
100.485,944
592,071.104
2.454,442
247,577.000
9,021
18.417
5,499,984

7.200
60,264.913
173,104.924
Ki8.792.740
3.849.46!)
230,982,000
30,626
28.498
8,513,067

Wool Ibs.

Wheat bushels
Corn bushels
Cotton bales

"'153,509

Railroads miles
Postofiices No.

""903
280,804

Postoffice receipts dols.

Patents Issued No.
Immigrants No.

993
369.980

4,778
150.237

13,333
387,203

Continental. fFigures in 1910 column are for 1904. tin 1909. 5 Western Union only.
UNTIED STATES PASSPORT REGULATIONS.

Passports are issued to citizens of the United
States upon application to the state department
In Washington. The application must be accom-
panied by an affidavit, attested by a notary pub-
lic or other officer empowered to administer oaths,
stating that the applicant is a citizen and giving
the place of birth and age, and it must be ac-
companied by the certificate of one other citizen
to whom he is personally known that the declara-
tion made by the applicant is true. The application
must also be accompanied by a description of the
person, particularly as to age, height, complexion,
forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, hair and face.

Blank forms are furnished by the state depart-
ment upon application. The fee for each passport
is $1. Citizens traveling abroad may also in some
cases obtain passports by applying to United States
ambassadors and ministers. Where any person has
made a declaration of intention to become a citizen
of the United States and has resided In the United
States for three years a passport valid for six
months may be issued to him. This passport is
not renewabl? and does not entitle the holder to
the protection of this government in the country
of which he was originally a citizen.

THE C.'PITOI IN WASHINGTON.

The corner stone of the original capitol building
was laid by President Washington Sept. 18, 1793.
The north wing was finished in 1810 and the south
wing 'n 1811, a wooden passageway connecting
them. The original designs of the structure were
ma4e by Dr. William Thornton. The two wings
were burned by the British in 1814. but were im-
mediately restored. In 1827 the original building

was completed at a cost of $2.433,844.13. Extensions
of the wings were begun In 1851 and completed in
IS.'O. The dome, which is 287 feet 5 inches In
height, was completed in 1865. The capitol stands
in latitude 38 decrees 53 minutes 20.4 seconds
north and longitude 77 degrees 00 minutes 35.7
seconds west from Greenwich. The area covered
by the building Is 153,112 square feet.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

TIME AND STANDARDS OF TIME.

Various kinds of time are in use In this coun-
try

1. Astronomical Time or Mean Solar Time
This is reckoned from noon through the twentv-
four hours of the day and Is used mainly by
astronomical observatories and in official astronom-
ical publications. It is the leg<-.l time of tlie
Dominion of Canada, though 'standard" and
"mi'an" time are in general use there as in this
country.

2. Mean Local Time Phis 1: tho kind that was
in almost universal use rfior vo the introduction
of standard time. Tbt- time .s based upon the
time when the mean son* crosses the meridian
and the day begins at midnight. When divided
into civil divisions years, months, weeks, days,
etc. it is sometimes calK-d civil time.

3. Standard Time Fo the convenience of the
railroads and business in general a standard of
time was established by mutual agreement in 1883
and by this calculation trains are now run and
local time Is regulated. By this system the
United States, extending from 65 to 125 west
longitude. Is divided into four time sections, each
of 15 of longitude, exactly equivalent to one
hour (7% or 30m. on each side of a meridian),
commencing with the 75th meridian. The nrst
or eastern section includes all territory between
the Atlantic coast and an irregular line drawn
from Buffalo to Charleston, S. C., the latter city

STANDARDS OF TIME.

The following Is the table of times, based upon the meridians used by the United States nnd
Canada :

being Its southernmost point. The second or cen-
tral section includes all the territory between
this eastern line and another irregular line ex-
tending from Bismarck, N. D., to the mouth of
the Rio Grande. The third or mountain section
includes all the territory between the last-named
line and nearly the western borders of Idaho,
Nevada and Arizona. The fourth or Pacific sec-
tion includes all the territory of the United States
between the boundary of the mountain section
and the Pacific coast. Inside of each of these
sections standard time is uniform and the time
of each section differs from that next to it by
exactly one hour, as shown on the map.

*Owing to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit
and the inclination of the equator to the ecliptic,
the apparent motion of the sun is retarded or
accelerated according to the earth's plate In its
orbit. Hence, to take the actual sun as a guide
would necessitate years, days and their subdi-
visions of unequal length. Therefore an imag-
inary or "mean sun" was Invented. The differ-
ence between apparent and mean time is called
the "equation of time" and may amount to A
quarter of an hour in twenty-four hours. It la
the difference between the figures in "Sun at
noon mark" column in calendar and twelve hours.
Tlie figures on a correct sun dial give the ap-
parent time.

NAME OF TIME.

Degrees.

Central meridian
from Greenwich.

Nearest place.

4 hours west

About SJ^i degrees east of Halifax N8

5 hours west

Between New York and Philadelphia

6 hours west

St. Louis and New Orleans.

105

7 hours west

Denver, Col.

Pacific

120

8 hours west

1H degrees east of Sacramento, Cal.

Sitka- .

135

11 hours west

!4 degree east of Sitka. Alaska.

Tahiti

150

10 hours west

V? decree west of the island of Tahiti.

Hawaiian

157tf

10 hrs. 31 mm. west.

Near center of Molokal.

It Is obvious that to express the time of rising
and setting of the sun and moon in standard time
would limit the usefulness of such data to the
single point or place for which it was computed,
while in mean time it is practically correct for
places as widely separated as the width of the

continent (see note at bottom of February cal-
endar), and persons having obtained the mean
time by the rising or setting of the sun or moon
may easily ascertain the correct standard time
of any event by making use of the following ta-
ble and map:

To obtain standard time, add
Standard Correc-

or tlon,

City. division. Min.

Albany, N. Y. Eastern. .Sub. 5
Austin. Texas Central.. .Add 31
Baltimore, Md. Eastern. Add 8
Baton Rouge, La. Cent. .Add 4
Bismarck. N. D. Cent. .Add 43
Boston, Mass. Eastern. .Sub. 16
Buffalo. N. Y. Eastern .. Add 16
Burlington, Iowa Cent.. Add !5

Cairo. 111. Central Sub. 3

Charleston. S. C. East.. Add 20

Chicago. 111. Central Sub. 10

Cincinnati. O. Central. .Sub. 22
Cleveland, O. Central. ..Snb. 33
Columbia. S. C. Eastern.Add 24
Columbus. O. Central... Sub. 28

Dayton. 0. Central Sub. 23

Denver. Col. Mountain.. Add
Des Moines. la. Central. Add 14
Detroit. Mich. Central. .Sub. 28
Dulmque, Iowa Central. .Add 3
Duluth. Minn. Central.. Add 9

Erie, Pa. Central Sub. 39

Evnnsville. Ind. Central. Sub. 10
Ft. Gibson, Ch. N. Cent.Add 21
Fort Smith. Ark. Cent. .Add 19
Fort Wayne, Ind. Cent. Sub. 20

Galena. 111. Central Add 2

Galveston. Tex. Central. Add 19
Or. Haven, Mich. Cent. Sub. 15

STANDARD TIME TABLE,
or subtract the figures given to
Standard Correc-
or tion,

City. division. Min.

Harrisburg. Pa. Eastern.Add 7
Houston. Tex. Central. .Add 21
Huntsville. Ala. Cent.. .Sub. 12
Indianapolis, Ind. Cent. .Sub. 16
Jackson. Miss. Central.. Add 1
Jacksonville. Fla. Cent. Sub. 33
Janesville, Wis. Cent. . .Sub. 4
Jefferson City, Mo. Cent.Add 9
Kansas City, Mo. Cent. .Add 19
Keokuk. Iowa Central. ..Add 6
Knoxville. Tenn. Cent. .Sub. 21
LuCrosse, Wis. Central. .Add 5
Lawrence, Kas. Central. Add 21
Lexington. Ky. Central.. Sub. 23
Little Rock. Ark. Cent.. Add 9
Louisville, Ky. Central.. Sub. IS
Lynchhurg, Va. Eastern.Add 17
Memphis, Tenn. Cent... Sub.
Milwaukee. Wis. Cent. ..Sub. 8

Mobile. Ala. Central Sub. S

Montgomery. Ala. Cent. .Sub. 15
Nashville. Tenn. Cent. ..Sub. 13
N. Haven, Conn. East. . Sub. 8
New Orleans. Ln. Cent. .Add
New York. N. Y. East. Sub. 4
Norfolk. Va. Eastern. . ..Add 5
Ogdensburg, N. Y. East. Add 2
Omaha. Neb. Central Add 24

local time.

Standard Correo-
or tlon.

City. division. Min.

Pensacola. Fla. Central. Sub. 11
Philadelphia. Pa. East. .Add 1
PIttsburg, Pa. Eastern.. Add 20
Portland. Me. Eastern. .Sub. 19
Providence. R. I. East.. Sub. H

Quincy, 111. Central Add 6

Raleigh, N. C. Eastern.. Add 15
Richmond, Va. Eastern.Add 10
Rochester. N. Y. East.. Add 11
Rock Island. 111. Cent... Add 3
S. Francisco, Cal. Pac. Add 10
Santa Fe.N.M. Mountain. Add 4
Savannah, Ga. Central. .Sub. 36
Shreveport. La. Central. Add 13
Springfield, 111. Central.. Snb. 2
St. Joseph, Mo. Cent. ...Add 19
St. Louis, Mo. Central .. Add 1
St. Paul. Minn. Cent. . .Add 12
Superior City, Wis. Cent.Add 8
Syracuse. N. Y. East. . .Add 8

Toledo, O. Central Sub. 2fl

Trenton. N. J. Eastern. Snb. 1

rtica. N. Y. Eastern Add 1

Washington, D. O. East. Add 8
Wheeling, W. Va. East. .Add '23
Wilmington, Del. East.. Add 9
Wilmington, N. C. East.Add 18
Yankton. S. D. Central . Add 29

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

All the calculations In The Dally News Alma-
nac and Year-Book are based upon mean or clock
time unless otherwise stated. The sun's rising
and setting are for the upper limb, corrected for
parallax and refraction. In the case of the moon
no correction is needed, as in the sun, for "par-
allax and refraction": with her they are of an
opposite nature and just balance each other. The
figures given, therefore, are for the moon's cen-
ter on a true horizon such as the ocean affords.

The calculations In each of the geographical
divisions of each calendar page will apply witn
sufficient accuracy to all places In the contiguous

North American zones indicated by the heading
of the divisions.

The heavy dotted lines show the arbitrary (stand-
ard) divisions of time in the United States. The
plus and minus marks on either side of the me-
ridian lines show whether it is necessary to add to
or subtract from the mean time of points east or
west of these lines to arrive at actual standard
time. Example: Chicago is 2% east of the 90th
meridian, therefore Chicago local time 2V& x 4
= 10 to be subtracted from mean time to = stand-
ard time, and for Boston standard (eastern) time,
16m. must be subtracted from mean time.

FOBEIGN STANDARDS OF TIME.

Central
meridian.

on
Greenwich.

Central
meridian.

H'asturslow
on
Greenwich.

Degrees.
135 east

H.M.S.

a oo oo fast

Degrees.
120 east

H. M.

8 00 fast

Spain*

00000

142^ east

9 30 fast

Argentina

64+ west

35138.8slow

172J4 east

H 30 fast

81+ west

5 24 15 slow

Victoria . . . ...

Natal

30 east

2 00 00 fast

Cape Colony

22^ east

1 30 00 fast

150 east

10 00 fast

Mid-Europe

1 00 00 fast

Egypt

30 east

20000 fast

Eastern Europe

30 east

2 00 faet

*ln Spain the hours are counted from to 24, avoiding the use of a. m. and p. m.
CALENDAR FOR 1913.

JAN...

APRIL
MAY...

JULY..

OCT

T F

1
8

.';
*j

2
9

Hi
23
SO

3
10
17
4
31

4
11

1*
25

1
8
IB

1
S
IS

2:;

'('i

13
30
27

'7
14

21
2#

S
15
22
29

2
( .i

it;
23

311

10
17
24

12
19

21;

,' ; .'
29

2
9
1C,
23
30

3
10
17
24
31

IS
25

8
15
22
29

5
12
1!'

2
9
ir
23

1
8

i-i

2 3

910
16 17

23 24
3031

FEB...

5
12
in
a;

II!
20
27

7
11

AUG.

;

13
20

7
14
21

NOV....

5
12
19

2t;

14
21

8
15
22

2
t

it;

>:;
:>0

111

2!
31

i)
16
23

10
17

4
11
is
25

5
12

'.'II
27

7
1-1
21

JUNE...

4
11

IS
25

5
12

JCi

i:;

20
27

7
14

:;s

SEPT.,

3
10
17
24
31

7
14

21
26

5
12
19

2t;

13
20
27

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CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

SUPREME COURT DECISION IN STANDARD OIL CASE.

SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS.

Suit begun in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 15, 1906.

Circuit court of United States decides that the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey is an illegal
combination, Nov. 20. 1909.

Decision of Circuit court sustained by United
States Supreme court Mas' 15, 1911.

Nov. 15, 1906, the attorney-general of the United
States began proceedings against the Standard Oil
Company of New Jersey under the Sherman anti-
trust act by tiling in the United States Circuit court
in St. Louis a pei.ition in equity against the com-
pany and its seventy constituent corporations and
partnerships and seven individual persons, asking*
that the combination be declared unlawful and in
restialnt of interstate trade. Frank B. Kellogg of
St. I'aul was appointed special prosecutor, assisted,
by Charles B. Morrison or Chicago, Frank H. Poole
and J. H. Graves of the department of Justice, W.
H. Higgins of Minneapolis and C. A. Severance of
St. I'aul. The defense was led by John G. Milburn
of New York. The decision in the case was an-
nounced in St. Louis and St. Paul Nov. 20. 1909,
the government winning a complete victory. In
an opinion written by Judge Walter H. Sanborn of
St. Paul and concurred in by Judges Vandeveuter,
Hook and Adams, with a special concurring opinion
by Judge Hook, the United States Circuit court
for the eastern district of Missouri declared the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey an illegal
combination, operating in restraint of trade, and
ordered its dissolution within thirty days. The de-
cree, unless suspended by an appeal to the United
States Suureme court, was to be followed by an
injunction restraining the company from further
continuance of its business under its existing for-
mation.

The defendant company carried the case to the
Supreme court of the United States, which, in an
elaborate decision rendered May 15, 1911, sustained
the decree of the lower court except as to the time
of its execution, which was extended to six months.
The court further held that in view of the possi-
ble injury which might result to the public through
the cessation of interstate commerce In the prod-
ucts of the corporation pending dissolution that
portion of the decree should not stand.

In effect the decision of the Supreme court, as
announced by Mr. Chief Justice White, was that the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and its nine-
teen subsidiary companies formed a combination in
restraint of trade in violation of the Sherman anti-
trust law. The dissolution of the combination was
therefore ordered to take place within six months.

Following is the complete official text of the de-
cision:

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
No. 398 October term, 1910.

The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey et al.,

appellants, vs. the United States.
Appeal from the Circuit court of the United States

for the eastern district of Missouri.
[May 15, 1911.]

Mr. Cl'ief Justice White delivered the opinion of
the court:

The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and
thirty-three other corporations, John D. Rockefel-
ler, William Rockefeller and five other individual
defendants prosecute this appeal to reverse a de-
cree of the court below. Such decree was entered
upon a bill filed by the United States under author-
ity of section 4 of the act of July 2, 1890, known
as the antitrust aot, and had for its object tbe en-
forcement of the provisions of that act. .The rec-
ord is Inordinately voluminous, consisting of
twenty-three volumes of printed matter, aggregat-
ing about 12,000 pages, containing a vast amount
of confusing and conflicting testimony relating to
innumerable, complex and vavlid business transac-
tions extending over a period of nearly forty years.
In an effort to pave -the way to reach the subjects
which we are called upon to consider, we propose
at the outset, following the order of the bill, to
give the merest possible oafline of its contents, to
summarize the answer, to Indicate the course of

the trial and point out briefly the decision below
rendered.

The bill and exhibits, covering 170 pages of the
printed record, was filed on Nov. 15, 1906. Corpora-
tions known as Standard Oil Company of New Jer-
sey, Standard Oil Company of California, Standard
Oil Company of Indiana, Standard Oil Company of
Iowa, Standard Oil Company of Kansas, Standard
Oil Company of Kentucky, Standard Oil Company
of Nebraska, Standard Oil Company of New York,
Standard Oil Company of Ohio and sixty-two other
corporations and partnerships, as also seven indi-
viduals, were named as defendants. The bill was
divided into thirty numbered sections and sought
relief upon the theory that the various defendants
were engaged in conspiring "to restrain the trade
and commerce in petroleum, commonly called
'crude oil,' in refined oil and in the other products
of petroleum, among the several states and terri-
tories of the United States and the District of Co-
lumbia and with foreign nations, and to monopo-
lize the said commerce." The conspiracy was al-
leged to have been formed in or about the year
1870 by three of the individual defendants, viz..
John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller and
Henry M. Flagler. The detailed averments concern-
Ing the alleged conspiracy were arranged with ref-
erence to three periods; the first from 1870 to 1882,
the second from 1882 to 1899 and the third from
1S99 to the time of the filing of the bill.

The general charge concerning the period from
1870 to 1882 was as follows:

"That during said first period the said individual
defendants, in connection with the Standard Oil
Company of Ohio, purchased and obtained interests
through stock ownership and otherwise in, and en-
tered into agreements with, various person?, firms,
corporations and limited partnerships engaged in
purchasing, shipping, refining and selling petro-
leum and its products among the various states for
the purpose of fixing the price of crude and refined

oil and the products thereof, limiting the produc
tion thereof and controlling the transportation
therein, and thereby restraining trade and com-
merce among the several states and monopolizing
the said commerce."

To establish this charge it was averred that
John D. and William Rockefeller and several other
iiiiincd individuals, who, prior to 1870, composed
three separate partnerships engaged in the busi-
ness of refining crude oil and shipping its products
In interstate commerce, organized in the year 1870
a corporation known as the Standard Oil Company of
Ohio, and transferred to that company the busi-
ness of the said partnerships, the members thereof
tecomlng, in proportion to their prior ownership,
stockholders in the corporation. It was averred
that the other individual defendants soon after-
ward became participants in the Illegal combina-
tion and either transferred property to the cor-
poration or to individuals to be held for the benefit
of all parties in interest in proportion to their
respective interests in the combination; that is, in
proportion to their stock ownership in the Standard
Oil Company of Ohio. By the means thus stated, it
was charged that by the year 1872 the combination
had acquired substantially all but three or four of
the thirty-five or forty oil refineries located in Cleve-
If.nd, O. By reason of the power thus obtained and in
further execution of the intent and purpose to re-
strain trade and to monopolize the commerce,
Interstate as well as Intrastate, In petroleum and
its products, the bill alleged that the combination
and its members obtained large preferential rates
end rebates in nrany and devious ways over their
competitors from various railroad companies, and
that by means of the advantage thus obtained
many, if rot virtually all, competitors were forced
either to become members of the combination or
were driven out of business; and thus, it was
alleged, during the period in question the follow-
ing results were brought about: (a) That the
combination, in addition to the refineries in Cleve
land, which it had acquired as previously stated
and which it had either dismantled to limit pro-
duction or continued to operate, also from time
to time acquired a large number of refineries of
crude petroleum situated in New York, Pennsyl-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

vania, Ohio and elsewhere. The properties thus
acquired, like those previously obtained, although
belonging to and being held 'or the benefit of the
combination, were ostensibly divergently controlled,
eome of them being put in the name of the Stand-
ard Oil Company of Ohio, some In the name of
corporations or limited partnerships affiliated
therewith, or some being left in the name of the
original owners, who had become stockholders in
the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and thus
members of the alleged illegal combination,
(b) That the combination had obtained control of
the pipe lines available for transporting oil from
the oil fields to the refineries in Cleveland, Pitts-
burgh, Titusville, Philadelphia, New York and
New Jersey, (c) That the combination during the
period named had obtained a complete mastery
over the oil industry, controlling 90 per cent of
the business of producing, shipping, refining and
selling petroleum and its products, and thus was
able to fix the price of crude and refined petroleum,
end to restrain and monopolize all interstate com-
merce in those products.

The averments bearing upon the second period
(1882 to 1899} had relation to the claim:

"That during the said second period of conspir-
acy the defendants entered into a contract and
trust agreement, by which various independent
firms, corporations, limited partnerships and indi-
viduals engaged in purchasing, transporting, re-
fining, shipping and selling oil and the products
thereof among the various states turned over
the management of their said business, corpora-
tions and limited partnerships to nine trustees,
composed chiefly of certain individuals defendant
herein, which said trust agreement was in re-
straint of trade and commerce and in violation of
law, as hereinafter more particularly alleged."

The trust agreement thus referred to was set
cut in the bill. It was made in January, 1882.
By Its terms the stock of forty corporations, in-
cluding the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, and
a large quantity of various properties which had
been previously acquired by the alleged combina-
tion and which was held in diverse forms, as
we have previously indicated, for the benefit of
the members of the combination, was vested in
the trustees and their successors, "to be held
for nil parties in interest Jointly." In the body
of the trust agreement was contained a list of
the various individuals and corporations and lim-

ited partnerships whose stockholders and mem-
bers, or a portion thereof, became parties to the
agreement. This list is in the margin.*

The agreement made provision for the method of
controlling and managing tlie property by the trus-
tees, for the formation of additional manufactur-
ing, etc., corporations in various states, and the
trust, unless terminated by a mode specified, was
to continue "during the lives of the survivors and
survivor of the trustees named in the agreement
and for twenty-one years thereafter." The agree-
ment provided for tbe issue of Standard Oil trust
certificates to represent the interest arising under
the trust in the properties affected by the trust,
which, of course, in view of the provisions of the
agreement and the subject to which it related,
caused the interest in the certificates to be co-
incident with and the exact representative of the
interest in the combination, that is, in the Standard
Oil Company of Ohio. Soon afterward it was al-
leged the trustees organized the Standard Oil Com-
pany of New Jersey and the Standard Oil Company
of New York, the former having a capital stock
of $3,000,000 and the latter a capital stock of
$5,000,000, subsequently increased to $10,000,000 and
$15,000,000, respectively. The bill alleged "that
pursuant to said trust agreement the said trustees
caused to be transferred to themselves the stocks
of all corporations and limited partnerships named
In said trust agreement, and caused various of the
individuals and copartnerships, who owned appar-
ently independent refineries and other properties
employed in the business of refining and transport-
Ing and selling oil in and among said various states
and territories of the United States as aforesaid,
to transfer their property situated in said several
states to the respective Standard Oil companies
of said states of New York, New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania and Ohio and other corporations organized
or acquired by said trustees from time to time
* * *." For the stocks and property so acquired
the trustees issued trust certificates. It was al-
leged that in 1888 the trustees "unlawfully con-
trolled the stock and ownership of various corpo-
rations and limited partnerships engaged in such
purchase and transportation, refining, selling and
shipping of oil," as per a list which is excerpted
in the margin, f

The bill charged that during the second period
quo warranto proceedings were commenced against
the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, which resulted

First. All the stockholders and members of the
following corporations and limited partnerships,
to wit: Acme Oil company, New York; Acme Oil
company, Pennsylvania; Atlantic Refining Company
of Philadelphia; Bush & Co. (Ltd.); Camden Con-
solidated Oil company; Eliza bethport acid works;
Imperial Refining company (Ltd.); Charles Pratt
& Co.; Paine, lAblett & Co.; Standard Oil com-
pany, Ohio; Standard Oil company, Pittsburgh;
Smiths Ferry Oil Trannortation company; Solar
Oil company (Ltd.); Stone & Fleming Manufactur-
ing company (Ltd.). Also all the stockholders and
members of such other corporations and limited
partnerships as may hereafter join in this agree-
ment at the request of the trustees herein pro-
vided for.

Second. The following 1 Individuals, to wit: W.

C. Andrews, John D. Archbold, Lide K. Arter,
J. A. Bostwick, Benjamin Brewster, D. Bushnell,
Thomas O. Bushnell, J. N. Camden, Henry L.
Davis, H. M. Flagler, Mrs. H. M. Flagler, John
Huntington, H. A. Hutchins, Charles F. G. Heye,
A. B. Jennings, Charles Lockhart, A. M. Mc-
Gregor, William H. Macy, William H. Macy, Jr.,
estate of Josiah Macy, William H. Maey, Jr.,
executor; O. H. Payne, 'A. J. Pouch, John D.
Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, Henry H. Rog-
ers, W. P. Thompson. J. J. Vandergrift, William
T. Wardell, W. G. Warden, Joseph L. Warden,
Warden, Frew & Co.: Louise C. Wheaton, H. M.
Hanna and Oeorge W. Chapin, D. M. Harkness,

D. M. Harkness, trustee; S. V. Harkness, O. H.
Payne, trustee; Charles Pratt, Horace A. Pratt,
O. M. Pratt, Julia H. York, George H. Vilas, M.
R. Keith, trustees; George F. Chester. Also all
such individuals as may hereafter join in the

agreement at the re-juest of the trustees herein
provided for.

Third. A portion of the stockholders and mem-
bers of the following corporations and limited
partnerships, to wit: American Lubricating Oil
company, Baltimore United Oil company, Beacon
Oil company, Bush & Denslow Manufacturing com-
pany, Central Refining Company of Pittsburgh,
Chesebrough Manufacturing company. Chess Carley
company, Consolidated Tank Line company, Inland
Oil company, Keystone Refining company, Maverick
Oil company, National Transit company. Portland
Kerosene Oil company, Producers' Consolidated
Land & Petroleum company. Signal oil works (Ltd.),
Thompson & Bedford company (Ltd.), Devoe Manu-
facturing company, Eclipse Lubricating Oil com-
pany (Ltd.), Empire Refining company (Ltd.),
Franklin Pipe company (Ltd.), Galena oil works
(Ltd.), Galena Farm Oil company (Ltd.), Germania
Mining company. Vacuum Oil company, H. C. Van
Tine & Co. (Ltd.), Waters-Pierce Oil company.
Also stockholders and members (not being all there-
of) of other corporations and limited partnerships
who may hereafter join in this agreement at the
request of the trustees herein provided for,

tList of corporations the stocks of which were
wholly or partially held by the trustees of Standard
Oil trust: Standard

Capital Oil trust

New York state: stock, ownership.
Acme Oil company, mfrs. of pe-
troleum products $300,000 Entire

Atlas Refining company, mfrs.

of petroleum products 200,000 Entire

American Wick Manufacturing
company, mfrs. of lamp wicks 25,000 Entire

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

in the entry by the Supreme court of Ohio, on
March 2, 1892, of a decree adjudging the trust
agreement to be void, not only because the Stand-
ard Oil Company of Ohio was a party to the
same, but also because the agreement in and of
itself was in restraint of trade and amounted to
the creation of an unlawful monopoly. It was al-
leged that shortly after this decision, seemingly
for the purpose of complying therewith, voluntary
proceedings were had apparently to dissolve the
trust, but that these proceedings were a subterfuge
and a sham because they simply amounted to a
transfer of the stock held by the trust in sixty-
four of the companies which it controlled to some
of the remaining twenty companies, it having con-
trolled before the decree eighty-four in all, there-
by, while seemingly in part giving up its domin-
ion, yet in reality preserving the same by means
of the control of the companies as to which It
had retained complete authority. It was charged,
that especially was this the case, as the stock
In the companies selected for transfer was virtu-
ally owned by the nine trustees or the members
of their immediate families or associates. The bill
further alleged that in 1897 the attorney-general
of Ohio instituted contempt proceedings in the
QUO warranto case based upon the claim that the
trust had not been dissolved as required by the
decree in that case. About the same time also
proceedings in quo warranto were commenced to
forfeit the charter of a pipe line known as the
Buckeye Pipe Line company, an Ohio corporation,
whose stock, it was alleged, was owned by the
members of the combination, on the ground of its
connection with the trust which had been held to
be illegal.

The result of these proceedings, the bill charged,
caused a resort to the alleged wrongful acts as-
serted to have been committed during the third
period, as follows:

"That during the third period of said conspiracy

and its pursuance thereof the said individual de-
fendants operated through the Standard Oil Com-
pany of New Jersey, as a holding corporation,
which corporation obtained and acquired the ma-
jority of the stocks of the various corporations
engaged in purchasing, transporting, refining, ship-
ping and selling oil into and among the various
states and territories of the United States and the
District of Columbia and with foreign nations,
and thereby managed and controlled the same, in
violation of the laws of the United States, as here-
inafter more particularly alleged."

It was alleged *hat in or about the month of
January, lb9, the individual defendants caused
the charter of the Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey to be amended:

"So that the business and objects of said com-
pany were stated as follows, to wit: 'To do all
kinds of mining, manufacturing and trading busi-
ness; transporting goods and merchandise by land
or water in any manner; to buy, sell, lease and
improve land; build houses, structures, vessels,
cars, wharves, docks and piers; to lay and operate
pipe lines; to erect lines for conducting electricity;
to enter into and carry out contracts of every kind
pertaining to its business; to acquire, use, sell and
grant licenses under patent rights; to purchase or
otherwise acquire, hold, sell, assign and transfer
Miares of capital stock and bonds or other evi-
dences of Indebtedness of corporations and to ex-
ercise all the privileges of ownership, including
voting upon the stock so held; to carry on its busf-
ness and have offices and agencies therefor in all
parts of the world, and to hold, purchase, mort-
gage and convey real estate and personal property
outside the state of New Jersey.' ''

The capital stock of the company which since
March 19, 1892, had been $10,000,000 was increased
to $110,000,000, and the individual defendants, as
theretofore, continued to be a majority of the board
of directors.

Standard

Capital Oil trust
stock, ownership.

Bush & Denslow Mfg. company,
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 300,000 60%

Chesebrough Manufacturing com-
pany, mfrs. of petroleum 600,000 2,661-5,000

Central Refining company (Ltd.),
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 200,000 1-67.2%

Devoe Manufacturing company,
packers, mfrs. of petroleum.. 300,000 Entire

Empire Reflning company (Ltd.),
tnfrs. of petroleum products... 100,000 80%

Oswego Manufacturing company,
mfrs. of wood cases 100,000 Entire

Pratt Manufacturing company,
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 500,000 Entire

Standard Oil Company of New
York, mfrs. of petroleum prod. 5,000,000 Entire

Stone & Fleming Mfg. Co. (Ltd.),
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 250,000 Entire

Thompson & Bedford Co. (Ltd.),
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 250,000 80%

Vacuum Oil company, mfrs. of

petroleum products 25,000 75%

New Jersey:

Eagle Oil company, mfrs. of pe-
troleum products 350,000 Entire

McKlrgan Oil company, jobbers
of petroleum products 75,000 Entire

Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey, mfrs. petroleum prod. 3,000,000 Entire
Pennsylvania :

Acme Oil company, mfrs. of pe-
troleum products 300,000 Entire

Atlantic ReHning company, mfrs.
of petroleum products 400,000 Entire

Galona oil works (Ltd.), mfrs.
of petroleum products 150,000 86%%

Imperial Relininj? company. (Ltd.),
mfrs. of petroleum products.. 300,000 Entire

Producers' Consolidated Land &
Petroleum company, producers
of crude oil 1,000,000 $,%

National Transit company, trans-
porters of crude oil 25,455,200 94%

Standard Oil company, mfrs. of
petroleum products

Signal oil works (Ltd.), mfrs.

of petroleum products

Ohio:

Consolidated Tank Line com-
pany, jobbers petroleum prod.

Inland Oil company, jobbers of
petroleum products

Standard Oil company, mfrs. of
petroleum products

Solar ReHning company, mfrs.

of petroleum products

Kentucky:

Standard Oil company, jobbers

of petroleum products

Maryland:

Baltimore United Oil company,
mfrs. of petroleum products..
West Virginia:

Camden Consolidated Oil com-
pany, mfrs. of petroleum prod.
Minnesota:

Standard Oil company, jobbers

of petroleum products

Missouri:

Waters-Pierce Oil company. Job-
bers of petroleum products
Massachusetts:

Beacon Oil company, jobbers of
petroleum products

Maverick Oil company. Jobbers

of petroleum products

Maine:

Portland Kerosene Oil company.
Jobbers of petroleum products
Iowa:

Standard Oil company, Jobbers
of petroleum products

Continental Oil company, job-
bers of petroleum products...

Standard

Capital Oil trust
stock, ownership.

400,000 Entire

100,000 38%%

1,000,000 G7%

50,000 50%

8,500,000 Entire

500,000 Entire

600,000 Entire

600,000 5,059-6,000

200,000 51%

100,000 Entire

400,000 50%

100,000 Entire

200,000 Entire

600,000 60%
300,000

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Without going Into detail It suffices to say that it
was alleged in the bill that shortly after these pro-
ceedings the trust came to an end, the stock of the
various corporations which had been controlled by
it being transferred by its holders to the Standard
Oil Company of New Jersey, which corporation is-
sued therefor certificates of its common stock to
the amount of $97,250,000. The bill contained allega-
tions referring to the development of new oil fields,
for example, in California, southeastern Kansas,
northern Indian Territory and northern Oklahoma
and made reference to the building or otherwise
acquiring by the combination of refineries and pipe
lines in the new Helils for the purpose of restrain-
ing and monopolizing the interstate trade In pe-
troleum and its products.

Reiterating in substance the averments that both
the Standard Oil trust from 1SS2 to 1899 and the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey since 1899
had monopolized and restrained interstate commerce
In petroleum and its products, the bill at great
length additionally sets forth various means by
which during the second and third periods, In addi-
tion to the effect occasioned by the combination of
alleged previously independent concerns, the mo-
nopoly and restraint complained of was continued.
Without attempting to follow the elaborate aver-
ments on these subjects, spread over fifty-seven
pages of the printed record, it suflices to say that
such averments may properly be grouped under the
following heads: Rebates, preferences and other
discriminatory practices in favor of the combination
by railroad companies; restraint and monopoliza-
tion by control of pipe lines and unfair practices
against competing pipe lines; contracts with com-'
petitors In restraint of trade; unfair methods of
competition, such as local price cutting at the
points where necessary to suppress competition;
espionage of the business of competitors, the oper-
ation or bogus Independent companies and payment
of rebates on oil, with the like Intent; the division,
of the United States Into districts and the limit-
ing of the operations of the various subsidiary cor-
porations as to such districts so that competition
In the sale of petroleum products between such cor-
porations had been entirely eliminated and de-
stroyed, and finally reference was made to what
waa alleged to be the "enormous and unreasonable
profits" earred by the Standard Oil trust and the
Standard Oil company as a result of the alleged
monopoly, which presumably was averred as a
means of reflexly inferring the scope and power ac-
quired by the alleged combination.

Coming to the prayer of the bill, It suffices to say
that In general terms the substantial relief asked
was, first, that the combination in restraint of in-
terstate trade and commerce and which had monop-
olized the same, as alleged in the bill, be found to
have existence and that the parties thereto be per-
petuclly enjoined from doing any further act to
give effect to it; second, that the transfer of the
stocks of the various corporations to the Standard
Oil Company of New Jersey, as alleged in the bill,
be held to be in violation of the first and second
sections of the antitrust act, and that the Stand-
aid Oil Company of New Jersey be enjoined and re-
strained from In any manner continuing to exert
control over the subsidiary corporations by means
of ownership of said stock or otherwise; third, that
specific relief by injunction be awarded against
further violation of the statute by any of the acts
specifically complained of in the bill. There was
also a prayer for general relief.

Of the numerous defendants named in the bill the
Waters-Pierce Oil company was the only resident
of the district in which the suit was commenced
and the only defendant served with process there-
in. Contemporaneous with the filing of the bill the
court made an order, under section 5 of the anti-
trust act, for the service of process upon all the

other defendants wherever they could be found.
Thereafter the various defendants unsuccessfully
moved to vacate- the order for service on nonresi-
dent defendants or filed pleas to the jurisdiction.
Joint exceptions were likewise unsuccessfully filed,
upon the ground of impertinence, to many of the
averments of the bill of complaint, particularly
those whieh related to acts alleged to have been
done by the combination prior to the passage of the
antitrust act and prior to the year 1899.

Certain of the defendants filed separate answers
and a joint answer was filed on behalf of the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and numerous
of the other defendants. The scope of the answers
will be adequately indicated by quoting a summary
on the subject made in the brief for the. appellants.

"It is sufficient to say that, whilst admitting
many of the alleged acquisitions of property, the
formation of the so-called trust of 1882, its dis-
solution in 1892 and the acquisition by the Standard
Oil Company of New Jersey of the stocks of the
various corporations in 1899, they deny all the alle-
gations respecting combinations or conspiracies to
restrain or monopolize the oil trade, and particu-
larly that the so-called trust of 1882, or the acqui-
sition of the shares of the defendant companies by
the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in 1899,
was a combination of independent or competing con-
cerns or corporations. The averments of the peti-
tions respecting the means adopted to monopolize
the oil trade are traversed either by a denial of
the acts alleged or of their purpose, intent or ef-
fect."

On June 24, 1907, the cause being at Issue, a spe-
cial examiner was appointed to take the evidence
and his report was filed March 22, 1909. It was
heard on April 5 to 10, 1909, under the expediting
act of Feb. 11, 1906, before a Circuit court consist-
ing of four judges.

The court decided In favor of the United States.
In the opinion delivered all the multitude of acts
of wrongdoing charged in the bill were put aside.
In so far as they were alleged to have been com-
mitted prior to the passage of the antitrust act,
"except as evidence of their (the defendants') pur-
pose, of their continuing conduct and of its effect."
(173 fed. rep., 177.)

By the decree which was entered it was adjudged
that the combining of the -stocks of various com-
panies in the hands of the Standard Oil Company
of New Jersey in 1899 constituted a combination In
restraint of trade and also an attempt to monopo-
lize and a monopolization under section 2 of the
antitrust act. The decree was against seven Indi-
vidual defendants, the Standard Oil Company of
New Jersey, thirty-six domestic companies and one
foreign company, which the Standard Oil Company
of New Jersey controls by stock ownership; these
thirty-eight corporate defendants being held to be
parties to the combination found to exist.*

The bill was dismissed as to all other corporate
defendants, thirty-three in number, it being ad-
judged by section 3 of the decree that they "have
not been proved to be engaged in the operation or
carrying out of the combination. "t

The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was
enjoined from voting the stocks or exerting any
control over the said thirty-seven subsidiary com-
panies and the subsidiary companies were enjoined
from paying any dividends as to the Standard com-
pany, or permitting it to exercise any control over
them by virtue of the stock ownership or power ac-
quired by means of the combination. The individ-
uals and corporations were also enjoined from en-
tering into or carrying into effect any like combina-
tion which would evade the decree. Further, the
individual defendants, the Standard company and
the thirty-seven subsidiary corporations were en-
joined from engaging or continuing In Interstate

Counsel for appellants says: "Of the thirty-
eight (thirty-seven) corporate defendants named in
section 2 of the decree and as to which the judg-
ment of the court applies, four have not appealed,
to wit: Corsicana Refining company, Manhattan
Oil company. Security Oil company, Waters-Pierce
Oil company and one, the Standard Oil Company of
Iowa, has been liquidated and no longer exists."

tOf the dismissed defendants sixteen were nat-
ural gas companies and ten were companies which
were liquidated and ceased to exist before the filing
of the petition. The other dismissed defendants,
seven in number, were: Florence Oil Refining com-
pany. United Oil company. Tidewater Oil company.
Tidewater Pipe company (Ltd.), Platt & Washburn
Refining company. Franklin Pipe company and
Pennsylvania Oil company.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

commerce iu petroleum or Its products during the
continuance of the illegal combination.

At the outset a question of jurisdiction requires
consideration, and we shall also as a preliminary
dispose of another question to the end that our at-
tention may be completely concentrated upon the
merits of the controversy when we come to con-
sider them.

First. We are of opinion that in consequence of
the presence within the district of the Waters-
fierce Oil company the court, under the authority
of section 5 of the antitrust act, rightly took juris-
diction over the cause and properly ordered notice
to be served upon the nonresident defendants.

Second. The overruling of the exceptions taken
to so much of the bill as counted upon facts occur-
ring prior to the passage of the antitrust act
whatever may be the view as an original question
of the duty to restrict the controversy to a much
narrower area than that propounded by the bill we
think by no possibility in the present stage of the
case can the action of the court be treated as
prejudicial error justifying reversal. We say this
because the court, as we shall do, gave no weight
to the testimony adduced under the averments com-
plained of except in so far as it tended to throw
light upon the acts done after the passage of the
antitrust act and the results of which it was
charged were being participated in and enjoyed by
the alleged combination at the time of the filing of
the bill.

We are thus brought face to face with the mer-
its of the controversy.

Both as to the law and as to the facts the op-
posing contentions pressed in the argument are nu-
merous and in all their aspects are so irreconcil-
able that it is difficult to reduce them to some
fundamental generalization, which by being dis-
posed of would decide them all. For instance, as
to the law. While both sides agree that the de-
termination of the controversy rests upon the cor-
rect construction and application of the first and
second sections of the antitrust act, yet the views
as to the meaning of the act are as wide apart as
the poles, since there is no real point of agreement
on any view of the act. And this also is the case
as to the scope and effect of authorities relied
upon, even although in some instances one and the
eame authority Is asserted to be controlling.

So also is it as to the facts. Thus, on one hand,
with relentless pertinacity and minuteness of anal-
ysis, it is insisted that the facts establish that the
assailed combination took its birth in a purpose to
unlawfully acquire wealth by oppressing the public
and destroying the Just rights of others, and that
its entire career exemplifies an inexorable carrying
out of such wrongful intents, since, it is asserted,
the pathway of the combination from the beginning
to the time of the filing of the bill Is marked with
constant proofs of wrong inflicted upon the public
and is strewn with the wrecks resulting from
crushing out, without regard to law, the Individual
rights of others. Indeed, so conclusive, it is urged,
is the proof on these subjects that it is asserted
that the existence of the principal corporate de-
fendant the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
with the vast accumulation of property which it
owns or controls, because of its infinite potency
for harm and the dangerous example which its con-
tinued existence affords, is an open and enduring
menace to all freedom of trade and is a byword
and reproach to modern economic methods. On the
other hand, in a powerful analysis of the facts. It
is insisted that they demonstrate that the origin
and development of the vast business which
the defendants control was but the result of
lawful competitive methods, guided by economic
genius of the highest order, sustained by courage,
by a keen insight into commercial situations, re-
sulting in the acquisition of great wealth, but at
the same time serving to stimulate and increase
production, to widely extend the distribution of the
products of petroleum at a cost largely below that
which would have otherwise prevailed, thus prov-
ing to be at one and the same time a benefaction
to the general public as well as of enormous advan-
tage to individuals. It is not denied that In the
enormous volume of proof contained in the record
in the period of almost a lifetime, to which that
proof Is addressed, there may *e found acts of

wrongdoing, but the insistence is that they were
rather the exception than the rule and in most
cases were either the result of too great individual
zeal in the keen rivalries of business or of the
methods and habits of dealing which, even if
wrong, were commonly practiced at the time. And
to discover and state the truth concerning these
contentions both arguments call for the analysis and
weighing, as we have said at the outset, of a jun-
gle of conflicting testimony covering a period of
forty years, a duty difficult to rightly perform and,
even if satisfactorily accomplished, almost impos-
sible to state with any reasonable regard to brevity.

Duly appreciating the situation Just stated. It is
certain that only one point of concord between the
parties is discernible, which is, that the contro-
versy in every aspect is controlled by a correct con-
ception of the meaning of the first and second sec-
tions of the antitrust act. Vve shall therefore-
departing from what otherwise would be the nat-
ural order of analysis make this one point of har-
mony the initial basis of our examination of the
contentions, relying upon the conception that by
doing so some harmonious resonance may result
adequate to dominate and control the discord with
which the case abounds. That is to say, we shall
first come to consider the meaning of the first and
second sections of the antitrust act by the text,
and after discerning what by that process appears
to be its true meaning we shall proceed to consider
the respective contentions of the parties concerning
the act, the strength or weakness of those conten-
tions, as well as the accuracy of the meaning of
the act as deduced from the text in the light of the
prior decisions of this court concerning It. When
we have done this we shall then approach the
facts. Following this course we shall make our
investigation under four separate headings. First,
the text of the first and second sections of the act
originally considered and its meaning In the light
of the common law and the law of this country at
the time of its adoption; second, the contentions of
the parties concerning the act and the scope and
effect of the decisions of this court upon which
they rely; third, the application of the statute to
facts, and, fourth, the remedy, if any, to be afford-
ed as the result of such application.

First. The text of the act and its meaning.

We quote the text of the first and second sections
of the act, as follows:

"Section 1. Every contract, combination in the
form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy In re-
straint of trade or commerce among the several
states, or with foreign nations, Is hereby declared
to be illegal. Every person who shall make any
such contract or engage in any such combination or
conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemean-
or and on conviction thereof shall be punished by
fine not exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment not ex-
ceeding one year, or by both said punishments, In
the discretion of the court.

"Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize or
attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with
any other person or persons to monopolize any
part of the trade or commerce among the several
states or with foreign nations shall be* deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof
shall be punished by fine not exceeding $5,000 or
by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by
both said punishments, in the discretion of the
court."

Xhe debates show that doubt as to whether there
was a common law of the United States which
governed the subject in the absence of legislation
was among the influences leading to the passage of
the act. They conclusively show, however, that
the main cause which led to the legislation was
the thought that it was required by the economic
condition of the times; that is, the vast accumula-
tion of wealth in the hands of corporations and in-
dividuals, the enormous development of corporate
organization, the facility for combination which such
organizations afforded, the fact that the facility was
being used and that combinations known as trusts
were being multiplied, and the widespread impres-
sion that their power had been and would be ex-
erted to oppress individuals and injure the public
generally. Although debates may not be used as
a means for interpreting a statute (United States
vs. Trans-Missouri Freight association. 166 U. S.,

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOR FOE 1912.

318, and cases cited) that rule la the nature of
things is not violated by resorting to debates as a
means of ascertaining the environment at the time
of the enactment of a particular law; that is, the
history of the period when it was adopted.

There can be no doubt that the sole subject with
which the first section deals is restraint of trade
as therein contemplated, and that the attempt to
monopolize and monopolization is the subject with
which the second section is concerned. It is cer-
tain that those terms, at least in their rudiment-
ary meaning, took their origin In the common law
and were also familiar In the law of this country
prior to and at the time of the adoption of the act
In question.

We shall endeavor then first to seek their mean-
Ing, not by indulging in an elaborate and learned
analysis of the English law and of the law of
this country, but by making a very brief reference
to the elementary and indisputable conceptions of
both the English and American law on the subject
prior to the passage of the antitrust act.

(a) It is certain that at a very remote period
the words contract in restraint of trade In Eng-
land came to refer to some voluntary restraint put
by contract by an individual on his right to carry
on his trade or calling. Originally all such con-
tracts were considered to be illegal, because it was
deemed they were Injurious to the public as well
aa to the Individuals who made them. In the Inter-
est of the freedom of Individuals to contract this
doctrine was modified so that it was only when a
restraint by contract was so general as to be co-
terminus with the kingdom that It was treated as
void. That Is to say, If the restraint was partial
In Its operation and was otherwise reasonable the
contract was held to be valid:

(b> Monopolies were defined by Lord Coke as fol-
lows:

"A monopoly Is an institution or allowance by
the king by his grant, commission or otherwise to
any person or persons, bodies politic or corporate
of or for the sole buying, selling, making, working
or using of anything whereby any person or per-
sons, body politic or corporate are sought to be re-
strained of any freedom or liberty that they had
before or hindered In their lawful trade. (3 inst.,
181.)"

Hawkins thus defined them:

"A monopoly is an allowance by the king to a
particular person or persons of the sole buying,
selling, making, working or using of anything
whereby the subject in general Is restrained from
the freedom of manufacturing or trading which he
had before. (Hawk. P. C. bk. 1 c. 79.)"

The frequent granting of monopolies and the
struggle which led to a denial of the power to
create them, that is to say, to the establishment
that they were incompatible with the English con-
stitution, is known to all and need not be reviewed.
The evils which led to the public outcry against
monopolies and to the final denial of the power to
make them may be thus summarily stated: (1) The
power which the monopoly gave to the one who en-
Jcyed It to fix the price and thereby injure the pub-
lic; (2) the power which it engendered of enabling
a limitation on production, and (3) the danger of
deterioration In quality of the monopolized article
which it was deemed was the inevitable resultant
of the monopolistic control over its production and
sale. As monopoly, as thus conceived, embraced
only a consequence arising from an exertion of sov-
ereign power, no express restrictions or prohibitions
obtained against the creation by an individual of a
monopoly as such. But as It was considered, at
least so far as the necessaries of life were con-
cerned, that individuals by the abuse of their right
to contract might be able to usurp the power arbi-
trarily to enhance prices, one of the wrongs arising
from monopoly, It came to be that laws were
passed relating to offenses such as forestalling, re-
grating and engrossing, by which prohibitions were
placed upon the power of Individuals to deal nnder
such circumstances and conditions as, according to
the conception of the times, created a presumption
that the dealings were not simply the honest exer-
tion of cne's right to contract for his own benefit
unaccompanied by wrongful motive to Injure others,
but were the consequence of a contract or course
pt dealing of ucJa a character as to give rise to

the presumption of an Intent to Injure others
through the means, for instance, of a monopolistic
increase of prices. This is illustrated by the defini-
tion of engrossing found In the statute (5 and 6
Edw. VI., ch. 14) as follows:

"Whatsoever person or persons shall en-
gross or get Into his or their hands by buying, con-
tracting or promise-taking, other than by demise,
grant or lease of land, or tithe, any corn growln?
In the fields, or any other corn or grain, butter,
cheese, flsh or other dead victual whatsoever, with-
in the realm of England, to the Intent to sell the
same again shall be accepted, reputed and taken as
an unlawful engrosser or engrossers."

As by the statutes providing against engrossing
the quantity engrossed was not required to be the
whole or a proximate part of the whole of an arti-
cle, It is clear that there was a wide difference be-
tween monopoly and engrossing, etc. But as the
principal wrong which it was deemed would result
from monopoly that is, an enhancement of the
price was the same wrong to which It was thought
the prohibited engrossment would give rise, It came
to pass that monopoly and engrossing were regard-
ed as virtually one and the same thing. In other
words, the prohibited act of engrossing because of
Its inevitable accomplishment of one of the evils
deemed to be engendered by monopoly, came to i
referred to as being a monopoly or constituting an
attempt to monopolize. Thus Pollexfen, in his ar-
gument in East India company vs. Sandys (Skin.,
165, 169), said:

"By common law he said that trade Is free, and
for that cited 3 Insf., 81; F. B., 65; 1 Roll., 4; that
the common law is as much against 'monopoly* as
'engrossing,' and that they differ only that a
'monopoly' Is by patc-nt from the king, the other
Is by the act of the subject between party and
party, but that the mischiefs are the same from
both, and there Is the same law against both.
(Moore, 673; 11 Rep., 84.) The sole trade of any-
thing is 'engrossing' ex rei natura, for whosoever
hath the sole trade of buying and selling hath
'engrossed* that trade; and whosoever hath the sole
trade to any country hath the sole trade of buy-
Ing and selling the produce of that country at his
own price, which Is an 'engrossing.' "

And by operation of the mental process which led
to considering as a monopoly acts which although
they did not constitute a monopoly were thought to
produce some of its baneful effects, so also because
of the impediment or burden to the due course of
trade which they produced, such acts came to be
referred to as in restraint of trade. This is shown
by my Lord Coke's definition of monopoly as being
"an institution or allowance whereby any
person or persons, bodies politic or corporate are
sought to be restrained of any freedom or liberty
that they had before or hindered In their lawful
trade." It Is Illustrated also by the definition
which Hawkins gives of monopoly wherein It Is
said that the effect of monopoly Is to restrain the
citizen "from the freedom of manufacturing or
trading which he had before." And see especially
the opinion of Parker. C. J., In Mitchell vs. Reyn-
olds (1711. 1 P. Williams, 181), where a classifica-
tion Is made of monopoly which brings It generlcally
within the description of restraint of trade.

Generalizing these considerations the situation Is
this: (1) That by the common law monopolies were
unlawful because of their restriction upon individ-
ual freedom of contract and their injury to the
public; (2) that as to necessaries of life the free-
dom of the individual to deal was restricted where
the nature and character of the dealing was such
as to engender the presumption of intent to bring
about at least one of the Injuries which It was
deemed would result from monopoly, that Is an un-
due enhancement of price; (3) that to protect the
freedom of contract of the individual not only In
bis own Interest, but principally in the interest
of the common weal, a contract of an individual
by which he pnt an unreasonable restraint upon
himself as to carrying on his trade or business was
void. And that at common law the evils conse-
quent upon engrossing, etc., caused those things to
l-e treated as coming within monopoly and some-
times to be called monopoly and the same consider-
ations caused monopoly, because of Its operation and
effect, to be brought within and spoken of gener-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 19T2.

ally as impeding the due course of or being in re-
straint of trade.

From the development of more accurate economic
conceptions and the changes in conditions of society
It came to be recognized that the acts prohibited
by the engrossing, forestalling, etc., statutes did
not have the harmful tendency which they were
presumed to have when the legislation concerning
them was enacted, and therefore did not justify
the presumption which had previously been deduced
from them, but, on the contrary, such acts tended
to fructify and develop trade. See the statutes of
12 George HI., chapter 71, enacted in 1772, and
statute of 7 and 8 Victoria, chapter 24, enacted in
1&44, repealing the prohibitions against engrossing,
forestalling, etc., upon the express ground that the
prohibited acts had come to be considered as favor-
able to the development of and not in restraint of
trade. It is remarkable that nowhere at common
law can there be found a prohibition against the
creation of monopoly by an Individual. This would
seem to manifest, either consciously or intuitively,
a profound conception as to the inevitable opera-
tion of economic forces and the equipoise or balance
in favor of the protection of the rights of individ-
uals which resulted. That is to say, as it was
deemed that monopoly in the concrete could only
arise from an act of sovereign power and such sov-
ereign power being restrained, prohibitions as to
Individuals were directed, not against the creation
of monopoly, but were only applied to such acts in
relation to particular subjects as to which it waa
deemed. If not restrained, some of the consequences
of monopoly might result. After all, this was but
an instinctive recognition of the truisms that the
course of trade could not be made free by obstruct-
ing it, and that an Individual's right to trade could
not be protected by destroying such right.

From the review just made it clearly results that
outside of the restrictions resulting from the want
of power in an individual to voluntarily and unrea-
sonably restrain his right to carry on his trade or
business and outside of the want of right to re-
strain th.? free course of trade by contracts or acts
which implied a wrongful purpose, freedom to con-
tract and to abstain from contracting and to exer-
cise every reasonable right incident thereto became
the rule in the English law. The scope and effect
of this freedom to trade and contract is clearly
shown by the decision in Mogul Steamship com-
pany vs. McGregor (1891, A. <?., 25). While it is
true that the decision of the house of lords in the
case in question was announced shortly after the
passage of the antitrust act, it serves reflexly to
show the exact state of the law in England at tu?
time the antitrust statute was enacted.

In this country also the acts from which it was
deemed there resulted a part, if not all, of the in-
jurious consequences ascribed to monopoly came tj
be referred to as a monopoly itself. In other words,
here, as had been the case In England, practical
common sense caused attention to be concentrated
not rpon the theoretically correct name to be given
to the condition or acts which gave rise to a harm-
ful result, but to the result itself and to the rem-
edying of the evils which it produced. The state-
ment just made is illustrated by an early statute of
the province of Massachusetts that Is, chapter 31
of the laws of 1778-79, by which monopoly and fore-
stalling were expressly treated as one and the same
tiling.

It is also true that while the principles concern-
ing contracts in restraint of trade that is, volun-
tary restraint put by a person on his right to pur-
sue his calling, hence only operating subjectively
came generally to be recognized in accordance with
the English rule; it came, moreover, to pass that
contracts or acts which it was considered had a
monopolistic tendency, especially those which were
thought to unduly diminish competition and hence
1o enhance prices in other words, to monopolize
came also in a generic sense to be spoken of and
treated as they had been in England, as restricting
the due course of trade, and therefore as being in

restraint of trade. The dread of monopoly as an
emanation of governmental power, while it passed
at an early date out of mind in this country, as a
result of the structure of our government, did not
serve to assuage the fear as to the evil conse-
quences which might arise from the acts of indi-
viduals producing or tending to produce the conse-
quences of monopoly. It resulted that treating sucb,
acts as we have said as amounting to monopoly,
sometimes constitutional restrictions, against legis-
lative enactments or judical decisions served to en-
force and illustrate the purpose to prevent the oc-
currence of the evils recognized in the mother
country as consequent upon monopoly, by providing
against contracts or acts of individuals or combi-
nations of individuals or corporations deemed to be
conducive to such results. To refer to the constitu-
tional or legislative provisions on the subject or the
many judicial decisions which illustrate it would
unnecessarily prolong this opinion. We append in
the margin a note to treatises, etc., wherein are
contained references to constitutional and statutory
provisions and to numerous decisions, etc., relating
to the subject.*

It will be found that as modern conditions arose
the trend of legislation and judicial decision came
more and more to adapt the recognized restrictions
to new manifestations of conduct or of dealing
which it was thought justified the inference of in-
tent to do the wrongs which it had been the pur-
pose to prevent from the beginning. The evolution
is clearly pointea out in National Cotton Oil com-
pany vs. Texas (197 U. S., 115) and Shawnee Com-
press company vs. Anderson (209 U. S., 423), and,
indeed, will be found to be illustrated in various
aspects by the decisions of this court which have
been concerned with the enforcement of the act we
are now considering.

Without going into detail and but very briefly
surveying the whole fleld, it may be, with accuracy,
paid that the dread of enhancement of prices and
of other wrongs which it was thought would flow
from the undue limitation on competitive condi-
tions caused by contracts or other acts of individ-
uals or corporations, led, as a matter of public pol-
icy, to the prohibition or treating as illegal all
contracts or acts which were unreasonably restric-
tive of competitive conditions, either from the na-
ture or character of the contract or act or where
the surrounding circumstances were such as to jus-
tify the conclusion that they had not been entered
into or performed with the legitimate purpose of
reasonably forwarding personal interest and devel-
oping trade, but, on the contrary, were of such a
character as to give rise to the inference or pre-
sumption that they had been entered into or done
with the intent to do wrong to the general public
and to limit the right of individuals, thus restrain-
ing the free flow of commerce and tending to bring
about the evils, such as enhancement of prices,
which were considered to be against public policy.
It is equally true to say that the survey of the leg-
islation In this country on this subject from the be-
ginning will show, depending as it did upon the
economic conceptions which obtained at the time
Mhen the legislation was adopted or judicial deci-
Bion was rendered, that contracts or acts were at
one time deemed to be of such a character as to
justify the inference of wrongful intent which wer
at another period thought not to be of that charac-
ter. But this again, as we have seen, simply fol-
lowed the line of development of the law of Eng-
land.

Let us consider the language of the first and sec-
ond sections, guided by the principle that where
words are employed in a statute which had at the
time a well known meaning at common law or in
the law of this country they are presumed to have
been used in that sense unless the context compels
to the contrary, f

As to the first section, the words to be Interpret-
ed are: "Every contract, combination in the form
of trust or otherwise or conspiracy in restraint of
trade or" commerce * * * is hereby declared to

*Purdy's Beach on Private Corporations, vol. 2,
PP. 1403 et seq., chapter on Trusts and Monopolies;
Cooke on Trade and Labor Combinations, App. II.,
pp. 194-195; Am. and Eng. Ency. Law, 2d ed., arti-
cle "Monopolies and Trusts," pp. 844 et seq.

tSwearingen vs. United States* (161 U. S., 446),
United States vs. Wong Kim Ark. (169 U. S., 649),
Keck vs. United States (172 U. S., 446), Kepner vs.
United States (195 U. S., 126).

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

be illegal." cAs there Is no room for dispute that
the statute was Intended to formulate a rule for
the regulation of Interstate and foreign commerce,
the question Is what was the rule which it adopted ?
In ylew of the common law and the law in this
country as to restraint of trade, which we have
reviewed, and the illuminating effect which that
history must have under the rule to which we have
referred, we think it results:

(a) That the context manifests that the statute
was drawn in the light of the existing practical
conception of the law of restraint of trade, because
it groups as within that class, not only contracts
which were in restraint of trade in the subjective
sense, but all contracts or acts which theoretically
were attempts to monopolize, yet which in practice
had come to be considered as in restraint of trade
in a broad sense.

(b) That in view of the many new forms of con-
tracts and combinations which were being evolved
from existing economic conditions, it was deemed
essential by an all-embracing enumeration to make
sure that no form of contract or combination by
which an undue restraint of interstate or foreign
commerce was brought about could save such re-
straint from condemnation. The statute under this
view evidences the intent not to restrain the right
to make and enforce contracts, whether resulting
from combinations or otherwise, which did not un-
duly restrain interstate or foreign commerce, but to
protect that commerce from being restrained by
methods, whether old or new, which would consti-
tute an interference that is an undue restraint.

(c) And as the contracts or acts embraced in the
provision were not expressly defined, since the
enumeration addressed itself simply to classes of
acts, those classes being broad enough to embrace
every conceivable contract or combination which
could be made concerning trade or commerce or the
subjects of such commerce and thus caused any act
done by any of the enumerated methods anywhere
in the whole field of human activity to be illegal
if in restraint of trade, it inevitably follows that
the provision necessarily called for the exercise of
judgment which required that some standard should
be resorted to for the purpose of determining
whether the prohibitions contained in the statute
had or had not in any given case been violated.
Thus not specifying but Indubitably contemplating
and requiring a standard, it follows that it was
intended that the standard of reason which had
been applied at the common law and in this coun-
try in dealing with subjects of the character em-
braced by the statute, was intended to be the
neasure used for the purpose of determining wheth-
er in a given case a particular act had or had not
brought about the wrong against which the statute
provided.

And a consideration of the text of the second sec-
tion serves to establish that it was intended to
supplement the first and to make sure that by no
possible guise could the public policy embodied in
the first section be frustrated or evaded. The pro-
hibitions of the second embrace "every person who
shall monopolize or attempt to monopolize or com-
bine or conspire with any other person or persons
to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce
among the several states or with foreign na-
tions * *." By reference to the terms of sec-
tion 8 it is -certain that the word "person" clearly
implies a corporation as veil as an individual.

The commerce referred to by the words "in part"
construed in the light of the manifest purpose of
the statute has both a geographical and a distribu-
tive significance that Is, it includes any portion of
the United States and any one of the classes of
things forming a part of interstate or foreign com-
merce.

Undoubtedly, the words "to monopolize" and
"monopolize" as used in the section reach every
act bringing about the prohibited results. The am-
biguity, if any, is involved in determining what is
intended by monopolize. But this ambiguity is
readily cilspelled in the light of the previous his-
tory of the law of restraint of trade to which wo
have referred and the indication which it gives of
the practical evolution by which monopoly and the
acts which produce the same result as monopoly
that is, an undue restraint of the course of trade-
all came to be spoken of as and to be, indeed,

synonymous with restraint of trade. In other words,
fravlug by the first section forbidden all means of
monopolizing trade that is, unduly restraining it
by means of every contract, combination, etc. the
sec9nd section seeks, if possible, to make the pro-
hibitions of the act all the more complete and per-
fect by embracing all attempts to reach the end
prohibited by the first section that is, restraints of
trade by any attempt to monopolize or monopoliza-
tion thereof, even although the acts by which such
results are attempted to be brought about or are
brought about be not embraced within the general
enumeration of the first section. And, of course,
when the second section is thus harmonized with
and made, as it was intended to be, the comple-
ment of the first, it becomes obvious that the
criteria to be resorted to in any given case for the
purpose of ascertaining whether violations of the
section have been committed id the rule of reason
guided by the established law and by the plain
duty to enforce the prohibitions of the act and thus
the public policy which its restrictions were obvi-
ously enacted to subserve. And it is worthy of ob-
servation, as we have previously remarked concern-
ing the common law, that although the statute, by
the comprehensiveness of the enumerations embod-
ied in both the first and second sections, makes it
certain that its purpose was to prevent undue re-
straints of every kind or nature, nevertheless, by
the omission of any direct prohibition against mo-
nopoly in the concrete, it indicates a consciousness
that the freedom of the individual right to con-
tract, when not unduly or improperly exercised,
was the most efficient means for the prevention of
monopoly, since the operation of the centrifugal
and centripetal forces resulting from the right to
freely contract was the means by which monopoly
would be inevitably prevented If no extraneous or
sovereign power imposed it and no right to make
unlawful contracts having a monopolistic tendency
were permitted. In other words, that freedom to
contract was the essence of freedom from undue
restraint on the right to contract.

Clear as it seems to us is the meaning of the pro-
visions of the statute, in the light of the review
which we have made, nevertheless before definitely
applying that meaning it behooves us to consider
the contentions urged on one side or the other con-
cerning the meaning of the statute, which, if main-
tained, would give to it in some aspects a much
wider and in every view at least a somewhat dif-
ferent significance. And to do this brings us to the
second question, which, at the outset, we have
stated it was our purpose to consider and dis-
pose of.

Second. The contentions of the parties as to the
meaning of the statute and the decisions of this
court relied upon concerning those contentions.

In substance, the propositions urged by the gov-
ernment are reducible to this: That the language
of the statute embraces every contract, combina-
tion, etc., in restraint of trade, and hence its text
loaves no room for the exercise of judgment, but
simply imposes the plain duty of applying its pro-
hibitions to every case within its literal language.
The error involved lies in assuming the matter to
be decided. This is true because, as the acts which
may come under the classes stated In the first sec-
tion and the restraint of trade to which that sec-
tion applies are not specifically enumerated or de-
fined, it is obvious that judgment must in everv
case be called into play in order to determine
whether a particular act Is embraced within the
statutory classes and whether, if the act Is within
such classes, its nature or effect causes It to be a
restraint of trade within the intendtnent of the
net. To hold to the contrary would require the
conclusion either that every contract, act or com-
bination of any kind or nature, whether it oper-
ated a restraint on trade or not, was within the
statute, and thus the statute would be destructive
of all riglit to contract or agree or combine in any
respect whatever as to subjects embraced in inter-
state trade or commerce, or if this conclusion were
not reachod, then the contention would require it
to be held that as the statute did not define the
things to which it related and excluded resort to
the only means by which the acts to which it re-
lates could be ascertained the light of reason the
enforcement of the statute was impossible because

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

of Its uncertainty. The merely generic enumeration
which the statute makes of the acts to which it re-
fers and the absence of any definition of restraint
of trade as used in the statute leaves room for but
one conclusion, which is that it was expressly de-
signed not to unduly limit the application of the
act by precise definition, but while clearly fixing a
standard that is, by defining the ulterior bounda-
ries wliich could uot be transgressed with impunity
to leave it to be determined by the light of rea-
son, guided by the principles of law and the duty
to apply and enforce the public policy embodied in
the statute in every given case, whether any par-
ticular act or contract was within the contempla-
tion of the statute.

But, It is said, persuasive as these views may
be, they may not be here applied, because the pre-
vious decisions of this court have given to the stat-
ute a meaning which expressly excludes the con-
struction which must result from the reasoning
stated. The cases are United States vs. Freight
association (166 U. S., 290) and United States vs.
Joint Traffic association (171 U. S., 505). Both tho
cases involved the legality of combinations or as-
sociations of railroads engaged in interstate com-
merce for the purpose of controlling the conduct of
the parties to the association or combination In
many particulars. The association or combination
was assailed in each case as being In violation of
the statute. It was held that they were. It Is un-
doubted that In the opinion in each case general
language was made use of which, when separated
from its context, would justify the conclusion that
It was decided that reason could not be resorted to
for the purpose of determining whether the acts
complained of were within the statute. It is,
however, also true that the nature and character of
the contract or agreement In each case was fully
referred to and suggestions as to their unreason-
ableness pointed out in order to Indicate that they
were within the prohibitions of the statute. As
the cases cannot by any possible conception be
treated as authoritative without the certitude that
reason was resorted to for the purpose of deciding
them, it follows as a matter of course that it must
have been held by the light of reason, since the
conclusion could not have been otherwise reached,
that the assailed contracts or agreements were
within the general enumeration of the statute, and
that their operation and effect brought about the
restraint of trade which the statute prohibited.
This being Inevitable, the deduction can, In reason,
only be this: That In the cases relied upon it hav-
ing been found that the acts complained of were
within the statute and operated to produce the in-
juries which the statute forbade, that resort to
reason was not permissible in order to allow that
to be done which the statute prohibited. This be-
ing true, the rulings in the cases relied upon, when
rightly appreciated, were therefore this and noth-
ing more: That as considering the contracts or
agreements, their necessary effect and the charac-
ter of the parties by whom they were made, they
were clearly restraints of trade within the purview
of the statute, they could not be taken out of that
category by indulging in general reasoning as to
the expediency or nonexpediency of having made
the contracts or the wisdom or want of wisdom of
the statute which prohibited their being made. That
Is to say, the cases but decided that the nature
and character of tue contracts, creating as they
did a conclusive presumption which brought them
within the statute, such result was not to be dis-
regarded by the substitution of a judicial apprecia-
tion of what the law ought to be for the plain Judi-
cial duty of enforcing the law as it was made.

But aside from reasoning it Is true to say that
the oases relied upon do not when rightly construed
sustain the doctrine contended for Is established by
all of the numerous decisions of this court which
have applied and enforced the antitrust act, since
they all In the very nature of things rest upon the
premise that reason was the guide by which the
provisions of the act were in every case interpret-
ed. Indeed, intermediate the decision of the two
cases that is, after the decision in the freight as-
sociation case and before the decision in the Joint
traffice case the case of Hopkins vs. TTnited States
(171 U. S., 678) was decided, the opinion being de-
livered by Mr. Justice Peckham, who wrote both

the opinions in the freight association and In the
joint traih'c cases. And, referring In the Hopkins
case to the broad claim made as to the rule of in-
terpretation announced in the freight association
case, it was said (p. 592):

"To treat as condemned by the act all agree-
ments under which, as a result, the cost of con-
ducting an interstate commercial business may be
increased would enlarge the application of the act
far beyond the fair meaning of the language used.
There must be some direct and Immediate effect
upon interstate commerce in order to come within
the act."

And In the Joint traffic case this statement was
expressly reiterated and approved and Illustrated
by example; like limitation on the general language
used In freight association and Joint traffic cases IB
also the clear result of Bement vs. Natioual Har-
row company (186 U. S., 70, 9i), and especially of
Cincinnati Packet company vs. Bay (200 U. S., 179).

If the criterion by which it Is to be determined
In all cases whether every contract, combination,
etc., is a restraint of trade within the Intendment
of the law, is the direct or Indirect effect of the
acts involved, then of course the rule of reason be-
comes the guide, and the construction which we
have given the statute, instead of being refuted by
the cases relied upon, Is by those cases demonstrat-
ed to be correct. This is true, because as the con-
struction which we have deduced from the history
of the act and the analysis of Its text is simply
that, in every case where it is claimed that an act
or acts are in violation of the statute the rule of
reason, in the light of the principles of law and
the public policy which the act embodies, must be
applied. From this it follows, since that rule and
the result of the test as to direct or indirect. In
their ultimate aspect, come to one and the same
thing, that the difference between the two Is there-
fore only that which obtains between things which,
do not differ at all.

If it be true that there Is this identity of result
between the rule Intended to be^applied in the
freight association case that is, the rule of direct
and indirect, and the rule of reason which, under
the statute as we construe it, should be here ap-
pliedit may be asked how was it that in the
opinion in the freight association case much con-
sideration was given to the subject of whether the
agreement or combination which was involved In
that case could be taken out of the prohibitions
of the statute upon the theory of its reasonable-
ness? The question is pertinent and must be fully
and frankly met, for If it be now deemed that the
freight association case was mistakenly decided or
too broadly stated, the doctrine which it announced
should be either expressly overruled or limited.

The confusion which gives rise to the question
results from failing to distinguish between the
want of power to take a case which by its terms
or the circumstances which surrounded It, consider-
ing among such circumstances the character of the
parties. Is plainly within the statute, out of the
Operation of the statute by resort to reason in
effect to establish that the contract ought not to
be treated as within the statute and the duty In
every case where it becomes necessary from the
r.ature and character of tne parties to decide
whether It was within the statute to pass upon that
question by the light of reason. This distinction,
we think, serves to point out what in its ultimate
conception was the thought underlying the refer-
ence to the rule of reason made in the freight asso-
ciation case, especially when such reference Is In-
terpreted by the context of the opinion and In the
light of the subsequent opinion In the Hopkins case
and in Cincinnati Packet company versus Bay.

And In order not in the slightest degree to be
wanting In frankness, we say that In so far, how-
ever, as by separating the general language used
in the opinions in the freight association and joint
traffic: cases from the context and the subject and
parties with which the cases were concerned, It
may be conceived that the language referred to
conflicts with the construction which we give the
statute, they are necessarily now limited and qual-
ified. We see no possible escape from this conclu-
sion if we are to adhere to the manv cases decided
in this court In which the antitrust law has been
apoiied ana enrorcea and ir the duty to apply and en-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

force that law in the future is to continue to exist.
The first is true, because the construction which we
now give the statute does not in the slightest degree
conflict with a single previous case decided concern-
ing the antitrust law aside from the contention as to
the freight association and joint traffic cases, and be-
cause every one of those cases applied the rule of
reason for the purpose of determining whether the
subject before tfce court was within the statute.
The second is also true, since, as we have already
pointed out, unaided by the light of reason it is
impossible to understand how the statute may In
the future be enforced and the public policy which
It establishes be made efficacious.

So far as the objections of the defendants in
error are concerned, they are all embraced under
two headings:

(a) That the act, even if the averments of the
bill be true, cannot be constitutionally applied be-
cause to do so would extend the power of congress
to subject dehors the reach of its authority to reg-
ulate commerce, by enabling that body to deal with
mere questions of production of commodities within
the states. But all the structure upon which this
argument proceeds is based upon the decision iu
United States versus E. C. Knight company (156
U. S., 1). The view, however, which the argument
takes of that case and the arguments based upon
that view have been so repeatedly pressed upon
this court in connection with the interpretation and
enforcement of the antitrust act, and have been
so necessarily and expressly decided to be unsound
as to cause tile contentions to be plainly fore-
closed and to require no express notice. United
States vs. JNorthern Securities company (193 U. S..
334). Loewe vs. Lawler (208 U. S., 274), United.
States vs. Swift & (Jo. (196 U. S., 375), Montague
vs. Lowry (193 U. S., 38), Shawnee Compress com-
pany vs. Anderson (209 U. S., 423).

(b) Many arguments are pressed in various forms
Of statement which in substance amount to con-
tending that Hie statute cannot be applied under
the facts of this case without impairing rights of
property and destroying the freedom of contract or
trade, which is essentially necessary to the well
being of society and which it is insisted is protected
by the constitutional guaranty of due process of
law. But the ultimate foundation of all these ar-
guments is the .-issumption that reason may not be
resorted to in interpreting and applying the statute,
and therefore that the statute unreasonably re-

'stricts the right to contract and unreasonably oper-
ates upon the right to acquire and hold property.
As the premise is demonstrated to be unsound by
the construction we have given the statute, of
course the propositions which rest upon that prem-
ise need not be further noticed.

So far as the arguments proceed upon the con-
ception that in v'ew of the generality of the statute
it is not susceptible of being enforced by the courts
because it cannot be carried out without a judicial
exertion of legislative power, they are clearly un-
sound. The statute certainly generically enumer-
ates the character of acts which it prohibits and the
wrong which it was intended to prevent. The prop-
ositions therefore but insist that consistently with
the fundamental principles of due process of law
ever can be left to the Judiciary to decide whether
in a given case particular acts come within a ge-
neric statutory provision. But to reduce the propo-

sitions, however, to this their final meaning makes
it clear that in substance they deny the existence
of essential legislative authority and challenge the
right of the judiciary to perform duties which that
department of the government has exerted from the
beginning. This is so clear as to require no elab-
oration. Yet, let us demonstrate that which needs
no demonstration by a few obvious examples.
Taka, for instance, the familiar cases where the
judiciary is called upon to determine whether a par-
ticular act or acts are within a given prohibitior
depending upon wrongful intent. Take questions of
fraud. Consider the power which must be exercised
in every case where the courts are called upon to
determine whether particular acts are invalid which
are, abstractly speaking, in and of themselves
valid, but which are asserted to be Invalid because
of their direct effect upon interstate commerce.

We come, then, to the third proposition requiring
consideration, viz:

Third. The facts and the application of the stat-
ute to them.

Beyond dispute, the proofs establish substantially
as alleged in the bill the following facts:

(1) The creation of the Standard Oil Company
of Ohio.

(2) The organization of the Standard Oil trust
of 1882, and also a previous one of 1879, not referred
to in the bill, and the proceedings in the Supreme
court of Ohio, culminating in a decree based upon
the finding that the company was unlawfully a
party to that trust; the transfer by the trustees of
stocks in certain of the companies; the contempt
proceedings, and, finally, the increase of the capital
of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and
the acquisition by that company of the shares of
the stock of the other corporations in exchange
for its certificates.

The vast amount of property and the possibilities
of far reaching control which resulted from the
facts last stated are shown by the statement which
we have previously annexed concerning the parties
to the trust agreement of 1882, and the corporations
whose stock was held by the trustees under the
trust and which came therefore to be held by the
New Jersey corporation. But these statements do
not with accuracy convey an appreciation of the
situation as it existed at the time of the entry of
the decree below, since during the more than ten
years which elapsed between the acquiring by the
Mew Jersey corporation of the stock and other
property which was formerly held by the trustees
under the trust agreement, the situation, of course,
had somewhat changed, a change which, when
analyzed in the light of the proof, we think, es-
tablishes that the result of enlarging the capital
stock of the New Jersey company and giving it the
vast power to which we have referred produced its
normal consequence; that is, it gave to the corpo-
ration, despite enormous dividends and despite the
dropping out of certain corporations enumerated in
the decree of the court below, an enlarged and
more perfect sway and control over the trade and
commerce in petroleum and its products. The ulti-
mate situation referred to will be made manifest
by an examination of sections 2 and 4 of the de-
cree below, which are excerpted in the margin.*

Giving to the facts just stated the weight which
it was deemed they were entitled to, in the light
afforded by the proof of other cognate facts and

*Sec. 2. That the defendants, John D. Rocke-
feller, William Rockefeller, Henry H. Rogers,
Henry M. Flagler, John D. Archbold, Oliver H.
Payne and Charles M. Pratt, hereafter called the
seven individual defendants, united with the Stand-
ard Oil company and other defendants to form and
effectuate this combination, and since its formation
have been and still are engaged in carrying it into
CTect and continuing it; that the defendants Anglo-
American Oil company (Ltd.), Atlantic Refining
company, Buckeye Pipe Line company, Borne-
Bcrymser company, CLesebrough Manufacturing com-
pany (consolidated), Cumberland Pipe Line com-
pany, Colonisl Oil company, Continental Oil com-
pany, Crescent Pipe Line company, Henry C. Fol-
ger, Jr., and Cnlvin N. Payne (a copartnership do-
ing business under the firm name and style of
Oorslcana Refining company). Eureka Pip3 Line

company, Galena Signal Oil company, Indiana Pipe
Line company, Manhattan Oil company, National
Transit company, New York Transit company.
^Northern Pipe Line company, Ohio Oil company,
Prairie oil 4: Gas company, Security Oil company.
Solar Kenning company, Southern Pipe Line company.
South Ponn Oil company, Southwest Pennsylvania
Pipe Lines company. Standard Oil Company of Cal-
ifornia, Standard Oil Company of Indiana, Stand-
ard Oil Company of Iowa, Standard Oil Company
of Kansas. Standard Oil Company of Kentucky.
Standard Oil Company of Nebraska, Standard Oil
Company of New York, Standard Oil Company of
Ohio, Swan & Finch company, Union Tank Line com-
pany, Vacuum Oil company, Washington Oil com-
pany, Waters-Pierce Oil company, have entered
into and become parties to this combination and are
either actively operating or aiding in the operation

OUICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMAS'AC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

circumstances, the court below held that the acts
and dealings established by the proof operated to
destroy the "potentiality of competition" which
otherwise would have existed to such an extent
as to cause the transfers of stock which were
made to the New Jersey corporation and the con-
trol which resulted over the many and various sub-
sidiary corporations to be a combination or con-
spiracy in restraint of trade In violation of the
first section of the act, but also to be an attempt
to monopolize and a monoix>lization bringing about
a perennial violation of the second section.

We see no cause to doubt the correctness of these
conclusions, considering the subject from every
aspect that is, both in view of the facts estab-
lished by the record and the necessary operation
and effect of the law as we have construed it upoa
the Inferences deducible from the facts for the
following reasons:

(a) Because the unification of power and control
ever petroleum and its products which was the in-
evitable result of the combining in the New Jersey
corporation by the increase of Its stock and the
transfer to it of the stocks of so many other cor-
porations, aggregating so vast a capital, gives rise.
In and of itself, in the absence of countervailing
circumstances, to say the least, to the prima facie
presumption of intent and purpose to maintain the
dominancy over the oil industry, not as a result of
rormal methods of industrial development, but by
new means of combination which were resorted to

in order that greater power might be added than
would otherwise have arisen had normal methods
been followed, the whole with the purpose of ex-
cluding others from tlie trade and thus centralizing
in tlie combination a perpetual control of the move-
ments of petroleum and ^s products in the chan-
nels of interstate commerce.

(b) Because the prima facie presumption of in-
tent to restrain trade, to monopolize and to bring
about monopolization resulting from the act of ex-
panding the stock of the New Jeisey corporation
pud vesting it with such vast control of the oil
industry, is made conclusive by considering, (1)
the conduct of the persons or corporations who were
mainly instrumental in bringing about the exten-
sion of power in the New Jersey corporation be-
fore the consummation of that result, and prior to
the formation of the trust agreements of 1879 and
If 82; (2) by considering the proof as to what was
done under those agreements and the acts, whicn
immediately preceded the vesting of power in the
New Jersey corporation, as well as by weighing the
modes in which the power vested in that corpora-
tion has been exerted and the results whicn have
arisen from it.

Recurring to the acts done by the individuals or
corporations who were mainly instrumental in bring-
ing about the expansion of the New Jersey cor-
poration during the period prior to the formation
of the trust agreements of 1879 and 1882, including
those agreements, not for the purpose of weighing

of it; that by means of this combination the de-
fendants named in this section have combined and
conspired to monopolize, have monopolized and are
continuing to monopolize a substantial part of the
commerce among the states, in the territories and
with foreign nations, in violation of section 2 of
the antitrust act.

Sec. 4. That in the formation and execution of
the combination or conspiracy the Standard com-
pany has issued its stock to the amount of more
than $99,000,000 in exchange for the stocks of
other corporations which it holds, and it now owns
and controls all of the capital stock o many cor-
porations, a majority of the stock or controlling
interests In some corporations and stock in other
corporations as follows:

Owned by
Total capital Standard

Names of companies. stock. Oil Co.

Anglo-American Oil Co. (Ltd.).. 1,000,000 99,740

Atlantic Refining Co $5,000,000 $5,000,000

Borne-Scrymser Co 200,000 199,700

Buckeye Pipe Line Co 10,000,000 9,999,700

Chesebroush Mfg. Co., eonsol.... 500,000 277,700

Colonial Oil Co 250,000 249,300

Continental Oil Co 300,000 300,000

Crescent Pipe Line Co 3,000,000 3,000,000

Eureka Pipe Line Co 5,000,000 4,999,400

Galena Signal Oil Co 10,000,000 7,079,500

Indiana Pipe Line Co 1,000,000 999,700

Lawrence Natural Gas Co 450,000 450,000

Mahoning Gas Fuel Co 150,000 149,900

Mountain State Gas Co 500,000 500,000

National Transit Co 25,455,200 25,451,650

New York Transit Co 5.000,000 5,000,000

Northern Pipe Line Co 4,000,000 4,000,000

Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas

Co 2.775,250 1.649,450

Ohio Oil Co 10,000,000 9,999,850

People's Natural Gas Co 1,000.000 1,000.000

Pittsburgh Natural Gas Co 310,000 310,000

Solar Refining Co 500,000 499,400

Southern Pipe Line Co 10.000,000 10.000,000

South Penn Oil Co 2,500,000 2,500,000

Southwest Pennsylvania Pipe

Lines 3,500,000 -5.500,000

Standard Oil Co. of California ..17.000,000 16,999,500

Standard Oil Co. of Indiana 1.000,000 999,000

Standard Oil Co. of Iowa 1,000,000 1,000,000

Standard Oil Co. of Kansas 1,000.000 999,300

Standard Oil Co. of Kentucky ...1,000.000 997,200
Standard Oil Co. of Nebraska ... 6CO.OOO 99,500
Standard Oil Co. of New York ...15.000.000 15,000,000

Standard Oil Co. of Ohio 3,500,000 3,499,400

Swan & Finch Co 100.000 100,000

Union Tank Line Co 3,500,000 3,499,400

Total Owned by
capital National

Names of companies. stock. Transit Co.

Vacuum Oil Co 2,500,000 2,500,000

Washington Oil Co 100,000 71,480

Waters-Pierce Oil Co 400,000 274,700

That the defendant National Transit company,
which Is owned and controlled by the Standard Oil
company as aforesaid, owns and controls the
amounts of the capital stocks of the following
named corporations and limited partnerships stated
opposite each, respectively, as follows:

Total Owned by
capital National

Names of companies. stock. Transit Co.

Connecting Gas Co $825,000 $412,000

Cumberland Pipe Line Co 1,000,000 998,500

East Ohio Gas Co 6,000,000 5,999,500

Franklin Pipe Co. (Ltd.) 50,000 19,500

Prairie Oll - & Gas Co 10,000,000 9,999,500

That the Standard company has also acquired the
control, by the ownership of its stock or other-
wise, of the Security Oil company, a corporation
created under the laws of Texas, which owns a
reht'ery at Beaumont, In that state, and the Man-
hattan Oil company, a corporation which owns a
pipe line situated in the states of Indiana and
Ohio; that the Standard company and the corpora-
tions and partners-hips named in section 2 are en-
gaged in the various branches of the business of
producing, purchasing and transporting petroleum
in the principal oil producing districts of tho United
States, in New York, Pennsylvania. West Virginia,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kan-
sas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado and Cal-
ifornia, in shipping and transporting the oil through
pipe lines owned or controlled by these companies
from the various oil producing districts into and
through other states, in. refining tlie petroleum and
manufacturing it into various products, in shipping
the petroleum and the products thereof into the
states and territories of the United States, the
District of Columbia and to foreign nations, in
s.hipping the petroleum and its products in tank
cars owned or controlled by the subsidiary com-
panies into various states and territories of the
United States and Into the District of Columbia,
and in selling the petroleum and its products In
various places In the states and territories of the
United States, in the District of Columbia and
in foreign countries; that the Standard company
controls the subsidiary companies and directs the
management thereof so that none of the subsidiary
companies competes with any other of those com-
prnies or with the Standard company, but their
trade is all managed as that of a single person.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Hie substantial merit of the numerous charges of
wrongdoing made during such period, but solely as
au aid for discovering Intent and purpose, we think
no disinterested mind can survey the period in
question without being irresistibly driven to the
conclusion that the very^-genius for commercial de-
velopment and organization which it would seem
was manifested from the beginning soon begot an
intent and purpose to exclude others which was
frequently manifested by acts and dealings wholly
Inconsistent with the theory that they were made
with the single conception of advancing the de-
velopment of business iwwer by usual methods, but
which, on the contrary, necessarily involved the
intent to drive others from the field and to exclude
them from their right to trade and thus accomplish
the mastery, which was the end in view. And,
considering the period from the date of the trust
agreements of 1879 and 1882, up to the time of the
expansion of the New Jersey corporation, the grad-
ual extension of the power over the commerce in
oil which ensued, the decision of the Supreme
court of Ohio, the tardiness or reluctance in con-
forming to the commands of that decision, the
method first adopted and that which finally cul-
minated in the plan of the New Jersey corporation,
all additionally serve to make manifest the con-
tinued existence of the intent which we have pre-
viously indicated and which, among other things,
impelled the expansion of the New Jersey corpora-
tion. The exercise of the power which resulted
from that organization fortifies the foregoing con-
clusions, since the development which came, the
acquisition here and there which ensued of every
efficient means by which competition could have
been asserted, the slow but resistless methods
which followed by which means of transportation
were absorbed and brought under control, the sys-
tem of marketing v,hich was adopted, by which the
country was divided into districts and the trade in
each district in oil was turned over to a designated
corporation within the combination and all others
were excluded, all lead the mind up to a conviction
of a purpose and intent which we think is so
certain as practically to cause the subject not to
be within the domain of reasonable contention.

The inference that no attempt to monopolize
could have been intended, and that no monopoliza-
tion resulted from the acts complained of, since
it is established that a \ery small percentage of
the crude oil produced was controlled by the com-
bination, is unwarranted. As substantial power
over the crude product was the inevitable result
of the absolute control which existed over the re-
fined prcdiict, the monopolization of the one carried
with It the power to control the other, and if the
inferences which this situation suggests were devel-
oped, which we deem it unnecessary to do, they
might well serve to add additional cogency to the
presumption of intent to monopolize which we
have found arises from the unquestioned proof on
other subjects.

We are thus brought to the last subject which
we are called u[K>n to consider, viz:

Fourth. The remedy to be administered.

It may be conceded that ordinarily where it was
found that acts had been done in violation of the
statute adequate measure of relief would result
from restraining the doing of such acts in the fu-
ture. (Swift versus United States, 96 U. S., 375).
But in a case like this, where the condition which
has been brought about in violation of the statute,
in and of itself, is not only a continued attempt
to monopolize, but also a monopolization, the duty
to enforce the statute requires the application of
broader and more controlling remedies. As penal-
ties which are not authorized by law may not be
inflicted by judicial authority. It follows (hat to
meet the situation with which we are confronted
the application of remedies twofold in character
becomes essential: (1) To forbid the doing in the
future of acts like those which we have found to
have been done in the past which would be viola-
tive of the statute; (2) the exertion of such meas-
ure of relief as will effectually dissolve the combi-
nation found to exist in violation of the statute,
and thus neutralize the extension and continually
operating force which the possession of the power
unlawfully obtained has brought and will continue
to bring about.

In applying remedies for this purpose, however,
the fact must not be overlooked that injury to the
public by the prevention of an undue restraint on or
the monopolization of trade or commerce is the
foundation upon which the prohibitions of the
statute rest, and, moreover, that one of the funda-
mental purposes of the statute is to protect, not
to destroy, rights of property.

It us then, as a means of accurately determin-
ing what relief we are to afford, first come to con-
sider what relief was afforded by the court below,
in order to fix how far it is necessary to take from
or add to that relief, to the end that the prohibi-
tions of the statute may have complete and opera-
tive force.

The court below by virtue of sections 1, 2 and 4
of its decree, which we have in part previously
excerpted in the margin, adjudged that the New
Jersey corporation in so far as it held the stock
of the various corporations, recited in sections 2 and
4 of the decree, or controlled the same, was a com-
bination in violation of the first section of the act,
and an attempt to monopolize or a monopolization
contrary to the second section of the act. It com-
manded the dissolution of the combination and
therefore, in effect, directed the ^transfer by the
New Jersey corporation back to the stockholders of
the various subsidiary corporations entitled to the
same of the stock which had been turned over to
the New Jersey company in exchange for its stock.
To make this command effective, section 5 of the
decree forbade the New Jersey corporation 'rom in
any form or manner exercising any ownership or
exerting any powet directly or indirectly in virtue
of its apparent title to the stocks of the subsidiary
cori>orations, and prohibited those subsidiary cor-
porations from paying any dividends to the New
Jersey corporation or doing any act which would
recogni/e further power in that company, except to
the extent that it was necessary to enable that
company to transfer the stock. So far as the own-
ers of the stock of the subsidiary corporations and
the corporations themselves were concerned after
the stock had been transferred, section 6 of the
decree enjoined them from in any way conspiring
or combining to violate the act or to monopolize
or attempt to monopolize in virtue of their owner-
ship of the stock transferred to them, and prohib-
ited all agreements between the subsidiary corpo-
rations or other stockholders in the future, tending
to produce or bring about further violations of the
act.

By section 7, pending the accomplishment of the
dissolution of the combination by the transfer of
stock and until it was consummated, the defend-
ants named in section 1, constituting all the cor-
porations to which we have referred, were enjoined
from engaging in or carrying on interstate com-
merce. And by section 9, among other things, a
delay of thirty days was granted for the carrying
into effect of the direction of the decree.

So far as the decree held that the ownership of
the stock of the New Jersey corporation constituted
a combination in violation of the first section and
an attempt to create a monopoly or to monopolize
under the second section and commanded the disso-
lution of the combination, the decree was clearly
appropriate. And this also is true of section 5 of
the decree which restrained both the New Jersey
corporation and the subsidiary corporations from
doing anything which would recognize or give effect
to further ownership in the New Jersey corporation
of the stocks which were ordered to beretransferred.

But the contention is that, in so far as the relief
by way of injunction which was awarded by section
6 against the stockholders of the subsidiary cor-
porations or the subsidiary corporations themselves
after the transfer of stock by the New Jersey cor-
poration was completed in conformity to the de-
cree, that the reliof awarded was too broad: (a)
Because it was not sufficiently specific and tended
to cause those who were within the embrace of the
order to cease to be under the protection of the law
of the land and required them to thereafter con-
duct their business under the jeopardy of punish-
ments for contempt for violating a general injunc-
tion. (New Haven R. R. vs. Interstate Commerce
Commission, 200 U. S.. 404.) Besides it is said that
the restraint imposed by section 6 even pulling

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

ou't of view the consideration just state:! was

moreover calculated 10 Uo injury to the public, aud
It may be iu and of itself to produce the very re-
straint on the due course of trade which it was
intended to prevent. We say this since it does not
necessarily follow because an illegal restraint of
trade oi.- an attempt to monopolize or a monopoliza-
tion resulted from thf combination and the trans-
fer of the stocks of the subsidiary corporations to
the New Jersey corporation that a like restraint or
attempt to monopolize or monopolization would nec-
essarily arise from agreements between one or more
of the subsidiary cori>orations after the transfer of
the stock by the New Jersey corporation. For illus-
tration, take the pipe lines. By the effect of the
transfer of the stock the pipe lines would come un-
der the control of various corporations instead of
being subjected to a uniform control. If various
corporations owning the lines determined in the
public interests to so combine as to make a con-
tinuous line, such agreement or combination would
not be repugnant to the act, and yet it might be
restrained by the decree.

.As another example, take the Union Tank Line
company, one of the subsidiary corporations, the
owner practically of all the tank cars iu use by
the combination. If no possibility existed of cgree-
ments for the distribution of these cars among the
subsidiary corporations, the most serious detriment
to the public interest might result. Conceding the
merit, abstractly considered, of these contentions,
they are irrelevant. We so think, since we con-
strue the sixth paragraph of the decree not as de-
priving the stockholders or the corporations, after
the dissolution of the combination, of the power to
make normal and lawful contracts or agreements,
but as restraining them from, by any device what-
ever, recreating, directly or indirectly, the illegal
combination which the decree dissolved. In other
words, we construe the sixth paragraph of the de-
cree not as depriving the stockholders or corpora-
tions of the right to live under the law of the land,
but as compelling obedience to that law. As, there-
fore, the sixth paragraph as thus construed is not
amenable to the criticism directed against it and
cannot produce the harmful results which the ar-
guments suggest, it was obviously right. W r e think
that in view of the magnitude of the interests in-
volved and their complexity that the delay of thirty
days allowed for executing the decree was too short
and should be extended so as to embrace a period
of at least six months. So also, in view of the
possible serious injury to result to the public from,
en absolute cessation of interstate commerce in pe-
troleum and its products by such vast agencies as
are embraced In the .combination, a result which
might arise from that portion of the decree which
enjoined carrying on of interstate commerce not
only by the New Jersey corporation, but by all the
subsidiary companies until the dissolution of the
combination by the transfer of the stocks in ac-
cordance with the decree, should not have been
awarded.

Our conclusion is that the decree below was right
and should be affirmed, except as to the minor mat-
ters concerning which we have indicated the de-
cree should be modified. Our order will therefore
be one of affirmance, with directions, however, to
modify the decree in accordance with this opinion,
the court below to retain jurisdiction to the extent
necessary to compel compliance in every respect
with its decree.

And it is so ordered.

JUSTICE HARLAN'S OPINION.

Mr. Justice Harlan, concurring iu part and dis-
senting in part:

A sense of duty constrains me to express the ob-
jections which I have to certain declarations in the
opinion jr.st delivered on behalf of the court.

I concur in holding that the Standard Oil Com-
pany of New Jersey and its subsidiary companies
constitute a combination In restraint of interstate
commerce and that they have attempted to monopo-
lize and have monopolized parts of such commerce
all in violation of what is known as the antitrust
act of 1890. (26 stat., 209, c. 647.) The evidence in
this case overwhelmingly sustained that view and
led the Circuit court, by its final decree, to order
the dissolution of the New Jersey corporation and

the discontinuance of the illegal combination be-
tween that corporation and its subsidiary 'compa-
nies.

In my judgment, the decree below should have
been affirmed without qualification. But the court,
while affirming the decree, directs some modifica-
tions in respect of what it characterizes as "minor
matters." It is to be apprehended that those mod-
ifications may prove to be mischievous. In saying
this I have particularly in view the statement in
the opinion that "it does not necessarily follow
that because an illegal restraint of trade or an at-
tempt to monopolize or a monopolization resulted
from the combination and the transfer of the
stocks of the subsidiary corporations to the New
Jersey corporation, that a like restraint of trade
or attempt to monopolize or monopolization would
necessarily arise from agreements between one or
more of the subsidiary corporations after the trans-
fer of the stock by the New Jersey corporation."
Taking this language, in connection with other
parts of the opinion, the subsidiary companies are
thus, in effect, informed unwisely, I think that,
although the New Jersey corporation, being an ille-
gal combination, must go out of existence, they
may join in an agreement to restrain commerce
among the states if such restraint be not "undue."

In order that my objections to certain parts of
the court's opinion may distinctly appear, I must
state the circumstances under which congress
passed the antitrust act and trace the course of
judicial decisions as to Its meaning aud scope.
This is the more necessary because the court, by
its decision, when interpreted by the language of
its opinion, has not only upset the long settled in-
terpretation of the act, but has usurped the consti-
tutional functions of the legislative branch of the
government. With all due respect for the opinions
of others, I feel bound to say that what the court
has said may well cause some alarm for the integ-
rity of our institutions. Let us see how the mat-
ter stands.

All who recall the condition of the country in
3890 will remember that there was everywhere
among the people generally a deep feeling of un-
rest. The nation had been rid of human slavery
fortunately, as all now feel but the conviction was
universal that the country was in real danger from
Hnother kind of slavery sought to be fastened on
the American people, namely, the slavery that
would result from aggregations of capital in the
hands of a few individuals and corporations con-
trolling, for their own profit and advantage exclu-
sively, the entire business of the country, includ-
ing the production and sale of the necessaries of
life. Such a danger was thought to be then immi-
nent, and all felt that it must be met firmly and
by such statutory regulations as would adequately
protect the people against oppression and wrong.
Congress therefore took up the matter and gave the
whole subject the fullest consideration. All agreed
that the national government could not, by legisla-
tion, regulate the domestic trade carried on wholly
within the several states; for power to regulate
such trade remained with, because never surren-
dered by. the states. But, under authority express-
ly granted to it by the constitution, congress could
regulate commerce among the several states and
with foreign states. Its authority to regulate such
commerce was and is paramount, due force being
given to other provisions of the fundamental law
devised by the fathers for the safety of the gov-
ernment and for the protection and security of the
essential rights inhering in life, liberty and prop-
erty.

Guided by these considerations and to the end
that the people, so far as interstate commerce was
concerned, might not be dominated by vast combi-
nations and monopolies, having power to advance
their own selfish ends, regardless of the general in-
terests and welfare, congress passed the antitrust
act of 1890 in these words (the italics here and
elsewhere in this opinion arc mine):

"Section 1. Every contract, combination in the
form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in re-
straint of trade or commerce among the several
f-talos. or with foreign nations, is hereby declared
to be illegal. Every person who shall make any
such contract or engage in an;/ such combination or
conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a mlsdemean-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

or and on conviction thereof shall be punished by
fine not exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment not
exceeding one year, or by both said punishments,
in the discretion of the court.

"bee. 2. Every person who shall monopolize or
attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with
any other person or persons to monopolize any part
of the trade or commerce among the several states
or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of
a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be
punished by fine not exceeding $5,000 or by impris-
onment not exceeding one year, or by both said
punishments, in the discretion of the court.

"Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form of
trust or otherwise, or conspiracy*, in restraint of
trade or commerce in any territory of the United
States or of the District of Columbia, or in re-
straint of trade or commerce between any such ter-
ritory and another, or .between any such territory
or territories and any state or states or the Dis-
trict of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or be-
tween the District of Columbia and any state or
states or foreign nations, is hereby declared ille-
gal. Every person who shall make any such con-
tract or engage in any such combination or conspir-
acy shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and
on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine not
exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding
one year, or by both said punishments, in the dis-
cretion of the court. (26 stat., 209, c. 647.)"

The Important inquiry in the present case is as
to the meaning and scope of that act in its appli-
cation to interstate commerce.

In 1896 this court had occasion to determine the
meaning and scope of the act in an important cas>j
known as Ihe Trans-Missouri freight case. (166 U.
S., 290.) The question there was as to the valid-
ity under the antitrust act of a certain agreement
between numerous railroad companies, whereby they
formed an association for the purpose of estab-
lishing and maintaining rates, rules and regulations
in respect of freight traffic over specified routes.
Two questions were involved: First, whether the
net applied to railroad carriers; second, whether the
agreement which was the basis of the suit which
the United States brought to have the agreement
annulled was illegal. The court held that railroad
carriers were embraced by the act. In determining
that question the court, among other things, said:

"The language of the act includes every contract,
combination in form of trust or otherwise, or con-
spiracy in restraint of trade or commerce among
the several states or with foreign nations. So far
as the very terms of the statute go, they apply to
any contract of the nature described. A contract
therefore that is in restraint of trade or commerce
is by the strict language of the act prohibited,
even though such contract is entered into between
competing common carriers by railroad, and only
for the purposes of thereby affecting traffic rates
for the transportation of persons and property. If
such an agreement restrains trade or commerce, it
is prohibited by the statute, unless It can be said
that an agreement, no matter what its terms, re-
lating only to transportation cannot restrain trade
or commerce. We see no escape from the conclu-
sion that if an agreement of such a nature does re-
strain it the agreement is condemned by this act.
* * * Nor is it for the substantial interests of
the country that any one commodity should be
within the sole power and subject to the sole will
of one powerful combination of capital. Congress
has, so far as its jurisdiction extends, prohibited
all contracts or combinations in the form of trusts
entered into for the purpose' of restraining trade
and commerce. * * * While the statute prohibits
all combinations in the form of trusts or otherwise,
the limitation is not confined to that form alone.
All combinations which are in restraint of trade or
commerce are prohibited, whether in the form of
trusts or in *any other form whatever. (U. S. vs.
Freight association, 1C6 U. S., 290. 312, 324, 326.)"

The court then proceeded to consider the second
of the above questions, saying:

"The next question to be discussed is as to what
i< the true construction of the statute, assuming
that It applies to common carriers by railroad.
What is the meaning of the language as used in
the statute, that 'every contract, combination in
the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in re-

straint of trade or commerce among the several
states or with foreign nations, is hereby declared
to be Illegal' ! Is it confined to a contract or com-
bination which is only in unreasonable restraint of
trade or commerce, or does it include what the
language of the act plainly and in terms covers, all
contracts of that nature? It is now with much
amplification of argument urged that the statute In
declaring illegal every combination in the form of
trust or otherwise or conspiracy in restraint of
trade or commerce does not mean what the lan-
guage used therein plainly imports, but that it only
means to declare illegal any such contract which
is in unreasonable restraint of trade, while leav-
ing all others unaffected by the provisions of the
act; that the common law meaning of the term
'contract In restraint of trade' includes only such
contracts as are in unreasonable restraint of trade,
and when that term is used in the federal statute
it Is not intended to include all contracts in re-
straint of trade, but only those which are in un-
reasonable restraint thereof. * * * By the sim-
ple use of the term 'contract In restraint of trade'
all contracts of that nature, whether valid or
otherwise, would be included, and not alone that
kind of contract which was invalid and unenforce-
able as being in unreasonable restraint of trade.
When, therefore, the body of an act pronounces as
illegal every contract or combination in restraint of
trade or commerce among the several states, etc.,
the plain and ordinary meaning of such language is
not limited to that kind of contract alone which is
in unreasonable restraint of trade, but all contracts
are included in such language, and no exception or
limitation can be added without placing in the act
that which has been omitted by congress. * *
If only that kind of contract which is in unreason-
able restraint of trade be within the meaning of
the statute, and declared therein to be illegal, it
is at once apparent that the subject of what is a
reasonable rate is attended with great uncertainty.
' To say, therefore, that the act excludes
agreements which are not in unreasonable restraint
of trade and which tend simply to keep up r^ason-
able rates for transportation, is substantially io
leave the question of unreasonableness to the com-
panies themselves. * * * But assuming that
agreements of this nature are not void at common
law and that the various cases cited by the learned
courts below show it, the answer to the statement
of their validity now is to be found in the terms of
the statute under consideration. * * * The ar-
guments which have been addressed to us against
the inclusion of all contracts in restraint of trade,
us provided for by the language of the act, have
been based uix>n the alleged presumption that con-
gress, notwithstanding the language of the act,
could not have intended to embrace all contracts,
but only such contracts as were in unreasonable re-
straint of trade. Under these circumstances we
are, therefore, asked to hold that the act of con-
gress excepts contracts which are not in unreason-
able restraint of trade, and which only keep rates
up to a reasonable price, notwithstanding the lan-
guage of the act makes no such exception. In other
words, we are asked to read into the act by way
of fudicial legislation an exception that is not
placed there bu the lawmaking branch of the gov-
ernment, and this is to be done upon the theory
that the impolicy of such legislation Is so clear
that it cannot be supposed congress intended Un-
natural import of the language it used. This we
cannot and ought not to do. * * *

"If the act ought to read as contended for by
defendants, congress is the body to amend it and
not this court, bu a process of judicial legislation
ivhollu unjustifiable. Large numbers do not agree
that the view taken by defendants is sound or true
in substance, and congress may and very probably
did share in th.it belief in passing the act. The
public policy of the government is to be found in
its statutes, and when they have not directly spo-
ken, then in the decisions of the courts and the
constant practice of the government officials, but
when the lawmaklng power speaks upon a particu-
lar subject, over which it has constitutional power
to legislate, public policy in such a case is what
the statute enacts. If the law prohibit any con-
tract or combination in restraint of trade or com-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

merce, a contract or combination made in violation
of such law is void, whatever may have been there-
tofore decided by the courts to have been the pub-
lic policy of the country on that subject. The con-
clusion which we have drawn from the examination
above made iuto the question before us is that the
antitrust act applies to railroads and that it ren-
ders illegal all agreement* which are in restraint of
trade or commerce as we have above defined that
expression, and the question tiieii arises whether
the agreement before us is of that nature. 1 '

I have made these extended extracts from the
opinion of the court in the Trans-Missouri freight
case in order 10 show beyond question that the
point was there urged by counsel that the anti-
trust act condemned only contracts, combinations,
trusts and conspiracies that were in unreasonable
restraint of interstate commerce, and that the
court in clear and decisive language met that point.
It adjudged that congress had in unequivocal words
declared that "every contract, combination, in the
form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint
of commerce among the several states" shall be Ille-
gal, and that no distinction, so far as interstate
commerce was concerned, was to be tolerated be-
tween restraints of such commerce as were undue
or unreasonable and restraints that were due or
reasonable. With full knowledge of the then con-
dition of the country, and of its business, congress
determined to meet, and did meet, the situation by
an absolute statutory prohibition of "every con-
tract, combination, in the form of trust or other-
wise, in restraint of trade or commerce." Still
more in response to the suggestion by able counsel
that congress intended only to strike down such
contracts, combinations and monopolies as unrea-
sonably restrained interstate commerce, this court,
In words too clear to be misunderstood, said that
to so hoH was "to read into the act, by way of
judi-cial legislation, an exception not placed there
by the lawmaking branch of the government."

"This," the court said, as we have seen, "we
cannot and ought not to do."

It thus appears that fifteen years ago, when the
purpose of congress in passing the antitrust act
was fresh in the minds of courts, lawyers, states-
men and the general public, this court expressly
declined to Indulge in judicial legislation by insert-
ing in the act the word "unreasonable" or any
other word of like import. It may be stated here
that the country at large accepted this view of the
act, and the federal courts throughout the entire
country enforced its provisions according to the
Interpretation given in the freight association case.
What, then, was to be done by those who ques-
tioned th.> soundness of the interpretation placed on
the act by this court in that case? As the court
had decided that to insert the word "unreasonable"
In the act would be "Judicial legislation" on its
part, the only alternative left to those who op-
posed the decision in that case was to induce con-
gress to so amend the act as to recognize the right
to restrain interstate commerce to a reasonable ex-
tent. The public press, magazines and law jour-
nals, the debates in congress, speeches and address-
es by public men and Jurists, all contain abundant
evidence of the general understanding that the
meaning, extent and scope of the antitrust act had
been judicially determined by this court, and that
the only question remaining open for discussion
was the wisdom of the policy declared by the act
a matter that was exclusively within the cogni-
zance of congress. But at every session Df congress
since the decision of 1896. the lawmaking branch of
the government, with full knowledge of that deci-
sion, has refused to change the policy it had de-
clared or to so amend the act of 1890 as to except
from its operation contracts, combinations and
trusts that reasonably restrain Interstate commerce.

But those who were in combinations that were
Illegal did not despair. They at once set up the
baseless claim that the decision of 1896 disturbed
the "business Interests of the country," and let it
be known that they would never be content until
the rule was established that would permit Inter-
state commerce to be subjected to reasonable re-
straints. Finally, an opportunity came again to
raise the same question which this court had, upon
full consideration determined In 1896. I now allude
to the case of United States vs. Joint Traffic asso-

ciation (171 U. S., 505), decided in 1898. What was
that case?

It was a suit by the United States against more
than thirty railroad companies to have the court
declare illegal, under the antitrust act, a certain
agreement between these companies. The relief
asked was denied in the subordinate federal courts
and the government brought the case here.

It is important to state the points urged in that
case by the defendant companies charged with vio-
lating the antitrust act and to show that the
court promptly met them. To that end I make a
copious extract from the opinion in the joint traffic
case. Among other things, the court said:

"Upon cou'pariug that agreement [the one in the
joint traffic case, then under consideration, 171 U.
S., 505] with the one set forth in the case of United
States vs. Trans-Missouri Freight association (166
U. S., 290), the great similarity between them sug-
gests that a similar result should be readied in the
two cases (p. 558)."

Learned counsel In the joint traffic case urged a
reconsideration of the question decided in the
Trans-Missouri case, contending that "the decision
in that case [the Trans-Missouri freight case] is
quite plainly erroneous, and the consequences of
such error are far reaching and disastrous and
clearly at war with justice and sound policy, and
the construction placed upon the antitrust statute
lias been received by the public with surprise and
alarm." They suggested that the point made in
the joint truiSc caue as to the meaning and scope
of the act might have been but was not made in
the previous case. The court said (171 U. S., 559)
that "the report of the Trans-Missouri case clearly
shows not only that the point now taken was there
urged upon the attention of the court, but it was
then intentionally and necessarily decided."

The question whether the court should again con-
sider the point decided in the Trans-Missouri case
was disposed of iu the most decisive language, as
follows:

"Finally, we are asked to reconsider the question
decided in the Trans-Missouri case and to retrace
the steps taken therein, because of the plain error
contained in that decision and the widespread
nlarm with which it was received and the serious
consequences which have resulted or may soon re-
sult from the law as interpreted in that case. It
is proper to remark that an application for a re-
consideration of a question but lately decided by
tills court is usually based upon a statement that
some of the arguments employed on the original
hearing of the question have been overlooked or
misunderstood, or that some controlling authority
has been either misapplied by the court or passed
over without dismission or notice. While this lit
not strictly an application for a rehearing in the
same case, yet in substance it Is the same thing.
The court is asked to reconsider a question but
Just decided after a careful investigation of the
matter involved. There have heretofore been in
effect two arguments of precisely the same ques-
tions now before the court, and the same argu-
ments were addressed to us on both those occa-
sions. The report of the" Trans-Missouri case shows
a dissenting opinion delivered In that case, and
that the opinion was concurred in by three other
members of the court. That opinion, it will be
seen, gives with great force and ability the argu-
ments against the decision which was finally ar-
rived at by the court. It was after a full discus-
sion of the questions involved and with the knowl-
edge of the views entertained by the minority, as
expressed in the dissenting opinion, that the ma-
jority of the court came to the conclusion It did.
Soon after the decision a petition for a rehearing
of the case was made, supported by a printed argu-
ment In its favor, and pressed with an earnestness
and vigor and at a length which were certainly com-
mensurate with the importance of the case. This
court, with care, and deliberation and also with a full
appreciation of their Importance, again considered
tho questions involved in its former decision. A ma-
jority of the court once mure arrived at the conclu-
sion it hsid first announced, and accordingly it de-
nied the in 'Plication. And now for the third time
tho samo arguments are employed and the cov.rt is
Ht,';iin asked to recant its former opinion and to de-
cide the same question in direct opposition to the

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1012.

coiiclusiom arrived at in the Trans-Missouri case. The
learned counsel while making the application frankly
confess that the argument in opposition to the deci-
sion In the case above named lias been so fully, so
clearly and so forcibly presented in the dissenting
opinion of Mr. Justice White [in the freight case]
that it is hardly possible to add to it, nor is it neces-
sary to repeat it. The fact that there was so close
a division of opinion in this court when the matter
was first under advisement, together with the dif-
ferent views taken by some of the judges of the
lower courts, led us to the most careful and scrutiniz-
ing examination of the arguments advanced by both
sides, and it was after such an examination that
the majority of the court came to the conclusion it
did. It is not now alleged that the court on the
former occasion overlooked any argument for the
respondents or misapplied any controlling authority.
It is simply insisted that the court, notwithstand-
ing the arguments for an opposite view, arrived
at an erroneous result which, for reasons already,
stated, ought to be reconsidered and reversed. As
we have twice already deliberately and earnestly
considered the same arguments which are now for a
third time pressed upon our attention, it could hard-
ly be expected that our opinion should now change
from that already expressed."

These utterances, taken in connection with what
was previously said in the Trans-Missouri freight
case, show so clearly and affirmatively to admit of
no doubt that this court many years ago, upon the
fullest consideration, interpreted the antitrust act
as prohibiting and making illegal not only every
contract or combination, in whatever form, which
was in restraint of interstate commerce, without
regard to its reasonableness or unreasonableness,
but all monopolies or attempt to monopolize "any
part" of such trade or commerce. Let me refer to
a few other cases in which the scope of the deci-
sion in the Freight association case was referred
to: In Bement ys. National Harrow company (186
U. S., 70, 92) the court said, "It is true that it has
been held by this court that the act (antitrust act)
included any restraint of commerce, whether rea-
sonable or unreasonable," citing United States vs.
Trans-Missouri Freight association (166 U. S., 290),
United States vs. Joint Traffic association (171 U.
S., 505), Addyston Pipe, etc., company vs. United
States (175 U. S., 211). In Montague vs. Lowry
(193 U. S., 38, 46), which involved the validity, un-
der the antitrust act, of a certain association
formed for the sale of tiles, mantels and grates,
the court, referring to the contention that the sale
of tiles in San Francisco was so small "as to be
a negligible quantity," held that the association
was, nevertheless, a combination in restraint of in-
terstate trade or commerce in violation of the anti-
trust act. In Loewe vs. Lawlor (208 U. S., 274,
297) all the members of this court concurred in
saying that the Trans-Missouri, Joint Traffic and
Northern Securities cases "hold in effect that the
antitrust law has a broader application than the
prohibition of restraints of trade unlawful at com-
mon law." In Shawnee Compress company vs. An-
derson (1907) (209 U. S., 423, 432) all the members
of the court again concurred in declaring that "it
has been decided that not only unreasonable but
all direct restraints of trade are prohibited, the
law being thereby distinguished from the common
law." In United States vs. Addyston Pipe com-
pany (85 Fed. Rep., 278) Judge Taft, speaking for
the Circuit Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit,
said that according to the decision of this court in
the Freight association case "contracts in restraint
of Interstate transportation were within the stat-
ute, whether the restraints could be regarded as
reasonable at common law or not." In Chesapeake
& Ohio Fuel company vs. United States (1902) (115
Fed. Rep., (ilO. 619) the Circuit Court of Appeals
for the sixth circuit, after referring to the right
of COP.KTPSSS to regulate interstate commerce, thus
Interpreted the prior decisions of this court in the
Trnr.s Missouri, the Joint Traffic and the Addyston
Pii>e and Steel company ca^es: "In the exercise of
this right congress has seen fit to prohibit all con-
tracts in restraint of trade. It has not left to the
courts the consideration of the question whether
such restraint is reasonable or unreasonable, or
whether the contract would have been illegal at
the common law or not. The act leaves for consid-

eration by judicial authority no question of this
character, but all contracts and combinations are
declared illegal if in restraint of trade or com-
merce among the states."

As far back as Robbins vs. Shelby Taxing Dis-
trict (120 U. S., 489, 497) it was held that certain
local regulations, subjecting drummers engaged in
both interstate and domestic trade, could not be
sustained by reason of the fact that no discrimina-
tion was made among citizens of the differant
states. The court observed that this did not meet
the difficulty, for the reason that "interstate com-
merce cai not be taxed at all." Under this view
congress 110 doubt acted, when by the antitrust act
it forbade any rest v aint whute v er upon interstate
commerce. It manifestly proceeded upon the theory
that interstate comm-;ree could not be restrained
at all by combinations, trusts or monopolies, but
must be allowed to flow in its accustomed channels,
wholly un vexed and unobstructed by snj thing that
would restrain its ordinary moveuent. (See also
Minnesota vs. Barber, 136 U. S., 313, 326; Brimmer
vs. Rebman, 138 U. S., 78, 82, S3.)

In the opinion delivered on behalf of the minority
in the Northern Securities case (193 U. S.) our
present chief justice referred to the contentious
made by the defendants in the Freight association
case; namely, one of which was that the agree-
ment there involved did not unreasonably restrain
Interstate commerce, and said:

"Both these contentions were decided against the
association, th,e court holding that the antitrust act
did embrace interstate carriage by railroad corpora-
tions, and as that act prohibited any contract In
restraint of interstate commerce, it hence embraced
all contracts of that character, whether they were
reasonable or unreasonable."

One of the justices who dissented in the North-
ern Securities case in a separate opinion, concurred,
in by the minority, thus referred to the freight and
joint traffic cases i

"For it cannot be too carefully remembered that
that clause applies to 'every' contract of the for-
bidden kind a consideration which was the turning
point of the Tians-Missouri Freight association
case. * Size has nothing to do with the mat-
ter. A monopoly of 'any part' of commerce among
the states is unlawful."

In this connection it may be well to refer to the
adverse report made In 1909 by Senator Nelson on
behalf of the senate judiciary committee in refer-
ence to a certain bill offered in the senate and
which proposed to amend the antitrust act in vari-
ous particulars. That report contains a full, care-
ful and able analysis of judicial decisions relating
to combinations and monopolies In restraint of
trade and commerce. Among other things said In
it which bear on the questions involved in the pres-
ent case are these:

"The antitrust act makes it a criminal offense to
violate the law and provides a punishment both by
fine and imprisonment. To inject into the act the
question of whether an agreement or combination Is
reasonable or unreasonable would render the act as
a criminal or penal statute indefinite and uncertain,
and hence, to that extent, utterly nugatory and
void, and would practically amount to a repeal of
that part of the act. * * And while the same
technical objection does not apply to civil prosecu-
tions, the injection of the rule of reasonable-
ness or unreasonableness would lead to the great-
est variableness and uncertainty in the enforce-
ment of the law. The defense of reasonable re-
straint would be made in every case, and there
would be as many different rules of reasonable-
ness <as cases, courts and juries. What one court
or jury might deem unreasonable another court or
jury misrlit deem reasonable. A court or jury in
Ohio might find a given agreement or combination
reasonable, while a court and jury in Wisconsin
might find the same agreement and combination un-
reasonable. In the case of the People vs. Sheldon
(139 N. Y., 264) Chief Justice Andrews remarks:
'If agreements and combinations to prevent compe-
tition in prices are or may be hurtful to trade, the
only sure remedy is to prohibit all agreements of
that character. If the validity of such an agree-
ment was made to depend ui>on actual proof of
public prejudice or injury, it would be very difficult

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR

in any case to establish the Invalidity, although
tbe moral evidence might be very convincing.'
* * To amend the antitrust act, as suggested
by this bill, would be to entirely emasculate it,
and for all practical purposes render it nugatory
as a remedial statute. Criminal prosecutions would
not lie and civil remedies would labor under the
greatest doubt and uncertainty. The act as it ex-
ists is clear, comprehensive, certain and highly
remedial. It practically covers the Held of federal
Jurisdiction, and is in every respect a model law.
To destroy or undermine it at the present juncture,
xWhen combinations are on the increase, and appear
to be as oblivious as ever of the rights of the pub-
lic, would be a calamity."

The result was the'indefinlte postponement by the
senate of any further consideration of the proposed
amendments of the antitrust act.

After what has been adjudged, upon full consid-
eration, as to the meaning and scope of the anti-
trust act, and in view of the usages of this court
when attorneys for litigants have attempted to re-
open questions that have been deliberately decided,
I confess to no little surprise as to what has oc-
curred in the present case. The court says that
the previous cases, above cited, "cannot by any
possible conception be treated as authoritative
without the certitude that reason was resorted to
for the purpose of deciding them." And its opin-
ion is full of intimations that this court proceeded
in those cases, so far as the present question is
concerned, without being guided by the "rule of
reason" or "the light of reason." It is more than
once intimated, if not suggested, that if the anti-
trust act is to be construed as prohibiting every
contract or combination, of whatever nature, \vhicn,
is in fact in restraint of commerce, regardless of
the reasonableness or unreasonableness of such re-
straint, that fact would show that the court had
not procee.led, in its decision, according to "the
light of reason," but had disregarded the "rule of
reason." If the court, in those cases, was wrong
in its construction of the act, it is certain that it
fully apprehended the views advanced by learned
counsel in previous cases and pronounced them to
be untenable. The published reports place this be-
yond all question. The opinion of the court was
delivered by a justice of wide experience as a judi-
cial officer, and the court had before it the attor-
ney-general of the United States and lawyers who
were recognized on all sides as great leaders in
their profession. The same eminent jurist who de-
livered the opinion in the Trans-Missouri case de-
livered the opinion in the Joint Traffic case, while
the association in the latter case was represented
by lawyers whose ability was universally recog-
nized. Is it to be supposed that any point escaped
notice in those cases when we think of the sagac-
ity of the justice who expressed the views of the
court or of the ability of the profound, astute law-
yers, who sought such an interpretation of the act
as would compel the court to insert words in the
statute which congress had not put there, and the
insertion of which words would amount to "judicial
legislation"? Now this court is asked to do that
hich it has distinctly declared it could not and
would not do, and has now done what it then said
it could not constitutionally do. It has by mere in-
terpretation modified the act of congress and de-
prived it of practical value as a defensive measure
against the evils to be remedied. On reading the
opinion just delivered the first inquiry will be that
as the court is unanimous in holding that the par-
ticular things done by the Standard Oil company
and its subsidiary companies in this case were ille-
gal under the antitrust act, whether those things
were in reasonable or unreasonable restraint of in-
terstate commerce, why was it necessary to make
an elaborate argument, as is done in the opinion
to show that, according to the "rule of reason,"
the act as passed by congress should be interpret-
ed as if it contained the word "unreasonable" or
the word "undue"? The only answer which in
frankness can be given to this question is that the
court intends to decide that its deliberate judg-
ment fifteen years ago to the effect that the act
permitted no restraint whatever of interstate com-
merce, whether reasonable or unreasonable, was
not in accordance with the "rule of reason." In
effect the court says that it will now for the first

time bring the discussion under the "light of rea-
son"' and apply the "rule of reason" to the ques-
tions to he decided. I have the authority of this
court for saying that such a course of proceeding
on its part would be "judicial legislation."

Still more, what is now done involves a serious
departure 1'rom the settled usages of this court.
Counsel have not ordinarily been allowed to discuss
questions already settled by previous decisions.
More than once at the present term that rule has
been applied. In St. Louis, Iron Mountain Ac South-
ern Railway company vs. Taylor (210 U. S., 281) the
court hail occasion to determine the meaning and
scope of the original safety appliance act of con-
gress passed for the protection of railroad employes
and passengers on interstate trains. (27 Stat., 531.)
A particular construction of that act was insisted
upon by the interstate carrier which was sued un-
der the safety appliance act, and the contention
was that a different construction, than the one in-
sisted upon by the carrier would be a harsh one.
After quoting the words of the act, Mr. Justice
Moody said for the court:

"There is BO escape from the meaning of these
words. Explanation, cannot clarify them and ought
not to be employed to confuse them or lessen their
signiticaace. The obvious purpose of the legislature
was to supplant the qualified duty of the common
law with an absolute duty deemed by it more just,
If the railroad uoes, in point of fact, use cars
which do not comply with the standard, it violates
the plain prohibitions of the law, and there arises
from that violation the liability to make compen-
sation to one who is injured by it. It is urged that
this is a harsh construction. To this we reply that,
if it be the true construction, its harshness is no
concern of the courts. They have no responsibility
for the justice or wisdom of legislation and no
duty except to enforce the law as it is written, un-
less it is clearly beyond the constitutional power
of the lawmaking body. * * * It is quite con-
ceivable that congress, contemplating the inevi-
table hardship of such injuries, and hoping to di-
minish the economic loss to the community result-
ing from them, should deem it wise to impose their
burdens upon those who could measurably control
their causes, instead of upon those who are in the
main helpless in that regard. Sueh a policy would
be intelligible, and to say the least, not so unrea-
sonable as to require us to doubt that it was in-
tended and to seek some unnatural interpretation
of common words. We see no error in this part of
the case."

And at the present term of this court we were
asked, in a case arising under the safety appliance
act, to reconsider the question decided in the Tay-
lor case. We declined to do so, saying in an opin-
ion just now handed down:

"In view of these facts, we are unwilling to re-
gard the question as to the meaning and scope of
the safety appliance act, so far as it relates to
automatic couplers on trains moving interstate traf-
fic, as open to further discussion here. // the court
was wrong in the Taylor caso the way is open for
such an amendment of the statute as congress may,
in its discretion, deem proper. This court ought
rot now disturb what has been so widely accepted
ancl acted upon by the courts as having been de-
cided in that case. A contrary course would cause
infinite uncertainty, if not mischief, in the ad-
ministration of the law in the tederal courts. To
avoid misapprehension, it is appropriate to say that
we are not to be understood as questioning the
soundness of the interpretation heretofore placed
by this court upon the safety appliance act. We
only mean to say that until congress, by an amend-
ment of the statute, changes the rule announced in
the Taylor case, this court will adhere to and apply
that rule. (Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway
company vs. United States, 220 U. S.)"

When counsel in the present case insisted upon
a reversal of the former rulings of this court, and
asked such an interpretation of the antitrust act
as would allow reasonable restraints of interstate
commerce, this court, in deference to established
practice, should, I submit, have said to them:

"That question, according to our practice, is not
open for further discussion here. This court long

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

ago deliberately held (1) that the act, interpreting
its words in their ordinary acceptation, prohibits
all restraints of interstate commerce by combina-
tions in whatever form, and whether reasonable or
unreasonable; (2) the question relates to matters of
public policy in reference to commerce among the
states and wit'i foreign nations, and congress alone
can deal with the subject; (3) this court would
encroach upon the authority of congress if, under
the guise of construction, it should assume to de-
termine a matter of public policy; (4) the parties
must go to congress and obtain an amendment of
the antitrust act if they think this court was
wrong in its former decisions, and (5) this court
cannot and will not judicially legislate, since its
function is to declare the law, while it belongs to
the legislative department to make the law."

Such a course, I am sure, would not have offend-
ed the "rule of reason."

But my brethren, in their wisdom, have deemed
it best to pursue a different course. They have
now said to those who condemn our former deci-
sions and who object to all legislative prohibitions
of contracts, combinations and trusts In restraint
of interstate commerce, "You may now restrain
such commerce, provided you are reasonable about
it; only take care that the restraint is not undue."
The disposition of the case under consideration, ac-
cording to the views of the defendants, will, it is
claimed, quiet and give rest to "the business of the
country." On *he contrary, I have a strong convic-
tion that it will throw the business of the country
into confusion and invite widely extended and
harassing litigation, the injurious effects of which
will be felt for many years to come. When con-
gress prohibited every contract, combination or mo-
nopoly in restraint of commerce, it prescribed a
simple, definite rule that all could understand, and
which could be easily applied by every one wishing
to obey the law and not to conduct their business
in violation of law. But now, it is to be feared,
we are to have, In cases without number, the con-
stantly recurring inquiry difficult to solve by proof
whether the particular contract, combination or
trust Involved in tach case is or is not an "unrea-
sonable" or "undue"' restraint of tisde. Congress,
in effect, said that there should be no restraint of
trade, in any form, and this court solemnly adjudged
many years ago that congress meant what it thus
eaid in clear and explicit words, and that it could
not add to the words of the act. But those who con-
demn the action of congress are now, in effect, in-
formed that the courts will allow such restraints
of interstate commerce as are shown not to be un-
reasonable or undue.

It remains for me to refer, more fully than I
bare heretofore done, to another, and, in my judg-
mentif we look to the future the most important,
aspect of this case. That aspect concerns the
usurpation by the judicial branch of the govern-
ment of the functions of the legislative depart-
ment. The illustrious men who laid the founda-
tions of our institutions deemed no'part of the na-
tional constitution of more consequence or more
essential to the permanency of our form of govern-
ment than the provisions under which were distrib-
uted the powers of government among three sep-
arate, equal and co-ordinate departments legisla-
tive, executive and judicial. This was at that
time a new feature of governmental regulation
among the nations of the earth, and it is deemed
by the people of every section of our own country
as most vital in the workings of a representative
republic whose constitution was ordained and es-
tablished in order to accomplish the objects stated
in its preamble by the means, but only 6j/ the
means, provided, either expressly or by necessary
implication, by the instrument itself. No depart-
ment of that government can constitutionally ex-
ercise the powers committed strictly to another
and separate department.

I said at the outset that the action of the court
in this case might well alarm thoughtful men who
revered the constitution. I meant by this that
many things are intimated and said in the court's
opinion which will not be regarded otherwise than
as sanctioning an Invasion by the judiciary of the
constitutional domain of congress an attempt by
interpretation to soften or modify what some re-

gard as a harsh public policy. This court, let me
rejieat, solemnly adjudged many years ago that it
could not, except by "judicial legislation/' read
words into the antitrust act not put there by con-
gress ana whicn, being inserted, give it a meaning
which the words of the act, as passed, if properly
interpreted, would not justify. The court has de-
cided that it could not thus change a public policy
formulated and declared l;y congress; that congress
ha-s paramount authority to regulate interstate
commerce, and that it alone can change a policy
once inaugurated by legislation. The courts have
nothing to do with the wisdom or policy of an act
of congress. Their duty is to ascertain the will of
congress, and if the statute embodying the expres-
sion of that will is constitutional, the courts must
respect it. They have no function to declare a
public policy, nor to amend legislative enactments.
"What is termed the policy of the government with
reference to any particular legislation," as this
court has said, "is generally a very uncertain
thing, upon which all sorts of opinions, each vari-
ant from the other, may be formed by different
persons. It is a ground much too unstable upon
which to rest the judgment of the court in the in-
terpretation of statutes." (Hadden vs. Collector,
5 Wall., 107.) Nevertheless, if 1 do not misappre-
hend its opinion, the court has now read into the
act of congress words which are not to be found
there, and has thereby done that which it adjudged
in 1896 and 1898 could not be done without violating
the constitution: namely, by interpretation of a
statute changed a public policy declared by the leg-
islative department.

After many years of public service at the na-
tional capital, and after a somewhat close obser-
vation of the conduct of public affairs, I am Im-
pelled to say that there is abroad in our land a
most harmful tendency to bring about the amend-
ing of constitutions and legislative enactments by
means alone of judicial construction. As a public
policy has been declared by the legislative depart-
ment in respect of interstate commerce, over which
congress has entire control, under the constitution,
all concerned must patiently submit to what has
been lawfully done, until the people of the United
States the source of all national power shall, In
their own time, upon reflection and through the
legislative department of the government, require
a change of that policy. There are some who say
that it is a part of one's liberty to conduct com-
merce among the states without being subject to
governmental authority. But that would not be lib-
erty regulated by law, and liberty which cannot
be regulated by law is not to be desired. The su-
preme law of the land which is -binding alike
upon -all upon presidents, congresses, the courts
and the people gives to congress, and to congress
clone, authority to regulate interstate commerce,
and when congress forbids any restraint of such
commerce, in any form, all must obey its mandate.
To overreach the action of congress merely by judi-
cial construction that is, by indirection is a blow
at the integrity of our governmental system, :ind in
the end will prove most dangerous to all. Mr. Justice
Bradley wisely said, when on this bench, that ille-
gitimate and unconstitutional practices get their
first footing by silent approaches and slight devi-
ations from legal modes of legal procedure. (Boyd
vs. United States, 116 U. S-, 616, 635.) We shall
do well to heed the warnings of that great jurist.

I do not stop to discuss the merits of the policy
embodied in the antitrust act of 1890; for, as has
been often adjudged, the courts, under our consti-
tutional system, have no rightful concern with the
wisdom or policy of legislation enacted by that
branch of the government which alone can make
laws.

For the reasons stated, while concurring in the
general affirmance of the decree of the Circuit
court, I dissent from that part of the judgment of
this court which directs the modification of the de-
cree of the Circuit court, as well as from those
parts of the opinion which, in effect, assert author-
ity, in this court, to insert words in the antitrust
act which congress did not put there, and which,
being inserted, congress is made to declare, as part
of the public policy of the country, what it has
not chosen tc declare.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

SUPREME COURT DECISION IN THE TOBACCO TRUST CASE.

Following is the complete official text of the de-
cision of the United States Supreme court in the
case of the United States of America, appellant,
against the American Tobacco company and others,
delivered May 29, mi, including the opinion of the
court delivered by Mr. Chief Justice \Miite and the
dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Harlau:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Nos. 118 and 119 October term, 1910.
118 The United States of America, appellant, VS.

the American Tobacco company and others.
119 The American Tobacco company and others, ap-
pellants, vs. the United States of America.
Appeals from the Circuit court of the United State*

for the southern district of New York.
(May 29, 1911.)

Mr. Chief Justice White delivered the opinion of
the court:

This suit was commenced on July 19, 1907, by the
United States, to prevent the continuance of al-
leged violations of the first and second sections of
the antitrust act of July 2, 1890. The defendants
were twenty-nine individuals, named in the mar-
gin;* sixty-five American corporations, most of
them created in the state of New Jersey, and two
English corporations. For convenience of statement
we classify the corporate defendants, exclusive of
the two foreign ones, which we shall hereafter sep-
arately refer to, as follows: The American Tobac-
co company, a New Jersey corporation, because of
its dominant relation to the subject matter of the
controversy as the primary defendant, five other
New Jersey corporations (viz., American Snuff com-
pany, American Cigar company, American Stogie
company, MacAndrews & Forbes company and Con-
ley Foil company), because of their relation to the
controversy as the accessory, and the fifty-nine
other American corporations as the subsidiary de-
fendants.

The ground of complaint against the American
Tobacco company rested not alone upon the nature

and character of that corporation and the power
which it exerted directly over the five accessory
corporations and some of the subsidiary corpora-
tions by stock ownership in such corporations, but
also upon the control which it exercised over the
subsidiary companies by virtue of stock held in
said companies by the accessory companies by stock
ownership in which the American Tobacco company
exerted its power of control. The accessory com-
panies were Impleaded either because of their na-
ture and character or because of the power exerted
over them through stock ownership by the Ameri-
can Tobacco company and also because of the pow-
er which they in turn exerted by stock ownership
over the subsidiary corporations and finally the
subsidiary corporations were impleaded either be-
cause of their nature or because of the control to
which they were subjected in arid by virtue of the
stock ownership above stated. We append in the
margin a statement showing the stock control exer-
cised by the principal defendant, the American To-
bacco company, over the five accessory corporations
and also the authority which it directly .exercised
over certain of the subsidiary corporations, and a
list showing the control exercised over the sub-
sidiary corporations as a result of the stock owner-
ship in the accessory corporations, they being in
turn controlled, as we have said, by the principal
defendant, the Ame-'ican Tobacco company.f

The two foreign corporations were impleaded
either because of their nature and character and
the operation jind effect of contracts or agreements
with the American Tobacco company or the power
which it exerted over their affairs by stock owner-
ship.

As we shall have occasion hereafter in referring
to matters beyond dispute to set forth the main
facts relied upon by the United States as giving
rise to the cause of action alleged against all of
the defendants it suffices at this moment to say
that the bill averred the origin and nature of the
American Tobacco company and the origin and na-

James B. Duke, Caleb C. Dula, Perclval S. Hill.
George Arents, Paul Brown, Robert B. Dula,
George A. Helnie, Robert D. Lewis, Thomas J.
Maloney, Oliver H. Payne, Thomas F. Ryan, Rob-
ert K. Smith, George W. Watts, George G. Allen,
John B. Cobb, William R. Harris, William H. Mc-
Alister, Anthony N. Brady, Benjamin N. Duke. H.
M. Hanna, Herbert D. Kingsbury, Pierre Lorillard,
Rufus L. Patterson, Frank H. Ray. Grant B.
Schley, Charles N. Strots, Peter A. B. Widener,
Welford C. Reed (now deceased) and Williamson W.
Fuller.

fExtent of control of American Tobacco company
over the accessory corporations:

American Snuff company Of 120,000 shares of pre-
ferred stock owns 12,517 shares directly and 11,274
shares by reason of stcck control of P. Lorillard
company, in all 23,764 shares; of 110,017 -"hares of
common stock owns 41,214 directly and 34,594 by
reason of stock control of P. Lorillard company, in
all 75.808 shares.

American Cigar company Of 100,000 shares of pre-
ferred stock owns 89.700 shares directly and 5,000
shares through control of American Snuff company,
in all 94,700 shares; of 100,000 shares of common
stock owns directly 77,451 shares.

American Stogie company Of 108,790 shares of
common stock controls 73.072% shares through stock
interest in American Snuff company; the American
Stogie company owns all of the stock (12,500) of
the Union American Cigar company cigars and
stojjies.

MacAndrews & Forbes company Of 57,583 shares
of preferred stock (no voting power) owns 7,500
shares; of 30,000 shares of common stock owns 21,-
129 shares directly and 983 shares through stock
control of the R. J. Reynolds company, in all 22,112
Bhai-es.

The Conley Foil company Of 8,250 shares of
stock directly owns 4,950 shares.

The American Tobacco company By stock owner-
ship is the owner outright of the following defend-
ant companies: S. Anargyros (the S. Anargyros
company owns all the capital stock, 10 shares, of

the London Cigarette company); F. F. Adams To-
bacco company, Blackwell's Durham Tobacco com-
pany. Crescent Cigar and Tobacco company, Day
and Night Tobacco company, Luhrman & Wilbern
Tobacco company. Nail & Williams Tobacco com-
pany, Nashville Tobacco Works, R. A. Patterson
Tobacco company, Monopol Tobacco Works, Spauld-
ing & Merrick.

The American Tobacco company also hns the
stock interest indicated in the following defendant
corporations :

British-American Tobacco company Owns 1,200,-
000 shares of 1,500,000 shares of preferred stock
and' 2,280,012 shares of 3, 720,021shares of common stock.

The Imperial Tobacco company, etc. Owns 721,457
pounds sterling of 18,000,000 pounds sterling of stock.

The John Bollman company Of 2,000 shares of
stock owns 1,020 shares.

F R. Penu Tobacco company Of 1.503 shares of
stock owns 1,002 shares (through Blackwell's Dur-
ham Tobacco company).

R. P. Richardson, Jr., & Co. (Inc.) Owns 600 out
of 1,000 shares of stock and $120,000 of $200,000 issue
of bonds.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco company Owns 50,000 out
of 75,250 sLares of stock.

Pinkerton Tobacco company Owns 775 out of 1,000
shares of stock.

Reynolds Tobacco company (of Bristol, Tenn.)
Owns 1,449 shares out of 2.500 shares.

J. W. Carroll Tobacco company Owns 2,000 out
of 3,000 shares.

P. Lorillard company Owns 15,813 out of 20,000
shares of preferred and all the common stock (30,-
000 shares).

Kentucky Tobacco Product company Owns 14 of
l.POO shares preferred and owns directly 5.264 and,
through the American Cigar company, 355 out of
8,100 shares of common stock. (The Kentucky To-
bacco Product company owns all tjie capital stock,
100 shares, of the Kentucky ToMcco Extract com-

Port'o Rican-American Tobacco compamy Owns di-
rectly 6,578 and through the American Cigar com-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

ture of all the other defendant corporations, wheth-
er accessory or subsidiary, and the connection of
the individual defendants with such corporations.
In effect the bill charged that the individual de-
fendants and the defendant corporations were en-
gaged in a conspiracy in restraint of interstate and
foreign tri'de in tobacco and the products of tobac-
co and constituted a combination in restraint of
such trade, in violation of the first section of the
act, and also were attempting to monopolize and
were actually a monopolization of such trade, in
violation of the second section. In support of these
charges general averments were made In the bill
as to the wrongful purpose and intent with which
acts were committed which it was alleged brought
about the alleged wrongful result.

The prayer of the bill was as follows:

"Wherefore petitioner prays:

"1. That the contracts, combinations and con-
spiracies in restraint of trade and commerce among
the states and with foreign nations, together with
the attempts to monopolize and the monopolies of
th same hereinbefore described be declared illegal
and in violation of the act of congress passed July
2, 1890, and subsequent acts, and that they be pre-
vented and restrained by proper orders of the
court.

"2. That the agreements, contracts, combinations
and conspiracies entered into by the defendants on
or about Sept. 27, 1902, and thereafter, and evi-
denced among other tilings by the two written
agreements of that date, exhibits 1 and 2 hereto.

pany 6,57C of 19,984 shares of stock. (The Porto
Kican-Ainerican Tobacco company owns 190 of the
380 shares of preferred and 300 of the 450 shares of
common stock of Independent company of Porto
Rico; also owns 2,150 of the 5,000 shares of capital
stock of the Porto Rico Leaf Tobacco company).

The American Tobacco company is also interested
as indicated in the following defendants, supply or
machinery companies:

Golden Belt Manufacturing company (cotton bags)
Owns 6,521 of 7,000 shares.

Mengel Box company (wooden boxes) British-
American Tobacco company owns 3,637 of 5,000
shares of stock. (The Mengel company owns all of
the capital stock of the Columbia Box company and
of the Tyler Box company, respectively 1,500 and
250 shares.)

Amsterdam Supply company (agency to purchase
supplies) Owns majority of stock and controls large
part of remainder through subsidiary companies.

Thomas Cusack company (bill posting) Owns 1,000
out of 1,500 shares.

Manhattan Briar Pipe company Owns all of stock,
3,500 shares.

International Cigar Machinery company Of 100,-
000 shares owns 33,637 shares directly and 29,902
shares through American Cigar company; in all 63,-
539 shares.

The American Tobacco company is also interested
In the following companies, not named as defend-
ants:

American Machine and Foundry company Owns
510 shares directly and remainder (490) through
American Cigar company.

New Jersey Machine company Owns 510 shares
directly and remainder (490) through American Ci-
gar company.

Standard Tobacco Stemmer company Of 17,300
shares owns 16,Ha5 sharos.

Garson Vending Machine company Of 500 shares
owns 250 shares.

The American Snuff company, in addition to
stock, etc., interests in the American Tobacco com-
pany, American Cigar company and the Amsterdam
Supply company, has stock interests in the follow-
ing defendants:

H. Bolander Owns all of stock, 1,350 shares.

De Voe Snuff company Owns all of -stock, 500
shares. (The De Voe Snuff company owns all the
capital stock, 400 shares, of Skinner & Co., snuff.)

Standard Snuff company Owns all of stock, 2,816
shares.

The American Cigar company, in addition to
stock interests in the Amsterdam Supply company,
American Stogie company, Porto Rican-Americaii
Tobacco company, Kentucky Tobacco Product com-
pany and Irterrational Cigar Machinery company,
has the stock interest indicated in the following de-
fendants :

R. D. Burnett Cigar company Owns 77 out of 150
shares.

M. Blaskower company Owns 1,875 out of 2,500
shares preferred and 1,875 out of 2,500 shares of
common.

Cuban Land and Leaf Tobacco company Owns
all of stock, 1,000 shares. (The Cuban Land and
Loaf Tobacco company owns 1,320' of the 1,890 shares
of stock of the \uelta Abajo Steamship company.)

Cliff Weil Cigar company Owns 255 out of 500
shares.

Dusel, Goodloe & Co. Owns 510 out of 750 shares.

Federal Cigar Real Estate company Owns all
stock, 6,000 shares.

J. J. Goodrum Tobacco company Owns 477 out of
600 shares.

Havana-American company Owns all stock, 2,500
shares.

Havana Tobacco company Owns 700 shares out
of 47,038 preferred, 166,800 out of 297,912 common
stock and $3,500,000 of $7,500,000 bonds.

Jordan Gibson & Baum company (inc.) Owns all
preferred and common stock, 250 shares each.

Louisiana Tobacco company (ltd.) Owns 375 out
of 500 shares.

The J. B. Moos company Owns all of stock, 2,000
shares.

J. & B. Moos Owns all of common stock, 1,000
shares.

Porto Rican Leaf Tobacco company Owns 2,500
out of 5,000 shares.

The Smokers' Paradise corporation Owns all of
common stock, 250 shares, and 349 of 500 shares
preferred.

Havana Tobacco company has a stock interest in
the following corporations:

H. de Cabanis y Carbajal All of stock, 15,000
shares.

Hy. Clay and Bock & Co. (ltd.) Owns 9,749 out
of 16,950 shares preferred and 14.687 out of 15,990
chares common. (The Hy. Clay, etc., Co. is owner
of 16,667 shares of the ordinary capital stock of the
Havana Cigar and Tobacco factories (ltd.), and also
owns 64 shares of the 1,890 shares of the capital
stock of the Vnelta Abajo Steamship company.)

Cuban Tobacco company Owns all of stock, 50
shares.

Havana Commercial company Owns 55,562 out of
60,000 shares preferred and 124.718 out of 125,000
shares common. (The Havana Commercial company
owns all of the capital stock, 100 shares, of the M.
Valle y Co.. cigars.)

Havana Cigar and Tobacco factories (ltd.) Owns
6,77* out of 25,000 shares ordinary stock.

J. S. Murias y Co. Owns all of stock, 7,500
shares.

Blackwell's Durham Tobacco company In addi-
tion to a stock Interest in the Amsterdam Supply
company, has the stock interest indicated In the
following defendant corporations:

F. P. Penn Tobacco company Owns 1,002 out of
1,503 shares.

Scotteri-Dillon company Owns $10,000 out of $500,-
000 of stock.

Wells-Whitehead Tobacco company Owns all ot
stock, 1,500 shares.

Conley Foil company Owns all of the capital
stock, 3,000 shares, of the Johnston Tin Foil and
Metal company.

P. Lorillard pomrmny Has a stock interest in the
American Snuff company and the Amsterdam Sup-
ply company.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco company In addition to
a stock interest in the Amsterdam Supply company
and the MacAnd'ews & Forbes company, owns one-
third of the 5,000 shares of stock of the Lipfert
Scales company.

The British-American Tobacco company In addi-
tion to a small interest in the Amsterdam Supply
company, has the following stock interest in cer-
tain defendants:

Uavid Dunlop (plug) Owns 3.000 of 4,00 shares.

W. S. Mathews & Sons (smoking) Owns 3,637 out
of 5,000 shares of stock.

T. C. Williams company (plug) Owns all of
stock, 4,000 shares.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

be declared Illegal and that Injunctions issue re-
straining and prohibiting defendants from doing
anything In pursuance of or in furtherance of the
same within the Jurisdiction of the United States.

"3. That the Imperial Tobacco company, its of-
ficers, agents and servants be enjoined from en-
gaging in Interstate or foreign trade and commerce
within the Jurisdiction of the United States until
it shall cease to observe or act in pursuance of
said agreements, contracts, combinations and con-
spiracies entered Into by it and other defendants
on or about Sept. 27, 1902, and thereafter, and evi-
denced among other things by the contracts of that
date, exhibits 1 and 2 hereto.

"4. That the British-American Tobacco company
be adjudged an unlawful instrumentality created
solely for carrying into effect the objects and pur-
poses of said contract, combination and conspiracy
entered Into on or about Sept. 27, 1902, and there-
alter, and that it be enjoined from engaging In
Interstate or foreign trade and commerce within
the Jurisdiction of the United States.

"5. That the court adjudge the American Tobac-
co company, the American Snuff company, the
American Cigar company, the American Stogie com-
pany, the MacAndrews & Forbes company and the
Conley Foil company Is each a combination in re-
straint of Interstate and foreign trade and com-
merce, and that each has attempted and Is at-
tempting to monopolize, is in combination and con-
spiracy with other persons and corporations to mo-
nopolize and has monopolized part of the trade and
commerce among the several states and with for-
eign nations, and order and decree that each one of
them be restrained from engaging in Interstate or
foreign commerce, or, if the court should be of
opinion that the public Interests will be better
subserved thereby, that receivers be appointed to
take possession of all the property, assets, busi-
ness and affairs of said defendants and wind up
the same and otherwise take such course In regard
thereto as will bring about conditions in trade and
commerce among the states and with foreign na-
tions In harmony with law.

"6. That the holding of stock by one of the de-
fendant corporations In another under the circum-
stances shown be declared Illegal and that each
of them be enjoined from continuing to hold or own
such shares In another and from exercising any
right In connection therewith.

"7. That defendants, each and all, be enjoined
from continuing to carry cut the purposes of the
above described contracts, combinations, conspir-
acies and attempts to monopolize by the means
herein described, or by any other, and be required
to desist and withdraw from all connection with
the same.

"8. That each of the defendants be enjoined
from purchasing leaf tobacco or from gelling and
distributing its manufactured output as a part of
Interstate and foreign trade and commerce in con-
junction or combination with any other defendant,
and from taking part or being interested in any
agreement or combination Intended to destroy com-
petition among them In reference to such purchases
or sales.

"9. That petitioner have such other, further, and
general relief as may be proper."

As to the answers, It suffices to say that all the
Individual and corporate defendants other than the
foreign corporations denied the charges of wrong-
doing and illegal combination, and the corporate
defendants In particular In addition averred their
right under state charters by virtue of which they
existed to own and possess the property which they
held, and further averred that they were engaged
In manufacturing, and that any combination amongst
them related only to that subject, and therefore
was not within the antitrust act. The two foreign
corporations asserted the validity of their corpo-
rate organizations and of the assailed agreements,
and denied any participation In the alleged wrong-
ful combination.

After the taking of much testimony before a
special examiner the case was heard before a court
consisting of four judges, constituted under the
expediting act of Feb. 11, 1903. In deciding the case
in favor of the government, each of the four judges
delivered an opinion. (164 Fed., 700.) A final de-

cree was entered on Dec. 15, 1908. The petition
was dismissed as to Ihe English corporations,
three of the subsidiary corporations, the United
Cigar Stores company and all the Individual de-
fendants. It was decreed that the defendants other
than those against whom the petition was dismissed
Iiad theretofore entered into and were parties to
combinations in restraint of trade, etc., in viola-
tion of the antitrust act, and said defendants and
each of tliem, their officers, agents, etc., were re-
strained and enjoined "from directly or Indirectly
doing any act or thing w hatsoever in furtherance
of the objects and purposes of said combinations,
and from continuing as parties thereto." It spe-
cifically found that each of the defendantjs: "the
American Tobacco company, American Snuff com-
pany, American Cigar company, American Stogie
company and MacAndrews & Forbes company con-
stitutes and is Itself a combination in violation of
the said act of congress." The corporations thus
named, their officers, etc., were next restrained
and enjoined "from further directly or Indirectly
engaging in Interstate or foreign trade and com-
merce In leaf tobacco, or the products manufac-
tured therefrom, or articles necessary or useful In
connection therewith. But if any of said last named
defendants can hereafter affirmatively show the
restoration of reasonably competitive conditions,
euch defendant may apply to this court for a mod-
ification, suspension or dissolution of the Injunc-
tion herein granted against It." The decree then
enumerated the various corporations which it was
found held or claimed to own some or all of the
capital stock of other corporations, and particu-
larly specified fetich other corporations, and then
made the following restraining provisions:

"Wherefore each and all of defendants, the
American Tobacco company, the American Snuff
company, the American Cigar company, P. Lortl-
lard company, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco company,
Blackwell's Durham Tobacco company and Conley
Foil company, their officers, directors, agents, serv-
ants and employes, are hereby restrained and en-
Joined from acquiring, by conveyance or otherwise,
the plant or business of any such corporation where-
in any one of them now holds or owns stock; and
each and all of said defoi-dp nt corporations so hold-
ing stock in other corporations, as above specified,
their officers, directors, agents, servants and employes
are further enjoined from voting or attempting to
vote said stock at any meeting of the stockholders
of the corporation issuing the same and from ex-
ercising or attempting to exercise any control,
direction, supervision or Influence whatsoever over
the acts and doings of such corporation. And It Is
further ordered and decreed that each and every
of the defendant corporations the stock of which
Is held by any other defendant corporation as here-
inbefore shown, their officers, directors, servants
and agents, be and they are hereby respectively
and collectively restrained and enjoined from per-
mitting the stock so held to be voted by any other
defendant holding or claiming to own the same or
by its attorneys or agents at any corporate elec-
tion for directors or officers and from permitting
or suffering any other defendant corporation claim-
Ing to own or hold stock therein, or Its officers or
agents, to exercise any control whatsoever over
Its corporate acts."

Judgment for costs was given In favor of the pe-
titioner and against the defendants as to whom
the petition had not been dismissed, except the
R. P. Richardson, Jr., & Co., a corporation, which
had consented to the decree. The decree also con-
tained a provision that the defendants or any of,
them should not be prevented "from the Institu-
tion, prosecution or defense of any suit, action or
proceeding to prevent or restrain the infringement
of a trade mark used In interstate commerce or
otherwise assert or defend a claim to any prop-
erty or rights." In the event of a taking of an
appeal to this court, the decree provided that the
injunction which It directed "shall be suspended
during the pendency of such appeal."

The United States appealed, as did also the vari-
ous defendants against whom the decree was en-
tered. For the government it Is contended:

1. That the petition should not have been dis-
missed as to the individual defendants.

a. That It should not have been dismissed as to

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

the two foreign corporations the Imperial Tobacco
company and the British-American Tobacco com-
pany and the domestic corporations controlled by the
latter and that, on the contrary, the decree should
have commanded the observance of the antitrust
act by the foreign corporations so far as their deal-
ings in the United States were concerned, and
should have restrained those companies from doing
any act in the United States in violation of the
antitrust act, whether or not the tight to do said
acts was asserted to have arisen pursuant to the
contracts made outside of or within the United
States.

3. The petition should not have been dismissed
as to the United Cigar Stores company.

4. The final decree should have adjudged defand-
ants parties to unlawful contracts and conspiracies.

5. The final decree should have adjudged lhat de-
fendants were attempting to monopolize and had
monopolized parts of commerce. More particularly,
it is urged, it should have adjudged that the Amer-
ican Tobacco company, American Snuff company,
American Cigar company, American Stogie com-
pany, MacAndrews & Forbes company, the Conley
Foil company, and the British-American Tobacco
company were severally attempting to monopolize
and had monopolized parts of commerce, and that
appropriate remedies should have been applied.

6. The decree was not sufficiently specific, since
it should have described with more particularity
the methods which the defendants had followed in
forming and carrying out their unlawful purpose,
and should have prohibited the resort to similar
methods.

7. The decree should have specified the shares
in corporations disclosed by the evidence to be
owned by the parties to the conspiracy, and should
have enjoined those parties from exercising any
control over the corporations in which such stock
was held, and the latter, if made defendant, from
permitting such control, and should have also en-
joined the collection of any dividends upon the
stock.

8. The decree improperly provided that nothing
therein should prevent defendants from prosecuting
or defending suits; also improperly suspended the
injunction pending appeal.

The defendants, by their assignments of errors,
complain because the petition was not dismissed as
to all, and more specifically (a) because they were
adjudged parties to a combination in ' restraint of
interstate and foreign commerce, and enjoined ac-
cordingly; (b) because certain defendant corpora-
tions holding shares in others were enjoined from,
voting them or exercising control over the issuing
company, and the latter from permitting this, and
(c) because the American Tobacco company, Ameri-
can Snuff campany, American Cigar company, Amer-
ican Stogie ccmpacy and the MaeAndrews & Forbes
company were adjudged unlawful combinations and
restrained from engaging in interstate ana foreign
commerce.

The elaborate arguments made by both sides at
bar present in many forms of statement the con-
flicting contentions resulting from the nature and
character of the suit and the defense thereto, the
decree of the lower court and the propositions) as-
signed as error to which we have just referred. In
eo far as all or any of these contentions, as many
of them in fact do, involve a conflict as to the ap-
plication and effect of sections 1 and 2 of the anti-
trust act, their consideration has been greatly sim-
plified by the analysis and review of that act and
the construction affixed to the sections in question
in the case of Standard Oil company et al. vs.
United States, quite recently decided. In so far as
the contentions relate to the disputed propositions
of fact, we think, from the view which we take of
the case, they need not be referred to, since in our
opinion the case can be disposed of by considering
only those facts which are indisputable and by ap-
plying to the inferences properly deducible from
such facts the meaning and effect of the law as ex-
pounded in accordance with the previous decisions
of this court.

We shall divide our investigation of the case into
three subjects: First, the undisputed facts; sec-
ond, the meaning of the antitrust law and its ap-
plication as correctly construed to the ultimate

conclusions of fact deducible from the proof; third,
the remedies to be applied.

UNDISPUTED TACTS.

The matters to be considered under this heading,
we think, can best be made clear by stating the
merest outline of the condition of the tobacco in-
dustry prior to what is asserted to have been the
initial movement in the combination which the suit
assail3, and in the light so afforded to brielly re-
cite the history of the assailed acts and contracts.
We shall divide the subject into two periods, (a) the
one from the time of the organization of the first
or eld American Tobacco company, in 1890, to the
organization of the Continental Tobacco company,
and (b) from the date of such organization to the
filing of the bill in this case.

Summarizing In the broadest Way the conditions
which obtained prior to 1890, as to the production
manufacture and distribution of tobacco, the fol-
lowing general facts are adequate to portray the
situation:

Tobacco was grown in many sections of the coun-
try having diversity of soil and climate, and there-
fore was subject to various vicissitudes resulting
from the places of production, and consequently
varied in quality. The great diversity of use to
which tobacco waa applied in manufacturing caused
it to be that there was a demand for all the vari-
ous qualities. The dtmaad for all qualities was not
local, but widespread, extending as well to domes-
tic as to foreign trade, and therefore all the prod-
ucts were marketed under competitive conditions of
a peculiarly advantageous nature. The manufacture
of the product in this ccuntry in various forms was
successfully carried on by many individuals or con-
cerns scattered throughout the country, a large
number, perhaps, of the manufacturers being in
the vicinage of production and others being advan-
tageously situated in or near the principal markets
or distribution.

Before January, 1890, five distinct concerns Allen
& Ginter, with factory at Richmond, Va. ; W. Duke,
Sons & Co., with factories at Durham, N. C., and
Isew lork city; Kinney Tobacco company, with
factory at New York city; W. S. Kimball & Co.,
with factory at Rochester, N. Y.; Goodwin & Co
with factory at Brooklyn, N. Y. manufactured,
distributer! and sold in the United States and
abroad 95 per cent of all the domestic cigarette
and less than 8 per cent of the smoking tobacco
produced in the United States. There is no doubt
that these factories were competitors in the pur-
chase of the raw product which they manufactured
and in the distribution and sale of the manufac-
tured products. Indeed, it is shown that prior to
1890 not only had normal and ordinary competition
existed between the factories in question, but that
the competition bad been fierce and abnormal. In
January, 1890, having agreed upon a capital stock
of $25,000,000, all to be divided amongst them, and
who should be directors, the concerns referred to
organized the American Tobacco company in New
Jersey "*o: trading and manufacturing," with
broad powers, and conveyed to it the assets and
businesses, including good will and right to use the
names of the old concerns, and thereafter this cor-
poration carried on the business of all. The $25,-
000,000 of stock of tie tobacco company was allotted
to the charter members as follows: Allen & Gin-
ter, $3.000.000 preferred, $4,500,000 common; W.
Dnke, Sons & Co., $3,000,000 preferred, $4.500,000
common; Kir,ney Tobacco company, $2.000.000 pre-
ferred, $3.0CG,OoO common; W. S. Kimball & Co.,
$1,000,000 preferred, $1,500.000 common, and Goodwin
& Co., $1,000.010 preferred, ?l,r.00,ooo common.

There is a charge that the valuation at which the
respective properties were capitalized in the new
corporation was enormously in excess of their ac-
tual value. We, however, put that subject aside,
since we propose only to deal with facts which are
not in controversy.

Shortly after the formation of the new corpora-
tion the Goodwin & Co. factory was closed, and the
directors ordered "that the manufacture of all-
tobacco cigarettes be concentrated at Richmond."
The new corporation, in 1890, the first year of its
operation, manufactured about 2,500,000,000 cigar-
ettes, that is about 96 or 97 per cent of the total
domestic output, and " about 5,500,000 pounds of

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

smoking tobacco out cf a total domestic product of
nearly 70,000,000 pounds.

lu a little over a year after tbe organization of
the company It increased its capital stock by J10,-
000,000. The purpose of this increase Is inferable
from the considerations which we now state.

There was a firm known as Pfingst, Doerhoefer &
Co., consisting of a number of partners, who had
been long and successfully carrying on the busiuess
of manufacturing nlu? tobacco in Louisville, I\y.,
and distributing it through the channels of Inter-
state commerce. In January, 1891, this lirm was
converted into a corporation known as the National
Tobacco works, having a capital stock of $400, 000,
all of which was issued to the partners. Almost
immediately thereafter, in ihe month of February,
the American Tobacco company became the pur-
chaser of all the capital stock of the new corpora-
tion, paying $600,000 cash and $1,200.000 in stock of
the American Tobacco company. Ihe members of
the previously existing firm bound themselves by
contract with the American Tobacco company to en-
ter its service and manage the business ami prop-
erty sold, ancl each furl her agreed that for ten
years he would not engage in carrying on, diiectly
or indirectly, or permit or suffer the use of his
name in connection with the carrying on of the to-
bacco business in any form.

In April following the American Tobacco com-
pany bought out the business of Philip Whitlock
of Richmond, Va., who was engaged in the manu-
facture of cheroots and cigars, and with the exclu-
sive right to use the name of Whitlock. The con-
sideration for this purchase was $300,000, and Whit-
lock agreed to become an employe of the American
Tobacco company for a number of years and not to
engage for twenty years in the tsbacco business.

In the month of April the American Tobacco com-
pany also acquired the business of Marburg Bros.,
a well known firm located at Baltimore, Md., and
engaged lu the manufacture and distribution of to-
bacco, principally smoking and snuff. The consider-
ation was a cash payment of $164,637.65 and stock
to the amount of $3,075.000. The members of the
firm also conveyed the right to the use of the firm,
name and agreed not to engage in the tobacco
business for a lengthy period.

Again, Jn the same mouth, the American Tobacco
company bought out a tobacco firm of old standing,
also located in Baltimore, as <}. W. Gail &
Ax, engaged principally in manufacturing and sell-
ing smoking tobacco, buying with the business the
exclusive right to use tte tame of the firm or the
partners, and the meml>ers of the firm agreed not
to engage It: the tobacco business for a specified po-
rlod. The consideration fr>r this purchase was $77,-
5F2.66 In cash and fleck to the amount of $1,760,000.
Tbe plant was abandoned soon after.

The result of these purchases was manifested at
once in the product of the company for the year
1891, as will appear from a no\e in the margin.* It
will be seen that as to cheroot, smoking tobacco,
flne-cut tobacco, snuff and plug tobacco, the com-
pany bad become a factor in all branches of the to-
bacco industry.

Keferring to the occurrences of toe year 1891 as
in all respects typical of the ocou-rences Tvhich
took place in all the other years of the first pe-
riodthat is, during the years, 1892, 18S;\ 1S94, 1895,
1896, 1897 and 1S9S we content ourselves with say-
ing that it is undisputed that between February,
1891, and October, 1898, including the pu^a-iases
which we have specifically referred to, the Ameri-
can Tobacco company acquired fifteen going toSj^cco

concerns doing busiuess In the states of Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York,
North Carolina and Virginia. For ten of the plants
an all-cash consideration of $6,410,235.26 was paid,
while the payments for the remaining five aggre-
gated in cash $1,115,100.95 and in stock $4,123,000.
It Is worth noting that tbe last purchase, in
October, 1898, was of the Drumuiond Tobacco com-
pany, a Missouri corporation dealing principally iu
plug, for which a cash consideration was paid of
$3,457,500.

The corporations which were combined for the
purpose of forming the American Tobacco company
produced a very small portion of plug tobacco. That
an increase in this direction was contemplated Is
manifested by the almost immediate increase of the
stock and its use for the purpose of acquiring, as we
have indicated, in 191 rnd 1892, the ownership and
control of concerns manufacturing plug tobacco and
the consequent increase in that branch of produc-
tion. There is no dispute that as early as 1893
the president of the American Tobacco company,
by authority of the corporation, approached lead-
ing manufacturers of plug tobacco and sought to
bring about a combination of the plug tobacco in-
terests, and ujwn the failure to accomplish this
ruinous competition by lowering the price of plug
below its cost ensued. As a result of this war-
fare, which continued until 1898, the American To-
bacco company sustained severe losses aggregating
more than $4,000,000. The warfare produced its
natural result, not only lieeause the company ac-
quired during the last two years of the campaign,
HS we have stated, control of Important plug to-
bacco concerns, but others engaged in that indus-
try came to terms. We say this, because in 1S98,
in connection with several leading plug manufac-
turers, the American Tobacco company organized a
New Jersey corporation styled the Continental To-
bacco company, for "trading and manufacturing,"
vith a capital of 75,000,000, afterward increased to
$100,000,000. The new company issued its stock and
took transfers to the plants, assets and businesses
of five large and successful competing plug manu-
facturers.!

The American Tobacco company also conveyed to
this corporation, at large valuations, the assets,
brands, real estate snd good will pertaining to its
plug tobacco business, including the National To-
bacco works, the James G. Butler Tobacco com-
pany, Drummond Tobacco company and Brown To-
bacco company, receiving as consideration $30,274,200
of stock (one-half con.mon and one-half preferred),
$300,000 cash and an additional sum for losses sus-
tained In the plug business during 1898, $R40,035.
Mr. Duke, the president of the American Tobacco
company, also became president of the Continental
company.

Under the preliminary agreement which was
made, looking to the formation of the Continental
Tobacco company, that company acquired from the
holders all the $3,000,000 of the common stock of
the P. Lorlllard company In exchange for $6,000,000
of its stock, and $1,581,300 of the $2,000,000 preferred
in exchange for notes aggregating a sum consider-
ably larger. The Lorillord company, however, al-
though It thus passed practically under the control
of the American Tobacco company by virtue of its
ownership of stock in the Continental company, was
not liquidated, but Jts business continued to be
conducted as a distinct corporation, its goods being
marked and put upon the market, just as if they
were the manufacture of an independent concern.

Following the orgarizatiou of the Continental To-

*The output of the American Tobacco company

for 1891 was: Number. Pounds.

Cigarettes 2,788,778.000

Cheroots and little cigars 40,009,000

Smoking 13,813,355

Fine cut 660,633

Snuff 383,162

Plug 4,442,774

Total output for tbe United States, 1891:

Number. Pounds.

Cigarettes 3,137,318,596

Smoking 76,708,300

Fine cut lf,968,870

Plug and twist 166,177,915

Snuff 10,674,241

tP. 3. Sorg company, having factory in Middle-
town, O., who received preferred stock $4,350,000,
common stock $4,525,000 and cash $224,375.

John Flnzec & Bros., having factory at Ju>nls-
ville, Ky., who received preferred stock $2,250,000,
common stock $3,050,000 and cash $550,000.

Daniel Scotten & Co., having factory at Detroit,
Mich., who received preferred stock $1,911,1(0 aua
common stock $3,012,500.

P. H. Mayo & Bros., having factory at Richmond,
Va., who received preferred stock $1,250,000, com-
mon stock $1.925,000 and cash $66,125.

John Wright company, having factory at Rich-
mond, Vn., who received preferred stock $495,000,
common stock $495, OOC and cash $4,116.67.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

bacco company, the An ericnn Tobacco company in-
creased its capital stock from $35,000,000 to $70,000,-
000 and declared a stock dividend of 100 per cent
on its common stock that is, a stock dividend of
$21,000,000.

As the facts just stated bring us to the end of
the first period which at the outset we stated it
was our purpose to review, it is well briefly to
point out the increase in the power and control of
the American Tobacco crmr.any and the extension
of its activities to all forms of tobacco products
which had been accomplished just prior to the or-
ganization of the Continental Tobacco company.
Nothing could show it more clearly than the iol-
lowiug: At the end of the time the company VBS
manufacturing 86 per cent or thereabouts of all the
cigarettes produceO in tbe United States, above 26
per cent of all the smoking tobacco, more than 22
per cent of all plug tobacco, 51 per cent of all lit-
tle cigars, 6 per cent each of all snuff and line cut
tobacco and over 2 per cent of all cigars and
cheroots.

A brief reference to the occurrences of the second
period that is, from and after the organization of
the Continental Tobacco company up to the time
)f the bringing of this suit, will serve to make
evident that ihe transactions in their essence had
all the characteristics of the occurrences of the
first period.

In the year 1899 and thereafter either the Ameri-
can or Continental company, for cash or stock, at
an aggregate cost of $50,000,000 bought ai-d closed
up seme thirty competing corporations and partner-
ships theretofore engaged in interstate and foreign
commerce as manufacturers, sellers and -iistribu-
ters of tobacco and related commodities, the inter-
ested parties covenanting not to engage in the busi-
ness. Likewise the two corporations acquired for

cash, by issuing stock and otherwise, control of
many competing corporations, now going concerns,
\\ith plants in various states, Cuba and Porto Rico,
which manufactured, bought, sold and distributed
tobacco products or related articles throughout the
United States and foreign countries, and took from
the parties in interest covenants not to engage in
the tobacco business.

The plants thus acquired were operated until the
merger in 1904, to which we shall hereafter refer,
as a part of the general system of the American
and Continental companies. The power resulting
from and the purpose contemplated in making these
acquisitions by tbe companies just referred to,
however, may not be measured by considering alone
the business of the company directly acquired,
since some of those companies were made the ve-
hicles as representing the American or Continental
company for acquiring and holding the stock of
other and competing companies, thus amplifying
the power resulting from the acquisitions directly
made by the American or Continental company,
without ostensibly doing so. It is, besides, undis-
puted that in many instances the acquired corpora-
tions with the subsidiary companies over which
they had control through stock ownership were car-
ried on ostensibly as independent concerns discon-
nected from either the American or the Continental
company, although they were controlled and owned
by one or the other ot these companies. Without
going into details on these subjects, for the sake
of brevity, we append in the margin a statement
of the corporations thus acquired, with the mention
of the competing concerns? which such corporations
acquired.*

It is of the utmost importance to observe that the
acquisitions made by the subsidiary corporations
in some cases likewise show the lemarkable fact

Monopol Tobacco works (New York, N. Y.). Cap-
ital, $40,000; cigarettes and smoking tobacco. In
1899 the Americun Tobacco company acquired all
the shares for $250,000, and it is now a selling
agency.

Luhrman & Wilbern Tobacco company (Middle-
town, O.). Capita*!, $900, 000; scrap tobacco. This
business was formerly carried on by a partnership.

Mengel Box company (Louisville, Ky.). Capital,
$2,000,000; boxes for packing tobacco. This com-
pany has acquired the stock ($150,000) of Columbia
Box company and of Tyler Box company ($25,000),
both at St. Louis.

The Porto Rican-American Tobacco company
(Porto Rico). Capital, $1,799,600. In 1899 the Amer-
ican company caused the organization of the Porto
Rican-American Tob.cco company, which took over
the partnership business of Rucabado y Portela,
manufacturer of cigars rnd cigarettes, with cove-
nants not to compete. The American Tobacco com-
pany and American Cigar company each hold $585,-
300 of the stock; the lalance is in the hands of in-
dividuals.

Kentucky Tobacco Product company (Louisville,
Ky.). Capital, $1,000,000. In 1899 the Continental
company acguired control of the Louisville Spirit-
Cured Tobacco company, engaged in curing and
treating tobacco and utilizing the stems for ferti-
lizers. By agreement, the Kentucky Tobacco Prod-
uct company was organized in New Jersey, with
$1,000,000 capital, $450.000 issued to the old stock-
holders nnil $550,000 to Continental company, a9
consideration for agreement to supply citems.

Golden Belt MiTi-facturing company (North Caro-
lina). Capital, $700,000; cotton bags and containers.
In 1899 the American Tobacco company acquired the
business of this corporation, which was formed to
take over a going busir.iss.

The Conley Foil company (New York). Capital,
$825,000; tinfoil combination. In December, 1899,
the American Tobacco company secured control of
the business of John On ley & Sou (partnership),
New York, N. Y.. manufacturers of tinfoil, an es-
sential for packing tobacco products. By agree-
ment the Convey Foil company was incorporated in
New Jersey "for trading and manufacturing, ' etc.,
with $250,000 capital (afterward $375,000 and $825,-
000), which took over tl'.e linn's business and as-
sets, etc., and the American Tobacco company be-
came owner of the majority shares. The Couley
Foil company has acquired all the stock of" the

Johnson Tinfoil and Metal company, a defendant, of
St. Louis, a leading competitor, and they supply
under fixed contracts the tinfoil used by defendants.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco company (Winston Salem.
N. O.). In 1899 the Continental Tobacco company
acquired control of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco
company, one of the largest manufacturers of plug
output In 1X98, 6,uOO,OOC pounds. By agreement, a
new corporation (with same name) was organized
in New Jeisey rnd capitalized at $5,000,000 (after-
ward $7,525,000), which took over the business and
assets of the old one. The Continental company
immediately acquired the majority shares and the
American company now holds $5,000,000 of Ftock.
The separate organization has been preserved.

There was acquired in the name of the new Rey-
nolds company, with covenants against competition,
the following plants:

In 1900, T. L. Vaughn & Co., partnership of Wins-
ton, N. C.. consideration $90,506; Brown Bros, com-
pany, a North Carolina corporation, Winston, N.
C., consideration $67,615, and P. H. Hanes & Co.
nnd B. F. Hanes & Co., Winston, N. C., partner-
ship, consideration $671,950.

In 1905, Rucker & Witten Tobacco company, Mar-
tinsville, Va., consideration $512,898.

In 1906, D. H. Spencer & Co., Martlnsville, Va.,
consideration $314,255.

(All of the foregoing plants were closed as soon
as purchased.)

A majority of the $400,000 capital stock in the
Llpfert-Scales company of Winston, N. C., a cor-
poration largely engaged In the manufacture of plug
tobacco and Interstate and foreign commerce in
leaf tobacco and its products, was acquired by the
Reynolds company. The separate organization of
the l.lpfert-Scales company is preserved and the
business carried on under its corporate name.

The R. J. Reynold! Tobacco company also holds
$98,300 stock of the MacAndrews & Forbes company
and $9.600 of the Amsterdam Supply company.

Blaekwell's Durham Tobacco company (Durham,
N. C.). Capital, $1,000,000. In 1899 the American
Tobacco company procured for $4,000.000 all the
fitock of Blaekwell's Durham Tobacco company at
Durham, N. C.. manufacturer and distributer of
tobacco products. Thereupon the Blaekwell's Dur-
ham Tobacco Company of New Jersey, capital $1,-
000,000, all owned by the American, was organized
and took over the assets of the old company, then

CIIICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

stated above that is, the disbursement of euonnous
amounts of money to acquire plants, which on bt>
ing purchased were not utilized, but were immedi-
ately closed. It is also to be remarked that the
focts stated in the memorandum in the margin
show on their face a singular identity between the
conceptions which governed the transactions of this
latter period with those which evidently existed at
the very birth of the original organization of the
American Tobacco company, as exemplint-d by the
transactions in the first period. A statement of
particular transactions cutside of those previously
referred to as having occurred during the period
In question will serve additionally to make the
situation clear. And to accomplish this purpose
we shall, as briefly as nicy be consistent with clar-
ity, separately refer to the facts concerning the or-
ganization during the second period of the five cor-
porations which were named as defendants in the
bill, as heretofore stated and which for the purpose
of designation we have Mtherto classified as acces-
sory defendants, such corporations being the Amer-
ican Snuff company, American Cigar company,
American Stogie company, MacAndrews & Forbes
company (licorice) and Conley Foil company.

(1) The American Stuff company As we have
seen, the American Tobacco company at the com-
mencement of the first period produced a very small
quantity of stuff. Its capacity, however, in that
regard was au<;ment-.Hl owing particularly to the
formation of the Continental Tobacco company and
the acquisition of the Lorillard company, by which
It came to be a serious factor as a snuff producer.
There shortly ensued an aggressive corapetiton in
the snuff business between i.be American Tobacco
company, with the force acquired from the vantage
ground resulting from the Oominaucy of its ex-
panded organization, and others in the trade oper-
ating independently of that organization. The re-
sult was identical with that which had previously
arisen from like conditions in the past.

In March. 1900, there was organized in New Jer-
sey a corporation known as the American SnufC
compp.ny, with a capital of $25,000,000, one-half pre-
ferred end one-luilf common, which took over the
snuff business of the P. Lorillard comoany. Conti-
nental Tobacco eompj.ny and the American Tobacco
company, with that of a large competitor, viz., the
Atlantic Snuff company. The stock of the new
company was thus apportioned: Atlantic Snuff
company, preferred $7,510,000, common $25,000,000;
P. Lorillard company, preferred $1,124,700, common
$3,459, JOO; the American Tobacco company, pre-
ferred $1.177,800, common $3,227,500; Continental To-
bacco company, preferred $197,500, common $813,100.
The stock Issued to Continental Tobacco company
and the defendants, P. Lorillard campany and the
American Tobacco company, is still held by the
litter, and they have at all times had a control-
ling interest in the snuff company. All the com-
panies, together with their oflicers and directors,
covenanted that they would not thereafter engage
as competitors In the tobacco business or the man-
' ufacture, sale or distribution of snuff.

Among the assets transferred by the Atlantic
Snuff company to America n Snuff company were all
the shares ($600,000) of W. E. Garrett & Sons
(Inc.), then and now one of the oldest and very lar-
gest producers of snuff, for a long time and still
engaged at Yorkland, Del., in interstate and for-
eign commerce in tobacco and its products, and
which controlled through stock ownership the
Southern Siniff company, Memphis, Tenn.; Dental
Snuff company, Lynchburg, Va., and Stewart-Ralph
Snuff company, Clarksville, Tenn. The separate
existence of W. E. Garrett & Sons (Inc.) has been
preserved and its business conducted under the cor-
porate name. In March, 1900, the American Snuff

company acquired all* the shares of George W.
Helme company, one of the oldest and largest
producers of snuff and actively engaged at Hel-
metta, N. J., in interstate and foreign commerce
in competition with defendants, by issuing in ex-
chai ge therefor $2,000,000 preferred stock and
$1,000,000 common; ami it thereat ter took a convey-
ance of all assets of the acquired company and now
operates the plant under its own name.

As a result of the transactions just stated, It
came to pass that the American Tobacco company,
which had at the end of the first period only a
very small percentage ot the snuff manufacturing
business, came virtually to have the dominant con-
trol as a manufacturer of that product.

(2) Conley Foil company, manufacturers of tin-
foil, an essential for packing tobacco products In
December, 1899, the American Tobacco company ge-
cured control of the business of John Couley &
Sons, a partnership, of New York city. By agree-
ment the Conley Foil company was Incorporated In
New York "for trading and manufacturing," etc.,
with $250,000 capital, ultimately Increased to $825,000.
The eorix>ration took over the business and assets
of the firm and the American Tobacco company be-
came owi er of a majority of the shares of stock.
The Conley Foil company has acquired all the
shares of stock of the Johnson Tinfoil & Metal
company of St. Louis, a leading competitor, and
they supply, under fixed contracts at remunerative
prices, the tinfoil used by the defendants, which
constitutes the major part of the total production
in the United States.

(3) American Cigar company Prior to 1901 the
American and Continental Tobacco companies man-
ufactured, sold and distributed cigars, stogies and
cheroots. In the year stated the companies de-
termined to engage in the business upon a larger
scale. Under agreement with Powell, Smith & Co.,
large manufacturers and dealers in cigars, they
caused the incorporation in New Jersey of the
American Cigar company, "for trading and manu-
facturing," etc., to which all three conveyed their
said business, and it has since carried on the same.
The American and Continental companies each ac-
quired 46Vi per cent of the shares and Powell,
Smith & Co. 7 per cert; the original capitalization
was $10,000,000 (afterwards $20,000,000), and more
than three-fourths is owned by the former. The
cigar company acquired many competitors (partner-
ships and corporations) engaged in Interstate and
foreign commerce, taking from the parties cove-
nants against engaging in the tobacco business;
and it has also, procured the organization of con-
trolled corporations which have acquired competing
manufacturers, jobbers t-nd distributers in the
United Slates, Cuba arid Porto Rico. It manufac-
tures, sells and distributes a considerable percent-
age of domestic cigars; is the dominating factor In
tlie tobacco business, foreign and domestic, in Cuba
n nd Porto Rico, and is there engaged >in tobacco
planting. It also controls corporate jobbers In Cal-
if oinia, Alabama, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Georgia,
Louisiana, New Jersey and Tennessee.

(4) The MacAndrews & Forbes company, manu-
facturers of licorice There is no question that
licorice paste is an essential ingredient in the man-
titacture of plug tobacco, and that one who is de-
barred from obtaining such paste would therefore
be unable to engage in or carry on the manufacture
of such product. The control over this article was
thus secured: In May, 1902, the Continental com-
pany secured control of MacAndrews & Forbes com-
pany of Newark, N. J., and organized "for trading
iiiwl manufacturing" a corporation known as the
MacAndrews & Forbes company, with a capital of
?7, 000, 000, $4,000,000 preferred and $3,000,000 common.

under receivership. Its separate organization has
boon preserved.

The Durham company has acquired control of the
folkn-ing competitors: Reynolds Tobacco company,
F. R. Pent Tobacco company and Wells-Whitehead
Tobacco company.

The following companies came also nndor the con-
trol of the American Tobacco company through ac-
quired stock ownershin.

S. Anargyros. Capital, $850,000; Turkish cigar-
ettes. In 1890 the American Tobacco company pro-

cured tho organization of corporation of S. Anar-
gyros, which took over that individual's going busi-
ness and has since controlled it. Through this com-
pany the business in Turkish cigarettes is largely
conducted.

The John P-olIman company (San Francisco).
Capital, $200,000; cigarettes. In 1SOO the American
Tobacco company procured organization of the John
Bollman company, which took over the business of
the former concern in exchange for stock. Its sep-
arate organization has been preserved.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FQR 1912.

which took over the business of MacAndrews &
Forbes and another large competitor. The Conti-
nental company acquired two-thirds of the common
stock by agreeing to purchase its supply of paste
from the new company. The American Tobacco
company, at the time of the filing of the bill, was
the owner of $2,112,900 of the common stock aud
$750,000 preferred. By various purchases ami agree-
ments the MacAncrews & Forbes company acquired,
substantially, the business of all competitors. Thus,
in June, 1902, it purchased the business of the Stam-
ford Manufacturing company of Stamford, Conn.,
and incorporated tho National Licorice company,
which acquired the business of Young & Smylie
and F. B. & V. P. Scudder, and the National com-
pany agreed with MacAndrews & Forbes not to
produce licorice for tobacco manufacturers. In 1906
all the stock in the J. S. Young company ($1,800,-
000), which had been organized to take over the
business of the J. S. Young company of Baltimore,
Aid., was acquired by the MacAndrews & Forbes
company. The MacAndrews & Forbes company use
in excess of 95 per cent of the licorice root con-
sumed In the United Str.tes.

(5) American Stogie company In May, 1903, the
American Cigar company and the American and
Continental Tobacco companies caused the Ameri-
can Stogie conmany to be incorporated in New Jer-
sey with fll,979,GiiO cnpital, which immediately took
over the stogie and tobie business of the companled
named in exchange for $8,206,275 stock, and then In
the usual ways j-.cquired the business of others in
the manufacture, sale and distribution of such prod-
ucts, with covei>cnts not to compete. It acquired.
in exchange for $3,647,725 stock, all shares of
United States Cigar company (which had previously
acquired and owned the business of important com-
petitors) and subsequently took the conveyance of
the plant and assets. The majority chares always
have been held by defendant, the American Cigar
company.

As we think the legitimate Inferences deducible
from the undisputed f:icts which we have thus
stated will be sufficient to dispose ot the contro-
versy, we do not deem It necessary to expand this
statement so as to cause It to embrace a "ecital of
the undisputed facts concerning tin entry of the
American Tobacco company Into the retail tobacco
trade through the acquisition of a controlling Inter-
est in the stock of what Is known as the United
Cigar Stores company, as well as to some other
subjects which, for the sake of brevity, we like-
wise pass over in order to come at once to a state-
ment concerning the foreign companies.

The English companies In September, 1901, the
American Tobacco company purcnased for $5,347,000
a Liverpool (England) corporation known as Og-
den's Limited, there engaged In manufacturing and
distributing tobacco products. A trade conflict which
at once endued caused many of the English manu-
facturers to combine Into an Incorporation kno\vn
as the Imperial Tobacco Company of Great Britain
and Ireland, capital fl5.00),CO'0, afterward increased
to $18,000.000 sterling. The trade war was continued
between this corporation and the American Tobacco
company, with a result substantially identical with
that which had hitherto, as r we have seen, arisen
from such a situation.

In September, 1S02, the Imperial and the Ameri-
can companies entered into contracts (executed in
England) stipulating that the former should limit
its business to the united kingdom, except purchas-
ing leaf In the United States (it buys 54,000,000
pounds annually); that the American companies
should limit their business to the t"i:ited States, Its
dependencies, and Cuba, and that the British-Amer-
ican Tobacco company, with capital of 6.000,000 ap-
portioned between them, should be organized, take

over the export business of both and operate In
other countries, etc. This arrangement was imme-
diately put into effect and has been observed.

The Imperial con'i'tcy holds one-third and the
American company two-thirds of the capital stock
of the British-American Tobacco company (Ltd.).
The latter company maintains a branch office In
New York city, a,id the vice-president of the Amer-
ican Tobacco company Is a principal officer. Thl*
company uses large quantities of domestic leaf,
partly exported to various plants abroad and about;
half manufactured here and then exported. By
agreement all this Is purchased through the Amer-
ican Tobacco company. In addition to many plants
abroad, it has warehouses in various states and
plants at Petersburg, Va., and Durham, N. C.,
where tobacco is manufactured and then exported.

The purchase of necessary leaf tobacco in the
United States by the Imperial company Is now
made through a resident general agent and Is ex-
ported as a part of foreign commerce.

Not to break the continuity of the narrative of
facts, we have omitted in the proper chronological
order to state the facts relative to what waa known
as the Consolidated Tobacco company. We now
particularly refer to that subject.

The Consolidated Tobacco company In June, 1901,
parties largely interested in the American and Con-
tinental companies caused the incorporation in New
Jersey of the Consolidated Tobacco company, capi-
tal $30,000.000 (afterwards $40,000,000), with broad
iwwers and perpetual existence; to do business
throughout the world and to guarantee securities
of other companies, etc. A majority of shares was
taken by a few individuals connected with the old
concerns: A. N. Brady, J. B. Euke, A. H. Payne,
Thomas Ryan, W. C. Whitney and P. A. B. Wide-
ner. J. B. Duke, president of both the old com-
panies, became president of the Consolidated.
Largely In exchange for bonds the new company
acquired substantially all the shares of common
stock of the old ones. Its business of holding and
financing was continued until 1904, when, with the
American and Continental companies, it was merged
into the present American Tobacco company.

Uy proceedings in New Jersey, October, 1904, the
(old) American Tcbacco company, Continectal To-
bacco company and Consolidated Tobacco company
were merged into one corporation, under the name
of the American Tobacco company, the principal
defendant here. The merged company, with per-
petual existence, was capitalized at $180,000,000
($80,000,000 preferred, ordinarily without power to
vote).

The powers conferred by the charter are stated
In the margin.*

Prior to the merger the Consolidated Tobacco
company, a majority of whose $40,000,000 share cap-
ital was held by J. B. Duke, Thomas F. Ryan,
William C. Whitney. Anthony N. Brady, Peter A.
B. Widener and Oliver H. Payne, had acquired, as
already stated, nearly all common shares of both
old American and Continental companies, aud there- <
by control. The preferred shares, however, were
held by many Individuals. Through the method of
distribution of the slock of tbe new company, In
exchange for shares in the old American and in the
Continental company it resulted that the same six
n en in control of the combination through the Con-
solidated Tobacco company continued that control
by ownership of stock in the merged or new Amer-
ican Tobacco company. The assets, property, etc..
of the old companies passed to the American To-
bacco company (merged), which has since carried on
the business.

The record indisputably discloses that after this
merger the same methods which were used from
the beginning continued to be employed. Thus, it

To buy, manufacture, sell and otherwise deal
in tobacco and the pioducts of tobacco In any and
all forms; * * * to guarantee dividends on any
shares of the capital stock of any corporation in
which said merged corporation has an Interest as
stockholder; * * * to carry on any business op-
erations deemed by such merged corporation to be
cecessary or advisable in connection with any of
the objects of Its incorporation or in furtherance
of any thereof, or tending to Increase the value
of its property or stock; * * * to conduct busi-

ness In all other states, territories, possessions and
dependencies of the United States of America and
in all foreign countries; * * * to purchase or
otherwise acquire and hold, sell, assign, transfer,
mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of the shares
of the capital stock or of any bonds, securities or
other evidences of indebtedness created by any
other corporation or corporations of this or any
other state or government, and to Issue its own
obligations in payment or exchange therefor, * *

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

Is beyond dispute: First, that since the organiza-
tion of the new American Tobacco company that
company has acquired four large tobacco concerns;
that restrictive covenants against engaging in the
tobacco business were taken from the sellers and
that the plants were not continued In operation,
nut were at once abandoned. Second, that the new
company has, besides, acquired control of eight
additional concerns, the business of such concerns
being now carried on by four separate corporations,
till absolutely controlled by the American Tobacco
company, although the connection as to two of
these conr.pank-s with that corporation was long
and persistently denied.

Thus, reaching the end of the second period and
coming to the time of the bringing of the suit,
brevity prevents us from stopping to portray the
difference between the condition in 1890 when the
(old) American Tobacco company was organized by
the consolidation of five competing cigarette con-
cerns and that which existed at the commencement
of the suit. That situation and the vast power
which the- principal nnd accessory corporate de-
fendants and the small number of individuals who
own a majority of the common stock of the new
American Tobacco company exert over the market-
ing of tobacco as a raw product, its manufacture,
its marketing whon manufactured and its conse
quent movement in the channels of interstate com-
merce, indeed relatively over foreign commerce
and the commerce of the whole world in the raw
and manufactured products, stand out in such bold
relief from the undisputed facts which have been
stated as to lend us to pass at once to the second,
fundamental proposition which we are required to
consider that is, the construction of the antitrust
act and the application of the act as rightly con-
strued to the situation as proven in consequence of
baving determined the ultimate and final infer-
ences properly decluciHe from the undisputed facts
which we have stated.

THE CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OP THE ANTI-
TEUST ACT.

If the antitrust law Is applicable to tho entire
situation here presented and is adequate to afford
complete relief for the evils which the United
States Insists that situation presents, it can only
be because that law will be given a more compre-
hensive application than has been affixed to it in
tiny previous decision. This will be the case be-
cause the undisputed facts as we have stated them
Involve questions as to the operation of the anti-
trust law not hitherto presented in any case. Thus,
even If the ownership of stock by the American
Tobacco company in the accessory and subsidiary
companies and the ownership of stock in any of
those companies among themselves were held, as
was decided in the Standard Oil company case,
to be a violation of the act and all relations re-
sulting from such stock ownership were therefore
set aside the question would yet remain whether
the principal defendant, the American Tobacco com-
pany, and the five accessory defendants, even when
Oivested of their stock ownership in other corpora-
tions, by virtue of the power which they would
continue to possess, even although thus stripped,
would amount to a violation of both the first and
second sections of the act. Again, If it were held,
that the corporations the existence whereof was
due to a combination between such companies and.
other companies was a violation of the act, the
question would remain whether such of the com-
panies as did not owe their existence and power to
combinations, but whose power alone arose from
the exercise of the right to acquire and own prop-
erty, \yould be amenable to the prohibitions of the
act. Yet, further, even if this proposition was
he-Id in the affirmative, the question would remain
whether the principal defendant, the American
Tobacco company, when stripped of Its stock own-
ership, would be in nnd of itself within the pro-
hibitions of the act, although that company was or-
ganized nnd took boing before the antitrust act was
passed. Still further, the question would yet re-
main whether particular corporations which, when
bereft of the power which they possessed as result-
ing from stock ownership, although they were not
inherently possessed of a sufficient residuum of
power to cause them to be In and of themselves

either a restraint of trade or a monopolization or
an attempt to monopolise, should nevertheless be
restrained because of their intimate connection and
association with other corporations found to be
within the prohibitions of the act. The necessity
of relief as to all these aspects, we think, seemed
to the government so essential, and the difficulty
of giving to the act such a comprehensive nnd co-
herent construction as would be adequate to enable
It to meet the entire sltu.ition, led to what appears
to us to be in their essence a resort to methods of
construction not compatible one with the other.
And the same apparetit conflict is presented by tho
views of the act taken by the defendants "when
their contentious are accurately tested.

Xhus the government, for the purpose of fixing the
Illegal character of the original combination which
organized the old American Tobacco company, asserts
that the illegal ct-aracter of the combination is plain-
ly shown because the combination was brought about
to stay the progress of a flagrant and ruinous trade
war. In other words, the contention is thtt as the
act forbids every contract and combination it hence
prohibits a reasonable and just agreement made for
the purpose of ending a trade war. But as thus
construing the act by the rule of the letter Which
kills would necessarily operate to take out of the
reach of the act some of the accessory and many
subsidiary corporations, the existence of which de-
pends not at all upon combination or agreement or
contract, but upon mere purchases of property, It
is insisted In many forms of argument that the
rule of construction to be applied must be the
spirit and intent of the act, and therefore its pro-
hibitions must be held to extend to acts even if
not within the literal terms of the statute if they
are within its spirit, because done with an intent
to bring about the harmful results which it was
the purpose of the statute to prohibit. So as to the
defendants. While it is argued on the one hand
that the forms by which various properties were
acquired In view of the letter of the act exclude
many of the assailed transactions from condemna-
tion, it is yet urged that giving to the act the
broad construction which it should rightfully re-
ceive, whatever may be the form, no condemnation
should follow, because looking at the case as a
whole every act assailed is shown to have been
but a legitimate and lawful result of the exertion
of honest business methods brought into play for
the purpose of advancing trade instead of with
Ihe object of obstructing and restraining the same.
But the difficulties which arise, from the complex-
ity of the particular dealings which are here in-
volved and the situation which they produce, we
think grows out of a plain misconception of both
the letter and spirit of the antitrust act. We say
of the letter, because while seeking by a narrow
rule of the letter to Include things which It is
deemed would otherwise be excluded the conten-
tion really destroys tte great purpose of the act,
since it renders it impossible to apply the law to
a multitude of wrongful acts, which would come
within the scope of Its remedial purposes by resort
to a reasonable construction, although they would
not be within its reach by a too narrow and un-
reasonable adherence to the strict letter. This
must be the case unless it te possible in reason to
say that for the purpose of including one class of
sets which would not otherwise be emb.-aced a
literal construction, although in conflict with reason,
must be applied, and for the purpose of includ-
ing other acts which would not otherwise be em-
braced a reasonable construction must be resorted
to. That is to say, two conflicting rules of con-
struction must at one and the same time be applied
and adhered to.

The obscurity and resulting uncertninty, however,
is now but an abstraction, because It has been re-
moved by the consideration which we have given
quite recently to the construction of the antitrust
act in the Standard Oil case. In that case it was
held, without departing from any previous decision
c:f the court, that ns the statute had not defined
the words "restraint of trade," it became neces-
sary to construe those words, a duty which could
only be discharged by a resort to reason. We say the
doctrine thus stated was in accord with all the
previous decisions of this court, despite the fact
that the contrary view was sometimes erroneously

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FQR 1912.

attributed to some of the expressions used in two
prior decisions. (Trans-Missouri Freight associa-
tion and Joint TraUic cases, 166 U. S., 290, and 171
U. S., EOS.) That such view was a mistaken one
was fully pointed out in the Standard Oil case
ond is additionally shown by a passage in the
opinion in the Joint Trafl'c case, as follows (171 U. S.,
568): "The act of corgress n;ust have a reasonable
construction or else there would scarcely be an
agreement or contract among business men that
could not be said to have, indirectly or remotely,
some bearing on interstate commerce, and possibly
to restrain it." Applying the rule of reason to the
construction of the" statute, it was held in the
Standard Oil case that as the words "restraint of
trade" at common law and in the law of this
country at the time of tl'e adoption of the anti-
trust act only embraced acts or contracts or agree-
ments or combinations which operated to the preju-
dice of the public interests by unduly restricting
competition or unduly obstructing the due course
of trade or which, either because of their inherent
nature or effect or because *ot the evident purpose
of the acts, etc.. injuriously restrained trade, that
the words as used in the statute were designed to
have and did have, but a like significance. It was
therefore pointed out that the statute did not for-
bid or restrain the power to make normal and usual
contracts to further trade by resorting to all nor-
mal methods, whether by agreement or otherwise,
to accomplish such purpose.

In other words, it was held not that acts which
the statute prohibited could be removed from the
control of its prohibitions by a finding that they
were reasonable, but that the duty to interpret
which inevitably arose from the general character
of the term "restraint of trade" required that the
words "restraint of trade" should be given a mean-
ing which would not destroy the individual right
to contract and render difficult if not impossible
any movement of trade in the channels of inter-
state commerce the free movement of which it
was the purpose of the statute to protect. The
soundness of the rule that the statute should re-
ceive a reasonable construction, after further ma-
ture deliberation, we see -no reason to doubt. In-
deed, the necessity for not departing in this case
from I he standard of the rule of reason which is
universal in its application is so plainly required
in order to give* effect to the remedial purposes
which the act under consideration contemplates,
and to prevent that act from destroying all liberty
of contract and all substantial right to trade, and
thus causing the act to be at war with itself by
annihilating the fundamental right of freedom to
trade which, on the very fuce of the act, it was
enacted to preserve, is illustrated by the record
before us. In truth, the plain demonstration which
this record gives of the injury which would arise
from ana the promotion of the wrongs which the
statute was intended to guard against which would
result from giving to the statute a narrow, un-
reasoning and unheard of construction, as illus-
trated by the record before us, if possible serves
to strengthen our comiction as to the correctness
of the rule of construction, the rule of reason,
which was applied in the Standard Oil case, the
application of which rule to the statute we now,
in the most unequivocal terms, re-express and re-
affirm.

Coming then to apply to the case before us the
act as interpreted in the Standard Oil and previ-
ous cases, all the difficulties suggested by the mere
form in which the assailed transactions are clothed
become of no moment. This follows because, al-
though it was held in the Standard Oil case that,
giving to Ihe statute a reasonable construction, the
words "restraint of trade" did not embrace nil
those normal and usual contracts essential to in-
dividual freedom and the right to make which was
necessary in order that the course of trade might
be free, yet, as a result of the reasonable construc-
tion which was affixed to the statute, it was point-
ed out that the generic designation of the first and
second sections of the law, when taken together,
embraced every conceivable act which could possi-
bly come within the spirit or purpose of the prohi-
bitions of the law, without regard to the garb in
which such acts were clothed. That is to say, it
was held that in view of the general language of

the statute and the public policy which it mani-
fested, there was no possibility of frustrating that
policy by resorting to any disguise or subterfuge of
form, since resort to reason rendered it impossible
to escape by any indirection the prohibitions of the
statute.

Considering, then, the undisputed facts which we
nave previously stated, it remains only to deter-
mine whether they establish that the acts, con-
tracts, agreements, combinations, etc., which were
assailed were of such an unusual and wrongful
character as to bring tr.em within the prohibitions-
of the law. That they were, in our opinion, so
overwhelmingly, results from the undisputed lacts
tiwt it seems only necessary to refer to the facts
as we hi)ve state;! them to demonstrate the coriect-
uess of this conclusion. Indeed, the history of the
combination is so replete with the doing of acts
which it was the obvious purpose of the statute to
forbid, so demonstrative of the existence from the
beginning of a purpose to acquire dominion and con-
trol of the tob-uco trade, not oy the mere exertion
of the ordinary rigiit to contract and to trade, but
by methods devised in order to monopolize the
trade by driving competitors out of business, which
were ruttlessly carried out uix>a the assumption
that to work upon the fears or play upon the cupid-
ity of con petitors would make success possible. We
say these conclusions are inevitable, not because of
the vast amount of property aggregated by the com-
bination, not because alone of the many corpora-
tions which the proof shows were united by re&ort
to one device or another. Again, not al>ne because
of the dominion and cortrol over the tobacco trade
which actually exist-;, but because we think the
conclusion of wrongful purpose and illegal combi-
nation is overwhelmingly established by the follow-
ing considerations:

(r) By the fuot tl-at the very first organization
or combination was impelled by a previously exist-
ing fierce trade war, evidently inspired by one or
more of the mil ds which brought about aLd be-
came parties to that combination.

(b) Because, immediately after that combination
and the increase of capital which followed, tiie acts
which ensued justify the inference that the inten-
tion existed to use the power of the combination
as a vantage ground to further monoi>olize the trade
in tobacco by means of trade conflicts designed to
injure others, either by driving com]>etitors out of
the business or compelling them to become parties
to a combination a purpose whose execution was
illustrated by the ping war which ensued and its
results, by the snuff war which followed and its
results and by the conflict which immediately fol-
lowed the entry of the combination in England and
the division of the world's business by the two for-
eign contracts which ensued.

Tc) l!y the ever present manifestation which is
exhibited of a conscious wrongdoing by the form
in which the various transactions were embodied
from the beginning, ever changing but ever in sub-
stance the same. Now the organization of a new
company, now the control exerted by the taking of
stock in one or another or in several, so as to ob-
scure the result actually attained, nevertheless uni-
form, in their manifestations of the purpose to re-
strain others and to monopolize and retain power in
the hands of the few who, it would seem, from the
beginning contemplated the mastery of the trade
which practically followed.

(d) By the grudnal absorption of control over all
the elements essential to the successful manufac-
ture of tobacco products, and placing such control
in the hands of seemingly independent corporations
serving as perpetual barriers to the entry of others
into the tobacco trade.

(e) By persistent expenditure of million. 1 ? upon
millions of dollars in buying out plants, not for the
purpose of utilizing them, but in order to close
them up and render them useless for the purposes
of trade.

(f) By the constantly recurring stipulations,
whose legality, isolatedly viewed, we are not con-
sidering, by which numbers of persons, whether
ninmifacturers, stockholders or employes, were re-
quired to bind themselves, generally for long pe-
riods, not to compote in the future. Indeed, when
the results of the undisputed proof which we have
stated are fully apprehended, and the wrongful acts

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

which they exhibit are considered, there comes in-
evitably to the mind the conviction that it was the
danger which it was deemed would arise to indi-
vidual liberty and the public well-being from acts
like those which this record exhibits, which led the
legislative mind to conceive and to enact the anti-
trust act, considerations which also serve to clearly
demonstrate that the combination here assailed is
within tho law as to leave no doubt that it is our
plain duty to apply its prohibitions.

In stating summarily, as we have done, the con-
clusions which, in our opinion, are plainly deduci-
ble from the undisputed facts, we have not paused
to give the reasons why we consider, after gveut
consideration, that the elaborate arguments ad-
vanced to affix a ilifl'erent complexion to the case
are wholly devoid of merit. We do not, for the
sake of brevity, moreover, stop to examine and dis-
cuss the various propositions urged in the argu-
ment at tar for the purpose of demonstrating that
the subject matter o the combination which we
find to exist and the combination itself are not
within the scope of ths antitrust law, because
when rightly considered they are merely matters of
Inrrastnie commerce, and therefore subject alone to
state control. We have done this because the want
of merit in all the arguments advanced on such sub-
jects is so completely established by the prior de-
cisions of this court, as pointed out in the Stand-
ard Oil case, as not to require restatement.

Leading as this does to the conclusion that the
assailed combination in all its aspects that is to
say, whether it be looked at from the point of
Tlew of stock ownership or from the standpoint of
the principal corporation and the accessory or sub-
sidiary corporations viewed independently, including
the foreign corporations in so far as by the con-
tracts made by them they became co-operators in
the combination comes within the prohibitions of
the first and second sections of the antitrust act, it
remains only finally to consider the remedy which
It is our duty to apply to the situation thus found
to exist.

THE EEMEDT.

Our conclusion being that the combination as a
whole. Involving all its co-opeiatiug or associated
parts, In whatever form clothed, constitutes a re-
straint of trade within the first section, and ar at-
tempt to monopolize or a monopolization within the
eecond section of the antitrust act, it follows that
the relief which we are to afford must be wider
than that awarded by the lower coiu-t, since that
court merely d.eided that certain of the corporate
defendants constituted combinations in violation of
the first section of the act, because of the fact that
they were formed by the union of previously com-
peting concerns and that the other defendants not
rtlnmlssed from the action were parties to such
combinations or promoted their purposes. We hence,
in determining the relief proper to be given, may
not model our action fpon that granted by the
court below, but in order to enable us to award
relief coterminous with the ultimate redress of the
wrongs which we find to exist, we must approach
the subject of relief from an original point of
view. Such subject necessarily takes a twofold
aspect the character of the permanent relief re-
quired and the nature of the temporary relief essen-
tial to be applip'.l pendii g the working out of per-
manent relief in the event that it be found that it if.
impossible urder the situation as it now exists to at
once rectify such existing wrongful condition. In con-
sidering the subject from toth of these aspects three
dominant influences must guide our action: (1) The
duty of giving complete and efficacious effect to the
prohibitions of the statute; (2) the accomplishing
of this result with as little injury as possible to
the interest of the general public, and (3) a proper
regard for the vast interests of private property
which may have become vested In nan.v persons as
9 result of the acquisition either by way of stock
ownership or otherwise of interests in the stock or
securities of the combination without any guilty
knowledge or intent in :iny way to become actors
or participants !n the wrongs which we find to
have Inspired and dominated the combination from
the beginning. Mindful of these considerations and
to clear the way for their application we say at
the outset without stopping to amplify the rea'sons

which lead us to that conclusion, we think that the
court below clearly erred in dismissing the individ-
ual defendants, the United Cigar Stores company
and the foreign corporations and their subsidiary
corporations.

Looking at the situation as we have hitherto
pointed it out, it involves difficulties in the appli-
cation of remedies greater than have been oresent-
ed by any case involving the antitrust law which
has been hitherto considered by this court: First, be-
cause in tiiis case it is obvious that a mere decree
forbidding stock ownership by one part of the combi-
nation in another part or entity thereof would afford
no adequate measure of relief, since different ingre-
dients of the combination would remain unaffected,
and by the very nature and character of their organ-
ization would be able to continue the wrongful situa-
tion which it is our duty to destroy; second, because
the methods of apparent ownership by which the
wrongful intent was in part carried out and the
subtle devices which, as we have seen, were resorted
to for the puipose of accomplishing the wrong con-
templated, by way of ownership or otherwise, are of
such a character that it is difficult if not impossi-
ble to formulate a remedy which could restore in
their entirety the prior lawful conditions; third,
because the methods devised by which the various
essential elements to the successful operation of
the tobacco business from any particular aspect
have been so separated under various subordinate
combinations, yet so unified by way of the control
worked out by ths scheme here condemned, are so
involved that any specific form of relief which we
might now order in substance and effect might
operate really to injure the public and, it may be,
to perpetuate the wrong. Doubtless it was the
presence of theso difficulties which caused the
bnited States, in its prayer for relief, to tentative-
ly suggest rather than to specifically demand defi-
nite and precise remedies; we might at once resort
to one or the other of two general remedies (a) the
allowance of a permanent injunction restraining the
combination as a universality and all the individ-
uals and corporations which form a part of or co-
operate in it in any manner or form from continu-
ing to engage in interstate commerce until the ille-
gal situation be cured, a measure of relief which
would accord in substantial effect with that award-
ed below to the extent that the court found illegal
combinations to exist, or (b) to direct the appoint-
ment of a receiver to take charge of the assets and
property in this country of the combination in all
its ramifications for the purpose of preventing a
continued violation of the law, and thus working
out by a sale of the property of the combination
or otherwise a condition of things which would not
be repugnant to the prohibitions of the act.

But, having regard to the principles which we
have said must control our action, we do not think
we can now direct the immediate application of
either of these remedies. We so consider as to the
first because in view of the extent of the combina-
tion, the vast field which it covers, the all embrac-
ing character of its activities concerning tobacco
and its products, to at once stay the movement
in interstate commerce of the products which the
combination or its co-operating forces produce or
control might inflict infinite injury upon the public
by leading to a stoppage of supply and a great en-
hancement of prices. The second because the exten-
sive power which would result from at once resorting
to a receivership might not only do grievous injury
to the pnllic, but also cause widespread and perhaps
irreparable loss to many innocent people. Under
these circumstances, taking into mind the complex-
ity of the situation in all of its aspects and giving
weight to the many sided considerations which
must control our judgment, we think, so far as the
permanent relief to he awarded is concerned, we
should decree as follows:

First. That the combination in nud of itself, as
well as each and all of the elements composing It,
whether corporate or individual, whether considered
collectively or separately, be dec-ret d to be in re-
straint of trade and an attempt to monopolize and
a monopolization within the first and second sec-
tions of the antitrust act.

Second. That the court below, in order to give
effective force to our decree in this regard, be dl-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND VEAR-BOOK FOR 191JJ.

reeled to hear the parties, by evidence or other-
wise, as It may be uccmr-d proper, for the purpose
of ascertaining und determining upon some plan or
method of dissolving the combination and of re-
creating, out of the elements now composing it, a
new condition which shall be honestly in harmony
with and not repugnant to the law.

Third. That fji the accomplishment of these pur-
poses, taking into view tL.e difficulty of the situa-
tion, a period of six months is allowed from the
receipt of our mandate, with leave, however, in the
event, in the judgment of the court below, the
necessities of the situation require, to extend such a
period to a further time not to exceed sixty days.

Fourth. That in the event, before the expiration
of the period thus fixed, a condition of disintegra-
tion In harmony with the law is not brought about,
either as the consequence of the action of the court
in determining an issue on the subject or in accept-
ing a plan agreed upon, it shall be the duty of the
court, either by way of an injunction restraining
the movement of the products of the combination
in the channels of interstate or foreign commerce
or by the appointment of a receiver, to give effect
to the requirements oi the statute.

Pending the bringing about of the result Just
stated, each and all of the defendants, individuals
aa well as corporators, should be restrained from
doing any act whieh might further extend or en-
large the power cf the combination, by any means
or device whatsoever. In view of the considera-
tions we have stated, we leave the matter to the
court below to work out a compliance with the law
without unnecessary injury to the public or the
rights of private property.

While in many substantial respects our conclusion
is In accord with that reached by the court below,
and while also the relief which we think should
be awarded in some respects is coincident with
that which the court granted, In order to prevent
any complication and to clearly define the situation
we think Instead of affirming and modifying, our
decree, in view of the broad nature of our conclu-
sions, should be one of reversal and remanding
with directions to the court below to enter a decree
in conformity with this opinion and to take such
further steps as may be necessary to fully carry
out the directions which we have given.

And it is so orderd.

JUSTICE HARLAN'S OPINION.

Mr. Justice Harlan concurred in part and dis-
sented in part:

I concur with many things said In the opinion
Just delivered for the court, but it contains some
observations from which I am compelled to with-
hold my assent.

I agree most thoroughly with the court in hold-
Ing that the principal defendant, the American To-
bacco -company and its accessory and subsidiary cor-
porations and companies, inclu-ling the defendant
English corporations, constitute a combination
which, "in and of itself, as well as each and all of
the elements co-nposing it, whether corporate or
individual, whether considered collectively or sep-
arately," is Illegal under the antitrust act of 1890,
and should be decreed to be in restraint of inter-
state trade and an attempt to monopolize and a mo-
nojxilization of part of such trade.

The evidence hi the record is, I think, abundant
to enable the court to render a decree containing all
necessary details for the suppression of the evils
of the combination in question. But the case is
sent back with directions further to hear the par-
ties, by evidence or otherwise, "for the purpose of
ascertaining and determining upon some plan or
method of dissolving the combination, <an<f of re-
creating out of the elements now composing it a
new condition," which -shall not be repugnant to law.
The court, In its opinion, says of the present com-
bination, that its illegal purposes are overwhelm-
ingly established by many facts, among others
"by the ever present manifestation which is exhib-
ited of a oonarfotu wrongdoing by the form in
which the various transactions were embodied from
the beginning, ever charging, but ever in substance
the saroo. Now the organization of a new comnany,
DOW the control exerted by the taking of stock in
one or another or in several, so as to obscure the

result actually attained, nevertheless uniform in
their manifestations of the purpose to restrain
olhers, auci to mcnoi>olize and retain power in the
hands of the few, who, it would seem, fro.u thy be-
ginning contemplated tt.c mastery of the trade
which practically followed. Ky the gradual absorp-
tion of control over all the elements essential to
the successful manufacture of tobacco products and
placing such control In the hands of seemingly ir.
d-jpeudent corporations serving as perpetual barriers
to the entry of others into the tobacco trad?."

The court furtLc.r says of this combination and
monopoly:

"The history of the combination is so repleta
with the doing of nets which it was the obvious
purpose of the stiivute to forbid, so demonstrative
of the existence, from the beginning, of a purpose
to acquire dominion and control of the tobhcco
trade, uot by the mere exertion of the ordinary
right to contract and to trade, but by methods de-
vised to monopolize the trade by driving competi-
tors out ff business, which were ruthlessly carried
out, upon the assumption that to work upon the
fears or play upou the cupidity of competitors
would make success possible."

But it seems tl at the course I have suggested is
not to be pursued. The case is to go back to the
Circuit court in order that out of the elements of
tue old combination a new condition may be "re-
created" that will not be in violation of the law.
1 confess my inability to find, in the history of this
combination, anything to justify the wish that a
new condition should be "re-created" out of the
mischievous elements that compose the present com-
bination, which, together with its component parts,
have, without ceasing, pursued the vicious methods
pointed out by the court. If the proof before us-
es it undoubtedly does warrants the characteriza-
tion which the court has made of this monster com-
bination, why cannot all necessary directions be
now given as to the terms of the decree? In my
judgment there is enough in the record to enable
this court to formulate specific directions as to
what the decree should contain. Such directions
would not only end this litigation, but would serve
to protect the public against auy more conscious
wrongdoing by those who ha~e persistently and
"ruthlessly," to use this court's language, pursued
illegal methods to defeat the act of congress.

1 will not say what, in my oolnion, should be the
form of the decree nor speculate as to what the
details ought to be. It will be time enough to
speak on that subject when we have the decree be-
fore us. I will, however, say now that, in my opin-
ion, the decree below should be affirmed as to the
tobacco company and its accessory and subsidiary
companies and reversed on the cross appeal of the
government.

But my objections have also reference to thoie
parts of the court's opinion reaffirming what it said
recently in the Standard Oil case about the former
decisions of this court touching the antitrust act.
We are again reminded, as we were in the Stand-
ard Oil case, of the necessity of applying the "rule
of reason" in tbe construction of this act of con-
gressan act expressed, as I think, In language so
clear and simple that there ia no room whatever
tor construction.

Congress, with full and exclusive power orer the
whole subject, has signified its purpose to forbid
every restraint of interstate trade, in whatever
form or to whatever extent, but the court has as-
sumed to Insert in the act, by construction merely,
words which make congress say that it means only
to prohibit the "undue" restraint of trade.

If I do not misapprehend the opinion just deliv-
ered, the court insists that what was said In tl'e
opinion in the Standard Oil case was In accordance
with our previous decisions in the Trans-Missouri
and .Toint Traffic cases (166 U. S., 290; 171 U. S.,
E05), if we resort to reason. This statement sur-
prises me quite as much as would a statement that
black was white or white was black. It is scarce-
ly Just to the majority in those two cases for tho
court at this late day to say or to intimate that
they interpreted the act of congress without re-
gard to the "rule of reason." or to assume, as the
court now does, that the act was, for the first time
In the Standard Oil case, interpreted In the "llsjbt
of reason." One thing Is certain, "rule of reason,"

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

to which the court refers, does not justify the per-
version of the plain words of an act in order to
defeat the will of congress.

By every conceivable form of expression the ma-
jority, in the Trails-Missouri and Joint Traffic cases,
adjudged that the act of congress did not allow re-
Htr.-iiut of interstate trade to any extent or in any
form, and three times it expressly rejected the
theory, which had been persistently advanced, that
the act should be construed as if it had in it the
word "unreasonable" or "undue." But now the
court, in accordance with what it denominates the
"rule of reason," in effect inserts in the act the
word "undue," which means the same as "unrea-
sonable," and thereby makes congress say wlmt it
did not say, what, as 1 think, it plainly did not
intend to say and what, since the passage of the
act, it has explicitly refused to say. It has stead-
ily refused to amend the act so as to tolerate a
restraint of interstate commerce even where such
restraint could be said to be "reasonable" or
"due." In short, the court now, by Judicial
legislation, in eiTect amends an act of con-
gress relating to a subject over which that depart-
ment of the government has exclusive cognizance.
1 beg to say that, in my judgment, the majority, in
the former cases, were guided by the "rule of rea-
son"; for it may be assumed that they knew quite
as well as others what the rulea of reason require
when a court seeks to ascertain the will of congress
as expressed in a statute. It is obvious, from the
opinions in former cases, that the majority did i ot
grope about in darkness, but in discharging the
solemn duty put on them they stood out in the full
glare of the "light of reason" and felt and said
time and again that the court could not, consistent-
ly with the constitution, and would not, usurp the

functions cf congress by indulging in judicial legis-
lation. They said in express words, in the former
cases, in response to the earnest contentions of
counsel, that to insert by construction the word
"unreasonable" or "undue" in the act of cougresa
would be judicial legislation. Let me say, also,
that as we all agree that the combination in ques-
tion was illegal under any construction of the anti-
trust act, there was not the slightest necessity to
enter upon extendf-d argument to show that the act
of congress was to be read as if it contained the
word "unreasonable" or "undue. ' All that is said
in the court's opinion in support of that view ia, I
say with respect, obiter dicta, pure and simple.

These views are fully discussed in the diusentlng
opinion delivered l.y me in the Standard Oil case.
I will not repeat what is therein stated, but it
may be well to cite an additional authority. In the
trade mark case (100 U. S., 82), the court was asked
to sustain the constitutionality of the statute there
involved. But the statute could not Lave been sus-
tained except by inserting in it words not put there
by congress. Mr. Justice .Miller, delivering the
unanimous judgment of the court, said:

"If we should, -in the case before us, undertake
to make by judici'il construction a law which con-
gress did not make, it is quite probable we should
do what, if the matter were now before that body,
it would be unwilling to do."

This language was cited with approval in employ-
ers' liability cases (207 U. S., 463, 502). I refer to
my dissecting opinion in the Standard Oil case aa
containing a full statemeut of my views of this
particular question.

For the reasons stated, I concur in part with the
court's opinion and dissent in part.

THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST LAW.
Passed by the 51st congress and approved July 2. 1890.

Section 1. Every contract, combination in the
form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in re-
straint of trade or commerce among the several
states or with foreign nations is hereby declared
to be illegal. Every person who shall make any
such contract or engage in any such combination
or conspiracy shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be pun-
ished by fine not exceeding $5,000 or by imprison-
ment not exceeding one year, or by both said pun-
ishments, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize or
attempt to monopolize or combine or conspire with
any person or persons to monopolize any part of
the trade or commerce among the several states or
with foreign nations shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be
punished by fine not exceeding $5,000 or by im-
prisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said
punishments, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form of
trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of
trade or commerce In any territory of the United
States or of the District of Columbia, or in re-
straint of trade or commerce between any such
territory and another, or between any such
territory or territories and any state or states or
the District of Columbia or with foreign nations,
01 between the District of Columbia and any state
or states or foreign nations, is hereby declared
illegal. Every person who shall make any such
contract or engage in any such combination or
conspiracy shall be deemed guilty of a misdemean-
or, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by
fine not exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment not
exceeding one year, or by both said punishments,
in the discretion of the court.

See. 4. The several Circuit courts of the United
States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to
prevent or restrain violations of this act; and It
shall be the duty of the several district attorneys
of the United States, in their respective districts,
under the direction of the attorney-general, to in-
stitute proceedings In equity to prevent and re-
strain such violations. Such proceedings mav be
by way of petition setting forth the case and pray-

ing that such violation shall be enjoined or other-
wise prohibited. When the parties complained of
shall have been duly notified of such petition the
court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the
hearing and determination of the case; and pend-
ing such petition and before final decree the court
may at any time mak. such temporary restraining
order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the
premises.

Sec. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the court
before which any proceeding under section 4 of
this act may be pending that the ends of justice
require that other parties should be brought be-
fore the court, the court may cause them to be
summoned, whether they reside in the district in
which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to
that end may be served in any district by the
marshal thereof.

Sec. 6. Any property owned under any contract
or by any combination or pursuant to any con-
spiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned
in section 1 of this act and being in the course
of transportation from one state to another or
to a foreign country shall be forfeited to tne
United States and may be seized and condemned
by like proceedings as those provided by law for
the forfeiture, seizure and condemnation of prop-
erty imported into the United States contrary to
law.

Sec. 7. Any person who shall be injured In bis
business or property by any other person or cor-
poration by reason of anything forbidden or de-
clared unlawful by thts act may sue therefor in
any Circuit court of the United States in the dis-
trict in which the defendant resides or Is found,
without respect to the amount in controversy,
and shall recover threefold the damages by him
sustained and the cost of suit, including a reason-
able attorney's fee.

Sec. 8. That the word "person" or "persons"
wherever used in this act be deemed to Include
corporations and associations existing under or
authorized by the laws of either the United States,
the laws of any of the territories, the laws of
any state or the laws of any foreign country.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

PROCEEDINGS AGAINST PACKING CORPORATIONS.

Feb. 18, 1903 Judge Grosscup issued injunction
restraining packers from combining.

1904 Packers gave commissioner of corporations
information about their business, an action on
which later immunity claims were based. They
alleged the government used the information as
busls for indictments.

Feb. 20, 1905 Government began investigation of
combine charges.

July 1, 1905 Indictment voted against four com-
panies ami sixtee-i packers.

Dec. 31, 1905 Cases were called for trial.

March 21, 1906 Packers are freed by "immunity
bath" ruling of Judge Humphrey.

190$ Investigation taken up by federal grand
jurv and later discontinued.

1909 New investigation started.

March 21, 1910 Indictment voted against National
Packing company and ten subsidiary concerns.

June 23, 1910 Indictment declared invalid by Judge
i.siiidis and new grand jury investigation ordered.

Julv 14, 1910 New inquiry started.

Sept. 12, 1910 Ten packers indicted.

Mtii-cb 22, 1911 Judge Carpenter denies plea to
quash Indlctmects.

" Jan. 25, 1910, Judge Kenesaw M. Landis of the
United States District court in Chicago impaneled
a grand jury to investigate the so-called "beef
combine" among the meat packers. Witnesses
were summoned and the inquiry continued until
March 21, when an indictment was returned charg-
ing the National Packing company and ten of its
subsidiary corporations with conspiracy in viola-
tion of the Sherman antitrust law. On the same
date a bill in equity was filed by District Attor-
ney Edwin W. Sims in the United States Circuit
court, Chicago, against the National Packing com-

pany and subsidiary concerns and against its di-
rectors. It charged the packers with criminal con-
spiracy in fixing the prices of live stock and
dressed meat and demanded the dissolution of the
National Packing company and its allied concerns.
It also asked that the individual defendants and
their agents be prohibited from exercising any con-
trol over the corporations involved except such aa
might be necessary to wind up their affairs.

Upon a demurrer by counsel for the National
Packing company and subsidiary concerns Judge
Kenesaw M. Landis decided, June 23. that the in-
dictment was invalid because it did not charge
that during the last three years the defendants
had been engaged in interstate commerce. He
therefore sustained the demurrer, but at the same
time ordered a special grand jury to make a new
investigation. This was concluded Sept. 12, when
toe following ten packers were indicted as individ-
uals: J. Ogden Armour, Louis F. Swift, Edward
Morris, Edward Tilden, Arthur Meeker, Edward F.
Swift, Charles H. Swift, I-ouls H. Heyman, Thomas
J. Connors, Francis A. Fowler. Three Indictments
were returned against each defendant, reciting the
violations of the Sherman antitrust law.

Counsel for th-- packers moved to quash the In-
dictments in accordance with the immunity ruling
of Judge Humphrey in 1906. This motion was over-
inle.l by Judge George A. Carpenter in the United
States District court March 22, 1911, in a decision
sustaining the indictments. On a demurrer that un-
der the Sherman antitrust laws as they stand on
the statute books the defendants could not be prose-
cuted criminally. Judge Carpenter decided May 11
that this contention was Invalid. He therefore
overruled the demurrer.

BUCK STOVE COMPANY BOYCOTT CASE.

lu August, 1907, the Buck Stove and Range com-
pany of St. Louis brought proceedings in the Su-
preifle court of the District of Columbia against the
officers of the American Federation of Labor to en-
join Ihem from conducting a boycott against the
company by advertising that the concern was or the
"U fair" and "We don't patronize" lists pub-
lished in the federation's olh'ciul organ. The Injunc-
tion asked for was Issued by Judge Gould Dec. 23,
1907. On Ihe plea that the terms of the injunction
were being violated proceedings for contempt of
court were brought against Samuel Gompers, presi-
dent of the Amerieau Federation of Labor; John
Mitchell, vice-president, and Frank Morrison, sec-
retary. Justice Wright of the Supreme court of the
District of Columbia, before whom the case was
tried, decided Dec. 23, 1908, that the defendants
were guilty. Mr. Gompers was sentenced to one
year's imprisonment and Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Mor-
rison to nine months' and six months' imprison-
ment respectively. They were admitted to bail and
tl>e case was appealed to the Court of Appeals of
the District of Columbia. This tribunal in a deci-
sion rendered Nov. 2. 1909, affirmed the decree of the
Supreme court of the District of Columbia.

An appeal was then taken to the Supreme court
of the United States, which on May 15, 1911, hand-
ed down a decision reversing the judgments of the
Court of Appeals and the Supreme court of the Dis-
trict of Columbia and remanding the case with the
direction that the contempt proceedings instituted
by the Buck Stove and Kange company be dis-
missed, but without prejudice to the power and
right of the Supreme court of the District of Co-
lumbia to punish by a proper proceeding contempt,
If any, committed against It. The basis of the
opinion was that the proceedings brought against
the labor officers was for civil contempt, whica
could lie punished only by a fine. The sentence of
the lower court to imprisonment was the penalty
for criminal contempt, and therefore It was not a
legal punishment in this case.

The Supremo court held that the published or spo-
ken utterance of organized labor could be enjoined
or attacked legally, because organized labor is a
combination, and, as such, relinquishes the rights
of individuals. It also established the fact that
legal prosecution could be leveled not only at the
union itself but at its officers as well.

SUITS AGAINST MEMBERS OF WIRE TEUST.

June 29, 1911, eighty-three men, alleged to be
members of the so-called wire trust were indicted
by a federal grand jury in New York, N. Y., on
Hie charge of" having violated the Sherman anti-
trust law. The indictt.ients covered the whole field
of the wire industry, including electrical cables,
steel and cop|ier wire and wire nails. July 5 the
defendants pleaded not guilty, but July 25 thtrty-
s"7en of them withdrew their pleas of not guilty
and accepted sentence. Judge R. W. Archnald of
the United States District court imposed Hues of
from $1,000 to $1,700 and costs la each case as
follows:

$1,700 F. W. Roehlinsr.

it, 500 Frank J. New-berry, Joseph W. Marsh,
William A. Conner, Philip H. Smith.

?1, 400 Charles J. Marsh, Frank N. Phillips,
Charles R. Remington.

$1,200 Theodore F. Ryan, John C. Briagman,
Henry H. Ashley.

$1,100 W. F. Fields, Alfred F. Moore. James H.
Mas m, Alfred A. Oowles, Russell A. Cowles, Thom-
as Wallace, Louis Anschutz, Joseph C. Belden, Ed-
ward L. Frisble, Jr.. Thomas B. Kent, C. Edward
Murray. A. M. Dickinson. Karl Roebling, Antoine
Bournonville. Charles A. Morss.

$1.000 Newell B. Parsons, James A. Doughty,
George P. North, Robert W. Sieberllng, Robert E.
Lucas. R. Eccleston Galagher, William H. Hall,
Jr., Ralph Watrous, Goorge L. Bowen, Everett
Morss, Frank M. Totter, Jr.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

WORK OF THE 61ST CONGRESS THIRD SESSION.

Session began Dec. 5, 1910; enc'ed March 4, 1911.

Total appropriations, $1. 025,489,661.54.

Act to codify, revise and amend the laws relating
to the Judiciary; passed by senate Feb. 8; by
house, Feb. 2S; approved March 3.

Act providing for the purchase or erection of em-
bassy, legation and consular buildings abroad;
passed by house Feb. 7; by senate Feb. 11; ap-
proved Feb. 17.

Act making appropriations for sundry civil ex-
penses, including $3,000,000 for the fortification of
the Panama canal; passed by house Feb. 25; by
senate March 3; approved Marcli 4.

Act making appropriations for the navy and au-
thorizing the construction of two battle ships
and other war vessels; passed by house Feb. 22;
by senate March 3; appiwed March 4.

Act requiring railroads engaged In Interstate com-
merce to equip their locomotives with safe and
suitable boilers and providing for Inspection of
same; passed by senate Jan. 10; by house Feb.
11; approved Feb. 17.

Act creating Robert E. Peary a rear-admiral on
retired list of navy and formally voting thanks
of congress to him; passed by senate Feb. 9, 1910;
by house March 3, 1911; approved March 4.

Act providing for commission to secure plans for
a monument to Abraham Lincoln in Washington,
D. C.. parsed by senate Jan. 9; by house Feb. 7;
approved Feb. 9.

Act to protect the dignity and honor of the uni-
form of the United States; passed by house March
23, 1910; by senate Feb. 9, 1911; approved March 1.

Act for the creation of forest reserves in the
southern Appalachian and White- mountains; passed
by house June 24, 1910; by the senate Feb. 16,
19H; approved Marc'u 1.

Joint resolution providing for a commission to in-
vestigate cost of transporting and handling sec-
ond class mail; passed by senate March 4; by
house March 4; approved March 4.

Joint resolution authorizing president to Invite
foreign countries to participate in the Panama -
Pacific International exposition in 1915, at San
Francisco, Cal.; passed by house Jan. 31; by sen-
ate Feb. 11; approved Feb. 15. (See Panama-
Pacific Exposition In San Francisco.)

MEASURES THAT FAILED.

Bill to promote reciprocal trade relations with
Canada; passed by house Feb. 14; no vote reached
In senate.

Bill to create a permanent tariff board; passed by
house Jan. 30; amended and passed senate March
4; no concurrence in house.

Bill granting pensions to men serving ninety days
or more In civil or Mexican war who are 60
years of age or more; passed by house Jan. 10;
no vote In senate.

Bill for apportionment of representatives in con-
gress under thirteenth decennial census; passed
by house Feb. 9; no vote in senate.

Bill for ocean mail subsidy; passed by senate Feb.
2; no vote In house.

Joint resolution approving state constitution of
New Mexico; passed by house March 1; amended
in senate by attaching section approving consti-
tution of Arizona, rejected March 4.

Joint resolution proposing amendment to constitu-
tion providing for the election of United States
senators by the people; defeated by senate Feb. 28.

Resolution declaring William Lorimer not duly
elected United States senator from Illinois; de-
feated March 1. (See William Loiimei's Election
as United States Senator.)

APPALACHIAN FORESTS.

The law which creates the southern Appalachian
and White mountain forest reserves provides tha't
the consent of congress shall be given to each of
several states to enter Into any agreement with
any other state or states for the purpose of con-
serving the forests and water supply of the states
entering Into th-i agreement. The sum ot $200,000
is appropriated to enable the secretary of agricul-
ture to co-oi>erate with any state or group of states,
when requested to do so, In the protection from
Ere of the forested watersheds of navigable streams.

There Is appropriated for the fiscal year 1910 the
sura of $1.000,000, and for each fiscal vear there-
after until June 30, 1915, a sum not to exceed
$2.000,000 for use in the examination, survey and
acquirement of lands located on the headwaters of
navigable waters. A commission to be known as
the national forest reservation commission, con-
sisting of the secretary of war, the secretary of
the interior, the secretary of agriculture, two mem-
bers of the senate and two members of the house,
is created and authorized to pass upon such lands
as may be recommended for purchase by the sec-
retary of agriculture, after they have been exam-
ined by the geological survey and reiwrt made that
the control of such lards will promote or protect
the navigation of streams on whose watersheds they
lie. The secretary of agriculture is authorized to
purchase in the- name of United States such lands
as have been approved for purchase by the national
forest reservation commission. (Approved March 1,

1911.)

INSPECTION OP LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS.

After July 1, Mil, it shall be unlawful for any
railroad engaged in interstate commerce to use any
locomotive that is not in ptoper and safe condi-
tion or that has not been inspected in accordance
with the terms of the act and found able to stand
the tests prescribed. There shall be appointed by
the president a chief Inspector and two assistant
chief inspectors of locomotive boilers, who shall
have general superintendence of the district in-
spectors. The chief inspector is to have a salary
of $4,000 a year and his assistants $3,000 a year
each, with traveling expenses. The country is to
be divided into fifty inspection districts, with one
inspector for eacii district. Each district inspector
is to receive $1.800 a year with traveling expenses
and, in additk-n, odlce and other expenses not to
exceed $600 a year. The district inspectors are to
be chosen under civil service rules and they are to
see that all locomotives in the several districts
are examined and kept in repair by the companies
concerned. They are themselves to make inspec-
tions from time to time, though not at specified
intervals, and accidents due to defective locomotive
boilers are to be investigated. The locomotive
boiler inspection service is subject to the orders
and Instructions of the Interstate commerce com-
mission, to which the chief inspector must make
an annual report. Each violation of the act by a
railroad Is punishable by a fine of $100. (Approved

Feb. 17, 1911.)

THE JUDICIAL CODE.

The "act to codify, revise and amend the laws
relating to the judiciary" consists of fourteen chap-
ters and 301 sections. The provisions of the act,
so far as they are the same as existing statutes,
arc- to be construed as continuations thereof aud
not as new enactments, and there is to be no im-
plication of change of Intent by reason of a change
of words unless such change of Intent is clearly
manifest. The most important change is that made
by sections 289, 2no, 291 and 292, chapter 13. These
abolish toe Circuit courts of the United States
and direct that all suits and proceedings pending
therein shall be transferred to the District courts,
which will dispose of them. The Circuit court
judges are not legislated out of office, but are left
free to confine their work chiefly to the Circuit
Court of Appeals. In c.ise a District Judge finds
more work Imposed upon him at any time than
he can perform, a Circuit court Judge may be
designated to assist him. The code prescribes the
organization. Jurisdiction and methods of procedure
of the District courts, the Circuit Court of Appeals,
the Court of Claims, the Court of Customs Ap-
peals, the Commerce court and the Supreme court.
The act goes into effect Jan. 1, 1912. (Approved

March 3. 1911.)

INCREASE OF THE NAVY.

For the purpose of further increasing the naval
establishment of the United States, the president
Is authorized to have constructed two first class
battle fhlps, each carrying as heavy aiinor and
powerfnl rmament as any vessel of its class, to
have the highest practicable speed md the greatest

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912^.

practicable radius of action and to cost, exclusive
of nrmor and armament, not to exceed $6,000,000
each. Two fleet colliers of fourteen knots trial
speed when carrying not less than 12,500 tons of
cargo and bunker coal, to cost not to exceed
$1,000,000 each. Eight torpedo boat destroyers, to
nave tlie highest practicable speed and to cost not
to exceed $825,000 each. Four submarine torpedo
boats, in an amount not exceeding in the aggregate
$2,000,000, and the sum of $i-00,000 is appropriated,
for that purpose. One submarine tender, to cost
not to exceed $500,000, ind the sum of $2."0,000 is
appropriated toward that purpose. One gunboat,
to cost, exclusive of armament and armor, not to
exceed $500,000. One river gunboat to cost, exclusive
of armor and armament, not to exceed $215,000. Two
seagoing tugs to cost not to exceed $215,000 each.
(From naval appropriation bill, approved March 4,
1911.)

NATIONAL DEFENSE SECRETS.

Whoever, for the purpose of obtaining informa-
tion respecting the national defense, to which he
is not lawfully entitled, goes upon any vessel or
enters any navy yard, naval station, fort, battery,
torpedo station, arsenal, camp, factory, building,
office or other place coimected with the national
defense, belonging to or in possession of the United
States, whether situated within the United States
or in any place noncontiguous to but under the
jurisdiction thereof; or whoever, when lawfully or
unlawfully upon any vessel, c r in or near any such
place, without proper authority, makes or attempts
to make sketches or photographs or obtain plans,
models or documents connected with the national
defense; or whoever receives or agrees to receive
such sketches, plans or other information; or who-
ever having possession of such material communi-
cates or attempts to communicate it to any person
not entitled to receive It, shall be fined not more
than $1,000. or imprisoned not to exceed one year,
or both. Whoever communciates any such material
or information to any foreign government shall be
imprisoned not more than ten years, (Approved
March 3. 1911.1

POSTAGE ON MAGAZINES.
The president is to appoint three persons, one
of whom sl.all be a judge of the Supreme court
of the United States and the other two of whom
shall hold no office, and no one o' whom s>hall be
connected with the postoffice department or have
any interest in any business directly or indirectly
siflfected by the publishing of magazines or news-
papers using the mails, to examine the reports of
the postoffice department, and any of its officers
or employes, and the existing evidence taken in
respect to the cost to the government of the trans-
portation and handling of all classes of second
class mail matter which may be submitted to
them, and such evidence as may be presented by

Persons having an interest in the rates to be fixed
or second class matter, to make a finding of what
the cost of transporting and handling different
classes of such mail matter is to the government
and what in their Judgment should be the rate for
the different classes of second class postal matter
and to make a report of their proceedings and find-
ings before Dec. 1. to the president for transmis-
sion to coi;g(ess. (Approved March 4, 1911.)

DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR BUILDINGS.

The secretary of state is authorized to acquire in
foreign countries such sites and buildings as may
be appropriated for by congress for the use of tho
diplomatic and consular establishments of the
United States, and to alter, repair and furnish
such buililings; suitable buildings for this purpose
to be either purchased or erected, as may seem
best to the secretary of state; all buildings so
acquired shall be used both as the residences of
diplomatic ofPclals and for the offices of the diplo-
matic establishment.

Not more than $500,000 is to be expended in any
fiscal year. The limit of cost for the acquisition
of sites and buildings shall not exceed $150,000 at
any one place. (Approved Feb. 17, 1911.)

FOR HONOR OF UNITED STATES UNIFORM.
Hereafter no proprietor, manager or employe of
a theater or other public place of entertainment or
amusement in the district of Columbia, or in any
territory, the district of Alaska or insular posses-
sion of the Uci;ed States, sl.all make or cause to
be made any discrimination against any person
lawfully wearing the uniform of the army, navy,
revenue cutter service or marine corps of the United
States because of that uniform, and any person
making such discrimination shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not exceed-
ing $cOO. (Approved March 1, 1911.)

PANAMA CANAL FORTIFICATIONS.
For the construction of seacoast batteries on the
Panama canal zone the sum of $2,000,000 is appro-
priated. For the purchase, manufacture and lest of
seacoast cannon for coast defense, including their
carriages, sights, implements, equipments and the
machinery necessary for the manufacture at the
arsenals, to cost ultimately not vo exceed $1,966,000,
the sum of $1,000,000 is appropriated, the same to
be immediately available and to continue available
until expended. (From sundry civil appropriation
bill, approved March 4, 1911.)

PROMOTION OF RODERT E. PEARY.

The president of the United States is authorized
to place Civil Engineer Rotert E. Peary, United
States navy, on the retired list of the corps of
civil engineers with the rank of rear-admiral, to
date from April 6, 1009, with the highest retired
pay of that grade under existing law.

The thanks of congress are tendered to Robert
E. Peary, United States navy, for his arctic ex-
plorations resulting in reaching the nofth pole.
(Approved March 4, 1911.)

RELIEF FOR CHINA.

The secretary of war is authorized to transport,
under the supervision of the American National
Red Cross society, the supplies donated by the peo-
ple of the United States for the relief of the suf-
ferers from famine in China, and for this purpose
may order one of the army transports to make a
trip from Seattle, Wash., to China, provided the
total expense is not in excess of $50,000. (Approved
Feb. 18, 1911.)

TERMS OF PHILIPPINE OFFICIALS.
After 1912 the members of the Philippine assem-
bly shall be elected and hold odSce for four years.
At the regular session beginning in 1912, and quad-
rennially thereafter, the Philippine legislature shall
in the manner now provided by law elect two resi-
dent commissioners to the United States, each of
whom shall hold office for four years, beginning
March 4 next after his election. (Approved Feb.
15, 1911.)

MONUMENTS.

LINCOLN MONUMENT IN WASHINGTON.

William H. Taft, Shelby M. Cullom, Joseph G.
Cannon, George Pea body Wetmore, Samuel Walker
McCall, Hernando D. Money and Champ Clark are
cre'ated a commission to be known as the Lincoln
memorial commission, to procure and determine
upon a location, plan and design for a monument
or memorial in the city of Washington, D. C., to
the memory of Abraham Lincoln, subject to the
approval of congress. The commission is authorized
to employ the services of such artists, sculptors,
architects and others as it shall determine to be
necessary, and to avail itself of the services or
advice of the commission of fine arts, created by
tho act apr roved May 17, 1MO.

The construction of the monument or memorial
shall be entered upon as speedily as practicable
after the plan and design are determined upon
and approved by congress, and shall l>e pushed to
completion under the direction of the commission
and the supervision of the secretary of war, under
a contract which the secretary of war is authorized
to make in a total sum not exceeding $2.000,000.
The sum of $50.000 is appropriated for the expenses
of the commission. (Approved Feb. 9, 1911.)

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

CHAMPLAIX MONUMENT.

The commissions which were appointed by Ver-
mont and New York to have charge of the recent
celebration commemorating tht 300th anniversary
of the discovery <Jt Lake Chaiupluiu by Samuel de
Clinmplain, and which have been authorized by the
states named to build a suitable memorial of the
discovery, are granted permission to erect such
memorial upon the Crown Point lighthouse reserva-
tion. New York, after the plans and specifications
have been approved by the secretary of commerce
and labor. Upon the completion of the memorial
the secretary of commerce ;:nd labor is authorized
to accept the same, free of expense, for and in be-
half of the Unito-1 States. Upon the acceptance of
the structure it shall be maintained by the United
States as an fid to navigation. (Approved Feb. 20,
1911.)

GUILFOBD BATTLE MONUMENT.

The sum of $30,000 is appropriated for the erec-
tion of n monument on the battle field of Guilford
Court House, in (iuilford county, North Carolina,
to commemorate the great victory there on March
15, 1781, by the American forces, commanded by
Maj.-Geu. Natuannel Greene, and in memory of
Maj.-Gen. Nathunael Gieene and the officers and
soldiers of the continental army who participated
in the battle. The money is to be expended under
the direction of the secretary of war, by whom the
design for the monument must be approved. The
site is to be donated to the government free of
cost and the monument when erected is to be left
in the care and keeping of the Guilford Battle
Ground company. (App.-oved Feb. 13, 1911.)

PERRY MEMORIAL.

There is appropriated the sum of $250,000 toward
the erection of a memorial of the victory of Com-
modore Oliver Ha/ard Perry on Luke Erie and in
aid of the Perry's victory centennial celebration,

to be held in 1913 on Put-in-3ay island, Lake Erie,
Ohio, the money tj bt disbursed by the Perry's
victory centennial commission. The president is
authorized to appoint three commissioners, one from
the army and one from lh<? i evy, to represent the
national government in the celebration and in the
erection ->f the Perry memorial. (Approved March
3. 19.1 1.J

SCUEVEN-STEWABT MONUMENT.

Be it enacted, etc., that a joint monument be
erected in the old cemetery at Midway, Liberty
county, Georgia, in menr.ry of the lives and public
services of Gen. Jarne-; Screven and Gen. Daniel
Stewart. That tor the purpose the sum of $10,000,
or so much oC it as may be necessary, is authorized
to be expended under the direction of the secretary
of war; and the -.esigu may be made by the Mid-
way society, which is in charge of the cemetery,
provided the design is approved by the secretary of
war. (Approved March 4, 1911.)

GEBMANTOWN MONUMENT.

The expenditure of the sum of $25,000 is author-
ized to aid in the erection of a monument at Ger-
mantown. Pa., in commemoration of the founding
of the first permanent German settlement in Amer-
ica. No part of the sum is to be expended until
there shall have been raised for the same purpose
an additional sum of $25,000. The design of the
monument must be approved by the secretary of
war, the governor of Pennsylvania and the presi-
dent of the National German-American alliance.
(Approved March 4, 1911.)

TYLER MONUMENT.

The secretary of war is authorized and directed
to cause a suitable monument to be erected over
the grave of the late John Tyler, former president
of the United States, In Hollywood cemetery, Rich-
mond, Va., not to exceed in cost the sum of $10,000.
(Approved Marcu 4, 1911.)

WORK OF 621 CONGEESS FIRST SESSION.

Session began April 4, 1911; ended Aug. 22, 1911.

Act to promote reciprocal trade relations with the
dominion of Canada: passed by house April 21;
by senate July 22, Approved July 26

Act providing for publicity of contributions made
for the puri>ose of influencing elections at which
representatives in congress are elected; passed by
house April 14; t>y senate July 17; approved Aug. 19.

Act providing for the apportionment of representa-
tives in congress under the thirteenth census;
passed by house April 27; by senate Aug. 3; ap-
proved Aug. S.

joint resolution to admit the territories of New
Mexico and Arizona as states into the union upon
nn equal fooling with the original states; passed
by house May 23; by senate Aug. 8; vetoed by
president Aug. 15; amended joint resolution passed
by senate Aug. 18; passed by house Aug. 19; ap-
proved Aug. 21.

MEASURES THAT FAILED.

A bill to place on the fvee list agricultural imple-
Ticnts, cotton bagging, cotton ties, leather, boots
and shoes, fence wire, meats, cereals, flour,
bread, timber, lumber, shewing machines, Bait and
other articles; passed by house May 8; by senate
Aug. 1; vetoed Aug. 18.

A bill to reduce the duties on wool and manufac-
tures of wool; passed by hou: e June'20; by senate
July 27; vetoed Aug. 17.

A bill to reduce the duties on manufactures of
cotton; passed by house Aug. 3; by senate Aug.
17; vetoed Aug. 22.

Joint resolution proposing an amendment to the
constitution providing that senators shall be
elected (directly) by the people; passed by house
April 13; by senate June 12; still in conference
at close of session.

CANADIAN RECIPROCITY AGREEMENT.
Laid before 61st congress by President Taft, Jan.

26. 1911.
McCall reciprocity bill passed by house Feb. 14.

1911; no vote reached in senate; 61st congress

ended March 4.

Special session of 62d congress called by President

Taft March 4; session begins April 4.
Underwood reciprocity bill passed by house April 21;

passed l\v seuate July 22; signed by President

Taft July 26; rejected by voters of Canada at

parliamentary elections Sept. 21.

Jan. 26, 1911, President Willtom H. Taft sent to
congress a reciprocity agreement with Canada with
a message urging its speedy enactment into law.
It was agreed by Ministers W. S. Fielding and
William Paterson, representing Canada, and Sec-
rotary of State P. C. K'.iox, representing the United
States, that the desired tariff changes should not
take the formal shape of a treaty, but that the
governments of the two countries should use their
utmost endeavors to bring about such changes by
concurrent legislation in Washington and Ottawa.
In his message to congress President Taft referred
to the friendly relations that have always existed
between the United States and Canada and to the
Identity of interest of the two countries linked to-
gether by race, language, political institutions and
geographical proximity.

"I do not wish," he wrote, "to hold out the pros-
pect that the unrestricted interchange of food prod-
ucts will grently atijd at once reduce their cost
to the people of this country. Moreover, the pres-
ent small amount of Canadian surplus for export
as compared with that of our own production and
consumption would make the reduction gradual.
Excluding the element of transportation the price
of staple food products, especially of cereals, is
much the same the world O7er, and the recent in-
crease In price has been the result of a world wide
cause. But a source of supply as near as Canada
would certainly help to prevent speculative fluctua-
tions, would stendy local price movements am'
would postpone the effect of a further werld in-
crease in the price of leading commodities-. enter-
Ing into the cost of living, if that be inevitable.

"My purpose In making a reciprocal trode agree-
ment with Canada hns been not only to obtain one
which would be mutually advantageous to both
countries, but one which also would be truly na-
tional in its sco]~ie as applied to our own country
and would be of benefit to all sections.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

"Tliis trade agreement if entered into, will ce-
ment the friendly relations with the dominion which
liave resulted from the satisfactory settlement of
the controversies that have lasted for a century,
and further promote good feeling between kindred
peoples. It will extend the market for numerous
products of the United States among the inhab-
itants of a prosperous neighboring country with an
increasing population and an increasing purchasing
power. It will deepen and widen the sources of
the food supply In contiguous territory, and will
facilitate the movement and distribution of these
foodstuffs. The geographical proximity, the closer
relation of Mood, cournon sympathies and identical
moral and social ideas furnish very real and strik-
ing reasons why this agreement ought to be viewed
from a higli plane."

EXTRA SESSION CALLED.

The bill (McCall) carrying the agreement into
effect was passed by the house Feb. 14, by a vote
of 221 to 92, but the senate failed to take action
aud on the day of adjournment, March 4, Presi-
dent Taft issued a proclamation calling for an
extra session of the 62d congress to begin April
4. The two houses met on the day named and or-
ganized, and on the following day the president
transmitted to them a message, reiterating his
arguments in favor of the proposed agreement.

April 12 O. W. Underwood of Alabama introduced
the reciprocity bill in the house, the text being
identical with that of the McCall bill passed by
the 6ist congress. The measure was debated and
April 21 was passed by a vote of 267 yeas to 89
nays. The negative vote was as follows.

REPUBLICANS.

Anderson, Minn. Hawley, Ore. Nelson, Wis.
Bradley, N. Y. Hayes, Cal. Norris, Neb.

Burke, S. D. Helgesen, N. D. Patton, P.

Campbell, Kas. Kinds, Me. Pickett, Iowa.

Cannon, 111. Howell, Utah. Plumley, Vt.

Copley, 111. Humphrey, Wash. Powers, Ky.

Currier, N. H. Jackson, Kas. Pray, Mont.
Dalzell, Pa. Kendall, Iowa. Prince, 111.

Davis, Minn. Kennedy, Iowa. Prouty. Iowa.
DeForest, N. Y. Kinkaid, Neb. Eees, Kas.
Dodds. Mich. Kopp, Wis. Rodenberg, 111.

Driscoll, N. Y. Lafean, Pa. Simmons, N.Y.

Dwight. N. Y. LaFollette.Wash. Sloan, Neb.
Esch, Wis. Lanffley, Ky. J. M. C. Smith,

Fairchild, N. T. Lenroot, Wis. Mich.

Focht, Pa. Lindbergh, Minn. S. W. Smith, Mich

Fordney, Mich. MeGuire, Okla. Steenerson, Minn
Foster. Vt. McKinley, 111. Sterling, 111.

French, Idaho. McLaughlin, Mich Thistlewood, 111.
Gardner, Mass. McMorran, Mich. Towner, Iowa.
Gardner, N. J. Malby, N. Y. Volstead, Minn.
Good, Iowa. Martin, S. D. Warburton, Wash

Guernsey, Me. Mondell, Wyo. Wedemeyer, Mich
Hamilton. Mich. Moore, Pa. Willis, O.

Hanna, N.D. Morgan, Okla. Woods, Iowa.
Hartmann, Pa. Mott, N. Y. Young, Kas.

Haugen, Iowa

DEMOCRATS.

Bathriek, O. Gudger, N. C. Rucker, Col.

Claypoel, O. Hammond, Minn. Webb, N. C.

Doughton, N. C. Pujo, La. Whitacre, O.

Fowler, 111.

INDEPENDENT.

Akin, N. Y. Total, 89.

The bill was reported to the senate without rec-
ommendation by the finance committee June 13 and
the debate began the following day. It continued
until July 22, wh^n the bill passed by a vote of 53
yeas to 27 uays, as follows:

FOB (REPUBLICANS).

Bradley, Ky. .tones, Wash. Richardson, Del.
Brandegee, Con. Lodge, Mass. Root, N. Y.
Briggs, N. J. Mcl^ean, Conn. Stephenson, Wis.
Brown, Neb. Nixof, Nev. Townsend, Mich.

Burton, O. Penrose. Pa. Wetmore, R. I.

Crane, Mass. Perkins, Cal. Works, Cal.
Cullom, 111. Poindexter, Wash. Total, 21.

Guggenheim, Col.

FOR (DEMOCRATS).

Bacon, Ga. Chamberlain, Ore.Culberson. Tex.

Bankhead, Ala. Chilton, W. Va. Davis, Ark.
Bryan, Fla.

Fletcher, Fla. Myers, Mont. Smith, Md.

Foster, La. Newlands, Nev. Smith. S. C.

Gore, Okla. O'Gorman. N. Y. Stone, Mo.

Hitchcock, Neb. Overman, N. C. Swauson, Va.

Johnson, Me. Owen, Okla. - Taylor, Tenn.

Johnston, Ala. Paynter, Ky. Watson, W. Va.

Kern, Ind. Pomerene, O. Williams, Miss.

Mai-tin, Va. Reed, Mo. Total, 32.

Marline, N. J. Shively. Ind.

AGAINST (REPUBLICANS).

Borah, Idaho. Uixon, Mont. McCumber, N. D.

Bourne, Ore. Gamble, S. D. Nelson, Minn.

Bristow, Kan. Gronna, N. D. Oliver, Pa.

Burnham, N. H. Heyburn, Idaho. Page, Vt.

Clapp, Minn. Keuyon, Iowa. Smith, Mich.

Clark. Wyo. LaFollette, Wis. Smoot, Utah.

Crawford, S. D. Lippitt, R. I. Warren, Wyo.

Cummins. Iowa. Lorimer, 111. Total, 24.
Curtis, Kas.

AGAINST (DBMOCKATS).

Bailey. Tex. Simmons, N. C. Total, 3.
Clark, Ark.
The bill was signed by President Taft July 26.

ADVERSE ACTION BY CANADA.

Strong opposition to the reciprocity agreement
developed in the Canadian parliament, the con-
servative minority resorting to a filibuster to de-
feat the measure. July 29, at the request of Pre-
mier Laurier, parliament was dissolved and orders
for the election of new members Sept. 21 issued.
The campaign was bitterly fought and resulted in
the overthrow of the liberal Laurier government
and the return of an overwhelming majority of
conservative members pledged co vote against rec-
iprocity. The measure consequently failed. The
assertion that it would eventually lead to the an-
nexation of Canada by the United States was one
of the most effective arguments used against the
agreement.

THE RECIPROCITY ACT.

The reciprocity measure as it passed congress was
entitled "An act to promote reciprocal trade re-
lations with the dominion of Canada and for other
purposes." It provided for a substantial reduc-
tion of duties on many articles produced in Canada
and the United States and the admission, exempt
from duty, of the following articles:

Live animals: Cattle, horses and mules, swine,
sheep, lambs and all other live animals.

Poultry, dead or alive.

Wheat, rye, oats, barley and buckwheat, dried
peas and beans, edible.

Corn, sweet corn or maize.

Hay, straw and cowpeas.

Fresh vegetables: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams,
turnips, onions, cabbages and all other vegetables
in their natural state.

Fresh fruits: Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, ber-
ries ~and all other edible fruits in their natural
state, except lemons, oranges, limes, grapefruit,
shaddocks, pomelos and pineapples.

Dried fruits: Apples, peaches, pears and apri-
cots, dried, desiccated or evaporated.

Dairy products: Butter, cheese and fresh milk
and cream. Provided, that cans actually used in
the transportation of milk or cream may be passed
back and forth between the two countries free of
duty, under such regulations as the respective
governments may prescribe.

Eggs of barnyard fowl, in the shell.

Honey.

Cottonseed oil.

Seeds: Flaxseed or linseed, cotton seed and other
oil seeds; grass seed, including timothy and clover
seed; garden, field and other seed not herein other-
wise provided for, when in packages weighing over
one pound each (not ireltidinc flower seeds).

Fish of all kinds, fresh, frozen, packed in ice,
salted or preserved in any form, except sardines
and other fish preserved in oil; and shellfish of all
kinds, including oystirs, lobsters and clams in any
state, fresh or packed, end coverings of the fore-
going.

Seal, herring, whale and other fish oil, including
sod oil. Provided, that fish oil. whale oil, seal oil
and fish of all kinds, being the product of fisheries
carried on by the fishermen of the United States,

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

shall be admitted into Canada as the product of the
United States, and, similarly, that fish oil, whale
oil, seal oil and fish of all kinds, being the product
of fisheries carried on by the fishermen of Canada,
bhall be admitted into the United States as the
product of Canada.

Salt.

Mineral water, natural, not in bottles or jugs.

Timber, hewn, sided or squared otherwise than
by sawing, and round timber used for spars or in
building wharves.

Sawed boards, planks, deals and other lumber,
not further manufactured than sawed.

Paving pests, rsilroad ties and telephone, trolley,
electric light and telegraph poles of cedar or other
woods.

Wooden staves of all klrds, not further manufac-
tured than listed or jointed, and stave bolts.

Pickets and paiings.

Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, not ground.

Mica, unmanufactured or rough trimmed only, and
mica, ground or bolted.

Feldspar, crude, powdered or ground.

Asbestos, not further manufactured than ground.

Fluorspar, crt-dc, not grourd.

Glycerin, crude, net purified.

Talc, ground, bolted or precipitated, naturally
or artificially, not for toilet use.

Sulphate of soda or salt cake and soda ash.

Extracts of hemlock bark.

Carbon electrodes.

Brass in bars and rods, in coil or otherwise, not
less than six feet in lei'gth, or brass in strips,
sheets or plates, not polisled, planished oi 1 coated.

Cream separators or every description and parts
thereof imported for repair of the foregoing.

Rolled iron or steel sheets or plates, number four-
teen gauge or thinner, galvanized or coated with
zinc, tin or other metal, or not.

Crucible cast steel wire, valued at not less than
6 cents i>er pound.

Galvanized iron or steel wire, curved or not,
numbers nine, twelve and thirteen wire gauge.

Typecasting and typesetting machines and parts
thereof, adapted for use in printing offices.

Barbed fencing wire of iron or steel, galvanized
or not.

Coke.

Rolled round wire rods in the coil, of Iron or
steel, not over three-eighths of an inch in diam-
eter and not smaller than number six wire gauge.

Rolled round wire rods in the coil, of iron or
steel, not over three-eighths of an inch in diam-
eter and not smaller than number six wire gauge.

Section 2 provided: Pulp of wood meshancally
ground; pulp of wood, chemical, bleached or un-
bleached; news print paper and other paper and
paper board, manufactured from mechanical wood
pulp or from chemical wood pulp, or of which such
pulp is the component material of chief value, col-
ored in the pulp or not colored, and valued at not
more than 4 cents per pound, not including printed
or decorated wall paper, being Ihe products of
Canada, when imported therefrom directly into the
United States, shall be admitted free of duty, on
the condition precedent that no expert duty, export
license fee or other export charge of any kind
whatsoever (whether in the form of additional
charge or license fee or otherwise), or any prohi-
bition or restriction in any way of the exportation
(whether ry law. order, regulation, contractual re-
lation or otherwise, directly or indirectly), shall
have been imposed upon such paper, board or wood
pulp, or the wood ned in the manufacture of siv.'h
paper, board or wood pulp, or the wood pulp used
in the manufacture of such paper or board.

PUBLICITY OF CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTIONS.

Sections 5, 6 and 8 of "An net-, providing for pub-
licity of contributions made for the purpose of in-
fluencing elections at which representatives in con-
gress are elected, " approved June 25, 1910 [See
The Daily News Almanac and Year-Book for 1911,
page 43] are amended substantially as follows:

Section 5. The treasurer of every snch political
committee shall, not more than fifteen days and not
less than t<>n days next before an election at which
representatives in congress are to be elected In
two or more states, file in the office of tiie clerk

of the house of representatives in Washington, D.
C., an itemized detailed statement as required in
section 6 of the act. Supplemental statements are
to be filed on each sixth day thereafter until the
election containing additional items. A final state-
ment is to be filed within thirty days after the
election. The statements are to be signed and
sworn to by the treasurer. They shall be pre-
seived by the clerk of the house for fifteen months
as a part of the public records of his office and
shall be open to public inspection.

Sec. 6 The statements required in section 5 shall
specify :

1. The name and address of each person, firm,
association or committee who or which has con-
tributed, promised, loaned or advanced to such po-
litical committee or any officer, member or agent
thereof, either in one or more items, money or its
equivalent of the aggregate amount of $100 or more
and the amount contributed by each.

2. The aggregate sum contributed in sums of less
than $100.

3. The total sum of all contributions.

4. The name and address of each person, firm,
association or committee to whom such political
committee has distributed, loaned or advanced any
sum of money amounting to $10 or more, stating
the amount given or promised to each.

5. The aggregate sum distributed, advanced or
promised by such committee where the amount in
one or more items is less than $10.

6. The total sum disbursed or promised by such
political committeee.

Sec. 8. Any person may in connection with such
election pay from his private funds all necessary
personal expenses for his traveling, for stationery
and postage and for telegraph and telephone serv-
ice without being subject to the provisions of this
act. The word "candidate" as used in this section
shall include all persons whose names are presented
for nomination for representative in congress at
any primary election or nominating convention, or
for indorsement or election at any general or spe-
cial election, whether or not such persons are ac-
tually nominated, indorsed or elected.

Every* person who shall be a candidate for nomi-
nation at any primary election or nominating con-
vention, i>r for election at any general or special
election, as representative in the congress of the
United States, shall, not less than ten nor more
than fifteen days before the day for holding such
primary election or nomlaatiug convention, and not
less than ten nor more than fifteen days before the
day of the general or special election at which can-
didates for representatives arc to be elected, file
with the clerk of the house of representatives at
Washington, D. C., a full, correct and itemized
statement of all moneys and things of value re-
ceived by him or by any one for him with his
knowledge and consent, from any source, in aid or
support of his candidacy, together with the names
of nil those who have furnished the same in whole
or in part, and such statement shall contain a true
and itemized account of all moneys and things of
value given, contributed, expended, used or prom-
ised by such candidate or by his agent, representa-
tive or other person for and in his behalf with his
knowledge and consent, together with the names of
all those to wbrm any and all such gifts, contri-
butions, payments or promises were made for tb/j
purpose of procuring his nomination or election.

Every candidate for nomination at any primary
election or nominatiig convention, or for indorse-
ment at any general or special ejection, or election
by the legislature of any state, as senator in the
congress of the United States, is subject to all the
rofiuirements specified in the preceding paragraph.

Every such candidate for nomination shall within
thirty days after such primary, convention or elec-
tion file with the clerk of the house of representa-
tives or with the secretary of the senate, as the
case may be, a full, ccrn ct und itemized statement
of all monevs ar.d things of value received by him
or by any one for him with bis knowledge and con-
sent, from any source, in aid or support of his can-
didacy, together with the names of all those who
have furnished the snme in whole or in part, and
such statement shall ci.nlain a true nnd itemized
account of nil moneys and things of value given,

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

contributed, expended, used or promised by sucli
candidate or by his agent, representative or other
person for and in his behalf with his knowledge
and consent, up to, on and after the day of such
primary election convention, general or special
election, or election by the legislature, together
with the names of all those to whom any and all
such gifts, contributions, payments or promises
were made for the purpose of securing his nomini-
tion, indorsement or election.

Every such candidate shall include therein a
statement of -every promise or pledge made by him
or by any one for him with his knowledge and con-
sent or to whom he lias given authority to make
such promise or pledge, before the completion of
any such primary election, etc., relative to the ap-
pointment or recommendation for appointment of
any person to any position of trust, honor or profit,
either in the county, state or nation or any polit-
ical subdivision thereof, or in any private or cor-
porate employment, fir the purpose of securing the
support of such person or of any person in his can-
didacy, and if any such promise or pledge shall
have been made the imme or names, the address or
addresses, and the occupation or occupations, of the
I>ersou or persons to whom such promise or pledge
shall have been made, shall be stated, together
with a description of the position relating to which
such promise or ple-ig; has been made. In the
event that no such promise or pledge has been
made by such candidate, that fact shall be distinct-
ly stated.

No candidate for representative in congress or
for senator of th>? United States shall promise any
office or position to any pnon, or to use his in-
fluence or to give his support to any person for any
office or position for the purpose of procuring the
support of such person, or of any person, in his
candidacy, nor shall any candidate for senator of
the United States give, contribute, expend, use or
piomise any money or thing of value to assist in
procuring the nomination or elect ion of any particu-
lar candidate for the legislature of the state in
which he resides, but such caailidnt.e may. within
the limitations and restrictions and subject to the
requirements of this act, contribute to political
committees having charge of the disbursement of
campaign funds.

No candidate for representative in congress or for
senator of the United States shall give, contribute,
expend, use or promise, or cause to be given, con-
tributed, expended, used or promised in procuring
his nomination and election any sum in the ag-
gregate in excess of the amount which he may law-
fully give, contribute, expend or promise under the
laws of the state in which he resides: Provided,
that no candidate for representative in congress
shall give, contribute, expend, use or promise any
sum, in the aggregate, exceeding $5,000 in any cam-
paign for Ms nomination and election, and no can-
didate for senator of the United States shall give,
contribute, expend, use or promise any sum, in the
aggregate, exceeding SlO.OOi; in any campaign for his
nomination and election: Provided further, that
money expended by any such candidate to meet and
discharge any assessment, fee or charge made or
levied upon candidates by the laws of the state in
which he resides or for his necessary personal ex-
penses, incurred for himself alone, for travel anil
subsistence, stationery and postage, writing or
printing (other than in newspapers), and distribut-
ing letters, circulars and posters, and for telegraph
-and telephone service, shall not be regarded as an
expenditure within the meaning of this section, and
shall not he considered any part of the sum herein
fixed as the limit of expense nnd need not be shown
in the statements herein required to be filfd.

The statements herein required to be made and
filed before the general election, or the election by
the legislature at \xlich such candidate seeks elec-
tion, need not contain items of which publicity is
given in a previous statement, but the statement
required to be made and filed after said general
election or election by the legislature shall. In ad-
dition to nn itemized statement of all expenses not
theretofore given publicity, contain a summary of
all preceding statemerts.

Any person, not then a candidate for senator of
the United States, wbo shall have given, contribut-

ed, expended, used or promised any money or thing
of value to aid or assist in the nomination or elec-
tion of any particular member of the legislature
of the state in which he resides, shall, if he there-
after becomes a candidate for such office, or if he
shall thereafter be elected to such office without
becoming a candidate therefor, comply with all of
the provisions of this section relating to candidates
for such oifice, so far as the same may be applica-
ble, and the statement herein required to be made,
verified and filed after such election shall contain
a full, true and itemized account of each and ev-
ery gift, contribution, expenditure and promise
whenever made, in any wise relating to the nomi-
nation or election of members of the legislature of
said state, or in any wise connected with or per-
taining to his nomination and election of which
publicity is not given in a previous statement.

Every statement herein required shall be verified
by the oath or affirmation of the candidate, taken
before an officer authorized to administer oaths un-
der the laws of the state in which he is a candi-
date, and shall be sworn to or affirmed by the can-
didate in the district in which he is a candidate
for representative, or the state in which he is a
candidate for senator in the congress of the United
States: Provided, that if at the time of such
primary election, nominating convention, general or
special election or election by the state legislature
said candidate shall be in attendance upon either
house of congress as a member thereof, he may- at
his election verify such statements before any of-
ficer authorized to administer oaths in the District
of Columbia: Provided further, that the depositing
of any such statement in a regular postotfiee, di-
rected to the clerk of the house of representatives
or to the secretary of the senate, as the case may
be, duly stamped and registered within the time
required herein shall be deemed a sufficient filing
of any such statement under any of the provisions
of tliis act.

This act shall not be construed to annul or
vitiate the laws of any state not directly in con-
flict herewith relating to the nomination or elec-
tion of candidates for the offices herein named or
to exempt any such candidate from complying with
such state laws. (Approved Aug. 19. 1911.)

APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES.

After March 3. 1913. the bouse of representatives
shall be composed of 433 members, to be appor-
tioned among the several states as follows:

Alabama 10

Arkansas 7

California 11

Colorado 4

Connecticut 5

Delaware 1

Florida

Georgia 12

Idaho 2

Illinois 27

Indiana 13

Iowa 11

Kansas 8

Kentucky 11

Ixniislana 8

Maine 4

Maryland 6

Massachusetts 16

Michigan 13

Minnesota 10

Mississippi 8

Missouri 16

Montana 2

Nebraska 6

Nevada 1

New Hampshire a

New Jersey 12

New York 43

North Carolina 10

North Dakota 3

Ohio 22

Oklahoma 8

Oregon 3

Pennsylvania 36

Rhode Island 3

South Carolina 7

South Dakota 3

Tennessee 10

Texas 18

Utah 2

Vermont 2

Virginia 10

Washington 5

West Virginia 6

Wisconsin 11

Wyoming

Sec. 2. That if the territories of Arizona and
New Mexico shall become states in the union before
the apportionment of representatives under the
next <1eceni;ial census they shall have one repre-
sentative each, nnd if one of such territories shall
so become a state, such state shall have enc- repre-
sentative, which representative or representatives
shall be in addition to the number 433, as provided in
section one of this act. and all laws and parts of
l;iws in conflict witli this section are to that extent
hereby repealed. [Both territories have been ad-
mitted.]

Sec. 3. That in each state entitled under this
apportionment to more than one representative, the

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

representatives to the 63d a'.'d each subsequent con-
gress shall be elected by districts composed of a
contiguous and compact territory and containing as
nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabi-
tants. The suid districts shall be equal to the
number of representatives to which such siate may
be entitled in congress, no district electing more
than one representative.

Sec. 4. That in case of an increase in the num-
ber of representatives in any state under this ap-
portionment, such additional representative or rep-
resentatives shall be elected by the state at large
iind the other representatives by the districts now
prescribed by law until such state shall be redis-
iricted in the manner provided by the laws thereof
and in accordance with the rules enumerated in sec-
tion 3 of this act, and if there be no change in the
number of representatives from a state, the repre-
sentatives thereof shall be electtd from the dis-
tricts now prescribed by law until such state shall
be redistricted as herein prescribed.

Sec. 5. That candidates for representative or rep-
resentatives to be elected at large in any stale
shall be nominated in the same manner us candi-
dates for governor, unless otherwise provided by
the laws of the state. (Approved Aug. S, 1911.)

WOOL TARIFF BILL.

The bill to reduce the duties on wool and manu-
factures of wool as fixed by the Payi>e-Aldrieh act
in schedule K wiis passed by the house June 20,
1911, by a vote of 221 to 100. Only one democrat,
William B. Francis of Ohio, voted against it, while
twenty-four republicans voted for it. There were:
Anthony, Kas. Kent. Cal. Nelson, Wis.

Anderson, Minn. LaFollette.Wash. Norris, Neb.
Campbell, Kas. Lenroot.Wis. Sloan, Neb.
Davis, Minn. Lindbergh, Minn. Steenerfon. Minn.
French, Idaho. Madison, Kas. Stephens, Cal.
Haugen, Iowa. Miller, Minn. Volstead, Minn.
Helgeson. N. D. Morse, Wis. Woods, Iowa.

Jackson, Kas. Murdock, Kas. Young. Kas.

The ad valorem duties uder the bill as it passed
the house as compared with the existing duties
were, according to figures presented by Oscar W.
Underwood of Alabama, chairman of the ways and
means committee, as follows:

Raw wool, proposed duty, 20 per cent; existing
duty, 44.51 per cent.

Noils, waste, shoddies, etc., proposed duty, 20 per
cent; exiting duty. :.96 per cent.

Combed wool or tops, proposed duty, 25 per cent;
existing duty, 105.19 per cent.

Yarns trade wholly or in part of wool, proposed
tluty, 30 per cent; exlstit g duty. 82.38 per cent.

Cloths, knit fabrics and all manufactures of wool,
proposed duty, 40 per cent; existing duty, 97.11 per
cent.

Blankets and flannels, proposed duty, 30 per cent
when valued at less than 50 cents a pound, 45 per
cent when valued at more tban 50 cents a pound;
existing duty. 95.57 per cent.

Women's and children's dress goods and similar
goods, proposed duty, 45 per cent; existing duty,
102.85 per cent.

Ready made cl ithing and articles of wearing ap-
parel, proposed duty, 45 per cent; existing duty,
81.31 per cent.

Braids, ribbons, insertions, laces, embroideries,
nettings and like articles, wholly or in part made
of wool, proposed ('uty, 35 per cent; existing duty,
87.i>6 per cent.

Axminster, Aubusson, moquette or chenille car-
pets, proposed duty 40 per cent; existing duty,
6^.09 per cei.t.

Saxony, Wilton and velvet carpet, proposed duty
35 per cent; existing duty, 70.14 per cent.

Brussels Carpets, proposed duty, 30 per cent; ex-
isting duty, 76.29 per cert.

Velvet tapestry carpets, printed en the warp or
otherwise, proposed duty, 35 per cent; existing
duty, 62.46 per cent.

Tai>estry Brussels carpets, printed on the warp or
otherwise, proposed duty, 30 per cent; existing
duty, 64.41 per cent.

Treble ingrain, three ply and all chain Venetian
?arpets, proposed duty, 30 per cent; existing duty,
64.34 per ctv.t.

Wool Dutch and two ply ingrain carpets, proposed
duty, 25 percent; existing duty, 62.50 per cent.

Oriental rugs, proposed duty, 60 per cent; exist-
ing duty, 0.57 per cent.

Druggets and Dockings, printed or colored, pro-
posed duty, :s per cent; existing duty, 66.28 per
cent.

Carpets, not otherwise provided for, of wool, flax
or cotton, and mats, matting and rugs of cotton,
proposed duty, 2o per cent; existing duty, 49.98 per
cent.

When the bill came to a vote in the senate July
27, Mr. LaFollettu of Wisconsin offered a substitute
proposing an average of 12 per cent. This was de-
feated by a vote of 44 rays to 36 yeas. Thereupon
he offered another amendment in the nature of a
substitute reducing the basic duty on wool from 40
per cent to 35 per cent, with the other duties
scaled accordingly. This was passed by a vote of
48 yeas to 32 iiuys. The duties provided were as
follows.

On wools of the first class, 35 per cent ad va-
lorem.

On wools of the second class, 10 per cent ad va-
lorem.

On wools on the skin: First class, 30 per cent
ad valorem; second class, 10 per cent ad valorem.

Top waste, slubbing, roving, ring and garnetted
waste, 30 per cent ad valorem.

Shoddy, noils, wool extract, yarn waste, thread
waste, etc., 25 per cent ad valorem.

Woolen rags, rnungo and flocks, 25 per cent ad
valorem.

Combed wool or tops, etc., 40 per cent ad valorem.

Woolen yarns, 45 per cent ad valorem.

Woolen cloths, knit fabrics, blankets, laiinels,
women's and children's dirss goods, wearing ap-
parel of all kinds made of wool or chiefly of wool,
55 per cent ad valorem.

Carpets of wool or chiefly of wool, 35 per cent ad
valorem.

Manufactures of the hair of the camel, goat, al-
paca and like animals, 30 per cent ad valorem.

The following republican senators voted for the
LaFollette substitute:

Bourne, Ore. Cummins. Iowa. Works, Cal-
Bristow, Kas. Gronaa, N. D. McCumber,*N t D
Brown, Neb. Kenynn, Iowa. Nelson,* Minn.
Clapp, Minn. LaFollette.Wis. Total 13.
Crawford, S. D. Poindexter.Wash. 'Regulars.

The bill went to a conference committee, which,
reached an agreeauut in the form of a substitute
for both the house bill and the LaFollette amend-
ment. The salient points of agreement recommend-
ed as to the differences between the two houses
were as follows:

The race of duty recommended on raw wool was
29 per cent ad valorem instead of 20 per cent ad
valorem, as proposed in the house bill, and the
varying rates, ranging from 10 to 35 per cent ad
valorem, on the three classifications of wool pro-
posed by the senate.

The rate on wool wastes and rags agreed upon
was 29 per cent ad valorem instead of 20 per cent
ad valorem as propos.ed in the house bill and the
rates of 25 or 30 per cent ad valorem as proposed
in the seiiate amendment.

The duty on combed wool or tops agreed upon
was 32 per cent ad valorem instead of 25 per cent
ad valorem as p.-oposed in the house bill and 40
per cent ad valorem as proposed by the senate.

The duty agreed upon for yarns was 35 per cent
ad valorem instead of 30 per cent ad valorem as
proposed by the house bill and 45 per cent ad va-
lorem as propose.! in the senate amendment.

The rate of duty on blankets and flannels for un-
derwear was flx-?d at 38 per cent ad valorem in-
stead of 30 per cent ad valorem in the house bill
for blankets and the cheaper flannels.

The duty agreed upon for cloths, ready made
clothing, knit fabrics, flannels not for underwear,
women's dress goods, webbings, gorings, etc., and
articles not specinlly provided for was 49 per cent
ad valorem instead of the varying rates in the
house bill, ranging from 35 to 50 per cent ad va-
lorem and 55 per cent ad valorem as proposed by
the senate.

Three classifications were cpreed upon for carpets,
ranging in duty from 30 to 50 per cent ad valorem
instead of the varying classifications in the house
bill carrying duties from 25 to 50 per cent ad va-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

IcreiQ and 35 per cent ad valorem as proposed by
the senate amendment.

The conference report was adopted by the house
Aug. 14 by a vote of 205 yeas to 90 nays and by
the senate Aug. 15 by a vote of 38 yeas to 28 nays.
Aug. 17 the president returned the bill with a veto
message in which he called attention to the fact
that he had been elected upon a platform which
declared for the maintenance of a protective tariff
by "the imposition of such duties as will equal the
difference between the cost of production at home
and abroad, with a reasonable profit to American
manufacturers." The great difficulty was, however,
that there were no means available by which that
difference could be yscertained. The American pub-
lic had become deeply impressed with the convic-
tion that in order to secure a proper revisioa of the
tariff in the future, exact information as to the ef-
fect of the new rates must be bad, and that the
evil of logrolling or compromise could be avoided
and the interests of the consuming public guarded
cnly by revising the tailff one schedule at a time.
To help these reforms he had taken advantage of a
clause in the Payne tariff act enabling him to
create a tariff board which he had directed to se-
cure information as to tte comparative cost of pro-
duction of dutiable articles under the tariff at
home and abroad. This board bad been directed to
report on the wool schedule by Dec. 1, 1911.

"If ever there was a schedule that needed con-
sideration and investigation and elaborate explana-
tion bj' experts before its amendment," continued
the president in his message, "it is schedule K
[wool schedule]. There is a widespread belief that
many rates in the present schedule are too high
and are in excess of any needed protection for the
wool grower or manufacturer. I share this belief
and have so stated in several public addresses. But
I have no sufficient data upon which I can judge
how schedule K ought to be amended or how its
rates ought to be reduced in order that the new bill
shall furnish the proper measure, of protection and
no more. Nor have I sources of information which
satisfy me that the bill presented to me for signa-
ture will accomplish this result. * * *

"Without any investigation of which the details
are available, an avowed tariff-for-revenue and
antiprotection bill is by compromise blended with a
professed protection bill. Rates between those of
the two bills arc adopted and passed, except that,
in gome important instances, rates are fixed in the
compromise at a figure higher and in others at a
figure lower, than were originally fixed in either
house. The principle fixed in adjusting the amend-
ments of existing law is, therefore, not clear and
the effect of the bill Is most uncertain. * * *

"More than 1,000,000 of our countrymen are en-
gaged in the production of wool and the manufac-
ture of woolens; more than a billion of the coun-
try's capital is invested in the Industry. Large
communities aro almost wholly dependent upon the
prosperity of the wool grower and the woolen manu-
facturer. Moderately estimated 5,000,000 of the
American people will be Injuriously affected by any
ill-advised impairment of the wool and woolen in-
dustries. Certainly we should proceed prudently in
dealing with them upon the basis of ascertained
facts rather than hastily and without knowledge to
make a reduction of the tariff to satisfy a popular
desire, which I fully recognize, for reduction of
duties believed to be excessive. I have no doubt
that if I were to sign this bill, I would receive the
approval of very many persons who favor a reduc-
tion of duties in order to reduce the cost of living
whatever the effect on our protected industries and
who fail to realize the disaster to business general-
ly and to the people at large which may come from
a radical disturbance of that part of business de-
pendent for its life on the continuance of a protec-
tive tariff. If I fall to guard as far as I can the
industries of the country to the extent of giving
them the benefit of a living measure of protection
and business disaster ensues, I shall not be dis-
charging my duty. If I fail to recommend the re-
duction of excessive duties to this extent, I shall
fail in my duty to the consuming public."

The house made nn effort Aug. 18 to pass the
wool bill over the president's veto, but it failed,

the vote standing 227 yc-as to 129 uays, or loss than
the required two-thirds.

FARMERS' FREE LIST BILL.

The so-called "farmers' free list bill," vetoed by
President Taft Aug. 18, 1911, provided that the fol-
lowing articles should be exempt from duty when
Imported into the United States:

Plows, tooth and disk harrows, headers, harvest-
ers and binders, reapers, agricultural drills and
planters, mowers, horse rakes, cultivators, thrash-
ing machines and cotton gins, farm wagons and
farm carts, and all other agricultural implements of
any kind and description, whether specifically men-
tioned herein or not, whether in whole or in parts,
including repair parts.

Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth and all similar
fabrics, materials or coverings, suitable for covering
and baling cotton, composed in whole or in part of
jute, Jute butts, hemp, flax, seg, Russian seg, New
Zealand tow, Norwegian tow, aloe, mill waste, cot-
ton tares or any other materials or fibers suitable
for covering cotton, and burlaps and bags or sacks
composed wholly or in part of jute or burlaps or
other material suitable for bagging or sacking agri-
cultural products.

Hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to
lengths, punched or not punched, or wholly or part-
ly manufactured into hoops or ties, coated or not
coated with paint or any other preparation, with or
without buckles or fastenings for baling cotton or
any other commodity, and wire tor baling hay,
straw and other agricultural products.

Grain, buff, split, rough and sole leather; band,
bend or belting leather; boots and shoes; harness,
saddles and saddlery, in sots or in parts, finished
or unfinished, composed wholly or in chief value of
leather, and leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps
or other forms suitable for conversion into manu-
factured articles.

Barbed wire, fence wire, wire rods, wire strands
or wire rope, wire woven or manufactured for wire
fencing and other kinds of wire suitable for fenc-
ing, including wire staples.

Beef, veal, mutton, Iamb, pork and meats of all
kinds; fresh, salted, pickled, dried, smoked, dressed
or undressed, prepared or preserved in any manner;
Ijacon, hams, shoulders, lard, lard compounds, lard
substitutes, sausage and sausage meats, coining
from any foreign country with which the United
States has a reciprocal trade agreement and which
shall admit from the United States free of duty,
cotton, corn, wheat, oats, horses, cattle and hogs.

Buckwheat flour, cornmenl, wheat flour and se-
molina, rye flour, bran, middlings and other offals
of grain, oatmeal and rolled oats and all prepared
cereal foods, and biscuits, bread, wafers and simi-
lar article: not sweetened, coming from any foreign
country with which the United States has a recip-
rocal trade agreement and which shall admit from
the United States free of duty^ cotton, corn, wheat,
oats, horses, cattle and hoes. *

Timber, hewn, sided or squared, round timber
used for spars or in building wharves, shingles,
laths, fencing posts, sawed boards, planks, deals
and other lumber, rough or dressed, except boards,
planks, deals and other lumber, of lignum vitae,
lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rose-
wood, satlnwood and all other cabinet woods.

Sewing machines and ell parts thereof.

Salt, whether in bulk or in bags, sacks, barrels,
or other packages.

Roman, Portland and other hydraulic cement and
lime.

In the house the bill was passed by a vote of 236
yeas to 109 nays. It had the solid support of the
democrats and in addition the following republicans
volod for it:

Anderson (Minn.).
Davis (Minn.).
Lindbergh (Minn.).
Miller (Minn.).
Steenerson (Minn.).
Volstead (Minn.).
Madison (Kas.).
Murdock (Kas.).
Anthony (Kas.).
Jackson (Kas.).
Hannu (N. D.).
Helgeson (N. D.).

Kent (Cal.).

Kopp (Wls.).

Lenroot (Wis.).

Morse (Wis.).

Nelson (Wis.).

Lafferty (Ore.).

LaFollette (Wash).

N. Warr.urton (Wash.).

Morgan (Okla.).

Norris (Neb.).

Roberts (Nev.)

Akin (N. Y.). Total, 24.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALlVTANAO AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

In the senate the vote was 48 yeas to 30 nays.
Of those voting for the bill thirty-four were demo-
crats, twelve progressive republicans and two reg-
ular republicans. The opposition vote was cast by
twenty-nine regular republicans and one progressive
(Senator Bourne of Oregon). The republican vote
for the bill was:

Borah (Idaho). Gronna (N. D.).

Brlstow (Kas.). Xenyon (Iowa).

Brown (Neb.). LaPollette (Wis.).

Clapp (Minn.). Poindexter (Wash.).

Crawford (S. D.). McCumber* (N. D.).

Cummins (Iowa). Nelson* (Minn.).

Dixon (Mont.). Works (Cal.) Total, 16.

Regular.

In his message vetoing the proposed law the pres-
ident reiterated tha opinion expressed in his veto of
the wool bill, that all general amendments to the
existing tariff laws should be postponed until ac-
curate and scientific information could be submitted
to congress by a tariff board appointed for the pur-
pose of investigating the difference in cost of pro-
duction of dutiable articles at home and abroad.
He also declared that the bill was so carelessly
drawn that It would inevitably lead to the greatest
uncertainty as to what articles were or were not
covered by its various provisions and would involve
the government In endless litigation. A third reason
for withholding approval was the fact that It
placed the finished product on the free list, but
retained on the dutiable list the raw material and
the machinery with which such finished product
was made: thus putting at a needless disadvantage
the American manufacturers. A fourth reason was
that while purporting, by putting agricultural im-
plements, meat nnd flour on the free list, to reduce
their price to consumers, It did not do so, but only
gave to Canada valuable concessions which might
be used by the executive to expand reciprocity with
that country in accordance with the direction of
congress.

By a vote of 226 yeas to 127 nays the house of
representatives refused to pass the bill over the
president's veto. It required a two-thirds vote in
the affirmative to do so.

COTTON TARIFF BILL.

The bill to reduce the duties on manufactures of
cotton was passed by the house Aug. 3, 1911, by a
vote of 203 yeas (inducting thirty "insurgent" re-
publicans) to 90 nays, and by the senate Aug. 17
by a vote of 29 yeas to 24 nays. As it passed the
house the bill reduced the average tariff on manu-
factured cotton goods from 48 to 27 per cent ad va-
lorem. The senate bill not only reduced the duties
on manufactured cotton goods, but also on a large
number of chemicals (schedule A) and on Iron and
steel (schedule C). The house accepted the senate
bill without change Aug. 21 by a vote of 180 yeas
to 107 nays. The bill was vetoed by the president
Aug. 22.

"I find," the message of the president said, "that
there was practically no consideration of either
schedule by any committee of either house. There
were no facts presented to either house in which I
can find material upon which to form any judgment
as to the effect of the amendments either upon
American Industries or upon the revenues of the
government."

Briefly reviewing the manner in which the iron
and steel and chornical amendments were added to
the bill the president said:

"I cannot make myself a party to dealing with
the Industries of the country In this way. The in-
dustries covered by metals and the manufacture of
metals are the largest in the country, and it would
seem not only wise, but absolutely essential to ac-
quire accurate Information as to the effect of
changes which may vitally affect these Industries
before enacting them into law. * *

"This Mil thus illustrates and enforces the views
which I have already expressed In vetoing the wool
bill and the so-called free lift bill, as to the para-
mount importance of securing, through the investi-
gation and reports of the tariff board, a definite
and certain basis of ascertained fact for the con-
sideration of tariff laws. When the reports of the
tariff board upon these schedules are received, the
duties which should be imposed can be determined
upon Justly and with intelligent appreciation of the

effect that they will have both upon industry and
noon revenue. Very likely some of the changes in
this bill will prove to be desirable and some to be
undesirable. So far as they turn out to be just
and reasonable I shall be glad to approve them, but
at present the proposed legislation appears to be
all a matter of guesswork. The important thing is
to get our tariff legislation out of the slough of
guesswork and logrolling and ex parto statements
of interested persons, and to establish that legisla-
tion on the basis of tested and determined facts.

to which &hall be anplied, fairly and openly, what-
ever tariff principle
choose to adopt."

No attempt was made to pass the bill over the
president's veto.

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS.

In the house of representatives April 13, 1911, the
following joint resolution was adopted by a vote of
296 yeas to 16 nays:

Resolved by the senate and house of representa-
tives of the United States of America iu congress
assembled (two-thirds of each house concurring
therein), That in lieu of the first paragraph of sec-
tion 3 of article 1 of the constitution of the United
States, and in lieu of so much of parser;. ph two
of the same section as relates to the filling of va-
cancies, and in lieu of all of paragraph 1 of -sec-
tion 4 of said article I, In so far as the same re-
lates to any authority in congress to make or alter
regulations as t>> the times or manner of holding
elections for senators, the following be proposed as
an amendment to the constitution, which shall be
valid to all ir-(ents and purposes as part of the
constitution when ratified by the legislatures of
three-fourths of the states:

"The senate of the United States shall be com-
posed of two senators from each state, elected by
the people thereof, for six years, and each senator
shall have one vote. The electors in each state
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors
of the most numerous branch of the state legisla-
ture.

"The times, places and manner of holding elec-
tions for senators si all be as prescribed in each
state by the legislature thereof.

"When vacancies happen in the representation of
any state in the senate, the executive authority of
such state &1 all isj?ue writs of election to fill such
vacancies: Provided, that the legislature of any
state may empower the executive thereof to make
temporary appointments until the people fill the va-
cancies by election, as the legislature may direct.

"This amendment shall not be so construed as to
affect the election or term of any senator chosen
before it becomes valid as part of the constitu-
tion."

The resolution vas adopted by the senate June 12
by a vote of 64 yeas to 24 nays after having been
changed by the adoption of an amendment offered
by Senator Bristow of Kansas striking out the fol-
lowing provisions, "and in lieu of all of paragraph
1 section 4 of said article I, in so far as the rame
relates to any authority in congress to make or
alter regulations as to the times or manner of hold-
ing elections for senators," and "the times, places
and manner of holding elections for senators shall
be prescribed in each stale by the legislature there-
of. " The Brlstow amendment was adopted by a
vote of 45 yeas to 44 nays, the vice-president cast-
ing the deciding vote.

The house, June 21, refused by a vote of 172 to
112 to concur iu the amendment and the bill was
sent to conference, where it still remained when
the session closed. [The same resolution was
brought to a vote in the senate at the last session
of tLe 6lst congress, but failed to get the necessary
two-thirds affirmative vote. Its defeat was brought
about by an amendment offered by Senator Suther-
land of Utah identical with the Brlstow amendment
quoted above.]

ADMISSION OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

Congress in 1910 'passed an enabling act providing
for the admission of the territories of New Mexico
and Arizona Into the union as states. In accord-
ance with that act con-'entions were held in the
two territories in November, 1910, and constitutions
framed which were ratified by the people at spe-
cial elections early in 1911. March 1, 1911, a joint

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

resolution approving the constitution of New Mex-
ico was passed by the national house of represent-
atives, but an amendment was adcjed by the sen-
ate approvins also the constitution of Arizona, to
which President Taft was opposed on account of its
recall provision, which included the judiciary. The
resolution as so amended was defeated.

VETO MESSAGE.

When the 62d congress began work at the extra
session called by President Taft a joint resolution
approving both constitutions substantially as they
were passed was introduced and adopted by the
house May 23 and by the senate Aug. 8. The presi-
dent returned the resolution with his veto and the
measure failed. In his veto messsage the president
approved the New Mexican constitution as modified
by a provision making it more easily amended, but
he vigorously attacked the recall feature of the
Arizona constitution.

"Under the Arizona constitution," read the mes-
sage, "all elective officers, ai-d this includes county
and state judges, six months after their election
are subject to recall. It is initiated by a petition
signed by electors equal to 25 per cent of the total
number of votes cast for all the candidates for the
office at the previous general election. Within flve
days after the petition is filed the officer may re-
sign. Wrether he does or not, an election ensues
in which his name, if he dots not resign, is placed
on the ballot with those of all other candidates.
The petitioners may priut on the official ballot 200
words showing their reasons for recalling the of-
ficer, and he is permitted to make defense in the
same place in 200 words. If the incumbent receives
the highest nunrber of votes be continues in his of-
fice; if not. he is removed from office and is suc-
ceeded by the candid ite who does receive the high-
est number.

"This provision of the Arizona constitution, in
its application to county and state judges, seems to
me so pernicious in its effect, so destructive of in-
dependence in the judiciary, so likely to subject
the rights of (he irdividual to the possible tyranny
of a popular majority, and, therefore, to be so in-
jurious to tte cause of free government, that I
must disapprove a constitution containing it. * *
A popular government is not a government of a
majority, by a majority, for a majority of the peo-
ple. It is a government of the whole people by a
majority of the whole people under such rules and
checks as will secure a wise, just and beneficent
government for all the people. * * * No honest,
clear headed man, however great a lover of popular
government, can cieny that the unbridled expression
of the majority of a community hastily converted
into law or action would sometimes make a gov-
ernment tyrannical and cruel. Constitutions are
checks upon the hasty action of the majority. * * *

"The executive and legislative branches are rep-
resentative of the majority of the people which
elected them in guiding the course or the govern-
ment within th-? limits of the constitution. They
must act for the whole people, of course, but they
may properly follow, and usually ought to follow,
the views of the majority which elected them in
respect to the governmental policy best adapted to
secure the welfare "f the whole people. But the
judicial branch of the government is net represent-
ative of a majority of the people in any suck
sense, even if the mode of selecting judges is by
popular election. In a proper sense, judges are
servants of the people; that is, they are doing
work which must be done for the government and
in the interest of all the people, but it is not work
in the doing of which they are to follow the will
of the majority except as that is embodied in stat-
utes lawfully enacted according to constitutional
limitations. They are not popular representatives.
On the contrary, to fill tlieir office properly they
must be independent. They must decide every ques-
tion which comes before them according to law and
justice. If this question is between individuals they
will folloiv the statute, or the unwritten law if no
statute applies, and they take the unwritten law
growing out of tradition and custom from previous
judicial decisions. If a statute or ordinance affect-
ing a cause before them is not lawfully enacted,
because it violates the constitution adopted by the
people, then they must ignore the statute and de-

cide the question as if the statute had never been
passed. This power is a judicial power imposed by
the people on the judges by the written constitu-
tion. In early- days some argued that the obliga-
tions of the constitution operated directly on the
conscience of the legislature, and only in that man-
ner, and that it was to be conclusively presumed
that whatever was done by the legislature was con-
stitutional. But such a view did not obtain with
our hard headed, courageous and far sighted states-
men and judges, and it was soon settled that it
was the duty of judges in cases properly arising
before them to apply the law and so to declare
what was the law, and that if what purported to
be statutory law was at variance with the funda-
mental law, i. e., the constitution, the seeming
statute was not law at all, was not binding on the
courts, the individuals or any branch of the gov-
ernment and that it was the duty of the judges so
to decide. This power conferred on the judiciary
in our form of government is unique in the history
of governments, and its operation has attracted
and deserved the admiration and commendation of
th3 world. It gives to our judiciary a position
higher, stronger .;nd more responsible than that of
t!ie judiciary of any other ctuntry. and more effec-
tively secures adherence to the fundamental will
of the people.

"What I have said has been to little purpose if
it has not shown that judges to fulfill their func-
tions properly in our popular government must be
more independent than in any other form of gov-
ernment, end that need of independence is greatest
where the individual is one litigant and the state,
guided by the successful and governing majority,
-is the other. In order to maintain the rights of
the minority and the individual and to preserve our
constitutional balance we must have judges with
courage to decide against the majority when jus-
tice and law reauire.

"By the recall in the Arizona constitution it is
proposed to give to the majority power to remove
arbitrarily, and without delay, any judge who may
have the courage to render an unpopular decision.
By the recall it is proposed to enable a minority of
25 per cent of the voter-; of the district or state,
for no prescribe.! cause, after the judge has been
in office six inoi>ths, to submit the question of his
retention in ollice to the electorate. The petitioning
minority must say on the ballot what they can
against him in 200 words and he must defend as
best he can in the same space. Other candidates
are permitted to present themselves and have their
names printed on the ballot, so that the recall is
not based solely nn the record or the acts of the
judge, but also on the question whether some other
and more popular candidate has been found to un-
seat him. Could there be a system more ingeniousl.,
devised to subject judges to momentary gusts of
popular passion than this? We cannot be blind
to the fact that often an intelligent and respectable
electorate may be so roused upon an issue that it
will visit with condemnation the decision of a just
judge, though exactly in accord with the law gov-
erning the case, merely because it affects un-
favorably their contest. Controversies over elec-
tions, labor troubles, racial or religious issues, is-
sues as to the construction or constitutionality of
liquor lawa, criminal trials of popular or unpopu-
lar defendants, the removal of county seats, suits
by individuals to maintain their constitutional
rights in obstruction of some popular improvement
these and many other cases could be cited in
which a majority of a district electorate would be
tempted by hasty anger to recall a conscientious
judge if the opportunity were open all the time.
No period of delay is interposed for the abatement
of popular feeling. The recall is devised to en-
courage ouick action and to lead the people to
strike while the iron is hot. The judge is treated
as the instrument and se- vant of a majority of the
people and subject to their momentary will, not
after a long term In which his qualities as a judge
and his diameter as a man have been subjected to a
test of all the varieties of judicial work and duty
so as to furnish a proper means of measuring his
fitness for continuance in another term. On the
instant of an unpopular ruling, while the spirit of
protest has uot had time to cool, and even while

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1212.

an appeal may be pending from his ruling, in which
lie may be sustained, lie is to be haled before the
electorate as a tribunal, with no judicial hearing,
evidence or defense, and thrown out of ofiice anil
disgraced for life because he has failed, in a single
decision, it may be, to satisfy the popular dema'id.
Think of the opportunity such a system would give
to unscrupulous political bosses in control, as they
nave been in control not only of conventions but
elections: Think of the enormous power for evil
given to the sensational, muckraking portion of the
press in rousing prejudice against a just judge by
false charges and insinuations, the effect of which
in the short period of an election by recall it would
be impossible for him to :iieet and offset! Sup-
liorters of such a system seem to think that it will
work only in the interest of the poor, the humble,
th< weak and the oppressed; that it will strike
down ouly the judge who is supposed to favor cor-
porations and be affected by the corrupting influ-
ence of the rich. Nothing could be farther from
the ultimate result. The motive it would offer to
unscrupulous combinations to seek to ooutrol poli-
tics in order to contix>l the judges is clear. Those
would profit by the recall who have the best op-
portunity of rousing the majority of the people to
action on a sudden impulse. Are they likely to be
the wisest or the best people in a community? Do
they not include those who have money enough
to employ the firebrands and slanderers in a com-
munity and the stirrers-up of social hate? Would
not self-respecting rnen well hesitate to accept Ju-
dicial office with such a sword of Damocles hang-
ing over them? What kind of judgments might
those on the unpopular side expect from courts
whose judges must make their decisions under such
legalized terrorism? The character of the judges
would deteriorate to that of trimmers and time-
servers, and Independent judicial action would be
a thing of the past. As the possibilities of such a
system pass in review, is it too much to character-
ize it as one which will destroy the judiciary, its
standing and its usefulness? * *

"Attempt is made to defend the principle of
judicial recall by reference to states in which
judges are said to hava shown themselves to be
uuder corrupt influence and in which it is claimed
that nothing but a desperate remedy will suffice.
If the political control in such states is sufficiently
wrested from corrupting corporations to permit the
enactment of a radical constitutional amendment like
that of judicial recall, it would seem possible to
make provision in its stead for pn effective remedy
by in-peachment, in which the cumbrous features
of the present remedy might be avoided, but the
opportunity for Judicial hearing and defense before
an impartial tribunal might be retained. * *

"Again, judicial recall is advocated on the ground
that it will bring th3 judges more Into sympathy
with the popular will and the progress of ideas
among the people. It Is said that now judges are
out of touch with the movement toward a wider
democracy and a greater control of governmental
agencies in the interest and for the benefit of the
people. The righteous and just course for a judge
to pursue is ordinarily fixed by statute or clear
principles of law, and the cases in which his judg-
ment may be affected by his political, economic
or social views are Infrequent. But even in such
cases judges are rot removed fr.-m the people's
influence. Surround the judiciary with all the safe-
guards possible, create judges by appointment, ma&e
their tenure for life, forbid diminution of salary
during thoir term and still it is impossible to pre-
vent the influence of popular opinion from coloring
jiiugmtuts in the long run. Judges are men, intel-
ligent, sympathetic men, patriotic men, and in those
fields of the lew in which the personal equation
unavoidably pljys a part, there will be found a
response to sober popular opinion as it changes to
meet the exigency of social, political and economic
cupngcs."

AMEXDEE RESOLUTION PASSED.

Aug. 18 the joint resolution, amended in accord-
ance with the views of the president, was passed
by the senate and on the following day it was
passed by the house. Aug. 21 it was signed by the
president. Section 1 of the joint resolution pro-
vides that the admission of New Mexico and Ari-

zona into the union as states shall take effect upon
the proclamation of the president of the United
States, when the conditions explicitly set forth
In the resolution shall have been complied with.
The president is authorized and directed to certify
the adoption of the resolution to the governor of
each territory as soon as practicable, end each of
the governors shall issue his proclamation for the
holding of the first general election as provided for
in the constitution of New Mexico heretofore adopt-
ed and the election ordinance numbered 2, adopted
l-y the constitutional convention of Arizona, re-
spectively, and for the submissun t a vote of the
electors of the territories of the amendments of
the constitutions of the proposed states set forth
In the resolution. The results of the elsctions shall
be certified to tl-e president by the governor of each
of the territories; and if the terms of the resolution
have been complied with, the president shall issue
a proclamation immediately announcing the result
of the elections so ascenained, and upon the issu-
ance of such proclamation the proposed state or
states so complying shall be deemed admitted by
congress ii-to the union upon an equal footing with
the othar states.

Section 2 provides that the admission of New
Mexico shall be subject to the terms of a joint
resolution approved Feb. 16, 1911, entitled "Joint
resolution reaffirming the boundary line between
Texas and the territory of New Mexico."

Section 3 requires that before the proclamation
of the president shall issue announcing the result
of tile election in New Mexico, and at the same
time that the state election is held, the electors
of New Mexico shall vote upon a proposed amend-
ment to article XIX. of the constitution as a condi-
tion precedent to the admission of the state. The
article in question relates to the method of amend-
ing the state constitution. In its original form
the article provided that any proposed amendment
must be voted for by two-thirds of all the mem-
bers in each house before being submitted to the
electors of the state for their approval or rejec-
tion, and that if it were ratified by a majority of
the electors voting thereon and by an affirmative
vote equal to at least 40 per cent of all the votes
cast at the election in the state and in at least
>vje-half of the counties, then the amendment should
become part of the constitution. In its amended
form the article requires only a majority vote in
each house for propositions to amend the constitu-
tion nd the same for ratification by the electors.
The original article contained a provision that a
constitutional amendment might be submitted to the
people if carried by a majority vote in eacli house
at the first regular session of the legislature two
yoars after the constitution went into etVect or at
the regular session convening each eighth year
thereafter. This proviso is eliminated from the
amended article. Another proviso omitted is that
requiring at least one-half of the counties to favor
calling a convention to revise the constitution be-
fore such convention could be summoned.

Section 4 of the joint resolution provides for the
submission cf the amendment to the electors of
New Mexico at the first state election, and section
6 provides that if a majority of the legal votes be
cast in favor of the amendment the governor shall
proclaim it a part of the constitution of the state
of New Mexico.

Section 6 of the joint resolution amends the en-
abling act of June 20, 1910, so as to make the fifth
clause of section 2 read: "That said state shall
never enact any law restricting or abridging the
right of suffrage ,111 account of race, color or pre-
vious condition of servitude."

ARIZONA AMENDMENT.

Section 7 requires that before the proclamation
of the president shall issue announcing the result
of the election in Arizona, and at the same time
that the state election is held, the electors of
Arizona shall vote upon and ratify the proposed
amendment to their stata constitution, as a condi-
tion precedent to the admission of the state. The
amendment is to section 1 of article VIII. of the
constitution. This section, as pointed out by Presi-
dent Taft, made every public officer in the state of
Arizona holding an elective office subject to recall
on the petition of 25 per cent of the electors of the

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

district from which candidates are elected to such
office. The amendment simply excepts the members
of the judiciary.

The joint resolution further provides that this
amendment, if affirmed by a majority of the legal
votes cast at the election, shall be proclaimed as
part of the state constitution by the governor, but

"if the said proposed amendment to section 1 of
article VIII. of the constitution of Arizona is not
adopted and ratified as aforesaid, then, and in that
case, the territory of Arizona shall not be ad-
mitted into the union as a state." (Approved Aug.
21, 1911.)

STATE OF NEW MEXICO.

Enabling act passed by 61st congress and approved
by the president June 20, 1910.

Delegates to constitutional convention elected Sept.
6, 1S10.

Convention began work Oct. 3; constitution com-
pleted and signed Nov. 21, 1910.

Constitution ratitied by people at special election
Jan. 21, 1911.

Joint resc.lution adopted by 62d congress Aug. 8 to
admit territory as state after amendment of con-
stitution; approved, Aug. 21, 1911.

DIGEST OF CONSTITUTION.

BILL OP BIGHTS.

The bill of rights declares that the state of New
Mexico is an inseparable part of the federal union,
and that the constitution of the United States is
the supreme law uf the land. It also provides that
the rights, privileges and immunities, civil, politi-
cal and religious, guaranteed to the people of New
Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, shall
be preserved inviolate. The remaining provisions in
the bill of rights are similar to those in other state
constitutions.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

Senate The senate of the state legislature shall
consist of twenty-four members, elected for four
years. They must bs qualified electors, residents
of New Mexico for it least three years and not
less than 25 years of age.

House The house shall consist of forty-nine mem-
bers, elected for two years. Representatives must
be at least 21 years old.

Sessions The regular sessions of the legislature
(except the first) shall begin on the second Tues-
day of January after each general election. No
regular session shall exceed sixty days, except
the first, which may be ninety days, and no spe-
cial session shall exceed thirty days.

Compensation Each member of the legislature shall
receive as compensation $5 for each day's attend-
ance during the session and 10 cents a mile trav-
eled in going to and returning from the seat of
government once each session.

Passes It shall not be lawful for a member of the
state legislature to use a pass or to purchase or
receive transportation over any railroad upon
terms not open to the general public; and the vio-
lation of this section shall work a forfeiture of
the office.

Disapproval of Laws The people reserve the right
to disapprove, suspend and annul any law en-
acted by the legislature, except appropriation,
peace and health, public debt and local or special
laws. Petitions disapproving of any law must
be signed by not less than 10 per cent of the
voters of each of three-fourths of the counties,
and in the aggregate by not less than 10 per cent
cf the voters of the state as shown by the totaf
number of votes cast at the last preceding elec-
tion. The question of approval or rejection shall
be submitted to the voters at the next general
election; and if a majority of the legal votes
cast thereon, and not less than 40 per cent of the
total votes cast at such election, be cast for the
rejection of such law it shall be repealed and an-
nulled; otherwise it shall remain in force. The
forgery of names to such petitions is made a
felony. .

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

The executive department shall consist of a gov-
ernor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, state
auditor, slate treasurer, attorney -general, super-
intendent of public instruction and commissioner of
public lands, who shall be elected for the term of
four years. Sucu officers, except the superintendent
of public instruction and the commissioner of pub-

lic lands, shall be Ineligible to succeed themselves
after serving one full term. The annual compensa-
tion shall be: Governor, $5,000; auditor, secretary
of state, treasurer, superintendent of public in-
struction and commissioner of public lands, $3,000
each; attorney-general, $4,000. These salaries may
I>e increased after the expiration of ten years from
the date of the admission of New Mexico as a state.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

The judicial power of the state shall be vested
in the senate whc-n sitting as a court of impeach-
ment, a supreme court, district courts, probate
courts, justices of the peace and such courts in-
ferior to the district courts as may be established
from time to time.

The Supreme court ---hall ccnsist of three justices
elected for a term of eight years, those first elect-
ed holding office four, six and eight years, respec-
tively, as determined by lot.

The stale shall be divided Into eight judicial dis-
tricts, and a judge shall be chosen for each dis-
trict at the election of representatives in congress.
The term of otilca shall be six years. There shall
be a district attorney for each judicial district,
elected for a term of four years.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

Every male citizen of the United States who is
over the age of 21 years, and has resided in New
Mexico twelve months, in the county ninety days
and in the precinct in which he offers to vote
thirty days, next preceding the election, except
Idiots, insane persons, persons convicted of a felo-
iiious or infamous crime unless restored to political
rights, and Indians not taxed, shall be qualified to
vote at all elections for public officers. Women may
vote at school elections, provided such right is not
suspended on the petition of a majority of the vot-
ers in any school district.

ELECTIONS.

General elections shall be held in the state on
the Tuesday after the first Monday in each even
numbered year.

STATE CORPORATION COMMISSION.

The constitution creates a permanent commission
to be known as the "state corporation commission."
It is to consist of three members, elected for a
term of six years. Officers, agents and employes
of railroad, express, telegraph, telephone, sleeping
car or other transportation or transmission com-
panies are excluded from membership on the com-
mission. It is the department of government through
which charters for domestic corporations or licenses
to foreign corporations shall be issued, and through
which constitutional provisions and laws relating
to corporations shall be carried out.

The commission is charged with the duty of fix-
ing, regulating and controlling all cuarges and rates
of railway, express, telegraph, telephone, sleeping
car and other transportation and transmission com-
panies and common carriers within the state; of
requiring railway companies to provide adequate
depots, stock pens, station buildings, agents and
facilities for the accommodation of passengers and
for receiving and delivering of freight and express.
The commission is also charged with the duty of
making and enforcing reasonable rules requiring the
supplying of cnrs and equipment for the use of ship-
pers and passengers and of requiring the use of
safety appliances.

EDUCATION.

Free public schtols shall be established. No part
of the state educational funds shall be used for the
support of sectarian or private schools. No religious
test shall ever be required as a condition of admis-
sion into the public schools or state educational
institutions. Children of Spanish descent shall never
be denied admission to the public schools, shall

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

never be classed In separate schools, but shall for-
ever enjoy perfect equality with other children iu
public schools.

The legislature shall provide for the training of
teachers in both the English and Spanish languages
to qualify them to teach Spanish speaking pupils
and students. The English language shall be taught
to such pupils and students. A state board of edu-
cation consisting of seven members is created.

The University of New Mexico, the New Mexico
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, the New
Mexico School of Mines, the New Mexico Military
institute, the New Mexico Normal university, the
New Mexico Normal school, the Spanish-American
schol at El Rito, the New Mexico Asylum for the
Deaf and Dumb at Santa Fe and the New Mexico
Institute for the Blind are confirmed as state edu-
cational institutions.

MISCELLANEOUS.

For the first twenty-fUe years after the consti-
tution goes into effect all laws passed by the leg-

islature shall be published iu both the English and
Spanish languages.

There shall be a uniform system of textbooks
for the public schools, which shall not be changed
more than once in six years.

The leasiug of convict labor by the state is pro-
hibited.

COMPACT WITH THE UNITED STATES.

The requirements of the enabling Met with regard
to religious toleration, polygamy, the sale of liquor
to Indians, uugranted public lands, territorial debts,
the establishment of nonsectarian schools to be con-
ducted In English, suffrage unrestricted on account
of race or color, location of the capital, etc., are
specifically consented to and confirmed in article XII.

CAPITAL.

The capital of the state shall, until changed by
the electors at an election by the legislature for
that purpose, be in the city of Santa Ie, tut no
such election shall be called prior to Dec. 31, 1925.

STATE OF ARIZONA.

Enabling act passed by 61st congress and approved
by the president June 20, 1910.

Delegates to constitutional convention elected Sept.
12, 1910.

Convention began work Oct 10; constitution com-
pleted and signed Dec. 9, 1910.

Constitution ratified by people at special election
Feb. 9, 1911.

Joint resolution adopted by 62d congress Aug. 8 to i
admit territory as state after amendment of con-
stitution.

DIGEST OF CONSTITUTION.

BILL OP BIGHTS.

The bill of rights declares, among other things,
that the constitution of the United States is the
supreme law of the land; that no law granting
irrevocably any privilege, franchise or immunity
shall be enacted; that no law shall be enacted
granting to any citizen, class of citizens or corpo-
ration other than municipal, privileges or immuni-
ties which, upon the same terms, shall not equally
belong to all citizens or corporations; that no stand-
ing army shall be kept up in the slate in time of
peace; that any person having knowledge of facts
that tend to establish the guilt of any other person
or corporation charged with bribery or illegal re-
bating shall not be excused from giving testimony
when legally callei upon to do so on the ground
that it may tend to incriminate him under the laws
of the state, but no person shall be subject to any
penalty on account of any transaction concerning
which he may testify; and that no hereditary emol-
uments, privileges or powers shall be granted, and
no law shall be enacted permitting any perpetuity
or eutailment iu the state. The remaining provi-
sions are similar to those contained iu other state
constitutions.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

Senate The senate of the state legislature shall
consist of nineteen members, elected for two
years. They must be citizens of the United
States, at least 25 years of age and residents of
Arizona at least three years.

House The house shall consist of thirty-five mem-
bers, with qualifications the same as those of
senators.

Sessions The regular sessions of the legislature
(except the first) shall be held biennially and
shall begin on the second Monday of January
after the election cf its members.

Compensation Members of the legislature shall re-
ceive $7 per day for not to exceed sixty days in
any one session and mileage at the rate of 20
cents a mile, one way, by shortest practicable
route.

Pusses It shall not be lawful -for any person hold-
ing office in the state to accept or use a pass or
to jmi-chaso transportation from any railroad or
other corporation except as such transportation
may be purchased by the general public.

initiative and Referendum The people reserve the
power to propose laws and amendments to the
constitution and to enact or reject such laws and

amendments at the polls, independently of the
legislature ; they also reserve the right to approve
or reject at the polls &ny act, or item, section,
or part of any act, of the legislature. Under the
power of initiative 10 per cent of the electors
shall have the right to propose any measure, and
15 per cent the right to pn.pose any constitutional
amendment. Under the power of referendum tin-
legislature or 5 per cent of the electors may order
the submission to the people at the polls of any
measure enacted by the legislature, exeapt such
measures as require early operation for the pres-
ervation of the public peace, health or safety.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

The executive department of the state shall con-
sist of a governor, secretary of state, state audi-
tor, state treasurer, attorney-general and superin-
tendent of public instruction, each of whom shall
be elected for two years. No person is eligible for
any of these offices unless he is a male person, at
least 25 years of age and a resident of Arizona at
least five years. The state treasurer is not eligi-
ble to succeed himself. Annual compensation:
Governor, $4,000; secretary of state, $3,500; auditor
and treasurer,. $3,000 each; attorney-general and
superintendent of instruct'on, $2,500 each.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

The judicial power of the state shall be vested
iu a supreme court, superior courts, Justices of the
peace and such inferior courts as may be provided
by law. The Supreme court thall consist of three
judges, elected for six years, except those first
elected, whose terms are coterminous with the
term of the first governor. There shall be a supe-
rior court In each organized county. In the elec-
tion of both supreme and superior judges, the names
of the candidates shall be placed on the ballots in
alphabetical order without any partisan designation.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

No person shall be entitled to vote at any elec-
tion, other than a sc'-iool election, unless such per-
son be a male citiaai of the United States, 21
years of age or over and a resident of the state
for one year. No person under guardianship, non
compos mentis or insane shall be qualified to vote,
nor shall any person convicted of treason or fel-
ony be qualified to vote unless restored to civil
rights.

ELECTIONS.

There shall be a general election of representa-
tives in congress and of state, county and precinct
officers on the first Tuesday after the first Monday
in November of the first even numbered year after
the year in which Arizona is admitted to statehood
and biennially thereafter.

REMOVAL FROM OFFICE.

Every public officer holding an elective office, 'ither
by election or appointment, except judicial officers,
is subject to recall by the electors of the district
from which candidates are elected to such office.
Such district may include thi whole state. Peti-
tions toy recall must be signed by 25 per cent of

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOK 1912.

the electors. TUe recall petition must contain a
statement of not more th-m 200 words giving the
reason for tbe proposed recall, and the officer
sought to be removed may justify his course in
office in the same number of words. If he docs not
resign within five days after the recall petition is
filed a special election shall be called and if be
does not request otherwise in writing his name
will be placed on the ballot with those of other
candidates. The candidate; receiving the highest
number of voles shall be declared elected to nil the
remainder f-f tho term.

EDUCATION.

The legislature shall provide frr the establishment
and maintenance of a general and uniform public
school system, including kindergarten, common,
high, normal and industrial schools and a univer-
sity. The public schools shall be under the direction
and supervision of a state board of education, a

state superintenilei.t of public instruction and
county school superintendents.

CliUl'OItATlON COMMISSION.

A corporation commission is created, to be com-
posed of three persons, who shall be elected for
terms of six vears each (except the first). The
commission shall have full power to prescribe just
and reasonable classifications to be used and rates
to be made by .ou'olic service corporations.

COMPACT WITH UNITED STATES.

The requirements of the enabling act with re-
gard to religious toleration, polygamy, the sale of
liquor to Indians, etc., are consented to and con
firmed.

CAPITAL.

The capital of the state, until changed by the
electors voting at an election provided for by the
legislature, shall IK at Pho?nix, but no such elec-
tion shall be called prior to Dec. 31, 1925.

VETO POWEE OF BRITISH LOEDS CURBED.

The veto power of the British house of lords
was largely restricted when, by a vote of 131 to
114, the peers accepted the liberal government's
veto or parliament till, Aug. 10, 1911. This ended
a bitter struggle between the commons and the
lords, dating from, the fall of 1909, when the upper
house rejected the budget presented by David Lioyd-
George, on the ground that it was socialistic in
principle and connseatory in effect. Parliament was
dissolved and an appeal to the country taken. In
the elections the liberals were sustained, retaining
about tr.e same majority in the new as in the old
parliament. The veto till was introduced in the
house of commons by Premier Asquith, Feb. 21,
1911, and passed its first reading the following day
by a vote of 351 to 227. It passed its third and
IJDal reading May 15 by a vote of 363 to 241.

May 16 the measure was introduced in the house
of lords, where, after a series of stormy debates,
it was radically amended and passed July 20 The
following day a letter from Premier Asquith to the
op]x>sition leader. Arthur J. Balfour, was made
public, announcing that should the necessity arise
the government would ask the king to exorcise his
privilege of appointing a sufficient number of new
liberal peel's to secure the passing into law of the
bill in substantially the same form in vhich it had
left the house of commons. The king, the letter
stnted, had consented to do so. The lords' amend-
ments were rejected by the government and then
the lords, rather than have the king create a large
number of new peers, accepted the measure. The
more Important features of the new law are as
follows:

If a money bill, having been passed by the house
of commons, and sent up to the house of lords at
least one month before the end of the session, is
not passed by the house of lords without amend-

ment within one mouth after it is so sent up, the
bill shall, unless the house of commons direct to
the contrary, be presented to his majesty and be-
come an act of parliament on the royal assent be-
ing signified, notwithstanding that the house of
lords has not consented to the bill.

A money bill is described as one which, in the
opinion of the speaker of the house of commons,
contains only provisions dealing with all or any of
the following subjects, namely, the imposition, re-
peal, remission, alteration or regulation of taxa-
tion; charges on the consolidated fund or the pro-
vision of money by parliament; supply; the appro-
priation, control jr regulation of public money; the
raising or guaranty of any loan or the repayment
thereof; or matters incidental to those subjects or
any of them.

No amendment to a money bill which, in the
opinion of the speaker of the house of commons,
prevents the bill retaining such a character will
be permitted.

If any hill other than a money bill is passed by
the house of commons in three successive sessions
(whether of the fame parliament or not) and, hav-
ing been sent up to the house of lords at least one
month before the end of the session, is rejected by
the house of lords in each of those sessions, that
bill shall, on its rejection for the third time by the
house of lords, unless the house of commons direct
to the contrary, be presented to his majesty and
become an act of parliament on the royal assent
being signified chereto, notwithstanding that the
house of lords has not consented to the bill.

Two years must elapse, however, between the
Oate of the first introduction of the bill in the
commons and the date on which it passes the house
of commons for the tnird time.

DECLARATION OF LONDON ON LAWS OF NAVAL WAR.

What is populai-ly known as the "Declaration of
London" is the agreement entered into Feb. 26,
1J09, at a naval conference closing on that date in
London, England, between representatives of the
following powers: Germany, United States, Aus-
tria-Hungary, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy,
Japan, the Netherlands and Russia. The confer-
ence was held at the invitation of Great Britain
in order to arrive at an agreement as to what are
the generally recognized rules of international law
within the meaning of article 7 of the convention
of Oct. 18, 1907 (at The Hague), relative to the
establishment of an international prize court. The
agreement contains nine chapters and seventy-one
articles, embodying what the signatory powers de-
clrfre to correspond in substance with the generally

recognized principles of international law. The
subjects of the chapters are as follows: Chapter
I., blockade in time of war; chapter II.. contraband
of war; cha-iter III., unneutral service; chapter
IV., destruction of neutral prizes; chapter V., trans-
fer to a neutral flag; chapter VI., enemy character;
chapter VII., convoy; chapter VIII., resistance to
search; chapter IX., compensation.

The signatory powers undertake to insure the mu-
tual observance of the rules contained in the pres-
ent declaration in any war in which a)l the bellig-
erents are parties thereto. Ratifications are to be
deposited in London. Powers not represented at
the naval conference were requested to accede to
the declaration of London, those doing so being
placed on the same footirg as the signatory powers.

REBELLION IN KWANTUNG PROVINCE, -CHINA.

resume serious proportions. The government troops
remained loyal, however, and the uprising was sup-
pressed. Many of the reliels, who were led by Wu
?iim, a Chinese educated in Japan, were killed.
Tlie movement had for its object the overthrow of
the Mancuu dynasty.

Kwangtung province, China, was the scene of an
attempted rebellion in the latter part of April,
1911. The official residence of the viceroy of Can-
ton was buined and Li, the taotai of the same city,
was assassinated. There was considerable pillaging
and for a time it was feared that the revolt would

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

ILLINOIS LEGISLATION IN 1911.

Summary of important laws enacted by the regu
assembly, beguiling Jan. 4, 1911, and ending June 1,

EMPLOYES' COMPENSATION ACT.
The law Is entitled "An act to promote the gen-
eral welfare of the people of this state, by pro-
viding compensation for accidental injuries or
death suffered in the course of employment." It
provides in section 1 that any employer cov-
ered 5y ' the provisions of the act tn this state
may elect to provide and pay compensation for
injuries sustained by any employe arising out of
and in the course of the employment according to the
provisions of the act, and thereby relieve him-
self from any liability for the recovery of dam-
ages, except as herein provided. If, however, any
such employer shall elect not to pay such com-
pensation he shall not escape liability for injuriea
sustained by an employe because:

1. The employe assumed the risks of the em-
ployer's business.

2. The injury or death was caused in whole or
in part by the negligence of a fellow servant.

3. The injury or death was proximately caused
by the contributory negligence of the employe,
but such contributory negligence shall be consid-
ered by the jury in reducing the amount of dam-
ages.

(a) Every such employer is presumed to have
elected to provide and pay compensation according
to tLe provisions of this act unless he shall have
given notice to the contrary to the state bureau
of labor statistics.

(b) Every employer within the provisions of the
act railing to file such notice shall be bound here-
by as to all his employes who shall elect to come
within the provisions of the act until Jan. 1 of
the next year and for terms of each year there-
after: Provided, sny siu-h employer may etect to
discontinue the payments of compensation only at
the expiration of any such calendar year by filing
notice of such intention with the state bureau of
labor statistics at least sixty days before the end of
the year, and by posting such notice in his plant,
office or place of work or by personal service.

(c) In the event that any employer elects to
provide and pay compensation, then every employe
of such employer shall be deemed to have accepted,
all the provisions of the act and shall be bound
thereby unless within thirty days after being hired
or after the taking effect of the act, he shall file
a notice to the contrary with the secretary of the
state bureau of labor statistics, whose duty it
shall be immediately to notify the employer, ami
if so notified the employer shall not be deprived
of any of his common law or statutory defenses,
and until such notice to the contrary is given to
the employer, the measure of liability of the em-
ployer for any injury shall be determined accord-
ing to the compensation provisions of this act: Pro-
vided, however, that before any such employe shall
IHJ bound by the provisions of this act his em-
ployer shall either furnish to such employe at the
time of his hiring, or post in a conspicuous place
in the room or plant where he Is to be employed,
a legible statement of the compensation provisions
of this act.

Sec. 2. The provisions of this act shall apply
to every employer in the state engaged in ouilding,
maintaining or demolishing of any structure; in
any construction or electrical work; in the business
of carriage by land or water and loading and un-
loading in connection therewith (except as to car-
riers who shall be construed to be excluded here-
rrom by the laws of the United States relating to
liability to their employes for personal Injuries
while engaged in Interstate commerce where such
laws are held to be exclusive of all state regu-
lations providing compensation for accidental in-
juries or death suffered in the course of employ-
ment); in operating general or terminal store-
houses; in mining, surface mining or quarrying;
in any enterprise, a branch thereof, in which
explosive materials are manufactured, handled,
used, generated, stored or conveyed in dangerous
quantities; in any enterprise wherein molten metal
or Injurious gases or vapors or Inflammable fluids
are manufactured, used, generated, stored or con-

lar biennial session of the forty-seventh general
1911.

veyed in dangerous quantities; and in any enter-
prise in which statutory regulations are now or
shall hereafter be imposed for the guarding, using
or the placing of machinery or appliances, or for
the protection and safeguarding of the employes
therein, each of which employments is hereby de-
termined to be especially dangerous, in which, from
the nature, conditions and means of prosecution of
the work therein, extraordinary risks to life and
limb of the employe engaged therein are inherent,
necessary or substantially unavoidable, and as to
each of which employments it is deemed necessary
to establish a new system of compensation for
accidents to employes therein.

Section 3 provides that no common law or statu-
tory right to recover damages for injury or death
sustained by any employe while engaged in the
line of his duty other than the compensation
Herein provided shall be available to any employe
who has accepted the provisions of this act or to
any one dependent upon him: Provided, that when
the injury to the employe was caused by the in-
tentional omission on the part of the employer to
comply with the statutory safety regulations, noth-
ing in this act shall affect the civil liability of
the employer. If the employer is a partnership,
such omission must be that of one of the partners
thereof, and if a corporation, that of an elective
omcer thereof.

Sec. 4. The amount of compensation which the
employer who accepts the provisions of this act
shall pay for Injury to the employe which results
in death shall be:

(a) IF the employe leaves any widow, child or
children, or parents or other lineal heirs to whose
support he had contributed within five years pre-
vious to the time of his death, a sum equal to
four times the average annual earnings of the em-
ploye, but not less in any event lhan $1.500, and
not more in any event than ?3,500. Any weekly
payments, other than necessary medical or surgi-
cal fees, shall be deducted in ascertaining such,
amount payable on death.

(b) If the employe leaves collateral heirs de-
pendent upon his earnings, such a percentage of
the sum provided in article (a) as the contribu-
tions which the deceased made to the support of
the~se dependents bore to his earnings.

(c) If the employe leaves no widow or child or
children, parents or lineal or collateral heirs de-
pendent upon his earnings, a sum not to exceed
$150 I'or burial expenses.

(d) All compensation provided for in this sec-
tion to be paid in case injury results in death
shall be paid in installments equal to one-half the
average earnings, at the same intervals at which
the wages or earnings of the employe were paAd
while he was living, or if this shall not be feas-
ible, then the installments shall be paid weekly.

(e) The compensation to be paid for injuries
which result in death, as provided for in this
section, shall be paid to the personal representa-
tive of the deceased employe aud shall be dis-
tributed by such representative to the beneficiaries
entitled thereto, in accordaice with the laws at
this state relating to the descent and distribution
or personal property.

Sec. 5. The amount of compensation which the
employer who accepts the provisions of this act
shall provide and pay for injury to the employe
resultirg ii, disability shall be:

(a) Necessary first aid, medical, surgical and
hospital services; also medicine and hospital serv-
ices for a period not longer than eight weeks,
not to exceed, however, the amount of $200; also
necessary services of a physician or surgeon dur-
ing such period of disability, unless such employe
elects to secure his own physician or surgeon.

(b) If the period of disability lasts more than
six working days, and such fact is determined
by the physician or physicians, as provided in
section 9, compensation equal to one-half of the
earnings, but not less than $5 nor more than $12
per week, beginning on the eighth day of disabil-
ity, and as long as the disability lasts, or until

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB

the amount of compensation paid equals the
amount payable as a death benefit.

(c) If any employe, by reason of any accident
arising out of and in the course of his employment,
receive any serious and permanent disfigurement to
the hands or face, but which injury does not ac-
tually incapacitate the employe from pursuing his
usual employment so that it is possible to measure
compensation in accordance with the methods of
computing the same herein provided, such employe
shall have the right to resort to arbitration for the
purpose of determining a reasonable amount of
compensation which must not exceed one-quarter
the amount of compensation in case of death.

(d) If It shall appear that the employe has been
partially, though permanently, incapacitated from
pursuing his usual line of employment, he shall re-
ceive compensation equal to one-half the difference
between the average amount which he earned before
the accident, and the average amount which he is
earning, or is able to earn, after the accident, if
suitable employment is secured.

(e) In the case of complete disability which ren-
ders the employe wholly and permanently incapable
of work, compensation for the first eight days after
the injury was received, equal to 50 per cent of his
earnings, but not less than $5 nor more than $12
per week. If complete disability continues after
the payment of a sum equal to the amount of the
death benefit or after the expiration of eight years,
then a compensation during life, equal to 8 per
cent of the death benefit which would have been
payable had the accident resulted in death. Such
compensation shall not be less than $10 per month
and shall be payable monthly.

1. In case death occurs before the total pay-
ments made equal the amount payable as a death
benefit, as provided, in section 4, article (a), then
in the case the employe leases any widow, child
or children, or parents or other lineal heirs, they
shall be paid the difference between the compensa-
tion for death and the sum of such payment, but
in no case shall this sum be less than $500.

2. In cases of complete disability after compen-
sation has been paid at the specified rate for a
term of at least six months, the employe shall
have the privilege of filing a petition asking for a
lump sum in payment of the difference between the
sura of the payments received and the compensa-
tion to which he was entitled when such perma-
nent disability has been definitely determined. For
the purpose of this section, blindness or the total
irrecoverable loss of sight, the loss of both feet at
or above the ankle, the loss of both hands at or
above the wrists, the loss of one hand and one
loot, an Injury to the spine resulting in perma-
nent paralysis of the legs or arms, and a fracture
of the skull resulting in incurable imbecility or in-
sanity, shall be considered complete and perma-
nent disability: Provided, these specific cases of
complete disability shall not be construed as ex-
cluding other cases.

3. In fixing the amount of the disability pay-
ments, regard shall be had to any payments, allow-
ance or benefit which the employe may have re-
ceived from the employer during the period of his
incapacity, except the expenses of necessary med-
ical or surgical treatment. In no event, except in
cases of complete disability as defined above, shall
any weekly payment payable under the compensa-
tion plan in this section provided exceed $12 per
week or extend over a period of more than eight
weeks from the date of the accident. In case an
injured employe shall be incompetent at the time
when any right or privilege accrues to him, a con-
servator or guardian, appointed according to law,
may claim and exercise such right or privilege.

Section 5^ provides that any person entitled to
compensation under this act, or any employer who
shall be bound to pay compensation under the act,
who shall desire to have such compensation or any
part of it paid in a lump sum, maj petition any
court of competent jurisdiction in the county ask-
ing that the compensation shall be so paid, and if
It appears to be for the best interest of the parties
concerned, the court shall order the payment of a
lump sum, and where necessary a guardian, con-
servator or administrator shall be appointed for
any person under disability, who may be entitled
to such compensation.

Sec. 6. The basis for computing the compensa-
tion shall be as follows:

(a) The compensation shall be computed on the
basis of the annual earnings which the injiu?d per-
son received as salary, wages or earnings iu th
employment of the same employer during the year
next preceding the injury.

(b) The employment of the same employer shall
be taken to mean employment by the same em-
ployer in the grade in which the employe was at
the time of the accident, uninterrupted by absence
from work due to illness or any other unavoidable
cause.

(c) The annual earnings if not otherwise deter
minable shall be regarded as 300 times the average
daily earnings in such computation.

(d) If the injured person has not been engaged
in the employment for a full year immediately pre-
ceding the accident, the compensation shall be
computed according to the annual earnings which
persons of the same class in the same or neighbor-
ing employments of the same kind have earned
during such period. If this is impossible or un-
reasonable, 300 times the amount which the injured
person earned on an average on those days when
he was working shall be used as the basis.

(e) In the case of injured employes who earn
either no wages or less than 300 times the usual
daily wage or earnings of the adult day laborers
In the same line of industry of that locality, the
yearly wage shall be reckoned as 300 times the
average daily local wage.

(f) In employments in which It Is customary to
operate for a part of the whole number of work-
Ing days In each year, such number shall be used
ns a basis of computation, provided the minimum
number shall not be less than 200.

(g) Earnings for the purpose of this section
shall be based on the earnings for the number of
hours commonly regarded as a day's work for that
employment and shall exclude overtime earnings.

(h) In computing the compensation to be paid to
any employe who, before the accident for which
he claims compensation, was disabled and drawing
compensation under this act, the compensation for
each subsequent injury shall be apportioned accord-
Ing to the proportion of incapacity and disability
caused by the respective injuries which he may
have suffered.

Section 7 provides that the compensation under the
act shall not be reduced in any way by contribu-
tions from employes. Section 8 provides that if it
is proved that the injury to the employe resulted
from his deliberate intention to cause such injury,
no compensation shall be allowed.

Sec. 9. Any employe entitled to receive disabil-
ity payments shall be required, if requested by the
employer, to submit himself for examination at
the expense of the employer to a duly qualified
medical practitioner or surgeon selected by the em-
ployer as soon as practicable after the injury and
also at stated intervals thereafter to determine the
extent of the injury and the amount of compensa-
tion: Provided, that such examination shall be
made In the presence of a doctor paid for by the
employe if he so desires. In the event of a dis-
agreement they may agree upon a third doctor, or,
failing to agree, the judge of the County court
shall select the third physician. The majority re-
port of the three physicians shall be used in esti-
mating the amount of compensation payable.

Sec. 10. Any question of law or fact arising In
determining the compensation shall be settled
either by agreement or by arbitration. In case an
agreement cannot be reached the employer and em-
ploye shall each select a disinterested person and
1he judge of the County court shall select a third
disinterested person, the three to constitute a
board of arbitrators who shall hear and determine
all such disputed points of law or fact. The find-
ing of the arbitrators shall be binding upon both
the employer and employe except for fraud or mis-
take. An appeal, however, may be taken to the
Circuit court or the court that appointed the third
arbitrator.

Sec. n. 'Any person entitled to payment under
the compensation provisions of this act shall have
the same preferential claim therefor against the
property of the employer as is now allowed by law
for a claim by such person against such employer

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

for unpaid wages or for personal service; the pay-
ments shall not be subject to attachment, levy,
execution, garnishment or satisfaction of debts, ex-
cept to the same extent as wages or personal serv-
ice earnings are now subject to similar legal proc-
esses, and shall not be assignable.

Sec. 12. Any contract or agreement made by any
employer or his agent or attorney with any em-
ploj-e or any other beneficiary of any claim under
the provisions of the act within seven days after
the injury shall be deemed to be fraudulent.

Sec. 13. No employe or beneficiary shall have
power to waive any of the provisions of this act
In regard to the amount of compensation which
may be payable to such employe or beneficiary
hereunder.

Section 14 provides that no proceedings for compen-
sation shall be maintained unless notice of the
accident shall have been given the employer as
soon as practicable and unless claim for compen-
sation has been made within six months after the
injury. Section 15 provides that the act shall not
affect the continuance of any existing insurance,
mutual aid, benefit or relief association or depart-
ment, whether maintained in whole or in part by
the employer or by the employes, the payment of
such association being guaranteed by the employer
or by some person, firm or corporation for him:
Provided, the employer contributes to such asso-
ciation an amount sufficient to insure the employe
or other beneficiary the full compensation provid-
ed, exclusive of the cost of the maintenance of
such association without any expense to the employe.
The act shall not prevent the organization and
maintaining of any benefit or insurance company
for the purpose of Insuring against the compensa-
tion provided for in this act, the expense of which
is maintained by the employer. The act shall not
prevent the organization and maintaining of any
voluntary mutual aid, benefit or relief association
among employes for the payment of additional ac-
cident or sick benefits. Any contract of employ-
ment, relief benefit or Insurance or other device
whereby the employe is required to pay any pre-
mium or premiums for insurance against the com-
pensation provided for in the act shall be null and
TOid, and any employer withholding from the
wages of any employe any amount for the purpose
of paying any such premium shall be guilty of
misdemeanor punishable by a fine of from $10 to
|25 for each offense.

Section 16 provides that any person who shall be-
come entitled to compensation under the act shall
In case he is unable to recover such compensation
on account of his employer's insolvency, be sub-
rogated to all the rights of such employer against
any insurance company which may have insured
such employer against loss growing out of the com-
pensation required by the provisions of the act.
In section 17 it is provided that where the injury
was caused under circumstances creating a legal
liability in some person, other than the employer,
to pay damages, the employe may take proceedings
both against that person to recover damages and
against the employer for compensation, but the
compensation shall be reduced by the amount of
damages recovered.

Section IS provides that an agreement or award
may, at any time after six months and before
eighteen months, be reviewed upon the application
of either party, on the ground that the Incapacity
of the employe has Increased or diminished. Such
application shall be made to a court of competent
jurisdiction which may modify such agreement or
award. Section 19 provides that it shall be the
duty of every employer within the provisions of
the act to report nil accidents for which compen-
sation is paid to the state bureau of labor statis-
tics. Section 20 provides that employers who engage
others to do for them or have done for them hazard-
ous work shall be included in the term "employer"
and with the immediate employer shall be jointly
and severally liable to pay the compensation re-
quired by the act. Sections 21 and 22 exclude
from the term "employe" as used in the act per-
sons whose employment is of a casual nature and
does not necessarily involve danger.

Section 23 provides that violations of the act shall
be punishable by fines of not less than $10 nor
more than $500. According to section 23^ the right

of action for damages caused by any such injury
prior to the taking effect of the act is not af-
fected by it. Section 24 declares that the invalid-
ity of any portion of the act shall not affect the
validity of any other portion which can be given
effect without such part. The last section (25) pro-
vides that the act shall take effect on and after
May 1, 1912. (Approved June 10, 1911.) [For other
information on workmen's compensation laws, see
index to this volume.]

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES.

Every employer in the state engaged In carrying
on any work or process which may produce any
illness or disease peculiar to such work, or which
subjects employes to danger of illness or disease
to which they are not ordinarily exposed in other
lines of employment, shall adopt and provide rea-
sonable and approved devices, means or methods
for the prevention of such occupational diseases.

Every employer in the state engaged in the
carrying on of any process of manufacture or labor
in which sugar of lead, white lead, lead chromate,
lithrage, red lead, arsenate of lead or paris green
Is used or handled, or the manufacture of brass
or the smelting of lead or zinc, which processes
and employments are declared to be especially dan-
gerous to the health of the employes engaged in
them or in any process of manufacture or labor In
which poisonous chemicals, minerals or other sub-
stances are used or handled by the employes there-
in in harmful quantities or under harmful condi-
tions, shall provide without cost to the employes
proper working clothing to be kept and used ex-
clusively for the employes while at work. All em-
ployes shall be required to wear such clothing. ID
all processes which are productive of noxious or
poisonous dusts, adequate and approved respirators
shall be furnished by the employer without cost to
the employes, who shall use them while at work.

Every employed engaged in carrying on any of
the dangerous employments referred to shall at
least once a month cause his employes who come
In direct contact with poisonous agencies and In-
jurious processes to be examined by a licensed
physician. Cases of Illness or disease found by such
physician are to be reported to the state board of
health, which is to transmit copies of such reports
to the department of factory inspection.

Every employer engaged in carrying on any proc-
ess o" manufacture referred to In the act shall
set apart from the workshop In which the employes
are engaged a dressing room and lavatory for the
use of employes who are exposed to poisonous or
injurious dusts, fumes and gases, and such lava-
tory shall be kept in a clean and wholesome man-
ner and be provided with a sufficient number of
basins or spigots, with adequate washing facilities,
including hot and cold water, clean towels and
soap and shower bath, and the dressing rooms shall
be furnished with clothes presses or compartments
so that the ordinary street clothes of the em-
ployes shall be kept separate from their working
clothes.

No employe shall be allowed to take any food or
(".rink into the working room nor shall they be per-
mitted to remain there during meal time. The em-
ployer must make provision enabling employes to
take their meals elsewhere in the place of em-
ployment and he must provide sanitary closed re-
ceptacles containing wholesome drinking water.
Employers are required to provide adequate de-
vices for carrying off all poisonous fumes from
furnaces and dust from the rooms. The floors are
to be smooth and hard and rio sweeping shall be
allowed during working hours unless the floors are
dampened. They are to be washed at least once a
day. The act requires employers to take certain
precautions In the use of flues, hoppers, chutes or
similar devices to prevent employes from coming
into unnecessary contact with injurious gases,
fumes and dust.

The act is to be enforced by the state depart-
ment of factory inspection. Any person, firm or
corporation violating any of the terms of the act,
or who omits or fails to comply with any of Its re-
quirements or interferes with any investigation
by the factory Inspectors, or any employe who vio-
Jittes any of the provisions of the act shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

etiall be punished for the Urst offense by a fine of
iiot less than $10 nor more than $100; for the second
or subsequent offenses he shall be fined not less
than $50 nor more than $200. For any injury to
health caused by a willful failure to comply with
the law, a right of action shall accrue to the party
whose health has been injured for any direct dam-
ages sustained. In case death Is caused by such
willful failure, a right of action shall accrue to
the widow or heirs to recover damages not to ex-
ceed $10,000. (Approved May 26, 1911.)

HOURS OP WORK OF WOMEN.

Sections 1 and 2 of the act of 1909 regulating the
hours of labor of women are amended and section
5 is added. The title is also amended. Section 1
now provides that no female shall be employed
In any mechanical or mercantile establishment or
factory or laundry or hotel or restaurant or tele-
graph or telephone establishment or office thereof
or In any place of amusement or by any person,
firm or corporation engaged in any express or
transportation or public utility business or by any
common carrier or in any public institution, incor-
porated or unincorporated, in this state more than
ten hours in any one day. The hours of work may
be BO arranged as to permit the employment of
females so that they shall not work more than ten
bours during the twenty-four hours of any day.
Violations of the act are punishable by a fine of
not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each of-
Tense.

Section 5 provides that every employer to whom
this act shall apply shall keep a time book or rec-
ord showing for each day that the establishment
is open the hours during which each female in
his employ, to whom the act applies, is employed.
Failure to keep such a record or any false state-
ment thtrein is punishable by a fine of $25 for
each offense. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

MINING COMMISSION.

There Is to be established a commission to be
known as the mining investigation commission of
the state of Illinois, consisting of three coal mine
owners and three coal miners appointed by the gov-
ernor, together with three qualified men not in-
terested In coal mining In any way, who shall be
appointed by the governor. The commission shall
have the power to Investigate the methods and
conditions of mining coal In the state of Illinois
with special reference to the safety of human lives
and property and the conservation of the coal de-
posits. Tlie members who are coal mine owners
or coal miners shall receive no compensation, but
the other three members are to be paid at the
rate of $10 per day for each day actually employed
by them as commissioners. The sum of $10.000 is
appropriated for the expenses of the commission.
(Approved May 27, 1911.)

MINERS' AND MECHANICS' INSTITUTES,
In order to prevent accidents in mines and other
Industrial plants and to conserve the resources of
the state, by the education and training of all
classes of workers in mines and industrial plants,
there shall be established a form of educational
betterment work to be krown s the Illinois Miners'
and Mechanics' institutes. In the development of
this purpose any and all means may be employed,
such as traveling libraries, lectures, correspondence
work, classes lor systematic instruction or meet-
ings for the reading and discussion of papers. The
administration of the institutes is placed in the
trustees of the University of Illinois. (Approved
May 25, 1911.)

SAFETY IN COAL MINES.

The laws in relation to coal mines and subjects
relating thereto and providing for the health and
safety of persons employed therein are revised.
The act provides for the appointment of a state
mining board by the governor, the board to consist
of five members, two of whom shall be coal miners.
one a coal mine hoisting engineer and two coal
operators. They are to serve for two years and
shall be paid at the rate of $5 a day for not ex-
ceeding 100 days In any one year, with allowances

for actual expenses. The salary of the chief clerk
shall be $2,000 a year. Numerous provisions are
made for inspection and for the operation of coal
mines. (Approved June 6, 1911.)

FIRE APPARATUS.

The act of March 8, 1910, in relation to the fire
fighting equipment of coal mines is revised.
It provides for the use of water supply pipes and
hose connections, automatic sprinklers and fire ex-
tinguishers; regulates the construction of under-
ground stables and requires the use of telephones
and the drilling of employes to meet fire and other
emergencies. (Approved June 7, 1911.)

OIL AND GAS WELLS.

No oil or gas well shall hereafter be drilled near-
er than 250 feet to any mine opening used as a
means of egress or ingress by mine employes. In-
formation concerning and maps of gas and oil
wells are to be filed with the state mining board.
Provision is made for the proper casing of such
wells and for their plugging in case of abandon-
ment. (Approved June 7, 1911.)

BLACK BLASTING POWDER.
The act specifies the kind of black blasting pow-
der to be used in coal mines and provides for the
testing of such powder. (Approved June 7, 1911.)

FACTORY INSPECTORS.

Section 2 of the factory inspection act of 1907 is
amended so as to authorize the governor to appoint
a chief state factory inspector at a salary of $3,000
a year, one assistant chief factory inspector at a
salary of $2,250, one physician at a salary of $1,500.
thirty deputy factory inspectors at a salary of
$1,200 each and an attorney for the department at
a salary of $1,500. (Approved June 5, 1911.)

CIVIL SERVICE.

STATE.

The act amends sections 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 and
14 and adds sections 3a and 3b to the act of 1905.
Section 3a is as follows:

"The commission shall ascertain the duties of
each office and place in the classified service and
designate by rule the grade of each position. Each
grade shall comprise offices and places having sub-
stantially similar duties. The commission shall by
rule indicate the lines of promotion from each
lower grade to a higher grade wherever the expe-
rience derived in the performance of the duties of
such lower grade tends to qualify for performance
of duty in such higher grade. The commission shall
by rule prescribe standards of efficiency for each
grade and for examinations of candidates for ap-
pointment thereto. For the purpose of establish-
ing uniformity of pay and title for all offices and
places of employment classified in the same grade,
it shall be the duty of the commission to prescribe
by rule the maximum and minimum pay for each
grade and the title thereof and to report to the
governor annually, and at such times as he may
direct, the name and address of each officer and
employe paid more or less than the pay prescribed
for his grade or designated by a title other than
that prescribed for his grade by the commission.

"The commission shall standardize employment in
each grade and beep a record of the relative effi-
ciency of each officer and employe in the classified
service. It shall provide by rule methods for ascer-
taining and verifying the facts from which such
records of relative efficiency shall be made, which
shall be uniform for each grade of the classified
service."

Section 3b follows: "All persons who, when this
act takes effect, shall hold offices or places of em-
ployment, other than those exempted in section 11
or this act, shall be classified under the provisions
of this act and shall become members of the classi-
fied state civil service without original examina-
tion."

Section 11 of the act specifies what state officers
and employes are not included in the classified
service as follows: All officers elected by the people;
all officers, boards and commissioners appointed by
the governor subject to confirmation by the senate;

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

all officeis and employes of the general assembly or
either house thereof; judges and officers appointed
hy judges of any court, clerks of court, notaries
public; "persons employed in the military service of
the state; all presidents, deans, professors, in-
structors, scientific staff and other teachers in the
University of Illinois and the normal schools; em-
ployes at the executive mansion; ail regular and
special assistants attorney-general, including the
inheritance tax attorney and assistant inheritance
tax attorney of Cook county and all special attor-
neys employed by the attorney-general, or by any
board, superintendent or officer; building and loan
and bank examiners, superintendents, wardens and
chaplains of the state charitable, correctional and
penal institutions; one private secretary and ste-
nographer in each of the elective offices and In the
office of the presidents of the University of Illinois
and the normal schools, and all clerks and watch-
men in the respective offices of governor, lieuten-
ant-governor, secretary of state, state treasurer,
auditor of public accounts and superintendent of
public instruction.

The other amendments relate to rules, examina-
tions, promotion, removals, reductions, suspensions
and investigations and are of less importance. (Ap-
proved June 10, 1911.)

COtTNTT (COOK).

It is enacted that in all counties of this state
having 150,000 or more inhabitants all the offices
and places of employment in the service of such
counties, and all offices and places of employment
the salaries or wages for which are paid in whole
or in part out of funds appropriated by the county
board of such county, except those exempted in
section 11 of the act, shall be classified and filled
in the manner provided for. The president of the
county board shall, with the consent of a majority
of the members of the county board, appoint three
persons who shall constitute the county civil serv-
ice commission. No county civil service commis-
sioner shall be removed except for palpable incom-
petence or malfeasance in office upon written
charges and after an opportunity to be heard In
his own defense. Charges shall be heard and de-
termined by a trial board consisting of the county
judge, the circuit judge or chief justice of the Cir-
cuit court if there be more than one judge and a
third person to be selected by the two judges,
which third person shall be a circuit judge in the
same or an adjoining circuit.

The commission shall within six months after
the act goes into effect classify all offices and
places of employment in the county and the offices
and places so classified shrill constitute the classified
civil service of the county. As a part of such class-
ified service all officers and employes of the com-
mission, except special examiners, shall be includ-
ed: Provided, that all attending physicians and
surgeons, who serve without compensation, in any
public Institution in such county devoted to the
care of the sick, poor and insane, and who are
made a part of the classified civil service, shall be
appointed for such term as the commission shall by
rule prescribe, and that the physicians and sur-
geons usually designated as internes, who are also
made a part of the classified civil service, shall be
appointed for such term as the commission shall
by rule prescribe: provided, further, that there may
also be a consulting staff of physicians and sur-
geons appointed by the county board.

The standardization provision in the county civil
service act is the same as in the state civil serv-
ice act. (See section 3a in preceding summary of
state civil service act.)

Section 11 specifies the offices and places of em-
ployment not included in the classified civil service
of the county as follows: All elective offices; all
odicers whose appointment is provided for by the
constitution; judges and officers appointed by judges
of any court; the county attorney and assistant
county attorneys; the superintendent of public
service; judges and clerks of elections; jailer, one
assistant sheriff, a chief deputy and a confidential
clerk or private secretary and all attorneys em-
ployed by or for each elective official, all assistant
state's attorneys in the state's attorney's office and
the attorney for the civil service commission, the
warden of the county hospital, the superintendent

of the county hospital, the superintendent of the
poorhouse, the county agent, the county physician,
tlie county architect and the committee clerk of the
county board: Provided, however, that officers of
any election commission in such county shall be
included in the classified civil service.

The provisions of the act regarding rules, exami-
nations, registers, promotions, appointments, trans-
fers, removals, efficiency investigations and reports
are practically the same as in other civil service
laws. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

IN PARK SYSTEMS.

All offices and places of employment other than
the office of park commissioner in any park district
hav'.ng 150.000 or more inhabitants shall be classi-
fied and tilled in accordance with the provisions of
this act. There is established in each park district
a civil service board to consist of three persons,
one of whom Is to be a superintendent of employ-
ment and two of whom are to be park commission-
ers. The superintendent of employment is to be
appointed for a term of six years and be paid a
salary of not less than $3,000 a year. The other
two members are to receive not more than $500
each a year. All persons who at the time when
tliis act takes effect hold offices or places of em-
ployment in any park district to which the act
applies and who are not exempted shall become
members of the classified civil service of such
park district without original examination. The
exemptions are: All electife officers, the general
superintendent, the attorneys and one confidential
clerk or secretary. The provisions as to rules, ex-
aminations, appointments, removals, etc., are the
same as in the other civil service acts. (Approved
June 10, 1911.)

PENSION FUNDS.

MUNICIPAL EMPLOYES.

Hereafter in cities, villages and incorporated
towns having a population exceeding 100,000 there
shall be created and maintained a pension fund for
municipal employes who are In the civil service
of such cities, villages or towns and for those who
were appointed prior to the passage of the civil
service act of 1895 and who are now in the service:
Provided, however, that this act shall not apply to
probationary or sixty day employes, nor to any em-
ploye who is 60 years or mpre of age and who has
not been in the service for at least ten years, nor
to those participating in other municipal pension
funds. Laborers also are excluded except under
certain conditions.

The pension fund shall consist of $2 a month re-
tained or deducted by the comptroller from the
salaries or wages of each employe. A board com-
posed of the comptroller and treasurer and three
employes shall constitute a board of trustees to
carry out the provisions of the act. The three
members of the board who are employes shall be
elected the first time for terms of one, two and
three years and after that for terms of three years.
The first election shall be arranged for by the
comptroller and treasurer, but subsequent elections
shall be held under rules established by the board
jf trustees. The board shall hold quarterly meet-
ings on the first Tuesday of July, October, January
and April of each year.

The board shall have power to authorize all pay-
ments from the pension fund, which shall include
pensions to beneficiaries of the fund at the rate of
$50 per month, to determine all applications for
pensions, to audit the accounts, to accept gifts or
bequests and to invest the funds. It also has the
power to authorize the payment to any employe
who may be separated from the service by the abol-
ishment of his or her position before such employe
shall have qualified for a pension, an amount equal
to the amount deducted from the salary or wages
of such employe. The treasurer of the city, village
or town shall be the custodian of the fund. No
employe shall become a beneficiary, nor shall pen-
sions or benefits of any kind be allowed or paid
until flve years after the act is in fore,?

Any employe who shall have been In the service
not less than twenty years nti.l who shall have at-
tained the age of 55 years shall have the tight to
retire from the service of the city, village or town
at any time after this act is in force and become

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

a beneficiary at any time subsequent to five years
from the date when this act is in force: Provided,
such employe shall in the event that he or she
shall retire iroin the service within the five year
period pay Into the fund the sum of $2 per mouth
until he or she shall become a beneficiary hereun-
der: Provided, further, that any such employe who
shall retire from the service before deduction shall
nave been made from the salary o^ wages of such
employe for a period of twenty yeais shall agree to
pay into the fund within three years from the date
when such employe shall become a beneficiary of
the fund the sum which together with all moneys
previously deducted is equal to the full amount
which would have been deducted during a period
of twenty years and interest thereon at 5 per cent
per annum.

"lAny employe who has been in the service not less
than twenty years and who shall retire from the
service before attaining the age of 55 years shall
have the right to continue paying into the fund
monthly at the pi-escribed rate and may thereby
remain in good standing and shall have the right to
become a beneficiary upon attaining the age of 55
years; Provided, such employe shall, in the event
that he or she retires from the service before de-
duction shall have been made for a period of
twenty years, pay into the fund within thirty days
from the date of retirement a sum which, to-
gether with all moneys previously deducted, is
equal to the full amont which would have been
deducted during a period of twenty years.

Any employe who has been in the service for five
years or more from the date when this act is in
force shall have the right to retire on account of
serious disability and be entitled to receive the full
benefits tor a period of not more than two years,
which period may be extended upon satisfactory
proof of continued disability.

Pensions are not subject to attachment or gar-
nishment or levy for debt, and are not transferable
or assignable by way of mortgage or otherwise.
(Approved May 31, 1911.)

HOUSE OP CORRECTION.

The board of inspectors of the various houses of
correction in cities having a population exceeding
150,000 inhabitants is required to create a house of
correction employes' pension fund to consist of 2
per cent of the wages of the employes, deducted
in equal monthly installments, and 2 per cent
of the earnings of the house of correction. The
city treasurer Is to have charge of the fund,
which is to be administered by a board of trustees
of five members consisting of the chairman of the
board of inspectors, the superintendent of the house
of correction, two employes contributing to the
fund and one other of the board of inspectors. Any
contributor to the fund who shall have attained the
age of 50 years and shall have been in the service
twenty years, having contributed fo.7 the same pe-
riod, shall have the right to retire and become a
beneficiary under the act and to receive an annuity
proportionate to the amount of his contributions.
(Approved June 10, 1911.)

MUNICIPAL COURT.

Sections 8, 15 and 17 of the Municipal court act
Of 1905 are amended and sections 14a and I4b are
added. In section C it is provided that the chief
Justice shall appoint in accordance with the city
Civil service act such number of assistants, not
exceeding four, as he may deem necessary, whose
salaries shall be fixed by the majority of judges.
Sections 14a and 14b provide that all offices and
places of employment, except the offices filled by
election, in the Municipal court of Chicago, shall
be deemed to be within the city civil service act.
if the act is approved by the people the civil serv-
ice commissioners of Chicago shall, within ninety
da.ys after the adoption of the act, classify all the
offices and places of employment in the service of
the Municipal court, other than those filled by elec-
tion, and all persons then holding office or enr-
ploymenc shall be deemed to be members of the
classified service without examination. The chief
justice, the clerk and the bailiff of the Municipal
court shall be deemed to be heads of departments
within the meaning of the civil service act.

Section 15 provides that the clerk of the Munici
pal court shall appoint his deputies in accordance
with the city civil service act and such deputy
clerks shall not be removed or discharged except
in accordance with the city civil service act. Sec-
tion 17 makes the same provisions with regard to
the deputy bailiffs. The act is to be submitted to
a vote of the legal electors of Chicago at the first
regular municipal, judicial, general or special elec-
tion held after July 1, 1911. If a majority of those
voting on the question favor consenting to the act
it shall at once become operative. (Approved June
9, 1911.)

PABK POLICE.

Whenever any board of park commissioners have
established a police force there shall be set apart
lor a park police pension fund 1% per cent per
month, deducted from the salary of each member
>t the force: Provided, no such member shall pay
more than $3 a mouth from his salary; all moneys
from fines imposed upon members of the police
force; all rewards given the police except such aa
shall be excepted by the chief officer of the depart-
ment, and all fines and penalties collected for vio-
lations of park ordinances in all cases in which ar-
rests are made by officers of the department. A
board of five trustees shall administer the fund.
Three of the trustees are to be appointed by the
president of the board of commissioners, one shall
be chosen from among the active police and one
from the pensioners. The length of service re-
quired is twenty years and the retiring pension is
to be one-half the amount of the salary received
daring the last year of service, but the maximum
pension shall not exceed $900 a year nor the mini-
mum be less than $600 a year. (Approved May 31,
1911.)

POLICE MATRONS.

The police pension fund act of 1887 Is amended
by the addition of a new section bringing police
matrons within the provisions of the law. The pe-
riod of service required is twenty years and the
yearly pension is an amount equal to half the sal-
ary attached to the rank occupied during last year
of service. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

TEACHERS.

The teachers' pension law is amended so as to in-
clude districts of 1,000 to 100,000 population. (Ap-
proved June 6, 1911.)

COURTS.

MUNICIPAL COUBT OF CHICAGO.

Sections 2, 8, 14, 16, 17, 22, 28, 29, 30, 32. 48, 62
and 63 of the Municipal court act of 1905 are
amended and section 50e is added. Among the
amendments are the following: At least one asso-
ciate judge must be in attendance at some con-
venient branch court in the first district from 7:30
p. m. to midnight on each day of the week except
Sunday for the hearing and disposition of such
criminal and quasi criminal business as may be
brought before him. The chief justice may appoint
a number of assistants, not exceeding four, who
shall have power to administer oaths and shall
perform such duties as may be assigned to them,
but shall not exercise judicial functions.

The salary of the chief justice shall be $10,000
per annum and the salary of the associate judges
shall be J9,000 per sinum, but the salary of no
judge shall be increased or diminished during the
term for which he was elected. The salary of the
clerk of the Municipal court shall be fixed by the
city council until the first Monday of December,
1912, and thereafter it shall be $9.000 per year.
Tbe salary of the bailiff of the Municipal court
Khali be $9,960 after December, 1912. The salary of
the chief deputy bailiff shall be $4,000 per annum;
of the assistant chief deputy bailiff, $2,500 per
annum. One additional deputy bailiff may be ap-
pointed at a salary of $2,500 and two additional
bailiffs may be appointed at a salary of $2,000
each per annum. The salary of no other deputy
bailiff shall exceed $2.000 per annum. Other amend-
ments relate to appeals and methods of practice".
The act must be consented to by a vote of the
legal voters of Chicago before going into effect.
(Approved June 10, 19il.)

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

SUPERIOR COURT JUDGES.

Each of the sitting judges of the Superior court
of Cook county shall hold his office until the expi-
ration of the term for which he was elected and
from and after the passage of this act the twelve
Judges of the Superior court of Cook county shall
be elected as follows:

One judge on the first Monday In June, 1915, and
every six years thereafter.

Six Judges on the first Monday In June, 1916, and
every six years thereafter.

Four Judges on Tuesday next after the first Mon-
day In November, 1911, and every six years there-
after.

One judge on the first Tuesday in April, 1913,
and every six years thereafter.

Eech of the judges so elected shall enter uix>n
the duties of his office on the first Monday in De-
cember next after his election. (Approved June
5, 191L)

INCREASE IN NUMBER.

As It appears by the federal census of 1910 that
the number of inhabitants In Cook county Is over
2,400,000, and as therefore the general assembly is
authorized under the constitution of the state to
provide for additional judges of the Circuit or
Superior courts of Cook county, the number of Su-
perior court judges is increased from twelve to
eighteen. On the first Tuesday after the first Mon-
day in November in 1911 and every six years
thereafter six additional Superior court judges shall
be elected to hold their offices for a term of six
years. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

PROBATION SYSTEM.

Courts having criminal and quasi criminal juris-
diction are given power to release on probation
first offenders, adult or juvenile, found guilty of
violations of municipal ordinances where the
offense is also a violation of a statute: misde-
meanors, the obtaining of money or property un-
der false pretenses where the value does not ex-
ceed $200; larceny, embezzlement and malicious mis-
chief where the property taken or injury done does
not exceed $200 In value; burglary in a place other
than a business house or habitation where amount
taken does not exceed $200, and attempted burg-
lary of like nature. Various conditions to be im-
posed upon persons released upon probation are
specified and provision is made for the appoint-
ment by the Circuit courts of probation officers,
(Approved June 10. 1911.)

APPELLATE COURTS.

The judges of the Supreme court are empowered
to employ such a number of competent judges as
they may deem necessary to assist the judges of
any Appellate court for the speedy disposition of
the business of such court. Such employment may
be terminated by the Supreme court. (Approved
May 29, 1911.)

BRANCH APPELLATE COURTS.

Whenever the number of cases reported as pend-
ing before any Appellate court and each branch
thereof shall exceed 250 it shall be the duty of the
Supreme court to assign three other judges of the
Circnit court or of the Superior court of Cook
county to duty in such Appellate court. (Approved
June 6, 1911.)

PEES OP JURORS.

Fees of grand an>i petit jurors In courts of rec-
ord are fixed at $3 per day and 5 cents a mile
for necessary traveling expenses. Fees of jurors
In trials of insane are fixed at $2 per day. (Ap-
proved June 5, 1911.)

PARKS.

STARVED ROCK STATE PARK.

It shall be the duty of the governor to appoint
a commission to be known as the Illinois park
commission, to consist of three members, only
two of whom are to be of the same political party.
One is to serve one year, oner two years and the
third three years; after that the term is to be
three years for all. They are to serve without
compensation. The park commission shall have
power to take care of and manage all state parks
acquired under this act or acquired hereafter, to
make rules for the same and to have charge of

all the necessary employes. Section 4 of the act
provides that a tract of land in LaSalle county
consisting of 1,155.56 acres shall be secured by
the commission and be set apart for a slate park,
which shall be known as "The Starved Rock State
Park." The land so acquired shall make one con-
tiguous and compact tract and shall include within
its area Starved Rock proper. The sum of $150,000
is appropriated for the acquisition of the property
by negotiatiou or by condemnation proceedings.
No liquor is to be sold in any state park. (Ap-
proved June 10. 1911.)

PARK DISTRICTS.

The park district act of 1893 is amended so as
to make the park engineer, the chairman of the
finance committee and the president of the board
a board of local improvements; the secretary of
the board of trustees shall be secretary ex-offlclo
of the board of local improvements and collector
of special taxes or special assessments. The mode
of making such special assessments shall be the
same as provided by law for making special assess-
ments for improvements in cities of more than
CO, 000 inhabitants. Power is conferred upon the
park trustees to appropriate money for musical
concerts. The regular election of president and
trustees of any park district shall take place ou
the third Tuesday of July every two years. (Ap-
proved June 7. 1911.)

PARK ADDITIONS.

Whenever in any park district located in cities
having a population in excess of 100,000 the num-
ter of inhabitants shall exceed the ratio of 500
Inhabitants to each acre of parks, the commis-
sioners are authorized to buy or obtain by gift or
condemnation or otherwise land for the purpose of
creating additional parks and pleasure grounds.
Power to issue bonds for the acquisition of such
land is given and to levy additional taxes for the
payment of the interest and principal of such
bonds. (Approved May 25, 1911.)

PARKS IN CONTIGUOUS TERRITORY.

Every board of public park commissioners shall
have the power to locate and maintain parks and
boulevards in any territory directly contiguous to
the park district over which it now has jurisdic-
tion with the consent of the voters and authorities
of such contiguous territory. (Approved May 25,
jfl.l.)

LINCOLN PARK BOND ISSUE.

The commissioners of Lincoln park, Chicago, are
authorized to issue from time to time bonds not
exceeding tne total amount of $875,000 for the pur-
pose of enlarging and improving Lincoln park and
for completing work already begun. The question
of issuing bonds must, however, be submitted to
the voters of the district for their consent. (Ap-
proved March 21, 1911.) [At the election held April
5, 1911, the voters of the Lincoln park district
approved an ordinance for the issuing of $375,000
in bonds.]

FIELD MUSEUM SITE.

The act concerning museums in public parks is
amended so as to permit the directors or trustees
of any museum devoted to the collection and dis-
play of objects pertaining to natural history or
the arts and sciences to erect and maintain its
mussum within any public park. (Approved May
25, 1911.) [The act applies to the Field museum
site in Jackson park, Chicago.]

LAND POR EVANSTON PABK.

All the state land in the city of Evanston
south of University place, extended east, and north
of Greenleaf street, extended east, adjacent to
and fronting on Lake Michigan, and all the right,
title and interest of the state in and to the sub-
merged land beyond the tract described to the
line of commercial navigability, are granted and
conveyed to the city or Evanston for park and
boulevard purposes. (Approved May 22, 1911.)

WILMETTE PARK LAND.

All the land made by the sanitary district of
Chicago at Wilmette by filling in the bed of Lake
Michigan, having for its outer boundary the break-
water, is granted to the Wilmette park district
for park purposes. (Approved May 25, 1911.)

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMISSION.
The act of 1871 establishing a board of railroad
and warehouse commissioners is revised by amend-
ments to many sections and by the addition of
several new sections. The chairman of the com-
mission is to receive $6,000 a year, the other com-
missioners $4,000 each, and the secretary $3,500.
Every railroad company or other common carrier
is to report to the commissioners, specifying:

1. Names and residences of stockholders and
amount of stock owned by each.

2. Assets and liabilities.

3. Names and residence of officers.

4. Funded debt.

5. Floating debt.

6. Estimated value of roadbed.
-7. Value of rolling stock.

8. Value of stations, buildings and fixtures.

9. Value of other property.

10. Length of single main track.

11. Length of main double track.

12. Length of branches and whether single or*
double track.

13. Aggregate length of other tracks.

14. Miles run by passenger trains in year.

15. Number of miles run by freight trains.

16. Tons of through freight carried.

17. Tons of local freight carried.

18. Expenses of running passenger trains.

19. Expenses of running freight and mixed trains.

20. All other expenses of road; salaries of offi-
cers to be reported separately.

21. Expenditures for repairs of road and main-
tenance of way.

22. Expenditures for improvement.

23. Expenditures for motive power and cars.

24. Expenditures for stations, buildings and fix-
tures.

25. All other expenses for" maintenance of way.

26. -All other expenditures.

27. Rate of passenger fares, through and way,
separately.

28. Tariff of freights, showing changes, with
copies of such tariffs.

29. Copies of each published rate of fare for
passengers and tariff of freight, issued for the
government of its agents.

30. Whether such rates and tariffs are the same
as those actually received; if not, what were re-
ceived.

31. What express companies run on its roads,
on what terms and conditions and kind of business
done bv them.

32. What freight and transportation companies
run on its road and on what terms.

33. Whether such freight and transportation com-
panies use cars of the road or cars furnished by
themselves.

34. Whether the freight cars of such companies
are given any preference in speed or order.

35. What running arrangements it has with other
railroads and the contracts for the same.

Various sections of the act are amended so as
to apply to "other common carriers" not included
in the original act. The new sections give the
commission Jurisdiction over all common carriers
within the state, including in that term all rail-
road corporations, express companies, steamboat
linos, private car line companies, sleeping car
companies, fast freight line companies and all cor-
porations, persons, trustees, lessees and receivers
operating the same. The commission is given
power to establish joint classifications, through
rates and joint rates as the maximum to be charged
by common carriers for the transportation of per-
sons and property between points wholly within
the state It is also empowered to fix rates, rules
nnd regulations regarding demurrage, storage and
all other charges incident to transportation, to
compel physical connections between railroad com-
panies; to establish switching rates, rules and
regulations; to inquire into the business manage-
ment of all common carriers, their rates and the
relation of such carriers to the public and to each
othe'r; to receive and adjust complaints of shippers
for loss or damage to property in the hands of
common carriers and in general to hear and de-
termine all questions arising under the act. The
commissioners are directed to make for each of
the common carriers in the state a schedule of

reasonable maximum rates or charges, classifica-
tion, rules and regulations for the transportation
of persons or property on or by each of such com-
mon carriers between points wholly within the
state. Such schedule is to. be taken in all courts
as prinia facie evidence that the rates therein
fixed are reasonable maximum rates. The commis-
sioners may from time to time revise these sched-
ules. The act, in effect, gives the railroad and
warehouse commission the same powers with re-
spect to common carriers within the state of Illi-
nois as the interstate commerce act gives the in-
terstate commerce commission with respect to com-
mon carriers engaged in interstate business. (Ap-
proved June 10, 1911.)

EXPRESS BUSINESS REGULATED.

It is enacted that all express companies engaged
in carrying merchandise, property, parcels, pack-
ages, money and other commodities between points
within thr- state of Illinois shall be placed under
the jurisdiction of the railroad and warehouse com-
mission of the state. Such commission is given
power to establish reasonable and just rates or
schedules of maximum express charges and, in gen-
eral, to exercise the same powers with respect to
express companies as it is authorized to exercise
with respect to railroads and other common cairiers
in the state as set forth in the preceding summary.
(Approved June 9, 1911.)

RIVERS AND LAKES COMMISSION.

The governor is to appoint a rivers and lakes
commission for Illinois to consist of three members,
not more than two of whom shall be of the same
political party. One shall be a civil engineer, one
a lawyer and one a man intimately acquainted with
the lakes and rivers of the state, but who is
neither a lawyer i;or a civil engineer. One is to be
appointed for one year, one for two years and one
for three years, but thereafter the terms are all to
be three years. The salary of the chairman is to
be $5,000 a year and of the other two members
?3.500 each a year. The members are to devote their
entire time to the duties of the commission.

The commission shall have jurisdiction and super-
vision over all of the rivers and lakes of Illinois in
which the state has any right or interest. It shall
be the duty of the commission to obtain all possi-
ble information, including surveys, maps, river
gauges and other data, with reference to the waters
of the state, and to see that such waters shall not
be encroached upon in any way by private inter-
ests. Where such encroachments are found, legal
action is to be taken to protect the interests of the
state. Complaints are to be investigated as to at-
tempts to interfere with the free and unobstructed
navigation of any of the public bodies of water and
as to attempts to assert any unlawful rights or
exclusive privileges or franchises with reference to
docks, landings, wharves or the free access to and
egress from any navigable body of water in the
state. If such complaints are found to be justified
the commission is to take such action as may lx?
necessary to correct the wrongful act or evil.

It shall be the duty of the commission to collect
all obtainable data with reference to deep water-
ways within the state, to disseminate such infor-
mation and to take such action as will permit anil
encourage every available use of the public bodies
of water 1 in the state for navigation and carrying
trade. It shall be the duty of the commission to
make a careful investigation of rivers and lakes in
the state and ascertain to what extent, if at all,
the same have been encroached upon by private in-
terests or individuals, and wherever they believe
that the same have been encroached upon to begin
appropriate action either to recover full com-
pensation for such wrongful encroachment or to re-
cover the use of the same or of any lands unlaw-
fully made in connection with public river or lake
for the use of the people of Illinois.

It shall be the duty of the commission to devise
methods for the preservation and beautifying of the
public waters of the state and to furnish at actual
cost to any person or persons who may wish to re-
claim, drain or cultivate any wash or overflowed
lands in connection with the public waters of the
state all needful data available. It shall also be
the duty of the commission to devise plans for the

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1012.

reservation by the state of desirable tracts of land
in connection with the public waters of the state
to the end that public reservations or preserves
may be made for the use of all the people, to ob-
tain data as to the availability of the various
streams for water power, to make particular re-
search Into the natural resources of the state in
connection with the public waters, to co-operate
with the fish commission in devising ways and
means of propagating fish In such waters, to make a
careful investigation of the streams of the state
with reference to their carrying capacity in times
of flood and to see to It that such carrying capac-
ity is not limited and impaired by encroachments.

It shall be the duty of the commission to care-
fully examine the shore lines of Lake Michigan and
the Chicago river, not less than four times each
year, for the purpose of seeing that encroachments
are not made upon these bodies of water and that
land, is not made encroaching upon the l#ke or
river. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

MOTOR VEHICLES AND ROADS.

Motor vehicles, including automobiles and motor-
cycles, must be registered in the office of the sec-
retary of state. The registration fee for motor-
cycles is $2 a year and for automobiles of twenty-
ttve horse power or less. $4; of more than twenty-
live up to tliirty-ttve horse power, $6; of more
than thirty-five up to fifty horse power, $8, and of
more than fifty horse power, $10; and for electric
automobiles, $10. The number plates to be issued
by the secretary of state shall be of a distinctly
different shape and color each year.

No person shall drive an automobile or motorcyle
upon any public highway at a speed greater than
is reasonable and proper, having regard to the
traffic, or so as to endanger the life or limb or in-
jure the property of any person. Speed In the
business portions of cities, towns or villages shall
not exceed ten miles an hour, in the residence por-
tions of such places it shall not exceed fifteen miles
an hour, in other places within the limits of such
places it shall not exceed twenty miles an nonr
and on the country roads it shall not exceed twenty-
five miles an hour. The speed in turning corners is
limited to six miles an hour.

No owner of an automobile or motorcycle, except
motor trucks and motor driven commercial vehicle*,
who has paid the state registration fee shall be re-
quired to pay any tax or license imposed by local
ordinances in excess of $10 for motor vehicles of
less than thirty-five horse power or more than $20
for vehicles of more than thirty-five horse power
used for the transportation of persons after May 1.
1912, nor shall he be subject to any other speed
ordinances except those fixed by this act or by park
or cemetery ordinances. Violations of the act are
punishable by fines of from $10 to $100 and revoca-
tion of license. All fines shall be used in repair-
Ing and improving the roads within the city, town,
village or road district where the violations occur
and the fines are imposed. All the registration and.
other fees received by the secretary of state under
the provisions of the act, less expenses, shall be
deposited in the state treasury and set apart as a
road fund, which shall be used solely for the per-
manent improvement of the public highways of the
state outside the cities, towns and villages. (Ap-
proved June 10, 1S11.)

WIDTH OF TIBBS.

It shall be unlawful for any person to haul over
any turnpike, gravel or macadam road at any time
when it is thawing through, or by reason of wet
weather is in a condition to be cut up and injured
by heavy hauling, a load on any vehicle with tires
less than three inches in width, when the com-
bined weight of load, vehicle and driver is more
than 2.500 pounds; when snch weight is more thnn
3.000 pounds the tires must not be less than four
inches in width; when it is 3.500 pounds the tires
must not be less than five inches in width and
when it is more than 3,500 pounds the tires must
be live inches or more in width. (Approved June 5,
1911.)

MUNICIPAL HARBORS.

Every city in this state shall have the power to
acquire, own, construct, maintain and operate any-

where within the limits of the city or in, over or
upon any public waters bordering thereon, harbors,
canals, wharves, iV>cks, piers, slips, levees and all
appropriate harbor facilities and in connection
therewith to own, build and maintain such eleva-
tors, vaults and warehouses as may be a necessary
adjunct to transportation, railroad tracks and ter-
minals, and all other necessary terminal facilities;
to lease particular portions of any of these utili-
ties to persons, firms or private corporations for the
purpose of using the same for a period not longer
than twenty years, and to fix and regulate the
rates and charges for the use of such utilities
whether owned and operated by the city or by per-
sons, firms or private corporations: Provided, that
except as to railroad facilities at least one-third
capacity of each utility shall not be leased for a
period to exceed one year and that at least one-
half of the one-third shall at all times be reserved
by the city for public use, and that not to exceed
50 per cent in capacity of the remaining two-thirds
capacity of each such utility shall be leased to
any one person, firm or private corporation : Pro-
vided, that no leases shall contain conditions ad-
mitting of any unjust or undue preference between
lessees.

Every city Jn the state shall also have the right
to use, occupy or reclaim submerged lands untier
the public waters of the state for harbor purposes.
Any city may grant its consent to the construction
of liorbor facilities by any municipal or public cor-
poration other than a city, authorized by law to
construct and operate such utilities, and such city
shall have the right to purchase the same.

No ordinance providing for the leasing by any
city of a particular portion of any harbor or harbor
facility for any period in excess of five years, or
prescribing the location where the harbor or harbor
utilities shall be constructed, shall go into effect
until ninety days after the passage thereof and if
within such ninety days a petition shall be filed in
the office of the city clerk signed by at least 5 per
cent of the registered voters of the city, as shown
by the last preceding election for mayor, request-
ing that such ordinance be submitted to popular
vote, it shall be the duty of the election o/Bcials to
submit to the voters the question of whether or not
such ordinance shall be approved and such ordi-
nance shall not go into effect until it shall have
been approved by a majority of the electors voting
thereon. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

MANUAL LABOR AND PUBLIC WORK.
It Is enacted in an amendment to the act of 1872
providing for the incorporation of cities and vil-
lages that any work or public improvement, except
sach as is paid for by special assessment, when the
expense exceeds $500, shall be constructed either by
contract let to the lowest bidder, or by the com-
missioner of public works, who shall employ for the
performance of manual labor exclusively laborers
and artisans whom the city or village shall pay by
the day or hour. (Approved May 26, 1911.)

FOOD AND SANITARY INSPECTION.
It is enacted that every building, room, basement
or inclosnre used as bakery, confectionery, can-
nery, packing house, slaughter house, creamery,
cheese factory, restaurant, hotel, grocery, meat
market or as a factory, shop, warehouse or estab-
lishment for the preparation, manufacture, packing,
storage, sale or distribution of any food, which is
intended for sale, shall be properly and adequately
lighted, drained, plumbed and ventilated and shall
be conducted with strict regard to the health of the
persons employed therein and the purity and whole-
gomeness of the food therein prepared, packed,
stored or sold. Floors, sidewalks, ceilings, furni-
ture, receptacles, implements and machinery in
such places shall not be permitted to remain in an
unclean or insanitary condition. Such condition
shall be deemed to exist if food is not securely pro-
tected from flies, dust and dirt. Sidewalks and
ceilings must be so constructed as to be easily kept
clean and floors must be made of material that can
Tie flushed and washed. Buildings and other places;
containing food shall be provided with proper doors
and screens and with adequate lavatories separate
from tho rooms where food is kept. Buildings and

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

rooms not kept according to the foregoing require-
ments shall be declared nuisances. Cuspidors are
to be provided for employes and no employe shall
be permitted to expectorate on floors, sidewalks or
utensils. No person shall be allowed to sleep in
any room where food is prepared. The state food
commissioner is empowered to enforce the provi-
sions of the act. Violations of the act are misde-
meanors punishable by fines of from $10 to $200 or
by imprisonment for ninety days or both. (Ap-
proved June 5, 1911.)

COMMON DRINKING CUE PROHIBITED.

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or cor-
poration, directly or indirectly, connected in any
public or private school or in any state institution,
halls used for public meetings or entertainments,
hotels, lodging houses, theaters, factories or public
or municipal buildings in the state of Illinois to use
or permit for use a common drinking cup, glass or
other utensil used for public drinking purposes.

It shall be unlawful for any person or corporation
In charge of any railroad trains or any station to
permit the use of any common drinking cup in or
about any train operated by it or in any building
used by it.

Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate
any of the provisions of the act shall, upon con-
viction, be fined for each offense not less than $5
nor more than $50. (Approved June 5, 1911.)

TUBERCULIN TEST.

It shall be unlawful for any city, village, in-
corporated town, county or other incorporated au-
thority by ordinance or otherwise to require the
tubeculln test to be applied to dairy animals as a
means of regulating and purifying milk, skimmed
milk, cream and other dairy products. Every such
ordinance or regulation passed by any corporate au-
thority other than the state of Illinois is declared
void. (Filed June 12, 1911; became a law without
the governor's signature.)

ARMORIES.

The act creates a commission to consist' of the
adjutant-general, division commander and the regi-
mental commanders of the organizations concerned
to select suitable sites and to erect armories for
the use of the following organizations:

1. Second infantry, Chicago; cost, $200,000.

2. Company P, 5th infantry; company I, 8th In-
fantry, and tbe Illinois naval reserve, Quincy;
$45,000.

3. Headquarters, company D and company I, 3d
infantry, Aurora; $35,000.

4. Company G, 3d infantry, Woodstock; $15,000.

5. Eighth infantry, Chicago; $100.000.

The sum of $395.000 is appropriated to carry the
act Into effect. (Approved June 9, 1911.)

SECOND BEGIMENT ARMORY.

The governor and the adjutant-general are con-
stituted a commission for the purpose of selling
and conveying all the right, title and interest of
the state in and to the building and land now
owned by the state and occupied by the 2d regi-
ment, I. N. G., Chicago, for an armory. The money
received is to be covered into the state treasury.
(Approved June 9, 1911.)

TiriJ ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

The adjutant-general and his assistants shall be
men of military training and experience and each
shall have had service as an officer of not less than
flve years, at least three of which shall have been
in the line. (Approved June 2, 1911.)

SURGICAL INSTITUTE FOR CHILDREN.
There is authorized to be established an institu-
tion for the surgical treatment of children under
the age of 14 years suffering from physical de-
formities or injuries of a nature which may yield
to surgical treatment, and which unless so treated
will probably make such children, In whole or in
part, in after life, public charges. Such institute
shall be ki own as the Illinois surgical institute for
children. The children to be received are such as
have parents and guardians who are financially un-
able to provide surgical treatment. It is to be un-
der control of the state board of administration.

(Approved June 6, 1911. > There is appropriated for
the construction of a suitable building $60,000 and
for the furnishing of the same $15,000. (Approved
June 6, 1811.)

STATE HOSPITAL AT DUNNING.
The sum of $111,000 is appropriated for new build-
ings and jfor the wrecking of the old almshouse and
tubercular building at Dunning, Cook county. (Ap-
proved June 7, 1911.) [The insane asylum at Dun-
ning is thus to be transferred from the Jurisdiction
of the Cook county commissioners to the state
board of administration.]

OTHER NEW STATE INSANE HOSPITALS.

There is created and established a state hospital
for the insane to be located ujxm grounds to be se-
lected by the board of administration and to cost,
including site of 1,000 acres, not to exceed $1,500,000.
The hospital is to accommodate not more than 1,500
inmates. (Approved June 7, 1911.)

There is appropriated to the state board of ad-
ministration for the purchase of a site and the
drawing of plans and the preliminary construction
of a state hospital for the insane the sum of $500,-
000. (Approved May 31, 1911.)

EDUCATION OF DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND.
Boards of education and school directors are em-
powered to establish classes and schools for the
deaf and dumb and blind between the ages of 3
and 21 and to employ duly qualified superintendents
and teachers for such classes and schools. The ag-
gregate excess cost of the maintenance of such
classes and schools shall be made a charge against
the state and be paid to the board of education.
Such excess cost shall not exceed $110 for each
deaf and dumb pupil or $160 for each blind pupil.
(Approved June 2, 1911.)

EDUCATION OP DELINQUENT CHILDREN.

Boards of education and school directors are em-
powered to establish classes and schools for delin-
quent children committed by courts of competent
jurisdiction. The excess cost, not exceeding $190
for each pupil, shall be paid by the state. (Ap-
proved June 2, 1911.)

COMMISSION FORM OF GOVERNMENT.
Sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 26, 27, 28, 34 and 42 of
article XIII., amendatory of the act of 1872 provid-
ing for the incorporation of cities and villages, are
amended in various particulars. The changes are
of a relatively unimportant character with the ex-
ception of those in section 42 providing for the re-
call. The original section made every incumbent of
an elective office, whether elected by popular vote
or appointed to fill a vacancy, subject to recall
and removal. The amended section provides that
"every incumbent of an elective office, except a
judicial officer and officers of a court, whether elect-
ed by a popular vote or appointed to fill a vacancy,
is subject to recall end removal." Another impor-
tant change is that reducing the number of signa-
tures to a recall petition from 75 per cent to 65
per cent. (Approved May 12, 1911.)

BALLOT ARRANGEMENT.

The election law of 1891 is amended so as to re-
quire the secretary of state to certify to the county
clerk of each county, where more than one candi-
date has been nominated for any public office, the
names of such candidates according to the number
of votes received by each at the primary election,
the one receiving the largest number of votes to be
certified first under the name of the office and so
on. The names of candidates of any group of pe-
titioners shall be certified in the order in which such
names appear in the petitions. The names of the
candidates must be printed on the official ballot in
the order in which they are certified by the sec-
retary of state. (Approved June 5, 1911.)

BUILDING LAWS COMMISSION.
The governor is empowered and directed to ap-
point a commission to be known as "the commis-
sion to revise and codify the building laws of the
state of Illinois" to be composed of seven mem-
bers selected as follows: Two architects, one of

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

whom shall be a member of the state board of ex-
aminers of architects; two structural engineers, one
tire protection expert, one building contractor and
one member whose appointment need not be limited
as above. The duties of the commission shall be to
investigate the building laws of other states and to
consider the building laws of this state for the pur-
pose of revising and codifying the building laws of
Illinois. The sum of $5,000 is appropriated for the
expenses of the commission. (Approved May 25,
1911.)

SUPERVISING ENGINEER.

There is created the office of supervising engineer,
whose duties shall be to consult with and advise
the general assembly and the board of administra-
tion in all matters relating to the construction, re-
pair, equipment and management of state institu-
tions and to prepare necessary plans and estimates.
He shall be appointed by the board of administra-
tion and shall be paid $4,000 a year. He is not
under the civil service. (Approved June 10, 1911.)

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING COMMISSION.
It is enacted that a commission consisting of the
governor, secretary of state, superintendent of pub-
lic instruction, president of the board of trustees
of the state historical library, president of the
state historical society, auditor of public accounts
and the department commander of the state G. A.
R. be constituted with power to procure plans and
specifications for a suitable building to be erected
by the state where all the property pertaining to
the history, science, literature, education and pa-
triotism of Illinois now housed In different depart-
ments of ihe state buildings may be placed. To
enable the commission to carry out the provisions
of the act the sum of $5,000 is appropriated. (Ap-
proved May 26, 1911.)

LEVY FOR STATE UNIVERSITY.
There shall be levied and collected for the year
1912 and annually thereafter a 1 mill tax for each
dollar of the assessed valuation of the taxable
property of the state to be paid into the state
treasury and set apart as a fund for the use and
maintenance of the University of Illinois. (Ap-
proved June 10, 1911.)

INSPECTION OF APIARIES.
The governor shall appoint a state inspector of
apiaries, who shall hold office for two years and
receive compensation at the rate of $4 per day for
each day actually spent in the performance of his
duties. It shall be the duty of every person main-
taining any colony or colonies of bees to keep the
same free from the disease known as foul brood
and from other contagious diseases among bees. If
the inspector of apiaries shall have reason to be-
lieve that any apiary is infected with foul brood
or other disease he shall have power to enter upon
the premises during reasonable business hours to
inspect the apiary. All apiaries where foul brood
exists are declared nuisances- and the state inspec-
tor of apiaries has power t abate them after giv-
ing notice, charging the cost to the owners in case
they refuse to abate the nuisances themselves. (Ap-
proved June 7, 1911.)

EDWARDSVILLE" MEMORIAL.

There is appropriated the sum of $5,000 to be ex-
pended in the construction and dedication of a suit-
able monument to commemorate the 100th anniver-
sary of the inauguration, of a representative form,
of government by the election of a legislature by
the people of Illinois, the election of the first del-
egate to congress by popular vote, the establish-
ment of the county of Madison and the seat of jus-
tice therein and the erection of Port Russell as a
base of military operation in the war of 1812; the
monument to be erected on the site of the first
seat of justice of Madison county, in the city of
Edwardsville, 111., or at some other suitable place
in that city. (Approved May 25, 1911.)

LAWLER MONUMENT.

The governor Is authorized to appoint three com-
missioners, who are to serve without compensation,

to secure a suitable site In the city of Equality,
Gallatin county, on which to erect a suitable me-
morial in the form of a statue to Gen. Michael
Kelly Lawler, a hero of the Mexican and civil
wars. The sum of $5.000 is appropriated for the
purpose. (Approved May 26, 1911.)

KENESAW MOUNTAIN MONUMENT.
There is appropriated the sum of $20,000 to be
used for the erection of a monument on the bat-
tle field of Kenesnw mountain, Georgia, to tne mem-
ory of the Illinois soldiers who died there June 27,
1864. (Approved June 9, 1911.)

BATHING BEACHES, FIREWORKS, GARAGES,

ETC.

The act of 1872 providing for the incorporation of
cities and villages is amended so as to give the
city council in cities and the board of trustees in
villages power to regulate and prevent the use of
fire crackers, torpedoes, skyrockets and other pyro-
technic displays; to regulate sanatoria and under-
taking establishments and to direct their location;
to direct the location and regulate the use and
construction of garages, laundries and bathing
beaches; to acquire private lands bordering upon
public waters useful for bathing beaches and rec-
reation piers. (Approved June 5, 1911.)

USE OF MUNICIPAL FUNDS.
Every city, incorporated town or village, holding
In its treasury any fund set aside for use for some
particular purpose, that is not immediately neces-
sary for such purpose, may by ordinance use the
money in such fund for the purchase of tax antici-
pation warrants issued against taxes levied by the
city, town or village; such warrants to bear inter-
est not to exceed 4 per cent. (Approved June 5,
1911.)

ANNEXATION LAW.

The annexation act of April 25, 1889, is amended
so as to prohibit another election on an annexa-
tion question within two years after the same has
been voted on. Some minor changes are also made.
(Approved June 5, 1911.)

OIL INSPECTORS.

The act of 1874 relating to oil inspection Is
amended so as to require oil inspectors to turn in
all fees to the city, county, village or town treas-
ury. Oil inspectors shall be appointed for terms
of one year at a salary not to exceed $5,000. (Ap-
proved May 29, 1911.)

DRINKING ON RAILROAD CARS.
Any person who shall drink any intoxicating
liquor or who shall be intoxicated in any railroad
smoking car, parlor car, day coach, interurban car
or caboose car shall upon conviction be fined not
less than $25 nor more than $100 or imprisoned in
jail for not less than thirty nor more than 100
days or both. Every railroad conductor while on
duty is empowered to enforce the act and to ar-
rest any person violating it. Failure on the part
of any conductor to comply with this provision
shall subject him to a fine of not less than $10 nor
more than $25. (Approved May 25, 1911.)

LIQUOR AND SOLDIERS' HOMES.
It shall be unlawful to sell, distribute or give
away any malt, spirituous, vinous or intoxicating
liquors within two-thirds of mile of the land owned
by the state as a soldiers' and sailors' home. (Ap-
proved June 10, 1911.)

PAN AMA-P AcfFTcf EXPOSITION.
The governor of the state Is appointed a com-
missioner for the purpose of making an exhibit of
the products and resources of the state at an in-
ternational exhibition to be held in San Francisco
in 1915, known as the Panama-Pacific International
exposition. He is to have full charge of the exhibit
with power to appoint deputy commissioners. The
sum of $2,500 is appropriated for the expenses of
the commissioner or a deputy commissioner to visit
the site of the exposition and select a location for
the Illinois building. (Approved May 31, 1911.)

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

OTHER LEGISLATION.

Among other laws enacted were these:

Making an appropriation enabling the state ento-
mologist to instruct farmers as to the best meth-
ods of combating the chinch bug.

^Appropriating $215,000 for new state fair build-
ings.

Appropriating 55,015 for the expenses of bringing
a torpedo boat from Charleston, S. C., to Chicago.

Permitting widows of soldiers or sailors in the
soldiers' and sailors' home to remain there during
life if they so desire.

Amending incorporation act of 1872 so as to per-
mit the discontinuance of minority representation
in the city council.

Authorizing cities and villages to levy for street
and bridge purposes a tax in addition to the tax of
1 2-10 per cent on the aggregate valuation as now
prescribed by law.

Providing for water districts in counties border-
ing on Lake Michigan.

Providing for uniform bills of lading.

Making an attempt to injure railroad property a
crime punishable by imprisonment in the peniten-
tiary for from one to ten years.

Regulating sales by itinerant venders and pun-
ishing frauds in sales by them.

Creating sanitary district (in Lake county).

Prohibiting the use of emery belts or wheels in
basements.

Amending game and fish laws.

Fixing fees of circuit and county clerks in coun-
ties of the first and second class.

Authorizing governor to offer rewards for arrest
of kidnapers.

Providing for the payment into the stare treasury
of fees, lines and other moneys by state officials
and departments.

JOINT RESOLUTIONS.

That a joint committee of ten be appointed to
make a general revision of the laws relating to
county and township organization.

That a committee of six members be appointed
for the purpose of revising and codifying the drain-
age laws of the state.

That a joint committee of ten be appointed to
make an investigation of the questions of classifi-
cation of physical conditions of property as a basis
of fire insurance rates and of old age insurance and
to consider and arrange a codification of insurance
laws.

LINCOLN WAT.

It is the sense of the people of Illinois that a
fitting and permanent memorial to Abraham Lincoln
would be the consecration and dedication of the
route which he traveled from the place of his birth
in Kentucky, through Indiana and thence to his
tomb in Illinois, to be known as the "Lincoln
Way." The board of trustees of the Illinois State
Historical society are requested to make investiga-
tions to determine the exact route traveled by
Abraham Lincoln on his removal from Kentucky to
Illinois and to report to the assembly, making such
recommendations as they may deem advisable.
(Adopted by house May 2, 1911; by senate May 9.)

PUBLIC UTILITIES.

There has been and now is a wide agitation for
the passage of an act to create in this state a com-
mission to have power to regulate the public utili-
ties doing business within the state or to grant au-
thority to municipalities to regulate such public
utilities. It is therefore resolved that a committee
of five representatives and five senators be appoint-
ed to make an investigation of the relations of the
public utilities of this state to the people thereof.
(Adopted by house April 28, 1911; amended by sen-
ate May 18, and concurred in by house May 18.)

EXTRA SESSION OF THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.

Because of the failure of the 47th general assem-
bly, at its regular session, to enact legislation con-
cerning a deep waterway from Lockport to Utica
and the development of water power incident there-
to, Gov. Deneen, on June 6, 1911, called an extra
session to enact the legislation in question. The
legislature met June 14 and on the same day the
waterway bill was reiiorted favorably by the senate
waterway committee. The measure pasted its sec-
ond reading June 16 by a vote of 30 to 7 and then,
after it had been amended so as to limit waterway
development to the issuance of $500,000 in bonds to
conserve the water power rights along the proposed
channel, it passed its third reading by a vote of
33 yeas to 7 nays. The bill went to the house,
but before any action was taken the assembly ad-
journed to Oct. 24.

At the regular session the waterway bill was
passed by the senate by a vote of 3C to 17, but in
the house Speaker Charles Adkins prevented any
action from being taken. When the session was re-
sumed Oct. 24 the bill was reported to the house
and passed its second reading. It was made a spe-
cial order for the following day, when it was de-
feated by a vote of fifty-nine to sixty-five. It
needed seventy -seven votes for its passage. The
vote was as follows.

YEAS REPUBLICANS.

Abbey. Hamilton.

Alexander. Hiubec.

ApMadoc. Hull.

Anderson, W. E. .1 iidah.

Atwood. Kerriok.

Blaha. Kinsella.

Burns. Lewis.

Camnbell. Marcy.

Catlin. -Martin.

Cooley. .Miller. A. A.

Covey. Miller, G. A.

Dudgeon. IVrkins.

Green. Pervier.
Hagan.
Total republicans, 40.

YEAS DEMOCRATS.

Browne. Gilbert. Hruby.

Galligan, Gorman. McConnell.

Pierson.

Pomlergast.

Reid.

Ryberg.

Scanlan.

Shaver.

Simpson.

Stevenson.

Swanson.

Tice.

Vieker.

Watson.

Welborn.

O'Toole.
Stoklasa.
Strauss.

Trimarco.

Wall.

Werdell.

McGuire.
McLaughlin.
McParland.

O'Rourke. Sullivan, D. J.

Total democrats, 17.

TEAS INDEPENDENT. YEA.3 PROHIBITION. -

Smith, P. G., 1. Anderson, J. E., 1.

Total yeas, 59.

NAYS REPUBLICAN.

Abbott. Ireland. Shanahan.

Barker. Kirkpatrick. Shepherd.

Carter. Kleeman. Shurtleff.

Chiperfleld. Leavitt. Smejkal.

Cl-urch. Mnthis. Tourtillot.

Ourran. Miller, D. B. Wilson, G. H.

Kiickson. Montelius. Winthrop.

Flagg. Moore. Wright.

Holladay. Provine. SpeakerAdkins.
Total republicans, 27.

NAYS DEMOCRATS.

Alschuler. Etherton. Morris. v

Bell. Fahy. Pierce.

Bolin. Ficley. Poorman.

Canaday. Foster. Rapp.

Coleman. Griffin. Rice.

Crangle. Groves. Richardson.

Daly. Harp. Ryan.

Dennis. Hoffman. Scott

Dickman. Huston. Smith, P. F.

Donahue, D. D. Karen. Btedman.

Dunne. Kelly. Thompson.

English. Koch. Walsh.
Total democrats, 37.

NAYS INDEPENDENT.

Smiley, 1.

Total nays, 65.

Absent and n<>t voting Republicans: Bardill,
Butts, Collipr, Flannisjen, Hollenbeck, Jones. King,
Lyon, McNtchols, Ostrom, Rawleigh, Roos, Terrill,
Whitaker 14.

Absent and not voting Democrats: Conlon, Dil-
lon, T. H. Donaghne, Hilton. Kilens, Mitchell,
Murphy, Pitlock, Rhinehart, P. J. Sullivan, Tucker,
Wheelan. R. E. Wilson-13.

Total absent and not voting, 27,

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

ELECTORAL AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM.

To solve the problem of making representative
government more representative and thus give the
people firmer control in municipal, state and na-
tional affairs, various agencies have been adopted.
Some are comparatively old as to origin, though
new as to extent and manner of application, while
others are of more recent date. Among those which
have attracted the most attention in late years
and which are being tested in many communities
are the following:

The short bailor.

Commission forn of city goverauieut.

Initiative.

Referendum.

Recall.

Improved registration methods.

Xonpartisan ballots.

Direct primaries.

Preferential voting.

Corrupt practice acts.

Direct election of Uuitad States senators.

THE SaORT BALLOT.

The short ballot principle is defined by the Short
Ballot organization as follows:

"The dangerously great power of politicians In
our country is not due to any peculiar civic indif-
ference of the people, but rests on the fact that we
are living under a form of democracy that is so
unworkable as to constitute in practice a pseudo
democracy. It is unworkable because:

"1. It submits to popular election offices which
are too unimportant to attract (or deserve) public
attention; aud,

"2. It submits to popular election so many offices
at one time that many of them are inevitably
crowded out from proper public attention; and,

"3. It submits to popular election so many offices
at one time that the business of making up the
elaborate tickets necessary at every election, makes
the political machine an indispensable instrument
in electoral action.

"Many officials, therefore, are elected without
adequate public scrutiny, and owe their selection
not to the people, but to the makers of the party
ticket, who thus acquire an influence that is capa-
ble of great abuse.

"The 'short ballot' principle Is:

"1. That only those offices should be elective
which are important enough to attract (and de-
serve) public examination.

"2. That very few offices should be filled by
election at one time, so as to permit adequate and
unconfused public examination of the candidates.

"Obedience to these fundamental principles ex-
plains the comparative success of democratic gov-
ernment in the cities of Great Britain and other
foreign democracies, as well as in Galveston, Des
Moines and other American cities that are gov-
erned by 'commissions.' "

The Short Ballot organization has Its headquar-
ters at 383 4th avenue, New York, N. Y. The sec-
retary is Richard S. Childs.

COMMISSION FORM OF GOVERNMENT.
The main features of the commission form of
government, as itseertained by Ernest S. Bradford
of Washington, D. C., after comparing the various
plans in operation in Iowa, Kansas, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mississippi,
Kentucky, Illinois. South Carolina, Louisiana and
other commonwealths, are the following'

1. The governing l>o;Iv is made up of a small
number of members. The usual number is five. Three
is the next most common number, occurring most
frequently in the smaller cities. Other places have
from four to nine. The Illinois act calls for five
commissioners and the Wisconsin law for three.

2. Wards as election units are abolished. Each
commissioner is voted for by all the electors and
is respons-ible to the entire city rather thiin to a
section of it. Under this arrangement each voter
wields more power, as he votes for all the commis-
sioners instead of for one or two of a large number
of aldermen. Better men are elected and the influ-
ence of a bad ward is loss than when it is repre-
sented by its own special aldermen.

3. Ample powers are conferred upon the com-

mission. By this is meant that it exercises not only
t'jo usual ordinance making power, but it also over-
sees the administrative departmerts of the city and
ap|Kiuts the officers. In other words, it decides by
ordinance what shall be done, appoints the men to
do it department subordinates and employes and
sees that it is done.

4. Each commissioi'er is assigned to be the head
of a definite department, for the conduct of which
he is responsible to the commission, and to some ex-
tent directly to the people. Commissioners do not
look after the details of their departments; they
have superintendents who do this under their di-
rection. In most commission charters it is pro-
vided that the mayor shall be one of the council,
voting but not having the veto power. He usually
presides at meetings, signs ordinances, contracts
and warrants on the treasury and performs other
ministerial acts.

5. Control by the people is insured by means of
the following checks: (a) Publicity of proceedings,
ordinances (including franchises), and of the gen-
eral and financial condition of the city; (b) the ref-
erendum; (c) the initiative; (d) the recall; (e) non-
partisan primary and election methods; (f) a civil
service commission. Nearly every commission char-
ter has one or mo^-e of these checks.

ILLINOIS LAW.

The Illinois law providing for the voluntary
adoption of the commission form of government by
cities of not to exceed 200,000 population was ap-
proved March 9, 1010. Its main features are these:

In cities adopting the commission form of gov-
ernment elections of officers take place quadren-
nially on the third Tuesday of April, beginning
with 1911.

Four commissioners and a mayor are eiected at
larzp without reference to wards.

Primary tickets for the nomination of candidates
are nonpartisan and without a circle at the head.
Two candidates for mayor and eight for Commis-
sioners are nominated.

The commission is called the council. It exer-
cises all the legislative, executive and supervisory
powers heretofore exercised by the mayor, city
council aud other city, town or village officials.
The mayor is without the veto power.

The executive end administrative powers are dis-
tributed among five departments as follows:

1. Public affairs.

2. Accounts i:id finances.

3. Public health and safety.

4. Streets and public improvements.

5. Public property.

The mayor is commissioner of public affairs.

The council may, in its discretion, elect a city-
clerk, corporation counsel, city attorney, treasurer,
comptroller, city physician, police chief, fire chief,
harbor master, market master, three library trus-
tees and other officers.

Salaries are fixed by the council according to the
size of the city or village. The mayor's salary
ranges from $50 to $6,000 a year and that of each
commissioner from $40 to $5, COO.

Recall All elective officials except judges arc
subject to recall on the petition of 55 per cent of
the voters.

Initiative Any proposed ordinance may be sub-
mitted to the council on the petition of 10 to 25
per cent of the voters and must be -adopted within
thirty days or DP submitted to a general or special
election. (See "The Initiative" following.)

Referendum All ordinances, with certain excep-
tions, must be submitted to the voters for approval
by a majority vote.

THE INITIATIVE.

The "initiative" is n political device by which
the people are enabled to pass laws or ordinances
without change or modification by the ordinary leg-
islative bodies. It has been called the positive or
constructive side of direct legislation, just as the
referendum, which enables the people to reject pro-
posed laws, is the negative side. By this method
a minority ranging in number from 5 to 25 per cent
may file a petition for a law, or, when a city, an
ordinance. The measure must then, without change
or revision, go before the people for their judg-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

meat, and, if it is approved by a majority of the
votes cast, it becomes law without further process.
Laws and ordinances so passed are not subject to
veto.

In 1891 the initiative was adopted by Switzerland
as a means of introducing proposals for the amend-
ment of the constitution. The first state in Amer-
ica to adopt it was South Dakota, which in 1898
amended its constitution so as to reserve to the
people the right to propose measures, "which meas-
ures the legislature shall enact and submit to a
vote of the electors of the state." Initiative peti-
tions in South Dakota must be signed by 5 per cent
of the voters. la the constitution of the new state
of Oklatoma, adopted in 1907, the "people reserve
to themselves the power to propose laws and arcend-
nients to the constitution and to enact or reject the
same at the polls independent of the legislature."
The initiative has also been adopted in connection
with the referendum in state legislation in Maine,
Michigan, Montana, Missouri, Utah, Nevada, Cali-
fornia and Oregon. (See "The Oregon Plan" sub-
joined.)

It is in connection with the commission form of
city government, Uowevef, that the initiative has
been put to the widest use. Nearly all the states
In which cities are permitted to organize under this
system, by special charter or otherwise, provide for
recourse to the initiative. This is the case in Mas-
sachusetts, South Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, South Dakota, Texas, Oklahoma,
Colorado, California, Washington, Idaho.

In the case of cities the initiative operates nor-
mally in the following manner, according to the
Digest of Short Ballot Charters: "The ordinance
proposed is submitted to the board of commission-
ers by a petition of a certain number of voters or
a percentage of the total vote cast at the last pre-
ceding municipal election. The board of commis-
sioners then have the option of (1) taking the ini-
tiative into their own hands and passing the pro-
posed ordinance, or (2) submitting the same to the
voters at either a general or special election."
Usually to have a measure submitted to the voters
at a special election the percentage of petitioners
required is 25; to have It submitted at a general
election, 10.

Section 47 of ihe Illinois act provides that any
proposed ordinance may be submitted to the council
(commission) by petition signed by a certain per-
centage of the voters. If the petition is signed
by 25 per cent of the voters and contains a request
that the ordinance be submitted to a vote of the
people, if not passed by the council, such council
sh>Ul either (a) pass swch ordinance without alter-
ation within thirty days, or (b) within thirty days
from the date of the filing of the petition call a
special election, unless a general municipal election
occurs within ninety days thereafter, when such
ordinance shall be submitted without alteration to
the vote of the electors of the city.

If the petition is signed by not less than 10 per
cent and not more than 25 per cent of the electors,
the council shall within thirty days pass such
ordinance without change or submit the same at
the next general municipal election.
THE REFERENDUM.

The referendum may be defined as the submission
of a proposed law or ordinance, -which has been
passed by the people's representatives in a legis-
lature or council, to a vote of the people for ratifi-
cation or rejection. It has been in use in Switzer-
land since the sixteenth century and, in a re-
stricted form, in the United States for many years,
esuecially in passing upon constitutions and con-
stitutional amendments. It is only since 1898, how-
ever, that the referendum, in connection with the
initiative, has been used as an instrument of direct
legislation both by states and cities. In the year
named South Dakota airen<;ed its constitution so
as to reserve to the people the right to require
that any laws which the legislature enacted should
be submitted to a vote of the electors of the state
before going into effect. As in the case of the
Initiative, not more than 5 per cent of the voters
nro required in that state for invoking the referen-
dum.

Since 1&98 It has been brought into use for state
purposes, to a greater or less degree, in Maine,

Utah, Nevada. Montana, Missouri, Michigan, Oklaho-
ma, Oregon (see "The Oregon Plan" subjoined), New
Mexico, California and Arizona. Under a law adopted
in 16U1 10 per cent of the registered voters of the state
of Illinois may secure an expression of opinion by
electors on questions of public policy at any gen-
eral or special election. In the case of an incorpo-
rated town, village, city, township, county or school
district, the petition for the submission of any
question for an expression of public opinion must
be signed by 25 per cent of the registered voters.
In commission governed cities the referendum is
in general use. As a rule all ordinances passed by
the council, except those for the immediate preser-
vation of public tealth or safety, are suspended
from operation for a specified period. While so
suspended the ordinance is subject to a protest, in
the form of a petition, against its final passage.
If the petition is In proper form the commissioners
must either (I) rescind its former action, or (2)
submit the ordinance to the people for their ap-
proval oc disapproval. Referendum petitions re-
quire the signature of from 5 to 25 per cent of the
voters. As in the case of the initiative, it is com-
mon to require 25 per cent to submit the question
to a special election and 10 per cent to a general
election. In Illinois cities a petition must be signed
by electors equal in number to at least 10 per cent
of the entire vote cast for all the candidates Tot
mayor at the last preceding general election.

THE RECALL.

The "recall" is a method of procedure by which
the people are enabled to remove from his position
any public elective official at will. This requires
a petition signed by a certain specified percentage
or number of voters. The usual percentage in sucn
cases is 25. In Oregon all state oificials, including
Judges and members of the legislature, are subject
to recall (see "Tbe Oregon Plan" subjoiaed). In
the proposed constitution of Arizona it was pro-
vided that every public officer in the state, holding
an elective office, either by election or appoint-
ment, should be subject 1o recall from such oJice
by the qualified electors of the district from which
candidates were elected to such office. President
Taft vetted this provision so far as the judiciary
was concerned. Such district may include the
whole state. Twenty-five per cent of the electors
may file a recall petition.

In most of the cities under the commission form
of government the recall of elective public officers
is provided for through the filing of petitions signed
by from 15 to 75 per cent of the voters. When the
suljciency of a petition has been established the
commissioners must call an election for filling a
prospective vacancy in the position of the officer
sought to be removed. The officer in question may
be a candidate for re-election. If at the recall
election he does not receive the highest number of
votes he is thereby automatically removed from
office. Many of the charters provide for an interval
o immunity after the installation of th officer,
during which the recall petition may not be pre-
sented.

Tiough 25 per cent is the usual percentage of
voters whose signatures are required on recall peti-
tions, it is not uniform. In South Dakota cities it
is only 15, while in Illinois it Is 55. In Louisiana
it is 33.

In Illinois every incumbent of an elective office,
except a judicial office, Is subject to recall and re-
moval by the electors, at any time. A petition
signed by electors equal ;n number to 55 per cent
of the total vote for mayor at the last preceding
general municipal election is filed with the city or
village clerk, which petition must contain a state-
ment in not more than 200 words of the ground on
which the rem< val or recall is sought to be made.
The petition being sufficient, the clerk immediately
submits the same t the council and the council
fixes a day for holding an election to fill the va-
cancy c.-iusod by the recall. If the officer whose
removal is sought resigns within five days after the
petition is filed the council appoints his successor
and no election is held.

REGISTRATIOV OP VOTERS.
Under the direct primary system the tendency is
to throw more safeguards around the registration.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

of voters. In cities having a large floating: popu-
lation of the kind that resorts to cheap lodging
houses ttere has been much complaint of illegal
voting as Ihe lesult of lax registration methods.
An exan.ple of the strict requirements established
in communities 'taving improved systems of regis-
tration will he found in the outline of "The Oregon
Plan" given herewith.

NONPARTISAN BALLOTS.

In many of the cities that have adopted the com-
mission form of government nonpartisau ballots are
required both at'the primaries and elections. This
is the case in Illinois, where the statute provides
that the ballots at the primary shall have no
party, platform or principle designated and that
[here shall be no circle printed at the top. It also
provides that the ballots to be used at the elec-
tion are tc- be similar to those at the primary and
are to be without party designations or a circle at
the head. Tl e same rule prevails in commission
governed cities in Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minne-
sota, Wisconsin, South Dakota (except that no
primaries are held), California and Washington.

In some states certain judicial offices are exclud-
ed from the direct primaries and nominations are
made on a nonpartisan basis. Nebraska. North Da-
kota, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin have
laws of this kind.

DIRECT PRIMARIES.

More than a score of states now have mandatory
direct primary election laws, covering practically
all offices, and nearly as many other states have
either optional direct primary laws for nearly all
offices or optional or mandatory direct primary laws
for certain offices or localities. The tendency in all
parts of the country is to do away entirely with the
old convention system, under which nominations are
practically mad-! by a few party leaders. Dnder
the new direct system the names of all candidates
\vhose petitions tre signed liy a certain percentage
of the party vcters are placed on the ballot and
are voted on by ti'e registered pa-.'ty voters. The
primaries are conducted by the regular election
officials at the usual polling places and at the pub-
lic expense.

States having mandatory direct primary election
laws include Arizona, California, Idaho, Illinois,
Iowa, Kansas. Louisiana, Michlg.-in, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New
Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ore-
gon, Pennsylvania, Sout'i Dakota, Tennessee,
Texas, Washington, Wisconsin.

Five states have laws that permit their party
voters to indicate directly at the primaries their
choice for president and vice-president of the
United States. These states are North Dakota,
Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oregon and New Jersey.

PREFERENTIAL VOTING.

The preferential voting system was first adopted
In Grand Junction, Col., Sept. 14, 1909. According
to Roliert Tyson, ex-secretary of the American Pro-
portional Representation league, the following ad-
vantages were thereby secured:

1. Abolition of primary elections.

2. A clear majority at one balloting.

3. Freedom of nomination; that is, several can-
didates representing a given policy can be nomi-
nated for one office without dividing the vote and
thereby defeating the policy.

The petition of nomination in each case must con-
sist or not less than twenty-five individual certifi-
cates submitted by qualified electors. Each of
these electors certifies that he believes the person
named Is qualified to fill the offlce specified and is
of good moral character. "I further certify," con-
tinues the elector, "that I join in this petition for
the nomination of the above named person believ-
ing that he has not become a candidate as the nom-
inee- or representative of, or because of any prom-
ised support from, any political party or any com-
mittee or convention representing or acting for any
political party." The certificate is signed under
oath and before a notary public.

On the tenth day before election tha clerk certi-
fies a list of candidates rominated for the several
offices and prepares ballots which contain the full
list of cnmes nominated tor each office with three

columns opposite each name for indicating first,
second and tl-.lrd choice for each office. No ballot
has printed on it any party or political designation
or mark, nor !s any such mark permitted to appear
after the name of any candidate. The person re-
ceiving more than one-half of the total number of
ballots cast as the first choice for any office Is
elected to that office. If no candidate receives such
majority of first choice ballots then the name of the
candidate printed on the ballot having the smallest
number of first choice votes, and all names written
on the ballot having a less number of votes than
such last named candidate, are excluded from the
count. A canvass is then made of the second
choice votes received by the remaining candidates
for the office; the second choice votes are then added
to the first choice votes received by each of the re-
maining candidates for the offlce, and the candidate
receiving the largest ni rater of huch first and second
choice votes, if srch votes constitute a majority of
all the ballots cast at the election, is elected. If,
however, there is still no majority, the name of
the candidate then having the smallest number of
first and second choice votes is excluded from the
count. A canvass of the third choice votes received
by the remaining candidates is then made; the
third choice votes are then added to the flist and
second cl.oice votes received by each of the remain-
ing candidates for the office, and the candidate re-
ceiving the highest number of first, second and
third choice votes is elected. A tie between two
or more candidates is decided in favor of the one
having the greatest number of first choice votes.
If all are equal in that respect then the greatest
number of second choice votes will decide; in case
it does not decide then the tie is determined by lot.

The Grand Junction system of preferential voting
is in use in Spokane, Wash., in a somewhat modi-
fied form to suit local conditions. Both cities are
uuder the commission form of government.

Under the Hare plan, which is used in West Aus-
tralia, when a second choice has to be used it is
substituted for the first choice on the saaie ballot
and is i-ot added to the first choice. This also
holds good as to the third and subsequent choices.
There are other minor differences.

CORRUPT PRACTICES ACTS.

Several states have "corrupt practices acts" In-
tended to prevent the undue use of money in se-
curing nominations at primaries. In general the
laws require candidates to limit tbeir campaign ex-
penses to a certain maximum an r ! to file statements
of all contributions received and payments made.
States having acts of this kind include Arkansas,
California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa,
Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ok-
lahoma, Oregon, Wisconsin.

Corporations are prohibited from contributing to
campaign funds in Georgia, Massachusetts, Missis-
sippi and Ohio.

Congress ia 1910 passed a law providing for the
publication of the source and use of all contribu-
tions to political ccmnrttees toward the expenses
of candidates in congressional elections in two or
more states. This law was broadened and made
much more stringent by an amendment adopted in
1911. [See "Publicity of Cumpai.en Contributions"
under "Work of t2d Congress, First Session."]
SENATORIAL ELECTION REFORM.

Because of the increasing frequency of deadlocks
in state legislatures, the use of money or patron-
age in securing votes and the improper influence of
corporations, a widespread demand has arisen for
the direct election of United States senators by the
people. In some of the states this has been prac-
tically accomplished by ple.lging members of the
legislature to carry out the will of the people and
elect the man who gets the largest vote at the
senatorial primary. This part of the Oregon plan
is shown in the outline given of that system. In
other states the result of the primary is merely ad-
visory and Is regarded as not legally or morally
binding upon the legislators

Efforts were made in the final session of the 61st
congress and th'j first (extra) session of the 62d
congress to pass a joint resolution providing for
the direct election of United States senators by the
people, but failed. [See "Direct Election of Sena-
tors" under '"Work of 62d Corgress, First Session."]

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR

THE OREGON PLAN.

The following outline of the so-called "Oregon
I Ian" of direct legislation is based on a speech on
Popular Versus Delegated Government," delivered
in the United States senate May 5, 1910, by Sena-
tor Bourne of Oregon. The system In use in that
state h;is been made the model of similar legisla-
tion, proposed or enacted, in other states.

AUSTRALIAN HALLOT.

Oregon in 1891 adopted the Australian ballot,
which insures secrecy, prevents intimidation and
reduces the opportunity for bribery.

BBGISTRATION LAW.

In 1S99 Oregon enacted a registration law apply-
ing to general elections and in 1904 enlarged its-
scope through the law creating a direct primary.
This law requires registration prior to voting in
either the general or the primary election. Before
voting In a party primary the voter must, under oath,
register his pnrty afliliatiou. Registration begins
live months before the general election. The regis-
tration books arc closed ten days prior to the pri-
mary election, are opened tour days after the pri-
mary and are then kept open until about twenty
days before the general election. Upon these books
are entered the full name of the voter, his regis-
tration number, date of registration, his occupation,
age, nativity, date and place of naturalization, if
any, and his place of residence. It is required that
the voter, if he is not the head of the house he oc-
cupies, must show that fact and specify the room
in which he lives and on what floor it is located.
He must sign the register, if he can write. If un-
able to do so the reason must be given. If it is
due to illiteracy, a physical description of the man
must be noted on the register.

INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM.

In June, 1902, the initiative and referendum
amendment to the constitution was adopted. It
provides that the legislative authority shall be
vested in a legislative assembly, but that the peo-
.ple reserve to themselves the power to propose
laws and amendments to the constitution and to
enact or reject the s.-ime at the polls independent
of the legislative assembly, and also reserve power
to approve or reject at the polls any act of the
legislature. An initiative petition must be signed
by 8 per cent of the legal vtters, as shown by the
vote for supreme judge at the last preceding elec-
tion. A referendum petition need be signed by
only 5 per cent of the voters. The legislature may
itself refer to th< people any act passed by it. The
veto power of the governor does not extend to any
measure referred to the people.

PUBLICITY PAMPHLETS.

The law provides that the secretary of state
shall, at public expense, mail to every registered
voter in the state a printed pamphlet containing a
true copy of the title and text of each measure to
be submitted to the people, and the proponents and
opponents of the law have the right to insert in the
pamphlet, at the actual cost to themselves of paper
and printing only, such arguments as they see fit to
make. These pamphlets must be mailed nbt later
than fifty-five days before a general election and
twenty days before a special election.

DIRECT PRIMARY LAW.

Tn 1904 a dlrset prirrary law was adopted. It
provides for a primary election to be held forty-five
days prior to the general election at the usual poll-
ing places and with the usual officials. Auy party
polling 25 per cent of the vote at the previous elec-
tion is brought under the law. Any legal voter can
become a candidate in the primaries for any office
by filing a petition signed by a certain per cent of
the voters. Names of candidates are arranged in
alphabetical order on the ballots. Registration of
party affiliation is a prerequisite to participation
in a party primary. It is a'so provided that the
candidate in his petition shall, among other things,
agree that he will "accept the nomination and will
not withdraw, 1 ' and, if elected, "will qualify as an
officer." Rach candidate is entitled to have placed
In his petition a statement not to exceed 100 words
and on the ballot aftr his name a legend not to
exceed twelve words, setting forth any measures
or principles he especially advocates.

PLEDGES BY LEGISLATIVE CANDIDATES.

In the case of a legislator's nomination, the can-
didate may, in addition to his statement of meas-
ures and principles, also subscribe to one of two
statements, but if he does not so subscribe he shall
not on that accoant be debarred from the ballot.
He has three courses open to him. He may sub-
scribe to "statement No. 1," as follows:

"I further state to the people of Oregon, as well
as to tha people of my legislative district, that
during my term of office I shall always vote for
that candidate for United States senator in con-
gress who has received the highest number of the
people's votes for that position at the general elec-
tion next preceding the election of a senator in con-
gress without regard to my individual preference."

Or he may subscribe to "statement No. 2," as
follows:

"During my term of office I shall consider the
vote of the people for United States senator in
congress as nothing more than a recommendation,
which I shall be at liberty to wholly disregard if
the reason for doing so seems to me to be suffi-
cient."

Or he may be perfectly silent on the election of
United States senator.

POPULAR VOTE FOB UNITED STATES SENATOR.

The primary law further provides that United
States senators may be nominated by their respec-
tive parties in the party primaries, and the candi-
date receiving the greatest number of votes be-
comes the party nominee. Then, in the general elec-
tion, the party nominees are voted for by the peo-
ple and the individual receiving the highest number
of votes becomes the people's choice for United
States senator. In 1908 the advocates of the elec-
tion of senators by the people and the enforcement
of. statement No. 1 submitted to the people the fol-
lowing bill:

"Be it enacted by the people of the state of Ore-
Kon: Section 1. That we, the people of Oregon,
hereby instruct our representatives and senators in
our legislative assembly, as such officera, to vote
for and elect the candidates for United States sena-
tors from this state who receive the highest num-
ber of votes at our general election."

This bill became a law by a vote of 69,565 to
21,182.

COBRUPT PRACTICES ACT.

In 1908 Oregon by popular vote adopted a corrupt
practices act. This provides that no candidate for
office shall expend in his campaign for nomination
more than 15 pei- cent of one year's compensation of
the office for which he is a candidate, provided
that no candidate shall be restricted to less than
$160. The act piovides for the publication >y the
secretary of state, for the Information of the vot-
ers, of a pamphlet, in which a candidate in the pri-
mary campaign may bave published a statement
setting forth his qualifications, the principles and
policies he advocates and any other matter in sup-
port of his candidacy. Each candidate trust pay
for at least one page, the amount to be paid vary-
ing from $100 for the highest office to $10 for the
lowest. Any person may use space in this pam-
phlet in opposition to aiy candidate, the space be-
'ng paid for the same as by the candidates. Infor-
mation regarding st:)te an.l congressional candidates
is priutel in a pamphlet issued by the secretary of
state, one copy l-eing mailed to each registered
voter In the state. Pamphlets regarding county
candidates are issued by the county clerk and
mitiled to each voter in the county. Similar pam-
phlets are printed and distributed prior to the gen-
eral election, the party committees or managers
filing the matter they want published with the sec-
retary of state. In the campaign preceding the
general election each candidate is limited in ex-
penditures to 10 per cent of one year's compensa-
tion. Among the acts prohibited by the act are
these:

Promises of appointments In return for political
support.

Publication or distribution of anonymous letters
or circulars regarding candidates or measures be-
fore the peonle.

Solicitation or acceptance of campaign contribu-
tions from or payment of contributions by persons
holding appointive positions.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

Sale of editorial support or the publication of
paid political advertising without marking it "paid
advertising."

Use of carriage! in conveying voters to the polls.

Active electioneering or soliciting votes on elec-
tion Jay.

Campaign contributions by quasi public or certain
other important classes of corporations generally
affected by legislation.

Intimidation c.r coercion of voters in any manner.

Contribution of funda in the name of any other
than the person frrnishing the money.

Treating by candidates as a means of winning
favor.

Betting on an election by a candidate or betting
on an election by any other person with intent to
influence the result.

PUBLICITY OF CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES.

The corrupt practices act further requires that
every candidate shall tile n itemized account of
his campaign expenditures within fifteen days after
the primary election, including in such statement
all debts contracted and promises made. Every po-
litical comn-ittee must have Its treasurer and cause
him to keep a detailed account of its receipts, ex-
penditures and liabilities. An itemized statement
must be published within ten days after the elec-
tion. The books must be open to the inspection of
the chairman and treasurer of any opposing party.
The candidate violating any part of the corrupt
practices act forfeits his right to the office. He
or any other person violating the law is subject
to imprisonment for a your or a flne ot not more
tl:an jl.OOO, or both.

THH RECALL.

The recall" amendment to the constitution of Ore-
gon was adopted in 1908. Any public officer may be
recalled by the filing of a pi-tltlou signed by 25 per
cent of the voters. The petition niust set forth the
reasons for the recall, and if the officer does not
resign within five d;iys after the petition is tiled a
special election must be ordered to be held within
twenty days to determine whether the people will
recall such official. On t.be ballot at such election
the reasons for demanding the recall of the officer
may be set forth in not more than 200 words an.l
his justification may be given in a similar number
of words. No petition can be circulated against
any officer until he has held the office six months,
except that in the case of a member of the legisla-
ture it may be liled at any time within five days
after the opening of tlie session. At the special
election the candidate receiving the highest number
of votes is declared elected. The special election
is held at the public expense, but a second recall
petition cannot be filed against an officer unless the
petitioners first pay the entire expenses of the
first recall election.

DIKECT TOTE FOR PRESIDENT.

In 1910 a bill was prepared and submitted to the
people of Oregon, under the initiative, proposing an
amendment to the direct primary law, providing
that in each year of presidential election the pri-
maries shall be held in April and that opportunity
shall be given the voters to express their prefer-
ence for party candidates for president and vice-
president, and to select delegates to the national
conventions and nominate their party candidates for
presidential electors. This Mil was adopted on a
referendum vote at the November election and be-
came a law. The first primaries under its provi-
sions will be held in April, 1912, and Oregon will
therefore be the first state to in&icate its prefer-
ence for presidential candidates. This preference
will be in the nature of an instruction to the
state's delegations in the national conventions, but
the delegates will not be bound to vote for the
choice of their state if they find that by so doing
votes would be thrown away. There is a moral
though not. a le-^.l obligation upon them to support
the choice of the members of their respective par-
ties in Oregon so long as the candidates indorsed
have a Chance of winning the nomination.

BESULT8.

In a statement issued by the advocates of the
system of direct legislation it is claimed that the
"Oregon plan" provides a speedy, peaceful and
definite method of determining questions of public
policy without undue expense. The total cost to
the state for postage, printing, binding and distrib-

uting the pamphlet of thirty-two measures and
arguments to every voter in the state in 1910 was
less than 20 cents for each registered voter. The
total cost to the state for the initiative and refer-
endum in four elections on sixty-four measures was
?47,610.61. The cost to seventy-one private organi-
zations for conducting educational campaigns for
and against measures was about $125,000. The ques-
tions of public policy deglared to have been defi-
nitely settled by the direct vote of the people of
Oregon up to tbe end of 1910 were these:"

1. That they will not tolerate a return to any-
thing like the convention method of making nomi-
nations, but will retain their direct primary system
until something better is offered.

2. That they will enforce election by the legis-
lature of that candidate for United States senator
in congress who receives the highest number of the
people's votes.

3. Complete prohibition of railroad passes for all
persons except employes of the railroads.

4. Abolition of the power of city councils to give
away public franchises.

6. Abolition of the temptation and opportunity
to buy or sell votes in the legislature.

6. That the people of every city or town shall
have power to make and amend their city charters
on all local matters at their own pleasure, abso-
lutely free from special acts by the legislature.

7. That they will retain the initiative and refer-
endum in lawmaking.

8. That they will have power to recall any elect-
ed public officer from constable to governor, includ-
ing judges of the courts.

9. That they approve the principle of election of
members of the legislature by proportional repre-
sentation, though they have not yet agreed on the
method.

10. That they will provide liberally by taxes for
support of higher education in the state university.

11. That they will maintain one efficient normal
school.

12. That corporations having little or no tangi-
ble property should pay a gross income and license
tax.

13. That the expenditures of any candidate for
public office shall be limited to practically one-
fourth of one year's salary of the office he seeks,
and the state will provide the greater part of tlie
expense for publicity of the merits of candidates
and of political parties.

14. That edible fish, especially salmon, shall be
conserved in the navigable rivers of the state.

15. That measures of chiefly local interest will
be rejected if submitted to the voters of the whole
state.

16. Abolition of the convention system of elect-
ing delegates to national conventions, establishing
direct election of such delegates by the voters of
the great parties, and permitting expression by the
voters of their choice for their party candidates for
president and vice-president.

17. That three-fourths of a jury shall be able to
render a verdict in all civil cases, and court pro-
cedure shall be so simplified as to discourage ap-
peals to the Supreme court for delay and new trials
because of technical errors, if substantial justice
has been obtained in the lower court.

18. That they do not approve state wide prohi-
bition of the manufacture and sale of liquor.

19. That they have established and will maintain
local option on the liquor question.

20. That they require a reasonable measure of
employers' liability for workmen's accidents.

21. They have granted the people of each county
power to exempt from all taxation any class or
classes of property, subject to any general laws ap-
proved by the people of the state.

22. That no citizen shall be tried in a Circuit
court for crime unless accused by a grand jury.

23. That general elections shall be held in No-
vember when most other states vote, instead of in
June.

24. That the public credit shall not be used to
aid, build or operate private or government rail-
roads.

25. That oiiunties may issue bonds to build per-
manent highways.

26. That private schemes for looting the public
treasury cannot be worked by the initiative method.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS.

[From bulletin No. 9C of tlie United States bureau of labor.]

IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

To distinguish them from employers' liability
laws the term "workmen's compensation laws" is
used to designate those acts which provide for the
award of fixed sums to employes injured by indus-
trial accidents, without the necessity of litigation
and without reference to the question of negligence
upon which employers' liability acts are based.
It is provided in most sucii laws, however, that
gross negligence on the part of the employe in-
jured will bar his right to compensation, while such
negligence on the part of the employer sometimes
gives the right to increased compensation. Usually
the disablement must last a specified number of
days before compensation becomes due.

The industries usually covered by the acts are
manufacturing, mining and quarryir-g, transporta-
tion, building and engineering work, and in some
countries agriculture, forestry and navigation. In
Greece and New South Wales they are limited to
mining and quarrying. In Belgium and Great Brit-
ain the laws apply practically to all employments.
In Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ger-
many, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Nor-
way, Russia, Spain and Sweden only wage earners,
and in some cases those exposed to the same risks,
such as overseers and technical experts, come with-
in the scope of the law. In France, Great Britain,
the British colonies and Hungary the laws apply to
salaried employes and workmen equally. Overseers
and technical experts earning more than a pre-
scribed amount are excluded in Belgium. Denmark,
Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Luxemburg and Kus-
sia. Employes of the state, provincial and local
governments usually come within the provisions of
the acts.

The entire burden rests on the employer In all
but six countries, Austria, Germany, Greece, Hun-
gary, Luxemburg and New South Wales, where the
employes bear part of the expense. The laws fix
the compensation to be paid and with but one or
two unimportant exceptions the compensation is
based upon the wages received by the injured per-
son. It consists of allowances for temporary dis-
ability, and annual pens-ions or lump sum pay-
ments for permanent disability or death, to which
are added frequently the expenses of medical and
surgical treatment and a funeral benefit.

The acts of nearly all the countries are framed
with the view of obviating the necessity of legal
proceedir.gs. If disputes ari-se the acts specify the
necessary procedure for settlement by arbitration
tribunals or by law courts.

So far as the method of organization of insurance
Is concerned, the countries may be divided into
two groups, according to whether insurance is com-
pulsory or voluntary. In the case of compulsory
Insurance it may be in prescribed institutions or
associations controlled by the state or it may be
in private companies or mutual associations; in the
case of voluntary insurance it may be in private
companies or mutual associations with or without
state competition.

Wherever there is compulsory insurance in pre-
scribed institutions controlled by the state, there is
no question as to the security of payments. Such
Is the case in Norway, where a government bureau
provides the insurance. In Germany, Austria, Hun-
gary, Luxemburg and the Netherlands the law
either specifically states or implies the guaranty
of the solvency of the institutions providing the in-
surance. In the Netherlands tl'.e injured workman
Is protected by the equivalent of insurance in the
Royal Insurance bank, irrespective of the Institu-
tion in which the employer carries the insurance:
the uninsured employer and the private insurance
companies are required t<- give satisfactory guaran-
ties to the Royal Insurance bank. In Greece the
payments are guaranteed by the national miners'
fund.

The second motived of state guaranty is by a spe-
cial national fund from which the compensation is
paid in cases of Insolvency, either of the em-
ployer or of the insurance carrier. The sources of
revenue of those funds show considerable difference
In Italy the fund is sipport< d by fines for uoncom-

pliance with the requirement to insure, or other
fines, and by the compensation due in fatal cases,
but not paid because of absence of survivors. In
France the guaranty fund is supported by special
taxes upoi. all employers covered by the act, but
this fund guaiar.tee* pension payments only; com-
pensation for temporary disability is secured by a
preferred claim on the assets of the employer. In
Belgium the fund Is supported by a tax levied only
on those employers who do not carry insurance.

Where no state guaranties exist guarantiee must
be exacted from Ihe insurance companies or from
the individual employer. Wherever insurance Is
voluntary or there is a choice of insurance institu-
tions, the government protects the insured employe
l;y requiring the insurance company to maintain
proper reserves or to make guaranty deposits with
the government, or by both methods combined. In
the case of uninsured employes, their interests are
usually protected i>y giving them a preferred claim
upon th assets of the employer.

As examples of the rates of compensation provid-
ed for by these laws, the following from the
French, German and British acts may be given:

FBANCE.

FOB DEATH (a) Funeral expenses not exceeding
100 francs ($19.30).

(b) Pensions to dependent heirs not exceeding 60
per cent of annual wages of deceased distributed to:

Widow or widower, 20 per cent until death or re-
marriage, in which latter case a final sum equal to
three annual payments.

Children under 16 years of age if one parent sur-
vives 15 per cent if there is but one child, 25 per
cent if there are two children, 35 per cent If there
are three children, 40 j-er cent if there are four or
more children.

Each child under 16 years of age if neither par-
ent survives, 20 per cent.

Each ascendant and each descendant under 16
years of pge dependent upon deceased, if no widow
or children survive, 10 per cent, the aggregate not
to exceed 30 per cent.

(e) If annual wages exceed 2,400 francs ($463.20),
only one-fourth of the excess is considered in com-
puting pensions.

Foa DISABILITY (a) Expenses of medical or sur-
gical treatment.

(b) If permanently disabled, a pension of 66 2-3
per cent of annual wages for total disability and of
one-half loss of earning capacity for partial disa-
bility, or, if demanded, one-fourth the capital
value of pension in cash, the pension to be reduced
accordingly.

(c) If temporarily disabled, an allowance of 50
per cent of daily wages, beginning with fifth day,
and including Sundays and holidays, unless disabil-
ity lasts more than ten days, when payments be-
come due from the first day.

(d) If ar.nual wages exceed 2,400 francs ($463.20),
only one-fourth of the excess is considered in com-
puting pensions.

(e) Payments of pensions of not over 100 francs
($19.30) per annum may by mutual consent, when
the beneficiary is of age, be replaced by a cash pay-
ment.

GERMANY.

FOK DEATH (a) .Funeral benefits of one-ffteenth
of annual earnings of deceased, but not less than
50 marks ($11.90).

(b) Pensions to dependent heirs not exceeding 60
per cent of annual earnings of deceased, as follows:
Widow, 20 per cent of annual earnings until death
or remarriage, in latter case a final sum equal to
three annual payments; dependent widower, 20 per
cent of annual eernings; each child 15 years of age
or under, 20 per cent; payments to consort and to
children to be reduced proportionately if the total
would exceed 60 per cent; dependent heirs in as-
cending line, 20 per cent or less, if there is a
residue after providing for the above heirs; orphan
grandchildren, 20 per cent or less, if there is a
residue after providing for above heirs.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

FOR DISABILITY (a) Free medical and surgical
treatment paid first thirteen weeks by sick benefit
funds and afterward by employers' associations.

(b) For temporary or permanent total disability,
50 per cent of daily wages of persons similarly em-
ployed, but not exceeding 3 marks (71 cents), paid
by sick l-eneflt funds from third day to end of
fourth week; from fifth to end of thirteenth week,
above allowance by sick benefit fund plus 1 2-3 per
cent contributed by employer direct; after thirteen
weeks, 66 2-3 per cent of average annual earnings
of injured person paid by employers' associations.

(d) For partial disability, a corresponding reduc-
tion In payments.

(e) If annual earnings exceed 1,500 marks ($357)
only one-third of excess is considered in computing
pensions.

GBEAT BRITAIN.

FOR DEATH (a) A sum equal to three years'
earnings, but not less than 150 ($729.98), nor more
than 300 ($1,459.95), to those entirely dependent on
earnings of deceased.

(b) A sum less than above amount If deceased
leaves persons partially dependent on his earnings,
amount to be agreed upon by the parties or fixed by
arbitration.

(c) Reasonable expenses of medical attendance
and burial, but not to exceed 10 ($48.67) if de-
ceased leaves no dependents.

FOR DISABILITY (a) A weekly payment during
Incapacity of not more than 50 per cent of em-
ploye's average weekly earnings during previous
twelve months, but not exceeding 1 ($4.87) per
week; If incapacity lasts less than two weeks no
payment is required for the first week.

(b) A v.-eekly payment daring partial disability
not exceeding the difference between employe's
average weekly earnings before injury and average
amount he is earning or able to earn after the In-
Jury.

(c) Minor persons may be allowed full earnings
during incapacity, but tl-e weekly payments may
not exceed 10 shillings (?2.43).

(d) A sum sufficient to purchase a life annuity
through the postoflice savings bank of 75 per cent
of annual value of weekly payments may be substi-
tuted, on application of the employer, for weekly
payments after six months, tut other arrangements
for redemption of weekly rayments may be made
between employer and employe.

IN THE UNITED STATES.
[For Illinois law see "Illinois legislation in 1911."]

AVIS-CONS IX COMPENSATION LAW.

The Wisconsin legislature in 1911 passed an em-
ployers' liability and workmen's compensation act,
of which the following is an outline: The law ab-
rogates the common law defenses of implied or ex-
pressed assumption by the employe of the risk com-
plained of, and the negligence of a fellow servant,
and provides t.n optional system of compensation
on a uniform scale. Liability for compensation, in
lieu of any other liability, shall exist against an
employer for any pers nal injury accidentally sus-
tained by his employe, and for his death if the in-
jury shall proximately cause death, in cases where
(1) both employer end employe have elected to be
subject to ibe ret, (2) where at the time of the ac-
cident the employe Is performing service growing
out of and incidental to his employment, and (3)
where the Injury is iroximaiely caused by accident
and not by willful misconduct.

All employers who have filed notice thereof with
the industrial accident board are subject to the
provisions of the act and all employes except such
as have given their employers notice that they elect
not to be subject to the provisions of the law. The
schedule of compensation follows:

1. Such medical and surgical treatment, medi-
cines, medical and surgical supplies, crutches and
apparatus, as may be reasonably required at th^
time of the injury and thereafter during the dis-
ability, but not exceeding ninety days, the same to
be provided by the employer, and in case of his
neglect or refusal seasonably to do so, the employer

to be liable for the reasonable expense incurred by
or on behalf of the employe in providing the same.

2. If the accident causes disability, an indem-
nity which shall be payable as wages on tho eighth
day after the injured employe leaves work as the
result of the injury and weekly thereafter, which
weekly indemnity shall be as follows:

(a) If the accident causes total disability, 65
per cent of the average weekly earnings during the
period of such total disability: Provided, that if
the disability is such as not only to render the in-
jured employe entirely incapable of work, but also
so helpless as to require the assistance of a nurse,
the weekly indemnity during the period of such as-
sistance after the first ninety days shall be in-
creased to 100 per cent of the average weekly earn-
ings.

(b) If the accident causes partial disability, 65
per cent of the weekly loss in wages during the pe-
riod of such partial disability.

(c) If the disability caused by the accident is at
times total and at times partial, the weekly indem-
nity during the periods of each such total or partial
disability shall be in accordance with subdivisions
(a) and (b), respectively.

(d) Subdivisions (a), (h) and (c) shall be subject
to the following limitations:

Aggregate disability indemnity for injury to a
single employe op.used by a single accident shall not
exceed four times the average annual earnings of
such employe. The aggregate disability period shall
not, In any event, extend beyond fifteen years from
the date of the accident.

If the period of disability does not last more than
one week from the day the employe leaves work as
the result of the injury, no indemnity whatever
shall be recoverable.

3. In case death results from the injury the em-
ployer, in lieu of any further disability indemnity,
becomes liable for the following death benefits:

(a) In case the deceased employe leaves a per-
son or persons wholly dependent upon him for sup-
port, a sum equal to four times his average annual
earnings.

(b) In case he leaves one or more persons only
partially dependent upon him, the benefit shall be
such a percentage of four times his average annual
earnings as the average annual amount devoted by
him to the support of such person or persons bears
to his average annual earnings.

(c) Liability for death benefits provided for in
subdivisions (a) and (b) shall only exist where the
accident is the proximate cause of death.

(d) If the deceased lefves no person dependent
upon him the death benefit shall ba reasonable fu-
neral expense, not to exceed $100.

The act creates an industrial accident board to
consist of the commissioner of labor and industrial
statistics, ex officio, and two other members ap-
pointed ty the governor, each to receive an annual
salary of $5,000. They are to hear and determine
all controversies arising under the act.

NEW YORK COMPENSATION LAW.

New York state has two acts providing for work-
men's compensation in case of injury. One is com-
pulsory and is applic-ible to specified dangerous em-
ployments fsee note! and the othr is elective and
of general applicability. The formsr became a law
May 24. 1910, and the latter June 25, the same year.
The elective compensation plan may be adopted by
mutual consent by an employer i<nd an employe and
such consent must te In writing. It bars all other
legal action except where the injury is caused by
serious or willful misconduct of the employer.

If the injury does not disable the employe for a
period of at least two weeks from earning full
-,vages the employer snail not be liable. Notice of
accidents must be given employers as soon us prac-
ticable and claim for compensation must be made
within six months. The amount of compensation
shall be:

FOB DEATH (a) If the employe leaves a widow
or next of kin wholly dependent ur>on his earnings,
a sum equal to 1,200 times the dally earnings of the
employe at the time of the accident, but not more
in any e\ent than $3,000.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

(b) If such widow or next of kin are in part only
dependent upon his earnings, such sum as may be
deemed reasonable and proportionate to the injury
to such dependents.

FOR DISABILITY Where total or partial disability
results from the accident, a weekly payment begi;i-
niug at the end of the second week at'ter the in-
jury and continuing during incapacity, not exceed-
ing 50 per ctnt of ins average weekly earnings when
at work on full time during {he preceding year.
Where the incapacity is partial the weekly pay-
ment shall in no case exceed the difference be-
tween the airount of the average weekly earnings)
of the workman before the accident and the amount
he is able to earn after the accident, but shall
amount to one-half of such difference. In no event
shall any payment exceed $10 a week or extend over
more than eight years from the time of the acci-
dent.

Any person entitled to weekly payments under
the plan shall have the same preferential claim
therefor against the assets of the employer as now

allowed by law for unpaid wages or personal serv-
ices.

Any question of law or fact arising in regard to
the application of tae plan in determining the com-
pensation payable shall be settled by agreement,
arbitration or by an action at law as provided in
the act.

The rates of compensation in the compulsory act
applying to persons engaged in dangerous work are
the same as in the elective act. The occupations
specified are bridge building, operating elevators or
derricks, working on scaft'olding, construction or al-
teration of wires, cables or apparatus charged with
electric currents, working in close proximity to
gunpowder, dynamite or other explosives where they
are used as instrumentalities of an industry, oper-
ating locomotives, trains, motors or cars on rail
and electric roads or working on railroad tracks,
construction of tunnels and all work carried on un-
der compressed air.

MOTE The compulsory compensat'on act was de-
clared unconstitutional by the New York Court of
Appeals March 24, 1911, on the ground that it de-
prived the employer of his property without due
process of law.

AMERICAN TRADE AND NAVIGATION TREATY WITH JAPAN.

Feb. 21, 1911, the United States and Japan signed
a new treaty of commerce and navigation to re-
place that of 1894. The text of the document was
laid before the senate in Washington, D. C., the
same day and was ratified Feb. 24. The treaty took
effect July 17, lOll. It is to continue in force
twelve years and also thereafter unless six months'
notice to the contrary is given. The new treaty
differs from the old chiefly in the fact that it omits
all reference to immigration. In article 2 of the
treaty of 1894, following provisions declaring the
right of the citizens of the two countries to full
liberty of travel and residence and trade in both
countries, was this qurliflcation:

"It is, however, understood that the stipulations
contained in this and the preceding article do not
lu any way affect the laws, ordinances and regula-
tions) with regard to trade, the immigration of la-
borers, police and public security which are in
force or which may hereafter be enacted in. either
of the two countries."

This clause is omitted from the new treaty, but
attached to the document, though not forming a
part of the convention itself, is the following dec-
laration:

"In proceeding this day to the signature of the
treaty of commerce and navigation between Japan
and the United States,, the undersigned, Japanese
ambassador in Washington, duly authorized by his
government, has the honor to declare that the im-
perial Japanese government is fully prepared to
maintain with equwl effectiveness the limitation
and control which it has for the last three years
exercised in the regulation of the emigration of la-
borers to the United States. Y. UCHIDA.

"Feb. 21, 1911."

The first article of the treaty asserts the right
of citizens or subjects of the two countries to en-
ter, travel or reside in the territories of the other,
to carry on trade and lease houses and shops and,
residences.

The second r.rticle guards agair-st domiciliary vis-
its or searches of subjects of one country in an-

other, except upon the same conditions as are im-
posed upon nationals.

The third article contains the right to appoint
consular officers.

Article 4 guarantees reciprocal freedom of com-
merce and rravigation.

.Article 5 provides for the regulation of import
duties.

Article 6 exempts citizens from transit duties.

Article 7 deals with corporations.

Article 8 provides that there shall be no dis-
crimination between the vessels of the two coun-
tries in their right to carry imports without being
liable to other or higher charges of duties than na-
tional vessels.

Articles 9, 10, 31, 12 and 13 relate to shipping,
their general purport biing to pi-event discrimi-
nation.

Article 14 promises that any trade or raviga-
tion privilege extended to another country shall be
enjoyed by the signatories to this treaty.

Article 15 confers protection fo" patents, etc.

The remaining three articles are functional and
concern the life of the treaty and other matters.

PRINCIPAL

Language.
English
French

EUROPEAN

1801.
Persons.
. 20,520,000
. 31,450 000

r LANGUAGES SPOKEN.

1890. Ratio.
Persons. 1801. 1890.
111,100,000 12.7 27.7
51,200,000 19.4 12.7
75,200,000 18.7 18.7
75,000,000 19.0 18.7
42,800,000 16.2 10.7
33,400.000 9.3 8.3
13,000,000 4.7 3.2

German ....
Russian ....
Spanish ....
Italian
Portuguese

Total...

. 30,320,000
. 30,770,000
. 26,190,000
. 15,070,000
.. 7.480,000

.161.800.000

401.700.000

100.0

The above is the latest estimate made by Mulhall.
Assuming that the annual increase in the number
of persons speaking each language has been, main-
tained since 1890 the ratio in 1908 was : English,
30.7; French, 11.4; German, 18.7: Russian, 18.6:
Spanish, 9.6 ; Italian, 8.1 ; Portuguese, 2.9.

BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (JAN. 1, 1910).

State.
California

Number.J

.. 105

[embership.

30,839
2,864
27,125
118,994
120,500
15,300
39.114
29,800
9,691
129.619
41,188
11,022
23,717
49.441

Assets.

$20,228,116
2,096.523
14,393,927
58,444,972
?5,934.418
4,390,443
10,107,663
13,461,091
4,085,811
55.945,634
16,304,383
4,559,027
10.168.631
17.094.771

State.
New Hampshire . .

Number.
17
477

Membership.

7,-<00
164,569
127.973
23,789
3,125
328.866
394.860
5,360
11,460
14,517

298,794

Assets.
2.016,861
78,788,161
49,631,104
6,791,619
1,785,782
153;b04,501
168,043,443
2,800,917
4,283,728
5,268,853

120,652,232

Connecticut

District of Columbia
Illinois

... 22
. .. 524

New York

?52

. . >8

Indiana

. . . 327

. .. 9

Iowa

Ohio

647

Kansas

. .. 63

..1,466

Maine

West Virginia

Massachusetts

. . . 140

Wisconsin

Michigan

... 69

Otl'er states

1.015

Minnesota

... 67

Nebraska ..

, 70

Total ..

...5,737

2,029,927

860,782,611

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 19112.

CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PEACE MOVEMENTS.
Compiled by Charles E. Seals, field secretary of the American Peace society.

New York Peace society, organized 1815, first in
the world.

Many state societies organized in quick succession.

A national organization, the American Peace so-
ciety, formed in 1828,- in which the state societies
merged themselves.

Peace movement spread rapidly until the time
of the Crimean war, American civil war, etc.

Great peace jubilees held throughout the country
in 1871.

International Law association organized, 1873.

Interparliamentary union formed, 1889.

International peace bureau established in Bern,
1891.

First Lake Molionk arbitration conference, 1895.

American Society of International Law organ-
ized. 1906.

Intercollegiate Peace association, 1905.

Association for International Conciliation, 1907.

Peace day. 18th of May (Hague day).

Peace Sunday, the Sunday before Christmas.

American Society for the Judicial Settlement of
International Disputes, 1910.

INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONGRESSES.

First series: 1, London, 1843; 2, Brussels, 1848;
3, Paris, 1849; 4, Frankfort, 1850; 5, London, 1851;
6, Edinburgh, 1853.

Second series: 1, Paris, 1889; 2, London, 1890; 3,
Home, 1891; 4. Bern, 1892; 5. Chicago, 1893; 6,
Antwerp, 1894; 7, Budapest, 1&96; 8, Hamburg, 1897;
9, Paris, 1900: 10, Glasgow, 1901; 11, Monaco, 1902;
12, Ronen, 1903; 13, Boston, 1904; 14, Lucerne, 1905;
15, Milan, 1906; 16, Munich, 1907; 17, London, 1908.

NATIONAL PEACE CONGRESSES IN THE
UNITED STATES.

First: New York in 1907.
Second: Chicago in 1909.
Third: Baltimore in 1911.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PEACEMAKING.

Joint disarmament by Great Britain and United
States along 'Canadian border, 1817 to present time.

Central American High Court of Nations estab-
lished.

'Pan-American congress, 1889, led to establish-
ment of International Bureau of American Repub-
lics, 1890.

Pacific settlement of over 600 international dis-
putes.

The statue of The Christ of the Andes, commem-
orating joint disarmament of Chile and Argentina,
erected, 1904.

Many international bureaus (e. g. the Universal
Postal union) already in actual operation, 1909.

HAGUE PEACH CONFERENCES.

First Hague conference, May 18, 1899, of twenty-
six nation*.

Second Hague conference, June 15, 1907, of forty-
four nations.

Third Hague conference, to be held about 1915.

THE HAGUE COURT OF ARBITRATION.

The pormanent court of arbitration at The
Hague, instituted July 29, 1899, consists of from
one to four representatives of the governments
participating in The Hague peace conference of
1899 or signing the convention providing for the
court. The members of the court from the greater
powtrs are as follows:

France Leon Bourgeois, A. Decrais, Baron d'Es-
tournclles de Constant, Louis Renault.

Germany E. F. Sieveking, Herr Kriege, Herr
von Matitz. Herr von Bar.

Great Britain Sir Edward Fry, Viscount Selby,
Sir E. Satow. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick.
, Italy Jean B. P. Guarnascholli. Auguste Pier-
antoni, Guido Fusinato, Angelo Majorana.

Japan Itchiro Motono. Henry Willard Denison.

United States Ellhu Root, John W. Griggs, George
Gray, Oscar S. Straus.

Secretary Gen. Baron Michaels von Derduynen.

RECORD OP HAGUE DECISIONS.

1. The^Pius fund case, Mexico vs. United States,
Oct. 14, 1902.

2. The Venezuela case. Great Britain, Germany
and Italy vs. Venezuela, Feb. 22, 1904.

3. The Japanese house tax case, Great Britan,
France and Germany vs. Japan, May 22, 1905.

4. The Muscat dhows case. Great Britan vs.
France, Aug. 8, 1905.

5. The Casablanca case, France vs. Germany,
May 22, 1909.

6. The boundary case, Norway vs. Sweden, Oct.
23, 1909.

7. The North Atlantic fisheries case, United
States vs. Great Britain, Sept. 7, 1910.

8. The Orinoco Steamship company claims case,
United States vs. Venezuela, Oct. 25, 1910.

9. The Savarkar case, France vs. Great Britain,
Feb. 24, 1911.

PALACE OF PEACE.

April 24, 1903, Andrew Carnegie gave to the 20V-
prument of the Netherlands/ the sum of $1,500,000,
to be used in the construction of a "palace of
peace" at The Hague. The corner stone of this
structure was laid July 30, 1907, ut Zorgvliet in
the wooded park stretching from The Hague to
Scheveningen.

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOB INTERNATION-
AL PEACE.

Dec. 14, 1910, Andrew Carnegie transferred to a
board of trustees $10,000,000 in 5 per cent lirst mort-
gage bonds, the revenue of which will be used to
"hasten the abolition of international war" and to
establish lasting world peace. The formal transfer
was made at a meeting in the rooms of the Car-
negie Research foundation in Washington, D. C.
The trustees organized by choosing as president
United States Senator Elihu Root, permanent rep-
resentative of the United States at The Hague tri-
bunal. President Tat't consented to be honorary pres-
ident of the foundation. The method by which the
annual income of half a million dollars shall be
expended is left by Mr. Carnegie entirely to the
trustees. The foundation is to be perpetual, and
when the establishment of universal peace is at-
tained the donor provides that the revenue shall be
devoted to the banishment of the "next most de-
grading evil or evils," the suppression of which
would "most advance the progress, elevation and
happiness of men."

The members of the first board of trustees were:
Elihu Root, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Dr. Henry
S. Pritchett, Joseph H. Choate, Albert K. Smiley,
Dr. Charles W. Eliot, James Brown Scott, John W.
Foster, Andrew J. Montague, William M. Howard,
Thomas Burke. James L. Slayden, Andrew D.
White, Robert S. Brookings, J. G. Schmidlapp, Ar-
thur W. Foster, R. A. Franks, Charlemagne Tower,
Oscar Straus, Austen G. Fox, John I/. Cadwallader,
John Sharp Williams, C. L. Taylor, George W. Per-
kins.

OFFICEES.

President Elihu Root.

Vice-PresidentJoseph H. Choate.

Secretary James Brown Scott. .

Treasurer Walter M. Gilbert.

THIRD NATIONAL PEACE CONGRESS.

The third national peace congress was held in Bal-
timore, Md., May 3-5, 1911, under the presidency of
Hamilton Holt of New York, N. Y. Addresses were
made by President Taft, Cardinal Gibbons, James
Speyer, Richard Bartholdt, James L. Slayden, T.
lyenaga. Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Andrew
Carnegie and many others. It was resolved to
change the name of the organization to the Ameri-
can Peace Congress and to make it a permanent
body. Other resolutions indorsed the pending arbitra-
tion treaty with Great Britain, requested the presi-
dent to appoint the American members of the inter-
national peace commission without waiting for ac-
tion by other governments, approved the idea of an
International league of peace, suggested by Hamil-
ton Holt, and the suggestion of James Speyer that
war loans by bankers of neutral nations be pro-
hibited. The proposition of Congressman James L.
Slayden of Texas that the status quo of all the
Latin-American republics be mutually guaranteed
by a general American treaty was also indorsed.

100

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY.

President Senator Theodore E. Burton, Vashing-
ton. D. C.

Secretary Benjamin F. Trueblood, LA*. !>., 313 Col-
orado building. Washingion, D. C.

Treasurer George W. White. Washington. D. C.

Field Secretary Charles E. Seals, 30 North LaSalle
street, Chicago, 111.

CHICAGO PEACE SOCIETY.

President Leroy A. Goddard.

Vice-PresidentEdward M. Skinner.

Secretary Charles E. B^-als, 30 >. LaSalle street.

Treasurer Charles L. Hutchinson.

Executive committee Leroy A. Goddard. Edward

M. Skinner. Charles E. Beals. Charles L. Hctch-
inson. Miss ia.ai Addams, Richard C. Hall, H. N.
Higinbotham. Prof. Charles Cheney Hyde. S. W.
Lamson. Alexander A. McCormick, Julius Koseu-
wald, Albert H. Scherzer, Sydney Ricnmond Ta-
ber and Harry A. Wheeler.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE JUDICIAL SET-
TLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISI'L TES.

Honorary President William H. Taft.

President James Brown Scott, Washington, I>. C.

Vice-PresidentJohn Hays Hammond. Washington.
D. C.

Secretary Theodore Marbarg, Baltimore, Md.

Treasurer J. G. Schmidlapp, Cincinnati, O.

LIFE UrSTTRANCE IS THE TOTTED STATES.

ORDINARY.

IXDCSTRIAX.

Policies.

TOTAL.

Policies. ! Amount.

6&6MJ8S

1390..

:.-
:..-

L31&5SI

3.176.051

120347.001

1J64.133J33
3.630.057.43P

H5BJ25.130

&883J99
11,219.296
21.562.344

429.581 J28

916^64

$L58*,717,001
4JM95T8J67

15.480.721 .211

Total
income.

Payments to
policyholders.

Assets.

Liabilities.

Surplus.

S19ti.938.OH9

BKjB

1*8.667,801

1770.972,061
1,742.414.173
3.643357.971

S>2.-?A..7.-2
249.03&461

AMERICAN TABLE OF MORTALITY.

A-...
10

Used by
No
livii

ioe,j

in&urance companies Jn computing erjiectation
No. Expectation No. No. Expectat
g. dying, of life. Age. living, dying, of life.
00 749 48.73 39 78,863 756 28.90
51 746 48.08 4fl 78,106 765 28.18
46 743 47.45 41 77,341 774 27.45
63 740 46.SO 43 76,5*7 785 26.72
123 737 46.16 43 75,783 797 26.00
185 735 45.50 44 74,985 12 25.27
50 733 44.85 45 74,173 8T8 24.54
08 729 44.19 46 73,345 848 23.81
89 727 43.53 47 72,497 87* 23.08
62 725 42.87 48 71,627 96 22.36
137 723 42.20 49 70,731 927 21.63
14 722 41.53 50 69,804 963 20.91
52 721 40.85 51 68,843 1,001 20.20
71 730 40.17 52 67,841 1.044 19.49
51 719 39.49 53 66,797 1.091 1^.79
32 718 Si.Sl 54 65,706 1,143 18.09
14 718 38.13 55 64,563 1.199 17.40
.96 718 J7.43 56 63.364 1,2* 16.72
78 718 36.73 57 62.104 1,325 16.05
60 719 36.03 58 60.779 1,394 1539
41 720 35.33 59 59,385 1,468 14.74
21 721 ?4.63 60 57,917 1,546 14.10
00 723 33.92 61 56,371 1.62S 13.47
77 726 33.21 63 54,743 1,713 12 SC
51 729 32.50 63 53,030 1.800 12.25
S3 733 3L78 64 51,230 1.SS9 11.67
M 737 31.07 65 49,341 1,980 11.10
53 742 34.35 66 47.361 2.070 10 54
11 749 29.62 67 45,291 2.1 : 10 00

of life. Expec-
ion No. No tation
Age. living, dying.of life.
6S 43.133 2,243 9.47
69 40,890 2,321 8.91
70 38.569 2,391 8.43
71 36,178 2,448 8.00
72 33,730 2,487 7.56
73 31.243 2.505 7.11
74 28,738 2,501 6.68
75 26,237 2,476 6.27
76 23,761 2,431 6.88
77 a,330 2,369 5.49
78 18,961 2,291 5.11
79 16,6^> 2,li6 4.74
80 14,474 2,091 4.39
81 12.383 1,964 4.06
13 10.413 1,816 3.71
83 8,603 1,648 3.39
84 6.965 1.470 3.0S
85 5.4S5 1,392 2.77
86 4,193 1,114 2.47
87 3.079 933 2.18
88 2.146 744 1.91
89 1,402 555 1.66
90 847 385 1.42
91 462 246 1.19
93 216 137 .98
93 79 58 .80
94 21 18 .64
95 3 3 .50

99,5

9SJ

97,1

96J

95,5

17..

94 !

94.1

19..

93 3

20..

92 1

91,!

91 1

25...

90 4

89,7

89,1

26..

CS 3

87.5

28...

86 I

29... .

8 1

30...

85 4

84,1

33...

83,3

34... .

S2^

81 t

81 1

90 9

79.1

JTRB AND ABTTTR

LNSUKAVCE.

CASUALTY AJTD MISCELLAITZOTIS INSTJEAXCZ.

* Com-
| pa-
p nies.

PAYXEXTS TO POLICTHOLDERS

YEAR.

Com-
panies.

Income.

Payments
to policy-
holders.

L- MMh

Dividends

Total.

"RT>.~
nisnuBi

BUBjn

!* 9

URJI mmjm

19^577 VR3Kjn
362^^0 154.430.781

19JBLJB6

1990

175

JV.Ti-.4lS
32.309.619

K.. :.'.:
10.166.798

KJMjna

!'.< <J

1909

--..V4.-I-.

In a three months' Ytrting contest to decide upon
the twenty most beautiful words In the English
language members of a Y. M. G. A. branch in New
York, N. Y., selected the folloTving: Melody, splen-

TWZKTY MOST BEAUTIFUL "WOEDS.

dor, adoration, eloquence, virtue, innocence, mod-
esty, faith, joy, honor nobility, sympathy, heaven,
love, divine, hope, harmony, happiness, purity and
liberty.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

101

NATIONAL PARKS IK THE UNTTZDISTATES.
(Cn<ler supervision of the secretary of the interior.)

NAJtt.

Location.

Created.

Acres.

Maryland

Aug. 20, 1*<I

June 22. 1888.

Chickamauga and Chattanooga.

Georgia and Tennessee , .

Aug. 18, 1890.

Mar 22, MB.

' " -f*'

California

Oct 1 1880.

- /.;

Feb 11 IflK

877

Glacier

Montana

May 1L 1910.

Hot Springs Reservation,

Arkansas

Jane 16,1880.

912

Mesa Verde

Colorado

i' 1 -

W-Ml'nKf"l . , , .

Mar 22. 1899.

2TCJ60

Platt

Oklahom*.., ,

Rock Creek

District of Colombia

Sept. 27*1890.

-.r

Oct 1 1890.

160.000

ghuoh

Tennessee

D^-o 'T i-:>4

3000

SnUy'sHilL .

North Dakota.....

lone i 190L

Vicksborg

Mississippi

Feb 21 1899.

1.233

South Dakota

Jan. 9 1MB. .

10.522

March 1 1872.

142.720

California

Oct 1 1890.. .

967.660

District of Colombia. .

March 2, 1889

170

NOTES ON NATIONAL PARKS.

Antietam Battle field of the civil war in Washing-
ton county. Maryland.

Casa Grande Ruin Remains of a large prehistoric
building near Florence, Arix.

Chickamanga and Chattanooga Battle fields of the
civil war in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tenn.

Crater Lake Park contains remarkable mountain
lake and Cue scenery in the Cascade range, Kla-
rnnth county, Oregon; may be reached from Kla-
math Falls or from Medford on the Southern
Pacific road.

General Grant In Fresno and Tulare counties. Cal-
ifornia; forest and mountain scenery; reached
from ganger on the Southern Pacific line.

Gettysburg Battle field of the civil war in south-
eastern Pennsylvania.

Glecier Tract of mountainous country in northern
Montana with glaciers, lakes, forest* and peaks.

Hot Springs Reservation Tract of land in Garland
county. Arkansas, noted for its springs of warm
mineral waters.

Mesa Verde In the extreme southwestern part of
Colorado; contains pueblo and other ruins;
retched from Mancos on the Rio Grande South-
ern road.

Mount Rainier Mountain district in southern Wash-
ington; reached from Ashford on the Tacoma
Eastern railroad and from Fairfax on the North-
era Pacific road.

Platt Tract of land containing sulphur springs in
Murray county. Oklahoma; reached by Santa Fe
and St. Louis & San Francisco railroads.

Rock Creek Park in outskirts of Washington, D. C.

Sequoia Mountain tract in Tnlare county. Cali-
fornia, containing forest of big trees; reached
fr^m Visalia.

Sbiloh Battle field of civil war in Hardin county,
southern Tennessee.

Solly's Hill On the shore of Devil's lake, Nortlj
Dakota; contains elevation on which Gen. Alfred
Sully witu a few men withstood a band of In-
dians for several days in 1S63; reached from
Devil's Lake. Narrows and Tokio stations on the
Great Northern railroad.

Vicksbors Battle field of civil war near city of
same name in Mirsissippi.

Wind Cave Canyon and extensive cave in Coster
county. South Dakota, twelve miles from Hot
Springs, on the Northwestern and Burlington
roads; in Black Hills region.

Yellowstone Famous park in Wyoming. Montana
and Idaho containing geysers and many other
natural phenomena as well as beautiful moun-
tain, lake and river scenery; reached from sta-
tions on the Northern Pacific, Burlington and
Oregon Short Line roads.

Yosemite Splendid valley in the Sierras in Mari-
posa county. California: reached from Merced on
the Sante Fe and Southern Pacific roads by way
of the Yosemite Valley railroad.

Zoological -Park in Washington. L>. C.. devoted to

the zoological collection of the government; ad-
joins Rocfc Creek park.

PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN* ANTIQUITIES.
By law approved Jane 8. 190C. entitled "An act
for the preservation of American antiquities." the
president of the United States is authorized, in
his discretion, to declare by proclamation historic
landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures and
other objects of historic or scientific interest that
are situated upon lands owned or controlled by
the United States to be national monuments. Un-
der such authority the following monuments have
been created:
Name and state. Year. Acres.

Chaco canyon, N. M J9*7 20,52*

Cinder cone, Cal 1907 5.120

Devil's tower, Wyo, ...IMC -,152

El Morro. X. M 19*6 1C*

Gila cliff dwellings.* N. M ..19*7 ICO

Gran Quivira. N. M 1999 ICO

Grand Canyon.* Ariz. 19W 818,5**

Jewel cave.* S. D 19*8 1,23*

Lassen peak.* Cal 1907 1,28*

Lewis and Clark cavern. Mont 19*8 1

Mor.tezuma castle, Ariz 19M ICO

Mount Olvmpns.* Wash 19*9 C10.5C*

Muir woods, Cal 19*8 295

Muknntuweap. Utah 19*9 15.SCO

Natural bridges. Utah 19*9 2,42*

Navajo,- Arix, 1909 CM

Oregon cayes.* Ore 19*9 48*

Petrified forest. Ariz 19K C0.7CC

Pinnacles.* Cal 19*8 2.080

Rainbow bridge. Utah 1910 ICO

Shoshone cavern. Wyo 1909 21*

Sitka. Alaska 191* CT

Tonto,* Arix. 19*7 C44 -

Tumacacori. Arix. 1908 1*

WhKler.* Col 1908 300

Administered by department of agriculture; oth-
ers by interior department.

NOTES ON NATIONAL MONUMENTS.

Chaco canyon- -Located in San Joan and McKinley
cwinties. NPW Mexico: contains extensive pre-
historic communal or pueblo ruins.

Cinder cone An elevation in Lassen county in
northern California: is of importance as illus-
trsting volcanic activity in the vicinity 20* years
ago.

Devil's tower A Ic.fty and isolated rock in Crook
county. Wyoming: is an extraordinary example
of the effect of erosion in the higher mountain's.

EJ Morro An elevation near Wingate station on
the Santa Fe railroad in New Mexico: contains
prehistoric ruins and interesting roci inscriptions,

Gila cliff dwellines In the Mogollon mountain*.
XVw Mexico: known also as the Gila Hot Springs
cliff nooses; are among the best preserved re-
mains of the cliff dwellers of the southwest.

Gran Quivira Ruired town not far from Mia*a

102

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1012.

In the central part of New Mexico: remains of
large cathedral and chapel and of many houses
thought to date from prehistoric times.

Grand canyon In northwestern Arizona; greatest
eroded canyon within the United States.

Jewel cave A natural formation of scientific in-
terest within the Black Hills national forest in
Cueter county, South Dakota.

Lassen peak In national forest of same name in
Shasta county, northern California; marks the
southern terminus of the long line % of extinct
volcanoes in the Cascade range, from which one
of the greatest volcanic fields in the world ex-
tecds.

Lewis and Clark cavern An extraordinary lime-
stone cavern near Limespur, Jefferson county,
Montana.

Monteziima castle Large prehistoric ruin or cliff
dwelling on Beaver creek, Arizona.

Mount Olympus Mountain in the state of Wash-
ington; has extensive glaciers and on its slopes
are the breeding grounds of the Olympic elk.

Muii* woods In Marin county, California; an ex-
tensive growth of redwood trees of great age and
size: land presented to the government by Wil-
liam Kent of CLicagp.

Mukuntuweap Canyon in southwestern Utah through
which flows the north fork of the Rio Virgin or
Zion river; an extraordinary example of canyon
erosion.

Natural bridges Rock formations In southeastern
Utah extending over streams or chasms; have
loftier heights and greater spans than any other
similar formations known; reserved as extraordi-
nary examples of stream erosion.

Navajo Within the Navajo Indian reservation In

Arizona; includes a number of prehistoric cliff
dwellings and pueblo ruins new to *cieu<:e.

Oregon caves Within the Siskiyou national forest
in Oregon; caves are of natural formation and of
unusual scientific interest and importance.

Petrified forest Deposits of fossilized or mineral-
ized wood in Gila and Apache counties, Arizona.

Pinnacles A series of natural formations of rock
with a number of caves underlying them; located
within Pinnacles national forest in California.

Rainbow bridge An extraordinary natural bridge
in southeaotern Utah, having an arch which in
form and appearance is much like a rainbow; is
309 feet high and 278 feet span; of scientific in-
tt'i-est as an example of eccentric stream erosion.

Shoshone cavern A cave in Big Horn county, Wy-
oming, of unknown extent, but of many wind-
ings and ramifications and containing vaulted
chambers of large size, magnificently decorated
with sparkling crystals and beautiful stalactites,
and containing pits of unknown depth.

Sitka Tract of about fifty-seven acres within pub-
lic park, near Sitka, Alaska; battle ground of
Russian conquest of Alaska in 1804; site of for-
mer village of Kiki-Siti tribe, the most warlike
of Alaska Indians; contains numerous totem
poles constructed by the Indians, recording the
genealogical history of their several clans.

Tonto Comprises two prehistoric ruins of ancient
cliff dwellings in Gila county, Arizona.

Tumacacon Ruin of an ancient Spanish mission of
brick, cement and mortar in Santa Cruz county,
Arizona.

Wheeler Volcanic formations illustrating erratic
erosion; in Rio Grande and Cochetopa national
forests in southwestern Colorado.

VALUES OF RARE AMERICAN COINS.

The prices given are those quoted for the rarest
of each denomination by dealers in New York and
Chicago:

GOLD COINS.

Date. Value.

1828 $15 to $20

1829 15 to 18

1829 (new type). 17 to 20

TEN DOLLARS EAGLE.

Date. Value.

I797(small eagle)$20 to $22

1798 20 to 25

FIVE DOLLARS HAIiF-

EAGLE.

1795(small eagle) $6 to $8

1795(large eagle) 15 to IS

1796 7 to 10

1797(gmall eagle) 12 to 15

I797(larjre eagle) 15 to 20

1798(small eagle) 20 to 30

1815 75 to 100

1819 10 to 15

1820 8 to 10

1821 10 to 15

1822 , 100 to 150

1823 8 to 10

1824 16 to 20

. 1825 9 to 14

1826

1827

10 to 15

9 to 14

1830 ."..... 8 to 12

1831 8 to 12

1832 9 to 14

1833 7 to 10

FOTJB DOLLARS.

1879 $12 to $15

1880 20 to 25

THBEE DOLLARS.

1875 $20 to $30

Any date 3.55

QUARTER-EAGLE ($2.50).

1796 (with stars)$12 to $18

1797 10 to 15

1826 15 to 20

OXE DOLLAR.

1864 $5 to $8

1875 8 to 12

Any date.

1.60

SILVER COINS.

DOLLARS.

1794 $20 to $40 1851 $20 to $30

1804 650 to 3,600 1852 20 to 30

1838(flying eagle) 30 to 50 1858 15 to 20

1839(flying eagle) 25 to 35

Dcte. HALF-DOLLARS. Value.
1796 $20 to $35

1797 15 to 25

1838 (mint mark "O" bet
1853 (without arrow head

QUARTER-DOLLARS.

Date. Value.
IS'S $20 to $30

date and bust). 15 to 30
3 at date) 20 to 30

Date. Value.
1802 $2.00 to S4.00

1804 6.00 to 10.00

1827 30 to 50

THREE-CENT PIECES.
1864 $1.00 to $1.50

1893 Col. (Isabella).... 40c

TWENTY-CENT PIECES.
1874 $2 to $ 1

HALF-DIMES.
1794 $1.50 to $3.00

1877 1 to 2

DIMES.
1797 $2 00 to $4.00

1796 1.50 to 2.50

1802 20.00 to 40.00

1800 2 00 to 3.50

1805 2.00 to 3.00

NICKEL

FIVE-CENT PIECES.

1877 75 to $1 00

COINS.

THREE-CENT PIECES.

1877 50 to $1.00

COPPER

TWO-CENT PIECES.
1873 $1 to $2

COINS.
1836 $4.00 to $8

1840 2.00 to '.

CENTS.
1793 $] to $3

1842 3.00 to 10

1843 2flO to 7

1799 4 to '5

1844 2.00 to 7

1804 3 to 10

1845 2 00 to 7

HALF-CENTS.

1793 50 to $3.
1796 5.00 to 25
1802 50 to 2

1846 2.00 to 10

1847 4.00 to 13
1848 3.00 to 10
1849 (small date) 2.50 to 8
1852 2.00 to 6

...3.00 to 10

FAMOUS WATERFALLS OF THE WORLD.

. Height
Name and location. in feet.

Gavarnie, France 1,385

Grand, Labrador 2,000

Minnehaha, Minnesota 50

Missouri, Montana 90

Montmorenci, Quebec 265

Multnomah, Oregon 850

Murchison, Africa 120

Niagara, New York-Ontario 164
Rjuknn, Norway 780

Height

Name and location. in feet.
Schaffhausen, Switzerland.. 100
Skjaeggedalsfos, Norway.... 530

Shoshone, Idaho 210

Staubbach. Switzerland 1,000

Stirling, New Zealand BOO

Sutherland, New Zealand... 1,904
Takkakaw, Brit'h Columbia. 1,200

Twin, Idaho 180

Yellowstone (upper), Montana 110

Height

Name and location. in feet.
Yellowstone (lower), Montana 310

Ygnassu, Brazil 210

Yosemite ( upper ) .Calif orn ia 1 ,436
Yosemite (middle) .California 626
Yosemlte(lower). California. 400

Vettis, Norway 950

Victoria, Africa 400

Voringfos, Norway 600

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

103

ALIEN CONTRACT LABOR.

Following is a resume of United States laws re-
lating to alien contract labor and of court decision*
relating thereto. The data has been secured chiefly
from the reports of the commissioner of labor in
Washington, D. C., and the revised statutes of
the United States. The first geiieral law prohibit-
ing the Importation or immigration of alien con-
tract labor was pas.-ed by congress in 1884-1885
(approved Feb. 26, 1885). Section 1 of this act
provides that it shall be unlawful for any person,
company, partnership or corporation, in any man-
ner whatsoever, to prepi-y the transportation or in
any way assist or encourage the importation or
migration of any alien, or aliens, any foreigner or
foreigners, into the United States, ita territories
or the District of Columbia, under contract or
agreement, parol or special, express or implied,
made previous to the importation or migration of
such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, to per-
form labor or f-ervice of any kind in the United
States, Its territories, or the District of Columbia.

Section 2 declares all such contracts or agree-
ments to be utterly void and of no effect. Section
3 provides that every violation of any of the pro-
v'sions of section 1 of the act shall be punishable
by a tine of $1,000, payable into the treasury of
the United States. Section 4 provides that the mas-
ter of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within
fhe United States on any such vessel and land, or
permit to be lauded, from any foreign port or place
any alien laborer, mechanic or artisan who, previ
ous to embarkation on such vessel, had entered into
contract or agreement to perform service in the
United States shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished
by a fine of not more than $500 for each such alien
so brought, and may also be imprisoned for a term
not exceeding six months.

Section 5 (as amended by the acts of 1890-1891) pro-
vides that nothing in the act s-hall be so construed as
to prevent any citizen of any foreign country tempo-
rarily residing in the United States, either in private
or official capacity, from engaging, under contract
or otherwise, person* not residents or citizens of
the United States to act as private secretaries,
servants or domestics for sjch foreigner; nor shall
the act be so construed as to prevent any person
or persons, partnership or corporation from engag-
ing, under contract or agreement, skilled workmen
in foreign countries to perform labor in tha United
States in or upon any new industry not at present
established in the United States: Provided, that
skilled labor for that purpose cannot be otherwise
obtained; nor shall the provisions of this act apply
to professional actors, artists, lecturers or singers,
nor to persons employed strictly as personal or do-
mestic servants: Provided, tfcat nothing in the act
shall be construed as prohibiting any individual
from assisting any member of his family to mi-
grate from any foreigu country to the United
States for the purpose of settlement here, nor to
ministers of any religious denomination, nor per-
sons belorging to any recognized profession, nor
professors for colleges and seminaries.

Sections 6 and 7 (added by the acts of 1S86-1887)
charge the secretary of the treasury with the duty
of executing the provision? of the act. Section 8
(added by acts of 1886-18*7) provides that all per-
sons ii'duded in the prohibitions in this act upon
arrival shall be sent back to the nations whence
they came, the expense to be borne by the owners
of the vessels on which they came. An amendment
adopted in the act of 1887-1888 authorizes the secre-
tary of the treasury, in case he is satisfied that
an immigrant has been allowed to land contrary to
the prohibition of the alien contract law, to cause
such immigrant within the period of one year after
landing or entry, to be taken into custody and re-
turned to the country whence he came. (See im-
migration act of 1907 subjoined.) Another amend-
ment authorizes the secretary of the treasury to
pay to an informer who furnishes information that
the law has been violated such a share of the pen-
alties recovered as he may deem reasonable, not
exceeding 50 per cent.

By the act of March 3, 1891, It is provided that It
shall be deemed a, violation of the act of Feb. 26,

1S85, to assist or encourage the Importation or mi-
gration of any ulieu by promise of employment
through advertisements printed and published in
any foreign country, and any alien coming to this
country in consequence of such advertisement shall
be treated as coming under a contract. This, how-
ever, does not apply to states and state immigra-
tion bureaus advertising the inducements they offer
tor immigration to sucli states.

IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1907.

The immigration act of Feb. 20, 1907, practically
embodies in its provisions all the earlier alien con-
tract labor enactments, and also the provisions re-
lating thereto in the immigration law of March 3,
1903. In section 2 it includes among the exclud-
ed classes "persons hereinafter called contract la-
lx>rers, who have been induced or solicited to mi-
grate to this country by otters or promises of em-
ployment or in consequence of agreements, oral,
written or printed, express or implied, to perform
labor in this country of any kind, skilled or un-
skilled; those who have been, within one year from
the date of application for admission to the United
States, deported as having been induced or solicit-
ed to migrate as above described. * * * Provid-
ed, that skilled labor may be imported if labor of
like kind unemployed cannot be found In this coun-
try: And provided further, that the provisions of
this law applicable to contract labor shall not be
held to exclude professional actors, artists, lectur-
ers, singers, ministers of any religious denomina-
tion, professors for colleges or seminaries, persons
belonging to any recognized learned profession, or
persons employed strictly as personal or domestic
servants."

Section 4 of the same act provides that it shall
be a misdemeanor for any person, company, part-
nership or corporation, in any manner whatsoever,
to prepay the transportation or in any way to as-
sist or encourage the importation or migration of
any contract laborer or contract laborers into the
United States, unless such contract laborer or con-
tract laborers are exempted under the last two pro-
visions contained in section 2 of this act.

Section 5 provides that for every violation of any
of the provisions of section 4 of this act the per-
sons, partnerships, company or corporation violat-
ing the- same, by knowingly assisting, encouraging
or soliciting the migration or importation of any
contract laborer into the United States, shall for-
feit and pay for every such offense the sum of
$1,000, which may be sued for and recovered by the
United States or by any person who shall first
bring his action therefor in his own name and for
his own benefit, including any such alien thus prom-
ised labor or service of any kind, as debts of like
amount are now recovered in the courts of the
United States, and separate suits may be brought
for each alien thus promised labor or service of
any kind. And it shall be the duty of the district
attorney of the proper district to prosecute every
such suit when brought by the United States.

Section 6 provides that it shall be unlawful and
be deemed a violavion of section 4 of this act to as-
sist or encourage the importation or migration of
any alien by promise of employment through adver-
tisements printed and published in any foreign
country, and any alien coming to this country in
consequence of such an advertisement shall be
treated as coming under promise or agreement as
contemplated in section 2 of this act, and the pen-
alties Imposed by section 5 of this act shall be ap-
plicable to such a case: Provided, that this section
shall not apply to states or territories, the District
of Columbia or places subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States advertising the Inducements
they offer for immigration thereto, respectively.

Section 7 provides that no transportation company
or owner or owners of vessels or others engaged in
transporting aliens into the United States, shall,
directly or Indirectly, either by writing, printing
or oral representation, solicit, invite or encourage
the immigration of any aliens into the United.
States, but this shall not be held to prevent trans-
portation companies from issuing letters, circulars
or advertisements stating the sailings of their ves-
sels and terms and facilities of transportation

104

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

therein. For a violation of this provision, any such
transportation company, and any such owner or
owners of vessels, and all others engaged in trans-
porting aliens into the United States, and the
agents by them, employed, shall be severally sub-
jected to the penalties imposed by section 5 of this)
act.

Section 8 provides that any person, including the
master, agent, owner or consignee of any vessel,
who shall bring into or land in the United States,
by vessel or otherwise, or -vvko shall rttempt, by
himself or through another, to bring Into or land
in the United States, by vessel cr otherwise, any
alien not duly admitted by an immigrant inspector
or not lawfully entitled to enter the United States
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
on conviction be punished by a fine not exceeding
$1,000, or by imprisonment for a term not exceed-
ing two years, or ty both such fine ard imprison-
ment for each and every alien so landed or brought
in or attempted to be landed or brought in.

Section 20 provides that any alien who shall en-
ter the United States in violation of law shall,
upon the warrant of the secretary of commerce and
labor, be taken into custody and deported to the
country whence he came at any time within three
years after the date of his entry into the United
States. Such deportation, including one-half of the
entire cost of removal to the port of deportation,
shall be at the expeuse of the contractor, procurer
or other person by whom the alien was unlawfully
induced to enter the United States, or, if that can-
not be done, then the cost of removal to the port
of deportation shall be at the expense of the "im-
migrant fund," and the deportation from such
port shall be at the expense of the owner or owners
of such vessel or transportation line by which such
aliens respectively came. Pending the final dispo-
sition of the case of any alien taken into custody
he may be release-.! on a botd of $500.
COURT DECISIONS.

The act of Feb. 26, 1885, is constitutional as reg-
ulating commerce with foreign nations; the offense
of assisting the immigration of a laborer undei-
contract to work here is not complete until such
alien has entered the territory of the United States
and a civil action for the penalty prescribed by
section 3 will lie in the district in which he enters,
or in any other district in which the defendant may
be found. (U. S. Circuit court, eastern district of
Michigan, 1886; U. S. Circuit court, southern dis-
trict of New York, 1890; Florio case.)

This act (Feb. 26, 1885,) clearly forbids the immi-
gration of an alien who is under contract to labor
in the United States. Such an immigrant may be
prevented from landing under a decision of the col-
lector, finding the facts which under the statute
forbid his coming. Such decision, if rendered upon
competent evidence, is conclusive and cannot be re-
viewed on a judiciary review on habeas corpus. An
immigrant coming bound by a contract to labor on
an ordinary dairy farm is not a person excepted by
section 6 from the provisions of the law. (U. S.
Circuit court, southern district of New York, 1887;
Cummings case.)

A woman who engages as a milliner is not a
"professional artist" within the meaning of the
law. (U. S. Circuit court, southern district of New
York, 1889; Thompson case.)

This act does not apply to a contract between an
alien, residing out of the United States, and a re-
ligious society incorporated under the laws of a
state, whereby he engages to remove to the United
States and to enter the service of the society as its
rector or minister. (U. S. Supreme court, 1891;
Church of Holy Trinity case.)

ID order to sustain a suit under this act for the
recovery of the penalty authorized by the same the
contract or agreement must be one made previous
to the importation or migration of The alien or for-
eigner claimed to have been imported in violation
of the act. The mere proposal made by an alien
to a person within the United States to come here
and enter the service of such person on condition
that transportation be furnished, followed by pre-
payment of his passage money to enable him to
come to the United States, coupled with the prom-
ise, "We can give you steady work and have places
for six or eight more smelters if they want to

come," and followed by the arrival of the alien at
a port in the United States, does not constitute
such a contract. (U. S. Circuit Court of- Appeals,
eighth circuit, 1891; Edgar case.)

Neither the prepayment of transportation, nor the
assisting or encouraging in any wise the importa-
tion of tin alien, is a violation of this act (Fob. 26,
1885,) without the contract or agreement, made pre-
vious to the importation or migration, binding the
alien to perform labor or service in the United
States, its territories or the District of Columbia.
(U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. 1893; Mollcr case.)

An "under (.-overman," whose principal duties are
to drive the horses when his employer or any of
the family go out in can-laces, and who boards
with his employer's coachman, is a "personal or
domestic servant" within the meaning of the law.
(U. S. Circuit couit, southern district of New York,
1894; Howard case.)

The acts regulating immigration, existing when
chapter 551, acts of 1890-1891, was passed, refer to
aliens who are in ported ir.to or who migrate to
this country, and do not exclude a person already
resident here, though not naturalized, who tempo-
rarily departs with the intention to return. (U. S.
Circuit court, southern district of New York, 1894;
Martorelll case.)

The action of Ihe secretary of the treasury in
ordering the deportation of immigrants w'jo have
arrived within a year, on the ground that they
wore landed in violation of the contract labor laws,
cannot be reviewed or questioned in the courts,
and hence there is no jurisdiction to discharge them
on writs of habeas corpus when held in custody by
immigrant inspectors for the purpose of deportation
pursuant to an order of the secretary. (U. S. Cir-
cuit Court of Appeals, fifth circuit, Florida, 1805;
Arteago case )

This act, prohibiting the importation of aliens
under contract to perform labor in the United
States, is constitutional. (U. S. Supreme court,
1893; Lees case.)

OPINIONS OF D. S. ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

Geronimo Garcia arrived at New Orleans, La.,
Aug. 5, 1907, fro'n Havana, Cuba, his passage hav-
ing been paid by an agent of the Louisiana state
board of agriculture out of funds appropriated by
the state legislature. He was assured that employ-
ment as a firm laborer would be secured for him
on his arrival in Louisiana, the expectation being
that he would return within a year the money ad-
vanced for his passage. The attorney-general,
whose opinion was asked by the secretary of com-
merce and labor, held that the promise to him of
employment brought him within the classes of
aliens excluded by the act of 1907. "There is," he
said, "no exception in favor of a state in reference
to specific promises of employment to individual
immigrants."

An inquiry was submitted by the secretary of
commerce and labor to the attorney-general on the
subject of the admission of two lithographic artists
coming from Germany. An agent of a lithographic
company in New York made the contract abroad
and prepaid the passage of the persons in question.
They were detained as violators of the contract la-
bor law. The attorney-general deemed it unneces-
sary to determine whether they were "artists"
within the moaning of the law. but in his opinion
they were clearly entitled to admission under the
proviso that "skilled 'a Lor may be imported if la-
bor of like kind unemployed c&nnot be found in this
country," it having been shown that for many years
there had been a scarcity of men here capable of
giving the skilled service required of lithographic
artists.

UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD.

The United States geographic board passes on all
unsettled questions concerning geographic names
which arise in the departments of the government,
as well as determining, changing and fixing place
names within the United States and its insular
possessions. The decisions of the board are to be
accepted by all departments as standard authority.
The board has advisory powers with respect to the
preparation of maps in the various offices and bu-
reaus of the government.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

105

THE CONTROLLER BAY CONTROVERSY.

The elimination of 12,800 acres from the Chugach
national forest in Alaska by an executive order
dated Oct. 28, 1910, led to the charge in the spring
of 1911 that this step was a blunder which would
probably result in the Morgan-Guggenheim syndi-
cate obtaining a monopoly in the transportation of
coal from the rich Alaskan fields, through securing
the only remaining available outlet to the sea. The
matter was made the subject of an official inquiry,
the senate of the Uiuted States adopting a resolu-
tion June 27, 1911, calling upon the president for all
documents and other information relating to the
elimination of national forest land fronting on Con-
troller bay and The applications of the Controller
flailroad and Navigation company for rights of way
or confirmation of its maps of rights of way or
harbor rights in or near Controller bay or upon the
lands eliminated from the Chugach national forest.

July 28 Presideat Taft sent to the senate a spe-
cial message in which he gave the information
called for. After quoting the resolution of the sen-
ate and the executive order of Oct. 28, 1910, elimi-
nating 12,800 acres from the Chugach national for-
est as not being chiefly valuable for national forest
purposes, the president described Controller bay as
upward of twenty miles in length, live or six miles
in width and landlocked by a number of islands.
The bay was for some time supposed to be too
shallow for navigation, but in 1907 a channel was
discovered, whicn passed from the ocean to the
southeast' of the island of Kanaka and curving into
the bay extended southeasterly some seven miles.
Further investigation showed that for a distance
of six miles the frontage of Controller bay was on
deep water, to be reached by trestles ot ordinary
length.

"All the territory surrounding Controller bay,"
continued the message, "was included in the Chu-
gach forest reservation in Ili09 by a proclamation
of President Roosevelt. The importance of Control-
ler bay is that it lies about twenty-five miles from
very valuable coal deposits known as the Bering
coal fields. Katalla bay is to the west of- Control-
ler bay and almost immediately adjoins it. It is
an open roadstead, upon the shore of which an at-
tempt was made by the Morgan-Guggenheim syndi-
cate to establish a railway terminal, and thence to
build a road to the Bering coal fields, already
mentioned. The attempt failed for the reason that
the breakwater protecting the terminals was de-
stroyed l>y storms and the terminals became im-
practicable. Some fifty miles or more farther west
of Katalla bay is the mouth of the Copper river,
where there is an excellent harbor, on which is the
town of Cordova. There the Copper River railroad,
owned by the Morgan-Guggenheim interests, has its
terminals, and the line runs to the northeast along
the Copper river and has nearly reached certain
rich copper mines in the interior. A branch from
this main line is projected to the Bering coal fields
and is feasible."

Reference was made to the fact that Mr. Tltt-
man, superintendent of the coast survey, considered
Controller bay to be of great value and suggested
that it be maintained as a naval reservation be-
cause of its proximity to the coal fields. The di-
rector of the geological survey, to whom the sug-
gestion was referred, reported that the harbor was
not as good for naval purposes as one already se-
lected, but he thought private capital ought to be
encouraged to construct a railway from the channel
over the mud flats to the shore and thence to the
coal fields. In December, 1909, Richard S. Ryan,
representing the Controller Railway and Naviga-
tion company, applied to Mr. Pinchot, the then
forester, for an elimination from the Chugach for-
est reserve of a tract of land to enable his com-
pany to secure railroad temfnnls, bunkers, shops,
etc., on the northeast shore of Controller bay. This
application was referred to the district forester at
Portland, Ore., and by him to the forester in
Alaska. Early in 1910 Mr. Graves, who had then
become forester, reported that there was no objec-
tion from the standpoint- of forestry to the elimi-
nation of the tract indicated, OL- of 18,000 acres on
the northeast shore of Controller bay.

"The matter," said the message, "was consid-
ered by the forestry bureau, by the secretary of

agriculture, by the secretary of the interior and
by the general land office, and the result was a rec-
ommendation to me in May, 1910, that an elimina-
tion be made of S20 acres, with a frontage of 160
rods, on the lortheast shore of Controller bay. I
entertained some question about the matter, and
stated my objections at a cabiuet meeting. There-
after, some time in June, I had an interview with
Richard S. Ryan, the promoter of the Controller
Railway and Navigation company, to whom the sec-
retary of the interior had stated my objections,
which led to Ryen's seeding a communication to
the secretary of the interior under date of July 13,
1?10. This letter was, in the secretary's absence,
bent by the department to me at once. I consid-
ered the whole case in August, 1910, an.l directed
that the 320 acres, recoir.mended by both depart-
ments, be eliminated. Nothing was done, however,
in the matter until my return to Washington in
October, 1910, when a formal orde", which had been
drawn in the interior department and was subse-
quently specifically approved by the secretary of
agriculture and returned to the interior department,
was submitted oy me to the acting secretary of the
interior, with the approval of that department.
(This order eliminated 320 acres pnly.)

"The question finally came before the cabinet
late in October. After a full discussion of the
matter, and after a consideration of the law, I ex-
pressed dissatisfaction with the order because it
purported on its face to make the elimination for
the benefit of a railroad company of a tract of land
which the company could not secure under the stat-
ute, for it was a tract of 320 acres in one body-
when only 160 acres could be thus acquired. In the
second place, 1 preferred to make a much larger
elimination of a tract facing the entire channel
and with sufficient room for a railway terminal
town. ' I was willing to do this because I found the
restrictions in the law sufficient to prevent the pos-
sibility of any monopoly of either the upland or
the harbor or channel by the Controller Railway
end Navigation company or any other persons or
company. For lack of time sufficient to draft a
memorandum myself, I requested the secretary of
the interior, who, with the secretary of agricul-
ture, after full discussion, had agreed in my con-
clusion, to prepare a letter setting forth the rea-
sons for making the larger elimination, so that it
might become a part of the record.

"It had been originally suggested by the forestry
bureau that 18,000 acres might safely be eliminated,
fo far as forestry purposes were concerned, but
fear had been expressed by one of the district for-
esters that such a large elimination would offer an
opportunity to the company to use land scrip and
acquire title to extensive town sites, and the result
of the joint consideration of both departments had
been the reductic-n to 320 acres.

"I wish to be as specific as possible upon this
point and to say that I alone am responsible for
the enlargement of the proposed elimination from
S20 acres to 12,800 acres, and that while I proposed
the change and stated my reasons therefor, and
while both secretaries coidially concurred in it, tlie
suggestion was mioe."

The president in his message then pointed out
that Mr. Rynn had been properly vouched for and
that he hart produced letters showing that the com-
pany he represented had expended $75,000 in prepara-
tions for the building of a railroad from Control-
ler bay to the coal fields, tut that it was obstruct-
ed in doing so by the order establishing the Chu-
gach forest reserve, which covered all of the Con-
troller bay shore. Mr. Ryau bad given every assur-
ance that Messrs. Morgan ard Guggenheim had no
connection with this company, which was engaged
in an independent enterprise in good faith to build
an Independent railroad.

"Of course," continued the message, "it was pos-
sible that the owners of the Copper River Railway
company might attempt to buy this railroad when,
and if, it was built. It was possible that Mr. Ryan
was acting In the interests of the Copper River
railroad, although I did not believe it; but whether
this was true or not it was clear that the order of
elimination, by reason of the restrictions of the act
of congress hereafter explained, would not permit

100

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

the owners of either railroad to shut out any other
capitalists who might desire to construct a railroad
from the channel of Controller bay to the coal
fields, and if by this order we could secure the con-
struction of a railroad from Controller bay to the
coal fields it would be a distinct step in the useful
development of Alaska. The rates of freight for
coal to be charged, of course, would always be sub-
ject to congressional control, and, if government
ownership seemed a wise policy under the peculiar
circumstances, ample land for right of way, harbor
frontage and terminals must always remain avail-
able under the law for government use, or, if it is
preferred tc take over to the government a railway
built by private enterprise, condemnation is easy."

The president referred to the federal statutes giv-
ing authority for the location of railroads and the
acquisition of a right of wav over public lands in,
Alaska, including forest reservations. He also cited
previous eliminations from forest reserves of water
front lands at Eyak (now Cordova) and VaMez. At-
tention was called to the fact that the Copper River
railway, owned by the Mcrgan-Gu^genlu'im syndi-
cate, had established its terminals at Cordova, and
that it proposed to build a branch line to the coal
fields. That company would not therefore be inter-
ested In buildii'g a direct line to Controller boy,
where it would be necessary for it to duplicate the
terminal facilities it already had at Cordova on a
better harbor and where coal was not the only com-
modity seeking transportation.

"If a railroad," said the president, "was to be
constructed from Controller bay to the Bering coal
fields it was perfectly evident that there must be
a terminal town on the shore of Controller bay,
and 1 was therefore glad and anxious to throw It
open to entry and settlement as one important step
in encouraging railroad settlement. I was certain
hat congress had provided, in the -.statutes affecting
the entry and settlement of land in Alaska, limita-
tions which would prevent the .possibility of the
exclusive appropriation of the harbor and channel
of Controller hay or its shores or upland to any one
railroad. This I propose now to show.

"The only prae'icable method for securing title
from the government in such a tract as tills after
its elimination is by use of what is called 'sol-
diers' additional homestead right' evidenced by
(scrip. The statutory limitations upon this method
of acquiring title are threefold:

"Kirst. No more tlinn 160 acres can be entered
in any single bidy by such scrip.

"Second. No location of scrip along any navigable
waters can be made wilhin a distance of eighty
rods of any lands already located along such wa-
ters. No entry can be allowed extending more than
.169 rods along the si ore of any navigable water
uud along such shore a space of at least eighty
rods must be reserved from entry between all such
claims. Moreover, tie statute expressly provides
that a roadway sixty feet in width, parallel to the
sliore line as nea:.' as may be practicable, shall be
reserved for tha use of the public as a highway.

"Third. Notbli.g ia the act contained is to be
construed to authorize entries to be made or title
to be acquired to the shore of any navigable waters
within said district.

"Under the first limitation the navigation com-
pany and every other person is prevented from lo-
cating more than 160 acres in one body. By the
construction of the land department, as shown In
the record, this requires a separation between any
two entries by the same person or in the same in-
terest of a tract of forty acres. This would pre-
vent the possibility of any one person or any one
interest acquiring an ertire tract like that of the
12,800 acres.

"The second limitation is important in that it
prevents the entry of claims at any point on the
shore having a greater frontage than half a mile
and requires that between that and the next claim
there shall be a frontage reserved and kept in pub-
lic control of a quarter of a mile. The consequence
Is that in the seven miles of the frontage of this
eliminated tract there must be reserved for gov-
ernment control nnd use and such disposition as
congress may .see lit to make, and free from pri-
vate appropriation, a frontage of about two and

three-quarters miles aixi so distributed along the
sliore in frontages of eighty rods as to make cer-
tain a public frontage of this width having all the
advantage that any private frontage can have. * * *

"Since the executive order was issued, Oct. 28,
1910, there have been four locations under soldiers'
scrip three of them of 160 rods each along the
bay, separated by two divisions of eighty rods,
dated Nov. 1, Nov. 10 and Nov. 11, 1910, respective-
ly. I shall assume that all of them are in the in-
terest of the Controller Railway and Navigation
company. None of them has been approved or
passed to patent, but I shall assume that t.'iey can
IK; passed to valid patent. Where the fourth one,
dated March 11, 1911, is, does not appear, but it is
understood to front ISO rods on the bay shore on
the east f.ide of the Campbell river. In addition,
upon one of the eighty rod intervals, there is filed
what is termed a terminal railroad claim of forty
acres covering the entire frontage of eighty rods.
This was filed Dec. 14, 1910, after the location of
the two scrip entries which it connects. It is
plainly invalid because placed on the interval of
eighty rods expressly reserved by statute for the
public.

"Of the shore frontage unlocated which may be
appropriated by scrip, there remain six frontages
of 160 rods each on the shore of the tract opened
by the executive order, facing the bay and channel,
nnd In addition about two and three-fourths miles
of frontage distributed In eleven eighty rod strips,
subject to public use ar-d the disposition of con-
gress. There is thus ample room for many other
railroads to reach high water mark on Controller
bay, and there to acquire tracts for terminals."

The president further pointed out that there was
a third rcf son why the opening of this tra^t to set-
tlement fpd limited private appropriations could
not lead to a monopoly in the Controller Railway
and Navigation company or any one else. This was
the fact that the distance from the dry or shore
land the line of high water mark to the line of
low water mark was between two and three miles
and the distance to deep water a mile farther,
making it necessary, if a harbor were to be reached
and u&ed, to construct a trestle three or four miles
long. This tidal flat was owned by the United
States, : nd the acquisition under the public land
laws of tracts on the shore abutting these tidal
fiats gave no right or title to the fiats.

"The' order," continued the message, "has been
criticised because it was not in the form of a proc-
lamation instead of an order. * '* * The fact is
that in law there Is in effect no difference between
a proc'amation and an executive order. In practice
the same publicity is given to each."

The president declared that the charge that the
order was secret and thi-t while it was made in
October, 1910, no one knew of it until April, 1911,
was utterly unfounded. It was announced at the
time it \<*HS issued by various special correspondents
and also by The Associated Press.

"Before closing," said the president, "I desire
to allude to a circumstance which the terms of this
resolution make i-pt and relevant. It is a widely
published statement attributed to a newspaper cor-
respondent that in an examination of the files of
the interior depi-.rtment a few weeks ago a post-
script was found attached to a letter of July 13,
1910, addressed by Richard S. Ryan to Secretary
Ballinger, urging the elimination of land enough
for termir.als for the Controller Railway and Navi-
gation company. The postscript was said to read
as follows:

" 'Dear Dick: I went to see th(: president the
other day. He asked me who it was 1 represented.
I told him, according to our agreement, that I rep-
resented myself. But this didn't seem to satisfy him.
So I sent for Charlie Taft and asked him to tell
his brother, the president, who it was I really rep-
resented. The president made no further objection
to my claim. DICK.' "

This postscript the president denounced as a
wicked fabrication, utterly without foundation in
fact. Its only significance, he said, was the light
it threw on the bitterness end venom of some of
those who took active part in every discussion cf
Alnskan issues.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1012.

167

WHAT TRAVELERS MAY BRING TO AMERICA.

[Treasury department's "Notice

Paragraph 709, appearing in the free list of the
present tariff act, governing passengers' baggage,
is as follows:

Wearing opparel, articles of personal adornment,
toilet articles and similar personal effects of per-
sons arriving in tbe United States; but this ex-
emption shall only include such articles as ac-
tually accompany and are in the use of, and as
are necessary and appropriate for the wear and
use of such persons, for the immediate purposes of
the journey and piesent comfort and convenience,
and shall not be held to apply to merchandise or
articles intended for other persons or for sale;
provided, that in case of residents of the United
States, returning from abroad, all wearing ap-
parel and other personal effects taken by them out
of the United States to foreign countries shall be
admitted free of duty, without regard to their
value, upon their identity being established, under
appropriate rules and regulations to be prescribed
by ihe secretary of the treasury, but no more
than $100 in value of articles purchased abroad
by sucr residents of the United States shall be
admitted free of duty upon their return."

RESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Residents of the United States must declare all
articles which have been obtained abroad !y pur-
chnse or otherwise, whether used or unused, and
whether on their persons, in their clothing, or in
their baggage. The foreign value of each article,
stated in United States money, must aiso be de-
clared.

Articles taken from the United States and remod-
eled, repaired or improved abroad must be declared
and the cost of such remodeling, repairing or im-
proving must be separately stated.

The following articles are dutiable:

Household ejects, including books, pictures, fur-
niture, tableware, table linen, bed linen and other
similar articles, unless used abroad by the owner
for a period of a year or more.

Goods in the piece.

Articles of any nature Intended for sale or for
othei persons.

The following articles are free if under $100 in
value and if necessary for comfort and convenience
for the purposes of the journey and not for sale nor
for other persons:

Clothing.

Toilet articles, such as combs, brushes, soaps,
cosmetics, shaving and manicure sets, etc.

Personal adorn nents, jewelry, etc.

Similar personal effects, which may include cam-
eras, canes, fishing tacKle, glasses (field, opera,
marine), golf sticks, guns, musical instruments,
parasols, photographs, s.nokers' articles, steamer
rugs and shiiwte, toys, trunks, valises, etc.

Clothing and other personal effects taken out of
the United States by the passenger if not increased
in value or improved in condition while abroad. If
increased in valae or improved in condition, they
are dutiable on tl-e cost of the repairs.

The above lists of articles which' are dutiable and
noudutiable are stated-for the assistance of passen-
gers and are not exhaustive. All articles are duti-
able unless specifically exempted by law.

Pack in one trunk, if practicable, all dutiable
articles.

Receipted bills for foreign purchases should be
presented whenever possible.

I'se does not exempt from duty wearing apparel
or other articles obtained abroad, but such articles
will be appraised at their value in the condition as
imported, due allowance being made for deprecia-
tion through wear end use.

NONRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Nonresidents of tlit United States are entitled
to bring in free of duty, without regard to the $100
exemption, such arioles as are in the nature of
wearing apparel, articles of personal adornment,
toilet articles and similar personal effects, neces-
sary and appropriate for their wear and use for the
purposes of the Journey and present comfort and

to Passengers," March 14, 1911.1

convenience and which are cot intended for other
persons or for sale.

Citizens of the United States or persons who
ha*e at any time resided in this country shall be
deemed to be residents of the United Stales un-
less they shall have abandoned their resilience in
this country and acquired an actual boua IMe resi-
dence in a foreign ccuntry.

Such citizens or former residents who desire the
privileges granted by law to nonresidents must
show to the satisfaction of the collector's repre-
sentative on the pier, subject to the collector's ap-
proval, that they have given up their residence in
the United States and that they have become boua
fide residents of a foreign country.

The residence of a wife follows that of the hus-
band, and the residence of a minor child follows
that of its! parents.
GOODS CTHER THAN PERSONAL EFFECTS.

Household effects of persons or families from
foreign countries will be admitted free of duty only
if actually used abroad by them not less than one
year, and if not intended for any other person, nor
for sale. Such effects should be declared whether
the passenger be a resident or a nonresident of the
United Sta*tes.

Articles intenderl for use in business or for other
persons, theatrical apparel, properties and scen-
e/ies, must be declared by passengers, whether res-
idents or nonresidents.

CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.

All cigars and cigarettes must be declared. Each
passenger over IS years of age may bring in free of
duty 50 cigars or "00 cigarettes if for the boua fide
use of such passenger. Such cigars and cigarettes
will be in addition to the articles included within
the $100 exemption.

BAGGAGE DECLARATIONS.

The law provides that every person entering the
United States shall make a declaration and entry
of his or her personal baggage. The law further
requires tbat the values of articles shall be de-
termined by customs officers, irrespective of the
statements of passengers relative thereto.

It will thus be seen that there is no discourtesy
in the requirement that both a declaration and an
independent appraisal shall be made. Taken to-
gether, these requirements place the passenger .'n
the same position as any other importer of mer-
chandise.

Passengers should observe that on the sheet given
them there are two forms of declarations; the one
printed in black is for residents of the United
States; the one in red. for nonresidents.

The exact number of pieces of baggage, includ-
ing all trunks, valises, boxes, packages and hand
bags of any description accompanying the passen-
ger, must be stated in the declaration.

The senior member of a family, present as a

Eassenger, may make declaration for the entire
jmily.

Ladies traveling alone should state that fact in
their declarations in order that an expeditious ex-
amination of their baggage may be made.

When the declaration is prepared and signed, the
coupon at the bottom of the form must be detached
and retained by the passenger, and the form given
to the officer of the ship designated to receive the
same. A declaration upoiled in its preparation must
not be destroyed, but turned over to the purser,
who will furnish a new blank to the passenger.

After all the baggage and effects of the passen-
ger have been landed upon the pier, the coupon
which has been retained by the passenger must be
presented at the inspector's desk, whereupon an in-
spector will be detailed to examine the baggage.
Passengers must acknowledge in person, on the
pier, their signal ire to their declarations.

Examination of any baggage ma;7 be postponed if
the passenger requests the officer taking his decla-
ration to have it sent to the appraiser's store.

Passengers must not deduct the Si 00 exemption In
making out their declarations. Such deductions will
be made by customs olticers on the pier.

108

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

CONTESTED VALUATION.

Passengers dissatisfied with values placed upon
dutiable articles by the customs officers on the pier
may demand a re-examination, but application
therefor should be Immediately made to the officers
there in charge. If for any reason this course is
impracticable, the packages containing the articles
should be left in customs custody and application
for re-appraisement maiio to the collector of cus-
toms, in writing, within ten days after the original
appraisement. No request for reappraisement can
be entertained after the articles have been removed
from customs custody.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

Currency (or certified checks after June 1, 1811.)
only can be accepted in payment of duties, but,
upon request, baggage will be retained on the piers
fcr twenty-four hours to enable the owner to se-
cure currency or certified checks.

The offering of gratuities or bribes to customs
officers is a violation of law. Customs officers who
accept gratuities or bribes will be dismissed from
the service and all parties concerned will be liable
to criminal prosecution.

Discourtesy or incivility on the part of customs
officers should be leported to the collector at the
custom house, to -the deputy collector or the deputy
surveyor at the pier, rr to the secretary of the
treasury.

BAGGAGE FOR TRANSPORTATION IN BOND.

Baggage intended for delivery at ports in the
United States other than the port of arrival, or in
transit through the I'nited States to a foreign coun-
try, may be forwardod tnercto without the assess-
ment of duty at the port of arrival, by the various
railroads and express companies, whose representa-
tives will be found on the pier.

Passengers desiring to have their baggage for-
warded in bond f-liould indicate such intention and
state ihe value thereof in their declarations before
any examination of the baggage has been made.

SEALSKIN GARMENTS.

An act of congress of 1897, as amended in 1910,
expressly forbids the importation into the United
States of garments made in whole or in part of the
skins of seals taken in the waters of the Pacific
ocean; and unless the owner is able to establish
by competent evidence and to the satisfaction of
the collector that the garments are not prohibited,
they cannot be admitted.

PENALTY FOR NOT DECLARING ARTICLES

OBTAINED ABROAD.

Under sections 2802 and 3082 of the revised stat-
utes of the United States articles obtained abroad
and not declared are subject to seizure, and the
passenger is liable to criminal prosecution.

EELATIVES OF KING GEORGE V.

King George V. of England is closely connected
by birth or marriage with the monarchs of Ger-
many, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain
and Greece.

1. Emperor William of Germany Is a first cousin;
his mother, the late Empress Frederick of Germany,
was a sister of King Edward.

2. Both the czar and the czarina of Russia are
related to King George. The czar's mother, the dow-
ager empress of Russia, is a sister of Queen Alex-
andra, and Nicholas II. end George V. are, there-
fore, first cousins. The czarina is also a cousin.
!She was the Princess Alix of Hesse, a daughter of
the late Princess Alice, sister of King Edward.

3. The king and queen of Norway are orother-
in-lnw and sister of King Gaorge. The queen wcs
the Princess Maud of Waaes, King Edward's young-
est daughter. King Haakon is also a cousin of
F.ing George, being a grandson of the late King
Christian IX. of Denmark, Queen Alexandra's
father.

4. Queen Victoria of Spain is a daughter of
Princess Henry of Battenberg, the late King Ed-
ward's youngest sister, and is, therefore, a cousin
of King George.

E. King George of Greece is a brother of Queen
Alexandra, and an uncle of King George.

6. The crown prince of Sweden is married to
Princess Margaret of Counaught, a cousin of King
George.

7. Frederick Augustus III., king of Saxony, is
a third cousin of King George.

8. Manuel II. of Portugal is also a third cousin
through his descent from Prince Ferdinand cf Saxe-
Coburg and Gotha, a first cousin of Queen Victoria.

9. King Albert of Belgium is distantly reflated
through his father, who was a great uncle of King
Edward.

10. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria is another cousin,
several times removed, through his grandfather, the
late Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

BATTLE WITH BURGLARS IN LONDON.

London, England, was the scene of a remarkable
fight between two burglars on the one hand and.
a large force of police and soldiers on the other,
early on the morning of Jan. 3, 1911. On the night
of Dec. 16 previously the police interrupted an at-
tempted burglary in a jewelry shop in Houndsditnh
and in the fight which followed three of the police-
men and a burglar were mortally wouuded. Dis
coveries were made which convinced the authorities
that the thieves were anarchists, and three Rus-
sians were arrested on suspicion. Further investi-
gation caused the police to believe that the head-
quarters of the gang were in a house in Sidney
street. This place was surrounded at an hour when
It was thought the inmates would be asleep, but

wlien the police attempted to enter they were fired
upon. Then a battle lasting several hours followed,
iu which 1,500 police, a company of Scots guards,
a battery of horse artillery and a fire brigade took
part. Home Secretary Churchill and thousands of
spectators watched the fight, which terminated only
when the building occupied by the desperadoes
caught fire and was consumed. "Peter the Painter"
and "Dutch Fritz," the reputed burglars and an-
archists, went down in the flames and only their
charred remains were recovered. Though hundreds
of shots were fired only one police officer was se-
riously wounded. Several spectators were slightly
injured by spent bullets.

AROUND THE WORLD IN FORTY DAYS.

Andre Jager-Schmidt of the Paris Illustrated
Daily Excelsior started from Paris at 1:45 p. m.
July 17. 1911, in an effort to lower tl-e time around
the globe made by M. Stiegler of the Matin, who
used sixty-three days. M. Jager-Schmidt's route
lay to Moscow and thence to Vladivostok. From
the latter place he proceeded by steamer to Yoko-
hama, whence he sailed for Vancouver, taking

Fifteen lives were lost and property valued at
$1,000,000 was destroyed in a storm which visited
Charleston, S. C., Sunday night and Monday, Aug.
27-28, 1911. At the height of the gale the wind
reached a velocity of ninty-four miles an hour

STORM AT CHARLESTON, S. C.

and the tide rose

eight feet at the battery in
front of the city. Great damage was done In the
harbor and the streets wore strewn with debris.
Several of the fatalities occurred through drowning.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

109

The act to amend and consolidate the acts re-
specting copyright, In force July 1, 1909, provides
that any person entitled thereto, upon complying
with the provisions of the law, shall have the ex-
clusive right (a) to print, reprint, publish, copy
and vend the copyrighted work; (b) to translate the
copyrighted work or make any other version of It
if It be a literary work; to dramatize it if It be a
nondramatic work; to convert it into a novel or
other nondramatic work if it be a drama; to ar-
range or adapt It if it be a musical work; to fin-
ish it if It be a model or design for a work of art;
(c) to deliver or authorize the delivery of the
copyrighted work If it be a lecture, sermon, ad-
dress or similar production; (d) to perform the
copyrighted work publicly if It be a drama or, li
It be a dramatic work and not reproduced In
copies for sale, to vend the manuscript or any rec-
ord thereof; to make or to procure the making of
any transcription or record thereof by which It
may In any manner be exhibited, performed or
produced, and to exhibit, perform or \ roduce It
in any manner whatsoever; (e) to perform the
copyrighted work publicly for profit if it be a mu-
sical composition and for the purpose of public
performance for profit and to make any arrange-
ment or setting of It In any system of notation or
any form of record In which the thought of an
author may be read or reproduced.

So far as they secure copyright controlling the
parts of Instruments serving to reproduce mechan-
ically the musical work the law includes only com-
positions published after the act went into effect;
it does not include the works of a foreign author
or composer unless the country of which he is a
citizen or subject grants similar rights to Amer-
ican citizens. Whenever the owner of a musical
copyright has used or permitted the use of the
copyrighted work upon the part of instruments
serving to reproduce mechanically the musical
work, any other person may make a similar use of
the work upon the payment to the owner of a roy-
alty of 2 cents on each such part manufactured.
The reproduction or rendition of a musical com-
position by or upon coin-operated machines shall
not be deemed a public performance for profit un-
less a fee Is charged for admission to the place
where the reproduction occurs.

The works for which copyright may be secured
Include all the writings of an author.

The application for registration shall specify to
which of the following classes the work in which
copyright is claimed belongs:

(a) Books, Including composite and cyclopedic
works, directories, gazetteers and other compila-
tions.

(b) Periodicals, including newspapers.

(d) Dramatic or dramatic-musical compositions.

(e) Musical compositions.

(f) Maps.

(g) Works of art; models or designs for works
of art.

(h) Reproductions of a work of art.

(i) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or
technical character.

(j) Photographs.

(k) Prints and pictorial Illustrations.

These specifications do not, however, limit the
subject matter of copyright as defined in the law
nor does any error in classification invalidate the
copyright protection secured.

Copyright extends to the work of a foreign author
or proprietor only in case he is domiciled in the
United States at the time of the first publication
of his wort or if the country of which he is a citi-
zen grants similar copyright protection to citizens
of the United States.

Any person entitled thereto by the law may se-
cure copyright for his work by publication thereof
with the notice of copyright required by the act,
and such notice shall be affixed to each copy pub-
lished or offered for sale in the United States.
Such person may obtain registration of his claim
to copyright by complying with the provisions of
the act. including the deposit of copies, whereupon
the register of copyrights shall issue to him a cer-

tificate as provided for in the law. Copyright may
also be had of the works of an author of which
copies are not reproduced for sale by the deposit
with claim of copyright of one complete copy, if it
be a lecture or similar production, or a dramatic
or musical composition; of a photographic print if
it be a photograph, or of a photograph or other
identifying reproduction thereof if it be a work of
art or a plastic work or drawing.

After copyright has been secured there must be
deposited in the copyright office in Washington,
D. C., two complete copies of the best edition
thereof, which copies, if the work be a book or pe-
riodical, shall have been produced in accordance
with the manufacturing provisions of the act, or if
euch work be a contribution to a periodical for
which contribution special registration is requested
one copy cf the issue or issues containing such
contribution. Failure to deposit the copies within
a given time after notice from the register of
copyrights makes the proprietor of the copyright
liable to a fine of $100 and twice the retail price
of the work, and the copyright becomes void.

The text of all books and periodicals specified in
paragraphs (a) and (b) above, except the original
text of a book of foreign origin in a language
other than English, must in order to secure pro-
tection be printed from type set within the limits
of the United States, either by hand, machinery or
other process, and the printing of the text and the
binding of the books must also be done within the
United States. An affidavit of such manufacture is
required.

The notice of copyright required consists either
Of the word "copyright" or the abbreviation

copr.," accompanied by the name of the copyright
proprietor, and if the work be a printed literary,
musical or dramatic work, the notice must also in-
clude the year in which the copyright was secured
by publication. In the case, however, of copies of
works specified in paragraphs (f) to (k) inclusive
(given above) the notice may consist of the letter
C inclosed within a circle, accompanied by the ini-
tials, monogram, mark or symbol of the copyright
proprietor, provided his name appears elsewhere on
the copies. In the case of a book or other printed
publication the notice shall be applied on the title
page or on the page immediately following, or if a
periodical either upon the title page or upon the
first page of text of each separate number or un-
der the title heading; or if a musical work upon its
title page or the first page of music.

Where the copyright proprietor has sought to
Comply with the law with respect to notice, the
omission of such notice by mistake from a particu-
lar copy or copies shall not invalidate the copy-
right or prevent recovery for infringement against
any person who, after actual notice of the copy-
right, begins an undertaking to infringe it, but
Shall prevent the recovery of damages against an
Innocent infringer who has been misled by the
omission of the notice.

In the case of a book in English published abroad
before publication in this country, the deposit in
the copyright office within thirty days of one copy
of the foreign edition, with a request for the res-
ervation of the copyright, secures for the author
or owner an ad interim copyright for thirty days
after such deposit is made.

The copyright secured by the act endures for
twenty-eight years from the date of the first publi-
cation. In the case of any posthumous work, peri-
odical, encyclopedic or other composite work upon
which the copyright was originally secured by the
proprietor thereof, or of any work copyrighted by a
corporate body, or by an employer for whom such
work is made for hire, the proprietor of such copy-
right shall be entitled to a renewal of the copy-
right in such work for the further term of twenty-
eight years when application for such renewal shall
have been made within one year prior to the ex-
piration of the original term. In the case of any
other copyrighted work, including a contribution by
an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclo-
pedic or other composite work when such contribu-
tion has been separately copyrighted, the author of
such work, if living, or the heirs, executors or
next of kin, if the author be dead, shall be en-

110

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

titled to a renewal of the copyright for a further
term of twenty-eight years. In default of such ap-
plication for renewal the copyright in any work
shall end at the expiration of twenty-eight years.

If any person shall infringe the copyright in any
work protected under the copyright laws of the
United States, such person shall be liable:

(a) To an injunction restraining such infringe-

t-WIlt.

(b) To pay to the copyright proprietor such dam-
ages as tlie copyright proprietor may have suffered
due to the Infringement, as well as all the profits
which the infringe; shall hare made from such in-
fringement, and in proving profits the plaintiff
shall be required to prove sales only and the de-
fendant shall be required to prove every element
of cost which he claims, or in lieu of actual dam-
ages or profits such damages as to the court shall
appear to be just, and in assessing such damages
the court may, in its discretion, allow the amounts
as hereinafter state<J (in numbered paragraphs), but
in the case of a newspaper reproduction or a copy-
righted photograph such damages shall not exceed
the sum of $200 nor be less than $50, and such dam-
ages shall in no other case exceed the sum of $250
and shall not be regarded as a penalty: '

1. In the case of a painting, statue or sculpture,
$10 for every infringing copy made or sold by or
found in the possession of the infringer or his
agents or employes:

2. In the case of any work enumerated in the list
(given above) of works for which copyright may be
asked, except a painting, statue or sculpture, $1 for
every infringing copy.

3. In the case of a lecture, sermon or address,
$50 for every infringing delivery.

4. In the case of dramatic or dramatico-musical
or a choral or orchestral composition, $100 for the
first and $50 for every subsequent infringing per-
formance; in the case of other musical composi-
tions, $10 for every infringing performance.

(d) To deliver up on oath for destruction all the
infringing copies or devices, as well as all plates,
molds, matrices or other means for making such in-
fringing copies, as the court may order.

(e) Whenever the owner of a musical copyright
has used or permitted the use of the copyrighted
work upon the parts of musical instruments serv-
ing to reproduce mechanically the musical work,
then in case of infringement by the unauthorized
manufacture, use or sale of interchangeable parts,
such as disks, rolls, bands or cylinders for use in
mechanical music-producing machines, no criminal
action shall be brought, but in a civil action an
injunction may be granted upon such terms as the
court may impose and the plaintiff shall be en-
titled to recover in lieu of profits and damages a
royalty as provided in the act.

Any person who shall willfully and for profit In-
fringe any copyright, or willfully aid or abet such
infringement, shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be pun-
ished by imprisonment for not exceeding one year
or by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than
$1,000, or both, In the discretion of the court. It is
provided, however, that nothing in the act shall
prevent the performance of religious or secular
works, such as oratorios, cantatas, masses or octavo
choruses by public schools, church choirs or vocal
societies, provided the performance is for chari-
table or educational purposes and not for profit.

Any person who shall fraudulently place a copy-
right notice upon any uncopyrighted article, or
shall fraudulently remove or alter the notice upon
any copyrighted article, shall be deemed guilty of
a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of
not less than $100 nor more than $1.000. Any per-
son who- shall knowingly sell or issue any article
bearing a notice of United States copyright which
bas not been copyrighted in this country, or who
shall knowingly import any article bearing such
notice, shall be liable to a fine of $100.

During the existence of the American copyright
in any book the importation of any piratical
copies thereof or of any copies not produced in ac-
cordance with the manufacturing provisions of the
copyright law, or of any plates of the same not
made from type set In this country, or any copies

produced by lithographic or photo-engraving proc-
ess not performed within the United States, is pro-
hibited. Except as to piratical copies this does
not apply.

(a) To works in raised characters for the blind;

(b) To a foreign newspaper or magazine, al-
though containing matter copyrighted in the
United States printed or reprinted by authority of
the copyright owner, unless such newspaper or
magazine contains also copyright matter printed
without such authorization;

(c) To the authorized edition of a book in a for-
eign language of which only a translation into
English has been copyrighted in this country;

(d) To any book published abroad with the au-
thorization of the author or copyright proprietor
under the following circumstances:

1. When imported, not more than one copy at a
time, for individual use and not for sale, but such
privilege of importation shall not extend to a for-
eign reprint of a book by an American author
copyrighted in the United States;

2. Whe'i imported by or for the use of the
United States ;

3. When imported, for use and not for sale, not
more than one copy of any such book in any one
Invoice, in good faith, by or for any society or in-
stitution incorporated for educational, literary,
philosophical, scientific or religious purposes, or
for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for any
college, academy, school or seminary of learning,
or for any state school, college, university or free
public library in the United States;

4. When such books form parts of libraries or
collections purchased en bloc for the use of socie-
ties, institutions or libraries, or form parts of the
library or personal baggage belonging to persons or
families arriving from foreign countries and are
not intended for sale.

No criminal actions shall be maintained under
the copyright law unless the, same be- begun within
three years after the cause of action arose.

There shall be appointed by the librarian of con-
gress a register or copyrights at a salary of $4,000
a year and an assistant register at $3,000 a year.

These with their subordinate assistants shall per-
form all the duties relating to the registration ot
copyrights. The register of copyrights shall kee->
such record books in the copyright office as are re-
quired to carry out the provisions of the law, and
whenever deposit has been made in the copyright
office of a copy of any work under the provisions
of the act he shall make entry thereof.

In the case of ach entry the person recorded as
the claimant of the copyright shall be entitled to
a certificate of registration under seal of the copy-
right office.

The register of copyrights shall receive and the
persons to whom the services designated are ren-
dered shall pay the following fees: For the regis-
tration of any work subject to copyright, $1, which
sum is to include a certificate of registration under
seal: Provided, that in the case of photographs the
fee shall be 50 cents where a certificate is not de-
manded. For every additional certificate of regis-
tration made, 50 cents. For recording and certify-
ing any instrument of writing for the assignment
of copyright or license, or for any copy of such
certificate or license, duly certified, if not over 300
words in length, $1; if more than 300 and less than
1,000, $2; it more than 1,000 words in length, $1
additional for each 1,000 words or fraction thereof
over 300 words. For recording the notice of user
or acquiescence specified in the act, 25 cents lor
each notice of not over fifty words and an addi-
tional 25 cents for each additional 100 words. For
comparing any copy of an assignment with the
record of such document in the copyright office and
certifying the same under seal, $1. For recording
the extension or renewal of copyright. 60 cents.
For recording the transfer of the proprietorship of
copyrighted articles. 10 cents for each title of a
book or other article in addition to the fee for
recording the instrument of assignment. For any
requested search of copyright office records, indexes
or deposits, 50 cents for each full hour consume-1
in making such search. Only ono registration at

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Ill

one fee shall be required In the case of several
volumes of the same book deposited at the samei
Unit.

For copyright blanks and additional Information
as to copyright regulations address the register of
copyrights, library of congress, Washington, D. C.

APPLICATIONS

[Condensed from Rules of Practice

A patent may be obtained by any person who has
invented or discovered any new and useful art, ma-
chine, manufacture or composition of matter, or
any new and useful Improvement thereof not
previously patented or described in this or any
other country, for more than two years prior to his
application, unless the same is proved to have been
abandoned. A patent may also be obtained for
any new design for a manufacture, bust, statue,
alto-relievo or bas-relief; for the printing of
woolen, silk or other fabrics; for any new Im-
pression, ornament, pattern, print or picture to
be placed on or woven into any article of manu-
facture; and for any new, useful and original shape
or configuration of any article of manufacture,
upon payment of fees and taking the other neces-
sary steps.

Applications for patents must be In writing, in
the English language and signed by the Inventor
If alive. The application must include the first
fee of $15, a petition, specification and oath, and
drawings, model or specimen when required. The
petition must be addressed to the commissioner
of patents and must give the name and full ad-
dress of the applicant, must designate by title the
invention sought to be patented, must contain a
reference to the specification for a full disclosure
of such invention and must be signed by the appli-
cant.

The specification must contain the following in
the order named: Name and residence of the ap-
plicant with title of invention; a general statement
of the object and nature of the invention; a brief
description of the several views of the drawings
(if the invention admits cf such illustration); a
detailed description; claim or claims; signature of
Inventor and signatures of two witnesses. Claims
for a machine and its product and claims for a
machine and the process In the performance of
which the machine is used must be presented in
separate applications, but claims for a process and
Its product may be presented in the same appll-
cntlon.

The applicant, if the inventor, must make oath
or affirmation that he believes himself to be the
first inventor or discoverer of that which he seeks
to have patented. The oath or affirmation must
also state of what country he is a citizen and
where he resides. In every original application
the applicant must swear or affirm that the inven-
tion has not been patented to himself or to others
with his knowledge or consent in this or any for-
eign country for more than two years prior to his
application, or on an application for a patent filed
in any foreign country by himself or his legal rep-
resentatives or assigns more than seven months
prior to his application. If application has been
made in any foreign country, full and explicit de-
tails must be given. The oath or affirmation may

FOR PATENTS.

in the United States patent office.]
be made before any one who is authorized by the
laws of his country to administer oaths.

Drawings must be on white paper with India
ink and the sheets must be exactly 10x15 inches
in size, with a margin of one inch. They must
show all details clearly and without the use of
superfluous lines.

Applications for reissues must state why the
original patent is believed to be defective and tell
precisely how the errors were made. These applica-
tions must be accompanied by the original patent
and an offer to surrender the same; or, if the orig-
inal be lost, by an affidavit to that effect and
certified copy of the patent. Every applicant whose
claims have been twice rejected for the same rea-
sons may appeal from the primary examiners to
the examiners in chief upon the payment of a fee
of $10.

The duration of patents is for seventeen years
except in the case of design patents, which may
be for three and a half, seven or fourteen years,
as the Inventor may elect.

Caveats or notices given to the patent office of
claims to inventions to prevent the issue of patents
to other persons upon the same invention, without
notice to caveators, may be filed upon the payment
of a fee of $10. Caveats must contain the same
information as applications for patents.

Schedule of fees and prices:

Original application $15.00

On issue of patent 20.00

Design patent (3^ years) 10.00

Design patent (7 years) 15.00

Design patent (14 years) 30.00

Caveat 10.00

Ueissue 30.00

First appeal 10.00

Second appeal 20.00

For certified copies of printed patents:

Specifications and drawing, per copy $0.05

Certificate 26

Grant 50

For manuscript copies of records, per 100

words 10

If certified, for certificate 25

Blue prints of drawings, 10x15. per copy 25

Blue prints of drawings, 7x11, per copy

Blue prints of drawings, 5x8, per copy

For searching records or titles, per hour

For the Official Gazette, per year, in United

States 5.00

PATENT OFFICE STATISTICS.

.15

.05
.50

Sr. Applications. Issues.

1899 41.443 25.527

1900 41,890

1901 46,449

1902 46,641

1903 50,213

1904 52,143

26,499
27,373
27,886
31,699
30,934

Yr. Applications. Issues.

1905 54,971 30,399

1906 56,482 31 965

1907 57,679 36,620

1908 60,142 33,682

1909 64,408 37,421

1910 63,293 35,930

REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS.

Under the law passed by congress Feb. 20, 1905,
and effective April 1, 1905, citizens of the United
States, or foreigners living in countries affording
similar privileges to citizens of the United States,
may obtain registration of trade-marks used in
commerce with foreign nations, or among the sev-
eral states, or with Indian tribes, by complying
with the following requirements : First, by filing
in the patent office an application therefor in
writing, addressed to the commissioner of patents,
signed by the applicant, specifying his name, domi-
cile, location and citizenship; the class of mer-
chandise and the particular description of goods
comprised in such class to which the trade-mark Is
appropriated; a statement of the mode in which
the same is applied and affixed to goods, and the
length of time during which the trade-mark has
been used. With this statement shall be filed a
drawing of the trade-mark, signed by the appli-
cant or nis attorney, and such number of speci-
mens of the trade-mark as may be required by

the commissioner of patents. Second, by paying
into the treasury of the United States the sum of
$10 and otherwise complying with the requirements
of the law and such regulations as may be pre-
scribed by the commissioner of patents.

The application must be accompanied by a written
declaration to the effect that the applicant believes
himself to be the owner of the trade-mark sought
to be registered and that no other person or cor-
poration has the right to use it; that such trade-
mark is In use and that the description and draw-
ing presented are correct. Trade-marks consisting
of or comprising immoral or scandalous matter,
the coat of arms, flag or other Insignia of the
United States or of any state or foreign nation
cannot be registered. Fees for renewal of trade-
marks and for filing opposition to registration are
$10 each; for appeals from examiners to the com-
missioner of patents. $15 each.

Further Information may be had by applying to
the commissioner of patents, Washington, D. O.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

IMMIGRATION LAW OF THE UNITED STATES.

The Immigration law provides for a poll tax
of $4 for every alien entering the United States.
This tax is not levied upon aliens who shall enter
the United States after an uninterrupted resi-
dence of at least one year, immediately preceding
such entrance, in Canada. Newfoundland. Cuba
or Mexico, nor upon aliens In transit through the
United States, nor upon aliens arriving in Guam,
Porto Rico or Hawaii.

Whenever the president shall be satisfied that
passports issued by any foreign government to
its citizens to go to any country other than the
United States or to any insular possession of the
United States, or to the canal zone, are being
used for the purpose of enabling the holders to
come to the continental territory of the United
States to the detriment of labor conditions there-
in, the president may refuse to permit such citi-
zens of the country Issuing such passports to en-
ter the continental territory of the United States
from such other country or from such insular pos-
sessions or from the canal zone.

The following classes are excluded from admis-
sion into the United States: All idiots, imbe-
ciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics. Insane
persons and persons who have been insane within
five years; persons who have had two or more at-
tacks of Insanity at any time previously; paupers;
persons likely to become a public charge; profes-
sional beggars; persons afflicted with tuberculosis
or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious dis-
ease; persons who have committed a felony or
other crime Involving moral turpitude; polyga-
mists or persons who believe In the practice of
polygamy; anarchists or persons who believe In
or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of
the government of the United States, or of all
governments, or of all forms of law, or the assas-
sination of public officials; prostitutes, or women
and girls coming Into the United States for any
immoral purpose; contract laborers who have been
Induced to migrate to this country by offers of
employment or In consequence of agreements of
any kind, verbal or written, express or implied,
to perform labor In this country of any kind,
skilled or unskilled; any person whose ticket or

passage Is paid for with the money of another,
or who is assisted by others to come, unless it
is satisfactorily shown that such person does not
belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes
and that said ticket or passage was not paid for
by any corporation, society, municipality or for-
eign government, directly or indirectly; all chil-
dren under 16 years of age unaccompanied by one
or both of their parents, at the discretion of the
secretary of commerce and labor. Nothing in the
act shall exclude, if otherwise admissible, persona
convicted of an offense purely political, not in-
volving moral turpitude. Skilled labor may be
imported if labor of like kind unemployed cannot
be found in this country. The provisions of the
law applicable to contract labor shall not be held
to exclude professional actors, artists, lecturers,
singers, clergymen, professors for colleges or sem-
inaries, persons belonging to any recognized
learned profession or persons employed strictly as
personal or domestic servants.

It is unlawful to assist or encourage the im-
portation or migration of any alien by promise
of employment through advertisements printed In
any foreign country. This, however, does not ap-
ply to states or territories advertising the in-
ducements they offer to immigration thereto.

All aliens brought to this country in violation
of law shall be immediately sent back by the
owners of the vessels bringing them. Any alien
entering the United States in violation of law
and such as become public charges from causes
existing prior to their landing shall be deported
at any time within three years after their arrival.

No person who disbelieves In or who is opposed
to all organized government, or who is a member
of or affiliated with any organization entertaining
and teaching such belief in or opposition to all
organized government, or who advocates or teaches
the duty, necessity or propriety of the unlawful
assaulting or killing of any officer or officers,
either of specific individuals or of officers gener-
ally, of the government of the United States, or
of any other organized government, because of
his or their official character, shall be permitted
to enter the United States.

THE HOMESTEAD LAW.

Any person who is the head of a family, or who
is 21 years old and is a citizen of the United
States or has filed his declaration of intention to
become such, and who Is not the proprietor of more
than 160 acres of land in any state or territory, is
entitled to enter one-quarter section (160 acres) or
less quantity of unappropriated public land under
the homestead laws. The applicant must make af-
fidavit that he is entitled to the privileges of the
homestead act and that the entry is made for his
exclusive use and for actual settlement and culti-
vation, and must pay the legal fee and that part
of the commission required, as follows: Fee for
160 acres. $10; commission, $4 to $12. Fee for
eighty acres, $5; commission, $2 to $6. Within
six months from the date of entry the settler must
take up his residence upon the land and cultivate
the same for five years continuously. At the ex-

piration of this period, or within two years there-
after, proof of residence and cultivation must be
established by four witnesses. The proof of settle-
ment, with the certificate of the register of the
land office, is forwarded to the general land office
at Washington, from which a patent is issued.
Final proof cannot be made until the expiration
of five years from date of entry, and must be made
within seven years. The government recognizes
no sale of a homestead claim. After the expira-
tion of fourteen months from date of entry the
law allows the homesteader to secure title to the
tract, if so desired, by paying for it in cash and
making proof of settlement, residence and cultiva-
tion for that period.

The law allows only one homestead privilege to
any one person.

HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF ADULTS.

Height. Weight.
6 ft. 1 In 128 pounds
6 ft. 2 in 135 pounds
5 ft. 3 in 142 pounds

Height.Weight.
IDS.
At blrth.l ft. 8 in. 8
6 m'ths.2 ft. 0% in. 16
1 year.. .2 ft. 5 in. 24
1% yrs..2 ft. 8% in. 28

Height. Weight.
5 ft. 4 in 149 pounds
5 ft. 5 in 152 pounds
5 ft. 6 in 155 pounds
HEIGHTS AND WBK
Height.Weight,
Ibs.
2 years. .3 ft. in. 32
3 years..3 ft. 4 in. 36%
4 years..3 ft. 6 in. 41
5 years. .3 ft. 8 in. 45

Height. Weight.
5 ft. 7 in 158 pounds
5 ft. 8 in 166 pounds
5 ft. 9 in 173 pounds
JHTS OF CHILDREN.
Height.Weight,
Ibs.
6 years.. 3 ft. 10 in. 49
7 years.. 4 ft. in. 52%
8 years.. 4 ft. 2 in. 66y 2
9 years. .4 ft. 4 in. 62

Height. Weight.
5 ft. 10 in 181 pounds
5 ft. 11 in 186 pounds
6 ft. In 190 potiB*

Height.Weight,
Ibs.
10 years.4 ft. 6 in. 8
11 years.4 ft. 8 in. 74
12 years. 4 ft. 10 in. 80

PULSE AT DIFFERENT AGES.

Newborn Infants, per minute 130 to 140

First year, per minute 115 to 130

Second year, per minute 95 to 110

Third year, per minute 85 to 95

Seventh to fourteenth year, per minute.. 80 to 90

In adult age, per minute 70 to 75

In old age, per minute 60 to 75

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB 1912.

113

Officers Three commissioners are appointed by
the president to assist him in classifying the gov-
ernment offices and positions, formulating rules and
enforcing the law. Their office is in Washington,
D. C. The chief examiner is appointed by the
commissioners to secure accuracy, uniformity and
justice in the proceedings of the examining boards.
The secretary to the commission is appointed by
the president.

General Rules The fundamental rules governing
appointments to government positions are found in
the civil-service act itself. Based upon these are
many other regulations formulated by the commis-
sion and promulgated by the president from time
to time as new contingencies arise. The present
rules were approved March 20. 1903. and went into
effect April 15, 1903. In a general way they re-
auire that there must be free, open examinations
of applicants for positions in the public service;
that appointments shall be made from those graded
highest in the examinations ; that appointments to
the service in Washington shall be apportioned
among the states and territories according to popu-
lation ; that there shall be a period (six mouths)
of probation before any absolute appointment Is
made ; that no person in the public service is for
that reason obliged to contribute to any political
fund or is subject to dismissal for refusing to so
contribute; that no person in the public service
has any right to use his official authority or influ-
ence to coerce the political action of any person.
Applicants for positions shall not be questioned as
to their political or religious beliefs and no dis-
crimination shall be exercised against or in favor
of any applicant or employe on account of his re-
ligion or politics. The classified civil service shall
include all officers and employes in the executive
civil service of the United States except laborers
and persons whose appointments are subject to
confirmation .by the senate.

Examinations These are conducted by boards of
examiners chosen from among persons in govern-
ment employ and are held twice a year in all the
states and territories at convenient places. In Illi-
nois, for example, they are usually held at Cairo,
Chicago and Peorla. The dates are announced
through the newspapers or by other means. They
can always be learned by applying to the commis-
sion or to the nearest postoffice or custom house.
Those who desire to take examinations are advised
to write to the commission in Washington for the
"Manual of Examinations," which is sent free to
all applicants. It is revised semiannually to Jan.
1 and July 1. The January edition contains a
schedule of the spring examinations and the July
edition contains a schedule of the fall examina-
tions. Full information Is given as to the methods
and rules governing examinations, manner of mak-
ing application, qualifications required, regulations
for rating examination papers, certification for
and chances of appointment, and as far as possible
It outlines the scope of the different subjects of
general and technical examinations. These are
practical in character and are designed to test the
relative capacity and fitness to discharge the duties
to be performed. It Is necessary to obtain an aver-
age percentage of 70 to be eligible for appoint-
ment, except that applicants entitled to preference
because of honorable discharge from the military
or naval service for disability resulting from
wounds or sickness Incurred In the line of duty
need obtain but 65 per cent. The period of eligi-
bility is one year.

Qualifications of Applicants No person will be
examined who is not a citizen of the United States ;
who is not within the aee limitations prescribed ;
who is physically disqualified for the service which
he seeks : who has been guilty of criminal. Infa-
mous, dishonest or disgraceful conduct ; who has
been dismissed from the public service for delin-
quency and misconduct or has failed to receive ab-
solute appointment after probation ; who is addict-
ed to the habitual use of intoxicating liquors to
excess, or who has made a false statement In hts
application. The age limitations in the more im-
portant branches of the public service are : Post-
office. 18 to 45 years : rural letter carriers. 17 to 55
internal revenue. 21 years and over ; railway mail

TOUTED STATES CIVH SERVICE.
Civil-service act approved Jan. 16, 1883.

18 to 35 ; lighthouse, 18 to 50 ; life saving, 18 to 45 ;
general departmental, 20 and over. These age lim-
itations are subject to change by the commission.
They do not apply to applicants of the preferred
class. Applicants for the position of railway mail
clerk must be at least 5 feet 6 inches in height,
exclusive of boots or shoes, and weigh not less
than 135 pounds in ordinary clothing and have no
physical defects. Applicants for certain other po-
sitions have to come up to similar physical re-
quirements.

Method of Appointment Whenever a vacancy ex-
ists the appointing officer makes requisition upon
the civil-service commission for a certification of
names to fill the vacancy, specifying the kind of
position vacant, the sex desired and the salary.
The commission thereupon takes from the proper
register of eligibles the names of three persons
standing highest of the sex called for and certifies
them to the appointing officer, who is required to
make the selection. He may choose any one of
the three names, returning the other two to the
register to await further certification. The time
of examination is not considered, as the highest
in average percentage on the register must be cer-
tified first. If after a probationary period of six
months the name of the appointee is continued on
the roll of the department in which he serves the
appointment is considered absolute.

Removals No person can be removed from a
competitive position except for such cause as will
promote the efficiency of the public service and for
reasons given in writing. No examination of wit-
nesses nor any trial shall be required except in
the discretion of the officer making the removal.

Salaries Entrance to the department service Is
usually in the lowest grades, the higher grades be-
ing generally filled by promotion. The usual en-
trance grade Is about $900, but the applicant may
be appointed at $840, $760 or even $600.

EMPLOYES IN THE FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE.

June 30, 1910.
IN WASHINGTON.

White House 43

State department 234

Treasury department 7,600

War department 2,247

Navy department 1,041

1'ostoffice department 1,621

Interior department 5,759

Department of justice 1,214

Department of agriculture 3,079

Department of commerce and labor 4,431

Interstate commerce commission 615

Civil service commission 163

Smithsonian institution 616

State, war and navy department building.... 232

Isthmian canal commission 152

Government printing office 4,010

Total 33,057

OUTSIDE WASHINGTON.

Treasury department-
Supervising architect 3,641

Mints and assay offices.., 992

Subtreasury service 389

Public health a-nd marine hospital service.. 3,034

Life saving service 2,281

Customs service 7,883

Internal revenue service 3,700

Miscellaneous 454

War department

Quartermaster's department 8,047

Ordnance department 4,720

Engineer department 12,558

Miscellaneous 2,130

Navy department

Trade and labor positions 25,000

Exclusive of trade and labor positions 2,577

Postoffice department

Inspection service and stamp agencies 415

Postcfflce cervice 97,445

Fourth-class postmasters 51,958

Rural free delivery service 40.487

Railway mail service 17,079

114

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOB

Interior deoartmeut

Laud service 1,173

Pension agency service 5,099

Indian service 6,224

Reclamation service 1,319

Miscellaneous 210

Department of justice 2182

Department of agriculture 9,256

Department of commerce and labor

Lighthouse service 7094

Immigration service 1,643

Steamboat inspection service 307

Miscellaneous 2,433

Civil service commission 33

Isthmian canal service 1,077

Total 355,897

Grand total* 384,088

"Includes 28,191 unclassified employes of isthmian
canal commission.

LEADING ART GALLERIES OF THE WORLD.

The following list includes only the principal collections of paintings and sculptures readily ac-
cessible to the public in Europe and America.

EUROPE.

AU8TKIA-HUNGABY.

Academy of Art, Vienna.
Albertiua, Vienna.
Imperial art gallery, Vienna.
Liechtenstein gallery, Vienna.
National gallery, Budapest.

BELGIUM.

Museum, Antwerp.
Palace of Fine Arts, Brussels.
Musee Wiertz, Brussels.

DENMARK.

Thorvaldsen museum, Copenha-
gen.

Ny-Carlsberg Glyptothek, Copen-
hagen.

National art gallery, Copenhagen.

FBANCB.

Louvre,* Paris.
Luxembourg, Paris.
Museum, Versailles.

QBE MANY.

National gallery, Berlin.

Old and New museums, Berlin.

Pergamon museum, Berlin.

Emperor Frederick museum, Ber-
lin.

Dresden gallery,* Dresden.

Old and New Pinakothok,* Mu-
nich.

Glyptothek, Munich.

HOLLAND.

Ryk's museum, Amsterdam.
Fodor museum, Amsterdam.
Six Collection, Amsterdam.
Townhall, Haarlem.
Lakenbal, Leyden.
Bf-ymans museum, Rotterdam.
Mauritshuis, The Hague.

ITALY.

Vatican,* Rome.
Ufflzi gallery,* Florence.
Piti gallery,* Florence.
Brera gallery, Milan.
Poldi museum, Milan.
N&tional museum, Naples.
Academy of Fine Arts, Venice.

NORWAY.
National gallery, Christiania.

EUSSIA.
Hermitage, St. Petersburg.

SPAIN.

Museo del Prado,* Madrid.
Museo Provincial, Seville.

SWEDEN.
National gallery, Stockholm.

UNITED KINGDOM.
British museum, London.
National gallery,* Loudou.
Dore gallery, London.
Walker art gallery, Liverpool.
Art galleries, Glasgow.

AMERICA.
CANADA.

Fraser institute, Montreal.
The Basilica, Quebec.
MEXICO.

National museum, City of Mex-
ico.

UNITED STATES.

Art institute, Chicago, 111.
Art museum, Cincinnati, O.
Art museum, Worcester, Mass.
Carnegie institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Corcoran art gallery, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Layton art gallery, Milwaukee,

Wis.
Lenox collection, public library,

New York, N. Y.
Metropolitan Museum of Art,*

New York, N. Y.
Museum of Art, Toledo, O.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,

Mass.
Museum of Fine Arts, St. Louis,

Mo.
New York Historical society,

New York, N. Y.
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine

Arts, Philadelphia, Pa.

*0f first rank.

THE MONROE AND

The "Monroe doctrine" was enunciated by Presi-
dent Monroe in his message to congress Dec. 2,
1823. Referring to steps taken to arrange the
respective rights of Russia, Great Britain and the
United States on the northwest coast of this con-
tinent, the president went on to say:

"In the discussions to which this interest has
given rise, and in the arrangements by which they
may terminate, the occasion has been deemed
proper for asserting, as a principle in which the
rights and interests of the United States are in-
volved, that the American continents, by the free
and independent condition which they have as-
sumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any
European power. * * * We owe it, therefore,
to candor and to the amicable relations existing
between the United States and those powere to
declare that we should consider any attempt on
their part to extend their system to any portion
of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and
safety. With the existing colonies or dependen-
cies of any European power we have not inter-

DRAGO DOCTRINES.

fered and shall not interfere. But with the gov-
ernments who have declared their independence
and maintain it, and whose Independence we bare,
on great consideration and on just principles, ac-
knowledged, we could not view any interposition
for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling
in any other manner their destiny by any Euro-
pean power 5n any other light than as the mani-
festation of an unfriendly disposition toward the
United States."

DRAGO DOCTRINE.

When in the winter of 1902-03 Germany. Britain
and Italy blockaded the ports of Venezuela in at-
tempt to make the latter country settle up its
debts Dr. L. F. Drago, a noted jurist of Argen-
tina, maintained that force cannot be used by one
power to collect money owing to its citizens by
another power. Prominence was given to the con-
tention by the fact that it was officially upheld
by Argentina and favored by other South Amer-
ican republics. The principle embodied has be-
come generally known as the "Drago doctrine."

UNITED STATES LIFE SAVING SERVICE.

The life saving establishment of the United States
at the close of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910,
comprised 281 stations, of which 201 were on the
Atlantic and gulf coasts, 60 on the coasts of the
great lakes, 1ft on the Pacific coast and 1 on the
Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. The crews numbered
in all about 600 men. Statistics of the service for
the year ended June 30, 1910, and from Nov. 1, 1871,
when the system was established, to June 30, 1910,
ff.llow:

1910. 1871-1910.

Disasters 1,463 21,230

Persons involved 6,661 143,093

Lives lost 53 1,277

1910. 1871-1910.

Persons succored 664 22,973

Days' succor p-veu 1,171 62,535

Value of vessels $8,742,135 $210,784,565

Value of cargoes 3.138,430 82,248,589

Property involved ll,8>.0,565 293,033,154

Property saved 10,051,160 234,985,892

Property lost 1,829,405 58,047,262

The total number of disasters on the lake coasts
in the course of the year ended June 30, 1910, was
522; value of property involved, $4,402.435; property
saved, $4,063,015; property lost, $339,420; persons
on board, 2,161; persons lost, 1: persons succored
at stations, 13?; days' succor afforded, 182.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.

Following are the existing tariff rates placed by

the Payne-AUIricu act on articles in common use

or of extensive importation. The chief items on

the free list are included. Amounts given in dol-
lars and cents are specific and the percentages

ure ad valorem duties. The abbreviation "n. s.

p." means not specially provided for.

Agricultural implements, 15%.

Albums, 5%.

Alcohol, $2. GO proof gal.

Aluminum, crude, 7c Ib. ; plates, etc., lie Ib.

Ammonia, l%c a Ib. to 5c Ib.

Animals, n. s. p., 20%; cattle, less than 1 year
old. $2 per head; other cattle, value $14 or less,
$3.75 head; value over $14, 27%%; swine, $1.50 a
Lead; horses and mules, value $150 or less, $30 a
head; value over $150, 25%; sheep, 1 year or more
old, $1.50 a head; under 1 year, 75c head.

Apples, green, 25c bu. ; dried, 2c Ib.

Art, works of, such as painting and statuary, 15%;
more than twenty years old, free.

Bacon and hams, 4c Ib.

Barley, 30c bu. of 48 ibs. ; malt, 45c bu. of 45 Jbe.

Barrels, casks, empty, 30%.

Baskets, 35% to 40%.

Bay rum, .fl.75 gal.

Beaded fabrics, not wool, 60%; wool, 55c Ib. and
60%.

Beads, not strung. 35%; in jewelry, 60%.

Beans, 45c bn. of 60 Ibs.

Beef, fresh, iVoC Ib.

Beets, 25%; sugar beets, 10%.

Birds, free; dressed for ornaments, 60%.

Biscuits, bread, n. s. p., 20%.

Blacking, 25%.

Blank books, n. 8. p., 25%.

Blankets, 22c Ib. and 30% to 44c Ib. and 55%.

Bone, manufactures of, n. s. p., 35%.

Books, 25%; printed more than twenty jears, free.

Boots and shoes (leather), 10t%.

Borax, ic Ib.

Bottles, glass, ornamented, 60%.

Braids, wool, 55c Ib. and 60%; silk, cotton, flax,
60%; grass, straw, 15% to 20%.

Brick, Ure, $1.25 ton to 35%.

Bristles, 7M>c Ib.

Bronze, manufactures of, 45%.

Brushes, 40%.

BucEwheat, I5c bu of 48 Ibs.

Buggies, carriages, 45%.

Butter and substitutes for, 6c Ib.

Buttons, l-12c to iVic per line per gross and 15%;
buttons, n. s. p., 50%. ,

Cabbages, 2c each.

Cameras, 45%.

Camphor, 6c Ib.

Carbons for electric lights, 35c to 65c per 100 ft.;
carbon pots, 20%.

Cards, playing, lOc per pack and 20%.

Carpets, Axminster, moquette, chenille. Saxony,
Wilton, Tournay, 60c sq. yd. and 40%; Brussels,
44c sq. yd. and 40%; velvet and tapestry velvet,
40c sq. yd. and 40%; tapestry Brussels, 28c sq.
yd. and 40%; thrte-ply ingrain, 22c sq. yd. and
40%; two-ply ingrain, I8c sq. yd. and 40%; woven
whole for rooms, lOc sq. yd. and 40%; carpets of
wool, flax or cotton and mats and rugs of cot-
ton, 507o.

Cash registors, 30%.

Castor oil, 35c gal.

Cement, hydraulic, in barrels, 8c 100 Ibs.; in bulk,
7c 100 Ibs.; othsr cement, 20%.

Chalk, prepared, Ic Ib. ; manufactures of, n. s. p.,
25%.

Charcoal, 25%.

Charts, paper, n. a. p., 25%.

Cheese, 6c Ib.

China, decorated, 60%; not decorated, 55%.

Chloroform. lOc Ib.

Chocolate or cocoa, value not above 15c Ib. , 2%c
Ib. ; above 15c and not above 24c Ib., 2%c It),
and 10%; above 24c and not above 35c Ib., 5c Ib.
and 10%; above 35c Ib., 50%.

Cider, 5c gal.

Cigars, cigarettes, $4.50 Ib. and 25%.

Clocks, n. s. p., 40%.

Clothing, cotton, 50%; wool, 44c Ib. and 60%;
silk, ^0%.

Coal, bituminous, 45c ton; anthracite, free.

Cod liver oil, 15c gal.

Coffee, free.

Coke, 20%.

Collars and cuffs, cotton, 45c doz. and 15%; linen
40c doz. and 20%.

Colors, paints, etc., n. s. p., 30%.

Combs, horn, 50%.

Confectionery, n. s. p., 4c Ib. and 16% to 50%.

Copper, manufactures, 45%; plates, sheets, 2c Ib. ;
ore, free.

Cork, bark and manufactures of, n. s. p., 30%.

Corn, 15c bu. of '56 Ibs.

Oornmeal, 40c 100 Ibs.

Cotton, raw, free; cloth, Ic to 8c sq. yd.; hand-
kerchiefs, 4V4c, and 10%; hosiery, 70c to $2 doz.
pairs and 15%; shirts, drawers, 60c doz. and 15%
to $2.25 doz and 35%; thread, colored, 6c to 67c
Ib. ; not colored, 2%c to 28c Ib.

Currants, dried, 2c Ib.

Damask, cotton table, 40%.

Diamonds, in rough, free; cut, but not set, 10%,
set, 60%.

Drugs, crude, free; advanced in value by treat-
ment, %c Ib. and 10%.

'Dyewoods, crude, free; extracts of, n. s. p.,
%c Ib.

Earthenware, plain, 25%; ornamented, 40%.

Eggs, 5c doz.

Embroideries, lace, 60%.

Engravings, n. s. p., 25%.

Envelopes, plain, 20%; other, 35%.

Etchings, paper, 25%.

Fans, palmleaf, free; all other 50%.

Feathers, plain, 20%; dressed, colored, 60%.

Fertilizers, free.

Tigs, 2%c Ib.

Fish, American fisheries, free; n. s. p., %c Ib. ;
halibut or salmon, Ic Ib. ; herrings, pickled, ^c
Ib. ; ditto, fresh, ^c Ib. ; fish, packed in tiu,
etc., l^c to lOc per package, according to size;
caviar, 30%.

Flax, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%; straw, $5 a
ton; not hackled, Ic Ib. ; hackled, 3c Ib. ; tow,
$20 ton.

Flaxs-ied, 25c bu of 56 Ibs.

Flour, wheat, 25%.

Flowers, artificial, 60%.

Furniture (wood), 35%.

Fur, manufactures of, prepared for uie as ma-
terial, 35%: wearing apparel, 50%.

Glass, common wii-dow, li/ic to 4>/ t c Ib.. according
to value and size; glassware, n. s. p., 60%; crown,
polished, 4c to 15c sq. ft.; cast plote, lOc to 25
sq. ft.

Gloves, leather, $1.25 to $4.75 doz. pairs; silk, cot-
ton, fur, 50%.

Glucose or grape sugar, iy.c Ib.

Glue, 2%c Ib. to 15c Ib. and 20%.

Glycerin, crude, Ic Ib. ; refined, 3c Ib.

Gold, manufactures, 45%; jewelry, 60%; gold leaf,
35c 100 leaves.

Grass fibers, manufactures, n. s. p., 45%.

Grindstones, $1.75 ton.

Guns, 25% to $6 and 35%.

Gutta-percha, manufactures of, n. s. p.. 35%.

Hair, human, not manufactured, 20%; manufac-
tured, 35%; hair for mattresses, 10%.

Handkerchiefs, silk. 50% to 60%; linen, 50% to 55%.

Haruess, leather, 2C%.

Hats and caps, fur, $1.60 to $7 doz. and 20%; other
material, 45% to 60%.

Hay, $4 ton. /

Hemp, tow, $2.50 ton; hackled. $45 ton; manufac-
tures, n. s. p., 45%.

Hides, raw, free.

Honey, 20c gal.

Hooks and eyes, metallic, 4%c Ib. and 15%.

Hops, ISc Ib.

Horn, manufactures, n. s. p., 40%.

India rubber, manufactures of, n. s. p., 35%.

Ink, 25%.

Iron, ore, 15c ton; in pigs, wrought and cast, $1
ton; bar, n. s. p., 6-10c Ib. ; manufactures of,
n. s. p., 45%; beams, girders, 3-lOc to 4-10c Ib. ;
hoop, band or scroll, n. s. p.. 3-10c to 6-10c Ib. ;
railway bars. T-rails. 7-40c Ib. ; cast iron pipe,
yc Ib. ; malleable castings, n. s. p., 7-10c Ib.

116

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Ivory, manufactures of, 35%; unmanufactured, free.

Jellies, 35%.

Jet, manufactures of, n. s. p., 50%.

Jewelry, 60%.

Jute, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%.

Knives, pocket, 40% to 75c doz and 25%.

Lace, manufactures of, n. s. p., 60%.

Lard, l%c Ib.

Laths, 20c per 1,000.

Lead, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%; in any form,
n. s. p., 2%c Ib.

Leather, n. s. p., 15%; grain, buff and split, 7%%.

Lime, 5c 100 Ibs.

Linen, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%.

Linoleum, 8c sq. yd. and 15% to lOc sq. yd. and
20%.

Linseed, 25c bu. of 56 Ibs.; oil, 15c gal. of 7% Ibs.

Liquors, ale, portar, stout, beer, in bottles or jugs,
45c gal.; in bulk, 23c gal.; brandy, n. s. p.,
$2.60 proof gal.; cordials, liqueurs, bitters, n. s.
p., $2.60 proof gal.; champagnes and other
sparkling wines in bottles of 1 pint to 1 quart,
$9.60 doz.; whisky, gin and other spirits, $2.50
proof gal.

Macaroni, etc., l%c Ib.

Manila cables and cordage, %c Ib.

Maple sirup and sugar, 4c Ib.

Maps, paper, n. s. p., 25%.

Marble, in blocks, rough, 65c cubic ft.; manufac-
ture* of, n. s. p., 60%.

Marmalade, 1C Ib., 35%.

Matches, friction, per gross of 144 boxes, 100
matches to the box, in bulk, %c per 1,000; wax
and tapers, 35%.

Matting, rattan, 6c sq. yd.; mats of same, 4c sq.
ft.; oilcloth, 6c sq. yd. and 15% to lOc sq. yd.
and 15%.

Jtfeats, prepared or preserved, n. s. p., 25%.

Medicinal preparations, n. s. p., 25%; containing
alcohol, B5c Ib.

Meerschaum, crude, free; pipes, 60%.

Mica, unmanufactured, 5c Ib. and 20%; manufac-
tured. lOc Ib. and 20%.

Milk, fresh, 2c gal.; preserved, condensed, 2c Ib. ;
cream, 5c gal.

Mineral waters, in bottles of 1 pint to 1 quart,
30o doz.; in bottles of more than 1 quart, 24c
gal.; in bulk, Sc gal.

Mirrors, 45%.

Molosses, 20% to 6c gal., according to test.

Mnsic, in books or sheets, n. s. p., 25%.

Musical instruments, 45%.

Mutton, l%e Ib.

Nails, wire, 4-lOc to %c Ib. ; cut nails and spikes,
4-10c Ib. ; horseshoe, n. s. p., l%c Ib.

Naphtha, free.

Needles, n. s. p., 2E%; for machines, $1 per 1,000
and 25%; latch, $1.15 per 1,000 and 85%.

Nickel, in pigs, etc., 6c Ib. ; sheets, 35%; manu-
factures of, 45%.

Nippers and pliers, Sc Ib. and 40%.

Nuts, n. s. p., Ic Ib. ; peanuts, unshelled, %c Ib. ;
paanuts, slielled, Ic Ib. ; almonds, shelled, 6c Ib. ;
almonds, unshelled, 4c Ib. ; filberts and walnuts,
unshelled, 3c ib. ; shelled, 5c Ib. ; Brazil, palm,
cocoanut. free.

Oats, I5c bu. ; oatmeal, Ic Ib.

Oilcloth, for floors, n. s. p., 6c sq. yd. and 15% to
lOc sq. yd. and 15%.

Oil, fish. 8c gal.: castor, 35c gal.; cod liver, 15C
gal.; flaxseed, linseed, poppyseed. 15c gal.; pf.,
7%c Ib. ; fusel, 140 Ib. ; hempseed, rapeseed, lOc
gal.; olive, n. s. p., 40c gal.; peppermint, 25c Ib. ;
petroleum, naphtha, free.

Onions, 40c bu.

Opera glasses, 45%.

Opium, $1.50 Ib.: dried, $2 Ib.; with less than 9%
of morphia, $6 Ib. ; derivatives of, $1.60 oz. ; liquid
preparations of, 40%.

Ore, iron, 15c ton; lead-bearing. H/ijc Ib. on lead
contained; zinc. Vic to Ic on zinc contained; gold,
siUer, nickel, tin, free.

Oysters, free.

Paintings, n. s. p., 15%; more than twenty years
old. free.

Paints, colors, pigments, n. s. p., 30%.

Palm leaf, manufactures of, n. s. p., 35%.

Pap^r. printing, 3-10c Ib. to 8-lOc Ib. ; valued above
6c Ib., 15%; writing. 3c Ib. and 15%; manufac-
tures of, n. s. p., 35%; wood pulp, ground, %c

Ib. ; chemical, l-6c Ib. ; paper stock, free.
Pease, green, 25c bu. of 60 Ibs.
Pencils, lead, 45c gross and 25%; elate, 3c per 100;

covered with wood, 35%.
Pens, metallic, except gold, 12c gross.
Pepoer, unground, free; ground, 2Vnft to 3c Ib.
Perfumery, alcoholic, 60c Ib. and 50%; nonalco-
holic, 60%.

Pewter, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%.
Phonographs, 45%.
Phosphorus, I8c Ib.
Photographic lenses, n. s. p., 45%; dry plates or

films, n. s. p., 2f%.
Photographs, printed more than twenty years, free;

other, on paper, 25%.
Pickles, n. s. p., 40%.
Pineapples, in bulk, $8 per 1,000.
Pins, not jewelry, 35%.
Pipes, clay, 15c gross to 60c gross and 25%; other,

n. s. p., 60%.

Plants, nursery stock, n. s. p., 25%.
Plasters, curative, court, 25%.

Porcelain ware, decorated, 60%; not decorated, 65%
Pork, fresh, l^c Ib.
Potash, crude, free.
Potatoes. 25c bu. of 60 Ibs.
Poultry, live, 3c Ib. ; dressed, EC Ib.
Powder, gun, 2c Ib. to 4c Ib.
Precious stones, cut but not set, 10%; set, 60%;

Imitations, not set, 20%.
Presses, printing, 30%.
Pulp (see paper).
Quicksilver, 7c Ib.
Radium, free.

Rags, wool, lOc Ib. ; other, free.
Raisins, 2%c Ib.
Rattan, rough, free; manufactures of, 45%; chair

care, 10%.

Rice, cleaned, 2c Ib. ; uncleaned, iy t c Ib.
Rubber, crude, free; manufactures of, n. s. p., 40%.
Rye. lOc bu. ; flour, l%c Ib.
Saccharine, 65c Ib.
Salt. In bags, barrels, etc., lie per 100 Ibs.; In

bulk, 7c per 109 Ibs.
Sausages, bologna, free; other, 25%.
Saws, hand, 25%.
Scissors and shears, 15c doz. and 15% to 75c doa.

and 25%.

Screws, 3c to lOc Ib.
Sculptures, n. s. p., 15%; more than twenty year*

old, free.

Seeds, n. s. p., lOc Ib.
Sewing machines, 30%.
Sheep, 1 year old or more, $1.50 head; less than *

year, 75c head.
Shingles, 60c per 1,000.
fcilks, yard, 45c xo 60c Ib. ; clothing, 60%; spun in

skeins, 35%; skeins not wound or advanced In

manufacture, free.
Silver, bullion, free; manufactures of, n. s. p.,

45%; silver leaf, lOc 100 leaves.
Skins, n. s. p., free.

Slate and manufactures of, . s. p., 20%.
Snuff, 55c Ib.
Soap, n. s. p., 20%; castile. lV4c Ib. ; medicated, 20c

Ib. ; fancy, perfumed, 50%.
Spectacles, 20c doz. and 15% to 50%.
Spices, n. s. p.,3c Ib. ; mustard, lOc Ib. ; sage. Ic

Ib. ; pepper, grourd, 2^c Ib. ; cinnamon, clove,

nutmeg, pepper, cassia, unground, free.
Sponges, 2%; manufactures of, n. s. p., 3u%.
Starch, from potatoes, l%c Ib. ; all other, Ic Ib.
Stockings, cotton, n. s. p., 30%; other cotton, 70c

doz. pairs to 55%.
Stoves, 45%.

Straw, $1.50 ton; manufactures of, n. s. p., 35%.
Sugars, not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 95-lOOe

Ib., and for every degree above 75 polarlscope

test, 35-lOOOc Ib. ; above No. 16, 1 91-lOOc Ib. ;

saccharine, 65c Ib. ; sugar candy, n. s. p., 4c Ib.

and 15% to 50%.
Swords, 50%.
Tallow, %c Ib.
Tar and pitch free.
Tea, free.
Telescopos, 45%.

Thread, cotton, on spools, 6c doz.; flax. IOC Ib.
Tiles, plain, 4c sq. ft.; glazed, etc., 8c sq. ft. to

lOc sq. ft. and 25%; quarry, 45%; mantels, etc.,

Of tiling, 60%.

CHICAGO DAICY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1012.

117

Tin, In ore, bars, blocks, j>ig, free; In plates,

1 2-10c Ib. ; manufactures of, V%.
Tobacco, wrapper, unstemmed, $1.85 Ib. ; stemme<t,

$2.50; filler, unstemmed, 35c Ib. ; stemmed, 50c

Ib. ; snuff, B5c Ib. ; cigars, cigarettes, $4.50 Ib.

and 25%; tobacco, n. s. p., 55c Ib.
Toothpicks, wood, 2c 1,000.
Turpentfne, spirits of, free.
Twine, binding, free.

Type metal, l*4c Ib. on lead; new type, 26%.
Typesetting machines, 30%.
Varnishes, 25%.
' Vegetables, preserved or prepared, n. s. p., 40%;

In natural state, n. s. p., 25%.
Vinegar. 7%c pf. gal.
Watch movements, 70c each to $3 each and 25%;

cases, 40%.

Waterproof cloth, lOc sq. yd. and 20%.
Wax, vegetable or mineral, free.
Whalebone, unmanufactured, free; manufactured,

n. s. p., 35%.
Whett, 26c bu.; wheat flour, 25%.

Willow, manufactures of. n. e. p., 35%.

Wire, except gold and silver, 35% to 40%; fencing,
%c Ib.

Wood, manufactures of, n. B. p., 35%; sawed lum-
ber, n. s. p., $1.25 per 1,000 ft.; timber, hewn
but not sawed, %c cubic ft.; cabinet woods, un-
manufactured, 15%; veneers, 20%; ties, poles,
10%; fence posts, free; logs and unmanufactured
timber, pulp woods, firewood, free.

Wool, class 1, lie Ib. ; class 2, 12c Ib. ; class 1,
washed, 22c Ib. ; scoured, 33c Ib. ; class 2, scoured,
36c Ib. ; class 3, 4c to 7c Ib. ; wool on skin, Ic
Ib. less than on cut wool of same class; blankets,
22c Ib. and 30% to 44c Ib. and 55%; cloths, knit
fabrics, n. s. p., 33c Ib. and 50% to 44c Ib. and
55%; dress goods, women's and children's, 7c sq.
yd. and 50% to lie sq. yd. and 55%; clothing,
ready made, 44c Ib. and 60%.

Zinc, manufactures of, n. s. p., 45%; ore, with less
than 10% zinc, free; with more than 10%, !/4c to
Ic Ib.

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.
Appointed Sept. 11, 1909.

Prof. Henry C. Emery, Yale university, New
Haven, Conn.

James B. Reynolds, assistant secretary of the
treasury, Washington, D. C.

Alvln H. Sanders, editor Breeders' Gazette, Chi-
cago.

Prof. James M. Page, economist, Virginia.

William M. Howard, lawyer, Georgia.

The appointment of the commission was author-
ized in the second section of the Payne-Aldrlch
tariff law of 1909, the last sentence In the section
reading: "To secure the Information necessary lu
carrying out the provisions of this section the
president Is authorized to employ such persona as
may be required." The maximum compensation of
each member of the commission Is $7,600.

SYNOPSIS OF TARIFF LEGISLATION SINCE 1884.

Morrison Bills First bill presented to 48th con-
gress during Chester A. Arthur's administration;
proposed a horizontal reduction of 20 per cent
with free Iron ore, coal and lumber; defeated in
house April 15, 1884, by vote of 159 to 155; house
heavily democratic and senate republican. Second
bill presented to 49th congress during Grover
Cleveland's first administration; similar to first
bill, proposing free wool, salt and lumber; de-
feated In house June 17. 1886, by a vote of 157 to
140; house democratic, senate republican.

Mills Bill Presented to 50th congress during
Cleveland's first administration; provided for free
lumber and wool, reduction on pig Iron and abo-
lition of specific duties on cotton; passed by house
July 21, 1888. by vote of 162 to 149, but failed in
senate; house democratic, senate republican.

McKinley Bill Passed by 51st congress during
Benjamin Harrison's administration; became law
Oct. 6, 1890; high protective measure, though re-
mitting duties on sugar and providing for reci-
procity treaties; both houses of congress repub-
lican.

Wilson Bill Passed by 53d congress during
Cleveland's second administration; became law
Aug. 17, 1894, without the president's signature;

both houses democratic; measure reduced duties
in some cases and made additions to free list,
notably wool.

Dingley Bill Passed by 54th congress during Mc-
Kinley.'s administration; approved July 24, 1897;
passed by house 205 yeas to 122 nays, 27 memberi
not voting; passed by senate 38 yeas to 28 nays,
23 not voting; house contained 206 republicans and
134 democrats and senate 46 republicans and 34
democrats; measure raised rates to produce more
revenue, but was similar In many respects to the
McKinley act.

Payne-Aldrich bill passed at extra session of 61st
congress In first year of President William H.
Taft's administration; approved Aug. 5, 1909;
passed the house by a vote of 217 to 161 and the
senate by a vote of 45 to 34. The conference vote
In the house was 195 yeas to 183 nays, twenty re-
publicans voting In the negative and two demo-
crats in the affirmative. In the senate the vote on
the final conference report was 47 to 31, seven re-
publicans voting against It. In general the re-
vision of the Dingley act was in the direction of
lower duties, but there were some Increases. The
law is given practically in full in The Daily News
Almanac and Year-Book for 1910.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN WASHINGTON.

The Smithsonian Institution was established by
statute In 1846, under the terms of the will ot
James Smithson, who bequeathed his fortune In 1826
to the United States for the "increase and diffu-
sion of knowledge among men." From the Income
of the fund a building, known as the Smithsonian
building, was erected In Washington, D. O., on
land given by the United States. The Institution
Is legally an establishment having as its members
the president and vice-president of the United
States, the chief Justice and the president's cabi-
net. It is governed by a board of regents consist-
iLrf of the vice-president, the chief justice, three
members of the United States senate, three mem-
bers of the house of representatives and six cltl-
rens appointed by Joint resolution of congress. It

Is under the Immediate direction of the secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, who Is the execu-
tive ofllcer of the board and the director of the In-
stitution's activities. The Institution aids Investiga-
tors by making grants for research and exploration,
providing for lectures. Initiating scientific projects
and publishing scientific papers. It has adminis-
trative charge of the national museum, the national
gallery of art, the International exchange service,
the national zoological park, the astrophyslcal ob-
servatory and the regional bureau for the interna-
tional catalogue of scientific literature. The Insti-
tution's original endowment of $541,000 has been
increased by gifts and accumulated Interest to
$987,000, yielding an annual income of $58,375. The
secretary of the Institution is Charles D, Walcott.

ROMAN AND ARABIC NUMERALS.

1 1

V 6

600

n 2

VI 6

.. 1000

HI 8

VII 7

MCMX

1910

VIII 8

118

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

THE PANAMA CANAL.

OANAL STATISTICS (OFFICIAL).
Length from deep water to deep water 50.5 miles.
Length on land 40.5 miles.
Length at summit level 31.7 miles.
Bottom width of channel Maximum, 1,000 feet;

minimum (in Cull-bra cut), 300 feet.
Depth Minimum, 41 feet; maximum, 45 feet.
Summit level 85 feet above mean tide.
Locks in pairs 12.
Locks, usable length 1,000 feet.
Locks, usable width lift feet.
Gatun lake, area 164 square miles.
Gatun lake, channel depth 85 to 45 feet.
Concrete required 5,000,000 cubic yards.
Time of transit through canal 10 to 12 hours.
Time of passage through locks 3 hours.
Length of relocated Panama railroad 46.2 miles.
Canal zone, area About 448 square miles.
Canal zone area owned by United States About

322 square miles.
French buildings acquired 2,150.
French buildings used 1,537.
Value of utilized French equipment $1,000,000.
Canal force, average at work About 39,000.
Estimated total cost of canal $375,000.000.
Work begun by Americans May 4, 1904.
Length of canal in use in August, 191010.5 miles.
Probable date of completion Jan. 1, 1915.

CANAL COMMISSION.

LJeut.-Col. George W. Goethals, U. S. A., chair-
man and chief engineer.

Lieut. -Col. David Du B. Gaillard, U. S. A., corps
of engineers.

Lieut. -Col. William L. Sibert, U. S. A., corps of
engineers.

Pol. William C. Gorgas, U. S. A., medical de-
partment.

Harry H. Rousseau, U. S. N., civil engineer.

Lieut. -Col. H. F. Hodges, U. S. A.

Maurice H. Thatcher, civilian.

Headquarters of commission in Panama.

As chairman, Lieut. -Col. Goethals receives a sal-
ary of $15,000 annually. Lieut. -Cols. Gaillard and

Sibert and Civil Engineer Rousseau $14,000 each

and Dr. Gorgas, Col. Hodges and Mr. Thatcher

$10,000 each.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION.

Head of Department Maurice H. Thatcher, Ancon.

Chief Clerk G. A. Ninas. Ancon.

CANAL ZONE JUDICIARY.
Chief Justice Supreme Court H. A. Gudger.
Associate Justice Thomas E. Brown, Jr.

The salary of the chief justice Is $6,500 a year
and of the associate justices $6,000 each.

SANITATION.
Chief Col. W. C. Gorgas.
Assistant Lieut. -Col. John L. Phillipt.
General Insi>ector Dr. M. E. Connor.

CHRONOLOGY.
First exploration of route 1527.
Advocated by Humboldt 1803.
Panama railroad built 1850-1855.
Panama Canal company formed by De Lesseps 1879.
Work on canal begun Feb. 24, 1881.
Canal company failed Dec. 11, 1888.
De Lesseps and others sentenced to prison for

fraud Feb. 9, 1893.

New French canal company formed October, 1894.
De Lesseps died Dec. 7, 1894.
Hay-Pauncefote treaty superseding the Clayton-

Bulwer treaty signed Nov. 18, 1901; ratified by

senate Dec. 16; ratified by Great Britain Jan.

20. 1902.
Canal property offered to the United States for

J40.000.000 Jan. 9, 1902; accepted Feb. 16, ]903.
Bill authorizing construction of canal passed by

house of representatives Jan. 9, 1902; passed by

senate June 19. 1902; approved June 28. 1902.
Canal treaty with Colombia signed Jan. 22. 1903;

ratified by senate March 17, 1903; rejected by

Colombia Aug. 12, 1903.
Revolution in Panama Nov. 3, 1903.
Canal treaty with Panama negotiated Nov. 18,

1903; ratified by republic of Panama Dec. 2, 1903;

ratified by United States senate Feb. 23, 1904.

Canal commissioners appointed Feb. 29, 1904.
Papers transferring canal to the United States

signed in Paris April 22, 1904.
Bill for government of canal zone passed by the
senate April 15, 1904; passed by the house April
21; approved April 26.

Canal property at Panama formally turned over

to the United States commissioners May 4, 1904.

President outlines rules for the government of the

canal zone and war department takes charge of

the work May 9, 1904.

Gen. George W. Davis appointed first governor of

canal zone May 9, 1904.
John F. Wallace appointed chief engineer May

10, 1904; resigned June 29, 1905.
Republic of Panama paid $10,000,000 May 21, 1904.
First payment on $40,000,000 to French canal com-
pany made May 24, 1904.
Lorin C. Collins appointed Supreme court judge

for canal zone June 17, 1905.

New commission with Theodore P. Shonts as chair-
man named April 3, 1905; Shonts resigned March
4, 1907.
John F. Stevens appointed chief engineer June 29,

1905; resigned Feb. 26. 1907.

Lieut.-Col. George W. Goethals appointed chief en-
gineer Feb. 26. 1907.

PLAN OF THE CANAL.

The entire length of the Panama canal from
deep water in the Atlantic to deep water in the
Pacific is 50.5 miles. Its length on land is 40.5
miles. In passing through the canal from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, a vessel will enter a
channel with a bottom width of 500 feet in Limon
l>ay and follow ibis for about seven miles to
Gatun, where it will enter a series of three locks
in flight ana be lifted eighty-five feet to the level
of the Gatuu lake. It will sail at full ocean
speed through this lake. In a channel varying from
1,000 to 500 feet in width, for a distance of about
twenty-four miles, to Bas Obispo, "/here it will
enter the Cuiebra cut. It will sail through the
out. a distance of about nine miles, in a channel
with a bottom width of 300 feet, to Pedro Miguel.
There it will enter a lock and be lowered 30V4
feet, to a small lake at an elevation of 54% feet
above sea level, and will sail through this for
about 1% miles to Miraflores. There it will enter
two locks in series and be lowered to sea level,
passing out into the Pacific through a channel 8%
miles in length, with a bottom width of 500 feet.
The depth of the approach channel on the Atlan-
tic side, where the tidal oscillation does not ex-
ceed iy a feet, will be 41 feet at mean tide, and on
Ihe Pacific side, where the maximum oscillation is
23 feet, the depth will be 45 feet at mean tide.

GATUN DAM.

The Gatun dam, which will form Gatun lake by
impounding the waters of the Chagres river and
other streams, will be nearly I 1 /, miles long, meas-
ured on its crest, nearly half a mile wide at its base,
abotit 400 feet wide at the water surface, about
100 feet wide at the top, and its crest, as planned,
will be at an elevation of 115 feet above mean
sea level, or 30 feet above the normal level of the
lake. The interior of the dam will be formed of
a natural mixture of sand and clay, dredged by
hydraulic process from pits above und below the
dam, and placed between two large masses of
rock and miscellaneous material, obtained from
steam-shovel excavation at various points along
the canal. The top and up-stream slope will be
riprapped. The spillway is a concrete lined open-
ing, 1,200 feet long and 300 feet wide, cut through
n hill of rock nearly in the center of the dam,
Ihe bottom of the opening being ten feet above sea
level. During the construction of the dam, all
the waters discharged from the Chagres river and
its tributaries will flow through this opening.
AVh-?n the lake Is formed, the spillway will be
closed with a concrete dam, fitted with gates and
machinery for regulating the water level of the
lake.

The water level of Gatun lake, extending through
the Cuiebra cut, will be maintained at the south
end by an earth dam connecting the locks at
Pedro Miguel with the high ground to the west-

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

119

GATUX DAM, SPILLWAY AND LOCKS ON PANAMA CANAL.

ward, about 1,700 feet long, with Its crest at an
elevation of 105 feet above mean tide. A small
lako between the locks at Pedro Miguel and Mira-
flor o s will be formed by dams connecting the walls
of Miraflores locks with the high ground on either
side. The dam to the westward will be of earth,
about 2.700 feet long, having its crest about 15 feet
above the water in Miraflores lake. The east
lam will be of concrete, about 500 feet long, and
will form a spillway for Miraflores lake, witn
crest gates similar to those at the spillway of
the Gatun dam.

GATUN LAKE.

fJatun lake will cover an area of 164 square
miles, -with a depth in the ship channel varying
from 85 to 45 feet. Throughout the first 16 miles
from Gatun the width of the channel will be
1.000 feot; then for 4 miles it will be 800 feet and
for 4 miles more. 500 feet, when the entrance to
Culebra cut, at Has Oblspo, will be reached. The
Water level in the cut will be that of the lake
and the bottom width of the channel will be 300
feet.

CANAL ZONE.

The canal zone contains about 448 square miles.
It begins at a point three marine miles from mean
low-water mark in each ocean and extends for five
miles on each side of the center line of the route
of the canal. It includes the group of islands iu
the Bay of Panama named Perico, Naos, Culebra
nnd Flamenco. The .cities of Panama and Colon
ere excluded from the zone, but the United
States hns the right to enforce sanitary ordinances
and maintain public order there in case the re-
public of Panama should not be able to do so.
Of the 448 snuare miles in the zone the United
States owns 322 and private persons 126. The pri-
vate property may, however, be acquired at any
time by the United States by purchase or by the
exercise of the right of eminent domain.
THE LOCKS.

There will be twelve locks in the canal, all in
duplicate, three pairs in flight at Gatun, with a
combined lift of 85 feet; one pair at Pedro Miguel,
with a lift of 30% feet, and two pairs at Mira-
flores, with a combined lift of 54% feet at mean
fide. The dimensions of all are the same a usa-
ble length of 1,000 feet and a usable width of

HO feet. Each lock will be a chamber, with walls
and floors of concrete and water-tight gates at
each end.

The side walls will be 45 to 50 feet wide at the
surface of floor; will be perpendicular on the
face and will narrow from the point 24% feet
above the floor until they are 8 feet wide at the
top. The middle wall will be 60 feet wide, ap-
proximately 1 feet high, and each face will be
vertical. At a point 42% feet above the surface
of the floor and 15 feet above the top of the mid-
dle culvert, this wall will divide into two parts,
leaving a space down the center much like the
letter "U," which will be 19 feet wide at the bot-
tom. In this center space, which will be 44 feet
wide at the top, will be a tunnel divided into
three stories or galleries. The lowest gallery will
be for drainage; the middle for the wires that
carry the electric current to operate the gate and
valve machinery, which will be installed in the
center wall, and the upper will be a passageway
for the operators. The lock chambers will be filled
and emptied through lateral culverts in the floors,
connected with main culverts, 18 feet in diameter,
in the walls, the water flowing in and out by
gravity.

The lock gates will be steel structures, 7 feet
thick, 65 feet long and from 47 to 82 feet high.
They will weigh from 300 to 600 tons each. For
the entire canal 92 leaves will be required, the
total weighing 57,000 tons. Intermediate gates will
be used in the locks to save water and time, if
desired, in locking small vessels through, the gates
being so fixed as to divide the locks into chambers
600 and 400 feet long, respectively. Of the vessels
navigating the high seas, 95 per cent are less than
COO feet long. In the construction of the locks
it is estimated that there will be used approxi-
mately 4,500,000 cubic yards of concrete.

No vessel will be permitted to enter or pass
through the locks under its own power. Electric-
ity will be used to tow all vessels into and
through the locks, and to operate all gates and
valves, power being generated by water turbines
from the head created by Gatun lake. The time
required to pass a vessel through all the locks
is estimated at tl-ree hours, one hour and a half
in the three locks at Gatun and about the earne
time in the three locks on the Pacific side. The

120

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

time of the passage of a vessel through the entire
canal is estimated as ranging from ten to twelve
hours, according to the size of the ship and the
rate of speed at which it can travel.

CANAL EXCAVATION TO JULY 31, 1911.

Cu. yds.

By French companies 78,146.960

French excavation useful to canal 29,908,000

By Americans
Dry excavation 90,142,884

Dredges 55,043,652

Total 145,486,536

May 4 to Dec. 31, 1904 243,472

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1905 1,799,227

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1906 4,948,497

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1907 15,765,290

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1908 37,116,735

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1909 35,096,166

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 191C 31,437,671

Jan. 1 to July 31, 1911 19,079,472

TOTAL BY DIVISIONS AND AMOUNT TO BE EXCAVATED.

DIVISIONS.

Amount excavated.
Cubic yards. Total.

Amount to be excavated.
Cubic yards. Total.

Atlantic-
Dry excavation

8,212,681 ) no -1C, np7

24,938,686 J *J,ioi,*w

66,852,698 ) 7Q fi q fi os9
11,840,664 J <8,69S,3o2

3.689,126 I oqB~.Qi7
29.947lb-91 t 33,636.817

waS } 10 - 205 ' 978
^siiiir } 2 3 ' 102 - 944

2,691,016 ) H 418 <ififi
6,727,570 ] 8,418,586

Dredges

Central
Culebra cut

AH other points

Pacific-
Dry excavation

Grand totals

146,486.586

41,727.508

APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES.

APPBOPBIATIONS.

Payment to New Panama Canal com'y. $40,000,000. 00

Payment to republic of Panama 10,000,000.00

Appropriation for 1S02 10,000,000.00

Appropriation for 1906 11,000,000.00

Deficiency for 1906 6,990,786.00

Appropriation for 1907 25,456,415.08

Aporopriation for 1908 27,161,367.50

Deficiency for 1908 12,178,900.00

Appropriation for 1909 29,187,OOO.OJ

Deficiency for 1909 6,458,000.00

Appropriation for 1910 33,638,000.00

Deficiency for 1910 76,000.00

Appropriation for 1911 37,855,000.00

For private relief, 1911 4,404.18

Appropriation for 1912 45,560,000.00

Total 293,565,872.76

EXPENDITURES TO JUNE 30, 1911.

Civil administration $4,891,521.10

Sanitation 13,194,372.85

Construction and engineering 123.386.U9.78

Miscellaneous 83.938.029.53

Total 223,470,053.26

CANAL FORCE.

The total force at work en the canal and rail-
road July 26, mil, was 34,681. Canal employes num-
bered 27,740 and Panama railroad 6,941. The num-
ber of "gold" or white American employes was
4,250. The great majority of laborers are West
Indian negroes.

CANAL FOttTIFIOTTONS.

An initial expenditure of $3,000,000 for the fortl-
cation of the Panama canal was authorized in the
sundry civil act passed by congress and approved
March 4, 1911. Of this amount S2, 000,000 was for
the construction of seacoast batteries on the canal
zone.

PANAMA RAILROAD.

The Panama railroad and the steamships run In
connection with it between New York and Colon
are owned and operated by the United States gov-
ernment. When the canal was purchased from the
new French canal company the railroad and steam-
ship property was included among the assets. It
practically parallels the route of the canal nearly
the whole distance. Since it was acquired by the
Americans the line has been almost completely re-
located to correspond with changes in the route
and plan of the canal. It is 46% milee long and
runs between the cities of Colon and Panama.

END OF PANAMA CANAL LIBEL CASES.

Jan. 3. 1910, the Supreme court of the United
States approved the action of the federal Circuit
court in New York in quashing the Panama canal
libel indictment against the Press Publishing com-

Eany of New York, N. Y. This indictment was
rought by the United States government, which
alleged that certain articles published by the de-
fendant were libelous. These articles stated in
effect that Charles P. Taft, Douglas Robinson and
William Nelson Cromwell, with J. Pierpont Mor-
gan and others, obtained control of the Panama
canal route for about $3,000,000, and by the co-

operation of Theodore Roosevelt, then president of
the United States and brotber-in-law of Mr. Rob-
inson, and William H. Taft, then secretary of war
and brother of Mr. Taft, were enabled to effect
the sale of the Panama canal to t'.e United States
at a profit of $36,000,000.

Chief Justice White, in announcing the opinion
of the court, interpreted the statute under which
the United States sought to prosecute to mean that
it was to be anplied to crimes committed on fed-
eral reservations when otherwise the criminal
would go unwhipped of justice.

BURIAL PLACES OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS. -

George Washington Mount Vernon, Va.

John Adams Quincy, Mass.

Thomas Jefferson Monticello. Va.

James Madison Montpelier.- Va.

James Monroe Richmond, Va.

John Quincy Adams Quincy, Mass.

Andrew Jackson Hermitage, Nashville, Tenn.

Martin Van Buren Kinderhook, N. Y.

William Henry Harrison North Bend, O.

John Tyler Richmond, Va.

James Knox Polk Nashville, Tenn.

Zachary Taylor Springfield, Ky.

Millard Fillmore Buffalo, N. Y.
Franklin Pierce Concord. N. H.
James Buchanan Lancaster, Pa.
Abraham Lincoln Springfield, 111.
Ulysses S. Grant New York, N. Y.
Rutherford B. Hayes Fremont, O.
James A, Garfield Cleveland. O.
Chester A. Arthur Albany, N. Y.
Benjamin Harrison Indianapolis, Ind.
William McKinley Canton, O.
Grover Cleveland Princeton. N. J.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

121

CANALS IN THE UM
[From census t

State and name.

ITED STATES U906A
ureau report.]
Length Width (feet). Depth I
Op'd. (miles) . Surf ace. Bottom, (feet) . (
18S9 91.00 6.5
1888 25.00 4
.... 9.00 .. 5

jocks
No.). Cost.*
7 $2,223,883
3 1,040,928
2 684,110
3 6,000,000
1 2,090,263
62,697,495
1 100,000
18 9,194,498
3 547,230
4 2,963,706
1 130,000
3 4,666,889
138 42,886,978
3 1,091,108
7 661,635
11 2,798,922
4 5,856,230
1 104,899
1 600,000
1 400,000
1 350,000
2,000,000
150,000
75 14,000,000
4,246,728
1,035,577
2 8,000,000
4 5,113,749
32 6,000,000
109 3,964,000
10 2,232,632
23 t
10 65,000
72 65,402,033
18 6,161,793
60,000
35,000
95 8,062,680
10 2,121,738
144 7,904,971
2 3,816,394
12 26,524,588
5 750,000
1 202,620
3 1,124,768
91 7,066,459
12 3,954,466
6 4,668,561
55 11,018,875
1 221,238
172,175
50,000
3 2,232,637
2 3,191,726
369,698
271,975
125.000
803,490
1 1,151,849
2 3,301,000
10 4,165,650
5 519,107
7 1,719,587
27 3,149,295
504.596

1829 29.63 60 40 10
1847 9.00 150 106 11
1900 34.00 244 158 22
1894 2.00 2
1848 96.00 60 30 8
1895 4.50 . 7

Illinois and Michigan

Illinois and Mississippi

1889 227.00 7
1893 12.00 3.5
1877 12.00 250 ... 5
.... 1,520.40

Iowa Des Molnes Rapids

Canalized rivers

1889 27.00 6
1889 213.00 5
1889 200.00 5
1830 2.40 12
1896 29.50 6
1847 95.00 60 45 5.5
1830 5.35 70 65 6
1900 7.00 100 85 6
1835 7.50 100 90 9
1794 7.00 60 40 7
1850 185.00 68 31 6
1873 7.75 120 ... 20
18S9 1.19 20.
1855 1.60 160 ... 25
1838 66.00 60 30 9
1836 106.00 50 30 5
1849 42.00 42 28 4
1839 24.77 70 56 7
1822 81.00 50 35 5
1828 9.00 50 30 7
1825 355.13 70 56 7
1828 38.00 70 56 7
1868 4.00 26 26 7
1882 5.00 5
1835 269.00 50 35 5
1840 70.00 7
1835 326.00 40 26 4
1889 4.50 8
.... 78 19

Kentucky

Louisville and Portland

Louisiana Campany's

Harvey's

Lake Borue

New Basin

Old Basin

Maryland Chesapeake and Ohio

Michigan Lake Superior

St. Clair Flats

St. Marv's .-;

New Jersey Delaware

Morris

New York Black river

Cayuga *

Champlain

Delaware and Hudson

Erie and branches

Oswego

North Carolina Fairfield

Newbern

Ohio Miami

Muskingum

Ohio and branches

Oregon Columbia

Portland General Electric...

1873 0.75 75 65 6
1900 18.00 5
1903 26.00 6
1821 108.00 44 18 6
1888 89.00 5.4
1885 36.50 6
1826 89.88 58 40 6
1906 2.00 5
1906 5.00 90 ... 6
1906 0.33 90 ... 7
1889 76.50 6
1889 18.00 5
1853 29.50 37% ... 3
1876 5.43 180 ... 17
1873 9.00 100 60 8
1899 7.13 183 75 25
1860 14.00 80 45 10
1794 23.00 70 40 9
1889 90.00 6
1889 48.00 4
1899 41.00 7
1856 160.40 5
1881 1.36 160 ... 21

Yamhill

Pennsylvania Allegheny

Lehigh Coal

Monongahela

Ohio

Schuylkill

South Carolina Congaree

Kstervllle-Miaini

Tennessee

Texas Galveston

Sturgeon bay

Total

3,644.60

934 283,208,863

ehensively, the
tends from the
the Mississippi
The navigable
it Sterling and
Sheffield and is
vigable as the
it by a dam a

Including improvemen
NOTE The above list. It will be noted, includes a
number of canalized rivers, and does not include
canals completed since 1906.

THE HENNEPIN CANAL.
Preliminary surveys begun 1871.
Excavation begun 1892.
Work completed 1907.
Canal formally opened Oct. 24. 1907.

ts. tlncluded in Erie.
The Hennepin, or. more compr
Illinois and Mississippi canal, ex
Illinois river near Henneiin to
three miles below Rock Island,
feeder extends from Rock river i
Rock Falls to the main line near
of the same size and just as m
main line. Water is forced into
quarter of a mile long at Sterling

Length of feeder 29.3 miles.
Total length 104 miles.
Depth 7 feet.
Width at bottom 52 feet.
Width at water line 80 feet.
Locks on main canal 32.
Locks on feeder 1.
Total-cost $7,500,000.

NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL.
Total length 442 miles.
Width From 122 to 160 feet.
Depth From 12 to 20 feet.
Locks 61.
Excavation 175.000,000 cubic varcls.
Cost $101.000,000.
Work on the New York state barge canal, or sys-

122

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

tern of canals, according to estimates, will be corn-
Dieted in 1916. The main waterway will follow the
line of the present Erie canal in most places from
the Hudson river at Waterford, Saratoga county,
to Tonawanda and Lake Erie; another division will

connect the Hudson with Lake Champlain, while a
third branch will run from the main canal at
Three Rivers Point to Lake Ontario. The waterway
will be wide and deep enough to accommodate steam
bar?es with a maximum capacity of 1,800 tons each.

GREAT SHIP CANALS OF THE WORLD.

CAXAL.

Open'd

L'ngth

Depth.

Wdth*

Cost.

Year.

1893

Miles.
4

Feet.
26 25

Feet.

&,000,00o

1890

20 50

220

100UUUUU

1900

5S310UO

1895

29 50

37 128 000

1894

35 5

120

75UOUUOO

Sault Ste Marie (U. 8 )

1855

1 6

100

lUlOU.DlHl

1895

1 11

20 25

142

"2,791,873

1869

108

lOO.tli W.UUO

Welland (Canada)

1887

26.75

100

25.UOU.OOO

! At the bottom.

CHRONOLOGY OF
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 1898.

Maine blowi. up Feb. 15

Diplomatic relations broken April 21

Cuban blockade declared April 22

War declared by Spain April 24

War declared bj United States April 25

DeweyY victory at Manila..., May 1

Hobson's Merrimac exploit June 3

U S. irmy corps lands in Cuba June 21

Battle st El Can^y and San Juan July 1

Cervera's. fleet destroyed July 3

Santiago 3e Cuba surrenders July 17

Peace protocol signed Aug. 12

Surrender of Manila Aug. 13

Peace treaty signed in Paris Dec. 12

PHILIPPINE WAR. 1899 1902.

Hostilities begun Feb. 4,1899

Battles around Manila Feb. 1-7, 1899

Battle at Pasig March 13, 1899

Santa Cruz captured April 25, 1899

San Fernando captured May 5, 1899

Battle of Bacoor June 13, 1899

Battle of Imus June 16, 1S99

Battle of Colamba July 26, 1899

Battle of Calulut Aug. 9, 1S99

Battle at Angeles Aug. 16, 1899

Maj. John A. Logan killed Nov. 11, 1899

Gen. Gregorio del Filar killed Dec. 10, 1899

Gen. Lawton killed Dec. 19, 1899

Taft commission appointed Feb. 25, 1900

Aguinaldo captured March 23, 1901

End of the war April 30, 1902

Military governorship ended July 4, 1902

ANGLO-BOER WAR. 1899-1902.

Boers declare war Oct. 10, 1899

Boers Invade Natal Oct. 12, 1899

Battle of Glencoe Oct. 20, 1839

Battle of Magersfontein Dec. 10, 1899

Battle of Colesburg Dec. 31. 1899

Spion Kop battles Jan. 23-25, 1900

Klmberley relieved Feb. 15, 1900

Gen. Cronje surrenders Feb. 27, 1900

Ladysmith relieved March 1. 1900

Mafeking relieved May 17, 1900

Johannesburg captured May 30, 1900

Orange Free State annexed May 30, 1900

Pretoria captured June 4, 1900

South African Republic annexed Sept. 1. 1900

Gen. Methuen captured March 7, 1902

Treaty of peace signed May 31, 1902

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. 1904-1905.

Hostilities begun by Japan Feb. 8, 1904

War declared Feb. 10, 1904

Petropavlovsk sunk April 13, '1904

Battle of the Yalu May 1, 1904

Battle ship Hatsuse sunk May 15, 1904

Cruiser Yoshino sunk May 15, 1904

Nanshan hill battles May 21-27, 1904

Dalny captured May 30, 1904

Vafangow battle June 14, 1904

Kaiping captured July 8, 1904

Port Arthur invested July 20-31, 1904

Newchwang evacuated July 25, 1904

Haicheng evacuated , . . Aug. 3, 1904

RECENT WARS.

Port Arthur naval battle Aug. 10,

Battle of Liaoyang Aug. 26-Sept. 4,

Battle of Sha river Oct. 12-19,

Dogger bank affair Oct. 22,

203 Meter hill captured Nov. 30.

North Keekwan captured Dec. 18,

Euriungshan captured Dec. 25,

Sungshushan captured Dec. 31,

Port Arthur surrendered Jan. 1-2,

Battle of Heikoutai Jan. 27-Feb 4,

Battle of ^lukden Feb. 24-March 12

Battle of Sea of Japan May 27-28,

Roosevelt peaca proposal June 7,

Sakhalin captured July SI,

Portsmouth peace conference Aug. 9-29,

Peace treaty signed Sept 5,

1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905

TKOOPS ENGAGED IIN TNIIED STATES WARS

Military and naval forces employad by the gov-
ernment since 1775.

War. Date. Total.

Revolution 1775-83 309,791

Northwestern Indian 1790-95 8.983

France 1798-1800 4,593

Tripoli 1801-05 3,330

Indian (Harrison) 1811-13 910

War Of 1812 1812-15 576,622

Creek Indian 1813-14 13,781

Seminole 1817-18 6,911

Winnebago (Wis.) 1827 1,416

Sac and Fox (111.) 1831

Black Hawk 1832 6,465

Cherokee removal 1833-39 9,494

Seminole (Fla.) 1835-42 41,122

Sabine Indian 1836-37 4,429

Creek (Ala.) 1836-37 13,418

"Patriot" (frontier) 1838-39 1,500

Seminole (Fla.) 1842-58

Mexico 1846-48 112,230

Cayuse Indian (Ore.) 1848 1,116

Texas Indian 1849-56 4,243

Apache (Utah) 1849-55 2,561

California Indian 1849-55 26S

Utah Indian 1851-53 540

Oregon. Washington Indian 1851-56 5,145

Comanche 1854 503

Seminole 1855-58 2,687

Civil war 1861-66 2,778,304

Spanish-American 1898-99 312,523

Philippine 1899-1902 140,038

Pekin (China) expedition 1900-01 6,913

Total 4,371,839

The total in this table includes re-enlistments.
The total number of individuals is estimated at
3,304,993, of whom 2,213,363 served In the civil war.

AMERICAN LOSSES IN SPANISH AND PHILIP-
PINE WARS.
From wounds or disease.

Officers. En. men.

May 1, 1898, to June 30, 1899 224 6,396

June 30. 1899, to July 1, 1900 74 1,930

July 1, 1900, to June 30. 1901 67 1.8SJ

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

123

THE CARNEGIE HERO FUND.

April 15, 3904, Andrew Carnegie placed in the
hands of a commission the sum of $5,000,000 to be
known as "the hero fund." Its purpose is to re-
ward with medals aud money the meu and women
who pei form heroic deeds, or, in case they lose
their lives, lo care for those dependent upon them.
Widows are give.i support until they remarry ana
children are given allowances until they are 16
years of age. Only such as follow peaceful voca-
tions on sea or laud in the United States and Can-
ada are eligible to become beneficiaries of the
fund. The first awards of medals and money were
mado in May, and others in October, 1905. The
names of the recipients, with the reason for the
award in each case, will be found in The Daily
News Almanac aud Year-Book beginning with the
volume foe 1906.

AWARDED MAY 4, 1910.

Margaret I. Davies, aged 33, clerk, saved Charles
7?. Bodamor from being run over by a train at
Sharon, Pa., Dec. 29, 1909; bronze medal aud $500.

George V. Knopf, agod 36, clerk, saved Knama Q.
Keyes from burning at Sandusky, O., Nov. 18, 1909;
bronze medal and $1,000.

Martha Generals (colored), aged 57, housewife,
saved Peter M. Malkemes, aged 9. from electric
shock at Wilkesbarre, I'a., July 29, 1906; bronze
uiedal and $20 a month for life.

Alexis B. Luce, aged 23, actor, saved unknown
woman from drowning at New London, Conn., Sept.
20, 1908; bronze medal.

John A. Weist, aged 20, salesman, saved Theodore
and Leo Kendall from drowning at Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Dec. 12, 1309; bronze meilal.

John Adrianee, Jr., aged 25, clerk, saved Cordelia
M. Keplincer from drowring at Galveston Tex.,
July 15, 1909; bronze medal.

Clarence W. Lyons, aged 27, accountant, saved
Marguerite K. Hartman from drowning at Wil-
liainsport, Pa., Jan. 22, 1909; bronze medal and
$1,000.

Bernard D. Connelly, aged 40, attorney, saved
Charlotte R. Chamberlain from drowning at Le
Claire, Iowa, June 29, 1906; bronze medal.

Joseph A. Riley, aged 30, policeman, saved
Mayme F. Price and Lottie It. Firestone from
drowning at Cleveland, O., Aug. 25, 1909; bronze
uiedal and $1,000.

Frederick W. Sies aged 21, locomotive fireman,
saved James M. Hayek, aged 2, from being run over
by a train at Dixou, Iowa, Nov. 4, 1909; bronze
medal and SI. 000.

Robert W. Young, aged 36, brakeman, saved Ray
E. Beaham from being n,n over by a train at Abi-
lene. Kns.. April 20, 1909; bronze medal and $1,000.

John G. White, aged 46, yardmaster, saved Mary
P. and Elizabeth Scnmaccu from being -run over by
a train at Batavia, N. Y., June 14, 1909; bronze
medal and $1,000.

George E. Hemphill, aged 29. farmer, attempted
to save Clarence Slaughter from suffocation by
smoke fit Anna, Tex., Aug. 31, 1909; bronze medal
and $1.000.

Patrick F. Williamson, aged 22, brewery worker,
died In helping to save George M. Myers from suf-
focation by fumes of amyl nitrite at Punxsutaw-
ney. Pa., Jan. 10, 1910; bronze medal to brother.

Edward W. Noll, aged 26, brewery worker, filed
while trying to save Patrick W. Williamson from
suffocation (see preceding award) ; bronze medal and
$50 a month to widow.

Harley Tomlinson (colored), aged 34, farmer, died
trying to save Oscar Colson from drowning in flood
at Norwood, N. C., Aug 3, 1909; bronze medal and
$15 a month to widow and $2 a month to each of
three children.

Frank Forrest (colored), aged 53, farmer, assist-
ed in trying to save Oscar Colsou and helped to
save Henvy C. Meyers (see preceding award) ; bronze
modal and $500.

E. Ralph Adams, aged 15, schoolboy, helped to
save Arvy D. Ma honey and died trying to save
Burdette C. Blett f re m drowning at Decatur, Mich.,
Dec. 7, 1904; bronze medal to father.

B. Franklin Bavles, aged 15, schoolboy, Helped to
save Ar-.-y D. Mahoney and died trying to save
Burdette C. Blett from drowning (see preceding

award): bronze medal and $20 a month for support
of mother tor six years.

Archie P. Brake, aged 20, telegraph operator,
died trying to save Dorothy F. Bruce from drown-
ing at Iowa Falls, Iowa, July 13, 1909; bronze
rnedal to father.

Carl F. Wagner, aged 14, schoolboy, died attempt-
ing to save Anthony Geraci from drowning at
Rochester, N. Y., May 29, 1909; bronze medal and
$20 a month to mother for six years.

Francis P. De Santis, aged 28, miner, assisted In
trying to save Michele Rubino from a mine cavein
at Brockwayville, Pa., Dec. 12, 1908; bronze medal
and $1,000.

William P. Harris, aged 30, boss mine driver,
assisted in trying to save Michele Rubino (see pre-
ceding award); bronze medal and $1,000.

Giuseppe Petruccelli, aged IS, miner, died in at-
tempting to save Michele Rubino (see preceding
awards); bronze medal ai-d $250 each to two sisters.

Vincenzo Stefanelli, aged 33, miner, died in try-
ing to save Michele Rubino (see preceding awards);
bronze medal and $500 to father.

A. Eugene Smith, aged 33, saloonkeeper, tried to
save Charles Hendron and A. J. Clark from suf-
focation by gas in a well at Rogers, Tex., Aug. 6.
1909; silver medal and $900.

George A. Trost, aged 31, brakeman, saved Wil-
liam B. Malsberry from being run over by a train
at Hyndman, Pa., May 25, 1908; silver medal and
$1,500.

Matthew D. Robson, aged 24, laborer, saved Sam-
uel Slater cr>d others from suffocation in a mine at
Pana, 111., Oct. S3, 1907; silver medal and $1.000.

Wylie Looney, aged 17, schoolboy, died in at-
tempting to save George C. Barker from drowning
at Duncanville, Tex., June 2, 1907; silver uiedal to
father.

A. Albert Richards, aged 22, attorney, died in
attempting to rescue Joseph T. Parker, aged 12,
from a runaway in Denton, Tex., Nov. 11, 1904;
silver medal aud $1,000 to his father.

Ira S. Houser, aged 37, railroad flagman, died
attempting to save Gail D. Mickey, aged 2, from
burning at Chambersburg, Pa., Jan. 6, 1910; silver
medal and $50 a month to widow.

Robert J. Lurty, aged 33, laborer, died attempt-
Ing to save Mary J. Marsh from drowning at Nel-
sonville, O., March 14, 19(7; silver medal and $15 a
month for support of each of three chlldreu.
AWARDED OCT. 31, 1910.

Clarence G. Baxter, aged 21, dairyman, saved
Annie B. Coker from being run down by a train
at Stone Mountain, Ga., May 8, 1909; bronze medal.

Thomas R. Dobson, aged 17, apprentice, saved
Laura A. Alberts and Josephine M. Herold from
drowning at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 19, 1908; bronze
medal and $1,000.

Harry /. Householder, aged 23, clerk, saved Lo-
retta M. Forgan from drowning at Baltimore, Md.,
Sept. 19, 1908; bronze medal and $1,000.

Lawrence B. Ryman, aged 14, schoolboy, saved
Edison R. Austin from drowning at Alderson, Pa.,
Aug. 25, 1906; bronze medal and $2,000.

Justin J. McCarthy, aged 12, schoolboy, attempted
to save Gladjs M. Lowd from drowning at Wash-
ington, D. C., Aug. 31, 1908; bronze medal and
$2,000.

James D. Ledbetter, aged 29, liveryman, saved
Carrie Gresham from drowning at Newton, Ga.,
June 11, 1909; bronze medal.

James T. Martiu, aged 36, overseer, saved George
Heal from drowning at Wilkesbarre, Pa., Jan. 27,
1908; bronze medal and $1,000.

John H. Thompson, aged 27, locomotive fireman,
saved James H. Ray from drowning at Rock Point,
Pa., March 1, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

Herbert J. Hesse, aged 16, farm hand, saved Car-
rie E. Krnuse and Elsie G. Breytspraak from
drowning at Whitehall, Mich., July 14, 1909; bronze
tnedul and $1,000.

Elias Roser. aged 48, clergyman, saved Mary A.
WIttenbach from drowning at Lawell, Mich., July
31, 190S; bronze medal and $2,000.

Daniel W. McGowan, aged 45, butcher, saved
Elizabeth F. Fleckenstein from drowning at Wil-
low Creek, Cal., Aug. 7, 1909; bronze medal.

124

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

Vaughn V. Longruire, aged 13, schoolboy, helped
to save A. L. Sharp from drowning at Lost Creek,
Tenn., June 21, 1608; bronze medal and $2,000.

Byron P. Van Orman, aged 25, clerk, rescued Jane
M. Thomas and Frank K. Benbam from a runaway
at Canandaigua, N. Y., March 15, 1909; bronze
medal and $1,000.

Jauies L. McFarland, aged 43, retired, saved
Kuby Cfntrell from being run over by a train at
West Frankfort, 111., Nov. 12, 1909; bronze medal.

Jesse Dunlap, aged 37, conductor, saved Frances
Walker, aged 1, from being run down by a train at
Carbondale, Pa., June 1, 1908; bronze medal and
$1,000.

Edmund M. Price, aged 34, legging maker, saved
Hazel Owens from being run over by an electric
car at Seal Garden, Cal., May 26, 1907; bronze
modal and $1,000.

W. Benjamin McAnally, aged 17, farm hand,
saved Robert L. Morrison from suffocation in a
well at Piano, Tex., March 22, 1909; bronze medal
and $1,000.

Henry P. McCoy, aged 22, clerk, attempted to
save Frank L. Seherrer fro'n suffocation in a well
at Mendon, 111., Sept. 12, 1906; bronze medal and
$1,000.

Charles B. Evans, aged 31, farm hand, attempted
to save Frank L. Scherrer from suffocation (see
preceding award); bronze medal and $1,000.

James M. Flanigan, aged 20, mine car tender,
rescued William Derrig and John W. Mullery from
a mine shaft after an explosion; bronze medal and
$1.000.

Patrick F. Walsh, aged 29, miner, helped to res-
cue John B. Eustice from a mine cavein at Ink-
erman. Pa., Aug. 22, 1607; bronze medal and $1,000.

Geot-ge R. Jopling, aged r,5, miner, assisted in.
Eustice rescue (see preceding award); bronze medal
and $1.000.

John Merrick, aged 50, miner, assisted in Eustice
rescue; bronze medal and $1,000.

Benjamin J. George, aged 26, miner, assisted in
Eustice rescue; brouze medal and $1,000.

Thomas Huntley, aged 40, outside mine foreman,
assisted in Eustice rescue; bronze medal anil $1,000.

John R. Ransom, aged 19, student, saved George
R. Holder from suffocation in a well at Keeue.
Tex., Nov. 26, 1908; bronze medal and $2,000.

G. Harold Griffin, aged 19, stjtfent, died attempt-
ing to save J. Leslie Nelson from drowning at
Dazey, N. D., Juue 20, 1909; bronze medal to father.

Alva B. Coffey. aged 23, planing mill hand, died
attempting to save Charles M. Poling from drown-
ing at Martinsville, Ind., July 10, 1910; bronze
medal and $L5 a month to mother.

Alan St. C. Blood, aged 15, schoolboy, saved R.
Lucian Blood, Frank O. Carroll and Paul R. Blood
from drowning at Grayville, 111., Dec. 23, 1909; sil-
ver medal.

Fleming C. Bower, aged 26, student, saved Stoner
F. Watts from drowning at Milton, Pa., Jan. 21,
Ift09: silver medal and $2,000.

Gertrude Sharpsteen, aged 17, housekeeper, saved
Gertrude E. Downie, aged 4, from being run over
by a train at Spencer, N. Y., Aug. 31, 1909; silver
medal and $500.

Jesse A. Wilson, aged 23, stationary fireman, res-
cued Joseph A. Duffy, aged 2, from burning at
Pittston, Pa., July 16, 1909; silver medal and $2,000.

James L. Smith (colored), aged 36, puddler,
saved Frances R. Hetrick from burning at Sister-
ville, W. Va., Oct. 28, 1909; silver medal and $1.000.

I. Wood Miller, aged 34, liveryman, saved John
H. Eggen, Jr., from drowning at Taylorsville, Ky.,
Feb. 23, 1909: silver medal and $1,000.

Frederick F. Kilroe, aged 20, watchmakar, died
attempting to save George H. Massiootte from
drowning at Middlebury, Conn., July 10, 1910; sil-
ver medal, $150 to liquidate debt and $30 a month
to mother for five years.

Adam J. Bopp, aged 23, shoe worker, died at-
tempting to save John J. Gallagher from drowning
at Lakeville, Mass., May 22, 1910; silver medal and
51,000 to mother.

G. Gustave Groenevelt, aged 55, laborer, died at-
tempting to save Roy A. Phillips from suffocation
in a tank at Watsouvllle, Cal., April 27, 1910; sil-
ver medal and $40 a month to widow.

Thomas Fleming, aged 26, assistant foreman, died

attempting to save John Bonick from suffocation in
a gas producer at Corning, N. Y., July 9, 1910; sil-
ver medal and $65 a month to widow and $2 a
month for each of two children.

Martin Demyan, aged 29, laborer, died attempt
ing to save John Bonick (see preceding award);
silver medal and $1,000 to widow.

Walter C. Sweet, aged 37, steamntter, attempted
to save John Bonick, Thomas Fleming and Martin
Demyau from suffocation (see preceding two
awards); silver medal and $1,000.

David R. Tibbs, aged 26, foreman, died attempt-
ing to save Antonio Costalgo from drowning at
Amsterdam, N. Y., June 28, 1909; silver medal and
$60 a month to widow.

Joseph B. Pinazza, aged 37, miner, died attempt-
ing to save John Lubik from suffocation at Meader-
ville, Mont., May 20, 1908; silver medal and $1,000
to widow.

Hiram W. Mclntosh, assistant yardmaster, died
attempting to save Constant Gasquet from being
run over by a train; silver medal and $70 a month
to widow; $5 a month for each of two children.

Mary R. Brown, aged 27, trained nurse, saved
family of delirious man from being shot by him
in Washington, D. C., Dec. 20, 1909; Miss Brown
was wounded and died; silver medal and $30 a
month to mother.

William H. Hagerman, aged 34, teamster, died
attempting to save Mary Price from being run over
by a train at Malaga. N. J., Dec. 26, 1909; silver
medal and $35 a month to widow and $5 a month
for each ot four children.

CHEBET MUTE AWARDS.

Isaac Lewis, Jr., aged 34. liveryman, died helping
to rescue men from a burning mine at Cherry, 111.,
Nov. 13, 1909; silver medal and $40 a month to
widow and $5 a month for each of three children.

Dominick Formento, aged 32, merchant, died in
same rescue work; silver medal and $30 a month
to widow; $5 a month to each of two children.

Andrew MeLuckie, aged 31, miner, died in same
rescue work; silver medal and $20 a month to
widow; $5 a month to each of five children.

J. Alexander Norberg, aged 38, mine boss, died
in same rescue work; silver medal and $55 a month
to widow; $5 a month to each of two children.

Henry Stewart, aged 28, miner, died la ?ame res-
cue work; silver medal and S20 a month to widow;
$5 a month to each i-f four children.

Robert Clark, aged 28, miner, died in same rescue
work; silver medal to father.

James Speir, aged 34, miner, died in same rescue
work; silver medal and $35 a month to widow; $5
a month to each of six children.

John Bundy, mine manager, died in same rescue
work; silver medal and $65 a month to widow; $5
a month to each of three children.

John Szabrinski, aged 29, -cage operator, died in
same rescue work; silver medal and $35 a month to
widow; $5 a month to each of two children.

Charles Waite, aged 43, mine examiner and boss,
died in same rescue work; silver medal and $35 a
month to widow; $5 a month to son.

John Flood, aged 49, merchant, died in same res-
cue work; silver medal to brother.

Walter Waite, aged 41, assistant mine manager,
helped to rescue men from burning mine at Cherry,
111. ; silver medal and $1,000.

George Eddy, aged 48, mine examiner and boss,
helped In Cherry mine rescue; silver medal and
$1,000.

AWARDS MADE JAN. 18, 1911.

James T. Mason, aged 48, saloonkeeper, helped
to s.'ive Mary E. Dolan, Von L. Holliday. Carroll
V. Rector and William B. Sweet from drowning at
Grand Rapids, Wis., May 26, 1909; bronze medal.

George K. Muir, aged 22, clerk, helped in rescue
noted in preceding award; bronze medal.

Harry L. Masser, aged 17, student, helped to save
Bertha L. Pillsbury from drowning at Yosemite,
Cal., Aug. 12, 1907; bronze medal.

J. Parks Jones, aged 17, student, helped in rescue
noted in preceding award; bronze medal.

Jerome Miller, aired 44, contractor, saved William
C. Stapel from burning at Oshkosh, Wis., Oct 16,
1908; bronze medal.

Arthur A. Thornley, aged 19, hospital orderly.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

125

saved a number of persons from burning at Middle-
town, N. Y., Aug. 24, 1907; bronze medal
Guy F. Empey, aged 15, schoolboy, saved Cornelia

E. D'enne from drowning at Merrill, Wis., Nov. 29,
1906; bronze medal.

James V. Logan, aged 36, minister, saved D. W.
Denton, aged 16, from drowning at Buruside, Ky.,
July 29, 1909; bronze medal and $2,000.

Charles R. McCabe, Jr., aged 20, insurance agent,
saved George M. Cummins from drowning at Say-
nor, Wis., June 28, 1909; bronze medal and $1,000.

Fred B. Karr, aged 31, brakeman, saved William
Damaszewski from being run over by a train at
Kankakee, 111., July 2, 1908; bronze medal am:
$1,000.

Reuben P. Swartley, aged 23, molder, saved
George A. Phillips from drowning at Norrlstown,
Pa.. Feb. 8, 1910; bronze medal and $2,000.

William T. Kennedy, aged 24, chemist, saved
Viola and Brainerd Fountain, children, from drown-
ing at Wharton, N. J., Jan. 3, 1908; bronze medal
and $2,000.

James Brennan, aged 58, laborer, died saving
Barbara M. Lewis fiom drowning at New London,
Conn., Sept. 7, 1910; brrnze medal, $750 to liqui-
date mortgage and ?25 a month to widow.

Robert C. Woods, aged 22, farmer, died attempt-
ing to save Harry A. Strom from drowning at
Southbend, Minn., July 17, 1910; bronze medal and
$25 a month to mother for five years.

Lynn A. Gates, aged 19, student, died attempt-
ing to save Victor M. Cross from drowning at
Gerry, N. Y., June 7, 1908; bronze medal and $1,000
to father.

Lynn B. Fisk, aged 20, school teacher, helped to
save Victor M. Cross (see preceding award); bronze
medal and $1,000.

William H. Edwards, aged 33, street commission-
er, overpowered man who tried to kill Mayor Wil-
liam J. Gaynor, New York, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1910;
silver medal.

Daniel B. Howard, aged 39, laborer, saved Mary
Tillotson from drowning at Baldwinsville, N. Y.,
April 18, 1909; silver medal and $1,000.

Anna O. Bromley, aged 16, student, saved Philip

F. Fackenthall from drowning at High Point, N.
J., July 31, 1908; silver medal and $2,000.

Ray M. Taylor, aged 26. well uigger, attempted
to save Francis M. Mc-Cune from suffocation in
well at Summit, S. D., Nov. 19, 1908; silver medal
and $1,000.

Arthur T. Christ, aged 17, office boy, fatally in-
jured in saving Charles A. Hetzel, Jr., from burn-
ing in New York, N. Y., Nov. 11, 1909; silver medal
and $1,000 to father.

Erford H. Coon, aged 12, schoolboy, helped to
save Carl H. W. Verbeck and died trying to save
Harold L. Stevens, Jr., from drowning at Manlius,
N. Y., Dec. 1, 1909; silver medal to father.

Victor M. Durgln, aged 23, advertising solicitor,
died attempting to save Isabel B. Norton and Anna
W. Norton from drowning at Middleton, Mass.,
April 19, 1909; silver medal to mother.

Watsou M. Seeley, aged 33, machinist, died at-
tempting to nave Mary M. Knoll from drowning at
Salina, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1910; silver medal and $45
a month to mother: $5 a month to her sou.

Roy A. Fees, aged 25, mail carrier, died attempt-
ing to save E. Albert Heaton from drowning at
Flmdale, Kas., A-ig. 10, 1910; silver medal, $600 to
liquidate mortgage and $30 a month to widow.

F. Kent Smith, aged 34. assistant mine foreman,
died attempting to save two men from suffocation
in a mine at Bingham Canyon, Utah, Nov. 21, 1908;
silver medal and $75 a month to widow; $5 a month
to daughter.

AWARDED MAT 1, 1911.

Thomas W. Moran, aged 42, contractor, saved
Anna S. Engers from fatal fall in Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Sept. 4, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

Flora A. Sears, aged 13, schoolgirl, saved Emily
Heckmann from clrowning at The Corner, N. Y.,
July 30, 1S08; bronze medal.

Frederick W. Zengen. aged 13, schoolboy, saved
Ferdinand G. Ludeke from drowning in New York,
N. Y., March 19, 1908; bronze medal.

Edward Loadmnn, ased 31. motorman, saved three
children from being run over by train at Gaston-
ville, Pr.., April 13, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

J. C. Fremont Hailes, aged 48, pottery foreman,
saved Peter Foley from being run over by a train
at Steubeuville, O., July 31, 1910; bronze medal and
?J,000.

Calvin C. Williams, cged 51, hotel clerk, saved
Beitha Whittaker and Louise Felsberg from drown-
ing in Spring Lake, N. J., Aug. 7, 1908; bronze
inedal and $1,000.

Richard C. Williams, aged 23, brakemau, saved
Melvin B. Mayo from being run over by a train
at Reusens, Va., June 17, 1906; bronze medal and
$1,000.

Roy Lockwood, aged 15, schoolboy, saved David
A. Risler from drowning at Bellaire, O., July 11,
1909; bronze medal and 1.000.

Randolph Osborn, aged 45, teamster, attempted
to rescue Donald C. Ball, aged 5, from a runaway
in Bellingham, Wash., Sept. 12, 1905; bronze medal
aud $1,000.

Park S. Rushford, aged 25, telegrapher, saved
E. G. Cunningham from drowning at Mannington,
W. Va., Jan. 19, 1907; bronze medal and $1,000.

Claude W. Wetzel, aged 19, armature coil winder,
saved Claire C. Evans from drowning at Unionvillc
Center, O., Feb. 19, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

Wallace W. Six, aged 52, miner, helped to save
three children and Lena C. Johnson, aged 17, from
drowning at Glen Ebcn, O., March 14, 1907; bronze
ir-.edal and $1.000.

Thomas W. Wycuff, aged 31, miner, helped in.
foregoing rescue; bronze medal and $1,000.

Charles B. Moon, aged 36, deputy sheriff, attempt-
ed to save William H. Funk and James V. Codman
from suft'ocution at Warsaw, Ind., July 25, 1904;
bronze medal and $1,000.

Benjamin J. Cottle, aged 24, drug clerk, saved
child from runaway at Wilmington, N. C., Aug.
28, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

John R. Graham, aged 36, telegraph operator,
saved George W. Thompson and tried to save C.
L. Lipscomb from drowning at Thickety, S. C.,
May 9, 1910; bronze medal and $1,000.

James F. Collier, aged 21, printer's apprentice,
saved Rocco J. Cinfro, aged 38, teamster, from a
runaway in Chicago. June 12, 1910; bronze medal
and $1,000 to liquidate indebtedness.

Russell M. Willams, aged 16, student, saved Ray S.
Coates and Harold H. Smith from drowning at
Wellington, O., June 13, 1910; bronze medal and
$1,000.

Albert J. Appleby, aged 18, farm hand, saved
Ruthella M. Harbeson from being run over by a
train at Bowyer, S. C.. March 11, 1910; bronze
medal and $1,000.

Boyce Lindsay (colored), -aged 16, delivery boy,
saved E. R. Smith, aged 11, from being run over
by a train at Spartanburg, S. C., May 28, 1910;
bronze medal and $1,000.

N. Peter Lugon, aged 14, schoolboy, saved two
boys from drowning at Dunkirk, N. Y., -Feb. 4,
3!)10; bronze medal and $2,000.

Charles L. Falvey, aged 10, schoolboy, died at-
tempting to save W. W. Hook, aged 10, troni
drowning at Washington, D. C., June 21, 1909;
bronze medal to father.

Wallace O. McVey, aged 2*. minister, died at-
tempting to save Edna H. Olds from drowning
near Cory. Ind., Aug. 1, 1910; bronze medal and $50
a month to widow.

Carroll M. Kester, aged 16, student, died attempt-
ing to save Harold G. Cottrell from drowning at
Des Moines, Iowa, June 18, 1910; bronze medal and
$1,200 to father.

Nora V. Dunlea, aged 14, schoolgirl, died helping
to save three girls from drowning at West
Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 6, 1910; silver medal and
$1.000 to mother.

Louise G. Gritfln, aged 13, schoolgirl, assisted in
foregoing rescue; bronze medal and $2,000.

Eleanor F. McQueeney, aged 13, schoolgirl, as-
sisted in same rescue- bronze medal aud $2,000.

William B. Slmson, aged 57, lawyer, saved Hay-
raond Sprenger from drowning at Tonawar.da, N.
Y., Jan. 15, 1911; silver medal. '

Herman W. Downing, aged 16, student, snved
Frank R. Clapsaddle from drowning at Ocean City,
Md., June 30, 1909; silver medal.

126

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Thomas M. Chvistenbury, aged 38, police chief,
rescued Rufus Long .from cavein in a well at
Charlotte, N. C., Aug. 9, 1909; silver medal auu
$2,200.

Marion A. Hyland. aged 30, bank cashier, died
attempting to save Guy R. Henderson and R. D.
Hoxie from drowning at Hollenberg, Kas., July 10,
191u: silver medal and $50 a month to widow with
$5 a month additional for each of two children.

David Whelau, Jr., aged 23, motorman, died In
rescuing William F. Thompson from a runaway in
Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1910; silver medal aud $1,000
to father.

August Wesley, aged 57, steam shovel workman,
died attempting to save two men from suffocation
in mine at Biugham. Canyon, Utah, Nov. 21, 1908;
silver medal to next of kin.

Hugh Burns, aged 22, steam shovel workman,
died in attempting foregoing rescue; silver medal
to next of kin.

Joseph Robeza, aged 22, driver, died helping to
rescue men from burning mine at Cherrv, 111., Nov.
12, 1910; silver medal to father.

CARNEGIE HERO FUND COMMISSION. 1911.

President Charles L. Taylor.

Vice-president W. J. Holland.

Treasurer J. H. Reed.

Secretary and manager F. M. Wilmot.

Members William L. Abbott, Taylor Allcrdice, Al-
bert J. Barr, Edward M. Uigelow, W. W. Black-
burn, Joseph Buffingtou A. C. Dinkey, Ralph M.
Dravo, R. A. Franks, W. N. Frew, W. J. Hol-
land, Thomas Lynch, Tiiomas N. Miller, Thomas
Morrison, F. C. Perkins, H. K. Porter, J. H.
Reed, W. L. Scaife, W. H. Stevenson, Charles L.
Taylor, F. M. Wilmot.

Office in Carnegie buildiig, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dp to May 1, 1911, the commissioners had made
487 awards. A total of 4,991 cases had been con-
sidered.

In 1911 Mr. Carnegie established hero funds in

tirmiinr "RoloHnm Wnllanrl Swnrlon l^onmurlr and

THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOE
In April, 1905, Andrew Carnegie transferred to a
board of trustees $10.000,000 in United States Steel
corporation fifty-year bonds bearing 5 per cent in-
terest, the purpose of the trust fund thus created
being to provide retiring allowances or annuities to
teachers in the higher institutions of learning iu
the United States, Canada, and Newfoundland under
such regulations as the trustees might decide to be
wise. Schools below the rank of college and insti-
tutions directly under the control of religious de-
nominations are excluded from the benefits of the
fund. State universities were also originally ex-
cluded from the benefits of the fund, but March 31.
1908, Mr. Carnegie, at the request of the National
Association of State Universities, admitted them
and at the same time added to the foundation $5,-
000,000 in 5 per cent bonds, making the fund $15,000,-
000 in all.

The policy of the board has been to confer the
retiring allowances through the institutions them-
selves rather than to individual teachers, on the
principle that the annuity must come as a right
and not as a charity. The professors in the accept-
ed institutions receive retired pay in due course
and under established rules. Allowances are grant-
ed on the basis of age, service and disability. Any
person 65 years of age who has had not less than
fifteen years of service as professor or not less
than twenty-five years of service as instructor or
as instructor and piofessor, and who is at the time
a professor or an instructor in an accepted insti-
tution, shall be entitled to an annual retiring al-
lowance, computed as follows:

(a) For an active pay of $1,200 or less an allow-
ance of $1.000, provided no retiring allowance shall
exceed 90 per cent of the active pay.

(b) For an active pay greater than $1,200 the
retiring allowance shall equal $1.000, increased by
$50 for each $100 of active pay in excess of $1.200.

service as a professor or thirty years of service
as professor and instructor and who is at the time
either a professor or an instructor in an accepted
institution, shall, in the case of disability unfit-
ting him for the work of a teacher, as proved by
medical examination, be entitled to a retiring al-
lowance computed as follows:

(a) For an active pay of $1.200 or less a retiring
allowance of $800, provided that no retiring allow-
ance shall exceed 80 per cent of the active pay.

(b) For an active pay greater than $1,200 the
retiring allowance shall equal $800, increased by
$40 for each $100 in excess of $1,200.

(c) For each additional year of service above
twenty-five for a professor or thirty for an in-
structor the retiring allowance shall be increased
by 1 per cant of the active pay.

(d) No retiring allowance shall exceed $4,000.

At "the bi-jtinninsr of 1911 the foundation was pay-
ing 346 pensions, the cost being $521.070. The pro-
fessors receiving those pensions came from 139 col-
leges, distributed over forty-three states of the

THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING,
union and provinces of Canada. Following were
the officers of administration in 1910:

President Henry Smith Pritchett.

Treasurer Robert A. Franks.

Secretary John Gabbert Bowman.

Trustees William Peterson, chairman; David Starr
Jordan, vice-chairman; Charles F. Thwing, secre-
tary; Hill McClelland Bell, William L. Bryan,
Nicholas M. Br. :ler. Thomas M. Carnegie, Edwin
B. Craighead, Wiliam H. C.-awford, George H.
Denny, Robert A. Franks, Arthur Twining Hadley,
Alexander C. Humphreys, Henry C. King, Abbott
L. Lowell, Thomas McCTelli-nd, Samuel B. McCor-
n.ick, Samuel Plar.tz, Henry S. Piltchett, Ira Rem-
sen, Jacob Gould Scturman, William F. Slocum,
James M. Taylor, Flank A. Va idcjrlip, Charles R.
Van Ilise.

Office 576 5th avenue, New York, N. Y.

ROMAN AND
Roman.

Apollo

Aurora

Kolus

Bacchus

Belloua

Oeres

Cupid

Cybele

Diana

Juno

Jupiter ,

Mars

Mercury

Minerva

Neptune

Pluto

Saturn

Venus

Vesta

Vulcan

GREEK GODS
Greek.

. . Apollon

..Eos

..Eolus

. . Dyonysus

. .Enyo

. . Demeter

. Rhca

..Artemis..
, Hera.

..Zeus

Ares .

Hermes .

Athena.
. Poseidon...

..Hades

.Kronos

..Aphrodite.,

.Hestia

, .Hepbestus

AND GODDESSES.
Divinity of.

The sun.

The dawn.

The winds.

Wine.

War.

Harvest.

Love.

Nature.

The chase.

Heaven.

War.

Commerce.

Wisdom.

Sea.

. . . Lower world.

Agriculture.

Love.

Purity.

Fire.

THREE GREAT WATER TUNNELS,
Gnmtison Tunnel The Gunnlson tunnel, carrying
water from the Gunnison river to the Uncompahgre
valley in Colorado, is 30.582 feet long. It was built
by the United States reclamation service in 1908-
1909 at a cost of more than $2,500,000. It is lOVj
by 11V> feet in dimensions and carries 1,300 cubic
feet of" water per second. The tunnel runs through
solid rock.

Elizabeth Tunnel The Elizabeth tunnel, which is
part of the water supply system of Los Ancceles.
Csl., is 26.S72 feet long and cost $1,612.200. It was
built in 1910-1911 and pierces the Sir-rra Maclre
range of mountains. It is 10 feet 10 inches hi.eh
and 9 feet 6 inches wide. Its capacity is 650,000,000
gallons a day.

Sutro Tunnel The Sntro tunnel was built in the
'70s to drain and ventilate the Comstook mines
in Nevada. It is 8 by 10 feet in dimensions. The
main tunnel is 20,500 foot long and cost about
$5,000,00*.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

127

CAKNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON.

The Carnegie Institution was endowed by Andrew
Carnegie with $10,000,000 and incorporated under the
laws of the District of Columbia, Jan. 4. 1902. It
was, however, deemed advisable to have it incor-
porated by act of congress, and this was effected
May 18. 1904. Section 2 of the act specifies that
the objects of the corporation shall be to encour-
age, in the broadest and most liberal manner, in-
vestigation, research and discovery, and the appli-
cation of kno\yledge to the improvement of man-
kind. The projects considered by the institute are
chiefly of three classes, namely:

First, large projects or departments of work,
whose execution requires continuous research by a
corps of investigators during a series of years.

Secondly, minor projects, which may be carried
out by Individual experts in a limited period of
time.

Thirdly, research associates and assistants, aid
being given to a few investigators possessing ex-
ceptional abilities and opportunities lor research
work.

An annual appropriation Is made for the purpose
of publishing the results of investigations made
under the auspices of the institution, and for cer-
tain works which would not otherwise be readily
printed. These publications are not distributed
gratis except to a limited list of the greater libra-
ries of the world.

Dec. 4, 1907, Andrew Carnegie added $2,000,000 to
the endowment of the institution, and Jan. 20, 1911,
be gave $10,000,000- more, making the total endow-
ment $22,000,000.

The following table shows the gross sums allotted
to large projects since the organization of the in-
stitution up to 1910:

Botanical research $159,908.00

Economics and sociology 160,000. 00

Experimental evolution 191,420.00

Geophysical research 376,020.00

Historic.il research 110,350.00

Horticultural work (Eurbank) 50,000.00

Marine biology 120,770.00

Meridian astrometry 115,655.00

Nutrition research 233,963.70

Solar observatory 697,520.00

Terrestrial magnetism 371,920.00

The total amount expended up to 1911 was

$4,P90,820.SO.

The larger projects now under way and the name*
of the department directors or investigators ere
as follows :

Botanical research D. T. MacDougal.

Economics and sociology Henry W. Farnam.

Experimental evolution Charles B. Davenport.

Geophysics Arthur L. Day.

Historical research J. F. Jameson.

Marine biology A. G. Mayer.

Meridian astrometry Lewis Boss.

Nutrition F. G. Benedict.

Solar physics George E. Hale.

Terrestrial magnetism A. L. Bauer.

The officers are as follows :

President of the institution Robert S. Woodward.

Officers of the board of trustees John S. Bill-
ings, chairman ; Elihu Root, vice-chairman ; C. H.
Dodge, secretary.

Executive committee William H. Welch, chair-
man; John S. Billings, S. Weir Mitchell, Ellhu
Root, Robert S. Woodward, C. H. Dodge, C. D.
Walcott, William Barclay Parsons.

Trustees John S. Billings, Robert S. Brookings,
John L. Cadwaluder, Cleveland H. Dodge, Simon
Flexner, W. N. Frew, Lymcn J. Gage, Henry L.
Higginson, Charles L. Hutchinson, Seth Low,
S. Weir Mitchell, Andrew J. Montague, William
W. Morrow, Elihu Root. William Barclay Parsons,
Henry S. Pritchett, Martin A. Ryersou, Charles
D. Walcott, Henry P. Walcott, Andrew D. White,
Robert S. Woodward, William H. Taft, William
II. Welch, George W. Wickersham.

The administration building of the Institution
is located on the southeast corner of 16th and P
streets, N. W., Washington, D. C. The institution,
however, is neither a branch of nor subject to any
special regulations of the United States govern-
ment. Neither is it a college or a university,
nor does it maintain a library or museum.

SALARIES OF THE PEESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLICS OF LATIN AMERICA.

[Table furnished by International Bureau of American Republics, Washington, D. O.]

Amount per year. Approximate
Republic. national currency, gold equivalent.

Argen t ina 72,000 pesos $31,500

Bolivia 18,000 bolivianos 7,200

Brazil 120,000 milreis (papel) 40,000

Chile 18,000 pesos 6,670

Colombia 3,600 18,000

Ecuador 12,000 sucres 6.000

Paraguay 7.000 pesos (oro) 7,000

Peru?.... 3,000 15,000

Uruguay $36,000 36,000

Venezuela 60,000 bolivars 12,000

Panama 18,000 Moneda de Curso

naclonal 18,0-30

Mexico 137 pesos a day 25,000

Cuba 25,000 pesos 15,000

Amount per year, Approximate
Republic. national currency, gold equivalent.

Dominican Rep... $7,200 $7,200

Haiti $24,000 24,000

Oosta Rica 18,000 colones 8,350

Guatemala 30,000 pesos 12,000

Honduras 24,000 pesos 9,600

Nicaragua 24,000 pesos 9,600

Salvador 22,500 pesos 9,060

NOTE In addition to the sums given above as
personal salaries, each government appropriates an
additional sum, varying with the country, for what
are termed the expenses of the office of president.
This in most cases adds a substantial amount to
the regular salary.

ANNUAL PAY OF EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND PRESIDENTS.

Austria-Hungary $4.250,000.

Belgium $710,000 ; large income irom various

sources.

Bulgaria $390,000.
Denmark $270,000.
France $120.000 ; expenses, $120,000.
Germany: Prussia $3.772,631.

Bavaria $1.296.604.

Saxony $852.000.

Wurttemberg $485,975.

Great Britain $2,350.000 : annuities to members of
royal family, $530,000.

Greece $260,000.
Italy $3,010,000.

Netherlands $260,000 : large Income from royal do-
mains.

Norway $189.000.
Roumania $240.000.
Russia $8.497.000 (estimated).
Sorvia $240.000.
Spain $1,400,000, exclusive of allowances to royal

family.
Turkey $4.500,000.

STATES AND TERRITORIES IN THE UNION.

There are forty eight states in the union and three
territories, the latter including Hawaii, the Dis-
trict of Columbia and Alaska. The District of Co-
lumbia is governed by three commissioners, ap-
pointed by tho president of the United States un-
der laws passed directly by congress. Alaska has a

governor appointed by the president, but has no
legislature. It is under the direct control of con-
gress. Porto Rico, the Philippines and other island
possessions of the United States are not technically
territories, each having a special form of govern-
ment.

128

CHICAGO. DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

THE ROCKEFELLER FUND OF THE GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD.

Organized Feb. 27, 1902.

Chairman Frederick T. Gates.

Secretary Wallace Bultrick.

Assistant secretary B. C. Sage.

Treasurer L. G. Myers.

Members of Board Frederick T. Gates, Robert O.
Ogden, Walter H. Page, George Foster Feabody,
J. D. Rockefeller, Jr., Albert Shaw, Wallace Butt-
rick, Starr J. Murphy, Hugh H. Hanna, E. Benja-
min Andrew.*, Edwin A. Alderman, Holjis B. Fris-
sell, Harry Pratt Judson, Charles W. Eliot, Andrew
Carnegie, Kdgar L. Marstou, Wlckliffe Rose.

Office* 17 Battery place, New York, N. Y.

The general education board was Informally or-
ganized Feb. 27, 1902, at the suggestion of John
D Rockefeller's committee on benevolence and was
given a charter by congress and formally organized
in January, 1903. The plan was designed and
adapted to assist Mr. Rockefeller in distributing
his gifts to education and to afford a medium
through which other men of means might contrib-
ute to the same end. The board, a few days after
its initial meeting, received from Mr. Rockefeller
the sum of $1.000,000, the use of which was to be
confined to the study and promotion of education
in the southern states. An office was opened in
New York city April 1, 1902, and work was begun.
The board in co-operation with the department of
agriculture took steps to educate the farmers of
the south in scientific farming and up to the sum-
mer of 1908 had established about 15,000 demonstra-
tion farms under the supervision of eighty-nine
agents in Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, South
Carolina, North Carolina. Virginia and Florida.
The board also, in co-operation with the state uni-
versities of Virginia. North and South Carolina,
Georgia. Alabama, Tennessee and Florida and the
department of education in Louisiana, has estab-
lished more than 500 high schools. About $700.000
of the original sum given by Mr. Rockefeller has
been expended in this way, about half being for
schools for colored people

June 30, 1905, the board was notified that Mr.
Rockefeller would donate $10.000,000, the principal
of which was to be held in perpetuity as a founda-
tion for education, the income to be used for the
benefit of institutions of learning in such manner
as might be deemed best adapted to promote a
comprehensive system of higher education in the

United States. This sum was paid in cash Oct.
1, 1905, and the board in accepting it designated
it as "The John D. Rockefeller Foundation for
Higher Education." After due consideration the
board adopted the following principles as denning
its general policy : "To co-operate sympathetically
and helpfully with the religious denominations ; to
choose the centers of wealth and population as the
permanent pivots of an educational system ; to
mass its funds on endowments, securing in this
work the largest possible local co-operation."

Feb. 7, 1907, the following letter was received
from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. :

'Gentlemen : My father authorizes me to say
that on or before April 1, 1907, he will give to the
general education board income-bearing securities,
the present market value of which is about $32,-
000.000. one-third to be added to the permanent en-
dowment of the board, two-thirds to be applied to
such specific objects within the corporate purposes
of the board as either he or I may from time to time
direct, any remainder not so designated at the
death of the survivor to be added also to the per-
manent endowment of the board."

July 7, 1909, Mr. Rockefeller, through his sou,
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., notified the board that
he had decided to give $10,000,000 additional to
the permanent fund, the income to be devoted to
present needs of great importance. The board was
also authorized to distribute the principal of the
fund, and all other endowment funds hitherto con-
tributed by Mr. Rockefeller, whenever in the dis-
cretion of the members or their successors it
should be deemed advisable to do so.

In the northern states the board devotes Itself
exclusively to the promotion of higher education,
having always in view the desirability of aiding
such institutions as, taken together, will constitute
an adequate system of higher education for each
of the several states, thus seeking to correct and
prevent duplication and waste and securing the
highest efficiency. In the southern states its work
for the colleges is similar to that in the north, but
in addition it seeks to promote public high schools,
to promote elementary education by increasing the
productive efficiency of rural life and to aid in de-
veloping schools for the training of leaders among
the colored people.

FOUNDATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIAL PEACE.

Established tn 1907.

In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt was award-
ed tbe Alfred B. Nobel peace prize and at his sug-
gestion an act was passed by congress 'March 2,
1907, establishing the Foundation for the Promotion
of Industrial Peace. To this organization he turned
ovei the money received from the Nobel committee
to be used as the nucleus of a fund the income of
which is to be used in promoting an annual confer-
ence in Washington between representatives of
capital and of labor with a view to bringing about
a better understanding between employers and em-

ployes, thus promoting industrial peace. The chief
justice of the United States Supreme court, the
secretary of agriculture and the secretary of com-
merce and labor, and their successors in office, and
four persons appointed by the president of the
United States to represent capital, labor and the
general public, are the trustees. The trustees are
authorized to pay over the funds from time to time
to a committee of nine members, known ns "the
industrial peace committee," whose duty it is to
make arrangements for the conferences.

THE SAGE

March 12, 1907, Mrs. Russell Sage of New York
announced that she had set aside the sum of $10,-
000,000 to be known as the Sage foundation and to
be devoted to the improvement of the social and
living conditions in the United States. As trustees
she appointed Robert W. DeForest. Cleveland H.
Dodge, Daniel C. Gilman, John M. Glenn, Miss
Helen Gould. Mrs. William B. Rice and Miss
Louise L. Scnuyler.

Following is a part of the statement given out

FOUNDATION.

by Mrs. Sage as to the object of the gift: "I
have set aside $10.000,000 for the endowment of
this foundation. Its object is the improvement
of social and living conditions in the United
States. The means to that end will include re-
search, publication, education, the establishment
and maintenance of charitable and beneficial ac-
tivities, agencies and institutions and the aid of
any such activities, agencies and institutions al-
ready established."

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

The library of congress was established in 1800
In the city of Washington, D. C. It was burned
in 1814, and in 1851 'lost 35.000 volumes by fire. The
present library building, which cost $6,347.000, was
opened to the public in November, 1897. It Is
located a short distance east of the capitol and is
the largest and finest building of its kind in the
world.

June 30, 1910, the library contained 1,793,158 books
rnd pamphlets, 118,165 maps, 517,806 pieces of music
and 320,251 photographs, prints, engravings and lith-
ographs. The copyright office is a distinct division
of the library with its own force of employes. The
total number of employes in the library is 482
and the annual cost of maintenance is now about
?625,000.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

128

AMERICAN INHERITANCE TAX LAWS.

Collateral. Direct.

Rates. Rates. Exemp-

State. Per cent. Exemption. Per cent.tlon.

Arkansas 6

California 1%-1B $500-$2,000 1-3 $4,000

Colorado 3-6 600 2 10,000

Connecticut 3 10,000 1-2 10,000

Delaware 2 6 BOO

Idaho 1%-15 600-2,000 1-3 4,000

Illinois 2-6 500-2,000 1 20,000

Iowa 6 1,000

Kentucky 6 BOO

Louisiana E 2 10,000

Maine 4 BOO

Maryland .: 2^4 BOO

Massachusetts S-5 1,000 1-2 10,000

Michigan 6 100 1 2,000

Minnesota l%-5 10,000 1%-B 10,000

Missouri 5

Montana E BOO 1 7,500

Nebraska 2-6 600-2,000 1 10,000

New Hampshire.... B

New Jersey 6 BOO

New York 6 BOO 1 10,000

North Carolina 1%-15 2,000 J-4 2,000

North Dakota 2 25,000

Ohio 5 200

Oklaloma -1-5 100-500 1 T 5,OOC

Oregon 2-6 500-2,000 1 "5,000

Pennsylvania 5 250

South Dakota 2-10 100-500 1 6,000

Tennessee 5 250

Texas 2-12 600-2,000

Utah 5 10,000 E 10,000

Vermont B

Virginia B

Washington 3-12 1 10,000

West Virginia 3-7% 1 20,000

Wisconsin 1%-15 100-500 1-3 ^,000

Wyoming B 600 2 9 10,000

'Widows and (except in Wisconsin) minor chil-
dren taxable only on the excess above $10,000 re-
ceived by each. 2 Tax payable only by strangers In
blood. 'Tax not payable when the property bore
Its just proportion of taxes prior to the owner's
death. 'Applies to personal property only. "De-
cedents' estates of less than $10,000 are also ex-
empt. "For the surviving husband or wife and
children, if residents of Wyoming, $25,000. 'For
widows, $10,000.

Note The Oklahoma rates are subject to Increase
when the inheritance exceeds a certain amount in
the various classes.

INHERITANCE TAX IN ILLINOIS.

The Illinois law taxing gifts, legacies and Inheri-
tances was passed by the legislature In 1895 and
amended in 1901. Its constitutionality was con-
tested, but the United States Supreme court in a
decision rendered Jan. 19, 1903, held It to be valid.

Under the provisions of this law all property,
real, personal and mixed, which shall pass by will
or by the intestate laws of the state from any
resident of the state or any one whose property is
in this state to any person or persons is subject
to a tax at the following rates : When the bene-
ficial Interests to any property or Income therefrom
shall pass to any father, mother, husband, wife,
child, brother, sister, wife or widow of the son or
the husband of the daughter, or any adopted child
or children, or to any lineal descendant born in
lawful wedlock, the rate of tax shall be $1 on
every $100 of the clear market value of such prop-
erty received by each person and at the same rate
for any less amount, provided that any estate which
may be valued at less than $20,000 shall not be_
subject to any such tax ; and the tax is to be"
levied in the above cases only upon the excess of
$20.000 received by each person.

When the property passes to any uncle, aunt,
niece, nephew or any lineal descendant of the
same the rate shall be $2 on every $100 in excess
of $2,000.

In all other cases the rate shall be as follows :
On each and every $100 of the clear market value
of all property and at the same rate for any less
amount; on all estates of $10,000 and less, $3; on
all estates of over $10,000 and not exceeding $20,000,
$4; on all estates over $20,000 and not exceeding
$50,000, $5, and all estates over $50,000, $6; pro-
vided, that an estate in the above case which may
be valued at a less sum than $500 shall not be sub-
ject to any tax.

The total amount of Inheritance taxes received
by the state from Oct. 1, 1908, to Sept. SO, 1910,
inclusive, was $1,096,492.89, of which Cook county
paid $765,615.61.

The receipts of inheritance taxes for state pur-
poses since the law went into effect have been as
follows.

1896.
1897.
1898

$315.98
249.90
38,930.08

1899 472,847.77

1900 485,937.98

1901 650,702.95

1902 356,929.63

1903 519,320.07

1904 402,395.23

1905 701,837.71

1906 674,276.20

1907 337,546.53

1908 445,196.96

1909 393,008.72

1910 719,505.60

INCOME-TAX AMENDMENT
July 5, 1909, congress passed the following joint
resolution:

Resolved, by the senate and house of representa-
tives of the United States In congress assembled
(two-thirds of each house concurring therein). That
the following article is proposed as an amendment
to the constitution of the United States, which,
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths
of the several states, shall be valid to all intents
and purposes as a part of the constitution:

"Article XVI. The congress shall have power to
lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever
sources derived, without apportionment among the
several states and without regard to any census

TO THE CONSTITUTION,
or enumeration."

Up to the close of 1911 the amendment had been
atifk "

ratified by the following states:

Alabama.

Arkansas.

California.

Colorado.

Georgia.

I-laho.

Illinois.

Iowa.

Indiana.

Kentucky.

Kansas.

Maine.

Maryland.

Michigan.

Mississippi.

Montana.

New York.

Nevada.

North Carolina.

Missouri.

Nebraska.

North Dakota.

Ohio.

Oklahoma.

Oregon.

South Carolina.

South Dakota.

Tennessee.

Texas.

Washington.

Wisconsin.

GREAT FIRE IN

Bancror, Me., was visited by a destructive fire
Sunday evening, April 30 1.911. Nearly the whole
business section was swept by the flames and many
residences were burned. The total loss was be-
tween S2.500.COO and $3,000,000. The fire started in
a haysbed on Broad street and, fanned by a strong
wind, spread rapidly in a northwesterly direction.
Both sides of Exchange street from York lo State,

BANGOR, ME.

both sides of State street from Kenduskeag stream
to Broadwny, a considerable part of Central and
Franklin streets and nea/ly alii of Park and Mar-
low streets were laid in ruins. The postofHce. pub-
lic library, telephone office and the principal blocks
containing banks, stores and other establishments
were bunted. Six churches were laid in ruins. The
only public building that escaped was the i-ity hall.

HIGH PRICE FOR LUTHER LETTER.

In Leipsic, Germany, May 3, 1911, a letter writ- T dealer for $25,500. It was said to have been pur-
ten by Martin Luther to Emperor Charles V. of chased for J. Pierpont Morgan
the Holy Roman empire was sold to a Florence I

130

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

REVISED ANGLO-JAPANESE AGREEMENT.

PREAMBLE.

The government of Great Britain and the govern-
ment of Japan, having in view the important
changes which have taken place in the situation
since the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese agree-
ment of Aug. 12, 1905, and believing that a re-
vision of that agreement responding to such changes
would contribute to general stability and repose,
have agreed upon the following stipulations to re-
place the agreement, above mentioned, such stipula-
tions having the same object as the said agreement,
namely:

(a) The consolidation and maintenance of the

federal peace in che regions of eastern Asia and of
ndia.

(h) The preservation of the common interests of
all powers in China by insuring the independence
and integrity of the Chinese empire and the princi-
ple of equal opportunities for the commerce and in-
dustry of all nations in China.

(c) The maintenance of the territorial rights of
the high contracting parties in the regions of east-
ern Asia and of India, and the defense of their spe-
cial interests in the said regions.

ARTICLE I.

It Js agreed that whenever, in the opinion of
either Great Britain or Japan, any of the rights
and interests referred to in the preamble of this
agreement are in jeopardy, the two governments
will communicate with one another fully and frank-
ly, and will consider in common the measures which
should be taken to safeguard those menaced rights
or interests.

ARTICLE II.

If by reason of unprovoke-1 attack or aggressive
action, wherever arising, on the part of any power
or powers, either high contracting party should be
involved In war in defense of its territorial rights
or special interests mentioned in the preamble of
this agreement, the other high contracting party
will at once come to the assistance of its ally, and
will conduct ibe war in common and make peace in
mutual agreement with it.

ARTICLE III.

The high contracting parties agree that neither
of them will, without consulting the other, enter

into separate ai'rangempnts with another power to
the prejudice of the objects described in the pream-
ble of this agreement.

ARTICLE IV.

Should either high contracting party conclude a
treaty of general arbitration with a third power, it
is agreed that nothing in this agreement shall en-
tail upon such contracting party an obligation to
go to war with the pcwer with whom such treaty
of arbitration is in force.

ARTICLE v.

The conditions under which armed assistance
shall be afforded by either power to the other in
the circumstance > mentioned in the present agree-
ment, and the means by which such assistance is
to be made available, will be arranged by the naval
and military authorities of the high contracting
parties, who will trom time to time consult one an-
other fully and freely upon all questions of mutual
interest.

ARTICLE VI.

The present agreement shall come into eftect im-
mediately after the date of its signature and re-
main in force for ten years from that date.

In case neither of the high contracting parties
should have notified twelve months before the ex-
piration of the said ten years the intention of ter-
minating it, it shall remain binding until the ex-
piration of one year from the day en which either
of the high contracting parties shall have de-
nounced it. But if, when the date fixed for its ex-
piration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in
war, the alliance shall, ipso facto, continue until
peree is concluded.

In faith whereof the undersigned, duly authorized
by their respective governments, have signed this
agreement, and have affixed thereto their seals.

Done in duplicate at London, the 13th day of
July, 1911. E. GREY.

His Britannic majesty's principal secretary of state

for foreign affairs.

TAKAAKI KATO.
Ambassador extraordicary and plenipotentiary of

his majesty the emperor of Japan at the court of

St. James.

MEMBERS OF THE FRENCH ACADEMY,

Name. Elected.

Ollivier. Emile. b. 1825 1870

Mezieres, Alfred, b. 1826 1874

Haussonville, Comte de, b.1843.1888

Claretle, Jules, b. 1840 1888

Freycinet, Charles de, b. 1828.. 1890
Loti-Viaud, Pierre, b. 1850.... 1891

Lavisse, Ernest, b. 1842 1892

Thureau-Dangan, Paul, b. 1837.1893

Houssaye, Henri, b. 1848 1894

Bourget, Paul, b. 1852 1894

Lemaitre, Jules, b. 1853 1895

France. Anatole. b. 1844 1896

Mun, Albert, Comte de, b. 1841.1897

Hanotanx, Gabriel, b. 1853 1897

Lavedan. Henri, b. 1859 1898

Deschanel, Paul, b. 1S56 1899

Name. Elected.

Hervieu, Paul, b. 1857 1899

Faguet, Emile, b. 1841 1900

Rostand, Edmond, b. 1868 1901

Vogue. Charles de, b. 1829... .1901

Bazin. Rene. b. 1853 1903

Masson. Frederick, b. 1847.... 1903

Lamy, Etienne, b. 1845 1905

Barres, Maurice, b. 1862 1906

Ribot, Alexandra, b. 1842 1905

Donnay, Maurice, b. 1866 1907

Segur, Marquis Anatole de,

b. 1825 1907

Charmes, Francis, b. 1848 1908

Poincare, Henri, b. 1850 1908

Richepin, Jean, b. 1849 1908

Doumic, Rene, b. 1860 1909

Name. Elected.

Prevost, Marcel, b. 1862 1909

Aicard, Jean, b. 1848 1909

Brieux, Eugene, b. 1858 1909

Poincare, Raymond, b. 1850... 1909

Duchesne. Mgr., b. 1848 1910

Langlois, Hippolyte, b. LS39..1911
Regular, Henri de, b. 1864 1911

The Academie Francaise, or
French academy, was instituted
in 1635. It is a part of the Insti-
tute of France and its particular
function is to conserve the French
language, foster literature and
encourage genius.

HIGHEST MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD.

Mountain. Feet.

Asia Mt. Everest.29,002

Godwin-Austria .28,280

Kunehinginga ...28,156

Gusherbrum 26,378

Dhawalagiri 2.6.S26

Kutha Kangir ..24,740

Mountain. Feet.

Nanda Devi 25.600

Mustaghata 24.400

Chumalari 23,946

South America

Aconcagua 23.080

Mercedario 22,315

Mountain. Feet.

Huascan 22.051

Anconhuma 21,490

Illampu 21,192

Huandoy 21.0S9

Illimani 21,0.10

Pamlrl 20,735

Mountain. Feet.

Chimborazo 20,498

Tupungato 20,28

Haina 20,171

San Jose 20,020

North America
McKlnley 20,500

REVOLUTION IN HAITI.

Dissatisfaction with the administration of Presi-
dent Antoine F. C. Simon of Haiti led to a revo-
lution in the spring and summer of 1911. The up-
rising was led by Gen. Cincinnatus Leconte. for-
mor minister of the interior, and Gen. Antenor
Firmin, who restenod the post of minister to Great
Britain to jtin the rebels. Th<; government troops

wore finally defeated and, Aug. 3, Port au Prince,
the caoital, was in the hamis of the insurrection-
ists. President Simon took refuge on a warship
and escaped to .Tamaic-i. Aug. 6 Gen. I^econte's
troops proclaimed hiin the chief executive and
Aug. 14 he was unanimously elected to that posi-
tion by congress.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK PQR T012.

131

CORONATION OF KING GEORGE V.

Kins* George V. ami Queen Mary of Britain were
crowned in Westminster abbey, London, June 22,
1911, with what has been described as the most
splendid, expensive and imposing ceremony of the
kind that the world has seen. Most of the ancient
forms were revived and a number of new ones add-
ed, including features in which the overseas domin-
ions of the empire were given special recognition.
The crowning itself was witnessed in whole or in
part by some 7,000 persons, but the royal progress
and other outdoor events had millions of spectators
gathered from practically all parts of the earth.
The programme, which required mouths of prepara-
tion, was carried out without a hitch or mishap of
any kind. Houses end streets were lavishly deco-
rated with flags and bunting, while at night the
crowds were entertained by unusually original and
brilliant electrical displays. Masts, pillars and
arches adorned the thoroughfares through which
the royal processions passed, while along the sides
of the same streets were erected immense wooden
stands for the spectators. All the leading coun-
tries of the world were represented by special am-
bassadors or by their future rulers. Jor.u Hays
Hammond was the envoy of the United States. The
British colonies were represented by their premiers.

Coronation week opened with a state banquet at
Buckingham palace, June 20, at which the king and
queen were hosts of the visiting and English royal-
ties, the special foreign delegations, foreign ambas-
sadors and minis ten and other distinguished per-
sons. The same evening a Shakespearean ball was
given in Albert tall. Juie 21 was a day of special
prayers for the king tnd queen. The sovereigns
also received the oversea piemiers and representa-
tives. Rain and sunshine alternated on June 22,
but the weather was propitious at the time the
royal procession wended its way to Westminster
abbey and when it returned to the palace at the
conclusion of the ceremonies. The procession was
divided into throe sections. One was for the royal
guests, another for the prince of Wales and other
members of the royal family, and the third for the
king and queen. Ihe royal guests occupied fourteen
dress carriages and the prince of Wales and rela-
tives five. Few of the foreigners were recognized
by the spectators, but the royal children were
cheered. The imperial section of the procession was
preceded by an escort of the 1st Life Guards, the
king's bargemaster and twelve watermen, aids de
cainp, yeomen of the guard, equerries and escorts
of colonial and Indian ci'valry. When the king
and queen appeared they were greeted with cheers
which ooiitlMied until the procession reached the
abbey. The king wore a purple robe and velvet
cap trimmed with ermine, while the queen was at-
tired in a beautiful robe of cloth of gold.

In Westminster abbey the services began at 9:30
o'clock with the entry of the dean of Westminster
and other clergy. The crovns and regalia were
taken from the altar to the robing room, the choir
chanting "O 'i >d, Our Help in Ages Past." After
the seating of t:.e royal guests, the prince of Wales
and his brothers and sister entered and every one
rose as they were conducted to their seats. At 11
o'clock trumpets announced the entrance of the
king and queen and again every one rose. The ini-
tial anthem "I Was Glad" was sung as the impe-
risil !>r<cession moved toward the throne, along an
aisle lined with yeomen of the guard in scarlet uni-
forms and carrying pikes. First came the clergy,
including the tiean of Westminster, the archbishops
of Canterbury and York and the bishop of London.
Then followed five pursuivants, heralds in medieval
costumes and, officers of the four orders of knight
hood. Then came the standards of the kingdoms
and the great colonies borne by some of the most
eminent men in the empire.

Next in order name nohles bearing the queen's re-
galia and then Queen Mary herself in her corona-
tion gown, with the jewels of the Garter presented
by the Marys of ihe empire. She cariied a bouquet
of cm-nations and her long purple train was borne
by 'six young women, daughters of earls. After the
queen's cortege came the king's regalia carried by
the highest nobles of the kingdom. The bible was
borne by the bishop of Ripon, the chalice by the

b!shov>- of Winchester, the paten by the bishop of

London, St. Edward's crown by the bishop of
Northumberland, the orb by the duke of Somerset,
the scepter by the duke of Richmond, the sword of
state by Earl Beauchamp, the second sword by Earl
Roberts, the third sword by Viscount Kitchener,
the golden spurs by the earl of London and Lord
Grey de Ruthyn, the scepter with cross by the
duke of Argyll and St. Edward's staff by the duke
of Roxburghe.

After them walked the king in his crimson robe
of state, the train borne by eight noblemen of high
rank, the collar of the Garter around his neck and
on his head tho cap of state. Their majesties
passed their thrones and proceeded to the chairs of
state on the south side of the altar, where they
knelt at the foototools. On the kiug's right stood
the lord chancellor, tin: lord great chamberlain, the
lord high constable, the earl marshal and the gar-
ter-at-arms, the noblemen bearing the swords of
state. The dean of Westminster, wearing a cope
of crimson velvet, took his place on the south side
of the altar. The archbishop of Canterbury was on
the north, beyond him were the archbishop of York
and the bishop of London, with twenty-one other
bishops, all In convocation robes.

Rising, the king replaced the cap of state, which
he had removed while kneeling. Then the service
began. The ancient ceremony was performed with
the same symbols and the recital was little
changed. The archbishop of Canterbury presented
the king. Facing the four sides of the a-bbey in
succession, he announced:

"Sirs: I here present unto you King George, the
undoubted king of this realm. Wherefore all you
who are come this <?ay to do your homage and serv-
ice, are ym willing to do tee same?"

As the voice of the archbishop died away the
spell was broken by the blast of the trumpeters
aiul a mighty chorus of "God save the king"
ijbook the great edifice. Then followed the various
rites. Two bishops sang the litany and the com-
munion was recited. After a brief sermon by the
archbishop of York on the text "I am among you
as he that serveth," the king kissed the bible and
signed the oath, swearing to govern according to
the laws of the land and to maintain the prot-
estant reformed religion, the recently modified form
of this latter declaration being the one departure
from the traditional recital.

The king was anointed by the archbishop of Can-
terbury, the lord great chamberlain touched hia
majesty's heels with the spurs, he was girded with
sword of state and invested with the imperial robe
and orb and received the ring and scepter. There-
upon the archbishop placed the crown upon the
king's head. Again tho trumpets sounded, and once
more the abbey resounded with cheers and the cry,
"God save the king!" Ascending the throne the
king received the iornage of the archbishop and
then of the prince of Wales, the princes of the
royal blood and peers, who touched the crown and
kissed the monarch's cheek.

The more simple ceremony of crowning the queen
consort followed. Her majesty was anointed, the
crown was placed on her head and she received the
ring, the scopter and the ivory rod. Then the queen
ascended the throne and was seated beside the king.

Leaving the abbey on the return journey, the or-
der of the processions was reversed, that of the
king and queen coming first. The appearance of
their majjties with their crowns was the signal
for renewed cheerirg, waving of handkerchiefs and
clanging of bells. The whole of the return trip to
Buckingham palace was marked by similar enthu-
siasm.

June 23 the king and queen, attended by repre-
sentatives from every part of the united kingdom,
colonial premiers, Indian princes and civil and mil-
itary officials, passed in procession through the
city, the west end and south London, and were
again cheered by vast numbers of spectators. Sat-
urday, June 24, the king and queen reviewed 167
British warships and eighteen vessels representing
seventeen foreign nations in the roadstead of Spit-
head. The United States was represented in this
naval display by the battle ship Delaware. The
aggregate value of the assembled war vessels was
estimated at $500,000,000.

132

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

DATES OF RECENT
Agulnaldo captured, March 23, 1901.
Alaska boundary award made, Oct. 17, 1903. .
Albert I. a.seended tlirone of Belgium Dec. 17, 1909.
Alfonso XIII. ascended throne of Spain May 17,
1902; attempted assassination of, in Paris, June

I. 1906.

Amundsen, Roald, completes northwest passage,

1906.

Anarchists pardoned by Altgeld, June 26, 1893.
Andree began arctic balloon trip, July 11, 1897.
Anglo-American arbitration treaty signed, Jan.

II. 1897.

Anglo-Boer war began, Oct. 10. 1899; ended. May
31. 1902.

Anglo-Japanese treaty signed, Jan. 30, 1902.

Armenian massacres began in 1890; culminated
In 1895, 1896 and 1897.

Australian commonwealth inaugurated, Jan. 1,
1901.

Baltimore fire, Feb. 7, 1904.

Battle ship cruise, American. Dec. 16, 1907, to
Feb. 22, 1909.

Bennington gunboat disaster, July 21, 1905.

Bering sea seal treaty signed. Nov. 8, 1897.

Bismarck resigned chancellorship. March 18, 1890;
died. July 30, 1898.

Borda, president, assassinated. Aug. 25, 1897.

Bosnia and Herzegovina annexed by Austria, Oct.
6. 1908.

Boxer outbreak In China 'began, May, 1900.

Boyertown (Pa.) theater flre and panic, Jan. 13,
1908.

Brazil proclaimed a republic, Nov. 15, 1889.

Bulgaria proclaims independence, Oct. 5, 1908.

Cable, Pacific, laying of begun at San Francisco,
Dec. 14, 3902.

Campanile in Venice fell, July 14, 1902.

Carlos I., king of Portugal, assassinated, Feb. 1,
1908.

Carnot, president, assassinated, June 24, 1894.

Caroline islands bought by Germany, Oct. 1,
1899.

Cartage, Costa Rica, destroyed by earthquake May
5, 1910.

Chelsea (Mass.) flre, April 12, 1908.

Cherry (111.) mine disaster, Nov. 13, 1909.

Cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany. August,
1892; in Russia and Italy, summer of 1910.

Christian IX., king of Denmark, died, Jan. 29,
1906.

Cleveland, Grover, died June 24, 1908.

Coal (anthracite) strike began. May 12. 1902;
ended. Oct. 21. 1902.

Corinth ship canal open. Aug. 6, 1893.

Crib disaster, Chicago, Jan. 20, 1909.

Cronln murder. May 4. 1889.

Cuba under sovereignty of United States, Jan. 1,
1899.

Cuban constitution signed, Feb. 21, 1901.

Cuban-United States reciprocity treaty ratified
March 19, 1903; bill to carry treaty into effect
passed by congress Dec. 16, 1903.

Cuban republic inaugurated, May 20, 1902; Pres-
ident Palma and cabinet resigned and American
control established Sept. 29, 1906; Gen. Jose
Miguel Gomez elected president, Nov. 14, 1908;
American control relinquished, Jan. 28, 1909.

Cuban revolt began, Feb. 24, 1895.

Czolgosz. McKinley's assassin, tried and sen-
tenced, Sept. 24, 1901; executed, Oct. 29, 1901.

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, convicted o Panama
fraud. Feb. 9, 1893.

Delhi coronation durbar began. Dec. 29. 1902.

Delyannls, Grecian premier, assassinated June 13,
1905.

Dewey's victory at Manila. May 1, 1898.

Dlngley tariff bill signed, July 24. 1897.

Dom Pedro exiled from Brazil, Nov. 16, 1889.

Dreyfus. Capt., degraded and sent to Devil's Is-
land, Jan. 4. 1895; brought back to France,
July 3. 1899; new trial begun. Aug. 7; found
guilty, Sept. 9; pardoned, Sept. 19, 1899; re-
stored to rank in army, Jnly 12, 1906, by de-
cision of Supreme court of France; decorated
with cross of Legion of Honor, July 21, 1906.

Earthquake In India, April 4. 1905; In Calabria,
Italy, Sept. 8. 1905. and Dec. 28, 1908. (See also

HISTORICAL EVENTS.

San Francisco, Valparaiso, Kingston, Messina and

Cartago.)
Edward VII. proclaimed king, Jan. 24, 1901;

crowned, Aug. 9, 1902; died May 6, 1910.
Elizabeth, empress of Austria, assassinated. Sept.

10, 1898.

Fallieres. C. A., elected president of France. Jan.

17, 1906.

Field, Marshall, died. Jan. 16. 1906.

Fisheries (Atlantic) dispute settled by Hague court,

June, 1, 1910.

Formosa transferred tc Japan, June 4, 1895.
Frederick VIII. succeeded to throne of Denmark,

Jan. 29. 1906.

Galveston tornado, Sept. 8, 1900.
General Slocum disaster, June 15, 1904.
George V. succeeded to British throne, May 6, 1910;

crowned June 22, 1911.
Gladstone resigned premiership, March 2, 1894;

died, May 19, 1898.
Goebel, Gov. William, shot, Jan. 30. 1900; died,

Feb. 3.
Greco-Turkish war began, April 16, 1897; ended,

May 11, 1897; peace treaty signed, Sept. 18, 1897.
Harriman, E. H.. died, Sept. 9, 1909.
Harrison, Benjamin, died, March 13, 1901.
Harrison, Carter, Sr., assassinated, Oct. 28, 1893.
Hawaii made a republic, July 4, 1894; annexed to

United States, Aug. 12, 1896; made a territory,

June 14, 1900.
Hay-Pauncefote isthmian-canal treaty signed, NOT.

18, 1901.

Homestead (Pa.) labor riot, July 6, 1892.

Hugo, Victor, centenary celebration begun in

Paris, Feb. 26, 1902.

Humbert, King, assassinated, July 29. 1900.
Idaho admitted as a state, July 3, 1890.
Irish land-purchase law in force, Nov. 1, 1903.
Iroquois theater fire. Dec. 30, 1903; lives lost, 575.
Italian army routed in Abyssinia, March 1, 1896.
Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans, March

14, 1891.

Ito, Prince, assassinated. Oct. 26, 1909.
Jameson raiders in Transvaal routed, Jan. 2, 1896.
Japan, battle of Sea of, May 27-28. 1905.
Japan declared war on China, Aug. 1, 1894; war

ended, April 17, 1895.
Japan-Russia war began, Feb. 7, 1904; ended

Sept. 5. 1905.

Johnstown flood, May 31, 1889.
Ketteler, Baron von, killed in Pekin, June 30, 1900.
Kingston (Jamaica) earthquake and fire, Jan. 14.

1907.

Kishinev massacre, April 20, 1903.
Koch's lymph cure announced, Nov. 17, 1890.
Kongo Free State annexed by Belgium Aug. 20,

1908.

Korea annexed by Japan, Aug 29, 1910.
Kossuth, Louis, died, March 20, 1894.
Lawton, Gen. H. W., killed, Dec. 19, 1899.
Lelter wheat deal collapsed. June 13, 1898.
Leopold II., king of Belgium, died, Dec. 17, 1909.
Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii, deposed Jan. 16,

1893.

Luiz Philippe, crown prince of Portugal, assassi-
nated Feb. 1. 1908.

Madagascar annexed to France, Jan. 23, 1898.
Maine blown up, Feb. 15. 180S.
Manuel II.. king of Portugal, deposed Oct 3-4,

1910.
Marconi signals letter "S" across Atlantic, Dec.

11, 1901.

Messina destroyed by earthquake, Dec. 28, 1908.

Meyerbeer centenary celebrated in Berlin, Sept.
5, 1891.

Morocco conference began, Jan. 16, 1906.

Mukden, battle of, Feb. 24-March 12, 1905.

North Collinwood (O.) school disaster. March 4,
1901; died. Sept. 14, 1901.

Nansen arctic expedition started, July 21, 1893;
returned, Aug. 13, 1896.

Nicholas II proclaimed czar of Russia, Nov. 2,
1894; crowned. May 26, 1896; attempted assassi-
nation of, Jan. 19, 1905.

McKinley, President, shot by anarchist, Sept. 6,
1908.

Norge disaster. June 28, 1904.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOE 1912.

133

Ncprth pole reached by Commander Robert E. Peary,
April 6. 1909.

Norway dissolved union with Sweden, June 7, 1905.

Oklahoma and Indian territory admitted to unioa
as state of Oklahoma, Nov. 36, 1907.

Omdurman, battle of, Sept 4, 1898.

Oscar II., king of Sweden, died Dec. 8. 1907.

Panama canal property bought by the United
States, Feb. 16. 1903.

Panama fraud trials in Paris, Jan. 10 to March
21, 1893.

Panama revolution, Nov. 3, 1903.

Pan-American congress, first, began, Oct. 2, 1889;
second, Oct. 23, 1902.

Paris flood, Jan. 20-Feb. 1, 1910.

Peace conference called by czar, Aug. 24, 1898;
opened at The Hague, May 18, 1899; closed,
July 29, 1899; second peace conference, June 15-
Oct. 18. 1907.

Pekin captured by the allies. Aug. 15, 1900.

Philippine-American war began, Feb. 4, 1899;
ended. April 30, 1902.

Philippines ceded to the United States, Dec. 10,
1898.

Pope Leo XIII. died, July 20, 1903. -

Pope Pius X. elected, Aug. 4, 1903.

Port Arthur captured by the Japanese from Chi-
nese, Nov. 21, 1894; from Russians, Jan. 1, 1905.

Porto Rico ceded to the United States, Dec. 10,
1898.

Porto Rico hurricane, Aug 8, 1899.

Portugal, King Carlos and Crown Prince Luiz of,
assassinated Feb. 1, 1908; Manuel II. deposed
and republic declared, Oct. 3-4, 1910.

Postage between United States and Britain re-
duced to 2 cents, Oct. 1, 1908.

Postal banks established -In United States, Jan.
3, 1911.

Pretoria captured by the British. June 4, 1900.

Pullman strike began, May 11, 1894; boycott be-

fan, June 26; rioting in Chicago and vicinity,
une and July; strike and boycott ended, August.
Rhodes, Cecil, died, March 26, 1902.
Roentgen ray discovery made public, Feb. 1, 1896.
Roosevelt. Theodore, became president of United
States, on death of McKlnley, Sept. 14. 1901;
elected to same office, Nov. 8, 1904.
Russia-Japan war began, Feb. 7, 1904; ended,
Sept. 5, 1905.

Salisbury, Premier, resigned. July 13, 1902; died,

Aug. 22, 1903.

St. Louis cyclone, May 27. 1896.
St. Petersburg riots, Jan. 22. 1905.
St. Pierre, Martinique, destroyed, May 8, 1902.
San Francisco earthquake and fire, April 18-20,

1906.

San Juan and El Caney, battles of, July 1, 1898.
Santiago de Cuba, naval battle of, July 3, 1898.
Santiago de Cuba surrendered, July 17, 1898.
Schley inquiry ordered, July 26, 1901; began, Sept.

20; ended, Nov. 7; verdict announced, Dec. 13.
Schurz, Carl, died. May 14, 1906.
Sergius, Grand Duke, assassinated, Feb. 17, 1905.
Servia, king and queen of, assassinated, June 11,

1903.

Shah of Persia assassinated, May 1, 1896.
Slmplon tunnel completed, Feb. 25, 1905.
Spanish- American war began, April 25, 1898; peace

protocol signed, Aug. 12, 1898; Paris peace treaty

. 6,

, . ,

signed, Dec. 12; peace treaty ratified, Feb.

1899.
Springfield (111.) riots and lynchings, Aug. 14-19,

1908.
Stone, Ellen M., captured by brigands, Sept. 8,

1901; released, Feb. 23. 1902.
Taft. William H., elected president of the United

States, Nov. 3 1908.
Transvaal republic annexed to Great Britain, Sept.

I, 1900.

Turkey, sultan of. proclaimed constitution, July

24, 1908; Sultan Abdul Hamid deposed April 27,

1909.

Union of South Africa proclaimed, May, 31, 1910.
Utah admitted as a state. Feb. 4. 1896.
Valparaiso earthquake, Aug. 16, 1906.
Venezuelan blockade by England, Germany and

Italy began in first part of December, 1902;

ended, Feb. 13. 1903.

Vesuvius, g'-eat eruption of, April 1-10, 1906.
Victor Emmanuel 111., king of Italy, crowned, Aug.

II, 1902.

Victoria, queen of England, died, Jan. 22, 1901.
Wilhelmina proclaimed queen of Holland, Amg. 31,

1898.

Windsor hotel, New York, burned, March 17, 1899.
World's Fair in Chicago opened, May 1, 1893;

ended, Oct. 30. 1893.

Wyoming admitted as a state, July 10, 1890.
Yalu, battle of, Sept. 17, 1894.

DEATHS OF

AMrlch, T. B., March 19, 1907.
Alexander III.. Nov. 1, 1894.
Alexis, Nord, May 1, 1910.
Allen, Grant, Oct. 25, 1895.
Allison, W. B., Aug. 4, 1908.
Altgeld, John P., March 12, 1902.
Andrassy, Count, Jan. 30, 1900.
Anthony, Susan B., March 13, 1P06.
Armour, Philip D., Jan. 6. 1901.
Arnold, Edwin, March 25. 1904.
Astor. John Jacob, Feb. 22, 1890.
Audran, Edmond, Aug. 19, 1901.
Barnum. P. T., April 7, 1891.
Bartholdl. F. A., Oct. 4, 1904.
Becquerel, A. H., Aug. 25, 1908.
Beit, Alfred. July 16. 1906.
Bellamy, Edward, May 22, 1898.
Belmont, August. Nov. 24, 1890.
Belmont, O. H. P., June 10, 1908.
Besant, Sir Walter, June 9. 1901.
Bismarck, Prince, July 30, 1898.
Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, April 26,

1910.

Black, William, Dec. 10, 1898.
Blackie, J. S., March 3. 1895.
Blaine. James G., Jan. 27, 1893.
Blavatsky, Madame, May 9, 1891.
Blouet, Paul. May 24, 1903.
Bonheur. Rosa, May 25, 1899.
Booth, Edwin, June 7. 1893.
Brahms, Johannes. April 2, 1897.
Breton, Jules A., July 5, 1906.
Brewer, David T., March 28, 1910.
Brlstow, Benj. H., June 22, 1896.
Brooks, Phillips. Jan. 23. 1893.
Brougt, Lionel, Nov. 8, 1909.

NOTED MEN AND WOMEN
Buck, Dudley, Oct. 6, 1909.
Bulow, Hans von, Feb. 13, 1894.
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, Dec.

30. 1906.

Butler. Gen. B. F., Jan. 11, 1893.
Campbell-Bannerman, H., April

22, 1908.

Carlisle, ..foh G., July 31, 1910.
Carlos I., Feb. 1, 1908.
Carnot, President, June 24, 1894.
Carte, D'Oyly, April 3, 1901.
Caslmir-Perier, March 12, 1907.
Oervera, P., April 3, 1909.
Chanute, Octave, Nov. 23, 1910.
Childs, George W., Feb. 3. 1S94.
Christian IX., Jan. 29, 1906.
Chulalongkoru I., Oct. 23, 1910.
Clemens, Samuel L., April 21,

1910.

Clement, Clay, Feb. 21, 1910.
Cleveland, Grover. June 24, 1908.
Colonne, Edounrd, March 28, 1910.
Constant, Benjamin, May 26, 1902.
Cooke, Jay, Feb. 16, 1905.
Ooppee. Francois, May 23, 1908.
Coquelin, B. C., Jan. 26, 1909.
Coquelin, E. A. H., Feb. 8, 1909.
Corbin, Austin, June 4, 1896.
Corning, Erastus, Aug. 30. 1896.
Crawford, F. M., April 9, 1909.
Croke, Archbishop. July 22, 1902.
Crook, George, March 19. 1890.
CtimminRS, Amos J.. May 2, 1902.
Curie, Pierre, April 19, 1906.
Curtln, Jeremiah, Dec. 14, 1906.
Curtis, George W., Aug. 31, 1892.

(18901910).

Curzon, Lady, July 18, 1906.
Cuyler. T. L., Feb. 26, 1909.

Daly. Augustin, July 7, 1899.
Dana, Charles A., Oct. 17, 1897.
Daniel, John W., June 29, 1910.
Davis, George R., Nov. 25, 1899.
Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, Oct. 16. 1906.
Davis, Winnie, Sept. 18, M98.
Davitt, Michael, May 31, 1906.
De Martens, F., June 20, 1909.
Dincley, Nelson, Jan. 13, 1899.
DolUver, J. P., Oct. 15, 1910.
Donnelly, Ignatius, Jan. 2, 1901.
Douglass, Frederick, Feb. 20, 1886.
Drachman, Holger, Jan. 15, 1908.
Drexel, Anthony J., June 30, 1893.
Drummond, Henry, March 11. 1897.
Du Maurier, George, Oct. 8, 1896.
Dumas, Alexandre, Nov. 27, 1895.
Dunbar, Paul L., Feb. 9, 1906.
Dvorak, Antonin, May 1, 1904.

Eddy, Mary Baker, Dec. 3, 1910.
Edward VII., May 6, 1910.
Edwards, Amelia B., April 15, 1S92.
Eggleston, Edward, Sept. 3. 1902.
Elizabeth, Empress, Sept. 10, 1898.
Emmett. "Fritz." June 15. 1891.
English, William H., Feb. 7, 1896.
Evarts, William M., Feb. 28, 1901.
Fair, James G.. Dec. 28. 1894.
Falrchlld. Lucius, May 23, 1896.
Faithfull, Emily, June 1, 1895.
Farjeon, B. L.. July 23, 1903.
Faure, Felix, Feb. 16, 1899.
Fenn, G. M., Aug. 27, 1909.

134

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

Field, Cyrus W., July 12, 1892.
Field, Eugene, Nov. 4, 1895.
Field. Kate, May 18, 1896.
Field, Marshall, Jan. 16, 1906.
Field. Richard M.. Nov. 11, 1902.
Field. Stephen J.. April 9. 1899.
Flsk. Clinton B., July 9. 1890.
Fosd, Cyrus D., Jan. 29, 1910.
Frederick, ex-Empress, Aug. 5,

1901.

Froude. James A., Oct. 20, 189J.
Fuller, Melville W., July 4, 1910.

Gary. Joseph E., Oct. 31, 1906.
George. Henry, Oct. 29, 1896.
Gilder, R. W., Nov. 18, 1909.
Gilmore, Patrick S.. Sept. 24, 1892.
Gladstone, Wm. E., May 19. 1898.
Gladstone, Mrs. W. E., June 13,

1900.

Goode, George B., Sept. 6. 189C.
Florence. Wm. J., Nov. 19, 1891.
Flower, Roswell P., May 12. 1899.
Forbes. Archibald, March 30, 1900.
Fremont, John C., July 13, 1890.
Gooitsell, D. A., Dec. 5, 1909.
Gould. Jay. Dec. 2. 1892.
Gounod. Charles P., Oct. 18, 1893.
Gray. Elisha. Jan. 21, 1901.
Gresham. Walter Q., May 28, 1895.
Grieg, JEdvard, Sept. 4, 1907.

Hale, Edward E., June 10, 1909.
Halevy, Ludovlc, May 8, 1908.
Halstead, Murat, July 2, 1908.
Hamilton, Gail, Aug. 17, 1898.
Hampton. Wade, April 11. 1902.
Hanlon, Edward, Jan. 4, 1908.
Hanna, Marcus A., Feb. 15, 1901.
Harper. William R.. Jan. 10, 1906.
Harrlman, E. H.. Sept. 9, 1909.
Harris, Joel Chandler, July 3, 1908.
Harris, William T., Nov. B, 1909.
Harrison, Benj., March 13. 1901.
Harrison. Carter, Sr., Oct. 28. 1893.
Hatch, Rufus. Feb. 23, 1893.
Hay, John, July 1, 1905.
Hayes, Rutherford B., Jan. 17.

1893.

Hearn, Lafcadio, Sept. 26, 1904.
Heilprin, Angelo, July 17, 1907.
Henderson, David B., Feb. 25.

1906.

Herne, James A., June 2. 1901.
Hewitt, Abram S.. Jan. 18. 1903.
Hilkoff, M., March 21, 1909.
Hill. David B., Oct. 20. 1910.
Hitchcock, E. A., April 9, 1909.
HHt, Robert R., Sept. 20, 1906.
Hoar, George F., Sept. 30, 1904.
Hoe, Robert, Sept. 22, 1909.
Hobart, Garret A.. Nov. 21, 1899.
Holman. W. S.. April 22, 1897.
Holmes, Mary Jane, Oct. 6, 1907.
Holmes. Oliver W.. Oct. 7. 1894.
Howard, O. O., Oct. 26, 1909.
Howe, Julia Ward. Oct. 17, 1910.
Humbert. King, July 29, 1900.
Hunt. William H., Sept. 7, 1910.
Huntington, C. P., Aug. 14, 1900.
Huxley, Thomas H., June 29, 1894.

Ibsen, Henrik. May 23, 1906.
Ignatieff, N. P., July 4, 1908.
Ingalls. John J., Aug. 16, 1900.
Ingersoll. Robert G.,July 21,1899.
Irving. Henry, Oct. 13. 1905.
Ito, Prince, Oct. 26, 1909.

Jefferson. Joseph, April 23. 1905.
Jewett, Sarah O., June 24, 1909.
Joachim, Joseph. Aug. 15, 1907.
Jokai, Manrus. May 5, 1904.
Johnson, Eastman, April 5. 1906.
Johnson, J. A., Sept 21, 1909.
Joubert. Gen., March 27. 1900.
.Tndd. Orange. Dec. 27, 1892.
Judge, Wm. Q., March 22, 1896.
Kasson, John A., May IS, 1910.
Kelly, Myra. March 31. 1910.
Kelvin, Lord. Dec. 17. 1907.

Kjelland, Alexander, April 6, 1906.
Koch, Robert, May 27, 1910.
Kossuth. Louis, March 20, 1894.
Kruger. Paul, July 14, 1904.
Kwang-Hsu, Nov. 14, 1908.

La Farge, John, Nov. 14, 1910.
Langley, Samuel P., Feb. 27, 1906.
Larcom, Lucy, April 17, 1893.
Lawton, H. W.. Dec. 19, 1899.
Leo XIII.. July 20, 1903.
Leopold II., Dec. 17, 1909.
Li Hung Chang, Nov. 7, 1901.
Logan, Olive, April 23, 1909.
Lombroso, C., Oct. 19, 1909.
Lorimer, George C., Sept. 8, 1904.
Lossing, Benson J., June 3, 1891.
Lowell, James R., Aug. 12. 1891.
Lucca, Pauline, Feb. 28, 1908.

Mace, Jem, Nov. 30, 1910.
MacNaughton, Mrs. A., March 31,

191C.
Magruder, Benjamin D., April 21,

1910.

Manning, Cardinal, Jan. 14, 1892.
Mansfield, Richard, Aug. 30, 1907.
Maratzek. Max. May 14, 1897.
Marryct, Florence, Oct. 27, 1899.
Marsh, O. C., March 18, 1899.
Mathews, William, Feb. 15, 1909.
Maupassant, De, July 6. 1893.
Mead, Lavkin G., Oct. 15, 1910.
Medill, Joseph. March 16, 1899.
Meissonier, Jan. 31, 1891.
Mendes, Catulle, Feb. 8, 1909.
Menzel. Adolf. Feb. 9, 1905.
Meredith, George, May 18, 1909.
Michel, Louise, Jan. 9, 1905.
Millais, Sir John. Aug. 13. 1896.
Mills, L. L., Jan. 18, 1909.
Modjeska, Helena, April 8, 1909.
Moody. Dwlght L., Dec. 22, 1899.
Morrison. W. R., Sept. 29, 1909.
Most, Johann, March 17, 1906.
Moulton, Louise C., Aug. 10, 1908.
McArthur, John, May 15. 1906.
McClnre, A. K., June 6, 1909.
McCosh. James, Nov. 16. 1894.
McKinley. William, Sept. 14, 1901.
McVicker, Jas. H.. March 7. 1896.

Newcomb, Simon, July 11, 1909.
Nightingale, Florence, Aug. 14,

1910.

Nye. Edgar W.. Feb. 21. 1896.
Ochiltree, Thos.. Nov. 26, 1902.
Oliphant, Mrs. M., June 25, 1897.
Orchardson, W. O., April 13, 1910.
O'Reilly, John Boyle, Aug. 11.

1890.

Oscar II., Dec. 8, 1907.
"Ouida" (Louise de la Ramee),

Jan. 24. 1908.

Paine, Robert T., Aug. 11, 1910.
Palma, Tomas E., Nov. 4. 1908.
Palmer. John M., Sept. 25. 1900.
Palmer, Potter. May 4. 1902.
Parker. Joseph, Nov. 28. 1902.
Parkman. Francis. Nov. 8, 1893.
Pastor, "Tony," Aug. 26, 1908.
Pierrepont, Edwards, March 6.

1892.

Pingree, Hazen S., June 18, 1901.
Platt, Thomas C.. March 6. 1910.
Playfair. Lyon, May 29. 1898.
Poole. William F.. March 1. 1894.
Porter, Noah. March 4, 1892.
Potter, Henry C., July 21, 1908.
Pullman. George M.. Oct. 19, 1897.
Randall, Samuel .T., April 13, 1890.
Reelns, Elisee, July 4, 1905.
Reed, Thomas B., Dec. 7. 1902.
Remenri. Edouard. May lf>. 1898.
Remington, F., Dec. 26, 1909.
Renan. Joseph Ernst. Qct. 2, 1892.
Rhodes. Cecil, March 26. 1902.
Ridpatb, John C., July 31, 1900.
Ristorl. Adelaide. Oct. 9, 1906.
Robson, Stuart. ' April 29, 1903.

Rogers, H. H., May 19, 1909.
Rojestvensky, S., Jan. 14, 1909.
Root, George F., Aug. 6, 1895.
Rosewater, Edward, Aug. 21, 1906.
Rubinstein, Anton G., Nov. 20,

1894.

Ruskin, John, Jan. 20. 1900
Russell, Sir Chas.. Aug. 10, 1900.
Russell, Wm. H.. Feb. 10, 1907.
St. Gaudens, Augustus, Aug. 3,

1907.

Sagasta, Praxedes M., Jan. 5, 1903.
Sage, Russell, July 22, 1906.
Salisbury, Lord, Aug. 22, 1903.
Salvini, Alexandre, Dec. 14, 1896.
Sampson, Wm. T., May 6. 1902
Sankey. Ira D., Aug. 13", 1908.
Sarasate, Pablo de, Sept. 20, 1908.
Sardou, Victorien. Nov. 8. 1908.
SatollI, Frdo:is, Jan. 8, 1910.
Sctaefer, Jacob, March 8, 1910.
Schliemann, H., Dec. 25, 1890.
Schurz, Carl, May 14, 1906.
Seidl, Anton, March 29, 1898.
Sherman, John, Oct. 22, 1900.
Sherman, Gen. W. T.. Feb. 14.

1891.

Slgel. Franz. Aug. 21, 1902.
Smiles, Samuel, April 16, 1904.
Smith, Goldwin, June 7, 1910.
Smyth, J. M., Nov. 4, 1909.
Spencer. Herbert, Dec. 8. 1903.
Sprague, O. S. A., Feb. 20, 1909.
Spreckels, Claus, Dec. 26, 1908.
Stanford, Leland. June 20, 1893.
Stanley, Henry M.. May 10, 1904.
Stanton, Elizabeth C., Oct. 26,

1902. *

Stedman, Edmund C., Jan. 18, 1908.
Stockton. Frank R., April 20, 1902.
Strakosch, Max, March 17, 1892.
Strauss. Johann, May 3, 1899.
Sullivan. Sir Arthur. Nov. 22, 1900.
Suppe, Franz von, June 21, 1895.
Sutro, Adolph, Aug. 8. 1S98.
Swinburne, A. C., April 10, 1909.
Swing, David, Oct. 3, 1894.
Taine, Hippolyte A.. March 5.

1893.

Talmage, T. DeWltt, April 12, 1902.
Tennyson, Alfred, Oct. 6. 1892.
Terry, A. H., Dec. 16, 1890.
Thaxter. Celia L.. Aug. 27, 1894.
Thurman, Allen G., Dec. 12. 1895.
Tilton, Theodore, May 25, 1907.
Tisza, Koloman de. March 23, 1902.
Tolstoy, Leo, Nov. 20, 1910.
Tourgee, Albion. May 21. 1905.
Tschaikowsky. Nov. 6. 1893.
Tsu-Hsi, Nov. 15, 1908.
Tuley, Murray F., Dec. 25. 1905.
Twain. Mark, April 21, 1910.
Tyndall, John, Dec. 4. 1893.
Vanderbilt. Cornelius, Sept. 12,

1899.

Verdi, Giuseppe, Jan. 27. 1901.
Verne, Jules, March 24, 1905.
Victoria. Queen. Jan. 22. 1901.
Vilas. William F.. Aug. 27, 1908.
Villard. Henry. Oct. 12, 1900.
Virchow, Rudolph, Sept. 5, 1902.
Voorhees. D. W., April 10, 1897.
Waite. C. B.. March 25, 1909.
Ward. John Q. A., May 1, 1910.
Wheeler, Joseph, Jan. 25. 1906.
Whitney, Myron W., Sept. 19,

1910.

Whitney, Wm. C., Feb. 2, 1904.
Whittier, John G., Sept. 7, 1892.
Wilde, Oscar, Nov. 30. 1900.
Wllhelmj. August. Jan. 23, 1908.
Wlllard. Frances E.. Feb. 17, 1898.
Wilson, Augusta E., Aug. 9, 1909.
Wlndom, William, Jan. 29, 1891.
Wright, Carroll D., Feb. 20, 1909.
Yates. Edmund H., May 20. 1894.
Yerkes. Charles T., Dec. 29. 1905.
Zola, Emlle, Sept. 29. 1902.

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

135

RATES OF POSTAGE AND MONEY ORDERS.

The domestic letter rate Is 2 cents an ounce or
fraction thereof, and it applies to the island pos-
sessions of the United States, Cuba, Canada, New-
foundland, Labrador, united kingdom, Germany
(direct), Mexico, Shanghai, the canal zone and
republic of Panama. The foreign letter rate is
B cents an ounce o'. - fraction thereof, and It applies
to all foreign countries in the universal postal union
except those named above.

DOMESTIC.

FIRST CLASS Letters and all written or partly
written matter, whether sealed or unsealed, and
all other matter sealed or otherwise closed against
Inspection, 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof.
Postal cards issued by the government sold at 1
cent each; double, or reply cards, 2 cents each.
Cards must not be changed or mutilated in any
way and no printing or writing other than the ad-
dress is allowable on the address side. "Private
mailing cards" (post cards) require 1 cent postage.

Among the articles requiring first-class postage
are blank forms filled out in writing; certificates,
checks and receipts filled out in writing; copy
(manuscript or typewritten) unaccompanied by
proof sheets; plans and drawings containing
written words, letters or figures; price lists con-
taining written figures changing individual items;
old letters sent singly or In bulk ; typewritten mat-
ter and manifold copies thereof, and stenographic
notes.

SECOND CLASS All regular newspapers, maga-
zines and other periodicals issued at stated inter-
vals not less frequently than four times a year,
when mailed by publishers or news agents, 1 cent
a pomnd or fraction thereof; when mailed by
others, 1 cent for each four ounces or fractional
part thereof.

THIRD CLASS Books, circulars, pamphlets and
other matter wholly in print (not Included in sec-
ond-class matter), 1 cent fo* each two ounces or
fractional part thereof. The following named ar-
ticles are among those subject to third-class rate
of postage: Almanacs, architectural designs, blue
prints, bulbs, seeds, roots, scions and plants, cal-
endars, cards, press clippings with name and date
of papers stamped or written In, engravings, 6am-

les of grain in its natural condition. Imitation of

and or typewritten matter when mailed at post-
office window in a minimum number of twenty
identical copies separately addressed; insurance ap-
plications and other blank forms mainly in print;
printed labels, lithographs, maps, music books,
photographs, tags, proof sheets, periodicals having
the character of books, and publications which de-
pend for their circulation upon offers of premiums.

FOURTH CLASS* All matter not In the lirst, sec-
ond or third class, which Is not in its form or
nature liable to destroy, deface or otherwise dam-
age the contents of the mallbag or harm the per-
Bon of any one engaged in the postal service, 1
cent an omnce or fraction thereof. Included in
fourth-class mail matter are the following articles:
Blank books, blank cards or paper, blotters, playing
cards, celluloid, coin, crayon pictures, cut flowers,
metal or wood cuts, drawings, dried fruit, dried
plants, electrotype plates, framed engravings, en-
velopes, geological specimens, letterheads, cloth
maps, samples of merchandise, metals, minerals,
napkins, oil paintings, paper bags or wrapping
paper, photograph albums, printed matter on other
material than paper, queen bees properly packed,
stationery, tintypes, wall paper and wooden rulers
bearing printed advertisements.

UNMAILABLE MATTER Includes that which is pro-
hibited by law, regulation or treaty stipulation and
that which by reason of Illegible or Insufficient ad-
dregs cannot be forwarded to destination. Among
the articles prohibited are poisons, explosives or
Inflammable articles, articles exhaling bad odors.
vinous, spirituous and malt liquors, specimens of
disease germs, lottery letters and circulars, In-
decent and scurrilous matter.

SPECIAL DELIVKRY Any article? of mallnble mat-
ter bearing a 10-cent special delivery Matnp in
addition to the regular postage Is entitled to Im-
mediate delivery on Its arrival at the office of ad-
dress between the hours of 7 a. m. and 11 p. m.,
if the office be of the free-delivery class, and be-

tween the hours of 7 a. m. and 7 p. m., if the of-
fice be other than a free-tielivery office.

REGISTRATION All mailable matter may be reg-
istered at the rate of 10'cents for each package in
addition to the regular postage, which must be
prepaid. An indemnity not to exceed $50 will be
paid for the loss of first-class registered matter,
and 50 francs ($10) in case of the loss of a regis-
tered article addressed to a country In the uni-
versal postal union, under certain conditions.

LIMITS OP WEIGHT No package of third or
fourth class matter weighing more than .tour
pounds, except single books, will be received for
conveyance by mail. The limit of weight does not
apply to second-class matter mailed at the second-
class rate of postage, or ar the rate of 1 cent for
each four ounces, nor Is it enforced against matter
fully prepaid with postage stamps affixed at the
first-class or letter rate of postage.

POST CAHDS A p->st card must be an unfolded
piece of cardboard not exceeding 3 9-16 by 5 9-16
inches, nor less than 2i by 4 inches in size; It
must be in form and quality and weight of paper
substantially like the government postal cards: It
may be of any color not interfering with the leg-
ibility of the address; the face of the card may be
divided by a vertical line, the right half to be used
for the address only and the left for the message,
etc. ; very thin sheets of paper may be attached to
the card, and such sheets may bear both writing
and printing; advertisements may appear on the
back of the card and on the left half of the face.
Cards bearing particles of glass, metal, mica, sand,
tinsel or similar substances are unmailable except
In envelopes.

MONET ORDER FEES For domestic money orders
In denominations of $100 or less the following fees
are charged:
For orders for sums not exceeding $2.50. ...... 8c

For over $2.50 and not exceeding $5 Be

For over $5 and not exceeding $10 8c

For over $10 and not exce ?ding $20 lOc

For over $20 and not exceadlng $30 12c

For over $30 and not exceeding $40 IBc

For over $40 and not exceeding $50 18c

For over $50 and not exceeding $60 20c

For over $60 and not exceeding $75 25c

For over $75 and not exceeding $100 80c

SUGGESTIONS Direct your mail matter to a post-
office, writing the' name of the state plainly, and If
to a city, add the street and number or postofflce
box of the person addressed. Write or print yor
name and address, and the contents. If a package,
upon the upper left-hand corner of all mall matter.
This will insure the immediate return of all first-
class matter to you for correction, if Improperly
addressed or Insufficiently paid; and if it is not
called for at destination It can be returned to yon
without going to the dead-letter office. If a letter.
It will be returned free. Undelivered second, third
and fomrth class matter will not be forwarded or
returned without a new prepayment of postage.
When a return card aipsars on this matter either
the sender or addressee is requested to send th
postage. Register all valuable letters and packager
FOREIGN.

Letter postage to Germany is 2 cents an ounce
or fraction (in direct German steamers only); to
Newfoundland, G.-eat Britain and Ireland, 2 cents
an ounce or fraction.

The rates of postage to all foreign countries (ex-
cept Canada, Mexico, Panama and Cuba, which
are the same as domestic rates) are as follows:

Letters, for the first ounce or fraction Scents

Letters, for each additional or fraction of

an ounce 3 cents

Postal cards, each 2 cents

Newspapers end other printed matter, per

2 oz 1 cent

Registration fee on letter? or other articles.. 10 cents
Commercial papers, packages not in excess

of 16 ounces 5 cents

Commercial papers, packages in excess of

10 ounces, each 2 ounces or fraction 1 cent

Samples of merchandise, packets not in ex-
cess of 4 ounces 2 cents

Samples of nicrchai rtlse, packets in excess

of 4 ounces, r>ach 2 ounces or fraction 1 cent

136

CHICAGO DAILY NEWS ALMANAC AND YEAR-BOOK FOR 1912.

LIMIT OP WEIGHT Packages of printed matter
and commercial papers, 4 pounds 6 ounces; samples
of merchandise. 12 ounces.

PKEPAYJIENT OP POSTAGE Foreign mail should
at all times be fully prepaid. If not fully prepaid
double the ileliciency will be collected upon delivery.

INTERNATIONAL KEPLY COUPONS These reply cou-
pons, of the denomination of 6 cents each, are
issued for the purpose of sending to correspondents
in any of the countries named below. The foreign
correspondent may exchange the coupons for post-
age stamps of that country equal in value to a
5 cent United States postage stamp, using the
stamp for reply postage. The countries in which
the reply coupon is valid arc as follows:

Austria and the Austrian postofflces in the Levant,
Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria, Chile, Ko-
rea, Costa Rica, Crete, Cuba, Denmark, Danish
West Indies, Eyypt, France, Germany, Great Brit-
ain, British postoffices in Morocco and Turkey,
British colonies of Australia, Bahamas, Bechuana-
land, Canada, Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Cook
'islands, Dominica, East Africa, Gibraltar, Gold
Coast, Honduras (British), Hongkong and Hong-
kong offices in China, India, Labuan, Malta, Natal,
Newfoundland, New Guinea, New Zealand, Sey-
chelles, Sierra Leone, Somaliland, South Rhodesia,
Straits Settlements, Tasmania. Transvaal, Trini-
dad, Uganda, Zulnland, Greece. Haiti, Honduras
(Republic of), Hungary, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Lux-
emburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Netherlands Guiana,
the Netherlands Indies, Norway. Roumania, Sal-
vador. Siam, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis.

PARCEL POST EXCHANGES.

Australia.*

Austria* Including th3 Austrian offices in the Ot-
toman empire at Alexandrette, Beirut, Candia
(Crete), Cavalla, Constantinople. Dardanelles,
Dedeagatch, Durazzo, Haifa, Ineboli, Jaffa, Jan-
ina, Jerusalem, Kerassund, Lagos, Mersine, Mity-
!ene, Prevesa, Ritlmo (Rethymo), Rhodes, Salon-
iki, Samsoun, San Jean de Medua, Santi Qua-
ranta, Sclo (Schios), Scutari (Albania), Smyrna,
Trebizond, Tchesine, Tripoli (Syria), Valona,
Vathy (Samos).

Bahamas.
Barbados.*
Belgium.*
Bermuda.
Bolivia.
Brazil.
British Guiana.
Chile.
Colombia.*
Oosta Rica.
Danish West Indies (St.
Croix, St. John, St.

Thomas).
Denmark.*
Dutch Guiana.*
Ecuador.*
France.*
Great Britain.*
Guatemala.
Germany.
Haiti.
Honduras (British).
Honduras (Republic of).

Hongkong* Amoy, Canton, Changsha. Chefoo, Chlng-
Kiang, Foochow, Hangchow, Hankow, Hoihao
(Hoihpw), Kiankiang, Kowloon, Liu Kung Tau,
Nanking, Newchwang, Ningpo, Pekin, Shanghai,
Shanghalkwan. Shasi. Soochow, Swatow, Tientsin,
Tongku, Weihaiwel, Wubu.

Hungary.* | Italy.*

Ireland.*

1. Italian offices in Ottoman empire (Turkey)*
Beugazi (north Africa), Durazzo (Albania), Galata
(Constantinople), Jerusalem (Palestine), Canea
(Crete), Pera (Constantinople). Saloniki (Rou-
melia), Scutari (Asia Minor). Smyrna (Asia Min-
or), Staraboul (Constantinople), Trlpoli-ln-Bar-
bary, Valona (Albania).

3. Italian colony of Erythrea (Africa)* Ady Caje,
Adi Ugri, Agordat, Asmara, Assab, Keren, Ne-
fasit, Mas?aua, Saganeiti.

8. Italian protectorate of Benadlr Brava, Glumbo,
Merka, Mogadiscio.

Japan.*

In Manchuria Antoken, Bujnn, Choshun, Dairen,
Dalsekkio, Daitoko, Fu.'anten, Gaihei. Giukaton,
Gwaboten. Hishika, Honkelko. Hoten, Howojlc,
Kaigen, Kaljio, Kinshu, Koshurel, Rlojun, Riu-
Juton, Rioyo, Senklnsai, Shiheigai. Shinminfu
Shoto. Sokako, Sokaton, Talkozan, Tetsurei, Yen-
dai, Yu?aUujio.

In Karafuto (Japanese) Sakhalin.

Formosa.* I Korea.*

Jamaica (Including the Turks and Caico islands).

Leeward Islands (Antigua), with Barbuda and Re-
donda, St. Kitts, Nevis, with Anqullla, Dominica,
Montserrat and the Virgin islands).
Mexico.* I Newfoundland.

Netherlands.* | New Zealand.

The Cook islands, including Altutaki, Atin, Hervey
(Manual), Mangaia, Mauke, Mitiaro and Raroton-
ga; also the islands of Palmerstou (Avarau), Man-
ohik, Penrhyh (Tongreva), Pukapuka (Danger),
Rakaanga, Savage (Nide) and Suwarrow.
Nicaragua. Sweden.

Norway.* Trinidad.

Peru. Uruguay.

Salvador. Venezuela.

Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent, Grena-
dines and St. Lucia).

Unsealed packages of mallable merchandise may
be sent to above named places subject to the con-
ditions herein prescribed, viz. :

Limit of weight 11 pounds

Greatest length 3 feet 6 inchei

Greatest length and girth combined 6 feet

Postage 12 cents a jpound or fraction

*EXCEPTIONS.

Except that parcels for Colombia and Mexico
n.ust not measure more than two (2) feet in length
or more than four (4) feet in girth. Also that par-
cels for Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Formosa, France, Hongkong. Hungary, Italy (Italian
offices in Turkey and Africa), Japan, Korea, Neth-
erlands, Norway and Sweden must not exceed $80
in value, and that parcels for Ecuador must not
exceed $50 in value.

When packages of merchandise intended for Mex-
ico do not exceed four (4) pounds in weight, they
may be sent under the same conditions applicable
to packages off merchandise in the domestic mails
1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, fully
prepaid.

Parcel-post packages for Barbados, Dutch Gui-
ana, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands
and