4 C[-tlJVES
B I O G tL4 PHI CZI L
D I C TI O /VI I 7
HERBERT A. 'GILES, LL. D.
Prof«ssor of Cdltese it t]ze Uti,crsit.y of Cmbri«tge
attd gale H. B. L Çotsul al 2Vbzgo
London
BERNARD QUARITCH
1 5 Piccadilly
Shanghai
KELLY & WALSn, Limited
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I898 .
EAST ^" '' '
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R 8049 RO3;-RTS LIBRARY
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luln«ro «lhllUllOru11
PREFACE
In 1874 the late Mr. Mt.Y.Rs published a small collection of
ubout 800 notices if Chinese statesmen, generals, writers, und others.
For muny years his work held the fiehl, uutil ut length a feeling
urose thut somethiug more compreheasive wus wated fo meet the
slow but sure development of Auglo-Chiuese scholarship. Accordiugly,
in 1891 this dictionary wus plauned, and bas siuce beeu carried
out, in the hope that if may prove of use fo all who ure occupied
with the language und literuture of China, especiully fo the British
Consulur officiul.
Some such book of reference is indeed au ubsolute necessity fo
the student, confronted in every bmnch of the written lauguage,
including Stute papers, dispatches, public proclamations, the Peki,g
Gazette, etc. etc., by oft-recurriug allusions fo the suyings and
doings of the heroes and villaius of the past. In this sense, humes
hure been inserted of men whose only title fo a biographical
record rests perhups upon one pointed remark or strikitg deed
whïch bus appealed fo the imugiuution of their countrymen.
Muny of these suyings and incidents, historical us well us
mythological, are no doubt trivialities in themselves. Their usage
however by the Chinese invests them, us regards the European,
with an importance hOt their own. Western stutesmen do hot
scorn references fo PoLYPMus, fo HOR«TS Coc.s, nor eveu fo
the Hatter of Alice in Wonderlad. In the sume way a Chinese
¥I PREFACE
statesman knows what happened fo ClO Hsi31 (No. 64) and to
Duke YAIO of Lu (No. 2397), and we who would follow his train
of thought must kuow it too.
Notices of the more prominent living men bave also been
given, thus bringing the book down fo the present day from a
starting-point of forty centuries ago.
The surname and personal naine, by which each man is formally
known, have beeu trausliterated according fo the sounds of the
Court dialect as now spoken af Peking and popularly caLled
"Mandarin." These bave been arranged so far as possible alphabetically,
and are tb!lowed by tbe "T." (=-- tzî) which stands for "style"
or literary naine adopted in youth for general use, and by the
"H." (- hao) which is a faucy naine or sobriquet either given
by a frieud or taken by the individual himself. Of the latter there
are several varieties, classed together for convenience' sake under
one letter.
Most of the Emperors are inserted in a similar mauner, with
cross references under the "cauonisation" and sometimes under the
"year-title." Thus the first Emperor of the Ming dynasty is given
uuder Crtu Yi3Arr-CrlArro, with cross references under T'AI Tsu and
HI Wu. The Mougol Emperors appear under the names by
which they are familiarly known fo Europeaus (e. g.
the Emperors of the prescrit dynasty under their year-titles (e. g.
K'«o HsI).
The Chinese charaeters for such plaee-names (exclusive of
Treaty Ports), dynasties, etc., as recur several rimes will be found
in a table af the end of this Preface. Af the end of the book
here is a full alphabetical index of the literary and fancy names,
coupled in some cases with the surnames, and of the canonisations.
All such are frequently used in literature, and are often very
troublesome fo the foreign student. To these bave been added a
PREFA(E Vil
few names whieh should bave appeared in the body of the work.
Some f the phraseology employed is eonventional. If is usual
fo speak in narrative (e. g.) of the Emperor Wr TI, although TI
means Emperor and Wên eannot properly be used of the monareh
until after death. The terre "Board': may be round applied to a
department of State whieh existed long before the familiar Boards
of more modern rimes, and so on.
As regards marrer, certain diffieulties bave oeeurred in the
course of compilation. Varying versions of the saine story are hot
uneommon in Chinese authors; sometimes the saine story is told
of two different persons.
In conclusion, I have fo tlmuk Mr. E. H. FR^SER of H. B. M.
Consulat erviee for many valuable eontributions; also Mr. C. H.
BIEWITT-TAYLOR of the Chinese Customs' erviee for several notes
on the warriors of the Three Kingdoms.
Ia Mr. F. DE STOrrL^^R (late E. J. Brill) of Leiden, I found
a printer who was able fo earry out the tank of produeing a
lengthy Anglo-Chinese work with expedition and skill.
The toil of proof-reading was performed ehiefly by the saine
practised "reader" (on
typographical accuracy
largely due.
my domestic establishment) fo whom the
of my C]iese-E.glisl Dictioary was so
Cambridge: 27th January, 1898.
]:[EI{BEttT A. GILES.
IiNDEX T0 PROPER NAMES AND 0THER TERMS
FOR WHICH 10 CHARACTERS ARE GIVEN.
Au-ch'êng :
Au-ch'iug ,,
An-fêng ,,
An-ling ,,
An-lu ,,
An-ring ,,
An-yang ,,
Ch'ao
Chën-tiug
Ch'ên
c''ê.i
Chêug
Ch'êng
Ch'êng-chi
Ch'êng-tu
Chi oe
Chi-shui
Chi-nan
Chi-yiu
Ch'i
Ch'i-lin
Chia
Chia-hsing
Chiang
Chiang-hsia
Chiang-ling
Chiang-ning
Chiang-tu
Chiaug a
Chien
Chien-an
Chien-wei
Chien-yaug
Ch'ien-t'ang
Chiu
Chin-chiang
Chin a
Chin-ch'uan
Chin-hua
Chin shih
Ch'in
Ching J
Ching-nan
Ch'ing-ho
Chou (Dep
Cho
Fan-yang
F6 ff)"
Fêng-hsiang }
Fêng-yang
Fêng-t'ien
F.(.f«.,,«) 1
Jao
Jao-yang
Jehangir ;d'
Jung-ch'êng .
Lan-t'ieu
Lang-yeh
Lei î
Li-ch'êng
Liang
Liang a ")
Liao .
Ling-shou - -
Lin
Liu Sung î]
Lo
Lo-ya,,g - ;
Lu (State)
Lu
Lu-ling
Luog-mên
Miao-tzï --
Min
Ming
Mou-ling
Mu
Pa-ling
P'ei
P'êug-ch'êng .
Pien -
Pien-liang -
X1
Ping :
P'ing
P'ing-chiang
P'ing-ling
P'ing-yang
P'ing-yfi
P'ing-yfian
Po
Po-Mi
P'u-ch'êng
T. = _- tzîi or "style."
Ta-hsing :)
Ta-li
Ta-ming
Ta-t'ung [ffJ
Tai -
T'ai or
T'ai-p'ing
T'ai-yfian
T'ang
Tao
Wan-nien
Wei t
Wei a
Wêu-hsi
Xll
Yai-shan I
Yang
Yang-hsia
Yang-tsze -
Yeh
Yellow Turbaus
Yen
Yin
Ying
[See also under 0.]
_h_-chiao . 2nd cent. B.C. The name of one of the con-
sorts of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. When the
latter was a boy, his father, the Emperor Ching Ti, asked him if
he would like fo be married. His aunt, the Princess : Ch'ang,
who happened fo be present, pointed fo her little daughter, A-chiao,
and enquired what he thought of her. "Ah," replied the boy, "if
I could get A-chiao, I would have a golden house fo keep her in."
_h_-lao-wa-ting y-lâ '. A Mahomedan, a native of Tur-
kestan. In 1271 Kublai Khan despatched envoys fo obtain persons
skilled in the management of mangonels from his kinsman
-- A-pu-ko-wang. The latter sent A-lao-wa-ting and I-ssfi-
ma-yin, together with their families, by post route fo ttangchow,
where they began by building large mangonels which they erected
in front of the city gares. A-lao-wa-ting was subsequently attached
fo the staff of the general Alihaya, with whom he crossed
the Yang-tsze, being present af the capture of many towns. He
died in 1312, loaded with honours, and was succeeded in his
dignities by his son , J,- Ma-ho-sha.
A-lu-t'ai [ . Died A.D. 1434. A chier of the Tartars,
who gave great trouble fo the Emperor Yung Lo. In 1409 he set
up the heir of the Yfiau dynasty af Bishbalik, and ignored the
Chinese demands for satisfaction for the murder of au Envoy in
l
2 A Chitese Bograp]tical Dictioarg
the previous year. War folloed, in which ai first h-lu-t'ai was
successful, owiug fo the rashness of the Chinese; but in the fol-
lowing year he was beaten and fled. In 1413, for promising help
against the Oirads, he received the title o5" Prince lo-ning
and sent a mission fo China. Beateu by the Oirads, he presently
sought refuge on the Chinese frontier; but so soon as his strength
increased, he reuewed his raids. The Emperor marched against
him in 1422, 1423, and 1424, but h-lu-t'ai never risked a pitched
battle. Ten years later he was surprised and slain by his old foes
he Oirads, and his son submitted fo China.
Achakpa [ _ /-. A.D. 1320--1328. Son of Yesun
Timur, whom he succeeded as seventh Emperor of the Yiian dynasty.
He was proch5med Emperor af Xanadu" whereupon -
Yen Tireur, his father's Minister, declared at Peking for the sous
of Kaisun. Civil war eusued, and ended in the capture of Xanadu
and the disappearance o5" Achakpa. Known in history as 4 î.
Ai-hsiug-a t [- Died A.D. 1664. Grandson of Prince
and title by his courage and energy in the wars of the Emperors
T'ai Tæu and T'ai Tsuug of the present dynasty. Coadjutor of Wu
San-kuei in the invasion of Burmah, 1661--2, which resulted in
the surrender of the Ming pretenders from Yiinnan. Canonised as
Ai Ti. See (lan) Lin Hsi; (Chin) Ssït-ma P'ei; (T'aug) Li Cttu.
Ai Tsung. See Va-yen S]tou-hsi.
Akuta ]'. A.D. 1069-1123. Son of '| Yang-lo, a
chieftaiu of the Chin a Tartars under the Liao dynasty. The father
was already preparing for revolt when he died, A.D. 1100. In
1114 Akuta hrew off his allegiance, and his immediate success
emboldened him fo demand from the House of Liao recognition
as first Emperor of the Chiu a dynasty. He also entered iuto
A Chbese Biog»'aplical Dicliomry 3
diplomatic relations with the House of Sung, and adopted the Chi-
nese government system. Four years luter the Liao Emperor fled
(see Ye]-li Ye-]tsi), and Peking was taken. The family name
was Wan-yen, said te be a corruption of tho Chinese
wag prince. Akuta changed his owa name te 2: Min. Canonised
/kmôgha or /kmoghavdjra. See Pu
/kn-ch'i Shêng 2=:.. A legendary being, said te inhabit
the Isles of the Blest. He appears te bave been a magician, and
possessed the power of rendering himself visible or invisible af
pleasure. The First Emperor sent an expedition under Hsii Shih
te find him, and se did the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty,
af the instigation of Li Shao-chfin.
An Chin-ts'ng . Died A.D. 711. A native of Lo-
yang, who was employed in the Court of Sacrificial Worship under
the Empress Wu Heu. When charges of treason were brought
against the Heir Apparent, Li Tan, he loudly protested that the
latter was innocent; and in çoken of good faith seized a knife and
ripped up his own belly se that his bowels hung clown te the
ground. If was with difficulty that his life was saved; the Em-
press however was con vinced of his loyalty, and Li Tan ws left
in peace. His naine was subsequently carved upon M ts T'ai and
Hua, and he was canonised as a..
t,n (h'ung-hui =1 . 10th cent. A.D. A faithful Ministe"
and counsellor of the Emperor Ming Tsung of the Luter T'ang
dynasty. Ho became the victim of political intrigue, and was put
te death with his wife and two sons, regrettiug with his latest
breath only that he had net been able te purge the empire of Li
Ts'ung-ko. See C]'ien Lice.
cess An-le, a daughter of the Emperor Chung Tsung of the T'ang
4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
dynasty, who with hec sister, T'ai-p'ing Kung-chu, acquired under
the weak rule of their father considerable political power. She was
married in the first instance fo a relative of the Empress Wu Hou,
:i -ll Wu Ch'ung Hsiin, who was shortly afterwards executed
to t¢o.. I. 710 ¢ .,.i« i ot, _ w
hsiu, ami joined ber mother, the Empress _t Wei, in the con-
spiracy against ber father, and his ultimate murder (see Li Hslen);
for which she was put fo death by the young Prince, ber nephew,
aïterwards known as the Emperor Ming Huang.
11 An Lu-shan t i-1-1- Died A.D. 757. A native of Luk-
chak, of Turkic descent, whose original naine was )j K'ang. His
mother was a witch, and prayed for a son on the 1[ =. Ya-lao
mountains, whence he is sometimes known as Ya-lao-shan. Af his
birth, a halo was seen around the house, and the beasts oï the
field cried aloud. The authorities sent fo bave the child put to
death, but he was successfully concealed by his mother. His father
dying while he was still young, his mother married a man named
An; whereupon he changed his surname, and took the name as
above. He grew up fo be a tall, heavily-built, clever fellow, and a
good judge of character. He spoke the various frontier dialects
well; a point which once saved his head when condemned fo death
for sheep-stealing. He began fo be employed in repressing the raids
of the Kitan Tartars, in which occupation he ruade quite a naine
for himself, and was af length brought fo the capital by Li Lin-lu.
The Emperor Ming Huang took a great fancy fo him, and Yang
Kuei-fei called him her adopted son, making him do obeisance fo
ber first and fo the Emperor afterwards, on the ground that such
was the Turkic custom. Despatched upon an expedition agains the
Kitans, he was so successful that he was ennobled as Duke. Then,
inflated with pride and ambition, he rebelled, and added o the
general confusion which was surrounding the wretched Ming Huang,
A Chbtese Bivgraphical Dictioarg
who had been 'epeatedly warned of this new danger. He called
himself the Emperor ï Hsiung Wu of the Great Yen dynasty,
and for a rime carried everything before him. But he was assass-
inated by his owa son Ç An Ch'i,,g-hsfi, who feared
that he was going fo be deprived of the succession in favour of
the offspring of a concubine; and within three years of the firs
risiug, the son too had been takea prisoner and put fo death by
Shih Ssï-ming. Cauonised by his adherents as lJ ..
An Ti. See (Han) Liu Yt; (Chin) Ssït-ma Tê.
Ao-pi -. Died A.D. 1669. A Minister under the Emperor 12
Shun Chih. Ennobled as Dul¢e and appointed one of four Regeuts
during the minority of K'ang Hsi, he overawed his colleagues
and established species of tyranny. For opposing his wanton
proposal fo transter the fatras of officers of the Plain White Banner
(that being the Banner of his enemy Su-le'o-sa-ha) fo his own
Bordered Yellow Banner, several statesmen of high tank were
executed; and in one case he did uot hesitate fo forge a Decree
of death. His crimes came fo light in 1669, and he laaid the pe-
nalty with his life.
Aruli Palpata j/-k A.D. 1285-1320. 13
Younger brother of Kaisun, whom he succeeded in 1311, fo the
exclusion of the latter's own sou, as fourth Emperor of the Yfian
dynasty. Of excellent personal character, well-read in Confcianism
and Buddhism, averse fo field sports and fo war, he laboured fo
improve the government, and readily removed abuses brought fo
his notice. However, the practice of confi,ing the highest posts fo
Mongols of birth worked ill, and the people were ground down
with exactions. He instituted regular triennial official examinations,
and the first list of Mongol chin shih was published in 1315. In
1314 he forbade eunuchs fo hold civil office, but broke the prohib-
ition in the following year. Sumptuary laws were enacted for the
6 A Chinese Biog».oplic«tl Dictiono»'y
Chinese, and the gaine laws were relaxed. On Buddhist priests and
ceremonies vast sums were expended, and in 1318 the Canon was
written out in golden characters. Numerous calamities marked the
reign, and local risings were no infrequent. Canonised as '
»-.
Bayan. See Po-yen.
ô«i«nar, / -o . »i« a».
? 535. The las of the Western ami the first of he Eastern Patri-
archs of Buddhism. He was the third son of the King o .
Hsiatg-chih in Southern ]ndia. His naine was given fo him by
his masr, the Patriarch Pradjfiâtara, whom he served assiduously
for forty years. In A.D. 520 (or according fo soue, 526) he came
by sea fo Canton, bringing with him the sacred bowl of the Patri-
archate, and was received by the Governor with honour. Sum-
moned fo Nanking by the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasy,
he offended that pions monarch by explaining that real merit lay
no in worls, but solely in purity and wisdom duly combined. Fie
therefore retired fo Lo-yaug, crossing the swollen Yang-tsze on a
bamboo twig or a reed. Af Lo-yang he abode sine years in he
î Shao-lin Temple on he Sung F[ill, sitting in silent
coutemplation wih his face fo the wall, whence the populace styled
him t the Wall Gazer. The learned priest who succeeded
him as Patriarch (see Hd-k'o) af length, by patient attendance
through a snowy night, until by daybreak the show had risen
above his knees, induced him fo ve instruction. Fie wished o
return fo India, but died, his rivals having rive rimes tried in vain
o poison him, and was buried on the 1 Bear's Ear [/iii.
Sung Yiin having reported meeting him on the Onion Range,
barefoot and holding in his hand a single sandal, his tomb was
opened and in his coflàn was round nothing but the other sandal,
A Clitese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'g 7
which in 727 was stolen from the Shao-lin Temple and disap-
peared. BSdhidharma taught that religion was hot fo be learnt from
books, but that man should seek and find the Buddha in his own
hem't. To the people he is the powerful Arhau who crossed the
Yang-tsze on a reed, a favourite subjec in Chinese art.
kuei in Sheusi, who was a Magistrate uuder the Emperor Wên Ti
of the Han dyuasty. In his days of prosperity, his gares were
thronged; yet when he was dismissed, a sparrow-trap might have
been set in his court-yard. Upon his reinstatement in office, the
friends would have returned; but he closed his doors fo them, and
posted a notice fo the effect that true fi'iendship endures even
through poverty and disgrace.
Chai Tsun .j (T. ). Died A.D. 33. A native of 16
Ying-ch'uan in Anhui, who joined the standard of Liu Hsiu, and
rose fo high military command. He operated against the southern
barbarians, and aided in the overthrow of Hsiao Wei. A stern
disciplinarian, he put fo death his own son for breach of the law.
He wore commou leather breeches and cotton socks, distributing
all his prize-money among his soldiers, who were strictly forbidden
fo pillage, and whose leisure hours he sought fo fill up with refined
and intellectual amusements. Even in war rime he would hot
surfer the usual religions ceremonies fo be neglected. He was
ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as ), and his portrait was
subsequently hung in the = gallery.
Ch'ai Shao (T. ). 7th cent. A.D. A military 17
leader who married the Princess P'ing-yang, a daughter of the
Emperor Kao Tsu, founder of the T'ang dynasty, and distinguished
himself as a general against the Turkic invaders. On one occasion,
. 8 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
when he was attacking the Turkic forces which theu threateued
the frontier, his army was almost overwhelmed hy a dense shower
of arrows from the enemy's bows. But Ch'ai Shao sent forward
some girls fo play and dance o the Tarar guitar, which so fasci-
naed the Tarar soldiers tha they desisted from the fight fo watch.
Meanwhile Ch'ai Shao, by a rapid strategic movement, succeeded
in surrounding hem, and the whole force was cut o pieces. e
aided he second Emperor, T'ai Tsung, fo consolidae he empire,
and in 628 was Governor of Hua-chou in Sheusi. Canonised as .
18 Chan Huo (T. , chauged a 50 years of age fo
). 6th and 7h cent. B.C. Governor of the Distct of
Liu-hsia in he Lu Sate. He was a man of eminent virue, and
is said on che occasion o bave held a lady in his lap wihout he
slighest impuation on his moral characer. When he died, his
wife iusised on pronouncing a fuueral oration over his body, urgiug
tha noue uew his grea merits so well as she. e was canonised
as Hui, and is now commonly known as Liu-hsia Hui.
precocious sudent, who atracted attention in the following manner.
During an [mperial progress, o which he was atached in a sub-
ordinate capacity, three boxes of books were missing. Be was able
however fo repea the contents of each so accuraely ha on re-
covery of he books they were found o ally exacly th hs
descption. The Emperor Wu Ti immediately appointed him fo high
oce, and he subsequently rose uuder he Emperor Hsan a Ti fo
be Presiden of the-Board of War, in succession fo Ho Kuang.
Co.i .
20 Chang Chan . A trader, who shortly before returning
home ff'cm a long journey, dreamt that he was cooking in a mot-
far. On consulting a soothsayer, named Wang Shêng, the
latter ld him that if was because he had no tic saucepan,
A Ci»ese Biog»'aphical Dictio»a»'y 9
which signified that his lu wif was dead. When he reached
home, he round that his wife had died during his absence.
Chang Ch'ang (T. oe ). Died B.C. 48. A dis-21
ti»guished scholar and official, who flourished under the Emperor
Yiian Ti of the ttau dynasty. He first attracted attention by
denouncing the irregular conduct of the Prince of OE Ch'ang-i,
who was promptly disgraced upon his represeutations. He became
Governor of Shan-yang in Shantung, and successfully coped with
the brigandage and rebellious spirit which prevailed; and in B.C.
61 was promoted fo be Governor of the Metropolitan District. In
this capacity he took part in all the councils of State; and his
advice, based upon his wide knowledge of history, was always re-
ceived with deference. ]u every way he ruled wisely and well; and
if was said that, owing fo his vigilance, "the alarm drum was not
struck for nine years." He then became mixed up lu the affair of
Yang Yiiu, and was dismissed from office. Whereupon there was
such an increase of seditious manifestations throughout . Chi-
chou in Chihli, that the Emperor appointed him Governor of that
District, and the disturbances came af once fo an end. He died
just as the Emperor Yiian was about fo bestow upon him further
honours. He was especially famous for his acquaintance with the
early forms of Chinese characters, and for his profound knowledge
of the Spring and Autumn Annals. He ruade a practice of painting
his wife's eyebrows; and" when the Emperor rallied him on the
point, he replied that this was a marrer of the highest importance
fo women.
Chang Ch'ang-tsung - (H.-[). Died A.D. 22
705. A handsome young man, who was introduced into the palace
by the T'ai-p'ing Princess and became a great favourite with the
Empress Wu Hou. He and his brother Chang ]-chih were ruade
free of the palace; and fo crown the extravagant treatment they
t0 A Chinese Biog'apical Dictiona'g
received from the Empress, they were both ennobled as Dukes.
During ber long illness they alone ha4 access fo ber, and gradually
monopolised the government, successfully resisting all the attacks
of their enemies. Af length, when he believed that the Empress
was af the point of death, Chang Ch'ang-tsung began fo make
preparations for a coup d'dt«tt. The plo however was discovered by
Chang Chien-chih; and on his way fo greet the Heir Apparent ai
the restoration of he Emperor Chuug Tsung, he seized both the
brothers and put them fo deah.
23 Chang Chao (T. . H. ). Died A.D.
1745. A native of Kiangsu, who graduaed as chin shih in 1709
and was employed in literary and examinaion work, rising in 1733
o be Presiden of he Board of Punishmeu/s. Two years la,er, he
narrowly escaped execuion for his failure o arrange he manage-
men of he aboriginal erriories in Kueichou. He was again
employed on lierary work, and was join compiler of he
and is sequel uder he same naine, he wo
saudard reaises on music. His poems were much admired by he
Emperor, who was especially sruck wih some verses wrien with
his lef hand afer a fall from his horse had disabled his figh
arm. He died of grief for he loss of his faher. In his »
Retrospect (1779) he Emperor Ch'ien Lung numbered him amoug
his Five Men of Leers, he others being Ch'leu Ch'ên-
ch'fin, Liang Shih-chêng, Shên Tê-ch'ien, and Wang Yu-un. Can-
onised as .
Chang Chên-chou . 7th cent. A.D. An official
who, ou being appointed Governor of Shu-chou in Anhui --
his native lace - proceeded fo his old home and spent ten days
in feasting his relatives and friends. Then, calling them together,
he gave fo each a prescrit of money and silk, and took leave of
them with tears in his eyes, saying, "We have had this pleasant
A Chinese Biographical Diclioary !1
rime together as old friends. Tomorrow I take up my appointment
as Governor; after that, we can meet no more." The result was
an impartial and successful administration.
Chang Chi $ (T. /). 8th cent. A.D. A native of 25
Hsiang-chou in ttupeh, who graduated as c£i shih about the year
750 and rose fo be a secretary in the Board of Revenue. His faine
chiefly tests upon his poems, which are still much admire&
Chag Chi (T. ) 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A 26
native of , Niao-chiang in Kiangnan, who greatly distin-
guished himself as a scholar and poet and was patronised by the
great Han Yfi, whom he even ventured fo take fo task for his
fondness for dice. The latter in 815 recommended him for employ-
ment, and he rose fo be a Tutor in the Imperial Academy. But
if is by his poems that he is known; among which may be men-
tioned the exquisite lines under the title of . He was
also a vigorous opponent of Buddhism and Taoism, both of which
he held in much contempt. He was 80 years of age wheu he died.
Chang Chia-chêng ,. 8th cent. A.D. A native of 27
P'u-chou in Shansi, who rose fo be Miuister of State under
the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. On one occasion,
failiug fo remember his personal naine, the Emperor actually
nominated another Chang fo an office he had destined for this
one; however, af night, his Majesty happeued fo come across the
naine of the right man, and gave him a better appointment still.
He was President of the Board of Works a his death; and the
equipages of himself and his brother Chang Chia- yu, who was
a General, made such a show in the street where they lived that
the neighbours called the place the Street of Tinkling
Regalia. Canonised as .
Chang Chien (T. ). Died A.D. 651. A great-28
nephew of the founder of the T'aug dynasty. He did good service
t2 A Chi»tese Biographical Dictionary
in aidiug the Emperor fo eonsolidate his power; and on one
occasion rode alone in the camp of a revolted tribe of Turko-
Seythians, and sueeeeded in gaining their submission. H e held many
important posts, and was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as
29 Chang Ch'ion J ,, (T. -- ). 2nd cent. B.C.. A Min-
ister under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. Celebrated
as the first Chiuese who penetrated fo the extreme regions of the
west; heuce he was spoken of by ancient historians as having
"ruade a road." About 138 B.C. he was sent on a mission
Bacçria, but was taken prisoner by the Hsiung-uu and detained in
capivity for over ten years. He mauaged however fo escape, and
proceeded fo Fergana or Khokaud, wheuce he is said fo bave
brought the waluut and the cultivated grape fo China, and fo
have taught his countrymen the art of making wine, which he
had learnt from the Persians. One name for this wine was
"black crystal"; if has also been confused with koumiss.
From Fergana he went on
bamboo, returniug home in 126 B.C., after haviug been once more
captured by the Hsiung-uu and detained for about a year, escaping
in the confusion consequent upon the death of the Khan. te is
also said fo bave introduced hemp into China. In 122 B.C. he was
sent fo negoiate treaties with the kingdoms of the wes; and by
the year 115 a regular intercourse with the thirty-six States of
this region had become established through his efforts, for which
he was ennobled as Marquis. Legend says that he was commissioned
fo discover the source of the Yellow River, which was popularly
supposed fo flow from heaven and fo be a continuation of the
Milky Way. With this object he sailed up the stream for many
days, until he reached a city where he saw a girl spinning and a
youth leading an ox fo the water fo drink. Chang Ch'ien asked
what place this was; and in reply the woman gave him ber
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary t3
shuttle, telling him fo show if on his return fo the astrologer
Yen Chfin-p«ing, who would thus know where he had been. I-Ie
did so, and he astrologer a once recognised the shuttle as that
of the Spinning Damsel (a Lyroe); further declaring hat on he
day and a he hour when Chang received ihe shuifle he had
noficed a waudeng siar iuirude iiself beween ihe Spinning Damsel
and ihe Cowherd ( hquiloe). Thus Chang was aciually believed
o bave sailed upon ihe bosom of ihe Milky Way. Some auihori-
iies, however, mainiain iha ihe hero of ihe above legend was
quiie a differeni person from he Chang Ch'ien of history.
Chang Chien-chih OE (T. ). b.D. 625--706. 30
A native 0f siang-yang in Hupeh, who graduaied as chin shih
and eniered upon a public career. I was noi however unil 689,
when ihere was a call for meu of aleni, ihai he disiinguished
himself ai ihe compeiiion beiween hose who presenied ihemselves
by coming out first on he lisL e was ai once ruade a Censor,
and laier on he was recommended, in spiie of his age, by Ti Jen-
chieh o ihe Empress Wu ou, under whom he filled many high
poses. I was he who discovered ihe ploi of Chang Ch'ang-sung,
and who pu ihe iwo broihers o deah. Under ihe Emperor Chung
Tsung he los his influence, and was dismissed o ihe provinces,
where he died. Canonised a
Chang Chien-fêng (T. ). A.D. 745--800. 31
A statesman and general who flourished under the Emperor Tê
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, and distinguished himself by his
skilfifi operations against the rebels of that period. He rose fo be
a Minister of State, and so completely gained the confidence of
the Emperor that aU his last audience the latter presented him
with his own riding-whip, saying, "In your fidelity and devotion,
adversity works no change." His favourite concubine P'an-
p'an, was so overcome by the news of his death that on hearing
t4 A Chbese BiogralJhical Dictionary
a poem in which reference was ruade fo his grave, she threw
herself out of the window and was ki[led.
82 Chang (3hih 1. A calligraphist of the Han dynasty,
sometimes styled ) the Perfec Grassist, from his skill in
writing the "grass" character. See Cha» Hs.
33 ChangCh'ih 1, (T. . n. ). A.D. 1133--
1181. A native of . Mien-chu in Ssch'uan, and son of a
distinguished general and statesmau, named Chang Chin, otherwise
known as Duke of I. After studying under Hu Hung, son of
Hu An-kuo, he entered upon an official career and became aide-
de-camp and secretary fo his father. In 1164 the latter died, and
Chang Ch'lb buried him according fo his wish af the foot of Mt
Ï Hëng in Huuan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for
seçeral years. While there he was visited in 1167 by Chu Hsi,
and if is said that they spent three days and three nights arguing
upon the Doctrie of rite Mea. The result was that Chang returned
to official life, and became a violent opponent of the Tartars and
of the policy of conciliation and concession which had been intro-
duced by Ch'in Kuei. He was alternately promoted and degraded until
he died as Governor of Ching-chou in Hupeh. He was the author
of divers treatises and commentaries upon portions of the Confucian
Canon, in which he gave expression fo doctrines which his friend, Chu
Hsi, felt himself called upon fo refute. Nevertheless, Chu Hsi held him
in high esteem and always spoke of him with admiration. He was can-
onised as __., and in 1261 was admitted into the Confucian Temple.
34 Chang Chih-ho 1 1. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Chin-
hua in Chehkiang, who was of a romantic tnrn of mind and
especially fond of Taoist speculations. He took office under the
Emperor Su Tsung of the T'aug dynasty, but got into some trouble
and was banished. Soon after this he shared in a general pardon;
whereupon he fled to the woods and mountains and became a
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary t5
waudering recluse, calling himself ] ,) :! the Ohl Fishermau
of the Mists and Waters. tic spent his rime in augling, but used
no huit, his object hOt being fo catch fish. When Lu Yfi asked
him why he roamed about, Chang answered and said, "With the
empyrean as my home, the bright moon my constant companion,
and the four seas my inseparable friends, -- what mean you by
'oaming?" And when a friend offered him a comfortable home
instead of his poor boat, he replied, "I prefer fo follow the gulls
into cloudlaud, rather than fo bury my ethereal self beneath the
Cuit o th ola." autho of th N -, wo,'k o th
conservation of vitality.
lha, ng lhih-tung ' (T. . H. , :[2 35
Nan-p'i District in Chihli. tic graduated as c]in s]dl in 1863,
taking the third place on the list. Appoiuted Literary Chancellor
for Sstich'uau in 1873, he distinguished himself by his zeal for the
encouragement of learning, for which he is still gratefully remel-
bered by the people, tic became Sub-Reader of the ttan-liu in
1880, and secretary in the Grand Secretariat in 1881. In 1882,
on the streugth of his valuable memorials relating fo the Shausi
famine, he was ruade Governor of Shausi. In 1884, he became
Viceroy of the Two Kuang, and in 1889 he was transfert'cal fo
the Viceroyalty of ttu-Kuang, ostensibly fo curry out his own
scheme of a railway to unite Wu-ch'ang and Hankow with Peking.
There he st.arted irou-works, cottou-spiuning factories, and scien-
tific coal-mining on a large seule. In 1894 he was transferred fo
the Viceroyalty of the Two Kiaug, from which he was re-
transferred fo his old post in 1895. A fine scholar, Chang Chih-
tuug bas earned considerable reputation by his brilliantly written
State papers, especially by the famous auti-Russian memorial
presented secretly fo the Throne in 1880. He bas of course ruade
6 A C]dnese Biogra)hical Dictionary
mauy enemies, and in 1893 he was violently impeached by the
chief Director of the Grand Court of Revision on many counts,
such as squandering public money on mines, causing disturbances
in the province of Huan by an atteml)t fo introduce the tele-
graph, and generally indulgiug in wild schemes which were never
more than half carried out. The only credit allowed fo him was
for founding a College and Library for the benefit of poor scholars
ad the encouragement of literature. By foreigners however he is
regarded, if not exactly as a friend, af any rate as an honest and
straightforward patriot.
(hang (hio . 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Chfi-lu in
Chihli, fo whom may be ascribed the ultimate fall of the Han dynasty. In A.D. 184, he and a banal of adherents estimated af
360,000, threw off their allegiance on one and the saine day. He
called himself the Yellow God (sc. Emperor), aud his fol-
lowers distinguished themselves by wearing yellow turbans. After
some temporary successes, he was defeated by Lu Chih, and shut
up in Kuang-tsung. Tung Cho was then sent a.gainst him,
but failed fo take the city. Af length if was captured by Huang-fu
Sung, and the body of Chang Chio, who had already died of sick-
ness, was decapitated. His brother Chang Liang was taken
prisoner and executed; and shortly afterwards his other brother,
Chang Pao, met the saine rate.
c ci-c,, & (w. oe). .D. 0,e-
1159. A native of Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, who in 1132 came
out first of a number of cin s]d]t, examiued according fo instruc-
tions from the Emperor on various topics, and received a post.
His sympathies with the people caused him fo be unpopular with
his superiors, and he was compelled fo resign. He was then
recommended by Chao Ting, and was appointed fo the Court of
Sacrificial Worship; but ere long he incurred the odium of Ch'in
A Chine.qe Biogr«phical Dictiona»'t] 17
Kuei, whose peace policy with the Tartars he strenuously opposed.
tte had been ou terres of intimacy with a Buddhist priest, named
: Tsung Kuo; and he was accused of forming an illegal
association and slandering the Court. "This man," said the Em-
peror, "fears nothing and nobody," and sent him into banishment;
from which he returned, upou Ch'in Kuei's death, fo be Mastrate
af Wênchow. Cannised as .,.
Chang Chiu-ling - ) (T. -- ). A.D. 673- 740.
A native of }]î: Ch'ii-chiaug in Kuangtung -- from which he
is sometimes called }]î: -- who flourished as a statesmau
and poet under the Emperor Ming ttuang of the T'aug dynasty.
Graduating high on the list of chb shih, his profouud learuing
gained for him the sobriquet of .î , sud he soon
attracted the notice of Chang Yfieh who introduced him into public
life. In conjunction with ]an ]siu, he ventured fo remonstrate
against the liceutiousness and misru[e which prevailed. In A.D.
736, on the occasion of an Imperial birthday, when others pre-
sented rare and costly gifts, includiug mirrors obtained af great
expense from distant lands, he offered only a collection of wise
precepts, tte sought in vain fo awaken the Emperor fo the
treasonable desgns of An Lu-shan. He himself was attacked by
Li Lin-lu (q. v.) over the appointment of Niu ttsien-k'o, and
was banished fo Ching-chou. Later on, Ming Huang round out
what a valuable counsellor he had lost, and ennobled him as Earl,
hot long aïter which he died. If is also said that when new
Ministers were afterwards recommended, his Majesty invariably asked
ff they were anything like Chaug Chiu-liug. tte was very reserved
in mauner and punctiliously formal in all matters of ceremony.
His poems are among the mot blliant eveu of the brilliant age
in which he lived. In his youth he used fo communicate with his
relatives by means of carrier-pigeons, which he trained in large
"18 A Chinese Biograpical Dictionary
numbers, and which he called his "flying slaves." When his mother
died, he planted a purple-flowered "shrub of longevity" by ber
grave, whereupon white birds came and nested in the trees around,
-- both these being mourning colours! Was canonised as .
39 Çhng Çho . A scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who
graduated about A.D. 860. He trained himself fo lire without food,
and could cut out paper butterflies which would flutter about and
return fo his hand. The butterfly trick is also attributed fo one
Chang Çhiu-ko, who lived in :the l lth cent. A.D.
40 Çhg O (T. N)" A.D. 1287--1368. A native
o Chiu-ning in Y(innan, who brought himself into notice
by his poetry, and was subsequently employed upon the histories
of the Liao, Chin a, and Suug dynasties, risiug fo be a Doctor in
the Hau-lin College and holding other Mgh offices. Author of a
collection of vees known as the . His phrase oE
"cataclysm of the red sheep," which no oue bas ever been able
fo explain, is still used in the sense of "great calamity."
41 Chang Chfi-chêng (T. ). Died bD. 1582.
A native of Chiang-liug in Hupeh, who graduated as cMn
shi£ in 1547. He entered the Han-lin College, and won the trust
and admiration of Hs Chieh and Ms rival Yen Sung. He rose
rapidly, until in 1567 he became a Grand Secretary under the
Emperor Mu Tsuug, whose Tutor he had been. Five years later
the removal of Kao Kung, with whom he had fallen out, left bim
af the head of the government. He allied himself with the eunuch
Fêng Pao; but he ruled well, impressing on the boy Emperor
Shên Tsuug a spirit of economy, love for his people, and fait
treatment of his Ministers.. He earned great opprobrium by checking
the licence of Censor criticism, and he harried his opponents re-
morselessly. But his policy of exalting the Emperor and centralising
the government proved most successful,, peace and order being
A Chbese Biog)'etphical Dictio»a»'y 19
maintained throughout the empire. He is accused of levying bribes
from the provincial oflàcers, and of screening eunuch scamps. But
he gradually crushed the faction of Fëng Pao, and his own nominees
were really able men. I 1577 he lost his father; but fo the disgust
of his rivals, the Emperor insisted on his retaiuing his post, and
even ruade him act as go-between on the occasion of his Majesty's
second marriage in 1578. In the following year Chang presented
a Memorial on the necessity of balancing revenue and expenditure,
and in 1580 he remeasured the arable land, and so increased the
land-tax receipts. He was loaded with honours by the Emperor,
who nevertheless in 1584 took away all hîs titles, confiscated his
property, and published fo the empire that he was arrogant and
too fond of engrossing power.
(3hang (3hfm -,,,, (T. )). A.D. 301-346. Son of 42
Chang Shih, and successor fo Chang Mao. He decHned fo call
himself Prince of Liang a, and nominally adhered fo the Chin
dynasty. He was an energetic and successful ruler, and greatly
extended the domain of Liang. Canonised as a..
Chang Chiin=fang : ;). 7th cent. A.D. A native of
Nau-yang in Honau, who flourished as a poet under the reigns of
the Emperors T'ai Tsung and Kao Tsung of the T'ang dyuasty.
Chang Chiin-fang . 10th and llth cent. A.D.
native of' Ç Ait-lu in Hupeh, who served under the Emperor
Chën Tsung of the Suug dyuasty. He was uoted as a winebibber
and a bibliophile.
Chang Chung ) (T. .. ). 14th cent. A.D.- A 45
native of Lin-ch'uan in Kiangsi, who was foret of study in his
youth, yet failed fo take his degree. He then left his books
and began roaming over the mountains, where he fell in'. with
a magician who taught him the black art; after which he
became eccentric in manner and took fo wearing an iron
20 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
cap, thereby earning the sobriqut of =- the Iron-Cap
Philosopher.
46 Chang Chung-chien . . 7th cent. A.D. A mysterious
personage, who attached himself for some rime fo the fortunes
of Li Ching, and was recogaised by Hung Fu, his beautifu]
concubine, as her brother. I-le seems fo bave remained with Li
Ching until the establishment of the T'ang dynasty, and then to
have disappeared as mysteriously as he came. In 636
ported by the wild tribes of the south that an ocean-going vessel
expedition had killed the king and set himself on the throne. This
man was recoguised by Li Ching as being none other than Chang
Chung-chien. From his large curly beard he was know, as [
47 Ohang Oh'ung-hua . . (T. ). Died A.D. 854.
Son and successor of Chang Chiiu, who had acknowledged himself
the vassal of Shih Hu. He was kept busy during his ten years'
reign in repelling Shih Hu's incursions. Canonised as .
1611--1677. h native of Chi-yang in Shantung, who dis-
tinguished himself by his writings on the Cawn of .Rites and of
Cha,ges, and also ou the Sprig ad Autumm hfter the fall of the
Ming dynasty, he lived in re/iremen[; and his writings ouly came
into notice when the Emperor Ch'ien Lung ordered a search fo be
ruade for all works of merit.
49 Chang Fan . (T. ). A man of the 4th cent. A.D.
whose son and nephew were captured by brigands. On his appeal-
ing for mercy, the brigands restored his son; but he said that his
uephew was of tender years, and that they had better take the
son iustead. Thereupou the robbers restored both the captives.
1007--1091. A native of Nanking, who whea a boy had such a
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'y t
retentive memory that he could remember anything he had once
rend over. Being too poor to buy books, he borrowed the --
T]ree Histories from a friend; and within a hundred days, he had
thoroughly mastered the contents of this voluminous work. Entering
the public service, he rose by 1064 fo be President of the Board
of Rites. He strenuously opposed the advancement of Wang An-shih;
and when the latter came into power, he openly denounced
his "innovations," and then retired into private life. A prolific
writer, he was never known fo make a rough draft. Canonised
(hang 'ei (T. o1" î ,,). Died A.D. 220. A
native of Cho-chin in modern Chihli, who followed the
trade of a butcher until A.D. 184, when he emerged from his
obscurity fo follow the fortunes of his friend and fellow-townsman,
the famous Liu Pei (see also Kuan Yï). Of an impetuous nature
and of undaunted courage, he performed many heroic exploits; and
on one occasion, when Liu Pei had suffered a severe defeat af
" ; Tang-yang, he took his stand upon a bridge and defied
the whole of Ts'ao Ts'ao's army. As soon as Liu Pei became the
ruler of Shu, and the new government was instal.led af Ch'êng-tu,
he was raised to high rank in reward for his services. He was
assassinated by two of his officers while engaged in a campaign
aguinst Sun Ch'flan, and was posthumously enaobled as Marquis.
Chg u $$. (T. : . .D. 17-- 144. .,-
in the service of the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, by whom,
after conquering the west of China, he was employed in the sub-
jugation of Tongking and Annam. In A.D. 1407 be defeated the
Annamite troops in a great batfle, -- the first occasion on which
the use of firearms for warfare is mentioned in Chinese history.
In 1411 he further inflicted a crushing defeat on the forces of the
Tongkingese. For these brilliant achievements he was ennobled,
22 A Chbese Biograph ical Dictiolary
ultimately as Duke. In 1427 he was honoured with the title of
Grand Preceitor, and in 1438 he received a salary for preparing
the biography of the Emperor l:[siian Tsung. In 1449 he accom-
panied the Emperor Ying Tsuug on his ill-fated campaign against
the Wara or Oirad, and perished in the battle in which his toaster
was capture& He was canouised as a., ], afid received the title
of Prince.
53 Chang Han _ . 3rd cent. B.C. A famous general under
the Ch'in dynasty. In B.C. 208 he defeated Hsiang Liang in a
terrible e,mounter af A Ting-t'ao, in which the latter was
slain. While laying siege fo Chii-lu, the city was relieved by
Hsiang Chi, who iuflicted such serious reverses upon his army as
fo call forth the displeasure of the "Second Emperor," af that
rime comloletely under the influence of the eunuch Chao Kao.
began fo fear for his lire, and shortly aIterwards deserted with his
whole army fo Hsiang Chi, who ruade him Prince of Yung.
The successes of Lin Pang reduced him once more fo despair, and
this rime he put an end fo his troubles by suicide.
cnn Ha (T. ).
the Chin dynasty, who took office with Prince [/J Ching of Ch'i,
but resigned because he could hot do without the salad and fish
of ; Y. Sung-chiang in Kiangsu. As tbe Ch'i State soon after-
wards came fo grief, loeople attributed his secession to foresight.
He was a wild harum-scarum fellow in his youth, and was nick-
named ] >E. Ite professed fo despise all worldly honours,
and said that he would rather bave one cup of wine during lire
than any amouut of faine after it. He was however a model of
filial piety, and round rime fo write essays and l)oems which were
highly esteemed in his day.
55 Chang Hêng t (T. :-). A.D. 78--139. An emi-
nent astronomer and mathematician of the Han dynasty, said by
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 23
some fo have been the son of Chang Tao-liug. He graduated as
chï jen about A.D. 100, but decliued fo take otice, and gave him-
self u i fo scientific studies. The Emperor An Ti, hearing of his
fame summoned him fo Court and appointed him Grand Historio-
grapher. The Emperor Shun Ti continued him in this post, and
subsequently advanced him fo still higher rank. He constructed an
armillary sphere, and wrote a treatise on astronomy, entitled -,
besides poetry and miscellaneous t'eatises.
Çhang I:Iêng-ch'ii - . A teacher of old, who when 56
expounding the Caon of Changes, always had a tiger's skin spread
for himself fo sit upon.
(hang ttsien - '[h. A divine being, worshipped under the 57
Sung dyuasty by women desirous of offspring. Sec Haa-jd Fu-jen.
(hang ttsien-chung J a.,-. 17th cent. A.D. A noted 58
rebel af the close of the Miug dynasty, and rival fo Li Tzti-
ch'êng. In 1628 he headed a hand of freebooters in t, he Yen-au
Prefecture in Shensi, and for the following ten years had a che-
quered career in Hu-Kuang and Anhui, sometimes af the head of a
large army and living like a ruling sovereign, sometimes a hunted
fugitive with a price upon his head. When Li Tzti-ch'êng started
for Peking in 1643, Chang invaded Sstich'uau and speedily ruade
himself toaster of the province. For the next rive years he reigned
as Emperor of the West, until af length the Manchus attacked
him and he was killed in battle. He is chiefly known as one of
the most murderous rutians who bave disgraced the annals of China.
oeung Hsii - (T. 'J ). Sth cent. A.D. A native 59
of Soochow in Kiangsu, who flourished as a poet under the T'ang
dyuasty. He was one of the Eight Immortals of the Winecup (sec
Li Po), and is celebrated in the poems of Tu Fu and Kao Shih.
He was distinguished as a calligraphist, and could turn out beautiful
specimens of the "grass" cha'acter even when far gone in liquor,
24 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
thus earning for himself tbe title of _ : the Divine Grassist.
Under the excitement of art (and wine), he became oblivious of
the decorum due to his surroundins, and would often fling off
his cap in the presence of princes and nobles. ]:Ience he came fo
be known as Chang the Madman.
Divine Teacher of old, who obtained the elixir of lire and round
that dragons and tigers af once yielded fo his sway. He was a
descendant of Chang Tao-ling.
« cu -iu â (T. ). Di .D.
263. Son of Chang Ch'ung-hua. He slew his usurping uncle Chang
Tsu and his sons, and was confirmed in 361 as Duke. tic was
poisoned by his uucle Chang T'ien-hsi, the last of a series of
favourites, fo each of whom he had given unlimited power.
62 Chang Hsiiau-tsu . A wit of the Han dynasty.
When only eight years ohl, one t Wang tt,ien-ta
laughed af him for having lost several teeth, and said, "What are
those dog-holes in your mouth for?" "They are there," replied
Chang, "fo let puppies like you run in and out."
63 Chang Hsiin "{:{. A.D. 709-757. A native of Nan-yang
in ttonan, who as a youth was very fond of military studies.
graduated as chin shi£ about 735, and entered upon a public career.
Employed in military operations against the Turkic tribes he
departed from all time-honoured tactics, çomplaining that if was
impossible fo fight these barbarians açcording fo fixed rules; they
would persist in attacking him when unprepared! ttis discipline,
ho wever, was so perfect that o,e of his officers, n;me«
Wan Ch'un, is said fo bave received six arrows in his face without
budging from the post which had been assigned fo him. In 756
the rebellion of Au Lu-shan brought him fo the front. He fought
many battles and performed prodigies of valour, hot without receiv-
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 25
ing many wounds. The climax was reached by his heroic defence
of . Sui-yang against An Lu-shan's son. ttemmed in on all
sides, provisions tan short; but he would hot yield, tte even sacri-
ficed his favourite concubine, without avail. Af length the enemy
broke in upon his enfeebled garrison; and as he scorned fo own
allegiance fo the conqueror, he was af once put fo death. During
the siege his patriotic rage had caused him fo grind his teeth with
such fury that after his death all but three or four were round
fo be worn down fo the very gums!
official of high repute under the Emperors Ch'in Tsung and Kao
Tsung of the Suug dynasty. Graduating as chin sMh, he rose fo
hold rations important civil and military posts, and was successful
on several occasions in checking the incursions of the Chin a Tar-
rats, notably in 1118 and 1126. tte was all for war and extermin-
ation, and would hear of no compromise with these enemies of
his country. In reference fo his mission of defence fo Shensi and
Sstich'uan, Chao Ting said of him that he had "repaired the heavens
and cleansed the sun." In 1137 he fell a victim fo the intrigues
of Ch'in Kuei, whose policy he steadily opposed, and was sent fo
]- Yung-chou in ttunan, where he remained until the death of
his rival in 1155. He was then recalled, and once more played a
leading but ineffectual part. He was ennobled as Duke, andoafter-
wards raised fo the tank of Prince. He was deeply read, especially
in the Canon of C]anges, on which he wrote a commentary.
Canonised as a.,,
(hang Illa (T.)- :). A.D. 232--300. A native 65
of Fang-ch'êng in Chihli, who flourished as a scholar and
statesman under the Chin dynasty. Left a poor orphan, he had fo
support himself by tending sheep; but his abilities soon attracted
attention, and a well-to-do neighbour gave him his daughter fo
6 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
wife and enabled him fo complete his education. His poems were
much admired by Yïan Chi and Ch'ên Liu, and he was
brought fo the notice of Ssti-ma Chao (q. v.); from which date his
fise in the public service was rapid, until af length he became
Minister of State and was enuobled. As Director of the Court of
Sacficial Worship he suffered disgrace because one of the beams
in the Imperial Temple happened fo break, for which he was
cashiered; however on the accession of the Emperor Hui Ti in
290 he was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. l-le
was put fo death by the Prince of Chao, when the latter took up
arms against the tyranny of the Empress Chia, whos cause
Chang Hua refused fo abandon. He was profoundly learned, and
when he changed houses if tool thirty carts fo carry his library.
Author of the |, tJ ,,, a collection of articles on various topics
of interest. If appears fo have perished duriug the Stmg dynasty,
and the modern work which passes under that name was probably
compiled from exh'acts round in other books. See Lin Han.
66 Chang luang-yen , . Died A.D. 1663. The last
adherent of the Mings on the Chehkiang coast. A cli2 je, of the
] Yin District, he embraced the cause of the Prince of Lu and
rose fo be his President of the Board of War. Af the head of a
naval force he ruade an incursion up the Yang-tsze, and later on
he as, sisted Koxinga in his raid on Chinkiang, Wuhu, etc. After
Koxinga's death, he maintained his independence on the small and
barren island of d, Hsfiau-ao, using trained apes fo warn
him of the approach of the enemy, and harassing the neighbouring
coast of Chehkiang. Af length he was betrayed by a lieutenant
iuto the hands of Chao T'ing-ch'ën, who kept him in honourable
confinement until his death.
native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1799, and was employed in a
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionctry 27
Board. Well known for his valuable commentary upon the Canon
of Clmnges, in which he advocated the views of the Han scholars.
(hang tIung-fan (T. tç ). Died A.D. 1279. A 68
general under the Yfian dynasty, chiefly famous for his defeat of
the last remaining forces of the expiring Sung dynasty ai their
final refuge in Kuangtung, where he is said fo bave captured 8,000
of the enemy's vessels (see Lu Hsiu-f«, Chng Sldh-c£ie£). He was
canonised as , afterwards changed fo
Chang Hung-hung oE . 9th cent. A.D. Concubine fo 69
Wei Ch'ing, and a famous musical geuius. She was taken
into the harem of the Enlperor Ching Tsung of the T'ang dynasty,
and received the sobriquet of .
Chang I . Died B.C. 310. A native of the Wei State, 70
notofious as a clever political adventurer. In his youth, he and
Su Ch'in were servants in a school, and picked np an education
by copying the pupils' exercises on their palms and legs, and
transcribing them af night when they got home. Subsequently, they
both weni fo study under Kuei-ku Tzfi, and then became itinerant
politidans who laid themselves out for official employment with
one or other of the Feudal States. Su Ch'in embraced the federal
cause, and induced the Six States Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen, Chao, Wei, and
Han, fo band together fo resist the growing power of the Ch'ins;
while Chang I, after a short terre of employment in the Ch'u
State, entered the service of the ruler of the Ch'in State, and
devoted all his energies to bfinging the allies under the power of
his toaster. In B.C. 328 he was invested with the title of Foreign
Ministe5 and led a successful campaign against his own native
State, by which Ch'in acquired a large slice of Wei. A few years
later he was sent fo Wei fo be Minister, but the plan failed, and
in 323 he returned fo Ch'in, which State he continued fo aid in
ifs acquisition of territory. Ai length, he persuaded all the Six
28 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
States te acknowledge the supremacy of Ch'in, for which he was
ennobled as Prince. He lived te wituess the downfall and assassin-
arien of his former comrade, Su Ch'in. He died however as Prime
Minister of his native State of Wei, whither he returned in 310,
after the accession te the throne of the Ch'in State of Wu Wang,
who had never entertained friendly feelings for him. If is recorded
that in his early lire, after a banquet af the bouse of a Minister
of Ch'u, af which he had been present, he was wrongly accused
of stealing some valuable gem, and was very severely beaten. On
his return home, he said te his wife, "Look and see if they have
left me my tongue." And whea his wife declared that if was sale
and sound, he cried out, "If I still haro my fougue, that is all I
watt. '
7 Chng I (T. OE ). Author of the OE, a cyclopoedia
of miscellaneous information. He held the rank of Doctor in the
Imperial Academy under the Emperor Ming Ti of the Wei dynasty,
about b.D. 230.
; Can »ei (T. 5). Da .D. 0.
brother of Chang h'ang-tsung (¢. v.). When the latter had gained
the faveur of the Empress Wu Heu, he told her Majesty that he
had an elder brother who was much cleverer thau himself and
knew a great deal about the elixir of lire. hccordingly Chang I-chih w
sent for, and by his beauty and address ai once won the heart of
the Empress, who conferred upon him various high posts and finally
ennobled him as Duke.
73 Chang $ang . Died A.D. 190. A native of Ying-chou
in Anhui, who filled the post of chief eunuch under the Emperor
Ling Ti of the Han dynasty, and who was the instigator of the
objectionable fax levied .for the purpose of restoring the Imperi
palaces. Upon the death of his toaster, he and a number of other
eunuchs, fearing the vengeance of Yfian Sbao, took te flight, carrying
A Chinese Biographical Dictionet»'y 29
with them the person of the boy Emperor. Being hotly pursued,
Chang Jang committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
Chang Jen-hsi t (T. t ) ). A noted poetical critic, 74
who flourished in the 17th cent. A.D. Author of the ,
a collection" of essays; and also of a treatise on inks, dated 1671.
Chang Zung & û ('r. , ). .D. aa.-a..« ti of »
Kiangsu, who entered upon ooEcial lire as secretary fo the Prince
of Hsin-an. When the Emperor Hsiao Wu was building a shrine
fo the memory of his favourite concubine, the Prince's mother,
Chang would only subscribe a hnndred cash. This caused the Emperor
fo say sarcastically that he must be provided with some well-paid
post, and fo send him fo Fêug-ch'i in Annan. Chang
declared af starting that he had no fear as fo returning; his only
fear was that he might be sent back again. On the road, he fell
into the bands of bandits; but when they were about fo cut his
head off, they found him quietly inditing a poem, af which they
were so astonished that they let him go. He managed fo reach
Hué after a long passage, during which he composed a famous
poem, called Song of the Sea, admitted by Î, )U Hsti
K'ai-chih fo be superior fo his own work under the saine title.
On his return, he was raised fo high office, and was subsequently
a great favourite with the Emperor Kao Ti of the Southern Ch'i
dynasty who said that he could hot do without one such man,
nor with two. In spire of his exalted tank he dressed so poorly
that on oue occasion his Majesty sent him an old suit of clothes,
with a message that a tailor had beeu instructed fo take his
ching also gave him a fan ruade of white egret feathers, saying
that strange things should be given fo strange people.
Chang K'ai : (T. ). A.D. 81-. 150. A scholar, whose 76
lectures on the Classics attracted so much notice that the streets
30 A Chinese Biographical Diclionary
leading fo his house were eompletely bloeked by the horses and
earriages of rieh people floeking fo hear him. He aeeordingly
sought refuge ou the J ; Huug-nung mountain, whither he was
followed by so mauy disciples that the place assumed the features
of a market-town. In 142 he was summoned fo Court, but deelined
fo go, as he was then engaged in studyit)g magie, af whieh he
so far sueeeeded that he eould raise a fog a couple of toiles in
diameter. He got iuto trouble over this, and was thrown into
prison, where he remained two years, oeeupying himself in writing
a eommeutary on the Canon of History. His innoeenee was then
established, and he was released.
77 Chang K'an OE (T. "i)î)- 1st cent. A.D. A native of
Nau-yaug in Honan, who ou being left au orphan resigned all
his fortune fo a cousin and betook himself fo study af Ch'ang-an.
He soou became kuown as a "Divine Boy," and attracted the
attention of Liu Hsiu, afterwards first Emperor of the Eastern
Han Dynasty. When the latter came fo the throe he gave Chang an
appointment as secretary in a Board. If was Chang who urged Wu
Han fo proceed against the White Emperor (see Kung-sun Shu)
when he was ou the point of turning back; and if was he who
ruade a careftl iuveutory of all the valuable loot round af Ch'êng-tu,
out of which he kept back absolutely nothing for himself. Promoted
later on fo be Goernor of Yii-yang, his administration was so
benign that every blade of corn is said fo bave borne two ears.
He entirely succeeded in keeping the Hsiu»g-nu in check, and
died af his post, full of honours.
78 Chang Kang - (T. ). A virtuous Ceusor, who floushed
during the reigu of the Emperor Shun Ti, A.D. 126--148. Being
ordered fo proceed on a commission fo examine into the morals of
tbe empire, he buried his carriage-wheels af the gares of the capital,
saying, "While wolves are in off]ce, why seek out foxes?" Thereupon
A C]tinese Biographical Dictioary
he boldly set fo work fo impeach the corrupt oficials who occupied
high places. He also distinguished himself by securing the surrender
of the insurgent Chaug Ying, together with over ten thousand
of his adherents visiting the rebel camp unarmed and unattended,
and winning over the leader by the simple force of his arguments.
But the notorious Liang Chi was his enemy, and preveuted him
from being ennobled for his services. He died unrewarded af the
early age of 36; upon which his son received au official appointmeut
and a present of a million cash.
Chang Kang-sun (T. ). A naturalistic poet of 79
the 17th cent. A.D. His poems were published under the title of
His personal naine was chauged from Kang-sun fo Tan.
Chang K'o-chiu OE (T. Il' )-13th cent. A.D. A native 80
of Ch'ing-yfiau in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself as
a scholar and poet.under the Yfian dynasty.
Chang Kuei (T. ). A.D. 254-314. A native of 81
An-ring in Shensi, and a descendant from a Prince of the
Han dynasty. He attracted the attentiou of Chang Hua, and in
301 was appointed Governor of Lianga-chou in Kansuh, where he
put down disturbances and instituted schools. For suppressiog a
rising of the Hsien-pi Tartars he was ruade a General, and
euuobled. In 307 he saved Lo-yaug from the rebels, and throughout
his life proved a loyal servant of the Western Chin dynasty, the
last Emperor of which gave him the title of Minister of State and
ennobled him as Duke. He is considered as the founder of the
rebel State of the Former Liang a. Cauonised as .
Chag Kung-i . 7th cent. A.D. A native of 82
Shou-chang, in whose family nine generations were said fo be
living in harmony. On being asked by the Emperor Kao Tsung
of the T'ang dynasty fo explain the secret of this harmony, he
32 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
called for pen and paper and wrote down the one word "Forbearance,"
repeated again and again.
83 (hang Kuo . 7th and 8th cent. A.D. One of the Eight
Immortals of the Taoists. Hearing of his fume while he was living
as a recluse among the mountains, the Empress Wu ]=[ou seut fo
invite him fo Court; but when her messenger arrived he was already
dead. Ere long he was once more seen alive, and in 723 the
Emperor Ming Huang dispatched another messenger to fetch him.
This second messenger, instead of accomplishing his mission, fell
into a swoon, from which he recovered only after a long interval.
A third messeuger, beariug an autograph letter from the Emperor,
fared better, and returned with Chang Kuo fo the capital, l=[e
entertained the Emperor with a variety of magical tricks, such as
rendering himself invisible, and driuking off a cup of aconite.
refused the hand of an Imperial princess, and a]so declined fo bave
his portrait placed in the Hall of Worthies. He was allowed
fo return fo his seclusion, with an honorary appointment in
Imperial Banqueting Court and with the title of : : ).,
in allusion fo his supernatural powers.
8 Chang Lei - ; (T. 1 ). A.D. 1046-- 1106. A native of
Hua!-yin in Kiangsu, whose early poems attracted the attention of
Su Shih. He graduated as chi,, sMh belote he was tweuty, and by
1086 had gaiued a high post in the Historiographer's Office. But
he twice got into trouble by mixing himself in the cabals of the
day; on the first occasion he was banished fo a distant post, and
on the second he was cashiered. In 1101 he was again banished
for openly mourning on the death of his old patron and toaster,
Su Shih. He was bracketed with the latter as o,,e of the Four
Great Scholars of the empire, the other two being Ch'no Pu-chih
and Ch'in Kuau. A uthor of the ): ï.
8 Chang Li-hsiang ) ï (T. oe £ and 7 ç ). A.D.
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dlctio»ary 3
1611--1634. A native of îJ Yang-yfian in Chehkiang, from
when he w as only eight years old, and the family was left in
poverty; but through his mother's assiduous care he was enabled
fo study, and soon became a man of profound learning. His life
was spent in education and authorship. He took no pari in the
political struggles of his day, though his sympathies were entirely
with the Mings. His bouse was burnt dowu by the rebels, and
with if was destroyed the coffin containing the body of his
grandfather, -- an act which nearly caused him fo commit suicide.
His chiet works were the . ïî .:, in which virtue is illustrated
by examples from history, the -, a work on agriculture,
commentaries upon the Classics, and many philosophical treatises.
He was admitted fo the Confucian Temple in 1871.
cent. A.D. The favourite concubine of Ch'ên Shu-pao (ç. v.), last
the Goddess of the Moon (see Ch'ang 0). She was renowned for
her beauty, and in particular for ber long glossy hair, which shone
like a mirror and was said fo be seven feet in length.
Chang Li-pin (otherwise called 2 O-yiian). 87
14th cent. A.D. A famous beauty in the harem of Shun Ti, the last
Emperor of the Yiian dynasty, celebrated for ber skill in embroidery.
Chang Liang : (T. - ). Died B.C. 187. A native of 8S
the Han a State, in which his immediate ancestors had been Ministers
for rive generations. Fie was so chagrined at the destruction of his
fatherland by the Ch'ins that he determined upon revenge, and
spent the whole of his patrimony in collecting a hand of bravoes,
with whom he tried fo slay the First Emperor by lying in ambush
for him in modern Honau. The plot failed, and Chang Liang changed
his naine, and went into hiding in Kiangsu. There he one day
34 A Çhinese Biographical Dictionarg
fell in with an old man who hd dropped his shoe over the bridge.
The old man begged him fo go clown nd fetch if, which he
immediately did; and kleeling down, placed if upon the owner's
foot. "Ah!" exclaimed the latter, "you are worth teaching." Where-
upon he produced a book, and gave if fo Chang, sying, "Read
this, and you will become the teacher of princes." The book turned
out fo be the - ç,- whatever that may ha ve been.
Subsequently, when Liù Pang attacked Hsia-p'ei, he took Chang
Liang itltO his service; and when Hsiang Liang restored the lingdom
of Han under Prince Ch'êng, Chang was prepared fo devote himself
fo the service of his native land; but the murder of Prince Ch'êng
by Hsiang Chi caused him fo return fo Liu Pang, uhose trusty
counsellor he became, and by whom he was ennobled as Marquais.
In B.C. 200, after his accession to the throne, Liu Pang, who
gave fo Chang Liang, Ch'ên P'iug, and Hau Hsin (some substitute
Hsiao Ho) the naine of the Three Heroes, openly declared
that his success had been chiefly due fo the far-reaching counsels
of the first. Among these counsels must be mentioned the treacherous
violation of the treaty of Kuang-wu, by which Liu Pang compassed
the defeat and death of his great rival Hsiang Chi, and which has
been censured by Chinese historians as quite unworthy of the
otherwise upright character of Chang Liang. From this date he
took no further interest in public affairs. "With my three inches
of ton,ue, he said, bave risen fo be the teacber of princes,
and bave been ennobled. 'Tis all that a man of _he people could
expect. I would now renounce the world, and follow in the steps
of Ch'ih Sung Tzï." He theu began fo leave off food, according
to a system which promised the gradual lightening of the body
and the ultimate attainment of immortality. In this, however, he
failed; because, if was said, he once yielded fo the solicitations of
the Empress, and are a little rice. Canonised as ).
A Edese Biographical Dictioary 35
çhng Ling-chi , - (T. ï .). A.D. 1808--1871. 89
Recommended by Lin Tsê-hsii, he was sent fo Yung-
ch'ang as Prefect in 1846, and rose to be Governor of Yfinnan.
In 1852 he was transferred fo Hunan; and enteriug Ch'ang-sha
through tle lines of the besieging T'ai-p'ings, he successfully
defended the city. The rebels, however, were allowed to escape to
the westward. Transferred to Shantung, he was cashiered, but was
sent fo repair the Yellow River, which was brought back fo ifs
old course, flowing iuto the Gulf of Pechili. In 1862 he proceeded
as Viceroy fo Yiinnau, in order to put down the Mahomedan
risiug; but after some few years of anuoyauce and disappoiutment,
he retired from the public service in disgust. If was he who gave
fo Tso Tsung-t'aug his first post as secretary.
Chang lYlao /¢ (T. ï ). Died A.D. 324. Brother and 90
successor of Chang Shih. In 323 he snbmitted to the rebel State
of Chao, and was ruade Prince of Liauga; but he remained in
reality loyal fo the Imperial House.
Chang lYIing _ J. Died A.D. 9. A Minister of State under 91
the ttan dynasty. When the usurper" Wang Mang seized the throue,
Chang Ming said "One man cannot serve two masters," and forth-
with committed suicide.
Chang Pang-ch'ang (T. -- ). Died about A.D. 92
1130. A native of : Tung-kuang in Chihli, who graduated
as chin shih and rose fo be Prime Minister in 1126. He strenuously
advised peace with the China Tartars, and was dismissed and
degraded when a fresh irruption took place. In the winter of the
saine year the capital, the modern K'ai-fêng Fu, was takeu; and
the Chius placed Chang upon the throne with the dynastic title
of , the Emperor being sent into captivity. Chang was soou
compelled by popular feeling to retire in favour of the Prince of
) K'ang, brother fo the laie Emperor, who ruled as Kao Tsung,
36 A Chinese Biographical Dicto»arg
the widow of the Emperor Chê Tsung being Regent, and he him-
self Prime Minister. Later on he was ennobled as Prince, and was
sent fo be Governor of i Fêng-kuo in Ssfich'uan. But he
was soou put under detention al T'an-chou, now Ch'ang-sha
in Hunan, and was allowed fo commit suicide.
93 Chang l'ei î. 8th cent. A.D. An Imperialist officer, ramons
for his defence of Lin-ming against T'leu Yfieh in 781.
When his funds vere exhausted and his men sarving, he ruade
his daughter appear in full dress before his officers, offering fo
sell ber fo procure them a day's pay. Touched by his devotion,
they held out until Ma Sui came fo their relief, when they inflicted
a crushing defeat on the besiegers.
94 Chang P'ei-lun ) (T: ). Born about A.O. 1850.
A native of the Fêng-jun District in the province of
Chihli. Graduated as chin shih in 1871. In 1878 he became a
Reader in the Han-lin College, and submitted numerous memorials
on reforms in the administration. In 1882 he became Senior Vice
President of the Censorate. He was one of the chief promoters of
the K'ai-p'ing railway. In 1884 he boasted that he would soon
dispose of the French, who were then carrying on a state of
reprisais, if the chance were given fo him. Accordingly, he was sent
as Joint Military Commissioner fo superintend the coas defences
of Fuhkien; but his craven cowardice af the bombardment of the
Mamoi arsenal af Pagoda Island, when the Chinese fleet was destroyed
caused him fo be impeached by forty of the Fuhkien officiais, tte
was disgraced and banished fo the postroads; however in 1888 he
was appointed a sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and married
Li Hung-chang's only daughter. In 1894 he was ordered fo report
himself af his father-in-law's yamên, where he was employed as
head of the Ordnance Department until September of that year
when he was instructed fo return home and stay there.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 37
native of Sui-ning in Sstich'uan, who graduated as cldn
sIih in 1670. In 1680 he was Prefect of Soochow, being later on
transferred fo Yen-chou Fa in Shantung, the topography of
which he compiled. In 1688 he accompauied the mission sent fo
settle the boundary dispute with Russia. Next year he became Governor
of Chehkiaug, where he reformed the grain transport and the salt
administration, and also succeeded in placing au embargo on the
export of munitions of war. After serving in high office in Peking,
in 1698 he was ruade Viceroy of the Two Kiang, and in 1700
Dilector-Geueral of the Yellow River. Af the latter post he carried
out the plans of the Emperor K'aug Hsi in respect fo river conser-
vation fo his Majesty's great satisfaction, but in 1705 he was
sharply, rebuked for uot keeping his subordiuates in order. In 1722
he received the title of Seuior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, and
next year became a Grand Secretary. He compiled the _ ). ,
a record of K'ang Hsi's treatment of the Yellow River. Was canouised
as î, and in 1730 included in the Temple of Worthies.
Chang Pin (T. . ).- Die A.D. 322. A native of 96
Shautuug, deeply read in classics and history, who in A.D. 307
attached himself fo the fortunes of Shih Lo and became his chier
Minister and adviser. In spire of the extraordinary favour which
he enjoyed, he remained modest and industrious, and was a warm
patron of learning. He was ennobled as Marquis, and canonised
as .
c. o-oi & tri f3- ma.o t "a ynaty, o
like his brother Chang 'p Chung-chieh that if was impossible
fo tell them apart. When Chung-chieh was married, his bride, in
full bridal dress, happened fo meet the elder brother, and said fo
him, "How do you think 1 look?" "I am Po-chieh," he replied;
af which she tan hastily out of the room. Shortly afterwards
38 A Chbtese Biographic«tl Dictiotavy
meeting him again, the bride said, "I ruade such a mistake just
now; I took Po-chieh for you." "Bu I ara Po-chiehP' he cried,
which so covered his siser-in-law wih shame ¢ha she could never
bear o see him again.
98 Chang Po-hsing (T. ). A.D. 165 I-- 1725. A
native of I-fëng in Honan. Graduating in 1685 as cldn sldl,
he entered upon au official career, and soou gained distinction in
connection with work upon the Yellow River. By 1707 he had
risen be Governor of Fuhkien, where he built a college and
encouraged education. In 1709 he was transferred fo Kiangsu, and
there came iuto couflict with Koli, the Governor General,
who was a Mauchu. Each denounced the other, and Chang was
condemned by a Commission; but the Emperor set aside the
finding, and Chang triumphed. A few years later he was impeached
by the Treasurer, and again a Commission decided against him.
The Emperor however sent for him fo Peking, and ultimaly
appointed him Vice President of the Board of Revenue. Besides
the -- , a collection of essays on the principles of
hydraulics, he published the , a treatise for the young
on righ« conduc«, Che "; , çontaining notiçes of eminen«
Confucianisgs under the Sung dynasgy, gwo large collections of
exracgs from various philosophers, and ogher works. He also wrote
a famous memofial on Roman Cagholic missionaries, pointing oug
thag Chrisgiauiy wrongly teaches men go forsake gheir parents,
forbids ghe worship of ancesrs, and is opposed fo ghe esablished
cusgoms of China. He proposed thag ghose missionafies engaged in
asgronomical puuis should sgill be employed ag ¢he capital, bu
ghag all oghers should be ordered fo quig the empire ag once, and
gha¢ all chapels should be close& Ne received a public funeral, and
was canonised as '[.
Ohang 8êng-yu f . A famous painger of ghe 6gh ceng.
A Chinese Biographical Diclionat'y 39
A.D. He painted two dragons wiçhouç eyes on the walls of the
Ç Temple of P eace and Joy aç Nanking, warning people
that if the eyes were put in, the dragons would fly away. A
sceptic vençured fo painç in the eyes of one dragon, when suddenly
the wall crashed toj ruins and the dragon soared aloft in the sky.
Chang Shang-ying ï (T. : ). Died A.D. 1121.
Younger brother of Chaug T'ang-ying, by whom he was taught in
his youth. He rose fo high office under the Emperors Chê Tsung
and Hui Tsung, and was for a rime associated with Ts'ai Ching
in the administration. His career was a chequered one, and on
several occasions he was dismissed fo petty provincial posts. He
edited and wrote a preface fo the , a short and shallow
ethico-political treatise supposed fo bave been given fo Chang Liang
by the mysterious old man whose shoe fell over the bridge, and fo
have been discovered in Chang Liang's tomb af the beginning of
the 4th cent. A.D. If is, however, generally admitted that this
treatise was written by Chang Shang-ying himself. Canonised
Chang Shao ] (T. tJ ). A man of the Han «ynasty, 101
famous for his friendship with one ,-----î Fart Shih. On one
occasion, they arranged fo meet again on a certain day, after an
interval of two years; and Chang insisted on his mother cooking
a fowl in readiness for his friend, who arrived af the appointed
rime. When Chang died, he appeared in a dream fo Fan, who af
once set off fo be present af his obsequies. The funeral, however,
had already been planned fo take place belote his arrival; but
when the procession came fo start, if was found that the coffin
was immovable. And so if remained, until Fart rode up on a
white horse, dressed in mourning clothes.
Chang Shih r - (T. ). Died A.D. 320. Son and successor 102
in office and titles fo Chang Kuei. In 317 he tried fo save the
40 A Chinese Biog'phicl Dictioary
Emperor Mi Ti from Lin Yao; but he declined fo recognise the
Eastern Chin dynasty. While the test of the west was in a state
of anarchy, his people alone enjoyed peace and prosperity. He was
assassinated by some of his courtiers. Canonised as 2-.
103 ChaIlg Sllill-(ll'êIlg :: (T. ] ). Died A.D. 1367. A
salt-trader of T'ai-chou in Kiangsu, who with his brothers raised
the standard of revoit in 1353, and after capturing T'ai-chou
proclaimed himself Prince ) Ch'ëng of Chou. In the following
year he ruade an unsuccessful attack on Yang-chou, but in 1356
he got possession of Soochow and Hangchow. In 1357 fear of Chu
Yfian-chang (sec Hug Wu) drove him back fo his allegiance; but
he still remained practically independent, and in 1363, after the
captue of An-fëng in Allhu and death of .| " Liu
Fu-t'ung, he took the title of Prince of Wu, and l"efused fo
forward the tribute rice. Four years later, beiug attacked by Chu
Yiian-chang, he fled fo Nauking, where he committed suicide.
104 Chang Shih-chieh : -. Died A.D. 1279. A faithful
adherent of the Sung dynasty it' ifs final struggle withthe conquering
Mongols. He had held several posts of importance; and when the
great disruption came, he accompanied the young Emperor on his
flight southwards. He advised Yai-shan in Kuangtung as a last
refnge; and on the approach of Chang Hullg-fan's troops, he
constructed a kind of floating fort of some thousand vessels lashed
together. Chang ttung-fan, however, cut off their supplies, and
they were reduced fo such straits that they were obliged fo drink
sea-water, which caused violent vomiting and purging. After the
great battle which ensued, he ruade his escape with teu ships,
and under some other representative of the Sung dynasty would
bave still irolonged the struggle, but he was caught in a typhoon
and drowned. Sec Lu Hsiu-fu.
105 Chang Shih-chih , : (T. ). A native of 1Nan-yang,
A Chinese Biog»'al,hical Dictionat'y 4t
who rose fo high office under the Emperor Wên Ti of the l:Ian
dynasty, B.C. 179-186. If is said that once, in his own court,
he stooped down and tied up the stocking of an old man named
î Wang Shêng, with whom he was onfi'iendly erms. He
also remonstrated with the Emperor when the latter, attracted by
the ready wit of one of the pety ocials connected with the
Imperial menagerie, was abou fo appoint him Ranger of Forests.
Neiher did he fear fo impeach even the Heir Apparent, when he
la,ter had been guilty of some breach of etiquete.
Chag Shih-nan . A native of Ç P'o-yang in 106
Kiangsi. Flourished under the Sang dynasty, about A.D. 1230.
Author of the " , and other writings ou miscellaneous
subjects. Held office in Ssch'uau and Fuhkieu.
Chang Shih-tsai (T. . . ). b.D. 1696-- 10ï
1764. Son of Chang Po-hsing. Distinished for his conservation
of the Yellow River, of which he became Director-General in 1754.
A uthor of the ' ,a work onriver conervation, and
of a collection of essays e,,titled . Canonised
hang Shou-kuei . 7h and 8th cent. A.D. A military 10S
oemmander under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty.
When the Turkic tbes were attacking Bishbalik (the modern
Urumi) about A.D. 715, he distinguished himself so much by his
valuable repors and general energy tha he was appointed Governor
of Kua-chou. He had barely time o put the old fortifications
into a fi state for defence ere the enemy was upon him, and
ready o make au assault. Ai this juncture he iuvited a number
of his ocers to a banquet on he city wall; and the merrymaking
wHch ensued was so uproarious that the Turkic chieffain fel sure
ha the garrison was well prepared against an attack, and drew
off his forces. Thereupon Chang a once gave orders o pursue,
49, A Chinese Biog'«q,hicctl Dictiona»'y
and succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat upon the invaders.
After further useful services, he was employed against the Kitan
Tartars, and won several victories, capturing two of their leaders,
whose heads he forwarded fo the capital. In 785 he had an
audience of the Emperor, and was appointed generalissimo of the
empire. Once more in the field against the Kitans, he confinued
his career of success, until the defeat of one of his lieutenants,
j Wu Chih-i. This reverse he concealed; but the truth
soon leaked out, and he was dismissed as Governor of ; Kua-chou
in Chehkiang, where he died of a carbunele.
109 Chang Shu-yeh I - ; (T. tp). Died A.D. 1127. A
military commander under the Emperor Ch'in Tsung of the Sung
dynasty. Summoned fo aid in defending the capital agaiust the
China Tartars, he succeeded after a bloody fight, which lasted four
days, in defeating their forces and killing two of their generals;
but he was hot able to keep his advantage, and the city fell. He
urged instant flight, and would bave got away with the Emperor,
had hot the latter been bent upon trying his own divine influence
in the Tartar camp. The Enlperor was ruade prisoner, and carried
away northwards. Chang followed his master's fortunes; but grief
prevented him from takiug food, and he died on reaching [[
Po-kou in Chihli. Canonised as , .
110 (311allg-t'ai Lill _ . 8th cent. A.D. The name given fo
the wife (ge Lin) of Han ]:fung the poet, from the place of ber
birth, near Ch'ang-an in Shensi. Separated from him during the
troublous period of A.D. 756, she sought refuge in a nunnery.
She was subsequently takën as wife by a Tarar chieftain, but
through the intervention of the Emperor she was ultimately restored
to her husbaud.
111 Chang T'ang-ying )- : (T. fl )-. 11th cent. A.D. A
native of ) Hsin-chin in Ssïch'uan, who graduated as chin
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 43
shih, held office in the Han-lin College, and was afterwards a
Censor. ]:le was the first fo warn the Emperor Ying Tsuug against
overpartiality for his Imperial relatives. Elder brother of Chang
Shang-ying, and author of the following historical and biographical
works: ,
of the [ T'ien-mu hill in Chehkiang. A preeoeious ehild, he
is said fo have mastered the philosophy of Lao Tzti by the rime
he was sevet years old. Deelining fo take office, he retired fo the
mounains, and devoted himself fo the study of alehemy. On one
occasion he went fo Ssfieh'uan fo drive out troublesome demons.
He spent nmch of his rime af the J " Perfectly Pure Palace
on Mt. gg Lung-hu in Kiangsi; and af ]ength, having discovered
the elixir of lire, he solemnly swallowed a dose, and ascended as
an Immortal to the skies, tte was ennobled as Marquis by the
Emperor Chang Ti, and is said fo bave been the first Taoist
"Pope" (see K'ou CMen-c£ilO.
Chang Ti. See Liu Ta.
(hang Ti ' 0_. 11th cent. A.D. Father of the famous Chaug II3
Tsai, and an official under the reign of the Emperor Jen Tsung
of the Sung dynasty, A.D. 1023-1064. Admitted fo the Confucian
Temple in 1724.
Chang T'ien-hsi , (T. i î). Died A.D. 376. A 114
younger son of Chang Chfin. He poisoned his nephew Chang
]=Isfian-ching, and usurped his titles. Affer a life of riot and
debauchery, he surrendered in 376 fo Fu Chien and his allies af
the city of : Chin-ch'ang in Honan. With him ended the
dynasty of the Former Liang a.
Chang T'ing-y(i t (T. [ and ). A.D. 1670--
1756. The first Chinese who under the present dynasty was hououred
with a place in the Imperial Temple. Graduating in 1700, Iris
44 A Chinese Biogval,hical Diclionary
learning and ability soon brought him fo the front; and by 1726
he had risen fo bea Grand Secretary. He was one of the rst
Ministers of the Grand Council, instituted in 1729. He was tutor
fo the Imperil princes under the Emperors Yung Chêng and
Ch'ien Lung, and enjoyed extraordiary favour. In 1734 he was
ennobled as Viscount, and in 1738 us Earl; but he lost bis tfle
for hot presenting his thanks in person on his retiremeat. From
1706 fo 1737 ho was virtually Prime Miister of China, in addition
fo which be was entrusted with the preparation of the Hstvry of
£e Mis, a work which he and his colleagues laid before the
Emperor in 1742. His was destroyed by tire, but
116 Ohang Tsai (T. Ç). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of
" An-p'ing, famous for an inscription he wrote in A.D.
280 af ]] Chien-ko, on the top of the pass into modern
Sstch'uan, calling on the people of that province o mst more fo
virue hau fo their mountain walls. This inscription was brough
o the notice of the Emperor Wu Ti, who eaused if fo be engraved
on he face of he mountain a the pass. Chang received a government
appoinmen, and rose o be seereary in the establishment of he
Heir Apparent. But political disturbances eaused him o weary of
office, and he retired iao privae lire. He was also noed for his
ug]iness, which was so exaggerated hat whenever he wen ou of
doors he children used fo pel him with stones.
Son of Chang Ti, who died when he was quine young, and a
native of Ta-liang in Houan. As a boy he was devoted
miliary studies; but a he age of twenty he came under tho
notice of Fan Chung-yen, who urged him fo sudy he Doctrine
of tl, e lea». e then became a public teaeher, and used fo lecture,
sitting upon a tiger's skin. Confucianism failing fo saisfy his
A CIbese Biographieal Dictionarg 4
spiritua.l needs, he turned towards Buddhism and Taoism; however,
in 1056 his mind was so much influenced by the discourses of his
nephews, Ch'êng Hao and Ch'êug I, that he returned home fo
continue his more legitimate studies, and in the following year
graduated as cMn slih. After holding various appointments, he
retired in ill-healh, and lived quietly in the country, dividing his
rime between study and instruction. About 1068 he was recalled
fo the capital; but his tenure of otce was of short duration. He
retired in disgast that his advice was hot taken by Wang An-
shih, and died on his way home. His chief work was the . ,
containing his theories as fo the origin of the universe, and notes
on Buddhist and Taoist doctriaes. He also wrote the inscriptions
o,, moral settiment known as . and ï ., from the positions
they occupied in his study. He was ennobled as Earl, and canonised
as B); and in 1241 his tabler wa placed iu the Confucian
Temple.
(hang Tsao - t or (T. "). A famous artist of ll8
the T'ang dynasty, especially good af trees, rocks, and landscape.
He used the worn-out stump of a brush, or his finger, fo rub on
the ink; and he is said fo bave been able fo handle two of these
af the same rime, with one depicting the living, with the other
the dead branches and leaves. Author of the - - -: .
(hang Tsu _ (T. ). Died A.D. 355. Son of Chang 119
Chiin. He deposed and put fo death his nephew Chang
Yao-ling, the son and legal successor fo Chang Ch'ung-hua, and
usurped the Imperial title. His outrageous cruelty led fo his murder
by one of his kinsmen.
(hng Tsu , (T. -J). 7th cent. A.D. A native of 120
Chihli and a scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated in 679
when quite a youth. He rose to be a Censor; but his love of
criticising al] and suudry was constantly getting him into trouble.
46 A Chinese Biog»'aphcal Dictionary
In 713 he was denounced by a fellow Censor for slander, and banished
te Canton. He succeeded however in obtaining his recall, and latterly
was secretary in a Board. I-Ils fme as an author spread far and
wide, his writings being kuown and admired even by the Japanese.
His essays were said te be like "ten thousand cash chosen frein
ten thousand," -- all good. Hence he received the sobriquet of
Chang Tsung. See I$'a-yen Kug.
121 Chang Tsung-yii , ,,. Leader of the Nien fei, or mounted
banditti, who for seine years gave much trouble te the authorities
in Chihli and other provinces, and slew the famous Manchu
general Sêng-ko-lin-sin in À.D. 1864. He himself was slain by Liu
Ming-ch'uan.
122 Chang Ts'ung , (T. ). A.D. 1475--1539. A native
of Yung-chia in Chehkiang, who after failing seven rimes te obtain
the cha jeu degree, graduated as cMn s£ih in 1521. By supporting
the desire of the Emæeror Shih Tsuug te have his father canonised
as _ . *', while the general body of officials urged
that the Empel'or must recognise his predecessor alone as his
(adoæted) father, Chang obtained rapid promotion, along with
Kuei O. By backing his master's views on all points of music and
ceremony the Emperor's hobbies -- he gained such further
faveur that in1527 he became a Grand Secretary. He was new
able te wreak his vengeance on the Han-lin doctors who had ai
first ignored him. In 1529 he was denounced for arrogance and
dismissed, only te be immediately reinstated as Prime Minister.
He then came into conflict withHsia Yen, and after a stormy
terre of office he retired in ill-health in 1535. The Emperor never
wavered in his affection for Chang, who was able te effect seine
reforms, such as the abolition of eunuch Commandants. ]Je was
himself clean-handed, and put down bribery te a great extent;
A Chinese Biog»,ap]dcal Dictionat'g 4"7
but he was vindic¢ive, and persecuted his opponents. In 1531 he
was allowed fo change his personal naine, which resembled that of
the Emperor, fo (T.) ). Canonise as
(hang Tun __'1- (T.- ). A.D. 1031--1101. Oue of Che
chier Ministers who disgraced the reign of the Emperor Chë Tsung
of the Sung dynasty. A native of P'u-ch'ëng in Shansi, who
while Magistrate of ï - Shang-lo in Shensi became the companion
of Su Tung-p'o in his rambles. In 1068 Wang An-shih took him
up, and by 1082 he was a Lord-in-waiting and member of the
Privy Council. During the minority of Chë Tsung, he was dismissed
from the capital fo a Magistracy; but the Emperor ou taking the
reins of government ruade him a High Chamberlain. From 1094
fo 1100, he and Ts'ai Pien wielded supreme power, which they
used fo gratify their spire against Ssfi-ma Kuang and the other
good offlcers of the Regency. They failed, owing fo the remonstrances
of the ladies of the harem, fo bave the Empress Regent, the wife
of Shëu Tsung, posthumously degraded; but they succeeded, fo their
master's regret, in depriving the reigning Empress of ber position.
Their forward foreign policy led fo frontier wars and increased the
people's burdens; and their fondness for innovation disturbed the
administration. They kept their position, by banishing every one
who dared oppose them, uutil the death of Chë Tsung, when
Chang Tun was shelved as Duke for trying to hinder the accession
of the Emperor Hui Tsung. An acSident fo the late Emperor's bier,
of which he was in charge, caused him rg be degraded fo a petty
post at Let-chou in Kuangtung. Here, according fo the precedent
ruade by his own conduct in the case of Su Tung-p'o, who had
become his enemy, he was hOt allowed fo occupy any offlcial house;
and the people, remembering his spiteful persecution of those who
let a dwelling fo the poet, declined fo rent him a residence. He
died soon after at Mu-chou in Hupeh. His title of Duke was
48 24 Chinese Bog»'aphical Dctonarg
restored fo him, ad in 1113 he received the tank of Grand Preceptor.
See C]t' ao Tua-yem
Çhg Wei (T. ). A native of Honan, wo
graduated as cMn shih in A.D. 743. Rose o be Vice President'of
the Board of Rites, and gained distinction as a poet.
Kiaugsu, who had no education in his youth, but came into
notice by his de«ence of Ku-shih in onan agains the
Nieu fei, in which he was suppored by the rowdies of whom he
was he head. Afer serving in he army, he was appointed
Magistrale of Ku-shih, and having educaed himself, rose in due
course o be Treasurer of Honau. In he sixties he became
Commander-in-chief in Kuangung; and was sent o assis Tso
Tsung-'ang in he norh-west, much againsi his will; and in
October 1881 he was appoined ssistan Admiuisraor of he
New Dominion. In consequence of the hosiliies wih France in
1884, he was recalled with 11,000 men, and in he following July
was gazeed Governor of Kuangsi. He was, however, kep
repair the moas and waerways of Peking, and seu fo inspec
the Yellow River, of which he was ruade Director in Shantung in
1890. In June 1886 he was appointed Governor of Shantung.
Two years later he was ruade an Assistant Director of the Board
of Admiralty, and a Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He
was ennobled for his services in Kansuh. Honest and industrious,
he set his face against peculation, and was heavily in debt when
he died. His soldiers so loved him that without murmuring they
allowed their pay fo run into arrears fo the sure of no less than
Tls. 1,400,000; and his justice and kindness fo the people ai large
won him the popular title of Goal Almighty Chang. He
is included in the Temple of Worthies, and memorial templ
have been erected fo him in seveal places.
A Chitese Biogt'aphical Dictiotat'y 49
Chang ren-shang . 8th cent. A.D. An ofi]cial who 126
served under the Emperors Su Tsung and Tai Tsung of the T'ang
dynasty. He was a relative of Chaug Chia-chêng, the faithful
Minister of the Emperor Ming Huang and some rime opponent of
the great Chaug Yiieh, and rose fo the highest offices of State.
On the occasion of an imiortant crimiual case he iefused iuccessive
bribes of 30,000 and 50,000 strings of casl, but his virtue
succmnbed fo an offer of 100,000 strings. He excused this lapse
on the ground that 100,000 strings would tempt eveathe gods,
who would resent the refusal of such a bribe by a mere mortal.
He died af the age of 61, and was canonised as .
Chang Yin-huan (T. ,,, ). A purchase liceniate 127
of Kuangtung, who in 1881 was Taot'ai af Wuhu. Summoned fo
Peking, he served in the Tsung-li Yamêafrom Juue fo September
1884, when he was again appointed fo be Taot'ai in Chihli. From
1885 fo 1887 he was Minister fo the United Sates, Spain, and
Peru, and in 1890 returned to the Tsuug-li Yamên, of which he
was Vice President in 1894. In February 1895 he went fo Japan
fo negotiate peace, but his powers were round fo be inadequate.
In 1896 he succeeded Li" Huug-chang as negotiator of the com-
mercial treaty with Japan.
can :rin ('. ï. . l ). .D. 1-0s.
A native of î T'ung-ch'êng in Anhui, who graduated as chi
shih in 1667. Six years later he rose fo be a Reader fo the
Emperor K'ang Hsi, who af the approach of winter bestowed on
him and on Ch'ên T'ing-ching fifty sable sldns and satin enough
for robes. He was one of the first members of the College of
Inscriptions, all of whom resided in the city so as fo be ready fo
attend the Emperor in his uncertain hours of leisure. He was coustantly
being summoned by K'ang Hsi, whom he always" accompanied on
tours of inspection. He was Chancellor of the Han-lin College and
50 A Chiese Biog'aphical Dictioïmry
C.]fief Supervisor of Instruction unil 1697, when he was relieved
of these posts ai his own earnest reques. From 1699 to 1701
he was a Grand Secre[ary; and after his retiremen to his lifelong
hobbies, music and gardening, K'ang Hsi [wice wen[ o visi[ him, and
loaded him wi[h marks of es[eem. He was no[ably modes and affable,
fond of giving sec.re[ aid o rising [alen, and absolu[ely incorrup[ible.
Canonised as , and in 1730 included in [he Temple of Wor[hies.
129 Çhang Ying-wên (T. ). A.D. 1522--1619. e
frequen[ly c.ompeed a he public examina[ions wi[hou[ success, as
he devo[ed all his hough[s o antiques, books, and painings.
Auhor of work enitled " , A Treasury of Rare Curiosities.
$30 hang Yu . Died beweon A.D. 827--835. A native of
Nan-yang in Honau, distinguished as a poet and offieial under the
T'ang dynasty.
res[ore the old or[hography ami meanings of [he wri[ten characers.
132 Ohang Yfi-shu (T. ). A.D. 1642--1711. A
native of Kiangnan, who gradua[ed as chiu ddh in 1661, and
was soon employed as Tu[or in he Palace. In 1685 he was
Presiden of the Board of Punishmens; in 1688 was sen on a
mission fo [he Yellow River; and in 1690 became a Grand
Secretary. lu 1691 he accompanied [he Emperor K'ang Hsi on
his visi o iuspec[ he Yellow River, and in 1696 on his expediion
agains[ [he Oelo[s. In 1699, while in mourning, he was ordered
o place in he ancesral temple of he firs Emperor of he Ming
dynas[y a [able[ on which K'ang Hsi had inscribed, "Good
governmeu surpsing [ha[ of he T'ang and Sung (dynasies),"
while [he Emperor himself poured a libation a he dead monarch's
omb. He died while a[[ending K'ang Hsi fo Jehol. He is said o
bave been a learned and dignified man, a vege[arian and a
A Chinese Biogeaphical Dictionarg 54
misogynist, who slept in his clothes so as fo be ready fo fise af the
fit-st streak of dawn. Canonised as , and included by Yung
Chêng in the Temple of Worthies.
Chng ¥fin-chên (T. -). Died A.D. ? 1506. 1::
A native of Iiangsi, who wrote verses af rive years of age. Han
Yung greatly admired him, and chose his naine. Gradating as
chin shih in 1460, he remonstrated in vain on the prevailing
abuses of the Government, and soon bad fo retire on account of
a dispute over the biography of the Emperor Ying Tsung. After
twenty years spent in studying philosophy, he was charged in
1488 with the preparation of the biography of the Emperor Hsien
Tsnag; aud though he protested agaiast tbe new Emperor's
heterodoxy, avarice, love of amusement and of favourites, he was
treated with great consideration, and placed on the Commission fo
revise the " , Compedium of History. The Emperor
Wu Tsung on his accession appointed him Vice President of the
Board o Civil Office, and entrusted him with the preparation of
Decrees and patents, ttis long retirement had ruade him old-
fashioned; he did hOt get on with the younger generation, and
was obliged fo retire. In 1621 he was canonised as .
statesman and poet of the T'ang dynasty, tte was born ai Lo-
yang in Shansi, his mother having dreamt that a jade swallow
flew into ber lap and that she became pregnaat. In youth, his
father conceived a dislike fo him, and ruade him do ienial
work; bat Chang Yieh took every opportunity of improving his
mind, and in 689 passed first as a : "aeserving
scholar recommended for prefermeut." Soon afterwards, he obtained
an appointment af the Court of the Empress Wu Hou, fo whom
he did not prove acceptable. For refusing fo bear false witness
against ; a.,- Wei YCian-chung, he was banished in 708 fo
52 A Chinese Biograplical Dctionary
Ch'in-chou in Kuangtung. He was recalled by the Emperor
Chung Tsung, and the Emperor Jui Tsung made him Minister of
State and entrusted o him a chier share in the great measures of
government, besides charging him with the preparation of the
dynastic history. Under the Emperor Ming Huang his career was
one of alteraate favour and disgrace; however ai his death he was
once more a Mi,ister of State. is faine rests chiefly upon his
poems, the pathetic beauty of which was said to bave improved
nder the reverses of his later life. He was also distinguished as
a painter. Was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as .
135 Chang Yfin-lan (T. JL). o fo th k f
sub-Prefect by fighting agaiust the T'ai-p'ing rebels with a
volunteer force raised in Hunan. In 1857 he was sent fo Kiangsi,
and became Prefect and theu Taot'ai in 1859, being also ruade a
baturu for his services in the field. In 1860 he was ordered by
Tsêng Kuo-fan into Anhui, and in 1862 he was ruade Judge of
Fuhkien. In 1863 he fell into the hands of the rebels af
Wu-p'ing and was slain. Canonised as , .
136 Chan Yung ç (T. OE). A.D. 046-1015. Graduated as
cl, in sli£ in 980, and became Magistrate of the District of
Ch'uug-yang in Hupeh, where he beheaded an official servant
whom he saw coming out of the treasury with a single cash
sticking in his hair. He was highly recommended by K'ou Chun,
and rose to be President of the Board of Works. The nickname
was given to him by himself, and signified that he found
if difficult fo lire in harmony with his surrouudings. Canonised as
137 Ch'ung hien . 8th cent. A.D. A poet of the T'ang
dynasty. He graduated as c£in shi£ in A.D. 727 and entered upon
au official career, but ultimately retired fo the mountains and
lived as a hermit, devotiug himself to the cult of Tao.
A Chinese Biographical Dictione«ry 53
Ch'ang Chii : . A man who was working in the fields on
one occasion when Confucius, passing by, wished fo find out the
whereabous of a for& Tzti Lu was sent fo enquire of him;
whereupon the man pointed significantly towards the Master and
said, "l=]e knows the for&" Sec CMeh 2Vi.
Ch'ang Ling : (T. ). A.D. 1758--1838. A celebrated 139
official, of Mongolian descent, tic began lire in 1775 as a secretary
of th¢ Grand Council, after taking the hsiu ts'ai degree af the
Manchu examination. In 1787 he fought in Formosa, and in
1792-95 against Nepaul. In 1800 he was in command of the
exl0editionary force sent against insurgent bands in ttul0eh , and
subsequenfly in various operations undertaken from rime fo rime
against disturbauces caused by the evil influence of secret societies.
H¢ became successively Governor of Anhui and Shantung, and in
1807 Governor General of Shensi and Kansuh. In 1808 he was
impeached on several charges and stripped of his rank, and then
banished fo Ili. A few months later he was once more employed,
and gradually rose again fo the highest posts. In 1825 he was
Viceroy of Ili. In 1826, when the rebel - : Jehangir
crossed the frontier and began his depredations, capturing Kashgar,
Yingishar, Yarkand and Khoten, he was appointed Generalissimo;
and by the end of 1827 had cal0tured Jehangir and put an end fo
the rebellion. The prisoner was sent fo Peking in a cage, and
brained in the presence of the Emperor, who conferred on Ch'ang
Ling a triple-eyed 10eacock's feather. Canonised as :, and
admited into the Temple of Worhies.
Ch'ang O . The wife of Hou I, who is said fo have stolen
from ber husband the drug of immortality and fo bave fled with
if fo the moon, where she was changed into a toad. This toad,
which answers fo out "man in the moon," is believed fo swallow
the moon during an eclipse. Ch'ang O's naine was originally _.
54 A C]i»ese Biographical Dictioua'y
(or __) Ylëng, lu refereuce o he li,e ] "]ike the
waxing moou" lu he Odes; bu as he Emperors Mu Tsung and
Chên Tsung of he T'aug dynasy boh had êng for heir
persoual names, i was herefore changed o Ch'ang.
14l Ch'ang-sun Shun-tè ] . An official under the
Emperor T'ai Tsuug of the T'ang dynasty, A.D. 627--650, who
took some silk as a bribe. The Emperor iustead of punishing
him, sent him a number of pieces of silk as a present, and thus
put him fo shame.
142 Ch'a,g-s Wu-chi , (T. ). Died A.D. 659.
A native of Lo-yang, and comrade in arms in early youth of Li
Shih-miu, who married his sister. When Li Shih-min came fo
the throne in 627 as second Emperor of the T'ang dynasty
Chang-sun was ruade President of the Board of Civil Office, and
was eatrusted with revision of the criminal code. In 633 he was
appointed fo the Board of Works, and in 643 was ruade Senior
Preceptor fo his uephew, the Heir Apparent whose guardian he
became, conjointly with Ch'u Sui-liaug, upon the Emperor's death
in 649. In 654 he refused offers of heavy bribes fo nid in the
elevation of the Empress Wu Hou; the result being that in 659
he was accused of treason, stripped of his honours, banished
coufiuement in Ssach'uan and ere long put fo death and his
family exterminated.
143 Ch'ng -h'un " (T. tri )" A.D. 1330--1369.
Originally a bandit o * Huai-yau, he joined Chu Yan-
ch'ang in 1355, and by extraordiuary acts of valour won a place
second only fo Hs Ta. On several occasions during the struggle
fo gain the empire, he turned defeat into victory, and more than
once he saved the lires of his toaster and Hs Ta. Made a State
Couusellor and a Duke, he shared in the victorious northward
campaign of 1368--69. Brave o a fault, he treated his men with
A Chinese Biog'apltical Dictiona'y 55
kindnes. A good strategist, though no scholar, he was never
defeated; and from his frequent boast that with 100,000 meu he
c(uld sweep the empire, he was nicknamed - Ylundred
Thousand Ch'ang. His statue ranked second in thg Temple of
Men of Merit, and he received a place i the ]mperial Temple.
Posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as
(hao (hên . (originally n.)" A.D. 1010--1063. Sixth 134
son of Chao Hêug, whom he succeeded in 1022 as fourth Emperor
of the Sung dynasty. Until 1033 the Empress Dowager really
ruled, though ber inclination fo arrogate supreme power was
checked by Wang Tsêng and other loyal men. The Emperor,
who thought himself ber son, treated her with the utmost
deference. He was of excellent personal character, anxious fo l"ule
well, and fond of his people; but he was weak and suspicious. He
af first fell under the domination of Lfi Z-chien, who induced him
fo degrade his wife, and who treated harshly all his opponents,
charging them with forming illegal cliques or cabals. After Lfi's
death in 1044 this charge was forbidden. From 1058 Han Ch'i
was in power, and the administration was most successful. In
1034 the King of Hsia rebelled, and a desultory war ended in his
recoguition ten years later. The Emperor promoted education and
patronised literature; and in 1060 the new T'ang history was
completed. A rebellion of the aborigines of Kuangsi was put down
by Ti Ch'ing in 1052, and othe- local risings occurred. The
revenue was carefully fostered, and in 1059 the tea monopoly
was abolished. In 1023 Goverument notes were introduced into
Ssfich'uan, where the iron cash were found fo be too clumsy.
The Emperor lost his three sons early, and was very reluctant fo
appoint a successor. Han Ch'i, however, succeeded in getting a
great-grandson of Chu Huang appointed in 1062. The presentation
of auspicious articles was forbidden; general pardons were frequent,
56 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
and capital punishment rare. The Emperor refused fo chastise
Korea when h'ibute was hot sent, because of his hatred of
bloodshed; and on the occasion of a pestilence in the capital in
1054, he insisted on distributiug all the medicine of the Palace.
His death was lamented throughout the empire. Canonised as
] ]Z::/ with the temple naine of
145 Chao Chi . A.D. 1082--1135. Brotller of Chao Hsii,
whom he succeeded in 1100 as eighth Emperor of the Sung
dynasty. For the first year the Empress Dowager [] Hsiang was
Regent, and displaced Chang Tun and Ts'ai Pien; but the
Emperor soon recalled Ts'ai Ching, and the conservative party
was again proscribed. The Emperor was a clever artist and an
accomplished man, exceedingly fond of all rare and curious
objects, which were wrung from the people by Chu Mien and the
eunuch T'ung Kuan. In 1120 and 1121 local risings led fo some
alleviation of this burden; but the people were already ruined. He
also loed Taoism, and vast sums were expended over buildings
for his assemblies if Taoist recluses. Ts'ai Ching, in spire of
occasional reverses, remained the real Minister until he was turned
out in 1125 by his son -oE Yu, who boldly encouraged the
Emperor fo enjoy himself. In 1111 T'ung Kuan brought back the
Liao traitor . (altered fo Chao) : Li Liang-ssï, and if
was determined fo use the rising power of the China Tartars fo
crush the Kitans, in the expectatiin of recovering the northern
Distrîcts. Accordingly, in 1122 T'ung Kuan began hostilities, but
the Imperial armies were twice routed, and a vast store of arms
and equipments lost. When the Kitans were finally crushed, the
demands of the China Turtars became extortionate, and in 1125
the latter invaded China in two columns. The Emperor, who had
marie no preparations fo resist them, abdicated in favour of his son,
taking the Toist title of ï[î __ ï. In 1127
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionavy 57
he gave himself up, together with the new Eml0eror Ch'in Tsung,
fo the Chin a army, which was besieging Pien-liang in Honan, and
was carried north, where he died, his cal0tors bestowing on him
the contemptuous title of the Besot.ted Duke. His son,
the first monarch of the Southern Sung dynasty, canonised him as
wih he emple name of
Ohao Oh'i (T. ). Died A.D. 201, aged over ninety, ll,;
A native of Ch'ang-ling, near Nanking. He was a nephew
by marriage of Ma Jung, and was himself a scholar of distinction.
But his outspoken denunciation of $ T'ang Hsie, or
T'ang Pao, Governor of Lo-yaug, brought him ito trouble, and
he had fo flee fo Pei-hai-shih(), where he changed his
naine from Chao Chia (T. ) fo that bi which he
is now knowu. Disised as a seller of cakes, he was accosted by
Sun Sung, who suspected him fo be no common man, and
asked how he bought and sold his cakes. "They cost me thirty
cash," he replied, "and I sell them for thirty cash." "You are no
cake-sdler," cried Sun Sung, and carried him home in his chariot.
By the year A.D. 195, Chao had risen fo be a Minister in the
Court of Sacrificial Worship; and one day chancing fo meet Sun
Sung, the two old friends burst ito tears. Besides writing a
commentary upou Mencius, whose seven books he subdivided into
sections, chapters, and paragrapbs, he was an artist of no meau
repute; and among other pictures he painted portraits of himself,
Chi Cha, Tzfi Ch'an, Yen Ying, and Shu Hsiang, sittiug
gether af a feast.
Ohao Oh'i . A.D. 1222--1274. A descendant in the twelfth 17
generation from the fouuder of the Sung dynasty, and cousin of
Chao YUn. He reigned as sixth Emperor of the Southern Sung
dynty from 1265 fo 1274. In spire of strict training, he turned
out a mere debauchee, who let his country go fo ruiu, and believed
58 A Chbese Biographical Dictiona»'y
the fables of peace and prosperity told fo him by Chia Ssti-tao.
Chic was treated almost as an equal, and a threat fo retire never
failed fo enable him fo carry his point. All matters were left fo
his decision. He sold office, concealed the disasters of the war, and
left the grievauces of the people unredressed. Warniugs of impending
Mongol invasion were disregarded, uutil in 1268 siege was laid fo
Wên-huan delayed the collapse of the dynasty; however in 1273,
disgusted af the feeble attempts of an apathetic Court fo succour
him, and disheartened by the fall of Fan-ch'êng, owing
fo the use of artillery from Central Asia, that General capitulated.
Even this disaster failed fo shake the Emperor's confidence in
Chic Ssù-to, whose honours were continually increased. In 1269
written Mongol characters were introduced, and in 1271 the
dynastic style Yfian was formally adopted by the Mongol
conquerors. Cauonised as
148 Chao Chia (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. A native of
Shan-yaug in Kiangsu, who fiourished as a poet and ocial under
the T'ang dynasty. He graduated as cMn shih in 842, and rose
be Commandant of " Wei-nan in Shensi. The poet Tu Mu
called him ¢ Chao I-lou, from a line of his poetry
which ran -- A ¢"
1t9 Chao Chih-hsin N (T. {. N. ). A.D.
1662--1744. A native of Shantung. Graduated as hsiu fs'ai at the
early age of 14, and as chin shihin 1679. He was engaged upon
the Istiutes of the present dynasty. Foreed fo retire af the Ne
of 30, he devoted himself fo wine and poetry and travel. He
wrote on the Tones, and on the prineiples of the poetie art.
15o Chao Ch'unekuo N (T. N N). B.O. 137--52. A
military commander under tbe Han dynasty. He belonged fo a
corps of young men who met togeher fo praetise arehery and
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 59
horsemanship; and first distinguished himself in B.C. 99 by leading
a small force fo the relief of Li Kuang-li, who was surrounded by
the Hsiung-nu. Although numbering about one hundred in all,
they broke through the cordon and accomplished the dangerous
mission. Chao himself received over twenty wounds; and when the
Emperor saw his scarred body, his Majesty af once appointed him
fo an important post. Siding with Ho Kuang in the elevation of
the Emperor Hsiian a Ti in B.C. 73, he was rewarded by being
ennobled as Marquis. He subsequently led a campaign against the
Tangut tribes, and won many of them over to allegiance. He was
the originator of the - system of military settlements, under
which the settlers contributed by taxes or by service fo the expenses
of administration in return for their allotments. He was canonised
as :, and his portrait was hung in the : : W ei-yang Hall.
(Jhao lei-yen . Died B.C. 6. Daughter of a musician 151
named , : Fëng Wan-chin, she vs trained as a dancing-
girl; and ber grace and lightness were such that she received the
naine of Fei-yen "Flying Swallow." Af her father's death, she and
her sister , Ho-tê took the surname of Chao, and round
their way fo the capital. There she was seen in B.C. 18 by the
Emperor Ch'êng Ti, when his Majesty was roaming the city in
disoise. The two girls were forthwith placed in the Imperial seraglio;
and Fei Yen became favourite concubine, fo the exclusion of the
famous Pan Chieh-yti. In B.C. 16 she was raised to the tank of
Empress Consort, Ho-tê being honoured with the title of J
Lady of Honour; but on the death of the Emperor she was driven
by Palace intrigues fo commit suicide.
co (. C= ]. . /i ). o. o..«». 100.
A native of Tê-an in Hupeh. Graduated as c]i shih in 1234; and
having no desire fo take office, he opened a school in his native
District. In 1235 he was taken prisouer by the Mongol invaders,
60 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
and sent fo the Cotrt of the Khan. His captor, named
Yao Shu, treated him kindly and took charge of all his manuscripts;
and whe he reached Peking, the Khan marie him offers of employment.
These he steadily refused, and ai length he was set af liberty. He
became the head of a college; but fiually he took fo a wandering
life, and disappeared from the scene, the date and place of his death
beiug unknown. He was the author of many commeutaries on the
Classics and philosophical treatises, and also of some poetry. In
1724 his tabler was placed in the Confuciaa Temple.
: Chao nu (o,'iginaUy ; çt)- »" 68-10e. Third
sou of Chao Huang, whom he succeeded in 997 as third Emperor
of the Sung dynasty. Mild, affectionate, capable, he was devoted
fo Taoism and superstition. He began by restoring his uncle's title,
aud treated his elder brother well all through his reign. In 1002
the death of the ruler of Hsia gave him an opportunity of crushing
that State; but the kindly monarch contented himself with
admonishing the new rnler, who submitted and was ennobled as
Prince in 1006. In 1004 the Kitan Tartars invaded China; but
through the courage and constancy of K'ou Chun they were forced
fo agree fo a treaty of peace, under which, in return for a yearly
subsidy, the integrity of China was secured. In 1008, chiefly owing
fo the report of Tiug Wei that there was a large surplus in the
treasury, the Emperor began a series of Imperial sacrifices which
cost vast sums. Written revelations were af this rime frequenfly
received from God, and the documents were lodged iu special temples.
Auspicious grasses and double-eared stalks of grain poured in from
the provinces, and general pardons in return for the supposed favour
of Heaveu became commou. In 1015 a descendant of Chaug Tao-
ling received an honorary title. Coufucius was likewise honoured,
and temples fo him in all the District cities were decreed in 1011.
The Emperor promoted education and agriculture; and in 1014 the
A CIdttese Biographical Dictionarg
population was returned af 22,976,965. The power of he
eunuchs ws epressed; nd on was pu o deh in 1010.
1020 th insnity of he Empero led K'ou Chun o popose he
Regency of he young heir; bu the Empress ] Liu, a clever
womn of low bith, who since 1012 had intefeed moe and
more, ided by Tig Wei and the eunuch Lei
kung, go id of K'ou Chun; and on the Empero's deh he
fio seized supeme power. A eror, howeve, in peping h
Emperor's gr enabled Wang Tsêng o ge h uppe hnd.
Canonised as ', with the temple
naine of
Chao Hsi-hsfi *]. Minister fo Prince Hsfiana of the 1St
Ch'u State. The latter enquired one day of his courtiers why
Chao was so much feared in the north. "Once upon a rime,"
replied Chiang I, "a figer caught a fox. The fox said,
'Do hOt eat me. God bas ruade me lord of all the beasts. If you
do hot belieçe, I will walk on ahead, and you shall follow; and
then you will see.' Of course the other beasts of the field, when
they saw the figer, ran away in terror. Just so the people in
the nolh. They are not afraid of Chao, but of your Highness'
soldiers who follow him."
Chao Hsiao (T. ). 1st cent. A.D. An example of 155
fraternal love. In a rime of famine, when people were eatîng
each other, some brigands had captured his younger brother Chao
L. Thereupon he offered fo take his brother's place, urging
that he was fat and Chao Li rhin. The brigands were touched by
this appeal, and released them both. Under the Emperor Ming Ti
of the Han dynasty, both he and his brother rose fo high office.
Chao Hsien . A.D. 1271--1277. Third son of Chao Ch't. 156
He reigned from 1274 fo 1276 as seventh Emperor of the
Southern Sung dynasty, under the Regency of his mother. He was
62 A Chinese Biographical Diclionary
no sooner placed on the throne than the Mongols invaded the
Sung territory in great force, under the leadership of Bayan, who
issued a manifesto setting forth the crimes of Chia Ssfi-tao. Wu-
ch'ang offered but a feeble resistance, and having reduced
Bayan swept down the Yang-tsze, many cities opening their
gares. In 1275 Chia Ssfi-tao, who on hearing of the death of
1] Liu Chêng had advanced as Commander-in-chier fo Wuhu,
was routed after vain attempts fo negotiate, and fled fo Yang-
chou. blanking was abandoned; Soochow declared for the Mongols;
and Hangchow was in a state of siege. All chance of peace was
lost by the murder of Mongol envoys near Soochow, and a great
naval defeat near Chinkiang sealed the rate of the dynasty.
Bayan received the surrender of Hangchow early in 1276, the few
patriots who had clung fo the falling tbrone joining one or other
of the Priuces set up in Fuhkien. Tbe Emperor and most of the
Imperial family were sent fo Peking, and the former died a year
later in the deserl of Gobi. Canonised as :
157 (3hao l-lsii . A.D. 1048--1085. Eldest son of Chao Shu,
whom he succeeded in 1067 as sixth Emperor of the Sung
dynasty. He possessed many virtues, but waso cursed with an
ambition fo recover from the Liaos all the territory that had once
belonged fo the empire. Han Ch'i and other experienced men
warned him in vain; and he ïound an ally inWang An-shih,
whose projects for increasing China's wealth and power resulted,
owing fo his owu undue baste and the indiscriminating opposition
of all the conservative oftàcials, only in discontent and official
persecution. Petty wars followed: with Hsia (1067 and 1082--83);
with the Turfan (1072); with the aborigiues of the south-west
(1074); and with Cochin-China (1075--76). Intended as preparatory
fo a war with Liao, these wars cost vast sums and ended in no
substantial gain; while the Emperor's evident ambition opened the
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'g 63
way fo power for intriguing flatterers. In 1076 a eunuch,
Li ttsien, was put in supreme command on the north-western
frontier, and did much mischief; but in his last years the Emperor
came fo realise the vanity of his ambitious schemes, and sought
peace. The reign was ruade glorious by the works of Ch'êng Hao,
Ch'êng I, Chou Tun-i, and Chang Tsai; and in 1084 Ssti-ma
Kuang finished his great history. Honours were paid fo Mencius
and other worthies, though public opinion was shocked by the
admission of Yang I:Isiung and Hsiin K'uang fo the Confucian
Temple. Cauonised as ç :i :î :O «,, with the
temple name of *-
,-.
(hao ttsii . . A.D. 1076--1100. Sixth sou of Chao . 158
Hsii, whom he succeeded in 1085 as seventh Emperor of the
Sung dynasty. The Empress Kao, consort of Chao Shu, was
Regent until ber death in 1093. Aided af first by Ssll-ma Kuang,
she reversed the revolutionary measures of the last reign, and
gave office fo the conservative party. They, however, split into
three factions, the Lo-yang, Sstich'uan, and Northern, headed by
Ch'êng I, Su Shih, and Liu Chih; and their squabbles so disgusted
the Emperor that so soon as he took the reins of government,
he announced his intention of carrying out his father's policy.
Under the ministry of Chang Tun and Ts'ai Pien, some of the
reforms of Wang An-shih were re-introduced, the history of the
last reign re-written, and 830 names of conservatives placed on
the list of the proscribed, a vengeance which they had deserved
by their own harshness fo their opponents. In 1096 the Empress
Mèng, who had been selected by the Regent in 1092, was
degraded fo make way for a favourite concubine; but the Emperor
refused fo degrade the Regent herself. Externally the reign was
peaceful, four fortresses being given back fo the Hsia State in
1090. In 1088 the total population was returned af 32 millions.
64 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y
Canonised as , , wifl the [emple naine
Chao sfian Ti, See Li Chin.
159 Chao uan . A.D. 1100-1160. Eldes son of Chao
Chi, upon whose abdication in 1125 he succeeded as ninh
Emperor of he Sung dynasy. Ai0ed by Li Kang, he srove
reform ihe Governmen. A new siege of his capital in 1126 by
he Chin a Tarars resuled in he cession of erriory and
paymen of all his own and tire inhabians' reasure. The Tartar
army had no sooner wihdrawn han he Emperor, who would
hot allow is rerea o be harassed, denounced he exored [reay
and aemped to raise the siege of T'ai-yan n Shansi.
advisers disbanded he forces which had gahered o save he capital
and which had conribued fo he Tar£ar rerea; and when anoher
invasion ook place a he end of he year the Sung Mnisers,
who had beeu busy squabbling among hemselves, were powerless
fo wihstand i. The Emperor went o he euemy's camp get
terres; and he, his ratiner, and mos of he Imperial family were
taken ino capiviy, Chang Pang-ch'ang being se up as Emperor
fo rule under he Chins a. The Emperor's brocher, he ounder of
he Souhern Sung dynasy, canonised him as m
wih he mpl name or
160 Chao Huang (orinally OE , changed by Chao K'uang-
yin fo ). A.D. 939-997. Brother of Chao K'uang-yin, whom
he succeeded in 976 as second Emperor of the Sung dynasty. He
showed some indecent baste fo change the year-title, and exhibited
a harshness fbreigu o his general character -- towards
younger brother and nephew, which drove them fo commit suicide.
But altogether he was mild, forbearing, and economical, and an
ardent student, especially of history. He paid great attention fo
education and o revenue. In 982 the chin shih were first ranged
A Chiese Biog'aphical Dicliona'y 65
the existing three classes. In 987 ¢he empire, which since he
suppression of the Northern Han Sate in 979 had almost equalled
in extent the China of the T'aug dyuasy, was divided ino fifeen
provinces, each under a Governor; and hus the power of he
former grea provincial Governors finally ceased. A rising in
Ssch'uau in 994 led to he appontment of a euuuch General,
$ Wang Chi-ên; bu he Emperor, warued, as he said,
by his hisorical studies, refused to admi eunuchs fo he Central
GovernmenL The norLhern fronier was eonsanly disurbed by
he Liao Tarars, wih whom began in 981 a series of wars,
which coupled wih he establishmen of he Western Hsia
greatly impaired he power of he dynasy. Occasional droughs
and famines are recorded, bu on he whole he reign was a ime
of peace and prosperiy. The Emperor degraded his eldes son on
aceoun of his sympahy wigh his uncle; and he chose his hird
son o be Heir Apparen in 99g. A plog o seg he Heir aside
was ruade by he Empress, and Wang Chi-n and oher eunuchs,
aided by certain saesmen, bu i was foiled by LU Tuan. Beween
982 anti 989 a emple and pagoda for a relie of Buddha were
buil at enormous expense, in spite of the remonstrance of
T'le, i. Canonised as $ , wiih ihe
temple naine of
Ohao-hui (T. ). Died A.D. 1764. A Manchu, 161
who played a prominent pari in the conquesg of ghe Sungars in
1756--1759. His regreag from i fo Urumtsi during ghe .severe
winger of 1756, and in face of fearful odds, and his stubbor
defence of his camp before Yarkand ai the end of 1758, wonhim
greag faine and rewards. In 1761 he became an Assistant Grand
Secretary, and was employed on missions of invesgigation ungil his
deagh. In the poem of ghe Emperor Ch'ien Lung engigled
A Retrospect, composed in 1779, Chao-hui is one of his
5
66 A Chiese Biog'aphical Dictionry
j Five Men of Action, the others being Fu-hëng, Ming-
jui, O-li-kun, and Yo Chung-ch'i. Was ennobled as Duke,
canouised as , and included in the Temple of Worthies.
162 Chao i-ch'ie (his personal naine was originally
Yfi-yao in Chehkiang, who was brought up af a temple until he
was of age, when he wandered far and wide on foot in all
weathers fo study under the best teachers the Confucian Canon,
poetry, music, and the rations forms of written characters. This
last was his special subject, and he compiled the
a dictionary under 360 radica]s, and also the
which latter work was brought fo the notice of the Emperor
1405, and ai once incorporated in the great encyclopoedia of
Yung Lo. In 1379 he visited the capital, in reference the
dictionary known as the , and was afterwards a Mastrate
in Kuangtung. He was known as the Antiquarian.
163 Chao I (T. . H. ). A.D. 1727--1814.
Graduated as chi je in 1750. and was emp]oyed in the Grand
Council. In 1760 he came out second on the list of chin
About 1766 he weut as Prefect fo Kuangsi, but was shory
afterwards impeached, and was transferred fo the army then
iuvadiug Burmah. Later on, he was Prefect af Canton, and in
1771 he retired, though he subsequently assisted by his counsels
in the pacification of Formosa. He was distinshed as a poet
and as an historical critic. Besides collections of poems, his
best knownw orks are he N , anaccoun of
he wars of the present dynasty, and he , conaining
notes on maters of interes in his own ime.
16 Chao ffu-kua . A member of the Imperial famfly
under he Sung dynasty, A.D. 960--1278. He held he position of
Supefintendent of Customs af Ch'flan-chou in FuhMen --the
A Ciincse Biog'aplical Dictioa'y 67
Zaytou of Marco Polo --and in his official capacity was thrown
into contact with merchants of Arabia, Persia, and India who
came to trade, ge usecl his opportunities to advantage and
collected a store of information on foreign countries, which he
published in a work in two volumes, uuder the title of -
d:: Vol. I. treats of Further India, the Archipelago and the
Philippines, Japan, Korea, the Loo-choo Islands, Ceylon, Spain,
Cochin-China, Tongking, and the dominions of Islam, &c. Vol.
II. contaius a description of the various articles imported into
Ch'flan-chou, followed by an account of the island of gainan.
(3hao Kao . Died B.C. 207. A famous eunuch in the 16,
service of the First Emperor, on whose death in B.C. 210 he
conspired with Li Ssti and produced a spurious Decree, giviug the
throne Lo the laie monarch's second son, gu gai, insLead of to
the eldest, Fu Su, who m'as then undergoing a sentence of
banishment, gaving succeeded in his plot, he gradually began to
usurp all power, and even entered iuto treacherous communications
with Lin Pang regarding the ultimate partition of the empire. The
march of the latter upon the capital somewhat p'ecipitated matters.
Chao Kao feared lest his treachery should be discovered, and ai
length put his puppet sovereigu to death, declariug that he was
unfit to reign, ge then set up Tzfi Ying, son of Fu Su, as King
(no longer Emperor) of Ch'in, meaning that he too should be
removed when necessary for his own plans. Tzii Ying, however
got wind of his designs, and caused him to be assassiuated as he
was entering the palace. Tradition says that5 on one occasion, in
order to discover which of he ofllcials aL Lhe Couri of gu gai,
the Second Emperor, would be likely to defy him, he presenLed
the Emperor with a sLag, saying LhaL iL was a horse, gis Majesty,
bewildered by Lhe absurdity of the sLatemenL, appealed to his
surrounding courtiers. Those who were bold enough to say thaL iL
68 A Chbese Biog,'aphical Dictonary
was stag were marked down by Chao Kao for destruction.
166 Çhao Kou . A.D. 1107--1187. Ninth son of Cho Chi,
and first Emperor of the Southern Suug dynsty, reigning from
1127 fo 1162. When the Chin a Tartars carried his brother, the
Emperor Ch'in Tsang (see C]ao C]i) and nearly all the Imperial
family into captivity, he was placed on the throne af Nankingby
the degraded wife of Chê Tsung (who alone had been left behind)
af the request of the Chin a puppet Chaug Png-ch',ng. Aided by
Tsung Tsê, Li Kng, and other patriots, he re-established the
Sungs, though w]th much lessened territory; but he would hot
prosecute the war against Chin a with ardour, and preferred peace
and the comfort of Haugchow, whither he removed his capital
permanently in 1138. Af the beginning of "his reign he was
shan and '= Wang Po-yen; and from 1141 until his
death in 1155 Ch'in Kuei wielded supreme power. Li Kng and
Chao Ting strove in vain fo rouse their toaster fo shame for his
lost territory; and Chang Chfin, Hn Shih-chung, .] , Liu I,
and Yo Fei, whose prowess prevented farther cuailment of his
dominions, were alternately honoured and disgraced by the
vacillating monarch. Driven in 1129 from Yang-chou, where he
narrowly escaped capture by Chin a raiders, of whose advance his
façourites had kept him ignorant, the Emperor was forced by two
discontented leaders of his body-gard fo abdicte in fvour of his
in replacing him on the throne. In the saine year Nanking
Hangchow fell before the northern invaders, and the Emperor
had fo seek refuge on shipboard. Yo Fei stemmed the ride of
couquest, and Han Shih-chung, despite ultimate defeat, marie the
recrossing of the Yang-tzse so hard a task that the Chins a neer
penetrated south of if again. The war continued with varying
:4 Chbese Biographical Dictioa»'g 69
|
success, and extreme hardship fo the worn-out people of China.
If was complicated by the ambitious hostility of the rival Emperor
Lin Yi (q.v.), and by rebellions in Hu-Kuang, Kiangsi, and
Fuhkien. The patriots wasted their energies in unworthy rivalries,
by which Ch'in Kuei profited fo drive all opponents of his peace
policy from Court; and in 1141 he induced the Emperor fo agree
fo derogatory terms of peace, which included cession of territory
in Shensi and all north of the lIuai river, acknowledgment of
vassalage, and a yearly tribate. The death of Ch'in Kuei was
followed by an immediate change of polic, and by a fresh Chin a
irruption in 1162. The northern throne, however, was seized by
a usurper, who was as anxious for peace as was the Chinese
Emperor. On ifs ratification, Chao Kou abdicated ia favour of his
adopted son, Chao Shêa. Canonised as >- P,î.
hao Kua ;. Son of Chao Shê. From his youth upwards 167
he thought and spoke of nothing but war and military nmtters,
fo the dismay of his father, who prophesied that he would bring
ruin upon the Chao State. After the death of his father, war
broke out with the Ch'in State, and he was appointed fo the
communal. His mother, however, was anxious for him hot fo go,
and petitioned the Prince of Chao fo that effect, quoting also his
father's prophecy, ge was sent in spire of ber; the result being
that he himself was slaiu, nd his whole army, amounting fo
450,000 men, was destro.ed.
hao K'uang-yin OE [. A.D. 927-976. The founder of
the Sung dynasty. Descended i'rom a family of officials under the
T'ang dynsty, he rose fo high military command under the
Emperor Shih Tsung of the Luter Chou dynasty. On the death of
the latter he became Grand Marshal, and was entirely trusted by
the mother of the boy-sovereign. The disturbed state of the
empire led men fo look fo him for the restoration of order; and
70 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
when he was sent te repel a reported inroad of the northern Han
State and the Line Tartars, his army invested h]m with the yellow
robe af j the Bridge of Ch'ên in K'ai-fêng Fu. tte professed
surprise and reluctance; but there is little doubt that he knew of
the design, te which his brother and successor and Chao P'u were
privy. He used his authority well. The power of the satraps was
taken away, and Magistrates were appointed by the Emperor only.
Of the States and Principalities into which China had split on the
fall of the T'angs, only the Northern ttan survived this reign, te
fall in 979. Agriculture and education were fostered, and public
granaries re-established. Capital sentences were in future te be
confirmed by the Throne; and all chin s]d]t were te be re-examined
and te pass the final Palace examination. The Emperor had always
loved study, and he impressed the need for it even on military
officers, while he would bave no Magistrates who were net literary
men. tte chose his officials with anxious care, and let them
remain long in office. Personally frugal, he forbade luxury in the
Palace, declaring that he held the empire as a great trust. Te
his fallen rivals he was kind, and in every war his one command
was that there should be no slaughter ner looting, A new calendar,
a revised criminal code, and an amended set of ceremonial rules,
were among the many benefits he conferred upon the empire.
Although he had sons, in obedience te the command of his mother
he lef his throne te his brother, the arrangement being that his
own son should be tteir Apparent, and succeed upon the brother's
death. Later writers have indeed suggested tha his brother forced
the Emperor te make him his heir, even using personal violence.
On the other hand, he is said te have been se fond of his brother,
that when the latter was cauterised for seine disease, he too
cauterised himself, in order te share the pain. Canonised as :
:1 - ï$ !u, ', with the temple naine of ..
A Chbese Biographical Dictionary 71
Chao Kuo . 2nd. cent. B.C. An ofcial under the Emperor 169
Wu Ti of the YIan dynasty, who is said by some fo bave been
the first fo subst.itute oxen for human labour in ploughing.
Chao K'uo . .. A.D. 1168-1224. Third son of Chao Tun. 170
He reigned from 1194 fo 1224 as fourth Emperor of the Southern
Sung dynasty. A good-hearted but feeble ruler, he fell under the
domination first of Han T'o-chou, whose niece he married, and on
his assassination in 1207, uuder that of Shih Mi-y(ian. Hau T'o-chou,
by accusing his opponents of caballing, and stigmatising as false
learning the teachings of the two Ch'ëngs and their followers, was
enabled fo fill all offices with his own creatures, and fo enter
upon a war with the Chin a Tartars in 1206. The war proved
disastrous, and ended in the assassination of Han and the acceptance
of burdensome conditions of peace in 1208. The Mongols, however,
were now penetrating into northern China, and in 1214 the annual
tribute was stopped; yet no preparations were ruade by the short-
sighted rulers of the House of Sung against the rising power that
was fo overwhelm them. A desultory war with the Chins a ensued,
but few engagements took place. On the Emperor's death, the
Empress and the all-powerful Shih Mi-y(ian passed over the Heir
Apparent, who had rashly disclosed his hostility towards the latter,
and set up a descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty.
Canonised as îî
Chao Liang-tung (T. _ and ï ). A.D. 171
1620-1697. A successful military ofcer during the reign of the
Emperor K'ang Hsi. In 1676 he quelled the mutiny of the troops
in Shensi, and took a prominent part in recovering Ssfich'uan in
1679. For the latter service he was ruade President of the Board
of War and Viceroy of the Yiin-Kuei provinces. In 1681 he was
sent fo Y(innari, fo aid in stamping out the last traces of the
rebellion of Wu San-kuei. His plans were adopted; the provincial
72 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fo jealousies, if was hot until 1694 that he was ennobled and
received a present of Tls. 2,000. tte is stated fo bave owed hi.s
successes fo his strict discipline and sympathy with his soldiers,
whose hardships he invariably shared. Canonised as ,, and
in 1730 included in he Temple of Worhies.
Chao Lieh Ti. See Lin Pei.
172 Chao Mêng-chien (T. oe . H. E ).
13th cent. A.D. A scion of the Imperial House of Sung, who
graduated in 1226, and about 1260 was a Fellow of the Han-lin
College. After the fall of the Sung dynasty, he lived in seclusion
ai Hsiu-chou in Chehkiang until his death af the age of
niney-seven. A deep student and a fair poet, he is famous for
his landscapes and flowers drawn in black and white. Author of
the , a treatise on the plum-tree.
173 Chao Mêng-fu (T. oe . H. ). A.D. 1254--
1322. A lineal descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty,
and au hereditary offieial. Upou the fall of the House of Sung he
retired iuto pvate life until 1286, when he was summoned
Court and ai)pointed seeretary in the Board of War. By 1316 he
had risen fo a high post in the Han-liu College, and was highly
esteemed by the Emperor, who always addressed him by his style,
Tz-ang, instead of using his oeial naine, Mêng-fu. He was
distinguished as a ealligraphist, and as a painter of landseapes,
flowers, met, and horses. is wife, A the Lady Kuan,
was also an artist of considerable talent. Canonised as .
17 Çhao O . A filial daughter, who lived about B.C. 150.
Her father having been falsely accused and executed, and his goods
confiscated, by a corrupt ocial named Chi Shou, she set
o work o avenge his death. She practised until she became an
adept aU the use of the sword; and af length, after ten years of
A Chinese Biog'«p]tical Dictioa'g 73
watching and waiting, she round ber opportunity, and laid Chi
Shou dead af ber feeL Carrying his bleeding head in ber hand, she
af once gave herself up te justice; but the official who reported
the case te the Emperor obtained for ber a full pardon, and shortly
afterwards married ber.
co o (T. ). Dira .D. . .ti o ;
Kan-ling in Chihli, who first distinguished himself by
disowniug a cousin for becoming a euuuch. Graduating as hsiao lie,
he rose in the public service until he was appointed Governor of
Liao-hsi, in which capacity he succeeded in keeping peace along
the froutier. His mother and wife were on their way te join him
when they fell into the hands of a hand of Turkic marauders.
Chao Pao af once led forth troops te the rescue; whereupon the
brigands placed his mother and wife in their front rank. His mother
however cried out that no question of ransom was te be entertained
for a moment, and Chao gave the signal te attack. The brigands
were overwhelmed, but the two women were killed in the fray.
The Emperor in vain tried te soothe his grief by ennobling him
as Marquis. As soon as the funeral was over Chao exclaimed, "Te
take one's pay and te shirk danger, is net loyalty; but te kill
one's mother, even in the discharge of duty, is net filial piety.
I can no longer face the world." He then vomited blood and died.
Cao i. (T. ). .D. -100. . oc o ïç
the Sung dynasty, celebrated for his integrity and benevolence.
Graduated as chin slffh in A.D. 1034. He acted fearlessly as a
Censor, and later on opposed the innovations of Wang Au-shih.
Was popularly known as OE the Cenor with the h'on
Face. When sent as Governor fo Shu (modern Ssch'uan), he took
nothing with him but a lute and a crane. Even these were
dispeused with af his next incumbency, and he was attended only
by a single grey-headed servitor. When acting as Governor of
74 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary .
Yiieh-ehou, the region of Chehkiang was affliet.el by famine caused
by drought and locusts, and the price of grain
brother offieials forbade the raisiug of priees; but Chao Pieu pursued
a different poliey. He proelaimed in his district that every one
with grain fo sell might raise the price as he pleased; the
eonsequence being an influx of supplies which ruade provisions
abuudant af a low rate. ttis example is still appealed fo as
of a saviour of the people in rimes of distress. If is also recorded
of him that every night he was aecustomed fo robe himself and
ith offerings and incense fo submit fo Almighty God the events
of the day. An act which he could hOt thus submit, he would
hesitate fo perform. Canonised as "
177 Chao Ping _ I- A.D. 1271--1279. The youngest son of Chao
Ch'i, and the ninth and last Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty.
On the death of Chao Shih in 1278, most of the officials wished
fo disperse and give up the hopeless struggle against the Mongols;
but Lu Hsiu-fu induced them fo proclaim this boy, and aided by
Chang Shih-chieh, kept up some semblauce of a Court. Being hard
pressed af ; i),l,I Kaug-chou (see Chao Shils), the Sungs moved
fo the stronger position of Yai-shan, an islet in a bay some 30
toiles south of the city of J 4 Hsia-hui in Kuangtung. They
had still over 20,000 followers, and 1,000 vessels. Towards
end of 1278 Canton was abandoned, and Wên T'ien-hsiang, who
had been heroieally struggliug in northern Kuangtung, was captured
through the treachery of a subordinate. Early in 1279 the Mongols
under Chang ttung-fan beleaguered the last stronghold of the Sungs
by land and sea. Shut up in their ships, which they formed
a compact mass and fortified with towers and breastworks,
patriots, deprived of fresh water, harassed by attacks during the
day and by fire-ships af night, maintained the unequal struggle
for a mouth. But when, art.er a long day's fighting, Lu Hsiu-fu
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 75
round himself lef wih only sixteen vessels, he fled up a creek.
ttis retreat was cut off; and hen a length desl0airing of his
country, he bade his wife and children throw themselves overboard.
He himself, taking the Emperor on his back, followed their
example, and thus brought the great Sung dynasty fo an end.
Chao Ping is known in history as j, never haing been
canonised.
Chao P'u (T. ,] ). A.D. 916--992. A native of 178
Chi-chou in Chihli, whose family moved fo Lo-yang in Honan. As
a youth he was grave and reserved. In 954 he entered the service
of Chao K'uang-yin, founder of the Sung dynasty, as secretary,
nded the future Emperor in an illness, and became his friend.
He was presen when his masr was invested by the army with
the Imefial robes, and was left ia charge of the capital while
the sovereign's presence was required elsehere. In 962 he was
placed upon the Privy Council; and from that rime became the
trusted counsellor of the Emperor, who is said on one occasion fo
bave visid him, unattended, in a snowstorm, so anxious was the
monarch fo obtain his opinion. The drastic reforms which he
initiated brought him unpopularity, and intrigue caused him
fall in disfavour a Court. He was ordered fo Ynnan; and
although after a year or two he returned, he never completely
regained his former position with the founder of the dynasty. The
second Emperor, T'ai Tsung, received him back into favour, and
ruade him a Minister; and when he was departing for a high
provinci post, indited fo him a farewell ode. In 992, after
holding a variety of posts, he was ruade Grand Preceptor of the
Heir Apparent, and ennobled as Duke. He was a devoted student
of the A,alects of Confucius, and once said fo the Emperor T'a
Tsung, "With one half of this work I helped your father fo gain
the empire, and now with the other half I ara helping your
76 A Chinese Biog.ophical Dictioa'g
Majesty fo keep if." During all his years of ofl]cial lire, he never
asled a favour for auy of his owu relatives. Canonised as a.,» .
179 (hao Shê -. 3rd cent. B.C. A collector of revenue under
the Chao State. Because some members of the family of the lord
of P'ing-yiau refused fo contribute, he put nine of them fo death.
Their toaster was so struck by this bold proceeding that he
recommended Chao Shê fo the Prince of Chao for employment in
connection with the State finances. Later on he was appointed fo
lead an army fo he rescue of the Han a State, which was attacked
by the aggressive Ch'in State, and gained a brilliant victory over
the enemy, for which he was ennobled as Prince.
180 (hao Shên . A.D. 1127--1194. A descendant in
seventh generation from the founder of the Sung dynasty, tte was
adopted by the childless Chao Kou, and reigned from 1163 fo
1189 as second Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. He
desired fo recover his ancestral possessions from the Chin a Tartars,
but the impoverishment of the country forced him fo accept peace
in 1165. In 1189 the Emperor abdicated in favour of his third
son, whom he had carefully educated. Canonised as : -- z: - '.
s çao s-'o q (T. » ,, ). ».
16441720. A native of Wu-chin in Kiangnan, who graduated
as chin sMlt in 1670, and was for many years Magistrate of
][ Shang-ch'iu in Honan. His administration was earnest and
thorough; and in rime of famine he gave all he had fo the people,
even selling his owu clothes. By 1701 he had risen fo be
Lieutenant-Governor of Chehkiang, where he introduced many
economies and abolished useless aml burdensome fees and charges.
]Next year he became Governor, his baggage on removal consistig
of one load of books, tte improved the sea-wal[s, the ride
coutinuing low for 70 days during the work, in answer fo his
prayers! In 1703 he was transerred fo ttunan, where, after
A Chinese Biographical Dictionar!! 77
quelling a rising of the aborigines, he gave full play fo his zeal
for reform. This gained him the love of the people, and even
now, after a century and a hall, the women and children of
Chehkiang are still familiar with the naine of "Governor Chao."
But his arbitrary ways kept him in perpetual trouble, and he was
repeatedly impeached, until in 1709 he was transferred fo Peking
as President of the Censorate. In 1711 he denouuced the seditious
wor nil ;, . i .o Z g
Tai Ming-shih was executed. In 1713 he became President of the
Board of Revenue, but did hot get ou with his colleagues. In
1715 he incurred a severe rebuke over the embezzlemeut of public
funds by one of his sons, who was beheaded. Three years later he
wished fo retire, but was kept in office, all the sums due by him
being remitted. A record of his govenment, entitle î ,
was published by the Hunanese, and one of his clerks also
published a collection of his official writings. Canonised as : ,
and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies.
Chao Shih ]ï. A.D. 1268--1278. Eldest son of Chao Ch'l. 182
On the capture of Chao ]sien by Bayan in 1276, he was
proclaimed ai Foochow eighth Emperor of the Southern Sung
dynasty by i _ IO Ch'ên I-chung, Lu ttsiu-fu, and other
patriots. His mother, the concubiue ; Yang, was entrusted
with the Regency. Chang Shih-chieh, who had ruade the lest
attempt fo hold the Yang-tsze with the fleet, and Wên T'ien-
hsiang, also rallied fo his standard; but the Mongol armies
overbore all opposition, and the boy-sovereign had fo be taken fo
sea, es¢aping the Mongol fleet only by a lucky fog. He wandered
south aloug the coast, driven from refuge fo refuge, until in the
spring of 1277 an alarm in the north recalled the enemy's forces.
Some successes now encouraged the vagabond Court; but the
respire was short, and in the autumn Canton was again captured.
78 A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y
Having lost half his following in a typhoon, the wretched
Emperor ended his wnderings af ;] Y'I'I Kang-chou, an islet in
the ) Wu-ch'uan District of Kuangtung, in 1278. Canonised
as îl
1Sa Chao Shih-hsiung ï]i -6th cent.
' Chii-yang, who stopped one evening at a wine-shop on the
- Lo-fou mountains near Canton. There he was entertained
by a young lady who appeared to be the hostess, and spent the
evening drinking wine with her. bext morning, however,
round himself lying under a plum-tree, stiff with cold, while a
pretty blue bird was singing merrily over his head.
184 Chao Shu (o'iginally
Î). A.D. 1032-1067. A
cousin of Chao Chên, whom he succeeded in 1063 as fiffh
Emperor of the Sung dynasty. The Empress Dowager " Ts'ao
was left with joint control, and eunuchs sowed dissension between
ber and the Emperor. In 1064 [an Ch'i forced ber to retire,
and banished all the intriguing eunuchs. Han remained in power,
aided by Ou-yang Hsiu, during the reign; but his love of sole
control led fo his downi'all in 1067. A hot dispute as fo
honours fo be paid fo the Emperor's father ended in dividing
Ministers into two hostile pa'ties. In 1066 triennial examinations
we'e decreed; and the Mirvov of Histovy was begun by
Sstl-ma Kuang. Au attempt to overawe the Hsia State, by
enrolling 30 per cent of the able-bodied males in Shensi as
militia, p'oved a failure. In 1066 the Emperor fell ill, and was
compelled by Han Ch'i fo abdicate in favour of his son. Canonised
Chao Ti. See Liu Fu-ling.
185 Chao Ting . u (T. ; ). Died A.D. 1147. A native of
Wên-hsi in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1106
and rose fo be a Minister of State. He was a steadfast opponent of
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictionarg 79
Ch'in Kuei and his policy of making peace with the Tartars, for
which he was banished fo various places; among others fo Ch'ao-
chou Fu in Kuangtung, where he remained for rive years, and
ultimately fo a distant military post af Chi-yaug. In his
memorial of thanks fo the Emperor he said, "My hair is white,
and "I can hardly hope fo return. Yet though my days be few,
my heart remains firm; and were I fo die nine deaths, I would hot
change my views." "This old fool," cried Ch'in Kuei, on reading
these words, "is as obstinate as ever!" Three years afterwards he
fell ill, and indited the following epitaph: "My grosser self bas
mounted upon the stars fo heaven, but my spirit will remain
under the form of hills and rivers as a line of defence for the
Throne." He then refused all nourishment and died. Canonised
Chao T'ing-ch'n , (T. ). Died A.D. 1669. A 156
Chinese Bannerman, who was sent in 1645 fo Shan-yang in
Kianu as Magistrate, and afterwards distinguished himself as
Prefect of Nanking. Dismissed for dilatoriness in the collection of
taxes in 1653 he was made Taot'ai in Hunan, where he set his
face against the giving and receiving of presents. In 1658 he
became Governor of the newly-settled province of Kueichou, nd
Viceroy of Yfin-Kuei in 1659, where he introduced education of
the native chieftains and reclamation of waste lands. Transferred
in 1662 fo Chehkiang, he simplified taxation and reformed the
military and nawl administrations, nd stmped out the last
efforts of the adherents of the Mings. He Mso issued much
needed cas£ coinage. Many stories re told of his acumen as a
Chao T'o . . Died B.C. 137. A general in the service of 187
the First Emperor. In B.C. 215 he was appointed fo a command
under Jen Hsiao, and co-operated with him in the reduction of
80 A Chine.¢e Biographical Dictionarg
tlle wild southern tribes. Upon the death of the latter, he
succeeded as Viceroy of the South, with his headquarers in
modern Canton, whence he is sometimes spoken of as
Viceroy T'o; and upon the fall of the Ch'in dynasty he proclaimed
himself Prince of Y/ieh, with the title ç Martial. In B.C. 196 he
consented fo recognise the first Emperor of the Han dynasty as
his suzerain (see Lu Chia); and with the exception of a brief
period of hostility under the Empress L/i Hou, he remained a
faithful vassal until his death, which took place ai a very advanced
age. He bequeathed his throne to his grandson, who however
was speedily dethroned by the Hans, and his dominions added fo
the empire.
1SS Chao Ts'ui (T. -- ). 7th cent. B. C. Chief amo,g
the trusty adhereuts who in B. C. 654 followed Ch'ung Erh into
exile among the wild tribes of the north. Two captive girls having
been presented by the savages fo his toaster, the latter gave the
younger, named Ç Chi Wei, fo him, and she became the
nlother of Chao Tun. On their return from exile Chao Ts'ui was
rewarded with the post of Prime Minister; and he discharged his
duties with such success that the people were said fo love him as
the winter sun.
Chao Tsung. See Li Chieh.
s cao un (. ff). 7h ,,. s.c. So « Co 'i,
and his successor in the oglce of Minister, the functions of which
he discharged with such sern impartiality that he was feared by
the people as the summer sun. His toaster, Duke Ling of
Chin, was a brutal yrant. Among other hings he amused himself
by shooting af his passing subjects from the top of a tower.
put his cook fo death for serving up some badly prepared bear's-paws,
and committed similar atrocities. Chao Tun felt bound fo remon-
strate, and accordingly fell ino disfavour. The Duke employed an
A Chinese Biog.aphlcal Dictioæm»'y
assassin fo kill him, and with that tuteur the latter approached
his house early in the morning; but findiug Chao in his robes of
State, ready fo go fo CourU, he was uuable fo do the deed, and
dashed out his own brains in despair. The Duke then invited him
fo a banquet, with the same design. Chao, however, was preveuted
by the fidelity of a retainer from drinking fo excess, and again
got safely away. Thereupon the Duke leu loose after him a tierce
dog, which the saine retaiuer slew. Cbao then took fo flight, but
was soon recalled by his cousin Chao Ch'tan, who had
slain the Duke in his peach-orchard.
(3hao Tun [. b.D. 1147--1200. Third son of Chao Shêu, 190
whom he succeeded in 1190 as third Emperor of the Southeru Sung
dynsty. AU tirst he held the reius of power firmly, dismissed
favourites, lightened taxation and penalties; but he fell under the
dominion of his tierce wife, and was terrified into an illness which
left all power in her hands. He was so afraid of assassination that
he would seldom give audience, and turned back on several occasions
when he had mustered up courage euough fo reach the door of
the audience-chamber. In 1194 the Empress would uot leu ber
husband visit his father, nor take his place as chief mourner upon
the death of Chao Shên. Thereupon the Empress Dowager, aided
by Chao Ju-yii, Yeh Shih, and ]=[an T'o-chou, forced Chao Tun
fo abdicate in favour of his son. Cauouised as
Chao Tzïl 7. 3rd cent. A.D. Au officer of the Wu State, 191
who was sent by Sun Ch'fiat as ambassador fo Ts'ao P'ei. Wheu
asked by the latter how mauy able men they had in the Wu
State, he replied that of really able men there were about eighty
or ninety, while such men as himself might be measured by
cartloads or bushelfuls.
Chao Wôn (T. - ). Died A.D. 208. A Governor of 192
the Metropolitan District under the Eastern Hau dynasty. "Ah",
6
82 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
sighed he, "a hero should fly like a cock and hOt brood like a
hem" Accordingly, he resigned his iost and retired into private
lire. Soon afterwards there was a severe famine, and he spent the
whole of his private fortune in relieving the sufferers. This coming
fo the ears of the Emperor Hsien Ti, he was at once summoned
by his Majesty who took him fo Ch'ang-an and made him Minister
of State, af the saine rime ennobling him as Marquis. In 208 he
incurred the displeasure of Ts'ao Ts'ao, and was obliged fo throw
up his post.
193 Chao Yeh (T. ). 1st cent. A.D. A native of
Chehkiang, who after serving for a while in a subordinate ocial
capacity, studied for twenty years under Tu Fu. Author of the
, a history of the States of Wu and Yfieh between
the 12th and 5th centuries B.C., in which there is a mixture of
fact, unauthentic anecdo, and romance. He also wrote the
on the Odes.
194 Ohao Yfian (T. ). A scholar and official of the
7th cent. A.D., known chiefly from his i,timate friendship with
the poet Ch'ên Tza-ang. He was ai Lo-yang during the reign of
the Empress Wu Hou, when he found if more consistent with
safety fo lead a quiet and retired life. He died af the age of 49,
and was canonised by his friends as .
195 Ohao Yan-hao . A.D. 1003--1048. The founder of
th nsi Statu. w h on of Cho Tê-ming,
who had beeu Governor of Hsia-chou in Kansuh, and had en
posthumously ennobled as King of Hsia. The family was descended
from the Tobas. Under the T'ang dynasty the surname Li
had been bestowed upon them for services rendered; and this agMn
had been similarly "chauged under the Sung dynasty fo Chao. Chao
Yfian-hao succeeded his father in 1032 as Governor of Hsia-chou.
He was of a tierce and suspicious nature, a student of Buddhism,
A Chinese Biographical Dictioarg 83
and well acquainted with the Chinese people. In 1034 he invaded
Chinese territory, and having seized all the country west of the
Yellow River, he attacked Lan-chou Fu. In 1038 he proclaimed
himself independenç as Emperor of Hsia. In 1041, ufçer three
years' successful warfare, he offered peace, and in 1042 he was
formally recognised as King of Hsia. He was killed by a son
whose fe he had appropriaçed. For nearly two hundred years
afr his deaçh çhe Sçate he had founded continued ço exisç, always
more or less in antagonism ço çhe Imperial House, unçil açlengçh
if was finally overthrown by çhe Mongols in 1227.
Chao Yfin (T. oe ). Died A.D. 229. One of çhe 1'{;
heroes of çhe wars of the Three Kingdoms, disçinguished by his
unusual st.açure and great personal beauty. He was a champion of
the cause of Liu Pei, whose son (s Li Cl'a) he is said ço bave
saved çce, -- once inçhe rouç aç ] Ch'ang-fan-p'o,
an again when A Lady Sun çhe wife of Lin Pei, was
about ço ke him inço Wu. Iç was on he firsç occasion thaç Lfu
Pei is said fo bave cried ouç "Tzfi-lung's whole body is one mass
of courage!" In a subsequent engagement he was less successful,
and was dismissed ço an inferior command; yeç he was highly
honoured in the Kingdom of Shu, and aç his deaçh he was
posumously ennobled as Marquis.
Chao Yfin . The accomplished and beautiful mistress of 197
çhe poet Su Tung-p'o. She accompapied ber loyer on his banishment
fo Hui-chou in Kuangtung, and çhere died, with thcse -ords from
the Diamo,d Sûtra upon ber lips: -- "Like a dream, like a
vision, like a bubble, like a shadow, like dew, like lighçning."
A blet ço ber memory sçill stands upon the shores of çhe
Wesrn Lake.
Chao Yfin . A wait.ing-woman in the family of a man 19S
named Wang Shên, skilled in playing on çhe fiuçe. The
Chinese BiograpMcal Dictiona,'g
Ch'in-chou ia Kansuh having revolted, ber
8
aborigines near
toaster sent ber in disguise fo wiu them back fo their allegianee,
which by the aid of ber playing she succeeded in doing.
199 (3hao Xriin [J. A.D. 1203--1264. A descendant in the
eleventh generation from the founder of the Sang dynasty. He
reigned from 1225 fo 1264 as fifth Emperor of the Southern
Sung dynasty (sec Chao K'uo). He left Shih Mi-yfian in supreme
power until the latter's death in 1233. Theu for a year, with the
able aid of Chêng Ch'ing-chih, the Emperor ruled well; but the
collapse of the Chin a power proved too great a temptation, and a
rash expedition, in defiance of treaty, fo recover the ancient
capitals, K'ai-fêng and Lo-yang, brought on war with the Mougols.
The enemy penetraçed fo the Yang-tsze, while the new Minister,
i Shih Suug-chih, failed fo offer any effectual resistance.
The country was overrun with superfluous officials; the people were
ground clown with taxes and the expeuses of the war; the high
officials neglected their duties and spent their rime in intriguing.
In 1256 the Emperor, grown arbitrary and capricious, came under
tbe influence of the obsequious Ting Ta-ch'fiau, who fell three
years later, when the successes of the Mongol iuvaders could no
longer be concealed. Chia Ssti-tao, brother of the favourite
coucubine Chia Shê, had risen fo high rank in Hu-Kuang,
and now by offers of vassalage and tribute induced Kublai Khan,
who was also anxious fo return fo the north and make sure of
his throne, fo withdraw his forces fl'om Ch'aug-sha and Wu-
ch'ang. A treacherous attack on the Mongol rearguard, and the
subsequent imprisonment of his envoys in order fo conceal the
terres of peace, determiued Kublai fo crush the perfidious Sungs;
buç the Emperor died ere Kublai's preparations were completed.
Canonised as 1
200 (h'aO 11 î or /l __. A recluse who li ved in the
A Chinese Biographical Dictioary 85
rime of the Emperor Yao, B.C. 2357. As he grew old he began
fo seek shelter among the branches of trees, and removed still
farther from contact with the world. Yao offered him the throne,
but he decliued, and immediately went and washed his ears fo
fi'ee them flore the defilemeut of such worhily coutamination.
huother story rune that wheu the throne was offered fo Hs Yu,
and the latter washed his ears in a brook, Ch'ao Fu would hOt
even let his calves drink of the water.
Ch'ao Kung-so OE (T. ). A celebrated poet of 201
the 12th cent. A.D. He graduatel as cl«i slil in 1138, and rose
fo high tank in the public service. See C]'«o I(»g-,u.
C'ao Ku.-u OE (T. . . ). t o
cent. A.O. Elder brother fo Ch'ao Kung-so. From 1165 he was
Prefect af Hsing-yan in Shensi, and so endeared himself fo the
peple that he recei ve the sobriquet of .
Ch'ao Pu-chih OE (T. . n.
,,., ). A.D. 203
103-10. .aride o E Cho-yeh i Sh.tu, ( o
of Ch'ao Tuan-yen. An ooecial uud poet of the Suug dynasty,
who when quiie a boy uttracled the notice of Wang An=uo. Ai
he age of 17 he accompanied his father fo Hangchow, where he
great Su Shih was stationed. There he produced such an
exquisite poem on the beauties of Ch'ien-'ang that Su Shih said:
"I may now lay down my penl" Graduating first on the lis of
chi» si, he enlered upon a public career, in which he rose fo
high oce. On one occasion he was degraded for a mistake in
the biography of the Emperor Shên Tsung. He buiIt himself a
residence which he called, from T'ao Yan-ming's famous poem,
"Home an. and gave himself the sobriquet of
Author of the . Regarded as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see Clag Lei).
86 A Chbese Biog'aphical Dictionary
Ying-ch'uan in Anhui, who rose under the Emperor Wên Ti of
the tan dynasty fo be chier tutor fo the Heir Apparent, in which
capacity he gained for himself the sobriquet of the
Wisdom-tag. Upon the accession of his young toaster as the
Emperor Ching Ti, he was ruade a Privy Councillor, and proceeded
fo advise the new monarch fo get rid of the feudal Princes, whose
animosities and treacheries threatened the stability of the empire.
Ch'ao Ts'o's father, hearing of this, hurried up from Ying-ch'uan
fo the capital, and begged his son fo withdraw from such a
dangerous enterprise. Ch'ao Ts'o explained that his measure was
intended fo secure peace for the House of Liu; fo which his father
replied that if would secure anything but peace for the House of
Ch'ao. And as the old man felt unable fo face the coming crisis,
he took poison and died. Ten days later, seveu of the feudal
States revolted; and as Tou Ying, secretly bacled by Ydan Yang,
laid the whole blame upon Ch'ao Ts'o and his unpopular measures,
the Emperor gave orders for the latter fo be dressed in full oficial
robes and thus fo be led forth to execution.
(h'ao rllal-yol î (T. - ). Born .D. 1035.
The descendant of a long line of statesmen and writers, and father
of Ch'ao Pu-chih. le was born on the saine day as Chang Tun;
their names were published as graduates on the saine list, and
they both received their appoinments af the saine rime. Hence
they came fo be called the -- J Three Sames. Later on,
the political conduct of Chang Tun was such that Ch'ao was
forced fo impeach him. "We are no longer the Three Sames,"
he said, "but rather the tundred Differents." Ie gained some
reputation as a poet, and rose fo be sub-Librarian in the Imperial
Library.
Chê Tsung, See Chao YIsii.
A Chinese Biographical Dictioa'y 87
2lE blan-p'ing in Fuhkien, who flourished as a high offieial
ai the close of the 4th cent. A.D. In his youth he was too poor
fo afford a lamp, aud studied by the light of a bag of fireflies.
Yet he rose fo be President of the Board of Civil Office. He
entered tho, service of Huan Wên, and his wit and beauty ruade
him a great favourite ai Court,. On one occasion he was present
when Hsieh An and his brother were expounding the _Filial 39iety
o the Emperor Hsiao Wu. He whispered to ,, :- Y/jan Yang
that there were several points about whieh he would like fo be
enlightened, but that he feared fo weary and annoy the two sages.
"Fear hOt!" replied Y/Jan Yang. "Did you ever sec a bright
mirror wearied with refleeting, or a elear stream annoyed by a
genial breeze?" About A.D. 385 he retired in ill-health, with the
title of Marquis.
Chên Chiang .li, .. î 5th cent. B.C. The virtuous wife of 207
Prince Chao of the Ch'u State. When the prince went ri'oto
home, he left ber in a tower surrounded by water; and if was
agreed between them that if he sent for her, he would give the
messenger a token to be shown to the princess. On one occasion
there was a flood, and the water began to fise high round the
tower. The prince hurriedly sent off a messenger fo rescue his
wife, but forgot the token; the result being that the lady declined
ix) leave the tower, and perished in the flood.
H. iJJ)- A.D. 1178--1235. A native of P'u-ch'êng in Fuhkien.
Graduating in 1199, he was appointed fo the Imperial Academy,
and soon rose fo high oifice at the capital. At his own request he
was sent into the provinces; and his administration, in spite of
the denunciations of enemies, was marked by signal success. On
the accession of the Emperor Li Tsung in 1225, he was falsely
accused of having favoured the Emperor's brother, who had just
88 A Chi-nese Biogrophical Dictionary
been put fo death. He was degraded, but ultimately restored fo
office, and became President of the Board of Ceremonies. He was
the auhor of the , a philosophical work trating of
th eharaetr and doings of minent Ministers of past rimes; of
the , illustrating the docrines of he Greot Lear»i»y;
, collection of mode] essays, ec. ec.
miscdlaneous wors were publshed under he ile of
. Canonised as ., in 1437 his tabler was placed in
Cnfueian Temple.
Ohn Wsnng. 8e Oao ng.
A.D. 8rved iu Peking, of wieh e ulimately beeame oçernor.
As a writr, was ehiefly noeud for poems and ealligraphy.
works were published under he ile of
210 Oh'fin Ohên . /rb cent. B.#. Famous for he advice he
gave Chao Yang no fo aack he Ch'i Stae, the later
having sufficienly carried ou instrucgions by he conques of Wei.
"I would be," said Ch'ên ," as hough you were o add fee o a snake."
211 çh'ên çhi-ch'ang (n. ). A man of
he Sung dynasty, whose ishrewsh wife's voice was likened by
Su Tung-p'o to¢he roar of a lioness.
212 Ch'fin Chi-ch'ang . Graduated as "quadruple
firs" during he reign of Chia Ch'ing, A.D. 1796--1821, he
only instance under he presen dynasy; ha is o say, in addition
o the %riple first" (see Ch'io Cldeh) he was also firs
of o,- .
2la ¢h'fin ¢h'iao (T. ). Died A.D. 975. A worhy
of he Sung dynasy, who reached his 60h year before he ook
his degree; in honour of which even a literary friend gave him
his daugher in marriage. Upon this, Ch'ên Ch'iao is said o bave
composed ghe following lines:
.4 Chinese Bio.qraph ical Dictionary 89
They say that P'êng Tsu lived eight hundred years,
Compared with which I'm but a little child.
Unfortunately, however, for the story, this verse occurs in the
poetry of ghe T'ang dynasty.
Ch'ên Ch'iell ] , (T. ). A.D. 522-566. Nephew of
Ch'ên Pa-hsien, whom he succeeded in 559 as second sovereign
of the Ch'ên dynasty. He was an industrious ruler, and marie the
Palace watchmen wake him every rime they passed af night. His
reign was disturbed only by Olle abortive rebellion, that of the
Governors of Chiang-c!mu in Hupeh and Miu-chou in Fuhkien.
C anouised as .
Ch'ên Ching-yfin (T. - ). A widely-read 215
historical critic, who flourished uuder the reign of K'ang Hsi,
A.D. 1662-1723. He tiled fo take his degree, and lived the life
of a recluse. He wrote numerous critical works ou history; among
others, the , a ma uual for historical rentiers, giving
concise histories of reigns from the Han fo the end of the Ming
dynasty.
Ch'ên Chung (T.
). 2nd cent. A.D. Famous for
his friendship with Lei I, the two being said fo stick together
tighr than glue. Upon taking the highest degree, he wished fo
resign his place fo his frieud; but this was hot permitted. Lei I
graduated in the followiug year, and the two were employed in
the saine department, both ultimately rising fo the highest offices
of State. On oue occasion, a comrade accidentally carried off a
pair of breeches which did hot belong fo him. The owner suspected
Ch'ên, who af once went fo the market and bought another pair
put in the place of the missing garment; and if was hOt until
the comrade's return that the real truth was discovered.
ca,ê a (T. tç ). e- ce.t. .. .atve o
Ju-nan in Honan, who rose fo be Governor of Yfi-chang, part
90 A Cliese Biographical Dictionary
of Kiangsi, lut fell a ctim fo eunuch intrigues, together with
Tou W. When a boy of fifteen, he carid a letter from his
fther fo ) Hsieh Ch'in ;- nd the latter, on coming fo call
next day, said, "You bave an extraordinary son. I came fo see
him, not you." Then, noticing that the court-yard was in a
neglected st.aie, he turned fo Ch'ên Fan and asked him why he
did hot sweep it against the arrival of guests. "A hero," replied
the lad, "should sweep the empire, and not court-yards."
,s Ch'. ro l' (T. "U . n , , ). ».
1261--1341. A native of Tu-ch'ang in Kiangsi, and son
of an ocial in Hupeh.' A uthor of the / , an
elaborate work on the Ca,o, of Rites, which is still the text-
book for the public examinations. He is also known as
, from the situation of his birthplace. In 1724 his tablet was
admitted t.o the Confucian Temple.
219 Ch'ên ttao . A.D. 1478--1519. A grandson of Prince
Ning-ching, a scion of the Imperial family of the Mings.
In 1507 he was restored fo the title and dignity of which his
grandfather had been deprived for misconduct, and was recognised
as Prince Ning. Airer having enjoyed for years the favour of the
debauched and extravagant monarch, Wu Tsung, fo whom he
owed his elevation, he took advantage of the confusion into which
public affairs were thrown in 1519 by the Emperor's whim of
undertaking a progress through the southern provinces, fo head a
revolt. With a large body of adherents, he ruade himself toaster
of a portion of the province of Kiangsi, and proceeded o lay
siege to An-ch'ing. The Imperial commander, Wang Shou-jen,
who had subdued an insurrection in Kiangsi in the previous year,
ai once devised measures for drawing away the insurgent army
from the Yang-tsze, lest an attempt should be ruade upon
Nanking. l-le marched upon Nan-ch'ang Fu, the capital of
A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictio,arg
Kiangsi, then in the power of the rebels, and took if by storm;
upon which Ch'ên Hao abandoned his design upon An-ch'ing and
returned fo meet the foe in his rear. His fleet, while ascending
the river Kan, encountered that of Wang Shou-jen; and after
an obstinate engagement, Ch'ên ttao was defeated and taken
prisoner. He was shortly afterwards executed af T'ung-chou, on
the Emperor's return from his ill-fated journey fo the south.
(h'êl Hêng ) J. A man of the Ch'i State, who assassinated 220
his sovereigu, B.C. 479, in consequence of which crime Confucius
begged the ruler of the Lu State fo send a punitive expedition
against Ch'i.
Ch'ên siang ) (T. -î ). llth cent. A.D. A native
of Foochow, distinguished for his labours in the cause of education
in his native province. He also held several provincial posts, in
which he effected many useful reforms. In 1068 he was sent on a
mission fo the Kitan Tartars; and a year later, as a Censor, he
vigorously opposed the innovations of Wang An-shih, who
ultimately sent him back fo the provinces. He was recalled by the
Emperor shortly before his death af the age of 63, and appointed
sub-leader in the Han-lin College. Ssti-ma Kuang and several
other leading men were recommended by him fo the Emperor.
(h'ên Hsien ) . 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A high legal 222
oficial under the Emperors Ai Ti and P'ing Ti of the Hau
dynasty. Unable fo countenance the changes introduced by Wang
Mang, he tendered his resignation; and when Wang Mang
usurped the throne, he and his three sons all declined fo hold
office, and retired into lrivate life. le concealed all his legal
books and documents in a wall, and continued fo use the old
calendar of the Hans, declaring that he could not recognise
the new calendar of the Wang family. His reputation had
been that of a jusç judge, and he strongly impressed upou
92 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
his sons the desirability of erriJg on the side of lenieucy.
223 Ch'ên ttsien ) _ (T. . H. î ). A.D. 1641--1722.
Descended from an illustrious Chehkiang family, he graduated as
chi jeu in 1672, and served as a Censor in Peking, offering many
valuable suggestions, especially on the conservation of the Yellow
River. Sent as Goveruor fo Kueichou, he promoted the reclamation
of waste lands, sericulture, and fruit-growing, besicles doing much
for education. After a terre as Governor of Hupeh, he returned fo
Peking as President of the Board of Works, and retired in 1719.
An indefatigable student, he left only scattered notes on the History
22 Ch'ên Hsien-chang (T. - ). A.D. 1428--1500.
A native of " Po-sha near Canton, from which he is
sometime spoken of as " î. Of a studious disposition,
he graduated as cMi je in 1447, but failed fo take his «]tins]ih
degree. He the built himself a bouse, which he called î ,
and shut himself up in if for several years, receiving no visitors
and speuding all his rime over books. After this, he went to the
capital fo study in the Imperial Academy; and on one occasion,
being ordered fo write some verses after the style and on the
subject of a poem by Yang Shih, he turned out a composition
which the examiner declared to be superior fo the original. This
brought him fo the notice of the Emperor, and he was recommended
for official employment; but he declined fo hold ooEce, and retired
into private life. He lef no written work behind him, and his
teachings encourage meditation rather than the study of books.
Hence he was stigmatised by Hu Ch(i-jen as a Buddhist. He is
said fo bave been a handsome man, though disfigured by seven
black spots on his cheek. He was remarkable for his filial piety;
and on one occasion when his mother was longing fo see him,
he felt a sympathetic throb in his heart. In 1584 he was canonised
A Chinese Biogt'aphical I)ictionary 93
as , and his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ch'ên Ch'ien and uncle fo Ch'ëu Po-tsung, whom he deposed in
558, mouuting the throne as fourth Emperor of the Ch'ên dynasty.
In 573 he recovered many Districts from Ch'i, but was overawed
by the rising power of Chou. Cauonised as -
calli'aphist and bibliophile of the 18th cent. A.D.
cent. A.D. An historical writer, who refused fo be recommended
tre the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, preferring a life of comparative
po verty. Author of the ,a history of the Sung dynasty,
present dynasty, of two books on the dates of metropolitau and
provincial high oticials, and of a collection of poems and essays.
1695--1771. Graduated as chi sltih in 1723. After serving in the
Censorate he was sent fo the provinces, and soon rose fo be
Governor; and during the next twenty years he was moved about
from province fo province over hall the empire. In 1757 he was
Viceroy of the Two Kuang, but lost the post in consequence of
alleged incapacity in dealing with a plague of locusts. In 1763 he
was President of the Board of War, and in 1767 Grand Secretary
and President of the Board of Works. In 1771 he retired from ill-
health, with the title of Senior Tutor fo the Heir Apparent, and
died soon afterwards. Ch'ên was a most successful administrator.
He always had his room hung round with maps of the province
in which he was serving, so as fo become familiar with ifs
geography. He was severe but just fo his subordinates, and always
anxious fo improve the condition of the people. He encouraged
the production of copper in Yiinnan by allowing the sale of all
94 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in excess of the government quota, by which means he rendered
importation from abroad unnecessary. He established free schools,
and spread education among the aborigiues of various provinces.
Cauonised as .-
disciples of Confucius. When his brother - Tzfi-chfi died,
the wife and steward of the latter planned together that Ch'ên
K'ang should be buried alive with the corpse; bu Ch'ën K'ang
pointed out that they were the more fitting persons fo atnd the
dead in the world below. From this date if is said that the cusm
of burying alive fell into desuetude.
230 Ch'ên Kuo-jui . 19th cent. A.D. h native of
Ying-ch'ëng in Hupeh, who entered upon a military career, and
after distinguishing himself uuder Sëng-ko-liu-sin by his exploi
against the rebels in Auhui during the reign of the Emperor
Hsien Fëng, was promoted fo the tank of Brigade General. He
was leading troops through Tientsin in June 1870 and is popularly
supposed fo bave instigated the massacre of Europeans which took
place on the 2lst of that month. He rose fo be Provincial
Commander-in-chier af Ch'u-chou in Chehkiang, aud after his
deah temples were erected in his honour, aud his lire was recorded
by the Imperial Hisriographer.
231 Ch'en Lan-pin (H. $ ). A native of Kuangtung,
who graduated as chin shih in A.D. 1853. In 1867 he was appented
fo the staff of Liu Ch'ang-yu, who was commandiug against the
Nien fei. In 1872 he proceeded with a number of students on an
educational mission fo the United States. He was sent on a
commission of enquiry into the coolie trafic with Cuba, from
which he returned in 1874, when he was apointed Vice Director
of the Imperial Clan Court. In 1878 he was sent as Euvoy fo
SpMn, Peru, and the United States. Iu 1879 he was ruade Senor
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictioa»og 95
Vice President of the Court of Censors, and in 1882 Minister of
he Tsung-li Yamên. From the latter post he was dismissed in
1884, and a month later he retired ino private lire.
) îî l:lsiu-ning in Anhui. Af three years of age his graud-
mother taught him fo repent by heart the Canon of Filial Piety
and the Confucian Aalects; af rive he was reading he Canon and
general hisory; af seven he was qualified fo talle his cldn sltih
degree; and af fifteen he was regarded as the greatest literary
authority in the neighbourhood. He declined fo hold off]ce under
the Mongols, and devoed himself fo teaching, being lnown fo
his disciples as A î, from the naine he gave fo
the period from Fu Hsi down fo he close of the Sang dynasy.
Ch'ên Lin ) )i. 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Kuang-ling in 233
Kiangsu. tte began lire as off]cial secretary to Ho Chin; but
subsequenly passed into he service of Ts'ao Ts'ao, who had a
high opinion of his sldll as a dispatch-writer, tte was a poet of
some distinction, and is rauled among the Seven Scholars of the
Chien-an period (see Hsit KaO.
Ch'ên ]gêng-lei )
î. 17th and 18th cent. A.D. A
scholar who flourished under the reign of the Emperor K'ang ttsi,
and took a leading part in the preparation of the great encyclo-
poedia kuown as the ). No sooner, ho wever, had
Yung Chêng acceded fo the throne than Ch'ên and his son were
banished fo the frontier, on the ground that the former had been
mixed up in the rebellion of Kêng Ching-chung in 1674, and that
although pardoned by the late Emperor, he had committed further
acts of lawlessness and disloyalty. The continuation of the work
was thereupon entrusted fo Chiang T'ing-hsi.
Ch'ên lgin-hsiu ) ." 12th cent. A.D. A scholar of the 235
96 A Chinese Biograplica! Dctionarg
11t5, when lready 73 years of age. The Emperor, finding tha
he was sill unmarried, gave him one of the Palace ladies,
together wih a haudsome dowry; whereupon the following doggrel
was freely circulated:
If the bridegroom's age tle newly-wedded bride would like to know,
He ld th'ee nd twenty brthdys hif a century ago.
native of Ch'ang-ch'ê,g in Chehkiaug, ad a descendanç of Ch'êa
Shh. He vas ambiious from boyhood, and a grea reader of
military treaises. In 527 he enered the army of the Liag
dynasty, whose fouuder greatly esteemed him for his successful
campaign in 546--47 agins Coclin-Chin. He supported he
dynasty against the rebel Hou Ching, who was uerly routed
a grea batle near Wuhu in 551. Afer several poses as Governor,
he became Minister of Works in 554, and in 555 he surprised
and slew Wang Sêng-pien, he Prime Miniser, who had se ou
the hrone the Marquis of î Chên-yang, o he exclusion
he righful heir. The last Emperor of Liang, in graeul
recoguition of lis aid, bestowed on hm Dukedom and
miliary commaud of he Kiugdom; and he ruade himself Prime
Miniser and a Prince. He compelled his sovereign o abdicae in
his favor af he end of 557, and mouuted he hrone as firs
Emperor of the Ch'ên dynasty. His short reign was wihou
incident. A devoted Bu(ldhis, he publicly took the vows in 558.
A clever Generl and a mild Governor, he was personally
A smooth-tongued arful courier, lnown as "he nine-ailed fox",
who rose fo be Minister of Sae undr the Emperor Chên
Tsung of he Sung dynasty. He was he only son of his moher,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 97
and she tried hard fo kee l) him from over-study; btlt he managed
fo elude ber watchfulness, and after becoming a pupil of ttsfi
Hsfian, graduated as c£in s]ih aad entered the public service. He
was af one rime employed upon the dynastic annals, and was the
author of the J-, and of a collection of masterpieces in
literature. He was also employed, together with J Ch'iu
Yung, upon the revision of the well-known î., a phonetic
dictionary containing over 26,000 characters arranged according
fo 206finals uuder the four roues. Canonised as .
Ch'ên P'êng-nien (T. and '1'] )" A.D. 238
1663--1723. Graduated as c]i sMh in 1691, and became a
District Magistrate in Chehkiang, where he soon earned the
reputation of an incorrupt official. In 1704 he became Prefect of
Nanking, and in 1705 he was accused of treason and imprisoned.
This caused a riot, and Ch'ên was sentenced fo death, but was
pardoned and summoned fo Peking. In 1708 he was Prefect of
Soochow, but in 1709 he was again summoned fo Peking, and
there employed in the Imperial Library. tte rose by 1723 fo be
Director of the Yellow River, and died af his post in consequence
of illness brought on by exposure on the dykes. Wrote essays,
memoirs, and some poetry. Was one of the Five Devils (see
A native of Kuangtung, who graduated as chin shih in 1694, and
served mostly in the provinces. He managed by frugality and
abstemiousness fo lire on hiæ salary, and even fo save money for public
works. He was Governor of Fuhkien from 1716 until his death.The Em-
peror K'ang ttsi, when he appeared af an audience in 1715, exclaimed;
"Why, this is surely some ascetic old priest!" But he nevertheless
appreciated his purity, which was free from all taint of meanness.
Canonised as , and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies.
7
98 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
240 (3h'ên P'ing j i: (T. ' --). Die B.O. 178. A native of
Ç Yang-wu in modern [onan, whose family was exceedingly
poor. He himself, however, was so tall and handsome that a
wealthy man of the neighbourhood gave him a granddaughter
who had already been married rive rimes, all ber husbands having
died shorfly after marriage; "for beauty like his," argued the old
gentleman, "canno be long associaed with povery." Being
appointed fo tonnage the distribution of the sacrificia[ meas af
the local altar fo the spirits of the land, he conducted the
business with such impartiality that the elders wished he could be
appoiuted fo mauage the empire. "Were I fo manage the empire,"
said he, "if would be just as with this meat." Entering the
service of Prince Chiu of Wei, he became Chamberlain; but
fell a victim fo intrigue, and took refuge under the standard of
[siang Chi, who advauced him fo high posts, and ennobled
as Prince for his reduction of the Yin State. But when Lin
Pang's forces succeeded in their raid upon Yn, Ch'ên P'ing's lire
was in danger, and once more he fled fo the enemy's camp, this
rime fo become tbe trusted counsellor of the House of [tan until
his death. He is known as the author of Six Wonderful Plans, as
follows:- 1. By bribery he managed fo destroy the confidence
of Hsiang Chi in Fan Ts'êug and his other counsellors, B.C. 205.
2. By substituting coarse herbs for the customary ox presented fo
envoys, when he received the envoy of Hsiang Chi, he gave the
latter fo understand that an envoy from Fan Ts'ëug would have
been welcomed with full honours, thus leading ttsiang Chi fo
distrust Fan Ts'êng's loyalty, B.C. 204. 3. By means of a woman
he raised the siege of Jung-yang (but see Chi Hsi,). 4. By four
rimes pressing Liu Pang's foot he caused him fo create Han ttsin
(q. v.) Prince of Ch'l. 5. By Lin Pang's pretended pleasure-trip fo
the lake of T Y(in-mêng, he succeeded in making Han
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionarg. 99
prisoner. 6. By means of movable puppets,- said fo bave been the
origin of Punch and Judy,- one of which represented a
beautiful girl, he induced the Hun chieftain who was besieging
Liu Pang in : Po-têng fo allow the latter fo escape; for
which hewas ruade Marquis of Ch'ff-ni (someimes red
Ch'ff«-yff«). tte became sole Minister in 179, and is ranked as one
of the Three Heroes (see C]ta»g Liag).
Ch'ên Po-tsung [fl (T. ). A.D. 550--568. Son
of Ch'ên Ch'ien, whom he succeeded in 566 as third sovereign of
the Ch'ên dynasty. He was a weak youth, and was deposed after
little more than a year by his uncle, fo whom his father had
offered thesuccesion. Know in history as i pî or j î.
Ch'ên Shêng (T. _). Die B.C. 209. A ploughman of 242
the Ch'in State. One day he stood still in the furrows and said fo
his fellow-labourers, "When I ara rich and powerful, I will hot
forger you." "How is a ploughman going fo get rich and powerful?"
asked his companions, mockingly. "Ah," replied Ch'ên, "what can
swallows and sparrows know of the aires of the snow-goose or the
wild swan?" Entering upon a military career, he rose fo a tank
of some importance; but revolted, together with _ Wu
Kuang, because being prevented by flood from reaching a certain
place by a certain date, he was liable under the prevailing law fo execu-
tion, He seized Ch'i in modern Anhui, and established himself af
Ch'ên in Honan. The people rose on all sides against the Ch'in
officials, and he soon had a large following. His armies however
were unsuccessful, and he was driven out of Ch'in by _
Chang Han af the head of a body of enfranchised slaves,
whereupon he took fo flight, but was slain by his charioteer. He
refused fo allow himself 4o be styled Prince of Ch'u, but he is
often referred fo as Prince of Ch'ên. He was posthumously known
10 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
ch'an shi (T.
the Han dynasty, distinguished for purity and uprightness. As
Magistrate of J T'ai-ch'tu in YIonan, he ruled so justly that
people from neighbouring Disricts flocked fo his jurisdictiou.
Rcsigning office, he returned fo his home in Ying-ch'uan in
Anhui, where he was appealed fo as arbiter in all disputes by the
people, who preferred fo surfer the penalties of the law rather
than incur his disapproval. On one occasion, when a thief had
hidden himself among the roof-beams, he quietly called together
his sons and grandsons, and after a short moral lecture pointed
up af the thief, saying, "Do ht imitate this
gentleman on the beam." The latter was so touched that he came
down aml asked forgiveness, promising fo lead an honest life for
the future, and deparing joyfully with a present of money. In
lfi8 Ho Chin in vain tried o induce him fo accept high
His funeral is said fo bave been attended by 80,000 persons from
ail parts of the empire. He and his two sons (T. . f and
ï ), boh distinguished men, were known as he
1fi80177. Fourth son of Ch'ên Hsien. He graduated as
slih in 1703, and afer several educational and literary posts,
became Governor of Shanung in 1724. He was degraded in 178
for procrastination in reporting on the Kiangnan waterways, but
rose again in 1741 o be a Grand Secretary. Af he end of 17I8
an erroneous judgment led fo his dismissal, but he was recalled
fo his high offce three years later, lïfe retired wih honour in
177, leaving behind him the reputation of a most conscientious
offcer. Canonised as j.
Ol'ên slon (T. ). A.D. 288-2D7. A native of
Ssach'uan, who aftr sudying under h'iao hou took service
uuder the Minor Han dynasty, and alone ventured fo oppose the
A Chiiese Biog'aphical Dictionary 01
all-powerful eunuch Huang Hao. He brought himself into notice
by collecting the public papers of Chu-ko Liang, and was employed
under the Chin dynasty fo edit the History of t/e T]ree Ki»gdoms,
which was much admired. His biographies of Chin men, however,
are marked by personal bias. He became a Censor, but retired af
the death of his mother, chiefly on account of the opposition of
his rival Hsfin Hsfi; and later he refused fo take up a post of
Instructor fo the Heir Apparent. He also wrote the
History of Aciet States, and a biographica] work on Ssfich'uan
worthies, entitled .
Ch'ên Shu-pao (T. ). A.D. 553--604. Eldesf 246
son of Ch'ên Hsfi, whom he succeeded in 582, and fiffh and last
sovereign of he Ch'ên dynasy. He gave himself up fo a lire of
debauchery, employing unworfhy minions o oppress he people,
unfil he Sui armies took his capital wihouf any opposifion in
589. When he vicfoAous invaders bursf ino fhe palace, fhe
wrefched polroon caused himself and his favourife concubines,
Chang Li-hua and ofhers, fo be lowered info a well, from which
hey were ignominiously dragged up by fhe conquerors. His lire
was spared, and he was sen as Duke of Ch'ang-ch'êng, his family
home, o Ch'ang-an. Known in hisory as .
Ch'ên Shun (T. ). A.D. 1151--1216. A native U7
of g Lung-ch'i in Fuhkien, who was affracfed fo fhe sfudy
of philosophy by readi,g the , of Chu Hsi, and when
the latter w appointed Governor of Chang-chou, received
instruction from him as a disciple. He remained an ardent student
for the test of his life; and although he never actually held office,
he was greatly esteemed by all the local officiais. In 1216 he
received a small appointment, but died before he could proceed.
He is said fo bave been the first fo use the terre * in the
sense of philosophical speculation.
102 A Chinese Biograp]ical Dictionat'y
1701w1751. h successful official» who graduated as c]ti shih in
1733. Early distinguished for-erudition, he won the first place af
the special examination of Han-lin graduates held by the Emperor
Ch'ien Lung in 1737. In 1748 he was a Minister of the Grand
Council, and earned the Emperor's high approval by his diligence
in dealing with the vast mass of correspondence during the war in
Chin-ch'uau. He was subsequently Viceroy af Canton. Cauonised
as ), and included tu the Temple of Worthies.
249 Ch'n-t'ai 7 . Died A.D. 1655. A grandson of O-yi-tu,
who sharcd in the conquest of China. Appointed Pacificator of the
South in 1647, he soon reduced Fuhkien fo order and repelled the
attacks of the pirate i.[ î Chêng Ts'ai. After being degraded in
1651, in 1655 he was restored fo his rauk of Grand Secretary
and sen fo suppress a rising of Chang Hsien-chung's successors
in Hu-Kuang. He died soon after his success had gained him the
title of ¥iscount. Canonised as t.,, .
250 Ch'ên T'ao . 9th and 10th cent. A.D. A poet and
astronomer of the T'ang dynasty. Unable fo brook the rule of the
Later T'angs, he retired fo the hills, and lived in retirement with
his wife, who was also a scholar, and grew oranges for a
livelihood. "If is hot," said he in one of his political poems,
"that the phoenix and the cl'i li visit the Middle Kingdom no
more, but that they are all caught in the nets of the Imperial
family." A neighbouring official once sent a waiting-maid fo try
his chastity, but he was proof against all her arts. He called
251 (3h'èn Ti - (T. -îî. ). 16th cent. A.D. A native of "
#-Y. Lien-chiang in Fuhkien, who served as a military official
beyond tho Great Wall fo the north of Peking, but who is chiefly
known as a writer on linguistic subjects. Author of tho) p
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 103
and of the - ;;j:, works onhe o|d
sounds of characters as deduced from the rhymes in ancient
poetry, etc. etc. He maintained à outrace that in early ages there
was no such thing as pronouncing a word in poetry hot according
fo ifs ordinary sound, but in accordance with the requirements of
rhyme. He named his home the : , and under that title
published a catalogue of the books in his library.
Ch'ên Ting :. (T. -- ,). 4th cent. B.C. Commonly 252
known as t¢ Ch'ên Chung Tzti. A man of the Ch'i
State, who was offered a large sure of money fo become Minister
fo the Prince of Ch'n. But he would hOt face the cares of offlcial
lire, and fled away with his wife iuto the country, where they
occupied themselves in watering plants. On oue occasion he went
without food until he could neither see nor hear. His principles
were so lofty, not fo say impossible, that Mencius dec]ared a man
would have fo be an earthworm in ortier fo carry them out.
Ch'ên T,ing-ching i (T. -- . H. ,[ ). Died 253
A.D. 1712. Origiually named Ch'ên Ching, the "T'ing" was added
by the Emperor fo distinguish him from another Ch'ên Ching,
who also graduated as chin shih in 1658. He served in Peking in
rations literary and educational posts, and afterwards in the
Boards, until in 1703 he became a Grand Secretary. He retired
in 1711, but was recalled o office next year. He was a constant
and diligent student, and compiled, with Hsfi Ch'ien-hsfio, the
- _; and was also an editor of many of the chier
works published by K'ang Hsi. l:Iis poems gained the commendation
of the Emperor for their elegaut simplicity and directness, ttis
chief theme af Court was the need of repressiug extravagance and
of ma]ing clean-handedness the first requisite for all offices.
Canonised as O,.
(h'{l:l TS'UO " (T. . H. :)[] [J_[ - an J] 25:
104 A C]dnese Biographical Dictionary
--). llth cent. A.D. A recluse from Ssch'uan, who studied
unde theTaoist Chang I-chien along with Su Tung-
p'o. He was intimate with Su after the latter's bauishmeut fo
Huang-chou in Hupeh. Author of the ï J- , a treatise
on the value of harmony in lire and nature.
1676--1754. A native of Kiaugsu, who distiuguished himself as a
scholar, but who refused fo take his degrees in the usual course.
He lived in retirement, and gahered around him many disciples,
reluctantly accepting the headship of the Tztt-yang
College a Soochow, and afterwards tha of several other Colleges.
In 1751 he headed the lis of men recommended fo the Throne
for classical lnowledge and exemplary conduct, but he declined fo
take office, lïIis literary efforts consist chicfly of essays and poems.
256 Ch'ên Tslln (T. m )" Died A.D. 25. A nati'e of
Tu-ling in Shensi, of a wild and festive disposition. When he
became a subordinate official aU the capital, he used fo appear
with a handsome equipage instead of the lean horse and poor
carriage of his colleagues. He also happened fo bave exactly the
saine names as one of the grandees of the Court, for whom he
was coustautly mistaken; and in consequence of the excitement
often caused by the supposed arrival of the great man, he was
nicknamed oe = Ch'ên the Disturber of Sittings. He was
almost always drunk, but if was said that he never let this
weakness interfere with the dispatch of business. He rose fo high
office under the Emperor Ai Ti, and for services against some
dangerous rebels he was ennobled as Marquis. He became Governor
of Honan under Wang Mang the Usurper, and was sent under
Kêng Shih on a mission fo the Khan of the YIsiung-nu. On his
return he heard that Kêng Shih had fallen, and remained for
safety in Kansuh where he was killed by brigands, being dead
A Clbese Biographical Dictionarg 105
drunk at the rime. He was distinguished as a letter-writer, but
still more ramons for his love of good company. He used fo keep
his guests with him, even against their will, by throwing the
linch-pins of their carriages into a well.
A native of Po-chou in Anhui, who when three or four years old
received suck from a strange woman as he was playing on the
banls of a stream. From that moment his mental powers
quickened, and he could readily learn anything by reading if over
once. He soon acquired distinction as a poet, and in 932 went
up for his chin shih degree. Failing fo succeed, he retired fo the
:] " Wu-tang mountains in Hupeh, and remained there in
seclusiou for over tweuty years. Five supernatural beings, who
came fo hear his teaching, are said fo bave transported him
thence in the winkling of an eye fo the Hua mountain in
Shensi, where they taught him the art of hibernating like an
animal so that he would sometimes go fo sleep for a hundred
days af a rime. In 956 the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later
Chou dynasty, who was fond of the alchemistic art, summoned
him fo Court, and kept him a month af the palace. But Ch'ên
T'uan said, "Your Majesty, as lord of all within the Four Seas,
should think only of the administration. What has your Majesty
fo do with transmutations of the yellow and the white?"
Refusing all offers of employment, he returned fo his mountain
refuge; but twice more isited the Court during the reign of the
Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty, who showed him much
kindness and bestowed upon him the desiguation of
2:.. In 988 he bade his disciples prepare a rock chamber for
him, saying, "My hour for test is af hand;" and in the autumn
of the following year, as soon as if was finished, he said, "My
days are numbered," and quietly passed away. His body remained
t06 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
warm for seven days, and for a whole month a glory played
around the entrance fo his tomb. A profound student of the
Cawn of Changes, he was never seen withou a book in his
hand, and gave himself the nickname of . Author of
he , a treatise on the elixir of lire, and of other works.
He is someimes known as the A Hemp-clad Philosopher.
258 Çh'ên Tzfi-ang (T. tfl )" A.Ç. 656--698. A native
of Sh6-hug in Ssfich'uan, wo belonged fo a wealthy
family, and up fo the age of 17 amused himself only wih hunting
and gambling. He then set himself o sudy, and in 684 he
graduated as cltin shilt. Proceeding fo the capital he adopd the
following expedient fo bring himself ino notice. He purchased a
very expensive guitar which had beeu for a long rime on sale,
and hen le if be known hat on he following day he would
perform upon if in public. This attracted a large crowd; but when
Ch'ên arrived he informed his auditors that he had something in
his pocket worth much more than he guitar. Thereupon he dashed
he instrument into a thousand pieces, and forthwih began hauding
round copies of his own wriings. After this he soon attracd
the notice of the Empress Wu Hou, and became one of ber most
intimae counsellors, giving ber excellent advice upon great
maters and af he saine rime flaitering ber pfide on such points
as he change of dynastic fifle from T'ang to Chou. His ill-
healh, coupled with aacks of his enemies drove him into
revirement, nominally o wait upon his aged faher. Af the death
of the la,ter he got into trouble with he magistrate of his
District, who had an eye upon the family wealh, and w
hrown into prison on a trumped-up charge and died. His poetry
ranks among the most beautiful even of the poefical dynasty
under which he lived.
259 Ch'ôn Ya (T. ). 10th an llth cent. A.D. A pt
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 107
and humorist of the Sung dynasty. He graduated as chin shih
in 1002, and rose te be Secretary in a Board.
Ch'ên Iru-liang . Died A.D. 1363. The son of a 260
fisherman af " Mien-yang in Hupeh, nd originally naine«
Hsieh, who in 1350 quitted his post as gaoler te join tho
forces of Hsfi Shou-hui. By 1357 he had risen te command an
independent force; and in 1358 he captured An-ch'ing, slew
Hsfi, and proclaimed himself Prince of Hn, and finally Emperor
of the Han dynasty, with his capital af Wu-ch'ang. He obtained
the mastery over a large portion of western China; but he ws
ultimately vanquished by Chu Yfin-chang, the founder of tho
Ming dyuasty, in decisive bttle ou the Po-yang lake, and
killed by a stry arrow when already in full retreat. He hd two
brothel-s, named Ch'ên Yu-jen and Ch'ën Yu-kuei,
who were associated with him in his adventurous career.
c'ê va-.g (T. . H. ç ). .D.
1650--1736. Graduted in 1685, and served in the Grand
Secretariat until 1704, when he retired te attend on his aged
parent. Resuming his career, he w Governor of Kiangsi frein
1711 te 1718, then President of a Board, and in 1729 he
became Grand Secretary. He was the author of the oE ,
an encyOopoedia of arts and sciences, and editor of a collection
of essays by various members of his family. Was canonised as
cu Vug-cuiu (o ,, o ). 0t c.. .D.
native of Honan,. and a famous artist, known frein his abode as
and religious subjects.
Chêng Chan-yin . The Chier Augur te whom Ch'fi 263
Yfian applied for advice as te whether he should gie up official
lire. But the Chier Augur gathered up his divining apparatus and
108 A C]inese Biographical Dictionary
saluted him, saying, "A foot is off-rimes too short; an inch, too
long. The implements of my art are hot adequate fo your
requirements. Think tbr yourself and translate your thoughts into
action. The divining-rod and the tortoise-shell woùld avail you
naught."
c c'- (T. $). .D. a--l,.
Son of Chêng Chih-lung, under whom he served with great
distinction for many years. In 1649, he attacked Ch'ao-chou, and
in 1657 he took both T'ai-chou and Wênchow. In 1659, he ruade
an attack upon Nanking, but was beaten off with great loss, rive
hundred and more of his ships being burnt. In 1660, a few
months before the death of the Emperor Shun Chih, the
populations of no less than eighty-eight townships on the coast
of Fuhkien and Kuangtung were removed inland, in consequence
of the piratical attacks organised by Chêng Ch'êng-kung. This
was done under the advice of Li Shuai-t'ai, Governor of Fuhkien.
In 1661, he attacked the Dutch in Formosa, whence their
expulsion was effected in the following year; and a valuable
possession came through his instrumentality fo be added fo the
Chinese empire. Succeeding in 1662 fo his father's command, he
determined fo avenge the latter's treacherous death, and declared
an implacable warfare against the new Manchu dynasty. About
this rime the last scion of the Miugs honoured him by bestowing
upon him the surname : Chu, which was that of the Imperial
House. Henee he came fo be eommonly spoken of as
Kuo hsi?g yeh, whieh title was eorrupted by the Portuguese into
the well known Koxinga or Ifoshiga. Meanwhile, several of his
lae father's ehief adherents tendered their submissiou fo the
falling into the hands of the enemy a Amoy. In he sixh moon
if was reported fo he Throne hat Chêng Ch'êng-kung had gone
.4 Chbese Biogt'aphîcal Dctonarg 109
mari after an outburst of wrath in consequence of his eldest son
Chê,g Chin having been iustalled in his stead, and that he had
caused his own death by biting off his fingers. On the 15th February
1875, the Pekig Gazette contained a memorial from the Imperial
Commissioner appointed fo reside in Formosa during the Japauese
invasion of 1874, requesting that the spirit of : ) Chu
Ch'êng-kung, known as Prince of Yen-p'ing --a title
conferred upon him in 1657 by Prince ; Kuei of the Ming
dynasty, who was then in Ytinnan -- should be fittingly cauonised,
and a temple erected in his honour in T'ai-wan (uow T'ai-uau)
Fu. If was pointed out that the Emperor K'ang Hsi had declared
this man to be merely one of the supporters of the Ming dyuasty,
and hOt a revolting rebel against the Manchus. Also that the literati
of T'ai-wan Fu had put the following facts on record about him:
"Devoted fo scholarship in his youth, he became iuvolved, on
reaching the uge of manhood, in the troubles which befell the State;
and imbued with the prevailing sentiments of heroic devotion, he
postponed the obligations of filial mourning fo the duties of patriotism.
tIe founded in the midst of the waste of waters a dominion which
he transmitted fo his descendants, and which was by them
surrendered fo the Imperial sway. His former opposition being
condoned, his naine was admitted fo a place in the record of the
loyal servants of the dynasty; and in the ensuing ages his
supernatural intervention bas been grauted when cries of distress
have arisen in rimes of national calamity." The memorial was granted.
c. c,io (T. , tç- . )- -' 110s- e
1166. A native of [ P'u-t'ien in Fuhkien, and one of the
most famous men of letters of the Sung dynasty. For a long rime
he lived in studious seclusion af _[ Chia-chi-shan, eut
off from all human intercourse. Then he spent some rime in visiting
rations places of interest, devoting himself fo searching out marvels
110 A Chnese Biograplical Dictionary
investigating antiquities, and reading (and remembering) every
book that came in his way. In 1149 he was summoned fo an
audience, and received an honorary post. Fie was then sent home
fo copy out his oe Histor i of China which covered a period
from Fu Hsi down fo the T'ang dynasty. On ifs presentation fo
the Emperor he was ruade an Imperial historiographer. Besides this,
he was author of a collection of twenty-six poems and seven prose
pieces, published uuder the title of J " --. tte also wrote a
treatise entitled = , in which he showed that the inscriptions
on the famous Stone Drums, hitherto accepted as dating from the
early part of the Chou dynasty, belonged rather fo the latter hall
of the 3rd century B.C. He was opposed fo the famous peace
proposais of Ch'in Kuei, and this led fo his early retirement into
private lire, where he died af the age of fifty-eight.
266 Ch6ng Ch'ien [ . 8th cent. A.D. A poet and landscape-
painter of the T'ang dynasty famous for having illustrated his
own poems. Beiug uuable fo procure paper fo write upon, he used
persimmou-leaves; yet he rose uuder the Emperor Hsiiau Tsung,
A.D. 713--756, fo be a Doctor in the Imperial Academy. In
consequence of certain published notes on contemporary events,
he was accused of tampering with the dynastic history, and was
banished for ten years. On his return, he withdrew a large portion
of these from circu|ation. Popu|arly ]rnow as [ .
267 ChêIlg Chih-lullg (T. ). Died A.D. 1662.
A native of Nan-an, near Amoy. As a young man, he visited
Macao and Japan, and married a Japanese wife, by whom he had
a son, the ramons Koxinga (see C]&g C]'êg-]cung). Fiaving obtained
the leadership of a large fleet of junks, traders or pirates as occasion
served, he was compelled fo place his services af the command of
the last sovereign of the Ming dynasty, in whose cause he fought
against the Manchu invaders. In 1628 he tendered his submission
A Chinese Biographical Dictonarg
te the latter, and for a rime was well treated, and cleared the
seas of other great pirates. Gradually however he became too powerful,
and if was deemed necessary te restrain him by force. He was
finally induced te surrender te the Manchu general in Fuhkien;
and having been ruade a prisoner was sent te Peking with two
of his sons, Chêng , Shih-ên and Chêng j Shih-yin,
together with other of his adherents, ail of whom were executed
upon arrival.
Chêng chan [ , (or , ). Died A.D. 1682. Eldest son of 268
Koxinga, whom he succeeded in 1662. Summoned fo aid Kêng
Ching-chung, he established himself on the coast of Fuhkien, and
by 1676 held Chinchew, Ch'ao-chou Fu, and other important
places. His generals lest them all in the following year; but in
1678 he invaded Fuhkien in force, and carried everything before
him, capturing the provincial Commander-in-chief and 30,000 men
af j Hai-ch'êng. His able general Liu Kuo-hsan was however
hemmed in by vast armies and compelled te retreat te Formosa
in 1680.
Chêng Ch'ing-chih [ OE (T. --,. H. ). Died 269
A.D. 1248. A native of the Ç Yin District in Chehkiaug.
graduated as chit shih in 1210, and twenty-five years later had
risen te be Senior Minister of State. Throughout his career he was
distinguished for probity and rectitude, but in later lire he left
everything te the control of his wife and sons, with disastrous
results. A uthor of a literary collection entitled the
He was posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as a.,- ).
(hng Chie ,. 9th and 10th cent. A.D. An official, who 270
graduated as chin s]i], and held high office under the T'ang, Liang,
and Later T'ang dynasties. In his youth he once planted a single
hemp-seed, which straightway grew up before his eyes; and this
was held te presage his future greatness.
1|2 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
native of Nan-yag in Honan, who acquired great influence over
the Emperor Io Ti of the lïlan dynasty. In A.D. 89 he was
appoined magisrate a Kou-un, and was subsequenfly
ennobled as Marquis, being he first eunuch upon whom such an
honour had been conferred.
Chng IIo .[ r$1. l)ied A.D. 71431. A eunuch of ¥nnan,
who disinguished himself as a military officer in he rebellion
which set he Emperor Ch'êng Tsu on the hrone. In 1405 he
sailed from Woosung wih a large fleet fo cr,ise along he coass
of Cambodia and Siam; some say o demand tribute, others say o
search for the vanished Emperor Hui Ti. In 1408 and 1412 he
conducted naval expeditious fo the countries of south-eastern Asia,
going as far as Ceylon, and inducing many States fo senti envoys
back with him fo China. In 1415 and again in 1421 he returned
with the foreign envoys fo their native States in order fo open
trading relations with them; and in 1424 he was sent fo Sumatra.
He returned from this last expedition fo final a new Emperor on
the throne, and in 1425 he was appointed chief Commandant ai
Nanking. Five years later, as no envoys had corne fo Peking, he
and his old lieutenant , Wang Ching-hung visited
seventeen countries, including Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. On
his death af an advanced age, the thirty States with which he
had re-ipened relations ceased fo deal with China. He was styled
the : , and bas been said by some fo bave introduced
the practice of opium-smoking into China.
273 Chêng Hsieh .[ ) (T. ï ) ). Died A.D. 1119. A native
of Fu-ch'ing i Fuhkien, who graduated as cld slil and
entered upon a public career. Seeing the evils consequent upon
the innovations of Wang An-shih, and pitying the condition of
the people, he memorialised the Emperor Shên Tsung; but not
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 113
venturing fo put hîs views in writing, he expressed them in
pictorial form, which so impressed his Majesty that Wang
An-shih was af once dismissed. He then memorialised that Wang's
successor in office, Lti Hui-ch'ing, was mixed up with
a seditious society, in consequeuce of which he himself was banished.
Pardoned and restored fo office in 1101, he again lost office under
Tsai Ching, and retired into private lire.
Chên Hsiian _ (T.) )). A.D. 127-200. A native 274
of Kao-mi in Shantung, and one of the most famous
pupils from the school of Ma Jung. Beginning lire as a petty
official in his native place, he soon resigned his post and became
an ardent student under Ma Jung. Àfter having ruade a name for
himself as a scholar he again took office; but the rebellion of the
Yellow Turbans threw the empire into confusion and Chêng retired
into private lire and devoted himself fo study. As an instance of
the general respect in which he was held, if is recorded that af
his request the chief of the rebels spared the town of Kao-mi leading
his troops forward by another route. In A.D. 200 Confucius appeared
fo him in a vision and he knew by this token that his hour was
af hand. Consequently, he was very loth fo respond fo a summons
sent fo him from _ Chi-chou in Chihli by the then powerful
Yiian Shao. He set out indeed upon 'the journey, but died upon
the way. He is one of the most voluminous of all the commentators
upon the Confucian Classics. He simply lived for learning. The
very slave-rls of his household were highly educated, and interlarded
their conversation with quotations from the Odes. He was nevertheless
fond of wine, and is said fo have been able fo take three hundred
cups without losing his head. His tabler was placed in the Confucian
Temple in 647; in 1530 if was removed; but in 1724 if was replaced.
Chn K'o-shuang [ :. The son and successor of Chêng 275
Chin, and grandnephew of Koxinga (see CMng C]'êng-kung). He
114 A Chinese Biograpldcal 1)ictionarg
was for seine rime independent ruler of Formosa under the title
of Prince of . 2 Yen-p'ing; but in A.D. 1683 he submitted
te the vietorious Shih Lang, and shaved his head in token of
submission te the Manehu power. In return for his surrender of
the island, he ws ruade a Duke, and was nrolled under the Red
Banner of the " Han-chfin.
76 ChôngKu (T. ,,OE. H. ). A native of
I-ch'un in Kiangsi. Graduated as clin sldl about A.D. 886,
and subsequently distinguished himself in poetry, of wMch he was
a composer ai the early age of 7. He said that no one should
sing his Song of tlte Pavtvidge in the presence of southerners, as
iç made them think sadly ou their far-off homes. Hence he gained
t,o-iq. of g ,,Ptig,c.."
277 Chêng Tsao-ju . Died A.D. 1894. A native of
Kuangtung, who graduated as chi shilt in 1851, and in 1873
was assistauç overseer of iron machinery af the Shanghai Arsenal.
Five years later he was appointed Customs' Taot'ai af Tientsin,
and frein 1881 until his retiremeut from ill-health in 1885 w
Minister ai Washington, rising also te be Director of the
Banqueting Court.
Chêng-yang Heu. See Hsiao Yfian-ming.
Ch'êng-chi-ss. See Genghis Khan.
s c,g ao g (T. tri $. n.. ). X.D. 02--
[085. The elder of the two famous sons of Ch'êng Hsiang (see
C£êng I). He was born af Lo-yang in Honan, and aer shong
great precocity as a child, graduated as chin shih in 1057.
Appoinçed te be Magistraçe ai Hu in Shensi, he soon ruade
a reputation, especially by the suppression of a stone image in a
Buddhist temple, which was said te emit rays frein ifs head and
which was the cause of disorderly gatherings of men and women.
He subsequently served in Kiangnan and Shensi, and in 1069
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 115
was ruade a Censor. But finding himself in opposition fo the
powerful Wang An-shih, he thought if desirable fo apply for a
provincial appointment, and served in Shensi and (in 1075) in
Honan. Soon afterwards he retired fo Lo-yang, and devoted
himself fo study aud teaching until his death. He was the author
of the , an was tutor o the great Chu Hsi.
Posthumously ennobled as Earl, he was canonised as , and in
1241 mitted o the Confucian Temple.
Ch'êngHsiang (T. ). A.D. 1006--1090. A 29
native of Lo-yang in Honan, and father of the Two
Ch'êngs Ch'êng Hao and Ch'êng I. The descendant of officials,
he himself held office as Magistrate in Kiangsi, Kuangsi, and
Kiangsu; but his unflinching opposition to the innovations of
Wang An-shih brought him into trouble, and he retired into
private lire. In 1530 his tablet was admitted to the Temple of
Confucius.
Ch'êng I (T. . g. )Il ). A.D. 1033--1107. 280
The second and more famous of he wo sons of Ch'êng Hsiang
(see Ch'êng Hao). Born a Lo-yang in Honan, he sudied as a
youth under Chou Lieu-ch'i, and graduaed as chi shih in 1057.
Dedining o ake oce, he remained a home engaged upon his
grea commenary upon he Caon of Chages, aferwards published
u.r «« « . i.0S, j ««r i rr'
deah, he influence of Ssfi-ma Kuang caused him o be ruade
uor o the young Emperor Chê Tsung, who was hen mounting
the hrone. He ruade many enemies a Cour; among ohers, he
poe Su Tung-p'o. In 1097 he was sen o a pos in Ssfich'uan,
from which he was recalled in 1101, o be re-instaed in the
Imperial Academy. In 1103 he was agaiu in rouble, and his
ime reired finally into private life devoing himself io his books
unil oveaken by s las sickness. He was canonised as ,
116 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
and posthumously enuobled as Earl; and in 1241 his tabler was
admitted fo the Coufucian Temple.
281 (h'ông .Wliao (T. ). 3rd cent. B.C. An official
under the First Emperor, who invented what is known as the
Lesser Seal character, bdng a simplified form of the older and
more cumbrous style. He followed this up by the invention of the
Li script, which is again simpler and more easily written thau
the Lesser Seal. It was from the Li script that the modern clerkly
style was developed.
282 Ch'êng T'ang . The title in history of the Prince of
Shang, who overthrew Chieh Kuei, the last Emperor of the Hsia
dynsty, and mounted the throne in B.C. 1766 as first Emperor
of the Shang dynasty. He is often spoken of simply as "T'ang,"
and is said o bave hd four elbow-joints. See I
Ch'êng Ti. See (Han) Liu Ao; (Chiu) Ssfl-ma Yen.
s: c,g ,i, »i o . ,ug,. of -
Ta-shih. On the death in 1153 of
sovereigu of the Western Liao dynasty, she was eft as Regent
for his young sou; but she slew ber own husband in order fo
carry on an intrigue with his brother, and was herself put fo
death by ber father-in-law. The'young Emperor, kuown in hisry
as , was capured by
Khan o{ Naiman, who seized the government, adopted the Liao
costume, and ruled peacefully until the Mongol armies swallowed
up all Turestan in 1218.
Ch'êug Tsu. See Çhu Ti.
284 Ch'êng Yao-t'ien (T. ). Graduated as c£ii jen
in A.D. 1770, and served as an Officer of Education. Author of
t, and science, ail bearing upon illustration of the Classics.
A C]inese Biographical Dictionary 117
1817. A diligent student of the Classics, history, and philosophy,
who refused fo enter upon an official career and devoted himself fo
literature. He wrote commentaries on the Caos of History and
C]«nges, notes on the Sprig and Aut-um, and poems. Ite was
an opponent of the Sung school of classical interpretation. Gave
himself the sobriquet of 2 .
Chi An "]2[ (T. : î ). Died B.C. ? 108. An able Minister 286
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Itan dynasty who spoke of
him as oE an official with the weal of the people af his
heart. On several occasions he fell into disfavour, but always
mauaged fo recover his position, thus justifiing the remark of
ttuai Nan Tzfi that ail the Imperial advisers could be shaken off
like dust, "except Chi An. While Governor of the modern
Hai-chou in Kiangsu he put into practice with considerable
success the doctrine of pas trop gouverer inculcated by Lao Tzti.
In B.C. 131 he defended the fallen Ton Ying and in 125 his
bold disiutations with Chang T'ang, whose policy he
described as that of a mere clerk, led fo his being shelved as
Junior Director of the Clan Court. He lost favour still fur-
ther by opposing the wars against the Hsiung-nu., and by tel-
ling the Emperor that he selected Ministers as he might gather
a faggot, always putting the last sticks on the top. In B.C. 118
he became Governor of modern K'ai-fêng Fu, and there marie
'eat efforts fo put an end fo the illicit coinage which prevailed,
while once more iractising the saine polic i of administration as
in earlier years af ]ai-chou.
Chi {2ha ' )L. 6th cent. B.C. A descendant in the twentieth 287
degree from Wu T'ai Po, founder of the State of Wu, or (2) in
the nineteenth degree from ¢ ,fiel Yii Chung. He was the fourth
and favourite son of Shou Mêng, Prince of Wu, who wished to
bequeath fo him the throne; but he declined fo usurp the rights
118 A Chinese B-iographcal Dictionary
of his elder brother, Chu Fan, and accepted the fief of Yen-ling,
from which he is now offert spoken of as_ -. His
services were employed by the rulers of Lu and îÎ Hsi; and the
latter had a special hankering after a sword worn by him. Chi
Cha knew this, but departed on a diplomatic mission without
saying anything about if. On his return he found that the ruler
of Hsii was dead; whereupou he took the sword and huug it as a
votive OEering upon a tree which shaded the dead prince's grave.
288 Chi Ch'ang . A famous archer of old, who studied
art under Fei Wei. He began by lying for three years
under his wife's loom, iu order fo learn hot to blink. He then
hung up a louse, and gazed ai if for three years, until ai length
it appeared to him as big as a cart-wheel. After this, he is said
to have been able to pierce a louse through t.he heart with an
arrow.
289 Chi Ch'tieh (Ch'iieh of Chi). 7th cent. B.C. A man of
the Chou dynasty, noted for the politeness with which he treated
his wife. When he was labouring in the fields and she brought
him his dinner, he would receive ber with a bow as though she
were some honoured guest.
290 Chi Hsin . 3rd cent. B.C. A captain in Liu Pang's army.
When the latter was besieged by Hsiang Chi ai Jung-
yang, with little hope of escape, Chi disguised himself as Liu
1)ang and proceeded to the enemy's lines fo tender his submission.
In the excitement that ensued, Liu Pang succeeded in getting
clear away; but wheu the ruse was discovered, Hsiang Chi ordered
Chi Hsiu to be burnt alive. A shrine was erected to his memory
ai 1 Shun-ch'ing in modern Sstich'uan, as a patriot whose
loyalty saved the country, and as one who reckoned his own life
of no account compared with that of his sovereign.
291 Chi Huan Tzï = $__ -. 6th aud 7th cent. B.C. A noble in
.4 hbcse Biographical Dictionarg 119
the Lu State, fo whom the Duke of the Ch'i State forwarded a
number of singing-gils and hoss as a psnt fo his sowrign
Duke' Ting. The acceptance of these by the latter caused
Confucius fo retire from office.
Chi g (T. ' and $. H. ). A.D. 292
1710--1794. Son of Chi Tsêng-yn. He graduated as chin shih
in 1729, and was attached fo the person of the Emperor Ch'ien
Lung. In 1766 he was marie Director-General of the Yellow
River, and dealt with if so successfully that stories arose of special
providential intervention on his behalL Recalled fo Peking in 1799,
he became a Gra.ud Secretary in the following year, and was
practically Prime Minister until his death. Ch'ien Lung, who was
of the saine age, never weafied of loading him with honours, even
granting him leave in 1790 fo ride in his sedan-chair up fo the
Hall of Audience. Canonised as .
Chi K'ang (T. ). A.D. 223--262. A native of 293
modern Anhui. His ancesrs came from Chehkiang, whence they
had fled in consequence of political disturbances, changing the
family name from Hsi fo Chi. As a youth, he was clever
and handsome, and seven feet seven inches in height. Yet he is
said fo have regarded his body as so mach clay or wood, and
refused fo adorn if. He married into the Imperial family, and
received an official appointment. But his favourite study was
alchemistic research; and he passed his days sitting under a
willow-tree in his court-yard and experimentiug in the transmutation
of metals, varying his toil with music and poetry, and practising
the art of breathing with a view fo securing immortality. Happening
however fo offend by his want of ceremony one of the Imperial
pnces, who was also a student of alchemy, he was denounced
the Emperor Wên Tiof the Wei dynasty as a dangerous
person and a traitor, and condemned to death. Three thousand
120 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
disciples offered each one fo take Che place of their beloved toaster,
but their request was hot granted, tte met his fate with fortitude,
calmly watching the shadows thrown by the sun and playing
upon his lute. Was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
(see Hsia,g Hsiu).
294 Ci l,i . B.C. 1284--1185. Third son of Tan Fu, and
father of the great Wên Wang.
295 Chi-mu Ch'ion - (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A
native of ] Ching-nan in Nupeh, who graduated as c]in
s]ih in 726 and greatly distinguished himself as a poet.
296 Chi Pli . 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A native of the Ch'u
State, who gained the reputation of a bold fellow and was employed
by Nsiang Chi against Liu Pang. When the former prished, a
price of 1000 taels was set upon his head, and he was forced fo
remain in hiding until the new Emperor pardoned him (see Clou
Chla). Ne rose under the Emperor Hui Ti fo be Governor of No-
tung, and would bave been ruade a Censor had hot some one
pointed out that his abuse of liquor ruade if unpleasant fo be
near him. There was a saying in Ch'u that his pledged word was
worth more than a hundred ounces of gold.
297 Chi Shao (T. H)- Died A.D. 304. Son of Chi
K'ang. He was very handsome; but one day. when some one was
praising his appearance fo Wang Jung, saying that he was like
a crane among chickens, the latter observed, "Nay, you did hot
know his father." He rose fo be Imperial Librarian under the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty; and when the Princes
p- No-chien and Ch'êng-tu rebelled, of which he had
warning two years previously, he fell in battle, bravely defending
the Emperor Nui Ti, whose body-guard had fled. Nis blood was
splashed over the Emperor's robes, but his Majesty refused fo
allow his attendants fo wash if off. Canonised as
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 121
ci ê- » (.
2 . $ ). Died A. D. 98
1737. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1706, and served in
the Peking Boards until 1723, when he was sent to the Yellow
River, where the rest of his career was passe& In 1733 he was
ruade a Grand Secretary, and acted as Governor in Chehkiang,
devoting his attention chiefly to the sea-walls. He revised and
added fo the Topoyraphy o/ Chel, kia,,y.
Chirg (. . U. ). A diligen suden 99
of he Classies, of history, and of polit;cal eeonomy, who flourished
abou the middle of the 17th cent. A.D., and travelled widely
hroughou he ompire. Uis colleeed works, among wh;eh his
hi . 12th cent. B.G. Viseoun Chi, one of the 800
foremos nobles under Chou Us;n, he last mperor of the
dynasy. or protesing against the evil courses of his masser,
he was thrown into prison; and on being released by le victorious
Wu Wang in 1122 he reired fo wha is now modern Korea, on
he ground hat ho eould no serve
a usurper. he authorship of the Great Plan, a portion of he
Canon of History, bas been attribued o him.
1805. A nativo of the Us;en Distrie in Chihli, and
wealhy and disinguishM family. ook his chin shih degree in
1754. Afer holding vafious appointments, he was transferred fo
a sub-Chaneellorship in ho Uan-liu College. or ho offenee of
revealing eeraiu matters eonneeed wih an offieial enquiry, he
was banished fo Urumtsi, whenee he was reealled and in 1772
was plaeed a he head of he eommissiou appointed for tho
collection of ho Imper;al Library. his underaking kept him
employed for 13 years. In 1796 he beeame President of the Board
of War. amous for his general lierary aainmen, he was
122 A Chinese Biogrpttical Dictiona'y
specially noed for his acquaintance with the views of the Han
scholars on many vexed questions connected with the Canon of
Clanges; bu he published litfle beyond he resulis of his labours
upon the catalogue of the Imperial Library. In faci, he openly
declared hat everyhing worh saying would be round, if one only
knew where o look, o bave been said a]ready. A collection of
miscellaneous joings from his pen appeared under he iifle of
@ , and he contributed a considerable poio.
of the . Canonised as
302 Ch'i Ch'ao (T. -
or
yoh he ws self-willed nd origll nd cleer tlker. is
fçher who was Tois he himself being a Buddhist, let hi
ake wha he liked fom his s fortune; and Chai Cho is said
o hve gven wy several illlons
ook him ino his service s ili£ry secre£ry
Wng sgn soon gined the enfile confidence of heir chief.
The £wo were populrly clled the Berded ecrery
Dumpy Regisrar. On one occasion un hd plced Ch'i Ch'o
behind blind in order th he migh£ overhear consultation
wiçh sieh An nd Wng Tn-chih. Durng he
of wind blew sde the blind, whereupon sieh An joigly
remrked £ha un Wên evidenly reposed
his secretry. Chq Ch'ao proested gains
resal£ed in he defet of un .
When £he news came of subsequent ic£ory uan, who hd
felt grefly morified ased hm
the shme of Fang-tou. e replied, "Yo he nos stulted my
estim£e of you." e had lfelong feud with sieh A bu
kept his reson secre from hs fher. 0n his dethbed
however he en&rsted box full of correspondence wih
gên o one of his regagner% wi&h orders fo give if £o his fahe
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionarg 123
should the latter grieve for him overmuch. And as the father
became seriously ill after the death of Ch'i Ch'ao, the box was
handed over fo him. Then his sorrow was turned into regret that
his son had lived so long.
]). 18th cent. A.D. A native of Chehkiang. After serving as
Reader in the Grand Secretaria» he became President o he
Board of Ries in 1748. In 1749 he retired, and was appointed
to be head of a college, his revirement being due o a fall from a
horse which impaired his once marvellous powers of memory.
Besides being a deep sudeut of geography, he was he author of
several works on hisory and chronology. He also published a
collection of poems, and he % , a description of the
ivers and water-comes of China, Korea, Tibe, and Mongolia.
Ch'iChi-kuang $oE (T. . H. ). Died 30
A.D. 1585. A nafive of Têng-chou in Shanfung, who rose fo be
a military capfain in Chehkiang, and disfinguished himself by
repelling an invasion of fhe Japanese, for which services he was
promod fo be Lieafenant-Colonel. Subsequen achievemenfs of a
similul- nature in Fuhkien gained for him the distinction of Senior
Guardian of fhe Heir Apparen and ofher honours, bue he was
compelled by illness o retire soon afterwards info privafe lire.
Author of the an of the , works
on military truinng, strategy, etc. Canonised as .
Oh'i Ohien . 4th cent. A.D. Father-in-law of Wang Hsi- 305
chih. When about fo marry his daughter, he sent fo obtain one
of the sons of Wang Tao. The go-between reported that all the
sons were nice young fellows, except one who lay e dés/abilld
on a couch and paid no attention fo what was said. Ch'i Chien
af once chose him.
Oh'i-fu Oh'ien-kuei Z . Died A.D. 410. Brother of 306
124 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
Ch'i-fa Kuo-jen, whom he succee(led in 388 as King of the
Western Ch'in State. He greatly extended his territory, warring
with varying success against Lii Kuang and Yao Hsing, the latter
of whom kept him af one rime ai his Court. On the fise of the
Hsia State he escaped, and reurning home resumed ¢he title oi
King of Ch'in. Two years lar he acknowledged the suzerainty of
Yao Hsing; but once more, after a successful campaign agains¢
the Souhern Liangs, he was about o assert his independence
when he was assassiuaed by a nephew. Canonised as .
307 Ch'i-fa Ch'ih-p'an Z t . Died A.D. 427. Sonof
Ch'i-fa Ch'ien-kuei, whom ho succeeded in 410. After some years
spent in warfare with the Souhern Liang and Hsia States, in 416
he tendered his allegiance o the Emperor Wên Ti of the Sang
dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ch'i-ça Mu-mo,
who reigned for three years, when he was put fo death by Ho-
lien Ting of the Hsia State.
308 Ch'i-fa Kuo-jen t . Died A.D. 388. The chief of a
Tnrkic colony in Kansuh, who served under Fa Chien (2). Upon
the latter's final defea, he declared himself independent, and in
384 assumed the title of King of the Western Ch'in State.
Canonised as .
309 Ch'i Li Chi . One of the Four Gray-heads (see
T'a»g Hsia-leg).
310 Ch'i u . A young lady of the Ch'i State, who had two
loyers, one living fo the right and the other fo the left of ber
bouse. On being ordered by ber father fo tnck up oue sleeve ou
the arm corresponding with the swain she preferred, she tucked
up both sleeves, explaining fo ber astonished father that she
wished fo eat with the one of them who was rich, and lire with
the other who was handsome.
311 Ch'i eo fi. One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
A Chiese Biog'aphtcal Dictiotarg
B.C. 2698» and the reputed founder of the art of healing.
Ch'i-su-lê .... (T. OE ). Died A.D. 1729. A Manchu
of the Plain White Banner. He begau his career in the Board of
Astronomy, but was soon trausferred fo the Yung-ting river
works; and after a year as Judge of Shantung with charge of the
Grand Canal, he became in 1724 Director-General of the Yellow
River, a post in which he laboured with great success until his
death. In 1728 he cleared the Woosung bar. Canonised as ,
and iucluded in the Temple of Worthies.
Ch'i-tiao K'ai (T. and and ). 313
Born B.C. 541. Oue of the disciples of Coufucius. He declined o
ake oce, on ihe ground that he was no sucienfly prepared
by study.
Ch'i Wang. See Shih Ch'ung-kuei.
Chia Ch'ang-ch'ao (T. ). .D. 998--1065. A 314
descendant of Chia Wei, on of le hisorians of the Chin
dyny, and a disinguished writer on philology. He graduaied as
chS shih in 1017, and in 1043 he became a Miniser of Saie;
o a provincial post. On the accession of he Emperor Mo Tsmg
he was ruade Governor of Fêng-hsiang in Shensi, and ennobled as
Duke. Canonised as .
Chia Chien . 5h cent. A.D. A famous archer, wo
the age of sixy would place a cow a a distance of 100 paces and
wih one arrow graze is back, while wih a second he grazed
i belly.
Ca Chih (T. ). A.D. 718--772. A native of Lo- 316
yang. Ocial and poet under the T'aug dynasty. Was banished fo
Yo-chou in Huuan, and there some of his finest poems were
composed. Restored fo favour he rose fo be Vice President of the
Board of Rites, and filled other high offices. Canonised as
t26 A Chinese Biographical Dictio®ary
317 Chia Chih-yen '. Died A.D. 835. His father having
been sentenced fo drink poison, he seized the cup and draiued if,
recovering by a miracle, with no other result than a chronic
lameness. Touched by this act of devotion, the Emperor Tai Tsung
commuted the father's punishmeut fo banishment fo Kuangtung,
whither he was accompanied by his son (sec Tmg Shih).
318 Çhi Çh'ing . Died A.D. 1820. The tifle of the reign of
(or ) Yuug-yeu, the fifteeuth son of the Emperor
Ch'ien Lung. He succeeded in 1796, and proved a worthless and
dissolue ruler. His reign was coustantly disturbed by family feuds,
secre society risings, and ploçs, which cost vas sums to put down;
while from 1805 to 1809 he coas from Sllantung to Tongking
was infesçed with pirates, who fought pitched batfles with the
Imerial navy aud almos sopped rade. In 1803 the Emperor
was attacked in tle strees of Peking; and ten years later a hand
of conspirators peneirated into the palace, and the Emperor owed
his life o his second son, whom he at once ruade eir Apparent,
and to a uephew. e gave up the aunual huning excursions,
which had been associated wih Manchu energy. By insisting on
the "koow," he repelled Lord Amhers's mission in 1816. e
was srongly opposed to missionaries, and expelled he famous
Père Amyo. Canonised as
319 Chia. Ch'ung (T. X ). A.D. 217--282. A native of
Hsiang-ling, whose father, Chia K'uei, predicted that he would
some day fill the village with congratulations. He inherid
the title of Marquis, and held civil and military appointments. He
attached himself fo , Ss-ma Shih, who engrossed all
power in Wei, and afterwards fo his brother Ssfi-ma Chao; and
in A.D. 260 he fought the last Emperor of the Wei dyuasty
when he tried fo leave the palace fo slay Chia's patron, and
urged one of his followers fo 11 him. In 264 he pressed the
A Chinese Biographical Diclionttrg 197
:i. claires of Ssl-ma Yen fo succeed his father Ssa-ma Chao, and
i. consequently the founder of the Chin dynast greatly trusted him,
t- and raised him fo be Duke of Lu and Prime Minister. He then
s:e. drew up a new law code which was favourably received by the
people. In 280 the attack upon Wu, which he had af first
deprecated, was crowned under his leadership with such perfect
I0 success that he actually fell ill from shame. He was succeeded by
¢ his daughter's son, î Han Mi (see Cltia il[i), his jealous wife
'. having compassed the death of two nurses whom she suspected of
:- undue familiarity with their toaster, and thus caused his only two
boys fo pine away and die. Though an able Minister and a clever
ï writer, posterity bas ranked him among the traitors of his
country. He was canonised as ], some suggesting that would
!ȕ be more appropriate.
(hia lu ). A man of old, who cut open his belly in 320
- order fo bide a valuable pearl, thus showing, as the Emperor
:: T'ai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty said, that he loved mammon even
-:. more than life.
: (hi I ---'. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of Lo-yang, whose
':, precocious talents were brought fo the notice of the Emperor
I» Wên Ti of the Han dynasty, the result being that he was ruade
a Doctor in the Imperial Academy. He was so young, however,
that the other Doctors would not consul with him; and upon this
« being laid by him before the Emperor, he was af once transferred
::. fo the Privy Council. His first business was fo suggest that, the
.[ empire being af peace, due attention should be paid fo Music and
Ceremonial. He was unable fo carry his point; but introduced
: such important and valuable changes into the administration that
the Emperor proposed fo make him a Prince. His enemies af once
set fo work fo destroy him. He was exiled, and became tutor fo
: the Prince of Liang, who æroved such a kind toaster that when
128 A Chine.e Biographical Dictionary
he was thrown from his horse and killed, Chia I grieved so
bitterly that he died within the year. Author of the , , a
collection of essays on Coufucianism, and also of some poetry.
O0
3 Chia Kêng Hou ;. ]t- 2nd cent. B.C. When the Emperor
Kao Tsu of the Han dynasty was still a private individual, he
called one day with some friends af his sister-in-law's bouse. The
latter tapped on the soup-ket[le, as a hint fo ber brother-in-law
that if was empty; af which he was so chagrined that when he
came fo the throne he marked his dspleasure by creating his
nephew "Marqus Tap-the-Soup," as above.
aua Chia K'uei _ (T. _nl
,,. tfl). .D. 0-0. .ti «
P'iug-yang in Shensi; an eminent scholar and a follower ot
Liu Hsin, from whom he obtained the Tso C£u«n and notes
thereon. He was a very successful teacher, some of his pupils
comiug from a distance of no less than 1,000 li; and as he was
always paid in graiu, he accumulated a large store. Hence he was
said fo "till with his fougue," a phrase which now signifies'"to
make a livelihood by teaching." Under the Emperor Ming Ti he
was appointed, together with the historian Pan Ku fo the post
of Imperial historiographer. In common with Ma Jung and several
others, he was known as i the Universal Scholar.
324 Chia lIi . î (T. : 'î ). Died A.D. 300. The sou of th
youuger daughter of Chia Ch'ung, and the nephew of the wife of
the Emperor Hui Ti (see Ha Slwu). He was a clever studious
youth, gained enormous influence as favourite of his all-powerfnl
aunt, and indulged in great extravagance and splendour forming
Chiu I, Shih Ch'ung and others. He held many high offices; and
was in constant attendance on the Emperor, while he treated the
Princes as equals, tIe joined his aunt in a plot fo set aside the
Heir Apparent and was beheaded with ber by the rival party of
A ChSese Bgographical Dictiozary 199
Lun, Prince of Chao, the niuth son of the Emperor Wu Ti.
(3hia Shan f . 2ad cent. B.C. A scholar of he Han 3:]5
dynasty, who was said fo scamper over books as a huntsman over
the fields, -- all breadth, and no depth. In B.C. 178 he
addressed fo the Emperor Wêa Ti a document enitled :: -----,
illusrating from the example of the Ch'in dynasty the principles
of good and bad governmeut. And in B.C. 175 he protested
against tbe toleration of free coinage, the penalties on which had
been withdrawn.
ChiaSsï-tao . (T. ï ). Died A.D. 1276. A 326
native of T'ai-chou in Chehkiang, who was a wild youth, but
received an official post as the usual recognition of his father's
services. His sister became a favourite concubine of the Emperor
Li Tsung of the Sung dynasty, and through ber influence he was
advanced fo high office. In 1258 he was sent as Commissioner fo
act against the Mongols in modern Hupeh; instead of adopting
energetic measures, he secretly acknowledged a]leg]ance fo them,
and promised an annual tribute. In the following year the Mongols
sent fo demaud this tribute; ad although the old Emperor had
placed full control in his hands, he had some difficulty in
arranging the marrer. On the accession of Tu Tsung in 1265, the
power of Chia Ss-tao reached an unprecedented height. Whenever
he ruade obeisance, the Emperor responded with a similar
ceremonial. His Majesty did hot venture fo address him by his
personal name as usual, but used the terre , implying that
although Chia was his subject he was af the saine rime his
instructor and guide. Af the death of Tu Tsung, things came fo
a climax. If became absolutely necessary fo meet the Mongols in
the field; and when the Chinese general was utterly defeated, Chia
Ssti-tao sought safety in flight. His enemies demanded his head.
tte was however sentenced merely fo banishment; but shortly
9
130 A Chinese Biog»'upldcal Dictiot«t«g
afterwards a plot was laid fo secure vengeance. A Magistrate,
named .[ OE Chêng Hu-ch'ën, whose family he had injured,
was sen afer him, and he was slaiu a a emple near Chang-
chou in Fuhkien. Anoher account says tha he anicipaied his
fae by taking poison.
327 Chia Tao (T. i )- .D. 777--841. A native of
Fan-yaug in Chihli. He begau life as a Buddhisç priest under he
style Wu Pên, and proceeded fo Lo-yang, where the
Governor had forbiddeu priess fo be seen afer noon. He was
noted for his love of poetry, which he would compose while
walkiug through the strees. One day, riding along on a donkey
he was consideriug whether " ""
pusn or "knock" would be more
suifable in the following verse: , oE ], f (or
) ç pq; ,,( wa ",i." . ".ci," i.t
air with his bande, when he tan up against the grea Hau Yfi,
then Governor of the Metropolian District. The latter, on learning
what was the marier, af once declared for "knock"; and
forthwith taking the priest under his proection, caused him
o qui relious life, and enter upon an ocial career. He failed
repeatedly, however, o take his chi shih degree. Under the
Emperor Wën Tsung, A.D. 827841, he was banished fo
Ch'ang-chiang in SsEch'uan for indulgiug in lampoons; but
shorfly before his death he was resored fo favour and appoind
fo poste which he never took up. He used fo write some poery
every day without rail; and ai the end of each year he put ail
hese poems ogeher and sacrificed o them with mea and wine,
in order, as he said, fo repair the loss hey had caused his
mental powers.
328 Chia Yfi (T. ). 10th cent. A.D. Magistrate a
ç Hsien-yu in Fuhkieu uuder the tiret Emperor of the
Later T'ang dynasty, noted for his probity. On handing over his
A Cld»zese Biographical Dictionary 31
seals of office, he remarked that one of his late lictors had seized
the opportunity fo get drunk, and said fo him, "When I corne
back here, I will punish you!" Thereupon the drunken man
laughingly retorted
Your Honour may corne back again
And iron ships may cross the main.
Srange o say Chia Yfi was re-appoined o Hsien-yu, and
detected he said licor embezzling public money. He added o his
sentence these words: -- "Copper cash are uo cast for purposes
of peculaion; Lhere are irou ships, no ruade wifl hands, which
are able o cross he sea."
Chiang Ch'ên (T. i aud ). A.D. 1627-- 329
1699. A native of Chehiang, noted in his youth for poetical
talents, calligraphy, and general knowledge of ancient literaure.
Summoned fo Cour, he was employed upon the hisory of le
Mings; besides whch, he wroe works on river conservaucy and
sea-walls, poems, and essays. e graduated only in 1697, when
he was already 70 years of age.
Chiang Chung-i , (T. $ ). A.D. 1834--1863. 330
Volunteered in 1852 fo fight against the T'ai-p'ing rebels in
Hunan, and raised himsel by his own eertions fo the rauk of
Taot'ai, receiving the distinction of baturu in 1859. In 1860--61
he successfully opposed Shih Ta-k'ai, and kepç him ouç of Hunan.
W then appointed acting Governor of Kueichou, but did hOt
proceed. In 1862 he acçed as Commander-in-chier in Kueichou
and Kuangsi. In 1863 he crushed the rebels in Kiangsi and won
great victories in Anhui, which services were rewarded with the
Yellow Jacket. He died on his way fo Nan-ch'ang. Was canonised
ChiangChung-yfian , . (T. t). A.D. 1811--
1854. hnative of Hunan, who was Educaçion Officer af
t3oE A Chbese Biog»°aphic«tl Dictio»a»'y
Hsiu-niug in 1844. Foreseeing the T'ai-p'ing rebelliou, he instituted
the traiuband system and developed a force famous later on as the
Braves of Hupeh. After a succession of brilliant exploits against
the rebels, for which he was ruade Governor of Anhui and
rewarded with the order of the baturu, he was hemmed in ai
Hsfi-chou, and committed suicide upon the capture of the
city. Canonised as , .
33 Ohiang an (T. ). A disciple of Y Hsiao-k'o,
who flourished af the close of the 18th cent. He wrote the
O ' a compendium of the theories of his
contemporaries on classical interpretation, includiug however only
those who like himself followed the Han as opposed fo the Sung
scholars.
333 hiang Hou . 9th cent. B.C. The consort of Prince
Hsfian a of the Chou dynasty. When ber husband gave himself up
fo festivity, she stripped herself of ail ber jewels, and proceeded
fo the palace gaol for women of the Court; af the saine rime
notifyiug the Prince that she considered herself be the cause
of his misconduct, and was awaitiug puuishmeut accordingly.
Touched by this behaviour, the Prince hOt only amended his
ways, but from that rime associated ber with hîmself in ail
affairs of State.
83 Chiang Ko (T. ). Died A.D. 585. A native of
K'ao-ch'ëng in Honan, distinguished as one of the 24 examples
of filial piety. Af six years of age he was already good in
composition, and before he was sixteen he is said fo bave rescued
his mother from brigands by carrying ber many toiles on his
back. Entering public life, he rose fo high office under the first
Emperor of the Liang dynasty. On one occasion he was captured
by the forces of the Wei State, but refused fo abjure his allegiance,
and was allowed fo return home unharmed. Canonised as .
A Chitese Biog.'aphical Dictiotat'g 133
Chiang Kung ). 1st and 2ud cent. A.D. One of three 335
brothers ( and _), wo lived under the Eastern
lan dynasty and were so fond of each other that even after
marrige they all slept with their wives under the saine quilt.
Chiang tin Y . Died AD. 1521. The chier favourite of the 336
Emperor Wu Tsung, whose notice he attracted by his pluck in
action against file rebels in the Imperial Domain in 1511. He
encouraged the Emperor fo make tours fo the frontier, and fo
seize girls and even married women for his harem. In 1517,
1518, and 1519, the north-west was visited; and in 1519 the
drunken monarch appointed himself fo the chier command against
the rebel - Chên Hao, and i)roceeded fo Yang-chou,
spending his rime in riot and debauchery. In 1520 the Emperor
began fo doubt Chiang's loyalty, and insisted on returning. On
his Majesty's death Chiang, who had been ennobled and placed in
command of the froutie meu substituted for the Pekiug garrison,
meditated rebellion. But Yang T'ing-ho lured him into the palace
on pretence of sharing in the [mperial obsequies, and he was
seized and executed, lis confiscated property included 70 chests of
gold, 2,200 chests of silver, and many other valuables.
(hiang t'11 (T. -'. H. ). A.D. 1708-- 1761. 337
Son of Chiang T'iug-hsi. lï[e early displayed signs o talent, and
ai the age of 13 was a great favourite with the Emperor Yuug
Chêng. YIis career, except for two years as Governor of lï[unan,
was passed in Peking; and in 1759 he became a Grand Secretary
fo the Emperor Ch'leu Lung, who treated him with especial
consideration. Canonised as , and included in the Temple
of Worthies.
Chiang Shêng _ (T. » T. I-I. L ). b.D. 1733-- aas
1810. A native of Kiangsu, who wrote on the text of the Canon
of History, advocatig the ancient iuterpretat.ions of the Han
t34 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dicliona»'g
school. He also wrote on the Six Scripts, and ou the of
Liu Chên. So conservative was he in all matters relating fo
antiquarian usage, that even in private life he only used the seal
character !
339 (3hiang Shih î :j. 1st cent. A.D. One of the 24 examples
of filial piety, in the practice of which virtue he was rivalled by
his wife. The latter, because her nlother-in-law preferred river
water, used fo trudge several toiles every day fo fetch if. An
effor was also ruade fo provide the old lady with minced fish, of
which she was very fond; the upshot of ail which was that one
morning a spring, with a flavour precisely like that of river
water, burst forth near their dwelling, and daily threw out on the
bank two fine fresh carp. The Red-Eyebrow Rebel, Fan Ch'ung,
was so impressed with their filial conduct that he bade his soldiers
spare their village, and even sent them food during a dearth,
which Chiang Shih however buried in the ground. In A.D. 60,
there was an Imperial levy of men of filial piety; and Chiang
Shih received a Magistracy, af which post he died.
340 Chiang Shih - (T. ). 5th and 6th cent. A.D. An
ci (e. «, -th.Wi «y.ty. th « th - ,
--, a lexicon based upon the S]uo Wê. He was an
accomplished toaster of the seal character, and wrote the
inscriptions for the palace gares af Lo-yang.
31 Chiang Shih-ch'iian . :: . (T. ï - and :.. H.
- . ). A.D. 1725--1784. A distiuguished literary official of Kiangsi,
whose mother began fo teach him philosophy and instruct him in
the T'ang poets when he was only four years of age. Besides
holding* literary and educational posts af the capital and in the
provinces, he became Vice President of the Censorate. In 1781 he
was sent af his own request to set in order the Imperial Library
af Moukden, and died there. He was a poet, and also wrote
A Chinese Biographic«l Dictionary 135
several historical and biographical works such as J [ oe
of cials, ec. etc. The reases on he Constitution enifled
and are founded on
an unfinished work of his.
Chiang T'ing-hsi (T. ad . n. :
'). .D. 1668--1732. A native of Kiangsu, who graduaed as
chin shih in 1703, and in 1717 beeame one of he Readers o
he Emperor K'ang Hsi. Under Yung Chêng he rose rapidly fo
be a Grand Seereary. As a youh, he was sueeessfhl as a poe
and a flower-paiuer. Author of a collection of poems and essays
enifled ç , and Presiden of he Commission
under which the , the vast encyclopoedia initiated
by the Emperor K'aug Hsi, was ultimately brought fo completion.
He had also beeu Vice President of the Commission appointed
fo compile he Insttutes of the prescrit dynasty. Canonised as
Chiang Tzï»ya -- . llth and 12th cent.
common designation of an old man named
B.C. The
Lfi Shang
(T. -- ), whose clan naine was Chiang, and who became the
chier counsel|or fo Wêu Wang. One day, when he la,ter was
going out huning, he was told by fle divining-grass ha his
quarry would be none of the usual animals, but a "Prince's
Teacher." lïle fell in with ihe abo'e old man, flmn eighty years
of age, who was fishing with a sraight piece of iron insead of
a hook, upon which he fishes readily allowed hemselves fo be
caugh, in order fo saisfy he needs of his wise and viruous
angler. "Ah!" cried Wêu Wang, "if is you for whom my
grandsire _ looked." Thereupon he carried he ohl man home
with him in his charioi, and named him accordingly ..
For weny years he served Wên Wang and his son, aiding them
136 A C]inese Biog».«p]ic«l Dictioa'y
in consolidaing the dynasy of Chou. He is said fo bave exercised
authority over the spirits of he unseen universe; and on one
occasion during Wu Wang's campagns, when the ground was
covered wih deep show, he enabled the whole army fo pass over
i without leaving a fooprin or a cart-ru behind. Even Ssfi-ma
Ch'ien speas of him as having "marshalled he spifits." ence
the phrase "Ciang T'ai Kung is herel" often
seen written up on doors fo frighten away evil spirits, this
being another form of the naine under which he is known.
Reputed author of the ç, a work on military tactics.
Çhiang Wei (T. tO )" Died A.D. 263. A native of
T'ien-shui in Kansuh, whose ambitious temperament led
him fo leave his humble farmstead and attach himself fo the
fortunes of Chu-ko Liang. After rising fo high military tank and
greatly distinguishing himself in various campagns, he failed fo
oppose the armies of Wei; and af the tragic close of the reign
of the Emperor Hou Chu of the Minor Han dynasty, he was
taken prisoner and put fo death.
Chiang Yen (T. ). A.D. 443-504. h native
of K'ao-ch'êng in Shantung, who distinguished himself in youth
by his application fo books, and rose fo the highest offices of
State under the last Emperors of the Ch'i and the first Emperor
of the Liang dynasty. He was a volumnous writer and published
two collections of his miscellaneous works, entitled and
, as wll as the , oe , consisting of episodes in the
history of the Ch' dynasty. One night while still a young man,
he dreamt that some one gave him a gaily-painted pen which
put forth flowers, from which date his compositions became far
more elegant than belote. Af the end of ten years, a handsome
man, who said his naine was Kuo P'o, appeared fo him in a
dream and claimed the peu; after whch Chiang's compositions
A Chinese Biogrphical Dictiona'y t37
began fo fall off, and soon ceased fo attract any attention. He
was ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as .
Chiang Yung 712 (T. »[... f). A.D. 1680-1762. A native 346
of ' Wu-yfian in Anhui, who passed his long lire as a
teacher and a recluse. His studies lay chiefly in the direction of
the Confucian Canon, but he also deoted much attention fo Lao
on the Book of Rites; besides this he wrote on the topography
of the Sprig and Autum, on ancient rhymes, on astronomy, on
music, and au important treatise ou the ancieut sounds of certain
characters, entitled .
hiao u-tû . A legendary philosopher, said by 37
Chang Shih-uan fo bave been worshipped in the 10th century
B.C. ai Min-shan in Ssfich'uan. His cognomen had been
forgotten, and he was accordiugly styled only Fu-tzt, or the
Masr, in honour of his great ]earning. He was represented in a
grotesque and repulsive form, wifl Auge eyes, an immense nose
and a curly beard.
Chiao Hung k (T. . H. i ). A.D. 1541--1620. 348
A native of Chiaug-ning in Kiaugsu, who took his first degree in
1564, and graduated in 1589 as first on the list af the Palace
Examination. He then entered the Han-liu College, and became
Expositor fo the Heir Apparent. In 1598 he was Examiner for
the Metropolitan District, but got into troule over the language
used in the essays of some of his successful candidates, and was
banished fo Foochow as sub-Prefect. He was shortly afterwards
further degraded, and then retired from public life. He was a fine
scholar, and especially good in the archaic style of writing. His
honours were posthumously restored fo him, and he was canonised
Chiao Kan (T. ). 1st cen. B.C. A grea scholar, 39
138 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictiona»'y
who served under the Emperor Yiian Ti of the Han dynasty.
He was the pupil of n Mêng Hsi, and the instructor of
Chîng Faug. As magistrate of Shao-huang he distinguished
himself by his skill in detectiug crime; and his labours for the
public welfare so endeared him fo his people that when he was
recommended for promotion, they went in a body fo demand that
he should remain where he was. Author of the , a work
ou the Canon of Changes.
30 Ohiao Sui . 8th cent. A.D. One of the Eight Immortals
of the Winecup (see Li o). He was said to stammer so badly
that when sober he wouhl hot say a word; but after rive pints of
wine his repartees would flash out as quickly as echo follows souud.
351 Ch'iao Chou (T. ). A.D. 200--270. A famous
scholar of the Minor Han dynasty, employed by Chu-ko Liang fo
promote learniug in Yi-chou in Ssfich'uan. Devoted fo the
pasç and an ardent studeut, he was employed as Tuçor ço the
Heir Apparent of the last monarch of his dynasty, and though
taking no active part in the administration, was highly respecte&
In 263, moved by the worn-out sçate of the people, he advocated
submissiou fo the Wei iuvaders, by whom he was ennobled and
repeatedly invited fo take office, but was prevet,ted from doiug so
by ill-health. Author of a large collection of writings ou law,
the Classics, history, and literature.
352 Oh'iao KO r Jen N A" 6th cent. A.D. The title
bestowed upoa the Lady Hsi, wife of ),N F6ng Pao,
Nr her services in aiding the fouader of the Sui dynasty in his
operations agaiast the aborigines of modern Kuangtung. She noç
only equipped a strong Nree, but aetually led ber men on fo
batfle, herself dressed in the garb of a soldier.
353 Chieh Chih-t'ui or Chieh Tzfi-t'ui . 7th
cent. B.C. A native of the Chin State, whose naine was originally
A Ctiese Biog'«phical Diclioa'y 139
î î Wang-kuang. If is recorded in the - j that when
only fifteen years of age he was Minister in the Ch'u State,
and that Confucius (who was hot then born!) sent fo make
enquiries about him. The messenger returned and said that in
the veraudah he had seen twenty-five refined scholars, and in
the hall twenty-five old men. "The wisdom of twenty-five scholars,"
cried Confucius, "is more than that of Ch'êng T'ang or Wu
Wang, and twenty-five old men are more than equal fo P'êng
Tsu!" In B.C. 635 he weut iuto exile with Ch'ung Erh, and
returned with him niueteen years afterwards, when the latter
came the throue as Duke Wên of Chin. In the distribution
of rewards which ensued, he seems fo bave been overlooked;
al[hough on one occasion, in the days of exile, he had cut a
piece off his thgh fo feed his starving toaster. He reti'ed with
his mother fo the _ Mien-shang mountain, disdaining fo
remind the prince of his services; but his friends posted a notice
on the 1)alace gares, calling atenion fo he neglect of a faithful
adherent. The prince then set fo work to find him, but without
success. He died in bis retirement; and hen, as an act of
atonement fo his memory, the naine of the Mien-shang mountain
was changed fo Mi. Chieh. Aceording fo a later legend, when
he flatly refused fo leave bis mountain retreat, the prince, in
mistaken kindness, caused the wood wbich covered the mountain
fo be set on tire, in order fo smoke him out. But Chieh aud
his mother clasl)ed hands around the trunk of a ree, and
perished in the flames. [The origin of the Cold-meat Festival bas
been erroneously attributed fo the tragic fate of Chieh Chih-t'ui.]
Chieh Kuei . Died B.C. 1763. The last Eml)eror of the
Hsia dynasty. He came fo the throne B.C. 1818, and for mauy
years indu]ged in crnel brutality and lust almost unl)aralleled
in history. He spent vast sums of money merely fo amuse his
140 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
favourite concubine Mo Ylsi. His utter wickedness was even said
to have caused the rivers ]') I and Loto dry up. Only
o.e « i i.ie, .e - -«ê',
fo reraonstrate; and fo hira the Eraperor replied, "I ara fo the
erapire what the sun is fo the sky; when the sun goes, I shall."
He then caused Kuan to be put to death. Af length Ch'êng
T'ang took up arras agaiust hira. His forces were defeated, and
in B.C. 1766 he himself was sent into banishraent, where he died
three years later.
355 Chieh Lin , . A naine for the old raan, seen on the ice
by moonlight, and sometimes called J p, who is supposed to
joiu by an invisible red thread such persons as are destined
afterwards fo become raan and wife.
356 Chieh Ni "i" A man who was working with Ch'ang Chii
(q. v.) when accosted by Tztl Lu. tte took the opportunity fo
moralise upon the iniquity of the world, and advised the disciple
fo withdraw frora it into retireraent.
357 Chien I (T. ). Die A.D. 1435. As Presidet
of the Board of Civil Off]ce from 1403 until his death, he and
Hsia Yiian-chi were the raost prorainent statesraen of their rime.
He graduated as (']i shih in 1385, and entered the Privy
Council, becoraiug a great favourite with Chu ¥iian-chaug, who
altered his narae ri'oto Jung to I on account of his fine
character. He persuaded the Eraperor Yung Lo fo raodify his
intention of reversing all the acts of the preceding ieign; and in
1421, as one of the twenty-six Iraperial Commissioners sent to
inspect the condition of the people, he procured the adoption of
raany reforras. The Eraperor Jen Tsuug on his accession gave
hira an autograph letter recognising his services, and also a
seal, inscribed a.,-[ "Chien, the Loyal and Pure", to be
kept as an heirloom. Canonised as a.-
A Chi»ese Biog»'aphical Dictioa'y t4t
Chien Wên Ti. Sec (Chin) Ssfi-ma ¥ii; (Liang) ttsiao Iang.
1686--1744. h native of Chia-hsing in Chehldang, who graduated
as chin shih in 1721, and by 1752, when a throa¢ affection
necessitated his retiremeut, had risen fo be Vice President of the
Board of Punishments. His mother, who had in his youth
supported the family by the sale of ber paintings, syling herself
: 7 ,), had also been his tutor; and in 1766 the Emperor
accepted a book of her pictures, each bearing a descriptive verse
from his father's peu. He himself was no meau poet, and
celebrated in verse each notable achievemen in peace or war
during the reign of Ch'ien Lung, presenting them written in
"grass" or other ianciful characters. The Emperor and he were
wont af frequent intervals fo exchange poems and drawings, and
he is one of the Five Men of Letters of Ch'ien Lung (sec Cag
Cl61o). He enjoyed great popularity, and was universally mourned.
Canonised as , and iucluded in t, be Temple of Worthies.
Ch'ien Ch'i . i( (T. j'p ( or jtll _ ). 8th cent. A.D. A 359
native of Wu-hsing, who flourished as a poet.under the T'ang
dynasty contemporaneously with Wang Wei, fo whom he addresses
one of his poems. He graduated as cli s£il about 750, and was
one of the Ten Men of Genius of the period A.D. 766--779.
Ch'ien Chieh . Famous as the only instance of a 360
71 "triple first" under the present dynasty; that is fo say, he
graduated as ., " î, and fl: .; successively. Sec
Ch'ên CIi-c£'ang.
(h'ienLiu . (T. ). A.D. 851--932. A native of 36!
Lin-an in Chehkiang, noted as a child for the skill with which
he drilled his p]aymates as soldiers, while he sat under a big tree
and directed their evolutions. He grew up with a distaste for
ordiuary occupations, and took fo sait smuggling for a living. He
142 A C]inese Biog»'«tphical Dictionary
was a good archer and spearman, and had some knowledge of
drawing. In 875 he enrolled himself as a volunteer to put down
a local rebellion; and later on he infiicted a severe defeat upon
Huang Ch'ao's forces, killing his general and taking a large
number of prisoners. Thenceforward his career was rapid and
brilliant, until in 907 he was finally created Prince of Wu and
Yiieh. He had already .in 898 received a certificate, engraved on
iron, of exemption from the death-penalty on nine possible
occasions. In 923 the first Emperor of the Later T'ang dynasty
presented him with a jade tabler and a golden seal, and for
many years he reigued as a practically independent so'ereign. At
the instigation of An Ch'ung-hui, who 'thought that he was
growing too powerful, the second Emperor deprived him of his
rank; but after An's death this was immediately restored. Lile
Ss-ma Kuang in his study, Ch'ien Lin is said fo bave used on
his campaigns a cylindrical pillow, fo prevent him from sleeping
too heavily, le built an embankment against the famous "bore"
in the Ch'ien-t'aug river near Hangchow, which was his capifal;
and ou one occasion, when the works were threatened, he is said
fo have driven back the waters by the discharge of a flight of
arrows. Canonised as ).
362 Ch'ien Lo . 5th cent. A.D. A scholar who is said fo
bave re-constructed the armillary sphere. If had been known fo
the ancients, but all ]nowledge of if had disappeared since the
accession of the First Emperor.
363 Ch'ien Lou Tzï -. 5th cent. B.C. A philosopher and
recluse of the Ch'i State. Af his death, the shroud was found fo
be too short. If his head was covered, his feet stuck out; if the feet were
covered, his head remained bare. Some one suggested that the shroud
should be placed cornerwise. "o !" cried his wife; "better the straight,
even if iusufficient, than the crooked, though enough and fo spare!"
A Chi»ese Biog»'apl, iccl Dictio»a»'y 143
Ch'ien Lullg ï . A.D. 1710--1799. The title of the reign 364:
of L ï Hung-li, fourth son of the Emperor Yung Chêng,
whom he succeeded in 1735. An able ruler, with au insatiable thirst
for knowledge, and an indefatigable administrator, he rivais his
grandfather's faine as a sovereign and a patron of lette's. He
disliked missionaries, and forbade the propagation of the Christian
religion, whose professors were persecuted in 1746 and 1785.
After ten years of infernal reorganisation, his reign became a
succession of wars. The aborigines of Ssïlch'uan and Kueichou
were crushed wholly or for a rime; Burmah and Nepaul were
forced fo pay tribute; the Chinese supremacy was established in
Tibet; Kuldja and Kashgaria were added fo the empire; and rebellions
in Kansuh and Formosa were suppressed. Af the saine rime if
was round advisable fo cease from interfering with the goverument
of Annam. In 1770 the Turguts, who had emigrated from
Sungaria iuto Russia between 1650 and 1673, returned in one
vast body from the borders of the Caspian Sea, and settled in
Iii among the Altai mouutains. Their journey and their suffrings
have been poetically described by De Quincey in his essay on
Te Flight of tle Kalmuck Tartars. In fifty years the population
nearly doubled itself, and the empire on the whole enjoyed peace
and prosperity throughout the reign, in spire of occasional
lamines and floods. The year 1792 saw the first outbreak of the
White Lily Society. Every effort was ruade fo perfect the
conservation of the Yellow River, and fo improve the admiuistratiou
in general. With western nations relations were friendly, a
Portuoaese embassy in 1750 being succeeded by Lord Macartney's
mission and a Dutch mission in 1723, and by a Spanish envoy in
1795. With Russia, in spire of frontier disputes, caravan trade
through Kiachta was maintained. In 1763 two Chinese visited
Europe. In literature the T]tirtee Classlcs and the Twezty-one
4 A Cinese Biog'aphic« 1 Dictionary
Histories were revised, and new editious issued of the , --
, of the . -, and of the three great ecyclopedias.
In 1772 search was ordered for all literary works worthy of
preeration, and in 1782 was published the ç OE [ oe,
: , a collection embracing many rare works partly taken
from the Yung Lo Ta Tien. The descriptive catalogue of the
Imperial Libraiy, the )îï 2_ - , containing 3,460
works arranged under the four heads of Classics, ttistory,
Philosophy, and General Literature, was drawu up in 1772--1790.
If gives the history of each work, which is also criticised. The
vastness ot this catalogue led fo the publication of an abridgment
entitled ] î i tl)] ] .., which omits all works not
actually preserved iu the Library. In 1795, on completing a cycle
of sixty years of power, the Emperor abdicated in favour of his
son; and three years later he died. Canonised as t-o-J
365 Ch'ien Shu . {, (T. {,,, ). A.D. 929--988. lillth SOli
of Ch'ien Ytian-kuan, and fifth Prince of Wu and Ytieh, fo the
throne of which he succeeded in 947. ttis personal naine was
originally ttung-shu, the character "ttung" having been
introduced into the family in consequence of an inscription which
promised power and a long line fo some combination of an open
mouth and a bow; but if was laid aside in deference fo the
custom of taboo in names. He continued fo govela his Principality
until 975, when he determined fo hand if over fo the first
Emperor of tbe now firmly-established Sung dynasty. Proceeding
fo the capital, ]le was met by the tteir Apparent, and introduced
af Court with much honour, tte received a present of a sword;
he was hOt addressed as usual by his personal naine; his wife
was gratified with a patent of nobility; and fo crown all, he and
the tteir Apparent were ordered fo become sworn brothers. With
tears and prostrations he declined this honour, but up fo his
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 145
death continued fo receive marks of Imperial favour. On his sixtieth
birthday, while feasting the Imperial envoy who had brought him
some valuable presens, a shootiug sar was seen o fall as if
were in his bedroom, is bfighness illumining the whole couryard.
And during he nigh he died. Canonised as , .
Ch'ienTa-hsin (T. t. H" and 366
if)- A.D. 1727--1804. A native of Chia-ing in Kiangsu.
Taking his degree in 1754, he was for some ime employed in
ediing rations works on geography for the Court. In 1767 he
wen as Lierary Chaneellor fo Canton, bu was soon foreed fo
retire in mourning, afer whieh ho steadNstly reNsed o resumo
his oncial eareer, eontening himself wih he headship of a college
in his native place. is sudies embraeed he Classies, history,
music, areheology, genealogy, geography, and mathemaies, in
all of whieh he was disinguished. is principal works are
+ a eriieal examinat.ion of the Tweny-wo
Dynastie Histories, and he , a very elever collection
of essays. Ne also wrote poems, noes on he poery of he Yfian
dynasy, the ,
whieh was published afer his death, and
he , in whieh he birhs and deahs of many eminen
persons are given with he correct daes.
Ch'ien Tien (T. N OE )- Graduated as Itsiu ts'ai in 367
A.D. 1744. A slled wfier of the lesser seal characer, and au,hot
of several works on he Classics and on geography.
1708--1793. A native of Chia-hsing in Chehkiang. He graduated
as chin shih in 1752, and rose o be Presiden of he Board of
Rites. Bu he is chiefly ramons as a painer, especially of the
bamboo and orchidaceous plants. Also known as .
Ch'ie, Tso (T. ). A.D. 928--947. Son of Ch'leu 369
Yan-kuan, and third Prince of Wu and Yeh. He was only
10
146 A Citiwse Biog»'aphical Dictionary
thirteen when he came fo the throne, and his short reign was
quiet and uneventful. Canonised as , ï.
370 C'iel Tsung . Younger brother of Ch'ien Tso. He was
fourth Prince of Wu and Yiieh for a short rime in A.D. 947,
but vas deposed by General 1 «H Hu Chiu-sstt in favour of
Ch'leu Shu.
371 Ch'ien Wei-eh'êng . ,Y (T. )y . ]zI. -).
Graduat.ed as first chin shih in 1745, and rose fo be a Vice
President of the Board of Punishments. He was a distinguished
poet aml painter, and author of the collectionen[itled
His daughter m ]]] Mêng-[ien was also a poe[ess, and wrote
two books of verses, entitled ') and
Canonised as .
372 Ch'ion Wei-yon . * . (T. d )- Died b.D. 1029. Son
of Ch'ien Shu, and distinguished as a scholar and official during
the early decades of the Sung dynasty. He rose fo the highest
offices of State, and his family became connected by marriage
with that of the Empress, in consequence of which he was
impeached by a Censor for interference with the ancestral temple
of the Imperial House. Canonised as .
aa Ch'ien Wên-fêng . . l Oth cent. A.D. Grandsou of
Ch'ien Lin, and foremost of the young men of his age in shooting,
hunting, book-learning, music, painting, medical skill, and even
in football. He rose fo high rank under the first Emperor of the
Later Chin dynasty, and was canonised as
374. Ch'ien Yïlan-kuan . z (T. 1 ). A.D. 886-941.
Son of Ch'ien Liu, and second Prince of Wu and Yfieh. As a
child, he had been placed as a hostage with 0. T'ien Yiiu;
but after the latter's evolt and death, he managed fo returu
home. He was a kindly ruler, and was a patron of literature. He
was however very extravagant, especially in the natter of building
A Chbese Biographical Dicliouary 147
palaces. One of these, in which he was living af the rime, having
caught tire, he removëd fo another, which shortly afterwards also
took tire. This gave him such a shock that he fell ill and died.
Canonised as .
Chih ttsi J (T. ). 2,d and grd cent. A.D. Bosom 375
fiàend of K'ung Jung. When t|le latter was executed, and no one
dared fo show sympathy, he rushed forwards and flung himself
upon the corpse, crying out, "0 my friend, let me die with thee!
What bave I now fo lire for?" He was immediately arrested by
order of Ts'ao Ts'ao, but was subsequently pardoned.
Chih-i : ,. Died A.D. 597. A native of Ying-ch'uan in 376
Auhui, named fS Ch'ên Tê-an, who beeame a Buddhist
priest under the above name and was leader of the Chung-]un
school of Buddhism (see Hui-ssïO. Iu 569 he parted from Hui-ssfi,
whose views on Samâdhi aud the Lotus Sûtra he had fully
acquired; aud in 575 he betook himself fo the T'ien-Pai
Hill in Chehkiang, where he
T'ien-t'ai school from which
considerable literary work on
died after fouuding the famous
he is sometimes called. Besides
the Canon, he is said fo bave
founded 35 large monasteries, and fo have personally ordained
over 4,000 Buddhist priests. The Emperor Yaug Ti wrote his epitaph.
Chih Ti. See Liu Tsuan.
Ch'ih ung T.ïl -. A being who controlled the rain 377
and wind in the legeudary age of Shên Nung. Among other feats,
he was able fo pass unharmed through tire.
Ch'ih ru -9. A famous rebel, who tried to overthrow the 378
power of the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, but was defeated in
battle af ) Cho-lu, the capital, in modern Chihli.
Chin lu : i (T. _). A.D. 1633--1692. A native of 379
Liao-yang, who in 1671 was sent fo Anhui as Governor, and
there succeeded in re-introducing the irrigation system. From 1677
148 A Chincsc Biog»'aphicai Dictio»tot'y
fo his death he was engaged in keeping in ortier the Yellow
River, which had been greatly neglected. is fondness for dyking,
o which he spent altogether some 2/ million taels, led fo many
disputes, from which he emerged successful, being able fo report
in 1683 that the river was in ifs old bed. In 1685 he introduced
locks fo let off flood waters, and caused willows fo be planted
along the dykes. He was anxious fo be allowed fo keep back the
sea by dykes af flze mouth of the river, but this scheme met
with disapproval. In 1689 he retired, but was recalled in 1692 fo
his old post, his last work being the successful transport up river
of grain for the famine in Shensi. His work, the '] ,o,
tbe conservancy of the Yellow River, is still highly valued.
Canonised as .
Chi Kg Chih ] . Vadjrmati, an Indian priest, of
royal descent, who arrived in China A.D. 270. He was summoned
fo Court, and sueceeded in proeuring rain during a rime of
drought. He introduced the system of magie formulae, whieh was
elaborated latcr on by Am6gha (sec Pu K'ung).
ci i-hi (T. oe . ). ».
1232--1303. A native of Lan-eh'i in Chehkiang. Devoted
fo study in his youth, the Mongol invasion and subsequent fall
of the Sung dynasty deterred him from entering upon an official
career. He retired fo a quiet lire upon Mt. Jen near his
native place; hence the hume by whieh he is known in literature.
Later on, he appears fo have beeome head of a college af
Chin-hua, and fo have had humerons disciples. He was author
of the , a history of early China, from the days
of h Emperor Yao dowa o he poin a which s-ma Kuang's
hîsory begins. Also of a miscellaneous collection, published under
he tifle of , and of many commenaries upon he
Çlassies. He was cnonised by he las Emperor of he Yfian
A Chbese Biogrcphical Dictiotiary "149
dynasty as Û, and in 1437 his tabler was placed in the
Confucian Temple.
Chin Mi-ri (T. ). Died B.C. 86. A statesman
of the Hau dynasty, orginally Heir Apparent fo OE Hsiu-eh'u,
Khan of the Hsiung-nu. Takeu prisouer by Ho Ch'fi-p'ing, he
w ruade a Government slave, and set fo tend horses. Being eight
feet in stature, he attraeted the notice of the Emperor Wu Ti,
who gave him Lhe naine of Cldn (said fo be [aken ri'oto the
golden image of Buddha brought by Ho Ch'fi-p'ing) and rapid]y
raised him fo important posts. In B.C. 88 he deteeted the eonspiraey
of - Maug Ho-lo, -- who had slaiu the Heir Apparent,
wrongfully as the Emperor found out too late, - and eaught the
traitor euteriug the palaee with a sword eoneealed uuder his robes,
overpoweng him after a desperate struggle. Together with Ho
Kuaug, into whose family he married, he reeeived the dying
commands of his Imperial patron, and together they became
guardins of the young Emperor Chao Ti. His two sons had been
the playmates of the latter, and both received signal marks oi
favour; but Chin slew the elder with his own hand" when he
round him spoilt by prosperity. The phrase "the
old familles of Chin and Chang," s opposed fo "new men," has
reference fo the familles of Chin Mi-ri and Chang An-shih, and
the influential position occupied by their descendants for several
generations. By a posthumous Decree of the Emperor Wu Ti,
Chin Mi-ri was ennobled as Marquis, and ai death he was canonised
Chin P'ang (T. and ). A distiuguished 383
pupil of Chiang Yung, he graduated in 1772, and henceforth
devoted his lire fo study. He wrote the , a u ork on the
Book of Rites, much esteemed by scholars.
Chin Sha (T. ). A.D. 1368-1431. Graduating 384
150 A Chinese Biog«aphical Dictio,a«g
as chi shih in 1400, he shared the favour of the Emperor Yung
Lo wih Hsieh Chin and the three Yangs (see Yag P'u). e
accompanied the Emperor on two norhern expeditions, the events
of which he duly recorded. In 1414 he aided in preparing a new
ediion of the Four Books and six years la,er was made a Grand
Secretary. He was lef in charge of the Emperor's remains in
1424, while Yang Jung haseued o Peking wih the news or
his decease. He continued o be greatly rused, drawing hree
salayies as Presiden of the Board of Rites, as Grand Secretary,
and as Hau-lin Chancellor, unil in 1425 he retired o aten
on his aged mother. On her death in 1426 he was enrused
wih he preparation of the biographical records of the third and
fourth Ming Emperors. In 1428 he was sent on a miion o
Ning-hsia in Kausuh, and reported on the grievances of
the people. He named his bouse The Retrea, and is
himself always spokeu of by his "style." Canonised as .
3S5 ChinShêng-t'an (T. . g. A)- Bor,
A.D. 1627. ditor of the four novels -- ,m, oe ,
, , and , which he published with
commentaries and entitled the Four OEoderl
Works. Being suspected of treasonable tendencies shortly after the
accession of the Emperor K'ang Hsi in 1662, he was executed,
together with sixteen other men of letters.
386 Chin-shun J. Died A.D. 1886. A Bannerman of Kifin,
who left his native place in 1853. He did good service againstthe
T'ai-p'ings in Hupeh and Anhui, rising in 1872 o be Military
Governor of Uliasutai. From 1873--77 he was occupied in
suppressing the Mahomedan rebels in Kansuh and Kashgafia,
becoming Military Governor of Iii in December 1876. He and Liu
Chin-t'ang did most of the hard fighting as lieutenants fo Tso
Tsung-t'ang, under whon he was Assistant Administrator of the
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Diclioary
New Dominion. He died af. Su-chou in Kansuh on his way fo
Peking for audience, and received the posthumous title of Senior
Guardian of the tteir Apparent. He is described as a good official,
but too lax with his subordinates. In 1892 a temple was erected
fo his memory af Kirin, on the ground that he had encouraged
learning and subscribed liberally fo public undertakings in his
native province.
Chin ¥ing : . 15th cent. A.D. The trusted eunuch of the 387
Emperors ttsiiau Tsung and Ying Tsung of the Ming dynasty,
until Wang Chên engrossed supreme power. In 1449 he was
appointed Chier Commissioner fo examine into criminal appeals,
sitting under a yellow canopy in the centre af the Court of
Revision, with Presidents and other officials ranged on both sides.
When Ying Tsung was captured by the Oirads, he and the
eunuch ] Hsieh An induced the Empress Dowager fo place
the Emperor Ching Ti on the throne. A year later he was sentenced
fo death on a charge of receiving bribes, but escaped with
imprisonment.
Ch'iii Ch'iuIlg î (T. - ). 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A 385
native of Li-ch'êng in Shantung.
Chang Hsii-t'o against the rebel ,î ) )Si Lu Ming-yfieh; and
when they were outnumbered ten fo one, he distinguished himself
by voluuteering fo lead a forlorn-hope party against the enemy's
camp in order fo cover the retreat of the main body. The plan
was eminently successful, and the rebel host was put fo the rouf.
Hitherto a servant of the Sui dynasty, he was ultimately driven
fo join the standard of the first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty,
under whom he rose fo high off]ce and was ennobled. Af his
death, the second Emperor gave orders that a statue of him and
of his horse should be carved in stone and erected af his grave,
in token of the valour with which he had fought; and in 639
t5 A Chinese Biographical Diclionarg
he was posthumously ennobled as Duke. His portrait, with that
of Wei-ch'ih Kung, is often pained on he enfrance doors fo
ocial residences, the two being regarded as special guardians of
the welfare of the State. He is depicted with a white face, and
Wei-ch'ih Kung with a black face. The phrases and
e, oKen seen on doors, have also reference o ghe above wo
heroes, respecgively.
889 Oh'in si ,. 7h ceng. B.C. An ocial under Duke Nu
of ghe Ch'in Sage. He recommended Po-li Hsi fo his toaster; and
when he lamier declined o employ him, he wached his
opporuniy, and rushing up o the Duke's chario cried ou,
"Since I ara of no nse o my country, I had beer die!" Wih
ha he dashed his brains ou againsg he wheel. The Duke's eyes
were opened, and he ook Po-li Hsi into his service, with greag
ad vantage fo the State.
390 Ch'in Hui-t'ien (T. $. H. ). A.D.
1697-1759. Famous as a writer on ceremonial observances. He
graduated as cMn shi$ in 1736, and served all his life in the
Peking Boards. In 1750 and 1753 he was Chief Examiner for the
metropo]itan examination, retiring from ill-health in 1754, as
President of the Board of Punishments and Senior Guardian of
the Heir Apparent. He earned a reputation for justice, and for an
extraordinary knowledge of precedent; also for filial piety, having
begged fo be allowed fo take the place of his father who was
imprisoned for deficiencies in his official accounts. Canonised as
, c,i x. (T. -- ). A». o9-
1101. A native of Kao-yu in Kiangsu. He was high-
spirited and chivalrous, and of good literary capacity. He failed
however fo take his final degree, and in disgust set fo work
study military writers. Meanwbile, he fell in with Su Shih, who
A Ci, btese Biog»'apl, ical Dictio»at'g 153
greatly admired his poetry, and brought if fo the notice of Wang
An-shih, and a the saine rime coached him for his degree once
more. This rime he passed, and was duly drafted into the public
service, tte rose fo high tank, and was employed in the
preparation of the dynastic history; but in 1094--98 he fell a
victim fo intrigue, and was accused of falsifying the records, tIe
was sent fo a petty post in Chehkiang and then banished, on a
further charge of Buddhistic leanings, fo Lei-chou in Kuangtung.
Upou the accession of the Emperor Hui Tsung in 1101, he was
appoiuted fo a small office and allowed fo returu; but he died ai
T'êng-chou in Kuangsi, while visiting one of the sights of
the ueighbourhood. He was reckoned as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see C]tang Lei).
Oh'in Kuei ; (T. î ). A.D. 1090-- 1155. A native of 392
Chiang-uing in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1115 and
entered upon a public career. In 1126 he was employed upon the
commission for cediug territory fo the Chin a Tartars, and was
promoted fo be a Censor. In 1127, when the Emperor and his
father proceeded fo the camp of the invading Tartars fo ask for
terres, he accompanied them; and wheu they were sent away
northwards (see C]tao Hêng), he followed them as far as Peking,
in spire of Chaug Pang-ch'aug's invitation fo him fo return. In
1130 he was allowed fo go back, on the secret understanding
that he was fo use his influence with the Emperor fo secure
terres of peace. On presenting himself ai Court, he was ruade
President of the Board of Rites, and ai once set himself fo serve
the cause of the Tartars. In spire of the opposition of Li Kang,
Chao Ting, Yen Tun-fu, and others, a peace was concluded in
1134, uuder which the northeru half of China was ceded fo the
enemy. From that rime Ch'in Kuei's influence was paramount,
and he was loaded with honours. The Emperor visited him ai
t54 A Chinese Biograplical Dictionary
his private house, and conferred distinctions upon his wife and
children, tte himself was several rimes ennobled; finally, in 11i7,
as Duke. In 1150 an attempt was ruade fo assassinate him; after
which he was allowed fo corne fo Court in a sedan-chair, and in
consequence of ill-health was excused the usaal prostrations. When
on his death-bed, the Emperor went fo enquire after his health
and gave orders that he should be raised fo the rank of a Prince;
but that very night he died. He was posthumously ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as » in token of his unshaken loyalty.
But the Chinese people could never forgive him for surrendering
their soil, coupled with his official murder of the patriot Yo Fei,
who opposed him. Exactly fiïty years after his death his patent
of princely nobility was cancelled, and the glorious phrasing of
his canonisatiou was changed into = 1 t'blse and Foul. Worse
than that. Posterity took his naine- cherished possession of all
high-spirited men - aud contemptuously bestowed if upon a spittoon!
Ch'in 1i (T. ). Dira .D. eeÇ ,,a
scholar, who for a long rime refused fo take office. An envoy
from the Kingdom of Wu being seut fo obtain his services, the
latter enquired of him, "Has God a head?" "Do hot the Odes
tell us," replied Ch'in, "that He behoIds this lower world in
majesty?" "ttas. He ears?" asked the envoy. "Do hot the Oles
tell us," replied Ch'in, "that God on high hearkens unto the
lowly?" "Has tte feet?" continued the envoy. "Do hot the Odes
tell us," replied Ch'lu, "that the way of God is hard and difficult?"
"Has He a surname?" asked the envoy. "Yes," replied Ch'in,
"His naine is Liu." "How do you know that?" enquired the
envoy. "Because that," replied Chin, "is the naine of the Son of
God." By this terre he referred fo the newly proclaimed Emperor,
the great opponent of the Wu Kiugdom, Liu Pei, under whom
he subsequent]y became Minister of Agriculture.
A Gbese Biogr«qhical Dictiouarg 55
Ch'in l'êng ; (T. fi ). Died A.D. 88. A native of 394
Mou-ling in Shensi, whose twin sister entered the seraglio of the
Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty. Through ber influence, he
obtaiued in 64 au ocial appoiutment, and in 72 was operating
against the Hsiung-nu. In 76 he became Governor of Shan-yang
in Shantung, where he abolished puuishments and tried fo influence
the people aght, promoting education and religions ceremonial;
the result being that a ch'i lin, a phoeuix, and other good
portents appeard. From the high oces held by rive members,
with salaries ai the rate of 2,000 piculs of rice, the family came
fo ,ow. .
Ch'in Tsung A man of the Sung dynasty, who is said 395
to bave given birth to a child, after a gestation of ten months.
Ch'in Tsung. See Çho Hêng.
Ch'in Wang. See Li Shih-min.
Ohqn Yfioh-jen . 5th cent. B.C. The keeper of au inn 396
ia the Chêng State, who received ri'oto one of his customers, au old
man nmed Ch'ang Sang Chfin, a certain drug which
he had fo take for thirty consecutive days, and which then
caused him fo understand the nature of things. The old man
also gave him books on medicine and healiug, armed with which
he set forth and travelled from State fo State as a doctor,
peorming all kinds of wonderful cures, and earning for himself
the naine of Pien Ch'iao. He was said fo be able fo see
into the viscera of his patients, and the knowledge of the pulse
is still inseparably associated with his naine. He was assassiuated
af the instigation of Li Hsi, chief physiciau af the Court
of Ch'in, out of jealousy of his unrivalled skill.
Ching Ch'ai
. 4th cent. B.C. A poet contemporary with 397
Ch'fi Yfian. A few of his poems are iucluded in the collection
known as the Elegies of C£'u. One authority says that he was an
6 A Chinese Biogr«phical
otcial in the Chêg State, and ha i was he, and no T
Ch'an, who len his crriage fo coey people over is rive»
ac of condescension censured by Mencius.
398 çhing Fang - (T. B). 1st cent. B.C. A disciple of
Chiao Kung (T. ), uuder whom he ma(le a deep
study of the Caon of C],a,ges. The latter was delighted with
his progress, but predicted that his learning would lead fo his
destruction. He was also distinguished as a fine musician. In B.C.
51 he graduated in the second degree, and sodn attracted the
notice of the Emperor by his skill in foretelliug the future, and
was summoned o Cou. He then tried fo introduce a scheme for
periodical examiuations of ocials; but it was rejected by he
Miuisters of State, who hated him and who persuaded the Emperor
o send him as Governor fo Wei-chu (par of Chihli
and Houan). There he was allowed o carry his scheme in
execution. Shortly afterwards, however, he aunounced that a great
iuuudation was imminent; and wheu this came fo pass, he was
thrown into prison and put fo death af the age of forty-one.
real naine was Li, chauged by himself fo Ching.
399 Çhing K'o ] . Died B.C. 227. The Ch'in State having
claimed from the Yen State the rendition of a deserter, together
with the surrender of a slice of territory as a fine, Prince
Tan of Yen induced Cbing K'o, a bold adventurer of the day, fo
undertake the assassination of the ruler of Ch'in, who was later
on fo become famous as the "First Emperor." Ching K'o was sent
on a pretended mission fo Ch'in o tender the humble alleauce
of the Yeu State. He carried with him a roll-map of Yen, in
which lay concealed a sword. Prince Tan with a few friends
escorted Ching K'o as far as the river I, where the latter as
he bade farewell uttered the following lines: --
A Chi»ese Biog»'al,hical Dictiona»'Ç "157
The shrill blast is blowing, chilly the burn;
Your champion is going -- not to return!
His prophecy was fulfilled. On reaching the capital of Ch'in and
gaiuing access fo the sovereign, Ching K'o uufolded his preteuded
mission, and seized an opportunity of striking a blow af his
intended victim. He only succeeded however in wounding the
Prince of Ch'in, who thereupou fled clown a narrow passage, where
he would bave been killed but for a eunuch who called fo him fo
turu and draw. He did so, and ultimately succeeded in slaying
his pursuer.
(hing Po 1" Died A.D. 649. One of the great scholars af 400
the Court of the Emperor T'ai Tsuug of the T'ang dynasty, whom
he aided in the compilation of the History of the CMn Dyasly.
He graduated as chin shih about 627, and rose fo be a Supervising
Censor, but incurring his master's displeasure, he was sent fo a
subordinate post in Ssfich'uan, and died on the way thither. Joint
author, with Hsii Ching-tsung, of the History of t]e Rise of t]e
T'ag Dyasty, nd biographer of T'ai Tsung. He also wrote a
preface fo the Record of IVestern Countries by Hsiian Tsang.
Ching Ti. See (Han) Lin Ch'i; (Wu) Sun Hsiu; (Liang) Hsiao
Æang-chih; (N. Chou) ¥ii-wên Yung; (Ming) Chu Ch'i-yii.
Ching Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Chan; (Liao) Yeh-lii ttsien.
Çhing Wei î. A daughter of the legendary ruler î 401
Yen Ti. She was drowned in the Eaiçern Sea, and changed into
the small bird kuown as the Ching Wei. Ever since ber death
she bas been carrying chips and pebbles from çhe Wesçern
mounçains fo fill up the sea. Hence the saying
"like the tomtit carrying pebbles," in çhe sense of wasting one's
powem over a hopeless task.
Ch'ing Chi ,r. A swift runner of the Wu Sçaçe of old. 402
Ch'ing I-kuaIlg . . Grandsou of ;he 17th' son of the 4:03
158 A Ctdnese Biographicl Dictionary
Emperor Ch'ien Lung. While only a Prince of the 3rd order, he
was placed ut the head of the Tsuug-li Yamën on tbe fall of
Prince Kung in April 1884. On the Empress Dowager's fiftieth
birthday he was promoted fo be a Prince of the 2nd order, and
in February 1894 of the 1st order. In November 1885 he became
a Miuister of the Board of Admiralty, and in 1891 he succeeded
Prince Ch'un as its President. In consequence of his strongly-
expressed opinion that there was no danger fo be apprehended
from Japan, he fell from power; however in November 1894 he
was appointed fo assist Prince Kung in the command of the
armies about Peking and in the general conduct of the war.
404 Ch'ing-kuei î î (T. 1. ). A.D. 1735--1816. Sonot
Yin-chi-shan. He served for many years in Turkestan and
Mauchuria, becoming in 1799 a Grand Secretary. In 1802 he
was ennobled, and in 1813 he retired, having held most of the
highest offices in the Government. Canonised as
405 Chiu :Fang rin .. A famous phrenologist of old. The
"Lavater' of China.
406 Ch'in Ch'ang-eh'un
A.D. 1148--1227. A
sanctity, who in 1221
[ : (naine in religion j).
Taoist of great repute for wisdom and
was summoned from his retirement in
Shautung by Genghis Khau, and travelled in quest of the Emperor's
camp through Central Asia fo Persia and the frontiers of India.
A disciple, named ,-J Li Chih-ch'ang, who accompanied
him, wrote an account of their wanderings, entitled "i) ,
which was published in 1228.
o c'iu c (T. tç 'oe). .D. 0-19. ,.ti,
of Hainan, distinguished as a scholar and statesman. He lost his
father af an early age, and was brought up by his mother in
great poverty. However, by dint of borrowing books he managed
fo pass his examinations, and became a member of the Han-lin
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona»'g 159
College. In 1465, when a rebellion broke out in Kuaugtung and
Kuangsi, he submitted his views fo the Grand Seeretary Li Hsieu,
who brough him o he uoiee of he Emperor; and in 1488 he
rose be Presiden of he Board of Ries. He was one of he
eoninuaors of he (see Chu Hsi), and auhor of
numerous hisorieal and biographieal works. He also eompiled he
well-known , a handbook of hisorieal and
myhologieal llusions, for begiuuers, variously knowu s he
Ch'lu Hsiang OE or Ch'lu Lan OE (T. ). 1st
and 2nd cent. A.D. A beadle, who lived under the Eastern
Hau dynasty, and distinguished himself by reforming, without
punishment, an unfilial sou named Ch'ên Yau. For this
he was ultimately promoted fo be a magistrate, on the grouud
that "the phoenix does hot roost ou a bramble, nor does au area
of one hundred li give sufficient scope ïor a worthy official."
Ch'i Shê,-chi Ç $ . A militarç commander who was put 409
fo death for conspiracy uuder the reign of the Empress Wu Hou,
af the close of the 7th cent. A.D. See Lai Chiin-ch'én.
Ch'lu Yfieh-hsiu f (T. and ). A.D. 10
1712--1773. A native of sin-chien in Kiangsi, who
graduaed as chin shih in 1739, and rose o high oce. In 1756
his suggestions as o he Iii campaigu araced he Emperor's
noice; and aer a year a Barkul, he was sen on many imporau
judicial enquiries ail over China. Bu i was as au adviser on
river conservation ha he won his chief faine. He advocaed he
cleaug ou of waerways so as o le off fioods; and a his
proposal he pracice of filchiug he bauks and beds of rivers for
agriculural purposes was prohibied -- unforunaely only for a
6me. He owed much o his moher, a sern lady who, when
announcing he deah of his favourite son, warned him ha as
t60 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
the people were his children he should uot on his son's accourir
neglect his public duty. tte was-a noted calligraphist, and was
employed fo restore injured portions of certain works in the Imlerial
Library. Canonised as -.
411 {3ho .Iao _ )! (T. -- -}. Died A.D. 28. A native of
Nau-yaug in ttonau, who distinguished himself in his youth by
his profound knowledge hot only of the Classics, but also of
mathematics and military science, gaining the naine of "
Universal Scholar. Entering upon an offcial career, he proved
such a successful Magistrate that "things left on the road were
uot picked up." tte was liberal-minded and humane, and no violent
language was ever heard fo escape his lilas, tte rose fo the highest offices
under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti, and was ennobled as Marquis.
412 Chou 'u-ch'êng ] -. Died A.D. 1031. Father of the
famous Chou Tun-i. He graduated as «]i sM] in 1015, and rose
fo be Magistrate of : Kuei-ling in Kua»gsi. In 1595 his
tabler was placed in the'Confucian Temple.
41: Chou ttan (H. ). A native of Ning-
hsiang in Hunan, who graduated as ]siu ts'ai, and then ênrolled
himself for service under Tso Tsung-t'ang, whom he accompanied
upon the great campaign into Turkestan. He subsequently became
Prefect of Yen-an in Shensi, whence he was trausferred fo a
military post. He acquitted himself so well that he was promoted
fo be Taot'ai, with the brevet tank of Judge. A disagreement
with Tso Tsung-t'ang caused him fo retire into private lire, since
which date he bas occupied himself in fostering a bitterly hostile
feeling fo foreigners in general and missionaries in particular. He
is kuown fo bave issued mauy inflammatory placards against
Christiauity, and was suspected of complicity in the Yang-tsze
Valley riots of 1891. The last report, however, was that he
himself had become a convert!
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary t61
Chou Hsin ,,,--_. Died B.C. 1122. The title of Shou, 414
last Emperor of the Yin dynasty. His career was oue course of
extravagance, lust, and cruelty. To please his infamous COllcubiue,
T'a Chi, he constructed a vast pleasaunce, known as the
in which there was a lake of wine and a garden with meat
haugiug on the trees. There ail kinds of the wildest orgies were
carried on, until he was finally overthrowu by Wu Wang, and
perished in the flames of his palace, which he had hinlself caused
fo be destroyed. See Pi Ka,.
Chou ttsing )- 1. Died A.D. 691. A native of Wan-nien in 415
Kiangsu, who by studyiug law rose from a mere clerk fo be
a Judge under the Empress Wu. His memory is execrated,
inasmuch as he condemned many innocent people fo death (see
Lai Chiin-ch'êQ. He was ultimately banished fo Knangtung, and
slain by an enemy on his way thither.
Chou ttsing-ssfl ) (T. ,, ..). Died A.D. 521. A 416
scholar of the Southern Ch'i dynasty, who graduated as hsiu ts'ai
in 494, and was appointed sub-Prefect of Kuei-yang in Honan.
He was dismissed by t, he first Emperor of the Liang dynasty;
whereupon he addressed a poem fo his Majesty, which so
enchauted the latter that he was re-emiloyed and rose fo be a
sulervising Censor. The story that he composed the
T]ous«md C]taacter Essay in a siugle night, and that his hair
turned white under the effort, appears fo be apocryphal.
Chotl I )- . (T. tO )" Died A.D. 322. One of thë 417
officials who helped fo consolidate the empire of the Emperor
Yfian Ti of the Chiu dynasty. Af first a man of great promise,
he developed into a drunken sot and was once cashiered for
drunkenness. As Lord Chamberlain, he gained the uickname of
the -- , ,]t Three-days' Chamberlain. H e w as ultimately
taken prisoner by Wang Tun, and put fo death.
11
162 A Chinese Biog»'«phica ! Dictionarg
Chou Kung )= (Duke of Chou). Died B.C. 1105. The title
uuder which Tan, fourth sou of Wên Wang and younger
brother fo Wu Wang, is generMly kuown in history, though
sometimes spoken of as Duke of Chi. Af the death of
his father he was left couasellor and assistant fo his elder brother,
and by his wise advice aided materially in establishing the
dynasty of Chou. He drew up a legal code, purified the morals
of the people, and devoted himself wholly fo the wel£tre of the
State. He was so energetic that he could hardly take a bath
without rushing forth several rimes la the middle of if, holding
his long wet hair in his hand, fo consult with some officM on
matters of public importance. Several rimes during every mel he
would put the food out of his mouth for the saine purpose, ge
is said fo bave had a wrist like a swivel, on which his hand
could tura completely round. Tradition also assgns fo him the
invention of a wonderful "south-pointing chariot," which he
devised in order fo assist some tribute-beariag envoys from
Tongking back fo their own country; and on the strength of
this, the discovery of the mariner's compass has been loosely
credited fo the Chinese. Enuobled as Prince of Lu.
419 ChouLian-kung )_ (T. . H. [). hD.
16121672. A celebrated public servant and scholar under the
reign of the Emperor K'an Hsi. A uthor of 2J, Notes on
elgravers.
40 Chou Pi-ta , (T. . H. ). b.D. 1126--
1204. A native of Lu-ling in Kiaugsi, who graduated while still
a mere boy, and soon attracted the notice of the Emperor Kao
Tsung. He held high office under the Emperor Hsiao Tsung, but
is chiefly renowned for his writings and eruditiou. Author of the
5, memoranda of his official experience, dwelling af
A Chiese Biog'aphical Dictiona'g t63
leugth on the duties of members of the Hau-lin College, and
the , a collationof various issues of the writings of
0u-yang Hsiu. Was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as .
Chou Po-ch'i )] f{ oe (T. f{ ). Died A.D.? 1370. A 421
native of Jao-chou in Kiangsi, who by 1352 had risen fo be
Vice President of the Board of War, and in 1357 was seul fo
put dowu the rebelliou of Chang Shih-ch'êug. He was detaiued in
the rebel lines for over Leu years; and on the collapse of he
movement belote the arms of the first Emperor of the Miug
dynasty, he returned fo his home, where he shortly afterwards
died. A man of profouud learning, he was the author of the -
, a work on orthography, and also of the -
, on the sources of the characters in the Sluo llë.
Chou 1'o J: ¢. Died B.C. 169. A native of Chiian in 4"22
Honan, who removed fo P'ei in Kiaugsu, where he supported
himself by composing popular songs, blowing the trumpet aL
fuuerals, etc. Attractiug the notice of Lin Paug, future founder
of the Han dynasty, he soon received a command, and by his
unfiinchiug integrity ere long obtaiued the full confidence of his
patron, honours and rewards being showered upon him. Upon the
death of the Empress Lii Hou in B.C. 179, there was a couspiracy
amoug the members of ber family fo raise oue of their own
number fo the throne. Chou P'o .hereupon proceeded to the army
and notified the soldiers that all in favour of the Empress's
family were fo bare their right arms, while ail in favour of the
direct Imperial line were fo bare their left arms. To a man the
soldiers declared in favour of the latter, and Chou P'o aL once
caused the Princes of the Lii family fo be put fo death. Placing
the rightful heir upon the throne, he served as Miuister of State
for eighteen monLhs, und theu reLired; but on Lhe deaLh of Ch'ên
P'ing he agaiu Look office. Later oa he was uccused of treasou,
64 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
of which charge however he was honourably acquitted and was
finally restored fo lais houours. Fie was ennobled as Marquis,
and canonised as ïÇ.
4:23 hou Shu . One of the Four Gray-heads (sec
Hsiia-lang). He took the naine of
424 Chou Tê-wei
, (T. ). Died A.D. 919.
commauder lu the service of he Priuce of Chiu, subsequenfly
firs Emperor of he Laer T'ang dynasy, whom he greafly
assisted in his opposition fo the usurping House of Liang. Of
military iustiucts from his youth upwards, he could judge of
the nùmber of an enemy by the accompanying cloud of dest.
911 he inflicted a severe defeat upon the forces of the Liaugs
(sec Lin Shou-kua»g), and in 919 accompanied the Prince upon
a eampaign along he Yang-sze. Passing a nigh a
Hu-liu-p'o, in the early dawn iç was announced ha he Linngs
were upon hem. here was a rush fo arms, and a confusion of
which he enemy ook full advzutage, Chou Tê-wei and his son
beiug boh among he slain.
» Chou Tun-i (T. ). A.D. 1017-1073.
scholar of the Sung dynasty, commouly known as Chou
Tz, and ranked second only fo Che Hsi. He was born af Lien-
ch'i in Hunan; hence he came fo bu spoken of as
He was holding a small military command at Nan-au in Kiangsi,
when Ch'êng Hsiang applied fo him for instruction. He replied
that the latter was too old fo profit by such a course, but was
prevailed upon fo uudertake the education of his two sons, the
afterwards famous scholars Ch'êng Hao and Ch'ëng I. He
subsequently occupied a judicial post in Kuangtung, where he
ruade himself ill by overwork and strict attention fo the interes of
the people af all hazards fo himselL His chier works were the
and the , written fo elucidate çhe mystees
A Chinese Biographicai Dictioary 165
of the Cawn of Chages and published after his death by his
disciples, with commentaries by Chu Hsi. Canonised as : .
[lqis persoual naine was originally 'l------" If was changed fo
avoid elashing with the personal naine of the Emperor Yiug
Tsung.]
Chou Ya-fu 4î. Died B.C. 152. A virtuous young man, 426
who was posthumously assigned as son and heir fo Chou P'o,
whose own son, Chou Shêng-chih, had bcen put fo death
for murder. In B.C. 174 he was appointed fo a command against
the Hsiung-nu, who were then invading the empire; and when
the :Emperor Wên Ti preseuted himself af his stronghold, his
Majesty was unable fo gain admittance until Chou himself had
given orders for the gare fo be opened. He also refused fo make
the usual obeisance, declaring that soldiers under arms were
exempt from ceremonial observances. This action was justified by
success, and the gratified Emperor advanced him fo high posts.
Under the next Emperor Ching Ti he conducted an expedition
against the States of Wu and Ch'u, then in open rebellion. He
was unable fo bring their troops fo close quarters; but by dint
of cutting off supplies, he succeeded in utterly destroying them.
In A.D. 152 he became a Minister of State, but fell into disfavour
by opposing the Emperor, who wished fo set aside the tteir
Apparent. The Emperor sent for him fo the palace, and caused
food fo be put before him, without giving him any chopsticks
with which fo eat if; .whereupon Chou, who began fo feel
uucomfortable, mentioned if fo his Majesty. "Nothing satisfies you,"
cried the Emperor, laughing. Resigning office, as he passed out
of the door the Emperor followed him with his eyes, and said,
"That is a great grief fo both Prince and Minister." Shortly
afterwards he bought a suit of armour, and wished fo bury alive
in if one of his slaves, as an offering fo his dead father. The
166 A Cliese Biographical Dictioa'y
affair created much scandal; and Chou Ya-fu being summoned fo
Court, remained rive days without eating, and so starved himself
fo death.
4 Chou Yen-ju îfl . f (T. .. ,). A.D. 1593--1643.
native of I-hsiug in Kansuh, who graduated as first chin
sMh when little over twent.y, and attracted notice by his handsome
face and spirited beari,g. The last Emperor of the Ming dynasty
ruade him a Grand Secretary in 1630, and in spire of Censor
denuuciations of him as au evil liver, the sovereign reposed great
confidence in him. Chou allied himself with Wën T'i-jen, who
repaid his help by undermining his position with the Emperor,
until in 1633 Chou was driven from office on a charge of
treasonable correspondence with. the rcbels. Eight years later he
was recalled as Prime Minister, partly through the Tung
Lin faction; and having learnt wisdom in adversity, he laboured
fo neutralise the evil governmenf, of Wën T'i-jën. He was,
howevr, quite unable fo cope with the rebels and with the
Manchus, and his partisans were greedy and corrupt. In 1643,
when the Manchus raided Shantuug, he obtained command af
T'ung-chou, where he spent his rime in carousing, while he
reported imagiuary victories. The Emperor was ultimately informed
of the truth; but Chou was only dismissed fo his home.
enemies presently charged him with speaking ill of his Majesty;
whereupon he was brought up for trial fo Pekiug, and was forced fo
commit suicide.
428 Chou Yi/ )- (T. _). A.D. 174--218. A native of
Shu in Anhui, whose father and graudfather had both
occupied high oflïcial posts. He was a handsome lad; and when
Suu Chien, who had raised a volunteer force fo oppose Tung
Cho, was quartered af Shu, he became very friendly with the
general's son, Sun Ts'ë, and ultimately attached himself to the
A Chinese Biog»,aphical Dictiotta»'y 167
latter's fortunes, and in 198 obtained a command. He was then
twenty-four years of age, and was popularly known as ) [.
Two years later, when Sun Ts'ë died, he joined his brother Sun
Ch'iian, and remained for many years his faithful counsellor and
lieutenant. In 208 he was chosen fo oppose the advance of Ts'ao
Ts'ao, and inflicted upou him a crushiug defeat ai the
Red Wall, near H Hsia-k'ou in Hupeh. Ts'ao Ts'ao's forces
were estimated ai eight hundred thousand men; his war-vessels
were said to stretch stem and stern for a thousand li; his
banners darkened the sky. Against this host, Chou Yii is reported
fo bave asked for only thirty thousaud meu. Yet he burnt Ts'ao
Ts'ao's fleet; and Oto Red Wall, discoloured by the smoke, was
still tobe seen in the days of the poet Su Shih. For these
services he was ruade genera|issimo and Governor of modern
Hupeh. After some time he planned an attack upon Liu Pei,
with a view fo bring modern Sstich'uan un(]er the sway of his
toaster; but he died re he could carry out his design, ai the
early age of thirty-six. He is said fo bave possessed such an
exquisite car for music that if any one played or sang a false
note, he would immediately look up, even though tipsy, lence
the phrase [ 9 ] . If was said by :11 Ch'êng
I)'u, who had beeu associated with him in the glorious ictory af
the Red Wall, that friendship with Chou Yii was like drinking
good wine; if ruade a man druuk without his knowing if.
Chou Yung . (T. ]lîî). 5th cent. A.D. A native of 429
) An-ch'êng in Honan, who distinguished himself as a scholar,
and rose fo high office uuder the Emperor Ming Ti of the
Southern Ch'i dynasty, by whom he was taken into confidence.
Not venturing fo remonstrate opeuly with his Majesty, he would
skilfully introduce some allusiou from the Classics beariug upon
the point in question', and thus influence the Emperor in the
68 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Diclionary
right direction. He wrote the , a work on the four
fortes, of which he is considered by some fo have been the first
exponent (see Shên ]ç). He devoted much attention fo Buddhism,
in which the
and published a treatise, entitled ,
doctrines of ifs three chier schools are discussed.
430 Chou Yung-nien (T. ). Graduated in1771,
and was employed in the Imperial Library. He devoted his lire fo
study, and spent all his fortune upon books, bui[ding a specal
library fo hohl them.
431 C'ou Luan OE . Died A.D. 1552. One of the mostworthless
Ministers of the Ming dynasty. Very studious as a boy and a
clever writer, he proved proud and haughty when placed in office.
In 1529 he went as Governor fo Caton, and only escaped
disgrace for cruelty and extorsion by retiring ill. In 1537 he was
sent fo Ning-hsia in Kausuh, and took command against
Anda, Prince of II Shun-i, who was ravaging he border.
By promising fo open trading stations, he tried fo induce the
enemy fo retire; but Anda raided up fo Peking, and being
attacked ai H Ku-ri-k'o whie retreating, defeated his
pursuers. However, by falsely reporting a victory and presenting
some eighty heads of peaceful villagers, Ch'ou obtained rewards
and honours. In the following year the Tartars crowded inside the
Wall on the pretext of trading. He shirked an engagement; and
af the instigation of Yen Sung, whom he had displaced as first
favourite, he was recalled. He died the day before his secret
dealing with the enemy was discovered. His corpse was beheaded,
his family exterminated, and his ill-gotten possessions confiscated.
432 Chu Chan-chi . A.D. 13981435. Eldest son of
Chu Kao-chih, whom he succeeded in 1425 as fiKh Emperor of
the Ming dynasty. His reign was marked by the rebellion of his
uncle, Chu Kao-hsfi, and by a revolt of the Kuangsi aborigines.
A Chinese Biogæ'athical Dictiota»'g
Annam was left to itself, and ihe norih-western froniier which
he occasionally visiied was withdrawn fo a point in
YIsilan-hua in Chihli. A well-meaning monarch, he lightened the
grain tribue, allowed commutation in rice for all penalies, and
in 1429 established custom-houses ai importaui centres. By
orgaising within ihe palace a school for youthful euuuchs, he
fostered their growing power. His favourite concubine, who palmed
off on the childless monarch a suosititious son, succeeded in
displacing the Empress. Canonised as .
hu çh'ang-lo . A.D. 1582--1620. Son of Chu I- 133
chfin, whom he succeeded in 1620 as fourteenth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. On his accession the mining taxes were abolished,
and he euuuch collectors were recalled. He died after a reign of two
months under suspicious circumstances, and his faher's favourite,
he concubine Chêng, in vain tried o retain power by taking
possession of his eldes son. She was forced to retire, and two
eunuchs, of whom one was the infamous Wei Chung-hsien,
obained conrol of the Emperor. Canonised as
, .
çhu çhi-wêng 2ç . The surname and sobl'iqueg of an 3
old hermi, who lived under the Chou dynasty and amused
himself by breediug chickens.
son of Chu Chan-chi, whom he succeeded in 1435 as sixth
Emperor of ghe Ming dynasty. The Empress, acging as Regeng,
left the administragion go ghe Grand Secregariat. The Emperor fell
under ghe malign influence of Wang Chên, a eunuch who had
been his constant companion as a boy, and became a devout
Buddhisg, spending vasg sums on gemples. The Oirads gave
continual grouble, fo say nothing of ghree expeditions againsg
}il Lu-ch'ua,1 in Yfinnan, and in 1449 ghe Emperor led an
army against them. He was rouged and capgured by their
170 A C]dnese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
chieftain OE : Yeh-hsien, Wang Chên and many others being
slain. Next year he was released and lived in seclusion until, on
his brother's refusal fo appoint his nephew bis successor, Shih
Hêng and the eunuch Ts'ao Chi-hsiang forced him fo re-ascend
the throne. During his second terre he was a mere puppet in the
hands of Shih Hêng and Ts'ao Chi-hsiang; and after their fall in
1461, of auother eunuch uamed Mên Ta, who was ultimately
banished fo Kuangsi. He was the first of the Miug sovereigns
who gave orders that none of hs concnbiues sho«ld be sacrificed
af his death. Canonsed as
'.
36 Chu Ch'i-yfi . A.D. 1428--1457. Brotber of Chu
Ch'i-chên, on whose capture by the Oirads in 1449 he became
Regent, subsequençly ascending the çhrone as sevençh Emperor
of the Ming dynasty. The açtack of çhe Oirads on Peking was
beaten off, and in 1450 çhey sued for peace. A devouç Buddhisç,
he built a vasç new temple aç çhe suggestion of a eunuch; and
under çhe same influence he seç up his own son as Heir Apparent
in place of his nephew. Money was scarce, and in 1453 ençry
inço çhe Imperial Academy was ço be bought. An açtempt was
ruade fo replace casl by notes, but the people would hot permit
iç. In 1453 his son died, and in 1457, as he pcrsistenfly refused
fo nominate his nephew ço be his successor, he was deposed in
favour of his predecessor and died soon afterwards. Known in
history as
437 Chu Chia . 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A hmous knight-errant
of the Han dynasty, contemporary with Liu Pang. He had over 100
retainers and crowds of servançs; yet he was neither haughty nor
overbearing, buç always ready fo sacrifice himself for others. He
once saved the life of Chi Pu by receiving him when a fugitive from
the wrath of Liu Pang; yeç when çhe latçer became a great man,
he ruade no claire upon him for the service he had formerly rendered.
A Cldnese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 171
Chu Chien-shên z, - A.D. 1439--1487. The eldest son 438
of Chu Ch'i-chên, whom he succeeded in 1464 as eighth Emperor
of the Ming dynasty. He removed h]s fither's favourite eunuch,
bu was himself en,irely under the influence of his concubine
Wan, on whom he lavished untold wealth aud who in return for
heavy bribes appoinied eunuchs fo important posts. The reign was
marked y weakness abroad, and by disturbances, floods, and
drought af home. After 1471 no audience was giveu fo Ministers,
and the euuuch Wang Chih practically ruled the country. In
1475, for the first rime, an embassy from the Manchus is
recorded. The Heir Apparent died in 1472, and it was hot until
1475 that the existence of another son by a concubiue, whom the
Lady Wan had ordered fo be destroyed, was revealed fo him.
Chu Chih-hsi OE (T. %.H. ).A.0.1624-- 439
1666. A native of I-wu in Chehkiaug, who graduated as
cldn shih in 1646. In 1649 he was employed on the History of
the Mig Dy,asty. In 1656 he was sent fo the Yellow River; and
in this post he laboured for ten years, introducing improved
systems of conservation with the aid of dredgers, and getting rid
of abus and oppressive customs. In 1662, on the occasion of a
serious breach in the embaukments, he composed a short ditty
which inspirited the men fo labour with zeal. e was also the
author of a popular worl; on river conservation. Constant exposure
in all weathers, together with want of rest and regular meals,
caused his death. His devotion fo the public weal led to his being
worshipped as a deity by the people along the river, and cven
prayed fo by boatmen when in danger. Canonised as .
Chu Ch'in-ming B (T. ,,). Died A.D. 711. 0
A native of Shih-p'ing in Shensi, who rose fo high
oce under the Emperor Chung Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, and
172 A C]inese Bioy'aptical i)ictioa'y
in 705 became President of the Board of Ries and was ennobled
as Duke. e was banished for concealing the deah of a parent
in order fo escape enforced temporary retiremen rom public
lire, but was soou aferwards taken back into favour. Upon
occasion of a grand banqueS, in order o amuse he Emperor he
danced abou and finally sood ou his head. is Majesty laughed
hearily, bu Lu Ts'ang-yung sighed and said if was as bad as
sweepiug the ground with the Five Eassics.
1 Chu ang
Hupeh, distinguished as an official and poet under the T'ang
dynasty. He was summoned fo Court in A.D. 627, but dedined
fo proceed.
442 Cu Hui . 3rd cent. .C. A man of the Wei Star,
famous t0r his great strength. He was iutroduced by Hou Ying
fo Wu Chi, and the latter sent him ou a mission fo the Prince
of Ch'in. The Prince however threw him in a den of figera;
whereupou Chu's hair sod on end, and he glared so tarfully
af the tigers that they did hot venture fo attack him, and he
was released. When the Ch'in army was besieging Hau-tan, Wu
Chi hastened fo ifs succour. The Wei army was commanded by
Ç CI, in P'i; but by the dic of no Ying, Wu Chi
persuaded the Prince's favourite concubine fo steal from ber lord
the other half of Chin P'i's tally of command. Armed with this,
Wu Chi and Chu Hai proceeded fo Chin P'i's tent, and called
upon him fo surrender his post; and when he refused fo do so,
Chu Hai produced from his sleeve a forty-pound mace of iron,
and brained bim on the spot. With the aid of his troops, Wu
Chi succeeded in raising t.be siege.
g3 Chuao-ling (T. . n. ). A native
of Kiangsu, who distinguished himself during the 17th century as
an enthusiasic sudeut, and who was a friend and contemporary
A Clinese Biog'aphical Dictioary t73
of Ku Yen-wu. He wroe on the Classics, and also published
poetry and essays.
Chu tott-ehao fi. A.D. 1491-1521. Son of Chu Yu- 44
t'ang, whom he succeeded in 1487 as teuth Emperor of the Ming
dynasty, te devoted himself entirely o pleasure, and his exorbitant
demauds for money caused frequent rebellions, uutil in 1511
Peking was in danger and many provinces were harassed by
bamlis. The people round the troops worse than the rebels; and
they said in Hu-Kuaug tha he rebels combed them with au
ordinary comb, the Imperialis troops with a tooth-comb, and the
officers wih a razor. Eight eunuchs, known as the Eigh Tigers,
encouraged their maser's vagaries, and bribery and corruption
were rire, until in 1510 the chier eunuch was executed for
treason and his vas treasures confiscated. The Emperor learnt
Tibetan, Mongol, and Manchu, and gave himself titles in these
languages, besides takiug the Buddhis style of Prince of the Law.
In 1517 and 1518 he travelled incognito fo Hsiia a Fa, and was
nearly capured in a Tartar raid. te nex gave orders fo himself,
under the naine J Chu Shou, fo go on a southern tour;
and when Wang Shou-jen put down a serious rising in Kiangsi,
he proposed o have the rebel leader lef a large on the Po-yang
lale unil, he could proceed thiher and smite him in person. He
died from he effcts of being upset from his fishing-skiff. Canonised
Chtt Iou-tsttng J ,,. A.D. 1507--1566. Nephewof Chu 5
Yu4'aug, and paternal second cousin of Chu Hou-chao whom he
succeeded in 1522 as eleveuth Emperor of he Ming dynasty. Ie
proved an auocratic ruler and was swayed by a series of
worthless favouries, among whom Ch'ou Luan, tsia Yen, and
Yen Sung were the most infamous, o the exclusion of such men
as Mao Ch'êng, Yang T'ing-ho, and Yang Shên. The north-wes
| 7 A Chinese Bioçraphical Dictiomry
froutiers were constantly raided and Peking itself was in a stte
of siege more than once, while the Jpuese, angry af the
stoppage of trde, harried Kiangnn, Chehkiaug ud Fuhkien, and
local and aborigiul risings were frequent. Audiences fo ocils
were rre; large sums were spent on plces nd temples; while
the Emperor, especilly in his latter yers, wsted much valuble
rime in seekiug fter the elixir of life. The growing weakness of
the Courç was shown by an attempt in 1542 fo murder the
Emperor while in a concubiue's apartments. Canonised as
A.D. 1130--1200. The famous commeutar kuown as Chu Tzfi
or Chu Fu Tz. Bora aç Yu-ch'i in Fuhkien, where his
father, Chu Sung, was an officiel, he soou disp]ayed signs of
uuusual ability and grduated as c£in sli5 af the early age of
nineteen. His father had already died, but had left his education
fo the care of three trusty fends. In 1151 he was sent as
assistant Magistrte fo T'ung-au in Fuhkien, where he remained
for three years, reforming the administration and improving the
condition of the people. He had previously been suspected of a
stroug leaning towrds Buddhism- some say that be actually
became a Buddhist priest; but by the year 1154, under the
guidance of the philosopher Li T'uug, he had seen the error of
his ways and had given himself up completely fo the study of
orthodox doctrines. His next appointment was a sinecure ia
Hunan, which left him an abuudance of leisure for 5terary work
until 1163, when he was summoned fo the capital by the
Emperor Hsiao Tsung. He soon returned fo his old life and
remained in comparative retirement until 1178, when he was
forced fo become Governor of Nan-k'ang in Kiangsi,
A Chinese Biograp]ical Dictionarg 175
where his administration was again very successful. While holding
office here he built for himself a retreat ai the White Deer Grotto
ou the hills near the Po-yang lake, and thither he was
accustomed to retire for intervals of meditation. He was afterwards
appointed for special duty on the coast of Chehkiang; and while
there he ordered the demolition of the shrine which had been
built in honour of the infamous Ch'i Kuei, his father's foe. In
1190 he was ruade Governor of Chng-chou in Fuhkien; and then
begn a series of attacks in which he was accused of sedition, of
marc, of breaches of loyalty and filial piety, of seduciug nuns,
and even of weepiug a he death of ,,, Chao Ju-yfi,
when all he Cour was rejoieing. Af firs hese aaeks were
unsueeessful; bu ai lengh Hu Hung, in 119, eaused him fo be
deprived of all honours and of his oeial poses. Three years later
he was o a grea measure re-insaed; bu he was now too old
and infirm o re-ener oeial life. He passed he res of his days
in revirement, sooçhed by he minisrations of his faihful disciple
Ts'ai Ch'ên. A his death, his eon is said o bave taken up a
position, suspended in he air, abou hree fee¢ from he ground.
Whereupon his son-in-law, falling on his kuees beside he bier,
reminded he depared spiri of he grea prineiples of whieh he
had been sueh a brillian exponen in lire,-- and he eon
deseeuded gently o he ground. He was a mos voluminous
wrier. In addition o his revision of he hisory of Ss,-ma
Kuang, which under the title of is still regarded
as the standard history of China, he plaeed himself first in the
first rnk of all commentators on the Confucian Canon. He
inoduced interpretations either wholly or partly aU varinee with
those which had been put forth by the scholars of the Han
dynasty and hitherto received as infallible, thus modifying o a
certain extea the prevailing standard of political and social
76 A Chiese Biographical Dictionary
morality. His principle was simply oue of cousistency. He refused
fo iuterpret words in a given passage ia one sense, and the
sme words occurriug elsewhere, in anotber sese. In the preface
Wang Pu-eh'ing (born 1671) bas the following passage:
"Shuo Yung tried fo expluin the C¢on of Cha9es by numbers,
and Ch'êng I by the eternM fituess of things; but Chu Hsi alone
wus able fo pieree through the meaning and uppropriute the
thought of the prophets who eomposed if." His oçher best known
works are the ,, , a megavhysieal h'eafise contai,,ing
essence of his later speeulafions, and the
a handbook for the young. He was ennobled as Duke, and
canonised as , and in 1241 his table was plaeed in the
Confueian Temple.
Cu sfi . 4th cent.. A.D. Governor of Hsiang-yang in
Hupeh when if was besieged by the lieutenants of Fu Chien. His
mother, headiug a body of some huudred men, together with all
the women of the city, proceeded fo throw up an earthwork,
afterwards known as the Ladies' Rampart, by means
of which the euemy's assault was effectually repulsed.
Çh (T. OE ). Died A.D. 238. A hot-temper«l
but bruve and honest officer under Sun Ch'flan. In A.D. 222 he
wus ennobled us Marquis for successfnlly repelling an incursion by
Ts'uo Jeu of the Wei Kingdom.
, u biographical dictionury of emiaent
officiuls, published in A.D. 1758.
Çhu I OE (T. ). Died B.C. 61. A pure und incorrupt
official of the Hun dynasty, who rose fo be Minister of Agriculture.
In early file he hud been a petty Magistrate ut Tung -
hsiaag in Chehkiung, and hud so won the love of the people thnt
A Chînese Biographical Dictîoarg 477
he left orders with his son fo bury him there, where his memory
would be kindly cherished. The Emperor Hsfian Ti greatly
lamented his death, and presented a-hundred ounces of gold fo
the family.
t'ang in Chehkiang, who as a youth was a great gambler and a
disgrace fo his neighbourhood. When he grew up, he reformed
and devoted himself fo study, acquiring a profound knowledge of
the Classics, of history, an even of the arts and sciences. He
was pemonally examined by Shên Yo, and received an official post
when only 21 years of age. His fine presence and mar,ellous power
of work led fo his appointment fo the Privy Council by the Emperor
Wu Ti, an office which he held for twelve years without once
incuning reproof. He was greedy of wealth, venal, a sycophant,
and fond of luury and sensuality. He and his sons lived in a
group of palaces within a splendid park, never spending a cash
in charity. He advised the Emperor fo accept Hou Ching's oItr
of allegiance, and died of shame when Hou Ching promptly
revolted and besieged the capital. Author of commentaries on the
Book of Rites and the Cano of Cha»ges.
Ohu I-chïln ] . A.D. 1563--1620. Son of Chu Tsai-
hou, whom he succeeded in 1572 as thirteenth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. His long reign ushered in the ruin of the dynasty.
It opened well, his Minister Chang Chfi-chêng ruling for the first
ten yeam arbitrarily but well. In 1578 the population was returned
af 60 millions, and in 1580 the arable laud was round fo be
over 106 million actes, an increase of 45 million acres in a
centu T. The frontiers were kept af peace and even extended, and
the country was very rich. The death of Chang left the Emperor
free fo indulge in sensualism and extravagance; and in 1599, the
metropolitan treasuries being empty, provincial surpluses were
12
178 A Chbtese Bioff»'aphic! Dctionary
annexed fo provide Tls. 24,000,000 for the marriage oï the Heir
Apparent. For a quarter of a century belote 1610, when one
single public Court was held fo celebrate the reconciliation of the
Emperor with his heir, no one but eunuchs ever saw the
sovereign. The Court was torn by several parties, hall the offices
were left vacant, memorials were hot answered, and distress in
the provinces went unrelieved. Meanwhile, the empire was
harassed with special taxes, inquisitorially collected on petty
household articles by eunuchs, fo pay for mines, the proceeds of
which wen into the Privy Purse. The middle class were mostly
ruined, and the people, finding lire unendurable, took fo
brigandage. In 1583 Nurhachu appears in history, and before the
end oï the reigu the Manchus had riseu fo power and were
invading Korea and threatening Liao-yang, meeting with but a
feehle resisance from the ill-paid soldiery and corrupt officers of
the Miugs. The Japanese invaded Korea in 1592; and when on
the deth of i ; - P'ing Hsiu-chi they aL last evacuated
Fusan, China had lost incalculable sums and thousands of men.
hboriginal risings, Mongol incursions, Yellow River fioods,
droughts and lamines, are recorded again and again; and the
avaricious monarch left a ruined country fo his feeble successors.
Canonised as $
453 Chu I-tsun î ,.. (T. :ï). A.D. 1629--1709. A
devoted student of archoeology, who travelled far and wide fo
compare inscriptions on tombs and buildiags with the records of
them as given in books. He was also a clever essayist and a poet.
In 1679 he was brought fo the notice of the Emperor, and
employed in historical and other work. He was the author of the
-- [, an archeological and historical description of Peking
and ifs neighbourhood, of which an Imperial edition was published in
1774. Also, of the , -, a critical commentary on the Classics.
A Cbînese Biograpbicztl Dictona'y 479
Chll lll ' . A dwarf of the Chou dynasty. The Chinese t54
"Tom Thumb."
Chu lung OE . A legendary being, said by some fo bave 15'5
been a Minister under Uuang Ti; by others, fo be identical with
Ch'uug Li, a descendant of Chuau Hsi; while a third aecount
makes him contemporary with Fu Hsi. He is the God of Fire and
rules over the south; henco he is sometimes ealled "
ï- and is represented as an animal with a human face.
t2hu Kao-chih J . A.D. 1378-1425. Tac eldest son 456
of the Emperor Yung Lo. He reigned as fourth sovereign of the
Ming dynasty for one year. He released all political prisoners, and
set fo work fo lighten the heavy burdens which had been imposed
on the people by the splendour and enterprise of his father.
Canonised as -
'.
cnu rrao-ns ,. oio .. ae. w eo. o. o
the Emperor Yung Lo. e gained faine and favour during his
father's successful rebellion, and aspired fo succeed him on the
throne. In 1404 his hopes were disappointed through the
representations of Yang Shih-ch'i, ]sieh Chin, and other
counsellors; and for the test of the reign he took every
opportunity of attacking them and the Heir Apparent. In 1417
his father, discovering that during his absence on an expedition
against A-lu-frai, the Prince of Han (the title of Chu Kao-hsfi)
had enrolled some 3,000 men and rioted af will in Nanking,
wished fo degrade him; but af the tearful entreaty of his brother,
he was merely sent fo Lo-an in Shantung. There in
1426, on thê accession of his nephew, he raised the standard of
revolt; but the prompt appearance of the Emperor with artillery
forced him fo submit, tic was shackled and manacled like a
criminal; and when the Emperor went fo sec him his Majesty
180 A Chinese Bîographical Dietionary
stumbled over oue of the shackles and upset a large caldron, by
which Chu was so severely burnt that he died of his injuries.
458 Chu-ko Chin - (T. oe ]î). A.D. 173--.241. Younger
brother of the ramons Chu-ko Liang. In the troubles which
gathered around the close of the Han dynasty he attached himseli
fo the fortunes of Sun Ch'flan, under whom he rose fo high
office in the Kingdom of Wu. Af a conference between the rival
leaders he met his brother face fo face, but allowed no sign fo
escape him that he was dealing with other tlan a stranger. An
attempt was once ruade fo persuade Suu Ch'flan that he was in
treacherous collusion with the enemy; whereupon the latter said,
"His oath is for life and death; he would no more desert me than
I would desert him."
459 Chu-ko Liang -
OE 2:.). A.D. 181--234.
(T. i'[ ). Also known as /ff
A native of ; Yang-tu in
Shantung, whose father died while he was still a child and left
him fo the care of an uncle serviug under Yflan Shu. Thence he
went fo the district ruled by Liu Piao, and there much of his
early life was passed. As a young man he showed signs of
literary genius, occupying his leisure in versifying, tte used fo
compare himself with the ramons Kuan Chung and Yo I, and one
of his intimate friends recommeuded him fo Liu Pei. The latter,
then an unimportant adventurer, ruade three expeditions in A.D.
207 fo the reed-hut where the future Minister, like another
Cincinnatus, was leading a lire of retirement. On the third
occasion he obtained an interview, af which the recluse showed
such wide kuowledge of the empire and such a grasp of the needs
of the rimes that Liu Pei was astounded, and declared that on
receiving a promise of his services he felt the joy of a fish
regaining ifs native element. Af that juncture Sun Ch'flan had a
strong position in Wu, while Ts'ao Ts'ao was in command of
A Chiese Biog»'p]ical Dictiona»'y "|8|
Wei. Puting himself entirely into he hands of his new
counsellor, and followiug his advice in everything, Liu Pei
embarked upon he contes with his wo rivals for he possession
of he empire. Chu-lo Liang, seeing ha a coalition would be
fatal ) he prospec of his masser, lep a watchful eye on he
conduc of he vacillaing Sun Ch'flan, with whom he succeeded in
maldng a defensive alliance, and by whose meaus he inflicted a
severe blow on Ts'ao Ts'ao a the Red Wall on the
Yang-tsze. ]aving ai length seated Liu Pei upon a hrone in
Shu, modern Ssfich'uan, he next devoted himself ardeuly
infernal reforms, as well as fo he organisation of a grea army.
Liu Pei upon his deahbed confided his sou to his Miniser's care,
ai the saine ime begging him, if the young man should prove
incapable, fo mount the hrone himself. The governmen of Shu
having been satisfactorily setled, Chu-ko Liang undertook an
expediion he souh to subdue he border tribes, and is said
fo bave penetraed into Burmah. Returuing from this expedition
in b.D. 227, he began a grea campagn against Wei, which was
successful but hot to the exten anticipated. Chu-o Liang
hereupon apllied to be degraded; and degraded he acually was,
although still reained as chier in the conduc of affairs, hnother
campaign was uudertalen iu A.D. 231, when he ruade use of the
famous device of "wooden oxeu and running horses" as a means
of transport. Wha he device was, nobody now lnows. He died
while engaged in another campaign against Wei in b.D. 234.
hlways well infomed as o he doings of his contempora'ies,
"K'ung-ming," as his darling hero of he Chinese people is
affecionately syled, was gifed with a deep insight ino human
nature, oten seeming to his subo'dinates to be in possession of
superhuman faculties. Besides the "oxen and horses" mentioned
above, he invented a bow for shooting several arrows a once.
"182 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictionat'g
did not inverti, as is ofteu stated, but improved and ultimately
perfected the Eight Dispositions, a series of miliary tactics. He
was generally regarded as a mechanical and mathematical genius,
and one who could hOt only foretell the course of natural
phenomena but even control them. His collected vritings bave
been published in two rhin volumes. Hc was ennobled as Marquis
in A.D. 223, and canonised as ,x-]; and in 1724 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
460 Chu Kuang-ch'ing : ]. 14th cent. A.D. A rebel chier,
who set up his standard of revolt towards the close of the Mongol
dynasty, styling himself Emperor of the : Great Chin
nation.
461 Chu Kuei : (T. :: :'. H. )j). A.D. 1731-1807.
A native of Ta-hsing in Chihli, who was the youngest of four
brothers, another of whom, Chu Yiin, also became celebrated as a
scholar and official. He graduated as clin sl, il in 1748; and in
1775, when Treasurer of Shans, he was denounced for studyng
all day and recalled fo be tutor fo the young prince who
subsequently regned under the style of Chia Ch'ing. In 1790 he
became Goveruor of Anhui; and rive years later, while acting as
Viceroy ai Canton, he is said fo bave "turned bacl an English
tribute-mission." What he appears really fo bave doue was fo
return the gifts which the English mission had given fo the
former Viceroy and Hoppo, his action in which marrer was
approved by the venerable Emperor Ch'leu Lung only rive days
belote his abdication. On the death of the Emperor Ch'leu Lung
he became one of Chia Ch'ing's chier advisers, and in 1805 was
ruade Grand Secretary. He was exemplary in all his family
duties, and a stranger to corruption in every form. For the last
forty years of his lire, subsequent fo the death of his wife, he
lived alone, hot evea taling a concublne. Author of the
A Cbinese Biographical Dictiottarg t 83
, a collection of poems nd essays fo which the
Emperor prexd som stanzs. Cnonised as , and admitted
into th Temple of Worthis.
1766--1839. A native of Shang-yfian in Kingsu, who
gmduated as cltin shih in 1799 and rose by 1830 fo be Govrnor
of Knangtung. As boy, he induced his father fo sell. his
proprty in order fo give relief in rime of famin and when
Prefect of
Chên-yfiau in Kueichou, he risked his own life
by unauthorisedly spending ail the cash in the treasury for a similar
purpose. The grateful people ruade good the deficit by public
subscription. He is aùmired as a model of zeal for the sovereign
and the people, and of personal uprightness and thrif. Canonised
hu Kuo-chih "]. Died A.D. 1674. A Chinese Bannerman, 463
who after distinguishing himself af minor posts was appointed
Governor of Yfinnan. Captured by Wu San-kuei in 1674, he died
cursing the rebels. In 1742 he was included in the Temple of
Patriots.
Chu-ma-la ,J. A.D. 1605--1662. A Mongol adherent of
the Emperor TCai Tsu of the present dynasty, noted for his reckless
bravery. After a chequered career of honour and degradation, he
was sent in 1654 fo repel an incursion of Chang Hsien-chung's
successors, and for his victory he was ennobled as Viscount.
Canonise as .
Chu ai-ch'ên (T. ). Die B.C. 116.
wood-cutter under te Han dynasty, whose wife left him because
she could hot stand poverty. By diligent study he became Governor
of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang; and his wife, who had sunk fo
destitution, begged fo be allowed fo rejoin him. But he replied,
"If you can pick up spilt water, you may return;" whereupou
584 A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'g
his wife went and hanged herself. On his appointment to Kuei-chi,
he proceeded to his post in old clothes and without any eeremony;
suddenly producing his seal of office, to the great astonishment of
his disconcerted subordinates, who were spending their time in
drinking. He ultimately rose fo the rank of Minister of State,
but beeame mixed up in some intrigue and was put to death.
466 Çhu liien J. Died A.D. 1126. The son of a druggist of
P'ing chiang in Hunan, who with the aid of Ts'ai Ching was
enabled to present the prticular precious stones which the Emperor
Hui Tsung loved, and thus to obtain official rank. Placed ai the
head of the Tribute Office, he so oppressed the people of Chehkiang
that they rose in rebellion in 1120, and T'ung Kuan was forced
to abolish the office and dismiss him. Nevertheless his immense
wealth, wrung from the people, enabled him to control the bestowal
of offices, so that if was said there was an imitation Court in the
south-east. Ai the close of the reign of Hui Tsung, he leagued
himself with the eunuchs and was appointed to high office. Flis
huge palaces, hosts of retainers, and fleet and bodyguard, excited
the suspicion of the new monarch, and in 1126 he was
disgraced and compelled to commit suicide, the whole of his vast
landed property being confiscated.
467 (hll Shih : (T. : ]]) and - . ). A.D. 1666-1736.
A native of Kao-an, whence he is ofteu spoken of as Ç )
. Graduated as chi shi]t in 1694, and rose by 1730 to be
President of the Board of War. Y[e was the trusted counsellor of
two Emperors, whose esteem he enjoyed throughout their lires,
receiving an Imperial visit of sympathy during his last illness. He
wrote on the Classics and on history. Canonised as î.
tes c so-o, (w. :). .D. 10-0..
One of the twenty-four examples of filial piety. His mother was
his father's concubine, and gave birth to him shortly after the
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictioa»'y /85
latter's departure for his post as Governor of the Metropolitan
District. A few years later he was sent as a child fo his father's
bouse af the capital, and heard no more of his mother. Entering
into official lire, he distinguished himself by his energetic
administration; and after many years had elapsed, he determined
fo fi,d ber. All his efforts were for some rime in vain. He tried
various Buddhistic methods, such as cauterising his back, burniug
the top of his head, and writing ouç sûtras with blood. Aç length
he resigned office and set out fo search for ber, his efforts being
ultimate]y crowned with success after a separation of about fifty
years. He was ai once restored o office, and became a Minister
of Sae.
Ohu Shu-chêng . 9th cent. A.D. A poetess o the 469
T'ang dynasy, and a descendant of Han Yfi.
Chu Sung ¢ (T. . H. ). A.D. 1097--1143. 470
The father of the famous Chu Hsi. A native of Anhui, who
graduated as c/ia s£ih in 1118 and entered upou an ocial career,
rising o be a secretary in the Board of Civil Office. But his
opposition fo Ch'in Kuei and fo the peace proposais with the
Chin a Tarçars brought him into trouble, and he retired into private
lire. In 1530 his tableç was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Chu Ti . A.D. 160-1424. The fourth son of Chu Yaan- 471
chang, and uncle fo the Emperor Hui Ti whom he succeeded
in 1403. The elder son of Chu Y(ian-chang having died, Chu
Yfin-wên became Heir Apparent. ShorOy afterwards the Emperor
sent Chu Ti fo the north in a kind of Viceregal position, as
Prince of P'ei-p'in, his mental capacity an energetic
temperament being in awkward contrast with those of s nephew
the Heir Apparenç. The seaç of his goverument was fo be ai
Pekiug, the old capital of the Mongols, from which he came o
adopt the title of Prince of Yen. I was popularly believed that
86 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
the Emperor allowed his son but a trifiing force with which fo
venture on his northern raid; af any rate the son proved himself
fully equal fo the emergency. Upon the whole journey from
Nanking fo Peking, he round only one place, z: Mao-chou in
Shantung, which succeeded in holding out against him; and on
the return of the victorious army this city was captured, and taken
fo pieces brick by brick. This match is one of the most memorable
events in modern Chinese history. The great plain north of the
Yang-tsze was depopulated, "swept by the besoin of Prince Yen."
Immediately atïter the installation of his nephew upon the throne,
the Priuce of Yen threw off his allegiauce. Af the head of a
large army he marched southwards, defeating the forces which loyally
endeavoured fo support the legitimate sovereign. Notwithstanding
several early reverses in hantung, where he was twice defeated
by the Imperialist commanders, he advanced fo the Yang-tsze
which he crossed in the summer of 1403; and having been joined
by Ç Li Ching-lung and ohers of the chier Imperial
leaders, he entered Nanking in triumph. The young Emperor
disappeared in the confusion which followed upon the entry of
the troops into his palace, and was never seen again; although in
after years pretenders started up on more than one occasion, and
obtained the support of many in their efforts fo recover the throne.
This victory was signalised on the part of the Prince of Yen by
the immediate assumption of the Imperial dignity, under the now
famous year-title of Yuug Lo. The new Emperor showed
that he could govern as well as he could fight. Ite brought
immigrants from Shantung and Shansi fo repeople the districts
which had been laid waste. Peking was built; a Penal Code was
drawn up; and missions under the charge of eunuchs were sent
fo Java, Sumatra, Statu, and even fo Ceylon. Various military
expeditions were disæatched against the Tartars costing vast sums
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 187
Of money, with however very little result. In 1409 eunuchs wero
appointed fo oKicial posts, and set fo watch the doings if the
regular staff. In 1419 the Japanese invaded Liai-tung, but their
attempt proved a disastrous failure. In 1421 the capital was moved
to Peking. The Emperor patrouised literature, and issued the huge
eucyclopoedia known as the ' 1, which occupied for
over two years the energies of rive chier directors, tweuty sub-
directors, and 2,169 subordinates (see Hsieh Chin). His Majesty
was an ardent Buddhist, and the priests of that religion wero
raised to high positions and exerted considerable influence af Court.
In 1421 there were loud complaints that some 10,000 priests were
maintained in Peking, while the people of several provinces were
reduced fo eating bar and grass. Canonised as _O î, fo
which was added later on the temple-naine of ) .
Chu Tsai-hou ). A.D. 1537--1572. Son of Chu Hou- 472
tsung, whom he succeeded in 1567 as twelfth Emperor of he
Ming dynasty. His short reign opened with reforms, the building
of palaces being stopped and magicians punished. The grain-
transport rouie was reopened and Ne breach in the Yellow River
was closed, though fresh breaches ook place in 1569 and 1570.
Eunuchs however still continued fo be charged with the supervision
of the regular officials. In 1567 Anda threatened the capital, but
four years later ruade peace and received a tile. Canonised as
Ohu Tz'ïl J 1. A.D. 742-784. A native of Ch'aug-p'ing in
Chihli, and son of a lieutenant under An-lu-shan. Ho gained great
popularity by his ostentations liberality while serving under
Li Huai-hsien. In 772 ho was confirmed as Viceroy of
ï Lu-lung in Chihli, and was ennobled as Prince. Two
years later he came fo Court in state, and af his own request
was transferred fo Shensi, his post being ehanged fo Fëng-hsiaug
t88 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in 780. In 782 he was recalled fo the capital and received high
rank but no power, his brother Chu T'ao having revolted. In
783 the troops sent against Li Hsi-lieh mutinied while passing
Lo-yang, and the Emperor fled to Fêng-t'ien in Shensi. The
mutineers, old soldiers of Chu Tz'ti, placed him af their head,
and he styled himself Emperor of the Han dynasty; but he failed
to capture Fêng-t'ien, aud in spire of the friendship of Li Huai-
kuaug, was driveu from Ch'ang-an in 784. He was slain by one
of his own officers while trying fo reach the Turfan.
474: Chu Wang Shên . If is related that in the country
of the : Yeh-lang a girl was once washing linen when
suddenly a large piece of bamboo was drifted up fo her feet.
Hearing a sound from within, the girl broke open the bamboo
and found a man-child. This child became in rime a great warrior
and ruade himself chief of the Yeh-lang, adopting Clou as his
surname. In B.C. 111, when the Yeh-lng territory was absorbed
iato the empire, he tendered his submission and received from the
Emperor a seul of jade. Was worshipped after death as a god.
475 Chu Wên : . A.D. 854-914. A native of J Yang-
shan in Honan. He began by following the fortunes of Huang
Cb'ao; but in 882 he submitted, aad was appointed fo be
Magistrate af Pieu-chou by the Emperor Hsi Tsung, hîs
naine being changed from Wên fo , Ch'iian-chung. The
last Emperor of the T'ang dynasty, in return for his rescue from
the eunuchs, ruade him Prince of Liang, and ultimately became a
puppet in his hands. He compelled the weak monarch to more
the capital from Ch'ang-an to Lo-yang which was Chu's own
place of residence; and in 904 he assassinated him and all his
sons, except one boy of fourteen who abdicated in Chu's favour
in 907. He then changed his naine fo Huang, and mounted
the throne as first Emperor of the Luter Liang dynasty. In 909
A Chinese Bîographical Dictionary 189
he transferred his capital from Pien-chou fo Lo-yang, and there
he was murdered by his eldest son Chu Yu-kuei, let
his own claire fo the throne should be set aside in favour of an
adopted son who happened fo bave a lovely wife. He was a most
licentious man, and is said fo bave had incestuous relations with
hs eight daughters-in-law. He is sometimes spoken of as Li
Ch'an-chung, Li being the surname of the House of T'ang.
Canonised as OE .
OhuWôn-lo (T. =. H. ). 18th cent. 476
A.D. A native of Wu-chin in Kiaugsu, who gained great
reputation as a pMnter under the reign of the Emperor Ch'ien
Lung. His painting in water-colours of the hundred horses famous
in Chinese history was a wondel'ful work of art, being one
hundred and thirty-two feet in length by seventy-three feet in
breadth. For this clef d'euvre he was rewarded with an official
appointment in his native province, and also with an honorary
degree.
Ohu Yu-chôn ,. Died A.D. 923. Son of Chu Wën, 477
whom he succeeded as second Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty.
He killed his elder brother and placed himself upon the throne,
changing his naine fo T'ien. But he was ultimately
overpowered by Li Ts'un-hsfi, and perished in the flames of his
palace fo which he himself had set tire. Known in history as
Chu Yu-chien . Died A.D. 1644. Brother of Chu 478
Yu-chiao, whom he succeeded in 1627 as sixteenth and last
Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The eunuchs were promptly put
down, and an attempt made fo reorganise the Government and
army. The regular annual deficit of over a million taels, apart
from the Palace expenses, necessitated extra taxation; and this,
joined with bad seasons, drove the north-west into revolt. Yet
190 A Chinese Biographical Dietionary
the rebels were often in great straits, from which they were
saved only by the jealousies of the Imperialist Generals and the
constant pressure of Manchu incursions. The Emperor desired fo
rule well, but his fear of parties led him fo reappoint euuuchs fo
watch his Generals. In 1640 grain in ttonatt was 10,000 cash a
peck; and the province, after the capture of Honan and K'ai-
fêng by Li Tzti-ch'êng, was in a state of anarchy. In 1642 Li
round himself strong enough fo bid for the empire; and after
easily scattering the raw levies of which the Imperialist armies
were now composed, advanced into Shensi, where he assumed the
Imperial title and issued a manifesto, and then through Shansi on
Peking. In the capital all was confusion. The treasury was
empty; the garrison were too few fo man the wall; and the
Ministers were anxious each fo secure his own safety. Li's
advance was scarcely opposed, the eunuch commanders of cities
and passes hastening fo surrender them; and on April 9, 1644,
Peking fell. On the previous night the Emperor, who had refused
to flee, slew the eldest Princess, commanded the Empress fo
commit suicide, and sent his three sons into hiding. Af dawn the
bell was struck for the Court fo assemble; but no one came. ttis
Majesty then aseended the .î Wan Sui Itill in the palace
grounds and wrote a last Decree on the lapel of his robe: --
"WE, poor in virtue and of contemptible personality, have
incurred the wrath of God on high. My Ministers bave deceived
me. I am ashamed fo meet my ancestors; and therefore I myself
take off my crown and with my hair covering my face await
dismemberment af the hands of the rebels. Do hOt hurt a single
one of my people!" He then hanged himself, as did one faithful
eunuch. Li Tzti-ch'êng caused his body and that of the Empress
fo be coffined, and they were buried by the Manchus. His three
sons were caught by Li and were taken with him when he
was driven
Canonised as
A Chînese Biographical Dictîonary 19
from Peking by Wu San-kuei and the Manchus.
1-' P,î, and also known in history as
Chu Yu-hsiao : . A.D. 1605--1627. The fiçteenth 479
Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He succeeded his father in 1620,
and left the government entirely fo the eunuch Wei Chung-hsien.
During this reign nothing was donc fo check the Manchu
advance, all Liao-tung being practically abandoned, while in
Sstich'uan and the south-west there was a serious native risîng.
So impoverished was the Government, that when in 1624 the
Yellow River burst ifs banks af Hs(i-chou, that city was
abandoned and no attempt was ruade fo repair the dykes. During
the year 1623 the Dutch ruade an attack on the Pescadores and
other places, and also occupied Formosa. Canonised as - ,,
Chu Yu-lang J . Dîea A.D. 1662. Known as Prince 480
Yung Ming, who in 1646 set up as Protector, with his
Court af _ Chao-ch'ing in Kuangtung, and soon adopted
the Imperial style as heir and successor of the Mings. In 1648
no less than seven provinces owned allegiance fo him; but by the
end of 1651 only Y(innan and Kueichou remained. In spire of the
efforts of his brave Minister, Ch(i Shih-sstl, the Manchus gradually
advanced and in 1659 entered Yiinnan. Chu fled by way of
Moulmein into Burmah; and when that country was invaded by
Wu Sau-kuei in 1661, he was surrendered fo the conquerors and
in due course put fo death. He and many of his adherents were
Christians; and the Jesuit Father, A. Koffier, has styled him the
Constantîne of China.
ca :eu-t'n ; . ». vO_.lO. So.o Cu s
Chien-shên, whom he succeeded in 1487 as ninth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. A kindly, weak man, he instituted several reforms,
792 .4 Chinese Biog'aphîcal Dictionary
buç was çoo much in the hands of relatives and favourites.
During his reign there was some desultory fighçiug abouç Hami,
and occasional Tarçar raids, while çhe aborigines of the souçh-
wesç rose more çhan once and çhe Yellow River gave much
trouble. He eonsulçed his Ministers, and curtailed the power
of çhe eunuchs. In 1491 the population of the empire was
returned aç 52 millious. He lefç his young son uuder çhe
regency of three high officials. Canonised as
4S2 Chu Yï-chien J ,,-. Died A.D. 1646. The Prince of
T'ang, a descendanç of çhe first Ming Emperor, who was seç up
by Chêng Chih-lung on çhe fall of Hangchow in 1645. He was
himself energetic, but his partisans in Hu-Kuang would noç obey
his orders: The Manchu forces steadily advanced through Fuhkien
into Kiangsi, and the Prince, who in his distrusç of Chêng Chih-
lung had reached Kan on his way fo Ch'u-chou, was forced fo
fiee. He was ultimaçely captured, and starved himself fo death.
483 Chu Yïan-chang : : (T. I ). A.D. 1328--1399.
A native of ,_ ï Chung-li in Anhui. His family was poor,
and his early years were speuç in tending cattle. Af the age of
17 he lost both his parents and an elder brother. If was a year
of famine, and çhey died from waut of food. He had no money
fo buy coflàns, and was forced fo bury them in straw. Yle was
then advised by his dead parents, who appeared fo him in a
dream, fo enter çhe Buddhisç priesçhood; and accordingly he
enrolled himself as a novice aç the O_ Huang-chiieh monasçery
near Fêng-yang. AL this rime Shun Ti, the lasç Emperor of the
Mongol dynasty, had degenerated into a voluptuary and was a
mere puppeç in çhe hands of his Ministers. Misgovernment and
rebellion prevailed. The priests, unable fo provide for çheir own
wants, dismissed the novices. Chu proceeded fo tto-fei, where he
led a wandering lire for some çhree years, and at length returned
A Chiese Biog'aphical Dictioa'y t 93
fo the monastery. Shortly afterwards, Kuo Tzil-hsing af the head
of a large force attacked and took i Hao-chou and burnt the
monastery. The priests all fled for their lires, and with them Chu;
but the latter soon returned to the city with a view of offeriJg
his services fo Kuo Tzti-hsiug. As a Mongol army was close af
hand, he was af first taken for a spy and nearly lost his lire.
He managed however fo obtain au interview with Kuo Tzt-hsing,
and so impressed the Generalissimo, as he styled himself, with his
military bearing, that his offer was readily accepted. He did good
work under Kuo Tzti-hsing, winning victories wherever he fought;
and when Kuo died in 1355, and Han Lin-êrh was set up atHao-
chou, he was appointed Assistant Generalissimo. Declining the
post, he crossed the Yang-tsze; and after recovering all the left
bank of the river, proclaimed himself Prince oi Wu in 1364.
Within the next two years he became toaster of Kiangsi and parts
of Chehkiang. In 1367 he sent his generals northwards, and in
1368 he mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Great Ming
dynas[y, with the year title :i Hung Wu, by which he is
commonly known fo foreigners. In the saine year he conquered
Fuhkien, Kuangtuug, Kuangsi, and Shansi; and in 1369 Shensi
was reduced. In 1370 the Mongol Emperor Shun Ti died af
Karakorum, and all hot)es of a re-establishment of the Mougol
lower were af an end, though Mongol invasions coutinued
periodically thoughout the reigu. In 1371 Ssilch'uau and Liao-
tung were added fo his dominions, and Yiiuuan i 1381.
Meanwhile the new Emperor, tu additiou fo his military genius,
showed almost equal skill in the administration of the empire and
also became a liberal patron of literature and education, ge
organised the present system of examinations; restored the dress
of the T'ang dynasty; published a Penal Code; abolished such
punishments as mutilation; drew up a kind of Domesday Book
13
9z A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
under whieh taxation was regulated; and fixed the eoiuage upon
a proper basis, government notes aud cash being equally eurrent.
Eunuehs were prohibited ri'oto holding ottieial posts. Buddhism
aud Taoism were ruade State religions. Suzerainty was asserted
over Korea, which on a dynastic revolution in 1392 became
known as , Chao-hsien. On the other hand, the Japanese
ruade frequent descents a]l through the reign upou the coast of
Chehkiang, necessitating a special system of coast defence. By his
wife, who had been the adopted daughter of Kuo Tz-hsiug and
was afterwards known as Ma Hou and by four concubines he had
twenty-four sous. All of these became Princes, and nine of them
were set over ni ue separate divisions of the empire. In his old
age he grew very suspicious, and many of the able men who had
aided him in early days were accused of treason and perished on
the scaffold. Popularly kuown as the "Beggar King," in allusion
fo the poverty of his early days, he was cano,,ised as ,
with the temple naine of , and is sometimes spokeu of
the Golden Youth.
Çhu n (T. ). 1st cent. A.D. A native of mlern
Shantuug, who. led the lire of a swashbuckler uutil he was 40,
when he reformed and entered upon a public career. His lire w
a chequered one, and he was more than once sentenced death.
On one occasion, he asked the Emperor Yfian Ti fo lend him his
Imperial sword that with if he might slay a certain traitor. Af
this his Majesty was very angry and ordered him fo be beheaded
af once. But he clung fo the railings, demanding fo be cut open
like Pi Kan, which so touched the Emperor that he was pardoned.
Instructions were then given that the railings, broken in the
scuffie, were hot fo be replaced but fo be left there as a tfibute
fo a loyal official.
A Chinese Biographîcal Dictionarg 195
1729--1780. A native of Ta-hsing in Chihli and elder brother
of Chu Kuei, cel.ebrated as a scholar under the reign of the
Emperor Ch'ien Lung. Graduating as chin sldh in 1754, he was
sens in 1771 as Literary Chancellor fo Anhui. Here he published
a new edition of he famous Shuo 'ên, with a learned preface;
and ou the issue of an Imperial Decree calling for the production
of works hOt generally kuown, he memorialised the Throne,
drawing attention o the famous encyclopoedia of Yung Lo (sec
Chu Ti), then preserved among the archives of the Han-lin
College. This, he said, contained a vast number of aucieni
works quite unknown fo the public ai large; and he proposed
ihai Commissioners should be appointed o examine ifs contents
on a system which he proeeeded fo set ibrth in detail. A this
rime, Liu T'ung-hsfin was a member of the Grand Council, and
he viewed the question unfavourably on the ground thai ii was
of no importance fo the admiuistration of government. However
afier much opposition Chu Yfin's proposal was laid belote the
Emperor. Hence he Commission which resulted in he publication
of the . It was in activity for the space of 13
years, during which ime 3460 separate works were broughi
togeher, no less than 500 being extraced from the encyclopoedia,
1 of which were ai the time out of circulation. Chu Yn nex
suggested a revision of he TMrteen Classics but his scheme
w hOt carned ou. He was subsequently appointed Literary
Chancellor of Fuhkien, aud died ai his pos in the following
year. He was the auhor of a collection of essays, published
u,«er he ifle of . Ca.o.ised as .
Chu Yfin-ch'ien (T. , . B. ). Born A.D. 486
1789. A native of the Soochow Prefecture, who took his hsiu ts'ai
degree af 14 and was afterwards a Magistrate in Anhui. There he
compleM in 1853 his ii Pho,,etic Shuo Wê,,,
96 A Chbese Biographical Dictionarg
in which he was aided by ï Chu Ching-jung. e also
wrote commentaries on four of the Classics and on Mencius, and
is the author of poems, and of works ou history, astronomy, and
mathematics.
1460-1526. A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished
himself as a scholar and calligraphist uuder the Ming dynasty.
4SS Chu n-w. . Died A.D. 1440. The son of
Piao, ehlest son of Chu Yfiau-chaug. He had a very receding
forehead, which much displeased his grandfather; however he grew
up fo be a clever boy, and could make good verses. His father
dying in 1392, he succeeded fo the throue in 1398 as second
Emperor of the Miug dynasty, and af once took measures fo
deprive of power his uncles who were Pnces of various parts of
the empire. Five of them were degraded; but Ti, Prince of
Yen, who ruled moderu Chihli, rebelled in 1399, nominally on
the pretence that he wished to remove his sovereign's evil advisers.
The Emperor and Fang Hsao-ju mismauaged the war, trusting
double-dealing, until in 1402 Ti was treacherously allowed o cross
the Yang-tsze, and Nankiug opened ifs gares fo the great mouarch
afterwards kuown as Yung Lo. The defeated sovereigu vanished.
If is supposed that he fled fo Yfiunan in the garb of a monk,
left fo him, so the story runs, with full directions by his
grandfather. After uearly forty years' waudering, he is said
bave gone fo Peking and lived in seclusiou in the palace uutil
his death. He was recognised by a eunuch from a mole on his
left foot, but the eunuch was afraid fo reveal his identity. Known
in history as or «.
,s c v.-u $ (w. oE -- . $fi ). .D.
1617--1689. A native of K'un-shau in Kiaugsu, af the sack of
whch towu by the conquering Tartars his father perished rather
A ,h ese Bio.qral,hical Dictionary t97
than submit fo the new dynasty. In consequence of his father's
death he steadily declined fo enter upon a public career, and gave
up his lire fo study and teaching. He was the author of commentaries
upon the Great Leardng and he Doctrine of tle Mean, and of
oher works; bu none of hese is so famous as his Family ,][a.vims,
which bas someimes been published under the iitle of
]], as ihough ihe grea Chu Hsi had ben ihe auçhor. His
favouriie saying was, "To know wha one oughi fo know, and o
do wha one ough fo do, hai is enough; there is no iime for
anything else."
Ch'u I . A swashbuckler of he Chin Sae, employed by 490
Duke Liu to assassinate ç Chao Hsfia. Tza. Bu wen
he saw "the people's lord," sittiug ready dressed and waiting fo
go Court, he could hot bring himself fo strike the fatal blow.
"I would bea disloyal act," said he; "and yet if is a breach of
faith fo disobey the Duke ..... " Thereupon he dashed out his own
brains against a ree.
Ch'u-k'u . A.D. 1615--1675. Won the title of baturu by 491
his prowess af the age of 17, and later on shared in the pursuit
of Li Tzfi-ch'êng and the destruction of Chang Hsien-chung, and
in the expedition of 1652 against the Ordos Mongols. In 1656 he
fought a successful engagement off Foochow ith Koxiuga's fleet.
Canonised as [, and admitted into the Temple of Worthies.
C'u Kuang-hsi . 8th cent. A.D. A native of
chou in Kiangsu, who gradnated as cMn s]d£in 726 and distinguished
himself as a poet. He rose fo the rank of Censor about A.D. 750,
and left a collection of his writings entitled
Ch'u P'ou (T. ). 4th cent. AD. A military 493
official of the Chin dynasty, who was said by the father of Huan
Wên fo bave had the Spri,g and Autnmn inside him. This remark
was based uon the well known "praise and blame" theory of the
498 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
Anals, and meant that he did hot openly praise and blame, but
kept his judgmeuts fo himself. Hsieh An remarked of him,
"Though Ch'u P'ou says nothing, yet he acts like the varying
iufluences of the four seasons;" meaning that he could warm fo
lift or chill fo death, as occasion might require, without even
opening his lips.
494 Ch'u Sui-liang (T. : ). A.D. 596--658. An
official who rose fo high office under the first ]mperor of the
T'aug dynasty. Appoiuçed Guardian of the Heir Apparent, he
continued fo enjoy the favour of the young Emperor, who
ennobled him as Duke. In A.D. 655 he strenuously opposed the
elevation of the Empress Wu Hou, fo the great dissatisfaction of
the Emperor. The climax was reached when in full Court dress
he flung himself ai the foot of the throne, and beat his head in
obeisance upon the ground until the blood flowed freely. He was
dismissed fo a provincial post and finally banished fo Korea where
he died, his two sons beiug shortly afterwards put fo death. In
later years he took up with Buddhism, and is said fo have sat in
a niche with an image of Maitrêya Buddha. He was famous as a
calligraphist, and is regardod as a disciple of Wang Hsi-chih.
Ch'u Ti. Set 8hih Ch'ung-kuei.
495 Ch'u Yin-liang t (T. . H. ). Died
A.D. 1785. A writer on the Classics, chiefly on the $ -
Decorum Ritual; but more especially a mathematician and
astronomer.
496 Çh'u ring :. 1st cent. A.D. The naine under which is
known Ying, Prince of Ch'u, sixth son of the Emperor Kuang
Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He is said to bave been ont of the
first in China fo become a believer in the Buddhist religion.
princess of the Northern Sung dynasty, and one of the "
A C/inese Biog»'aphical Dictiota»'y 199
Four Regents left by the Emperor Ming Ti af his death in 472.
He aided his joint Regent, Hsiao Tao-ch'êng, fo slay the young
prince î :, Chu Yfi and he revealed the plot of the other
two Regents against ttsiao. Consequently, when the latter came
fo the throne in 479 as first ruler of the ttouse of Ch'i, Ch'u
was appointed fo be Minister of Works.
Chii Liang -. A strong man or "Samson" of old. 498
Chii 8hih-ssï (T.) ]]). Died A.D. 1659. A 499
native of Ch'ang-shu ip Kiangsu. He graduated as cIin shi] in
1616, and entered upon an official career. A successful Magistrate,
he got into trouble over the impeachment of Chou Yen-ju for
treason and was compelled fo retire. He subsequently attached
himself fo the fortunes of Chu Yu-lang when the latter proclaimed
himself Emperor, and underwent great hardships in that service,
his wife even se|ling her jewels fo raise money for paying the
soldiery. When the Manchus closed around him after the defeat
t Co-¢'i. i,, Xu,tu., e ,
T'ung-ch'ang resolved fo die together. They sat pledging each
other in wine until seized by the enemy; and when led out fo
execution gravely adjusted their official robes, ruade obeisance
towards the south, and submitted calmly fo their rate.
(3hii Sung l . A legendary personage, said fo have filled 500
the office of Recorder under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2598, and
fo have been associated with Ts'ang Chieh in the invention of
the art of writing.
Chii Yiian (T. J' ,). Died B.C. 500. A disciple of 501
Confucius, whom the Master reckoned fo be a superior man,
saying, "When good government prevails in his State, Chfi is fo
be round in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll
his principles up and keep them in his breast." In A.D. 739 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
00 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
502 Ch'ri ,In-chi (T. ). 16th and 17th cenL
A.D. The son of a high ocial, who on the srengh of his
father's services obtained an entry into the public service. His
career however was no a successful oue, and he finally retire&
He is known as the author of the , a large collection
of Buddhis biographies.
503 Ch'fi Yfian or Ch'fi P'ing N (T. ). B.C.
332--295. A native of Ç Ying, who is still hmous throughout
the lengh and breadh of China as the ype of a loyal Minister.
He was appointed fo the high oce of San Lfi (Director
of the affairs of the hl'ce familles Chao, Ch'ff, and
Ching) under Prince » HuM of the Ch'u State, and enjoyed
he full confidence of bis sovereign until impeached through the
intrigues of rivais. Then if was tha he composed the well-known
poem entitled , l'hlli 9 ito Trouble, which is au allegorical
description of he wrier's search after a prince who will listen fo
good counsels in government. He himself had advised Prince uai
against making war upon the Ch'in State, bu he latter
disregarded his Minister's warnings, and finally fell into an
ambuscade and was captured by his opponens. is son coming
o he hrone as Prince Hsiaug, Ch'fi Yan sank still deeper
ino disfavour; unt.il a length, caring no longer fo lire, he wen
out fo he bank of the H Mi-lo river. There he me a
fisherman who accosted him, saying, "Are you no his Excellency
the 5Iinis¢er? What bas brought you fo his pass?" "The world,"
replied Ch'fi Yfian, "is foul, and I alone ara clean. There hey
are all drunk, while I Moue ara sober. So I ara dismissed."
"Ah l" said he fisherman, "the true sage does hot quarrel wih
his environmen, but adapts himself fo i. If, as you say, the
world is foul, why no leap into the ride and make if clean? If
all men are drunk, why no drink with them and teach them fo
A Chi»ese Biog»'«tl)hical Dictioa'y
avoid exeess?" After some further colloquy, the fisherman rowed
away; and Ch'i Yiau, clasping a large stone in his arms,
plunged into the river and was seen no more. This took place
on the 5th of the 5th moon; and ever afterwards the people
Ch'u commemorated the day by an anuual festival, when offerings
of rite in bamboo tubes were cast into the river as a sacrifice to
the spirit of their great hero. Such is the origin of the modern
Dragon-boat Festival, which is supposed fo be a search for tho
body of Ch'fi Yfian. Sec Chê»g Cha-yi».
Chuan Chu .. 6th cent. B.C. A native of the Wu State, 504
wo w mVoya sy T OE ,,g-tz Kua, fo assi.t
his sovereigu, Prince Liao, with a dagger which he secreted
in the belly of a fish served up af a banquet. Sec
Chuan-sun Shih $ (T. ). Born B.C. 504. h505
native of the Ch'ên State, and one of the disciples of Confucius.
His ideal man was one ready to risk his lire at the call of duty,
and fo set publie belote private interest; reverential at a sacrifice,
and at a funeral sad. hl A.D. 720 his tabler was placed in the
Confucian Temple, and he was subsequently ennobled under a
variety of titles.
Chfian Pu-i . 2nd cent. B.C. An official under the 506
Hau dynasty. On one occasion, a fellow-lodger missed a sum of
money, and suspected him of taking it. Chfian af once paid up,
but shortly afterwards another fellow-lodger returned fo say that
when leaving he had accidentally carried off the money in
question. Chfian subsequently rose fo be a Censor, and was
ennobled as Marquis.
Ch'flan Tê-yfi (T. OE). A.D. 750--818. £ 507
statesman and scholar of the T'ang dynasty. Ai three years of
age he could distinguish the four tones, and at four he could
compose poetry. Ai seven, his father died; and it is recorded that
202 A Chine.e Biograplical Dictionary
he felt the loss as keenly as though he were a grown man.
Entering the public service he rose fo the highest offices of State,
never being seen from his earliest youth fo his latest hours
without a book in his hand. Canonised as .
508 Chan Tsu-wang ]î ] . (T. : and 0J ). A.D.
1705--1755. A scholar of profound learning, who attracted much
attention in his youth, but who failed fo distinguish himself in
Pekiug and retired iuto private lire af his home in Chehkiaug.
He was the head of several colleges, and wrote notes on history,
on the topography of the Han History, essays, etc. etc.
or -- Chuang Tzti. 3rd and 4th cent. B.C. A native
of Mêug in modern Anhui, who devoted his lire and
energies fo the glorification of Lao Tztl. He appears fo bave held
a petty ooEcial post af [ Ch'i-yfian in Shantung; hence in
the book language he is often spolCen of under that naine. When
the Prince of Ch'u, hearing of his faine as a scholar, sent
messengers with costly gifts fo offer him the post of Prime
Minister, Chuang Tztt smiled and said, "You offer me great
wealth and a proud positon indeed; butbave you never seen a
sacrificial ox? After being fattened up for several years if is
decked with embroidered trappings and led fo the altar; but
would if hot then willingly change places with some uncared-for
pigling? ....... Begone! I will never take office." On another
occasion he was out fishing when the Prince sent two high
officials fo beg him fo undertake the administration of the Ch'u
State. "I bave heard," replied Chnang Tztt, "that in Ch'u there
is a sacred tortoise which bas been dead now for some three
thousand years; and that the Prince keeps this tortoise carefully
enclosed in a chest on the altar of his ancestral temple. _lqow
would this tortoise rather be dead and bave ifs remains venerated,
A Cbinese Biog'aphical Dictionarg 203
or be alive and wagging ifs rail in the mud?" 'fit would rather
be alive," said the officials, "and wagging ifs rail in the mud."
"Begoue!" cried Chuang Tzti, "I too will wag my rail in the
mad." ]e accordiugly gave himself up entirely fo the study of
philosophy, attackiug the schools of Confucius and Mo Tzil with
such dialectic skill that the best scholars of the age were unable
fo refute his destructive criticism. His work, which now consists
of thirty-three chapters, though fifty-three were extaut in the
fourth century, bas been known since A.D. 742 as the
, Holy Cann of Na,,-hua; Nan-hua being the
naine of a hill in Ts'ao-ehou, Shantung, on whieh Chuang Tzia
lived in retirement. When he was about fo die, his diseiples
expressed a wish fo give him a splendid funeral. But Chuang
Tzia said, "With Heaven and Earth for my eoffin and shell; with
the sun, moon, and stars as my burial regalia; and with all
ereation fo eseort me fo he grave, -- are hot my funeral
paraphernalia ready fo hand?" "We fear," argued the disciples,
"lest the earrion-kite should ea the body of our Master;" fo
whieh Chuang Tzia replied, "Above ground I shall be food for
kites, below grouud I shall be food for mole-eriekets and ants.
Why rob he one fo feed the oher?" He is oeeasionally spoken
of as 7 "Autumn Floods", from the title of one of his mos
famous chapters.
Chuang Lieh Ti. See Chu Yu-chien.
Chuang Tsung. See Li Ts'un-hsfi.
Chun-t'a 'ï :. Died 1647. Fourth son of Hu-êrh-han. ]e 510
gained considerable reputation by his successes against the Mings,
for which he was ennobled, and received the rank of batuvu. In
1646 he managed fo rid Ssch'uan of the tyrant Chang Hsien-chung,
and later on put down the Shensi pretender A W u Ta-ting.
Cannised as ).
204 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
511 Oh'llI1 I-hllaI1 . Died b.D. 1891. The sevenh son of
he Emperor Tao Kuang, his moher being he sîser of he
Empress Dowager Tz'fi Hsi, whose son reigned as T'ung Chih.
Under he laer monarch he became a Prince of the ls order
and a Grand Chamberlain, and held oher high poss a Cour. On
the accession of his son, ihe Emperor Kuang Hsfi, he reliuquished
he command of he Peking Field Force, and refired ino pfivae
lire unil he Treaiy of Livadia. On he fall of Prince Kung in
1884, he succeeded fo he leadership of he Governmen, a Decree
of he Empress Dowager direcing he Grand Couucil, during he
Emperor's minoriy, o refer all important questions o him. In
1885 he became Presiden of he new Board of Admiraly, and
Wellt Oll a tour of inspection fo Tientsin, Chefoo, and Port
Arthur in the following year, during which he also received the
foreign Ministem af Peking. His princedom was ruade hereditary
for ever by his son; and after 1880 he was Director-in-chief of
the Peking Field Force. He was popularly known as the
Seventh Prince, and his style was tbe Impefial Father.
He was cauonised as ; his naine was forbidden fo be
used in writing; and a temple was erected fo him in the Imperi
City, where Imperial rites are paid fo his memory.
512 Ch'un-yfi I . Born B.C. 205. A superintendent of
granaries in the Principality of Ch'i, distiuguished for his
kuowledge of medicine. In B.C. 180 he was appoiated fo be
Cou physician, and is said fo bave practised according fo e
principles of the legendary Pien Ch'iao with much success. Being
treated contemptuously by the nobles, he declined fo make further
use of his skill, and in B.C. 167 fell into disfavour with the
Emperor Wên Ti, who would have subjected him fo the
punishment of mutilation but for the devotion of his daughter
T'i-ying. From this date the above penalty was abolished.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 205
Ch'un-yiiK'un Ç = -l" 4th cent. B.C. A famous 513
conversationalist and wit of the Ch'i State, who declared that
his capacity for drink varied with his company, that is, from a
single cup with the Emperor fo a cask with a bevy of courtesans
who had shown all their other male companions fo the door.
ttence the phrase ". ïï -, used for "being in clover" in a
vicious seuse, tic was contemporary with Mencius; and on oue
occasion tried fo entrap the Master into admitting that, because
men and women should hOt touch each other's hands, a man
ought fo allow his sister-in-law fo drown before his eyes. On
another occasion, when the Ch'u State was about fo attaek the
Ch'i State, he was ordered by the Prince of Ch'i who was his
father-in-law, fo proceed fo the Chao State aud ask that an army
might be sent fo their assistance; fo which end the Prince
supplied him with 100 lbs. of silver and 10 chariots, as offerings
fo the ruler of Chao. Af this Ch'un-yti laughed so immoderately
that he snapped the lash of his cap; and when the Prince asked
him what was the joke, he said, "As I was coming along this
morning, I saw a husbandman sacrificing a pig's foot and a
single cup of wine; after which he prayed, saying, "0 God,
make my upper terraces fill baskets, and my lower terraces fill
earts; make my fields bloom with crops, and my barns burst with
grain!" And I could hot help laughing ai a man who offered so
little and wauted so much." The Prince took the hint, and
obtained the assistance he required.
Ohllng Ohiin , (T. -- ). 2nd cent. B.C. A precocious 51t
youth, who at 18 years of age was placed among the selected
scholars of the empire, fie attracted the notice of the Emperor
Wu Ti, and became a Supervising Censor. Within three or four
years he was sent on a mission fo the ttsiuug-nu, and later on
fo Annam, where he fell a victim fo local intrigues and perished
¢206 A Chînese Biog'aphical Dictionary
with all his suite.
extreme youth.
Ghiin Wang. See Chu Yu-chên.
515 Ghung Hui l . One of the chier Ministers of Ch'êng
T'ang. Hewas descended frein tsi Chung, who was Master of
the Equipage under the ttsia dynasty.
ch i .$ (T. OE ). Da .D. . o,s o. of Chung Yu. He distinguished himself in the campaigu against
Lin Ch'an and rose te the highest offices of State, being ennobled
together with hîs two sons. In the troublous rimes which marked
the close of the Wei dynasty, his loyalty gave way. tte planned
rebellion, but was killed in a mutiy of his troolos. Afterhis death
a work by him, entitled -- but really a treatise on criminal
law, was round in his bouse. Many stories are told of his early
life. On one occasion, when his father was dozing, he and his
brother Chung Ç Yii thought tbey would he]lo themselves te a
rare kind of wine which was on the table. The elder ruade the
usual obeisance and then drank up his glass, whereas Chung Hui
ruade no obeisance af all. Their father, who had been quietly
watching the scene, asked Chung Yii why he ruade obeisance.
"Oh," he replied, "if was the 1oroper ceremony when drinking."
"And why did you make no obeisance?" said the father te Chung
Hui. "Because," replied he, "there is no ceremony in stealing."
Again, ttsiin Hsii had a valuable sword, which his mother kept
for him. By forging Hs/in ttsii's handwritàng, Chung Hui got the
mother te deliver up the sword. Hsiin ttsfi, guessing who had
played him this trick, avenged himself in the following manner.
Being au artist, he went te a bouse which Chung ttui and his
brother were bui]ding, and painted on one of the inner walls a huge
picture of their dead father in full Court costume. The brothers
on entering their new bouse were se shocked by this sight that
tl Chinese Biographical Dictionary 01
they decined fo lire there, and allowed the place fo go fo ruin.
Cung K'uei _). An imaginary being, believed fo wield
powers of exorcism over malignant demons, and depicted as an
old man in ragged clothes, attended by a bat (
happiness). His portrait is hung up in doorways on New Year's
Day, in order fo keep off wicked spirits. According fo Chao Yi,
the legend dates from the days of the T'aug dynasty whea the
above characters were substituted for , the name of a
plant which magic virtues of a like kind were attributed. But
in the Histo W of the Nortlern Ki»gdoms the origin of the term
is more correctly ascribed fo Yao Hsfian, a commander
of the 5th cent. A.D. who was named Chung K'uei (T.
= exorcism).
Chung-li Ch'flan (T. . H. ). 518
The chier of the Eight Immortals of Taoism, the other seveu
being Chang Kuo, Lfi Yen, Ts'ao Kuo-ch'iu, Li T'ieh-kuai, Han
Hsiang Tzfi, Lan Ts'ai-ho, and Ho Hsien-ku. He is said fo bave
lived some thousand years B.C. and fo bave obtained the elixir
o[ lire.
Chung-li Ch'un . 4th cenL B.C. A native of a place 519
call Wu-yen, sometimes spoken of as he Woman of
Wu-yen, who was so ugly ha at forty years of age she was
still unmarried. A lengh she obtained an audience of Prince
Hsan a of he Ch'i Sate, and in spire of he laugher of the
courtiers she so impressed his Highness with ber wi ha he forth-
with took ber wife.
Chung Tsung. See Li Hsien.
Chung Tz-ch'i oe. The naine of a musical woodcuer 520
mentioned in the story of Po Ya. Now used in the sense of a
connoisseur of music.
Cug u (. ). Di x». a0. x ,ai, of
208 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
: $ Ch'ang-shê in Anhui, fa,nou for his skill as a
ealligraphist in the li style. Afger sudyiug for a couple of years
under | Lin Shêng, he had returned home when he
chanced fo see af the house of the calligraphist _ Wei Tan a specimen of the haudwritiug of the great Ts'ai Yung. Wei Tan refused fo part with if; but onhis death his coffinwas broken open by thieves and the precious document passed into the
possession of Chuug Yu. The latter further distinguished himself
by arranging the escape of the Emperor [sien Ti after his
capture at Ch'ang-au by Li Ts'ui; after which he was employed
by Ts'ao Ts'ao on a campaigu againt the ttsiung-nu, whom he
defeated in battle, killing their Khan. Under the Emperor Wên Ti of the Wei dynasty he was raised fo high office, and ennobled
as Marquis, his Majesty declaring that he and [ua Yin and
Wan Lang were "the three great giants of the age." Canonised
aS
cun vu tç N (T. y N). .C. a--s0. .i o
- Pieu in the State of Lu. For some time he was one of the
most intimate of the disciples of Confucius, but finally entered
upon a public career an became Magistrate af - OE P'u-i.
ttis family was poor, and he had been accustomed fo fetch rice
from a distance for his parents while living chiefly on
bishopwort himself. When his parents had died and he himself was
"sitting on double cushions and eating from an array of dishes,"
he grieved that the days of rice-carrying and bishopwort would
never return again. ence he has been enrolled as on of the
twenty-four examples of filial piety. Upon the discovery of a plot
against his chier, the ruler of Wei a, he boldly espoused tbe cause
of the man whose pay he h)ok, and met his death af the hands
of the conspirators, tte was rash fo a fault; and Confucius, who
dreaded his impetuosity, foretold that he would corne fo a violent
A Chinese Biographical Dictioua'y 209
end. Yet he MasSer frankly declared ha had he fo sail forth on
a raff over the ocean, Tzti Lu would be the man he would
choose fo bave with him sub isdem trabibus. He was posthumously
ennobled as Duke, and his tabler was placed in he Confucian
Temple.
Ch'ung Erh ]. B.C. 696-628. Personal name of the son 523
of Duke Hsien of he Chin Sçate. In 654 his faher, a the
instigation of his favouriçe concubine Li Chi, who wished o clear
the way for ber own son Hsi Ch'i, sen a eunuch t.o kill him;
but he escaped wih a few followers (see Clao Ts'ui) and ook
refuge among he wild tribes of çhe north. He remained çhere
nineteen years, and married he daugher of one of the chiefs. In
634 he returned o his country and assumed he reins of
governmen as Duke Wên, succeeding also o leadership in
he confederacy of Princes, known as the î. , by which he
empire was swayed from B.C. 685 ço B.C. 591.
1893. A Manchu offlcial, said o have been a lineal descendan
of he Imperial House of he Chin a Tarars. Graduaing as chi
je, he became a Taon'ai in Chihli in 1858, and in 1861
Superineuden of Trade for he hree northern pors, o reside a
Tientsin. Fie was occupying this posç when the Tiensin Massacre
occurred ou the 21st June, 1870. Of all acçual connivance a or
participation in his ragedy he was doubtless innocent, though
with a sronger man in power if would mos likely hot bave
taken place. He was sent o France with a leer of apology,
which he handed fo M. Thiers, being undoubtedly he first
Chinese oflcial of any tank who had ever visied he west. On
his return in 1872 he was appointed Vice Presiden of he Board
of War and a member of he Tsuug-li Yamên. In 1874 he was
Vice President of he Board of Revenue, and in 1876 he was
210 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
sent as acting Military Governor fo Shingking, replacing his
brother who had died that year. In 1878 he proceeded as
Ambassador fo St. Petersburg, and negotiated the Treaty of
Livadia, by which a large portion of Iii was ceded fo Russia.
In 1880 he was denounced by Li Hung-chang and Tso Tsung-
t'ang, nominally for returning without leave; and also by the
then Censor Chang Chih-tung for having exceeded his powers. He
was cashiered and arrested, and finally sentenced fo death. For
some rime if was feared that he would lose his head. The foreign
Ministers did all in their power fo effect his release, but in
vain. Af length Queen Victoria interposed on his behalf; and in
response fo ber letter he was pardoned, upon which he retired
into private life. He died in 1893, of creeping paralysis; and in
1894 his tank was restored, less two grades. He was extremely
courteous fo foreigners, and was much liked by all foreign oiIicials
with whom he was thrown into contact.
525 Ch'ung Li .. The Goal of Fire (see C]zu Jung). Also
explained as two separate personages, ruling over the elements
wood and tire, and entrusted with the administration of heaven
and earth, respectively.
Ch'ung Ti. See Lin Ping.
Confucius. See K'ung Ch'in.
Fa Hsien : .. 4th and 5th cent. A.D. A native of Wu-
yang in Shansi, who became a novice in the Buddhist priesthood
a the age of three, exchanging his family naine of . Kung
for the religions designation above. On reaching manhood he was
ordained, and proceeded fo Ch'ang-an fo make a thorough study
of the Buddhist religion. Finding that there was a lack of
material for this purpose, and full of zeal and faith, he set out
A C]dnese Biographical Dictionary 21
in A.D. 399 in company with several others on an overland
pilgrimage fo India, his object being fo obtain a complete set of
the Buddhist Canon in the original tongue. Alone of the party
he reached the goal, and spent some rime in India, travelling
about fo various important Buddhist centres and generally fulfilling
the purposes of his mission. In A.D. 414 he was back in China,
having returned by sea, viâ Ceylon and the Straits of Malacca;
and then he spent several years af Nanking, being prevented by
he disurbed sae of the empire from carrying hs books and
sacred relies on o Ch'ang-an. He occupied the me in ranslaing
he , a work on monastic discipline. He also related
his frieud and fellow-labourer, Buddha Bhadra, a grea Indian
Buddhis, hen in China, he incidents of his long journey. These
Buddha Bhadra commited o wriing, hus forming he work now
known as the 5 Record of the Bud«histic Ki,,gdoms.
The original title is uncertain, as also the date of publication;
but the latter was certainly hOt luter thau A.D. 420.
Fa Shun . Died A.D. 640. A Buddhist priest, surnamed 527
, a ntive of Wau-niea in Kiangsi, who fouuded Ch'iag-
chou the exoteric school usually kllOWn as the "School
of the True Nature" of the written doctrine. He devoted his
attention chiefly fo the Hua-yen sfitra. e is said o
bave possessed marvellous healing powers, and is popularly
supposed fo bave been a re-incarnation of Manjusri.
Fart Ch'êng-hsfin . Died A.D. 1714. Third son of 528
Fan Wën-ch'êng, and distinguished as a provincial administrator,
especially in subjugating the aborighes of Ynnan.
Graduating in 1652, by 1668 he had risea be Governor of
Chehkiang, where he earned a naine for sympathy with the people.
Promoted fo be Viceroy of Fuhkien, he was seized by Kêng
212 A Chinese Biog'apical Dictionary
Chîng-chung on the outbreak of his rebellion in 1674; and after
an attempt fo starve him iuto complicity had failed, he was kept
in close confinement. He employed his leisure in composing
verses and essays, which he scrawled with a bit of charcoal on
the whîte-washed walls of his cell. In 1676 Kêng Ching-chung
himself was forced fo submit. He first compelled Fan fo bang
himself, after which he burnt Fan's corpse and dispersed the
ashes, in the hope of destroying all traces of his crime. Fan's
constancy however was reported fo the Emperor K'ang Hsi, who
caused his ashes fo be collected and interred with high honours.
A collection of his works, composed in prison, was published with
a preface by the Emperor. Canonised as a.,-,-
a ca'-ta N: (T. oE . . i i)l). .D. 11-
1193. A poet and official of the Sung dynasty. The first Emperor
of the Southern Sung dynasty ruade him a secretary in the Board
of Civil Office; but the Censors objecting fo such rapid promotion,
he was forced fo become magistrate ai Ch'u-chou in Chehkiang,
where he împroved the system of public labour and restored the
old irrigation works. In 1170 he was sent as envoy fo the Chin a
Tartars, and iater on fo Sstich'uan, where he put the frontier
defences in order. In 1179 he was a Minister of State. Besides
a collection of poems, entitled iJ , he wrote the . çoe
, a work on 35 varieties of chrysanthemum cultivated in
his own gardens, tte also published various records of his long
journeys, especially that from Sstich'uan fo Itaugchow in 1177,
entitled .:. This last work contains notes of a mission
of 300 priests fo India in search of Buddhist relics. Canonised
lan Chi * . The consort of Prince Chuang of
the Ch'u State. Because her lord was too much devoted fo
the chase she abstained for two years from animal food; until
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictiottat'y 2t3
af length, touched by ber determination, he gave up hunting
altogether.
'an {2hih (T. ). Died A.D. 954. A native of
Tsung-ch'êng in Chihli, who graduated as clffn sldh in
933. Af his final examination he was placed thirteenth on the
list, "in ortier," as Ho Ning the Grand Examiner told
him, "that you may hand down my robe and bowl (q. d. follow
in my footsteps), though you really ought fo have been higher."
Ho Ning himself had been thirteenth, and rose fo be a Minister
of State, a dignity which was subsequently attained by Fan Chih.
Fan Chfi $ (T. ). 3rd cent. B.C. A native of the 533
Wei State, who begau life in a subordinate capacity fo an official
named Hsfi Ku. He accompanied his toaster on a mission
the Ch'i State, and fell under suspicion of receiving bribes fo
divulge State secrets. Hsfi Ku reported this fo the Minister,
Wei Ch'i, with the result that Fan Chfi was severely beaten.
He pretended fo be dead, and his body was cast into a privy;
but he was rescued by a night-watchman, and lived for some rime
in concealment under the assumed naine of Chang Lu.
Attracting the attention of Wang Chi, who had corne on
a mission fo the Wei State, he was taken by the latter fo the
Ch'in State. As they neared the frontier, they met the great Wei
Jan coming out; whereupon Fart Chfi hid himself in the carriage,
for itinerant politicians were hOt admitted within the State. "Ah!"
cfied Fan, when the Minister's cortège had passed, "Wei Jan is
a clever man, but he will regret hOt having examined this
carriage more carefully." On arriving af Ch'in, he received no
employment for sonle rime; but af length he managed fo obtain
an interview with King Chao Hsiang and was appointed Foreign
Minister. Then he set fo work fo undermine Wei Jan, urging
that no one ever heard of the King of Ch'in, but only of the
214 A Chinese Biogralhical Dictiona'y
Marquis of Jang (Wei Jan) and of 4he queen-dowager. In B.C.
266 Wei Jan fell, and Fan Ch/i took his place, being ennobled
af the saine rime as Marquis. Shortly afterwards, Hsfi Ku was
sent on a mission fo Ch'in, having no idea that the powerful
Minister known as Chang Lu was none other than his old victim.
Belote receiving him, Fart Ch/i, dressed in rags» paid him a
private visit. "What!" cried Hsii Ku, "Is Fan Ch/i reduced 4o
this?" Thereupon, in pity, the former took off his own robe and
placed it on Fan Ch/i's shivering body, and otherwise showed him
kindness. This saved his lire; but Wei Ch'i did no escape so
easily. Fart Ch/i pursued him with such relentless vigour tha he
was af last driven fo cut his .own throat. From this rime the
aggressive policy of the Ch'in State was steadily pursued, and hy
B.C. 259 ail Shansi was annexe& In the saine year Fart Chii
was beguiled by the King of Chao into making peace, though the
Chao Sae was in extremities, on the ground that Po Ch'i would
probably take all power out of his hands. This led fo a hreach
between Po Ch'i and Fart Ch/i; and in the followiug year, when
another campaign was organised agaiust Chao, the former refused
fo couduct i4, alleging ill-health as his excuse. Serious defeats
ensued; a check was given fo the designs of Ch'in; and from that
Lime the influence of Fan Ch/i began 4o wane. Upon the advice
of _ Ts'ai Tsê, who succeeded him, he retired into private
lift, B.C. 255.
534 Fan Ch'un-jen i (T. (ç). Son of Fart Chung-
yen. On one occasion, when returning home with a boatload of
grain, he fell in with a friend, named Shih Yen-nien; and
learning that the latter was in diculty about the burial of
three relatives he af once presented him with ail the grain, to
help defray expenses. Further, when he heard that two of Shih's
daughters were still unmarried he handed over the boat too as a
A Chitese Biog»'aphical Dictionarg 215
contribution fo their dowry. Arriving af his home, he reported
all this fo his father who af once approved of what he had done.
lan {3hung-yen - tç (T. ). A.D. 989--1052. A 535
native of the Wu District in Kiangsu. When three years of age,
his father died and his mother married a man named Chu,
under which naine he grew up fo manhood. About 1012 he
graduated as chin shih, and entering upon an official career
reverted fo his own family naine. He became Governor of Yen-an
in Shensi, and proved a most successful administrator. He was
popularly known as 2], o distinguish him from
, or Fau Yung, who had also been Governor
of Yen-an. Under the Emperor Jen Tsung he was advanced fo
high office; but ai length he fell a victim fo slander, and was
banished o Jao-chou in Kiangsi. When the Tartam invaded t.he
eastern portion of the empire, he was once more summoned fo
play a leading part, and operated against them with such skill
and success that peace and order were restored. His hume was
coupled with that of Han Ch'i, as striking terror into the hear of
the western rebels. He was noted for his filial piety; and when his
mother's second husband died, he received ber into his home and
nded ber until death. He was an opponent of Buddhism and
the supernatural in general, declaring that he could hot believe
in anything he could not see. "Nevertheless," cried an adversary,
"you believe in what your puise tells you as fo the state of your
bodily health, although you cannot see the conditions thus
indioEted" He was canonised as , and the Emperor wrote
his epitaph; and in 1715 his tabler was placed in the Confucian
Temple.
an Ch'ung . A brigand chief, who ravaged north-western 536
China about A.D. 30. He and his soldie all dyed their eyebrows
red, in order to inspire terror, and he himself adopted the naine
216 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
, ) Red Eyebrows. After setting UlO a temporary claire fo
the sovereigaty, he submitted fo the Emloeror Kuang Wu Ti.
a n n (T. -). at ce.. .D. cl
youth, fond of solitude and of studyiag the Book of" Rites.
Extremely poor, he. supported himself by farming, and proudly
declined aid from an admirer, the Prefect of Yfi-chang in Kiangsi.
His fume attracted Tai K'uei and others from great distances, and
fo him and fo Fan liag is attributed the faste for classical
studies which develoloed in Kiaagnan and Chehtiang. Author of a
wor] on the Rites and Caon of C]tages, entitled oE.
538 Fan Jan B r or :- ]- Fan Tan (T. ). Died A.D.
185. A native of /Ç Wai-huang in Honan. When young,
he and a friend had only a single coat between them; and in this
they used fo visit their friends, one waifing outside the door
unfil the other came out. Upon receiving an ocial appointment
he ran away and supported himself for some rime by telling
fortunes. Ultimately however he rose fo be a Minister of State,
539 Fan K'uai _ . Died B.C. 189. A dog-buteher of P'ei in
modern Kiangsu, who attached himself early fo the fortunes of Liu
Pang; and who, wheu the latter became Emperor, was raised fo
the highest honours and ennobled as Marquis. If was he who had
prevented the attempt on Liu Pang's life, as planned by Fan
Ts'êng; and as a further reward for his services, he was allowed
fo marry the daughter of a younger brother of the Empress.
When the Emperor was failing, his Majesty shut himself up in
his palace and refused admittance fo all. But Fan K'uai foreed
his way in and round his toaster sleeping, pillowed upon a
eunueh. He burst into tears and eried, "Sire, think of Chao
Kao!" The Emperor smiled and rose up, and soon after appointed
Fan K'uai fo put down a rising in the Principality of Yen. Fan
A Chinese Biographica l Dictioary 217
K'uai's severity in this case was so extreme that he incurred
much odium, and the Emperor ordered Ch'êu P'ing fo bave him
beheaded. The latter however prudently disobeyed this order; and
wheu shortly afterwards his Majesty died, the Empress Lfi Hou
restored ber niece's husbaud fo all his houours.
lan Li , . 5th cent. B.C. A native of the Yfieh State,
who became Minister uuder Kou Chien and plauned the scheme
(see Hsi Shih) by which his toaster was enabled fo reduce the
rival State of Wu. Affer this success he" withdrew ff'oto official
life, declaring that Kou Chien was one with whom adversity but
hOt prosperity might be shared; and that haviug spent the best
part of his life in the public service, he wished to devote his
remaining energies fo private eujoyment. He repaired first of all
o he Ch'i State, where he adopted the sobriquet of
, nd fferwards ço T'ao, where he ook he naine of
. Here he seems o hve amassed large forçune; nd
ume , by which he is someimes known, is now oen
used in çhe sense of "millionaire."
Fart ing (T. ). A.D. 339--441. A native of
]1 Shun-yang in Honan. In youth a diligent student, he
did hOt take office uutil over thirty years of age, when he
became a Magistrate in Chehkiaug. Six years later he held high
office af the capital; but he attacked the powerful Minister
, Ssfi-ma Wën, and was sent away fo be Governor of
chaug in Kiangsi, shortly after which he retired into private life.
As an author he is chiefly knowu by his
, a work on Ku Liang's commentary fo the Spring and
Autumn Annals. In 647 his tabler was placed in the Confucian
Temple; in 1530 if was removed; and in 1724 replaced.
an Shih-ch'ung Died A.D. 1720. Son of Fau 5t2
Ch'êng-mo. On the execution of Këng Ching-chuug, he fore
2/8 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
away a piece of the dead man's flesh fo place on his murdered
father's grave. Rose fo be Viceroy of Fuhkien and Chehkiang,
and died President of the Board oï War.
543 'an Su . A concubine of the poet Po Ch-i, famous for
her cherry lips. See Hsi¢w Mare
54 an Ts'ng B.C. 278--204. The famous counsellor,
first of Hsiang Liang, and aterwards of Hsiang Chi, who is said
fo bave advised the assassination of Liu Pang, and who smashed
fo atoms with his sword the jade vessels sent fo him as a present
by that potentate. The title Ya « was granted fo him
by Hsiang Chi; but falling under suspicion of treacherous dealings
with Liu Pang, his power was curtailed; whereupon he retired in
disgust, aud soou afterwards died.
545 Fan Tsu-yfi (T. and . H. ).
A.D. 1041--1098. Graduating as chln shih, he assisted Ss,-ma
Kuang in the compilation of his history; and when this was
finished he received an appointment in the Imperial Library, and
ultimately rose fo be a Supervising Ceusor. He firmly opposed
the employment of such a man as Chang Tuu; and when his
counsels were unheeded, he applied for a provincial post and died
in exile.
546 Fart Wên-ch'êng (T. ). Died A.D. 1665. h
descendant of Fan Chung-yen, who joiued the Emperor T'ai Tsu of
the present dynasty in 1618, and became his secretary and
confidential adviser. In 1632 he urged the invasion of China, and
in 1637 he accompanied the army of invasion. On the capture
of Peking he induced the Regent fo attend belote anything else
fo the proper burial of the last Ming Emperor and his consort.
He successfully advocated reforms of government and the
speedy resration of the examination system, measures which
won great popularity for the new dynasty. Trusted and consuld
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioua'y 219
by four Emperors, he died loaded with honours. Canonised
a : î (.
--). Died A.D. 445. Distinguished 547
from his youth for learning and literary ability, he compiled the
History of t]e Easter Han Dynasty while Governol" of
siian-ch'êng in Anhui. Ite afterwards rose fo be Supervisoi of
Instruction fo the Heir Apparent under the Emperor Wêu Ti of
the Sung dynasty, but was executed for his share in the
treasonable designs of [ )5 K'ung l:Isi-hsien (see T'a,t-cl'ie»).
Fart ¥iin (T. . ). A.D. 451--503. A distinguished 548
oIIicial of the Southern Ch'i and Liang dynasties, who was
ennobled by the founder of the latter and canonised "as or
___.. A great student of ancient inscriptions, he left only a
few essays.
Fang Chung-t'ung - (T. J'O)" A ramons 549
mathematician, who flourished af the end of the 17th cent. A.D.
ttis chier w ork w as the t, a mathematical summary,
including geometry, calculation by abacus, written arithmetic, and
the ancient ) __. If was published about 1721.
Fang Fêng-shih (T. - ). Died A.D. 1596. A 5,0
distinguished frontier official, who graduated as c]ti shi/ in 1541.
ge helped fo quell an insurrection in Kuangtung and Kuangsi,
and in 1570 was placed in command at Ta-t'ung in Shansi,
where he induced Anda and his allies fo enter into friendly
relations. His policy of subsidies and trade was supported by Kao
Kung, an pro ved a success, tt e succeeded :]ï. W ang
Ch'ung-ku as Military Superintendent of the north-west, and
carried oui his policy of strengthening the strategic frontier. His
ability as a general and an administrator gained him great fame.
and ). A.D. 1357--1402. A native of î Hou-ch'êng
220 A Chinese Biograpltical Dictiona»'y
in Chehkiang, near the T'ien-t'ai mountains, whence he is
precocious and clever, and by his sliill in composition earned for
himself the nickname of 2], the little Han Yfi. In1373
he accompanied bis father fo the official post of-the latter in
Shantung, and remained there until his father's execution. After
conveying the body home, he set o work fo study under Sung
Lien. About 1390 he became tutor fo one of the sons of the
Emperor, and followed him fo his Pncipality in Ssfich'uan. The
Emperor Hui Ti loaded him with honours and ruade him a
Minister of State. And when that monarch vanish so
mysteriousl from the scene, Fang Hsiao-ju absolutely refused fo
place his services af the disposal of the new Emperor who ruled
uuder the year-title of Yung Lo. For this refusal he was cut o
pieces in the market-place, his family being as far as possible
exterminated, and his philosophical writings burned. A small
eollee¢ion of his miseellanies, knownas , ws
preserved by a faighful disciple and aferwards republished.
Himself a poe¢, he ediged in eonjune¢ion wigh Suug Lien ¢he
poems of Chaug K'o-chiu of he Yfian dynasy. Ne was canonised
as , and in 1863 bis tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.
552 FangHsien (T. H. ). A.D. 1676-1741.
Noted for having first brought under regular civil government the
aboriginal tribes occupying terriry in southern Kueichou. In 1731
he was promoted to be Judge, and in 1732 he built the city of
T'ai-kung, which he held during a local rebellion for sixty-
niue days against overwhelming odds. He subsequently became
Goernor of Ssch'uan and Kuangsi, but was forced by failing
sight fo retire into private lire. He wrote an accounç of his
operations against the Miao-tz.
A Chinese Biographical Dictio»mry 22"1
Rang ttsfian-ling (T. ). A.D. 578--648. A 553
native of Lin-tz in Shantung, who exhibited great
precocity of intellect and was called , i. e. something that
would be of service to the State. He joined the Emperor T'ai
Tsung while the latter was still Prince of Ch'in, and was ai once
received into favour. In 628 he became Lord High Chamberlain,
and in 630 he was appointed fo supervise the compilation of the
History of the Chin Dymsty. Five years later, on his retiring
from Court in consequence of some slight rebuke, the Emperor
went in person fo fetch him back; in such high estimation was
he held as a loyal and able adviser. During his last illness he
was atteuded fo in the palace, and his dying request was that
the disastrous war with Korea might be abandoned. He was
Fan Kuanch'ên (T. . H. ). A.D. 554
1698--1768. His father being banished fo the Amoor, Fang was
brought up in a temple. In 1733 he served in a campaign
ainst the Sungans and rose by 1749 fo be Viceroy of Chih]i,
which post he held until his death. He devoted himself fo
improving the condition of the people by establishing granaries,
conserving waterways, and reforming the grain-transport. In spire
of Imperial progresses, and of troops for Burmah and the west
passiug through his province, the people were never oppressed.
Many famous men of the day owed their promotion fo his keen
iusight. And his early travels haviug given him a wide knowledge
of the wants of the empire, he was always loth fo yield fo the
theoretical views of the Peking Boards. Canonised as .
Fang Kuo-chên . Died A.D. 1374. A fariner of T'ai- 555
chou in Kiangsu, devoted to athletic exercises. In 1319 he took
piracy, on account of a fatal quarrel with his landlord. In 1348
he submitted and received a post; but he soon returned fo piracy,
2 A Chinese Biographical Dictioary
which he varied with periods of submissiou until in 1367 he
became Governor of Chehkiang and Kiangsu, and was ennobled
as Duke. ]e received a salary, but was no entrused wih any
real power. His naine was originally
). He changed if fo 1 (T. 4 ,) out of respect fo Chu
Yian-chang.
556 rang l'ao J/ (T. -. 13. ). A.D. 1678--1749.
A native of Kiangnan, who graduated in 1699 as first clti jeu
and as clb sl.il, in 1706. He devoted himself fo a study of the
Classics and of philosophical literature in general; but his naine
happening h) be mentioned in a treasonable work writn by a
relative, he was arrested in 1711 and cast into prison. There he
still managed fo continue his work, and in 1718 his real merits
were brought fo light. He not only received a full pardon, but
was af once ruade tutor fo thë Imperial princes. In 1735 he was
appointed fo assist in editing works for the Imperial Library, and
his advice was much sought by the Ministers of the day. In 1787
he became Vice President of the Board of Rites, but hot agreeing
with his colleagues he soon resigned on the plea of ill-health. In
1742 he finally retired from official life and spent his remaining
years in study, gis collected writings were published under
title of î , and he himself was popularly kuown as
557 Fang Ts'ung-chê (T. , *). Died A.D. 1628.
Graduatiug as cltin shih in 1583, he soon withdrew from public
lire. But the faine of his culture reaching the Emperor's ears, he
was by private Decree made a Vice President. of the Board of
Civil Office in spire of his protests; and in 1613 he became a
Grand Secretary. He succeeded Yeh Hsiaug-kao as Prime Minister;
and finding remonstrances useless, he ruade friends with the eunuchs
and allowed the Emperor fo neglect his duties. Of the three
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictio»at'y 223
factions of Ch'i, Ch'u, aud $:, Chê, which fough for place and
so hrew the Emperors into the hands of the eunuchs, the first
was led by one of his own followers. The capture of Fu-shun by
the Manchus in 1618, and a grea defeat in 1619, failed fo
arouse he slothful Emperor who would hot part with Fang;
however in 1620 his rash recommendation of a sub-Director of the
Banqueting Court, as physician fo his dying toaster, compelled
his retirement. Canonised as î. See Hsiug T'in-p'i.
lang Yao )j7 (T. W :)-A.D. 1834-1891. A native of the 558
I P'u-ning District in Kuangtung. Entering the military service
in 1851, he rose from the ranks, fighting agaiust the T'ai-p'ing
rebels in various provinces, fo be Brigade General af Ch'ao-chou
Fa, in which capacity he distiuguished himself by the rigour, hot
fo say brutality, of his measures for repressing local clan-fights
and piracy. For these services he was rewarded with the Yellow
Jacket. tte established a College af Ch'ao-yang, and repaired the
waterways so as fo prevent floods. From 1877-79 he was acting
Commander-in-chier af ttui-chou; but on the landiug of the
Japanese in Formosa, he returned fo his previous post. In 1883
he was placed by a secret- Decree in command of the forts af
Bocca Tigris, and in 1885 he was gazetted Admiral. Known fo
foreigners as "General Fong."
loi Ch'ang-fang : . A native of Ju-nan in l-tonn, 559
who lived during the Han dynasty and studied the art of magic
uuder ttu Kuug. On taking leave of his toaster, the latter
presented him with a bamboo rod upon which he could traverse
immense distances in a few moments; also with a charm,
consisting of two lines of verse relating fo the magic rod. Fei,
who thought that he had been absent from home for a few days
only, fouud that some feu or fifteeu years had in reality elapsed
since his departure. On laying down his staff, he discovered that
224 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictionary
iL was a dragon. From Lhis Lime forward he had cou,fol over all
he powers of darkness, aud in Lhe course of one day he was
seen aç places many housauds of leagues apar. Having
subsequenly los Lhe charm given him by his masser» he was
aacked and slain by assembled demons.
560 Fei I-Isin '-. Sou of au otticial aç OE T al-Ls an lu
Kiaugsu, o whose duies he succeeded. Aut, hor of Lhe
, an accounL of four voyages made o Lhe Indian Ocean
by Imperial envoys during Lhe firsL quarer of he fifeenLh cenLury.
Fei Ti. See (Wei) Ts'ao ang; (Wu) Sun Liang; (E. Sung)
Liu Yeh; (N. Ch'i) Kao Yin; (L. T'ang) Li Ts'ung-k'o.
561 ei-yang-ku -I- Died ..D. 1701. Disinguished himself
in he war of 16741679 in Kiangsi againsL Wu San-kuei's
lieuLenançs, and was apFoined Miniser of he Council. In 1690
he accompauied Lhe expediLion agaiusL Galdau, whom he uerly
defeaed in 1696 aL Chaomoo, Lo he norLh of he deserL of Gobi
and was lef in charge of Lhe Khalka pasLures. In 1697 Galdan
commiLed suicide in despair and his ollowers submiLtd, all Lhe
country Lo Lhe easL of Mounç Ortai becoming Chinese Lerriry.
Enuobled as Duke, and canonised as _ iË, in 1732 he was
admiLed inLo Lhe Temple of Worhies.
562 ei Yen (--Flyiug Swallow. lsL cen. B.C. h
beauiful lady of humble extracçion, who was Laken as concubine
by a mau of wealh and augh o sing aud Lo dance. She
subsequenLly aLraced he aenLion o he Emperor Ch'eng Ti o
he tan dynasy, and was akeu fo he palace, beiug finally raised
Lo he rauk of Empress.
563 i-ying-tung ç . A.D. 15641620. One of Lhe Five
MinisLers of he Emperor T'ai Tsu (see ttu-êrh-la), noted for
his exLraordinary sLrengh and courage. Ennobled as Duke, and
canonised as
A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictionat'g 225
Fêng 'u , (T. [ | and ). A.D. 1608-1691. 564
Graduated as chin s]dh in 1646, and soon rose go be Vice
President of ghe Board of Civil Oce. In 1667 he established
an orphanage ag Peking, ghe paggern for many such insgigutions
throughoug China. Transferred go the Censorate, he boldly showed
up ghe misgovernmeng of ghe Regeng Ao-pai and also various
abuses in civil and military and judicial adminisgragion. In 1670
he became President of ghe Board of Punishmengs, and nexg year
a Grand Secretary. He ghen occupied himself in choosing ag a
special examinagion 50 sound scholars, all of whom proved
satisfactory ocials. Ai a banquet in 1682, ghe Emperor, as a
mark of favour, personally handed him a gobleg of wine, which
ruade him so drunk ghag he had go be assisged home. Canonised
Fêng I/ou . One of ghe Six Ministers of ghe Yellow 565
Emperor, B.C. 2698. His functions appear go bave been astrouomical
and asgrological; in addition go which he is said go bave assisged
in subduing ghe greag rebel Ch'ih Yu.
Fêng lou . 1sg cen. B.C. A lady in ghe seraglio of ghe 566
Emperor Yfian Ti of ghe Han dynasgy. On one occasion, when
his Majesgy was looking ag some wild animals, a bear escaped
from igs cage. All ghe ogher ladies fled, shriekiug; but Fëng Hou
remained, and boldly faced ghe bear. "I was afraid," she
explained go ghe Emperor, "lest some harm should corne go your
Majesgy's person."
Fêng I , (T. ]_/_43, 2 ). Died A.D. 34. A native of . 567
Fu-eh'êng in Anhui. He was holding ghat gown for Wang Mang
when Lin Hsiu passed with his army, and immediagely ghrew
open igs gages and attaehed himself finally go the forgunes of the
future Emperor. tte served his new toaster wigh the greatesg
fideligy, providing him wigh food when provisions were absolugely
15
226 A Chinese Biograplical Dictionarg
unobtainable, and even gathering fuel for a tire fo dry his clothes
when drenched after a day's march in the rain. For his services
in various campaigns he was loaded with honours; yet such was
his modesty that wben the other generals were discussing their
deeds of arms around the camp tire, he would withdraw fo
solitude uuder some tall tree. Hence he gained the sobriquet of
mouuted the throue as Emperor, and in the following year Fêng
I was ennobled as Marquis. He was subsequently employed in
various military enterprises. Among other achievements, he
succeeded in putting down the rebellion of the Red Eyebrows (see
Fat Ch'uug). Being summoned fo Court, the Emperor iutroduced
him fo th« oher nobles and high officers as "the man who was
once my book-keeper and carried firewood on his back for me."
He died in camp, and was canonised as .
568 êng I , . A son of the mythical Hsien Yfian. After death,
$, o « Wr.
569 êng Kuo-hsiang , $. Died A.D. 1718. A Chinese
Bannean, who aided in repressing the rebelliou of Wu San-
kuei and commanded the artillery in the expedition against
Galdan. He was included in the Temple of Worthies, and
570 êng in-ch'ang , (T. ). A.D. 1747--1806.
A poet and calligraphist.
571 Fêng ao , . Died A.D. ? 1582. A native of Shên-chou in Chihli, and the eunuch ally of Chang Ch-chêng whom he helped
fo supplant Kao Kung. On the death of the Emperor Mu Tsung
in A.D. 1572, Fêng forged a Decree associating himself with
Regents. He established his power over the Emperor Shên Tsung
by reporting his boyish freaks o the stern old Dowager, who
never failed o rate her sovereign. By the end of 1580 Fêng had
A Chinese Biographical Dictionaï'y 227
driven out all his rivais, and ruled the Emperor, who spoke of
him as his "eolleague," with a rod of iron. He and Chant
together defied all attempts fo displaee them; but the death of the
Dowager and of Chang, coupled wit]l the Emperor's growing
experienee of government, weakened Fêng's position, and in 1582,
by the maehiuations of two rival eunuchs, he was degraded fo be
Groom of the Imperial Stud af Nanking, where he (lied.
Fông Po '[ or ï or . The God of the Winds, 572
also known as Fei Lien. Said by some fo be identical
with the constellation Sagittarius; by others go be a super-
natural bird; by others again fo bave the body of a deer, the
head of a bird (with horns), the rail of a serpent, and the spots
of a leopard. A statue of this being was cast in bronze by the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty.
Fông Tao , (T. ). A.D. 881--954. A ntive of
Ying-chou in modern Chihli, who bas been credited by some
with the invention of block-pfinting. Entering the service of Liu
Shou-kuang and later on of Chang Ch'êng-yeh, he
w recommended by the latter fo the Prince of Chin and
recdved a post in modern Shansi. When the second Prince of
Chin mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Later T'ang
dynasty, A.D. 928, Fêng Tao was appointed secretary in the
Board of Revenue and member of the Han-lin College. The
second Emperor, whom he served for ten years, raised him fo
still higher rank; yet when in the following reign Ts'ung
K'o rebeHed and subsequeutly entered the capital, Fêng Tao
quiely took service under him. And when Shih Ching-t'ang
crushed Ts'ung K'o and founded the Later Chin dynasty, Fêng Tao
onoe more entered the service of his old masters. When the
Kitans put an end fo the Chin dynasty, Fêng Tao presented
himself af the Court of Yeh-lfi Tê-kuang, second sovereign of
9,28 ,4 Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Liao dynasty, and positively asked for a post. He said he had
no home, no army, and very little brains; a statemeat which
appears fo have appealed forcibly fo the Tartar monarch, who
ai once appointed him Grand Tutor fo the geir Apparent. This
did hot preveat him from quitting his new patrons af the earliest
opporçuuity, and entering the service of the successful fouuder of
the Later Han dynasty, A.D. 947. Ad again when the gans
went dowu belote the Later Chou dynasty, Fêng Tao once more
ranged himself on the side of victory and success, receiving a
high post as a reward for the transfer of his services. Thus he
served first and last uuder no less than ten sovereigns of four
diffcrent Houses. He gave fo himself the sobriquet of îî,
which fiuds ifs best equivalenç in the "Vicar of Bray." Also
,,o, , I.
lirst Emperor, The. Sec Shih ]uang Ti.
574 :Fo-t'u-ch'êng î. Died A.D. 348. A native of India,
originally surnamed Po, skilled in necromancy. In 310 he
appeared in Lo-yang, irofessiug fo be more than a century old
and fo exercise power over demons. When Lo-yang was taken,
he entered the service of Shih Lo and obtaiued great favour by
his successful prognostications. He is said fo bave employed a boy
fo read future evets reflected on hemp-oil held in the hollow of
his hand. Many marvellous tales are told of him, and Shih Chi-luug
for his sake permitted his people fo embrace Buddhism, in spire
of the remonstrances of his statesmeu. Before his death he had
fallen iuto disfavour, ge prepared his own tomb, and prophesied
the troubles of 348. After his death a disciple reported baving
seeu him travelling westwards, gis coffln was thereupon opened,
and round fo contain only a stone, which Shih Chi-lung 'ighfly
interpreted fo portend his own end.
long, General. Sec lang Yao.
A Chbtese Biographical Dictiotta'g 20-.9
IU An ' (T. ha, oe )" Died A.D. 1429. A Suervising 575
Censor, who was dispatched in 1385 with two other Censors and
a eunuch named ] » Liu Wei, fo open communications with
the nations of Central Asia. They traversed the desert of Gobi
and reached Hami; thence on fo Karakhodjo and Ilbalik, the
ancient capital of Kuldja. Their mission was successful as far as
Samarcand, the rations places visited acknowledging the suzerainty
of China. There however they were imprisoned until 1407. The
survivors, including only 17 of their original escort of 1500 men,
were then sent back and were well rewarded on arrival. Fu Au
and his companions went ou six missions altogether, chiefly to
Samarcand, Bishbalik and Herat, until in 1415 Fu An retired to
wait on his aged mother.
lu Ch'ai . Died B.C. 473. Son of Prince Ho Lii of the 576
Wu State, to the throne of which he succeeded in B.C. 495.
With Wu Yiian as his Minister he maintained for a long rime a
successful struggle with the rival State of Yiieh, then under the
rule of Kou Chien, and defeated his enemy's army in the great
battle of , Fu-chiao; but at length he fell a victim fo the
craft of Fan Li, Kou Chien's ramons Minister (sec Hsi Sldlt). His
kingdom was overthrown, and he himself was driven fo commit suicide.
Fu Chieh-tmi J -. 1st cent. B.C. A famous commander '577
under the Emperor Chao Ti of the Han dynasty, hlthough fond
of study, at fourteen years of age he threw his writing-tablets
aside, saying with a sigh, "'Tis in foreign lands that a hero
must seek renown; how can I let my lire pass away as an old
bookworm?" At that time the rulers of the Kuei-tztt and
Lou-lan countries had killed some Chinese envoys; and
with a view fo punishing them, Fu volunteered fo proceed as
envoy to Ferghana or Khokand. As a resu[t of his mission he
slew, some say by stratagem, the ruler of Lou-lan; and when he
230 A Chinese Biogr«phic«l Dictionary
was asked for some proof of his statemeuts, he produced
murdered monarch's head.
578 lu Chien j: (T. = ï). A.D. 316--355. Thir« son of
Fu Hung, whom he succeeded in 350. Just before his birth his
mother dreamt of a great bear, and as he grew up he showed
signs of a warlike temperament and a love for military exercises.
On his accession he discarded the title of Prince of Ch'in, and
acknowledged the suzerainty of the House of Chin. He drove
Tu Hung ti'om Ch'ang-an, and took it for his capital.
year later he assumed the title of Great Khan and King of
Great Ch'in dynasty, and after defeating an Imperialist army, he
proclaimed himself Emperor. He did away with the burdensome
regulations of Chao and tried fo alleviate the sufferings of the
people. He encouraged learning and hehi scholam in high esteem.
In 354 Huau Wên defeated his army ai Lan-t'ien, fo the south-
east of Ch'ang-an, and encamped for a while ou the Pa river,
but was ultimately compelled fo make a disastrous retreat. He died
o ,-i« o- t o o i rotr u miu. (T. . ),
who had filled the posts of Chancellor and of General in his army.
"If God" he cried "wished me fo tranquillise the empire, why
did He carry off Yiian-ts'ai so soon?" He received unauthorised
canouisation as :.
579 lu Chien ; (T. [). A.D. 337--384. Son of Fu
Hsiung (see Fu Chie), and cousin fo the tyrant Fu Shêng whom
he assassinated in 357, placing himself upon the throne in his
stead. A wise and earnest man, he set himself fo purify the
administration and consolidate his power, paying special honour
fo Confucianism and prohibiting Taoism and divination. The death
annex Yen in 370 (see l]lu-jung Wei). He transferred 40,000
Turkic familles to the neighbourhood of his capital, subdued
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
several tribes, and conquered parts of Kansuh, Shensi, Sstlch'uan
and Yiinnan. In 377 he received tribute from northern Korea and
from the tribes in "the south-west of China. In 378 he attacked
the Imperial House and overran southern Honan; but on advancing
dose fo Nanking, he was driven back fo the north of the Huai
river in 379. In 381 he was converted fo Buddhism, and in 382
dispatched La Kuang on an expedition into what is now Chinese
Turkestan, no less than sixty-two tribes having acknowledged his
rule. In 384, contrary fo the advice of his general Fu
Jung, but af the instance of Yao Ch'ang and others, he again led
a vast army into the Imperial territory. Fu Jung had poiuted out
that the Yang-tsze with ifs swift current would be a serious
obstacle, but fo this he scornfully replied that his troops would
data if up by merely throwing their whips into the stream. He
was however disastrously routed af the Fei river by the
Imperial forces under Itsieh Shih and N Hsieh Hsfian,
and Pu Jung was slain. In the retreat whieh followed, his beaten
soldiery were harassed by perpetual alarms, faneying the whistling
of the wind and the sereaming of eranes overhead fo be the shouts
of their vietorious pursuers. The State whieh had been so
energetieally built up, af once fell fo pieces. Yao Ch'ang and
other leaders threw off their allegianee, and soon only southern
Shansi remained. Besieged in Ch'ang-an by the forces of Western
Yen, Fu Chien forced his way out fo a stronghold in Fêng-hsiang
Fu; and there, afer a desperate assault, he was taken prisoner
by Yao Ch'ang and strangled. Received the unauthorised
canonisation of t/! O_ î.
Fu Ch'ien (T. - ). 2nd cent. A.D.A. native of
uuu Jung-yang in Honan, who distinguished himself by his
scholarship and wrote a famous commentary on the Tso Chuan.
He had previously taken service as cook in the house of Ts'ui Lieh
232 A Chi»ese Biogt'aphical Dictionary
who was then lecturing on the subject, but round that he had
nothing fo learn. After a while Ts'ui Lieh suspected who he was;
and one morning, belote Fu Ch'leu was awake, shouted fo him
by his right naine. Fu Ch'ien, takeu hus unawares, promply
answered; after which the two became fast friends. In 189 he
was Goieinor of Kiuliang, but lost his post in the poliical
troubles which ensued and died shortly atterwards, leaving behind
him a collection of miscellaneous writings.
581 ltl-ch'ing -. Died A.D. 1750. A Manchu, who began his career
in the Imperial Guard, and in A.D. 1744 was sent as Resident fo
Tibet where he remained uutil the danger of a Tibean-Sungar
alliance seemed over. The last king of Tibet would hot submit
fo the tutelage of China, and having poisoned his elder brother,
proceeded o prepare tbr revolt. Fu-ch'ing reurned with all speed
and slew he ling in the Chinese Residency, whiher he had
lured him, the result being a popular rising in which he and his
saff perished. The presen governmen system of four Kablon
under the Dalai and Panshen Lamas was then esab]ished. The
Residen's guard was raised o 1500 men, and all intercourse with
Ta,,gut and Sungaria was forbidden. The Emperor Ch'ien Lung
published a special Decree defending the treachery of iu-ch'ing,
and eunobled his heir as Viscount. Canonised as , and
included in he Temple of Worhies.
582 ltl (h'tlng ,- Died A.D. 395. The last of he line o
Fu Chien, killed by Ch'i-lu Ch'en-kuei in A.D. 395 aL "
ttuang-chung in Kansuh. i
583 lVu lei .), [. A daughter of the legendary Emperor Fu tsi,
who drowned herself in the Lo» and became the patron goddess
of streams.
584 lu-hêllg [ (H. 4J). Died A.D. 1770. A ]annerman,
who entered the Guards af an early age and was promoted fo be
.1 Chinese Biog»'apbical Dictiona»'y 233
a Grand Secretary in 1748. In that year he was sent fo put an
end fo the campaigu against Chin-ch'uan, which had been
incompetently conducted, l:[e enticed the chief rebels fo his camp
and executed them, and by vigorous attacks forced the test fo
submit early in the following year. For his services he was
ennobled as Duke, and on his return fo Peking was received
with extraordinary honours. In 1763 the Emperor Ch'leu Lung
publicly acknowledged the valuable aid he had given in the
prosecution of the Sungar war. Four years later he obtained
leave fo carry on the Burmese war, hitherto mismanaged; and
reaching Moulmein in May 1769, he contrived fo build a flotilla,
crossed the Laukau river, and after some fighting laid siege fo
Kauutong, whereupon the Burmese consented fo pay h'ibute, l:[e
died on his way fo Peking and was buried with princely honours,
Ch'ien Lung paying a personal visit of condolence fo the family.
ge is specially mentioned in the poem by Ch'ien Lung entitled
l : A Retrospect. Canonised as a.,-, and included in
the Temple of Worthies.
lu ttsi "f)lç.. B.C. 2953-2838. The first of the Five 5S5
Emperors of the legendary period, also known as l
and . He is said fo bave been miraculously conceived by
his mother, who after a gestation of twelve years gave birth fo
him at Ch'êng-chi in Shensi. He taught his people to hunt, fo
fish, and fo keep flocks. He showed them how fo split the wood
of the J t'ung tree, and then how fo twist silk threads and
stretch them across so as fo form rude musical instruments. From
the markings on the back of a tortoise he is said fo have
constructed the Eight Diagrams, or series of lines from which was
developed a whole system of philosophy, embodied later on in the
mysterious work known as the Canon of Changes. He also
invented some kind of calendar, placed the marriage contract upon
234 A Chinese Biographic«l Dictionary
a proper basis, and is even said fo bave taught mankind fo cook
their food.
586 'tl ]Isflall . (T. - ). Died A.D. 278. A scholar and
statesman who rose o be Censor and Chamberlain under the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty. He was of such an
impatient disposition that whenever he had auy memofial or
impeachment o submit, he would proceed ai once fo the palace,
no matter ai what hour of he day or night, and sit there until
audience ai the following dawn. It was while thus waiting that
he caught the chill of which he died. Canonised as ].
s u ug (T. ). A.D. s-0. A .ti «
Shensi, and faher of Fu Chien. He received his naine Hung,
"Deluge," in consequence of a persisen fall of rain which gave
rise o a popular saying: "If he rain does noi sop, he Deluge
will corne," alluding o a grea inundaion which happened under
the reign of the Emperor Yao. In he roublous imes of his
youh, he spen large sums of money in collecing men and
forming a kind of Defence Corps; and when Liu Yao mouned
he throne, he a once aached himself fo he new monarch.
Upon he fall of he laer, he joiued Shih C-lung; and a his deah
Fu Hung submied o he House of Chin. By he Emperor Mu
Ti he was appoined generalissimo of ihe norh and Viceroy of
modern Chihli. He hen changed his surname, which had been
P'u, and gave himself he ifles "Greai General, Grea Khan,
and Prince of he Three Ch'in." He claimed Imperial rank, and
received an unauhorised canonisaion as .
588 Fa Hung-lieh Oe (T. . . ). Died A.D.
1680. A native of Kiangsi, who gave in his allegiance fo the
Manchus in 1657 and was employed as a Prefect. For repoing
the treasonable designs of Wu San-kuei in 1688 he was
condemned fo death, but the sentence was commuted fo
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioary 235
banishment fo Kuangsi. ttere he was when Wu revolted, and the
latter af once sent fo seize him. He tried fo drown himself, but
was rescued and sent fo the revolted general of Kuangsi, . _
Sun Yen-ling, who was however won over by his
admonitions, joined with the entreaties of his wife, and sent him
fo J Nan-ning in order fo get aid from Cochin-China. To
save himself from suspicion, Fu accepted a general's commission
from the rebels, and af the saine rime entered into a secret
league with Shang Chih-hsin against them. In 1677 he opened
communications with the lmperial generals in Hunan and
Kuangtung; and having enlisted many of the frontier tribes,
fought his way fo Shao-chou and so joined hands with them,
fo learn that he was appointed Governor of Kuangsi. All his
family had been sent as hostages fo Wu San-kuei, and were slain
on his taking the Imperialist side; and this so enraged him that
he laid down his Governorship and devoted himself entirely fo the
war. gis efforts were hampered by Shang K'o-hsi, who would hot
lend a gun nor a horse and would hot more a man. Yet he was
on the whole successful, even though working with raw levies,
and in 1680 had got fo the borders of Kueichou. Then the
stupidity of a subordinate, who without his knowledge marched a
force after him as he went fo an interview with au ex-rebel
leader, excited the latter's suspicion and he was seized and sent
fo Kuei-yang. Here the grandson and successor of Wu San-kuei,
loyalty, caused him fo be put fo death. tis remains, recovered
on the recapture of Kuei-yang af the end of 1680, received a
public funeral; and the Emperor published his secret memorials
revealing the treasonable designs of Shang Chih-hsin, memorials
which this rime were acted upon without undue delay. Canonised
as , , and included in the Temple of Patriots.
236 A Chinese Biograplical Dictionary
589 FU I [ . A.D. 554--639. An official of the Sui dynasty,
who became lqistoriographer under the first Emperor oi the T'ang
dynasty. He presented a memorial asking that the Buddhist
religion might be abolished; and when Hsiao Yfi questioned him
on the subject, he said, "You were hOt born in a hollow
mulberry-tree; yet you respect a religion which does hot recognise
the rie between father and son!" He urged that af any rate
priests and nuns should be compelled fo marry and bring up
families, and hot escape from contributing their share fo the
revenue, adding that Hsiao Yfi by defending their doctrines
showed himself no better than they were. Ai this Hsiao Yfi held
up his hands, and declared that hell was ruade for such men as
Fu I. The result was that severe restrictions were placed for a
short time upon the teachers of Buddhism. The Emperor T'ai
Tsung once got hold of a Tartar priest who eould "charm people
into unconsciousuess, and then charm them back fo lire agaiu,"
and spoke of his powers fo Fu I. The latter said confidently, "He
will not be able fo charm me;" and when put fo the test, the
priest completely failed, lqe was the originator of epitaphs, and
wrote his own, as follows: --
Fu I loved the green hills and the white elouds.
Alas! he died of drink.
Manchu, who distinguished himself in the second Chin-ch'uan war
of 1771--76, in the Nepaulese war of 1791--92, and in the war
of 1794--96 against the Kueichou aborigines, besides putting down
rebellions in Kansuh and Formosa. He was never defeated, and
won his soldiers' hearts by large gifts from his immense private
fortune, a lavishness of which the Emperor strongly disapproved.
Ennobled as Prince and canonised as , and included in both
the Temple of Worthies and the Temple of Patriots.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 237
'u-la-t'a ::. Died A.D. 1694. An Imperial clansman, 591
who rose rapidly by service in Peking and the provinces fo be
Viceroy of he Two Kiang in 1688, a post he worthily filled until
his death. The Emperor K'ang Hsi described him as the only fit
successor fo Yii Ch'êng-lung, "a man of peace without weakness,
nol afraid of responsibility, and devoted fo the people." Canonised
as île, and iucluded in the Temple of Worthies.
'u Ling . Son of the Emperor Wu Ti of the lï[an .592
dynasty, by his concubine the Lady Kou I. Ai his father's death
in B.C. 86, he came fo the throne as the Emperor Chao Ti and
reigned until B.C. 73. The period of gestation passed by his
mother previous fo his birth is said fo bave been fourteeu months.
One of the tutors of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, and a Grand
Secretary from 1738 io 1745. Canonised as , and included
in the Temple of Worthies.
'tl lai ][ (T. . î). A.D. 1758--1811. A statesman 594
who marie himself famous by his skilful treatment of the aborigines
of ttunan. He first conquered and disarmed them, and then set
io work fo leach them fo cultivate the arts of peace. He was
particularly successful as a military leader, though himself actually
a civilian. In 1809 he rose fo be Judge in Hunan, and was
ordered, by special request of the aborigines, fo visit lheir territory
once a year.
Fu-ning-an . Died A.D. 1729. Son of O-lan-i'ai. As 595
President of the Censorale and of various Boards he had already
earned a great name when in 1715 Ts'ê-wang Arabtan invaded
tIami. In 1717 he was appointed Commander-in-chief and sent fo
Barkul, whence he attacked the Sungar borders and presently
advanced fo Urumtsi. In 1721 he was hmself attacked ai Turfan,
but iuflicted several defeats on the enemy, who "fled far away."
238 A C]dnese Biograp]ical Dictionary
In 1723 he became a Grand Secretary, but did hot return fo
Peking till 1726. tte received many marks of honour, and was
ennobled as Marquis, a title he lost in 1729 for remissness.
Canonised as , and included in the Temple of Worthies.
596 Fu P'ei 9]7 (T. » ). Died A.D. 386. Eldest son by a
concubine of Fu Chien (2), who finding him well-read in history
and fond of military stùdies, caused him fo be instructed in the
art of war. On Fu Chien's death, he assumed the royal title af
- Chin-yang in Shansi; and in 385 he claimed the throne
of China, only fo be defeated in the following year and slain by
one of the generals of the rival pretender, Mu-jung Ch'ni.
597 FU Pi (T. [ ). Died A.D. 1085. A native of Honan,
who distinguished himself by his scholarship and was appointed
in 1402 fo a post in connection with criminal administration
af the capital. As this was displeasing fo Lit I-chien, when if
became necessary fo send an envoy fo the Kitan Tartars, he af
once suggested Fu Pi. The latter was completely successful in
his mission, persuading the Tartars fo give up their claim fo
any further territory on condition of receiving an increased
subsidy. Returning home, he was rewarded by various important
appointments; but he was unable fo reconcile himself fo the
innovations of Wang An-shih, and in 1068 he retired on the
plea of old age. ge was ennobled as Duke, and canonised
598 Fu Pu-ch'i (T. --). Born B.C. 513.
the disciples of Confucius. He was Governor of _
One of
Shan-fu
in Lu, but left the administration in the hands of rive of the
inhabitants more virtuous than himself, while he sat in the
judgment-hall playing on his lute; the result being that the
district was a model of good government, tte was succeeded by
one » Wu-ma Ch'i, who by dint of great personal
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 239
energy also obtained the besç results. "Ah," said Fu fo Wu-ma,
who spoke ço him on the subject, "I place my trust in men;
you place your trust in energy. Mine is the better meçhod."
FuShêng OE or (T. ). 2nd and 3rd cent. 599
B.C. A naçive of Chi-nan in Shantung, who aU the rime of
"Burning of the Books" (see Li Ssa) concealed a copy of the
Caot of Histo W in the wall of his bouse. Driveu flore his home
dufing çhe troublous times which eusued, upon his reçurn under
the Han dynasty he round .only 29 sections of the work
remning, and these he aU once set fo work fo teach. Later on,
when the Emperor Wên Ti wished o reproduce the above Canou,
he sent for Fu Shêng. Buç the old man was then over 90 years
of age, and could hOt obey the summons. He handed over fo
Ch'ao Ts'o, the Imperial Commisoner, the work such as if
remained o him. Auother less çrustworthy account says çhat he
had preserved more than 20 sections of the Canon in his memory,
and repeated them verbatim o an officer who took clown the
words from his dictation. In A.D. 647 his tablet was placed in
the Confudan Temple. A descendant of his, named Fu Chan,
popularly k.ownas ç q, was a vir[uu officiM uuer
1[ Emperors of [he Han dynasy, and was pu[ [o dea[h by
Ts'ao Ts'ao.
usn (.
successor of Fu Chien
: 2_). A.D. 334--357. Son and 600
(1). He instituted a reign of terror,
destroying or driving away all his façher's old Ministers. Was
assassinated by his cousin Fu Chien (2). Received the unauçhorised
canonisationof ) E-
Fu Su J ,,,fi. Died B.C. 210. Eldest son of the First Emperor. 601
For remonstrating with his father on the persecuçion of the
literati who refused fo burn their books (see Li Ssa), he was
banished fo the north, where he served in the army operating
240 A Chizese Biog'aphical Dictionary
against the ttsiung-nu and aided in building the Great Wall.
was there murdered by command of Li Ssti, in order thaç his
youuger brother, Hu Hai, might succeed fo the throne.
602 u Tn (T. ). A.D. 344-.395. Fih sovereign
of the rebel dyuasty known as the Earlier Ch'in, founded by Fu
chien (1) in A.D. 351. A descendant of Fu Chien (2) in the
second generatiou, he was for a rime Governor of Ch'ang-an
Shensi, but was ultimately banished fo the frontier. When the
government of the Chin dynasty fell into confusion, he joined
Mao Hsing who appointed him his Minister of War and his
successor. On the death of Fu P'ei in 386", he assumed the
Imperial title. Nine years later he was defeated and slain by Yao
Hsiug. Canonised by his son Fu Ch'ung as .
603 Fu Yao-yfi (T. ). A.D. 1024--1091. An
upright official of çhe Sung dyuasty, and a vigorous opponent
the reforms o Wang Au-shih, for which oppositioa he was banished
fo act as a superiutendent of pastures. Aç his deaçh, çhe Empress
said, "Truly he was a perfecç man, as it were of gold or jade!"
60 u Yfieh . hramons Miuister under the Emperor Wu
Ting of çhe Yin dynasty, who reigued B.C. 1324-1265. He was
originally a poor man, and being unable o subscribe towards
repair of certain roads, worked upon them himself. Just then the
Emperor dreamt that God sent him an able Minisçer; and on
seeking for the man according o the features seen in the dream,
Fu Yfieh was discovered in a workshed and forthwith received the
appointment. Af his death he became the constellation known as
the Sieve, which forms a purt of Sagitçarius.
Gayuk. See Kuyak.
605 Genghis Khan ) . A.D. 1162-- 1227. The famous ruler
A Chinese Biographîcal Dictionarg 241
of the Mongols. Born on the banks of the Onou, his father OE
Yesnkai, a Mongol chieftain, named him ,
Temuchin, after a Tartar rival whom he had recently vanquished.
Yesukai died when he was only hirteen years old; whereupon
various tribes threw off their allegiance. But Temuchin and his
mother took the field against their enemies, and soon asserted
their asceudency. After offering his services fo the Chins a, who
then ruled over the north of China, he conducted a series of
successful campaigns against various Tartar tribes; and af length
in 1206 he felt himself powerful enough fo assume an Imperial
title. On the spot where he was born, he took the title of
Genghis (or Jenghiz, or Chingiz) Khan, and forthwith began fo
make arrangements for a projected invasion of northern China. In
1209 he captured a pass of the Great Wall and gained possession
of î Ning-hsia in Kansuh. By 1214 he was able fo say
that he was toaster of all the enemy's territory north of the
Yellow River, except Peking; and af this juncture he made peace
with the Chin a Emperor, retiring once more beyond the Great
Wall. The latter immediately transferred his capital fo Pien-liang
in ttonan, which created such suspicion in the mind of Genghis
that hostilities were renewed. After several successful campaigns,
including the submission of Korea, he turned his attention fo
Central Asia, where by 1221 he was toaster of Tashkend,
Bokhara, Samarcand, and other cities. From this rime forwards,
until his death af the age of sixty-six, his career was one of
slaughter and conquest. He died of sickness on the banks of the
river Sale in Kansuh, and was canonised as _ î, with the
temple naine of 1[[.
Great Yi, The. See Ta Yi.
lfi
42 A Chlnese Biogrc«phical Dictionary
606 ]a-li-ma or Ka-li-ma îî. . 14th and 15th cent. A.D. A
Tibetan priest, whose lame as a magician and soothsayer so
powerfully impressed the Emperor Yung Lo that in 1403 he
dispatched one of his eunuchs, named Hou Hsien, fo
proceed aL the head of an embassy and bring the holy man fo
his Court. In 1408 Hou Hsien returned, accompanied by Ha-li-ma
who was thereupon ordered fo institute masses on behalf of the
Emperor's parents. If was soon reported fo his Majesty that
supernatural manifestations had followed upoa these masses,
consisting in the appearaace of auspicious clouds, the falling of
heavenly dew, apparitions of azure-winged birds, white elephants
etc. In consequence of this, tta-li-ma was invested with the title
of k P.i of t P¢io L, ogt
with a number of other high-souading epithets; and he was
likewise proclaimed as the head of the Buddhist faith throughout
the empire, ttis three attendant disciples were invested with the
titles of I [ Grand State Preceptors of the Ortier
of Baptism.
Hai Hsi Kung. Sec Ssï-ma I.
607 Hai Jui (T. a»d . H. 1] ). A.D.
1513--1587. A native of Hainan, distinguished as a wise and
fearless statesman. The freedom of his remonstrances, especially
in regard fo superstitious practices, led fo his disgrace in 1566.
YIe was thrown into prison, where he remained under sentence of
death until the accession of the Emperor Mu Tsung, when he was
released and re-instated in oftîce. In 1569 he became Governor of
Nanking and ten other Prefectures, but went fo extremes in
supporting the poor against the rich, and was compelled fo resign.
A Chinese Biographlcal Dictionary 243
When already seventy-one years of age he was appointed Vice
President of the Board of Civil Office af Nanking, and afterwards
Vice President of the Censorate. He died in great poverty, his
friends defraying the cost of his burial. Canonised as a.,-'.
ttai-lin Wang. Sec ttsiao çhao-wên.
ttai-ling Wang. Sec Wan-yen Liang.
Han All-kuo (T. : -). 2nd cent. B.C. An 608
official who served with distinction under Prince Hsiao of the
Liang Principality, and on the latter's death entered the service
of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, and rose fo be a
Censor. When the Hsiung-nu proposed a matrimonial alliance, he
was in favour of if, and opposed the reeourse fo arms suggested
by î" Wang Hui. The Emperor however was in favour of
the latter; the result being that there was a fiasco, and Wang
Hui was driven fo commit suicide. Soon afterwards ttan beeame a
Miuister of State, but fell out of his carriage and for a rime was
obliged fo go into retirement. Appointed fo command the northern
army, he suffered so many reverses that af length he burst a blood-
vessel from mortification and died.
Han Ch'ao-tsung
>-. 8th cent. A.D. Son of a 609
distinguished official named Han «[ Ssti-fu. In 734 he became
Governor of Ching-chou in ttupeh, and his administration was
such as fo call forth from the poet Li Po the following famous
lines: --
Oh do not say that I may rule some vast and wealthy fief,
But grant me once to sec the face of Ching-chou's honoured chief!
Transferred fo ttsiang-chou, he marie himself very popular by
removing from an old well a notice saying, "Those who drink
here will die," his intercession with the spirits having caused the
water fo regain ifs original purity. Later on he got into trouble;
and in 742, when false reports were spread about rebels coming,
21 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
he took refuge on the Chung-nan mountain. The
infuriated Emperor af once sent him into banishment in Shensi,
where he died.
610 ttan Ch'i if (T. -2_). A.D. 1008--1075. A native of
An-yang in Honan. In 1028 he graduated first on the list of
chin shih; and when his naine was called out, a variegated cloud
appeared beneath the sun. In early lire he served with Fart Chung-
yeJ. in the eastern provinces, and aided in reducing the southeru
portions of Kansuh and Shensi. Later on he became Governor of
A Ting-chou in Chihli, and ultimately rose fo be Minister of
State. For three years he was a Censor, and distinguished himself
by his outspokenness against the Empress Dowager Ts'ao Hou
when, as Regent, she tried fo prolong ber interference in the
government. In 1069 he attacked Wang An-shih and his system
of advances fo farmers; but the latter was too strong for him,
and in 1070 he was sent fo Ta-ming Fu in Chihli where he died
rive years later. If is recorded that he wished fo burn the drafts
of all his memorials of remonstrance fo the Throne, but finally
decided on preserving some seventy for his self-justification. These
were afterwards published, together with extracts from his official
correspondence and other details. He was ennobled as Duke,
whence he is often spoken of as ]]_%, and later or as Prince,
and canonised as a, ; and in 1852 his tabler was placed in
the Confucian Temple.
« cnie (T. / ). a.D. S7--.la. a oug
soldier of Honau, who came into notice during the rebellion of
uang Ch'ao as a lieutenant of the eunuch : Yang Vu-
kuang. On the Emperor's return fo 0h'aug-an in 888, he beeame
Governor of lï[ua-ehou in 8hensi and devoted himself fo promoting
the peaeeful arts and fo learnig fo read and write. In 890 he
was transferred fo lo-ehung in 8hansi; and five ears later joined
A hese Biographical Dictionarg
with Li Mao-chên and ::t:î Wang Hsing-y/i in an attack
on the capital, which Li K'o-yung debated. In 896 the Emperor,
fleeing from Li Mao-chên, took refuge with Han Chien, who
slew sixteen Princes and deposed his sovereign. He was obliged
however fo let him go on the approach of his rivals. In 898
he was ennobled as Duke. He afterwards joined the founder of
Liang dynasty, by whom he was advanced o great honour, and
perished in a mutiny of his garrison ai Hsfi-chou in Honan.
native of Tuffg-yfian in Honan, who distinguished
himself in his youth by a combination of martial and literary
tastes, coupled with great courage and a fine physique. He served
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Later Chou dynasty, and
suNequently aided tie first Emperor of the Sui dynasty in
consolidating his power, rising fo the highest military onces and
being ennobled as Duke. He fell into a trance, which lasted
several days and af length ended in deah. He was accustomed
fo say that he asked nothing more than in life fo be ruler of
the Kuei State (Kuangsi), and in death fo be king of hell.
He is now supposed fo be a judge in Purgatory.
Hn hiu-ying . A virtuous maideu, who defiled 613
herself iu order fo escape dishoaour af the hands of brigands.
Han ei . Died B.C. 233. Son of a Duke of the Han 614
State. Like Yang Hsiung he had an impediment in his speech.
He studied together with Li Ss uuder the philosopher Hsfin
Ch'ing, and then turned his energies in the direction of criminal
law and procedure. His essays attracted the notice of the Pnce
of Ch'in who said with a sigh, "Had I only such a man as this
by my side I could face even death without regret I" When the
Prince mounted the Imperial throne, the Han State tendered ifs
allegiance, sending Han Fei as ambassador. The Emperor was
246 A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictionary
pleased with him and appointed him fo a post; but Li Ssti soon
became jealous of his influence, and by misrepresentations
succeeded in throwing him into prison where he committed
suicide. Fifty-five of his essays are still extant, and are especially
valuable as containing many of the sayings attributed fo Lao
Tztl, woven later on into the spurious work known as the
Tao Të C]d..
615 Han Hsi-tsai . 9th an 10th cent. A.D. A scholar
and official, who graduated as c]dn shi] af the close of the T'ang
dynasty and rose fo be Miuister of State. He was popularly
known as Philosopher ttu, and he and ttsti ttstin
ae offert spoken of as î. Canonised as .
616 I-In I-Isiang S (T. )). 9th cent. A.D. A nephew
of the great Hn Yfi, of an idle and harum-scarum disposition.
ttis nncle urged him fo study, and he subsequently produced
some verses in which he spoke of flowers blossoming
instantaueously. "What!" cried Han Yii, "can you make flowers
better thau God Almighty?" Thereupon Han ttsiang took a little
earth and put it under a basin; and after a short interval he
raised the basin and disclosed a flower with two buds, on the
leaves of which was written in gold characters a couplet
referring to exile. "You will understand this by and by," said
he; and later on, when Han Yfi was on his way fo his place
of banishment near the modern Swatow, his nephew suddenly
appeared to him and asked if he remembered the verses on the
flowers, tte became a pupil of Lfi Yen, and was taken up
into the peach-tree of the gods, from the branches of which he
fell and so entered into eternal lire. He is now ranked as one
of the Eight Immortals.
617 I-Ian I-Isin î'. Died B.C. 196. A native of ttuai-yin in
Kiangsu, who was so poor that he was compelled fo earn his
A Chinese Biograp]ical Dictionary 247
living as an official underling, drifting in that capacity fo the
establishment of a petty Magistrate af Nan-ch'ang in Kiangsi. But
his master's wife would hot give him enough food, and he was
driven fo seek his fortune elsewhere. He then went to fish in the
river outside the city; and one of the washerwomen af work
there, seeiug how hungry he looked, gave him something fo eat.
Han Hsin thanked her, and said that some day he would repay
this kindness, as he eventually did; but the washerwoman flared
up, and declared that she wanted no reward. While a youth af
Huai-yin, some other lads were one day bullying him in the
market-place. One of them cal]ed out, "If you are hOt afraid fo
die, strike me; if you are afraid, then pass under my fork."
Whereupon Han Hsin bent clown and crawled between the boy's
legs; af which all the people in the market-place laughed, calling
Han Hsin a coward. When Hsiang Liang passed through Huai-yin,
Han Hsin af once entered his service, and after his death
continued fo serve under Hsiang Chi. But bis ambition was
unsatisfied, and ere long he left Hsiang Chi and betook himself
fo the camp of the great rival captain, Liu Pang. There, after
narrowly escaping decapitation, he attracted the attention of Hsiao
Ho, who when Han Hsin had once more departed in disgust af
want of recognition, followed him and brought him back, and
told Liu Pang that he had hOt such another man in his army.
Liu Pang gave him a command, and he then began a series of
campaigns against the various States, the successes in which bave
ruade his name famous in Chinese military annals. On one
occasion Liu Pang said to him, "How large an army do you
think I could lead?" "'About a hundred thousand men," he
replied. "And you?" asked Liu Pang. "Oh!" he answered, "the
more the better." In B.C. 203 he proposed fo Liu Pang fo
appoint him nominal Prince of Ch'i, in order fo preserve peace in
248 A Chbese Biographical Dictionarg
that region; and when Lin Pang seemed put out by the
extravagance of the demand, Chang Liang pressed his foot and
whispered, "De se!" Of such importance was his alliance te the
lIouse of Han. Again, when about te dispatch him against the
Wei State, Liu Pang asked who was the general likely te be in
command of the enemy's forces. On being told that if was
Po Chih, he cried out in derision, "Why, his mouth still smells
of mother's milk; he is no match for out tau Hsin!" In B.C.
201, after the final defeat of Hsiang Chi, he was created Prince
of Ch'u; but in the following year he was secretly denounced te
the Emperor as being egged on by K'uai T'ung te conspiracy and
revolt. The Emperor thereupon, af Chang Liang's suggestion,
gave out that he was about fo visit the lake of Yiin-
mêng in modern Hupeh, and summoned all his vassals fo meet
him. Han Hsin came among the test, and was af once seized and
bound and carried back to Lo-yang. He is now said fo bave
uttered the memorable words, "When the cunning hares are all
dead, the hunting-dog goes fo the cookiug-pot; when the soaring
birds are all killed, the trusty bow is laid aside; when the
nation's enemies have all perished, the wise counsellor is
forgotten. The empire is now af peace; 'ris rime I should go fo
the cooking-pot." He was however pardoned, and ennobled as
Marquis of Huai-yin, a title under which he is still often
mentioned. In B.C. 196, when Ch'ên Hsi revolted, and
the Emperor took the field in person, Han Hsin was prevented
by illness, real or feigned, from accompanying the expedition. He
then planned fo seize the Empress Lii Hou and the Heir
Apparent; but the plot was divulged by a eunuch who owed him
a grudge, and when Han Hsin went fo congratulate the Empress
on the news which had just arrived, of the defeat of Ch'ên Hsi,
he was seized and beheaded, and his father's, mother's, and wife's
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 249
families were also put fo death, tic is ranked as one of the Three
Heroes (sec Chang Liang).
ttan Hsiu . 8th cent. A.D.
Chaug Chiu-ling in hs remonstrances addressed o the Emperor
Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. His Majesty is said o bave
lost flesh in consequence; but when his courtiers suggested that
the Ministers were o blame, he replied, "Though I may be thin,
the empire is fat." He was a Minister of State in 733, and died
about 740, aged 67. Canonised as ,.
Nan-yaug in Honan, who graduated as chin shih about A.D. 750
and distinguished himself as a poet and official under the T'ang
dynasty, earning the sobriquet of - Genius of he
Ta-li period, A.D. 766-780. There happened o be anoher
ocial of the saine naine; and when his one was recommeuded
for promotion, the Emperor Tê Tsung asked whieh of he wo
was inended. "If is an ung, he poet," replied he Minister
on duy. Sec Chang-t'ai Liu.
aa Li-êrh . Died A.D. 1367. A native of 620
Chên4ing in Chihli, whose faher was exeeued for eonneefion
wih he Whie Lily Sociey, while he himself eseaped o Ying-
chou in Anhui, and soughi refuge wiih ] Liu F u-i'ung,
a noiofious wizard of ihai place. In 1351 Liu broke inio open
rebellion, a red kerchief being ihe distiuguishing mark of his
followers who soon numbered over 100,000. In 1355 Liu sei up
Han Lin-êrh as d , with Po-chou in Anhui as he
capiial of a new Sung dynasiy, which was recognised by Chu
Yin-chang and by Kuo Tzfi-hsing's son. The new ruler had soou
fo flee o An-fêng in Anhui, where he remained unfil
Liu capured Pien-liaug (he modern K'ai-fêng Pu) in 1358. A
year laier he was forced fo reiurn o Au-fêng, where he was
250 A Chlnese Bîographical Dictionary
besieged in 1363 by Chang Shih-ch'êng. Chu Yiian-chang came fo
the rescue; and though too late fo save the city and Lin, he
escorted Hau fo the modern lanking where he died in 1367.
prominent statesman under the Southern Sung dynasty. He played
a leading part in the deposition of the Emperor Kuang Tsung,
and subsequently rose fo a position of great power and influence;
but his failure fo cope with the invading forces of the Chin a
Tartars, together with his own great unpopularity, brought about
his downfall, and he was assassinated in a garden of the palace
as he was going in fo audience.
622 Han P'êng JJ]. Minister fo Pritce ) K'ang of the Sung
State under the Chou dynasty. The Prince seized his wife, a great
beauty, and cast him into prison where he committed suicide. The
wife flung herself down from the top of a high tower, leaving a
letter in her girdle in which she asked fo be buried with ber
husband. This the enraged tyrant refused; whereupon their two
coffins sprouted iuto growth, the two graves became one, and in
a tree which grew hard by, two birds sang together a dirge over
their remains.
623 Han Po-yii ,[ . A filial son, who lived under the Han
dynasty. In early lire he never cried when his mother beat him,
but later on he began fo do so. On his mother asking the reason
of this, he replied, "Formerly your blows hurt me, and I knew
you were strong and well. low they don't hurt me any more,
and I know that your strength is failing; therefore I weep."
62 I-Ian P'u î ,'it,. 10th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'ang-an, who
graduated as chi shih in 954 and rose fo high office under the
first two Emperors of the Sung dynasty, retiring in ill-health in
991. He was a widely-read scholar, especially remarkable for his
knowledge of eminent men of the T'ang dynasty and his power
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona! 251
of interesting an audience; whence he came
nickname of . [ the Walkng Dictionary of Modern
Biographies. tIis younger brother Han Chi, also a clin shih,
once spoke contemptuously of the elder brother's writings, saying
they were like a "straw hut with a door hung on rope," jus
fo keep off the wind and rain; while he compared his own
compositions with the famous Five-Phoenix Tower, built by
first Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty, tan P'u ,heard of this;
and when some one sent him a present of fine 10aper he forwarded
if fo his brother, saying that if was useless fo himself but might
help owards the adornment of the Five-Phoenix Tower. Af which
ttan Chi was covered with shame.
native of Yen-an in Shensi, noted for his tall and well-made
frame and for eyes which flashed like lightning, tIe was unusua|ly
ïear|ess and would ride uubroken horses, but was overïond of
wine and of a violent retaper. In 1105 he distinguished himself
against the Western tIsia forces, who were then giving trouble,
and for many years afterwards he succeeded in holding in check
the Chin a Tartars, inflictb, g upon them several severe defeats, for
which he was ennobled as Duke. He opposed the peace prolosals
of Ch'in Kuei, and submitted to the Emperor a violent memorial
against their author; but this only resulçed in his retirement from
office in 1141, loaded with honours which were increased as years
went on. Over affairs of State, his devotion found vent in
paroxysms of weeping; and as for Ch'in Kuei, if he met him
beyond the precincts of the council-chamber, he would recognise
him only by a cold bow. In the evening of his life he interested
himself in Buddhism and Taoism, and dubbed himself the
) :: Pure and Passioness Recluse. Cannsed as
252 A Chinese Biog'ptdcal Dictioj
secretary of Chia Ch'ung and secret loyer of his younger daughter.
When the Emperor Wu Ti presented some wonderful foreign
perfume fo Chia Ch'ung, his" daughter stole a lortion of if for
Hau Shou; and the father discovering this, thought if desirable fo
consent fo their union (see Chia 1fi). On the accession of the
Emperor Hui Ti in 290 he became Governor of gonan.
A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated first on the
list of c]in s]ih in 1673 and first ai the subsequent Palace
examination. The Emperor K'ang Hsi himself read his papers, and
commended the examiners' choice. He was af once taken into
the Ca», of Filial Piety. gis bent however was towards a quiet
country lire of study, and he retired from 1679--1684, and again
or eight years in 1687 on the llea of ill-health. Af his home,
with the aid of a few recluse scholars, he edited the Six Cl«ssics
and the Twenty-two Histories. ge is also credited with having
restored the standard of scholarship af the public examinations,
which had sunt since the fall of the Mings. In 1695 his friends
anxious fo fise with him, procured Iris recall fo Peking as
Chancellor of the Han-lin College, and rive years la[er the
Emperor insisted on his also filling the post of President of the
Board of Rites. These posts he retained until his death, but his
outspoken opinions often opposed fo the will of K'ang gsi,
coupled with the calumfies of his foes, prevented his further
advancement, gis retaper became soured, and he latterly drank fo
great grandson of Han Ch'l. His father married a younger sister
of the wife of the Emperor Kao Tsung, and thus he obtained
office. He helped Chao Ju-yfi fo set the Emleror ing Tsung on
A Chbese Biograp]dcal Dictionary 253
the throne; but disappointed af the reward given him for his
services, he intrigued against Chao, and in 1195 effected his
disgrace and that of Chu Hsi. So soon as his power was
established he started the idea of recovering all the lost terriory
of the Sungs, and in 1205 ordered an advance against the Chin a
Tarars. The war proved disastrous, and he had fo sue for peace.
The Tartars set up a rebel king in Sstich'uan, and demanded a
large indemnity, some cession of territory, and the author of the
war. lï[an stopped the negotiations; but the nation was weary
of the war, and through Shih Mi-yiian the Empress Dowager
was secrely iuduced fo sanction Han's execution, lï[e was seized
while entering the palace, and slain. In 1208 the Tartars
demanded his head; and orders were given fo open his coffin and
fo forward the head accordingly. His property was confiscated»
and his four concubines, who had been wont fo treat the
Imperial ladies arrogantly, were also put fo death.
Han Ts'ui-p'ing î î ). 9th cent. A.D. A young lady in 629
the palace of the Emperor Hsi Tsuug of the T'ang dynasty.
Tired of ber dull lire, she one day wrote some verses upon a
red leaf which she threw into the mont. This was found by a
young scholar, named Yii Yu, who threw in a reply upon
another red leaf which in ifs turn was round by the young lady.
Shortly afterwards she was released from the palace and was
beh'othed in the usual way o Yii Yu, neither being aware until
after marfiage of the other's share in the correspondence.
Han Wang. See Liu Pang.
Han Yen î (T. [j). 2nd cent. A.D. A friend of 630
he Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, when the la,ter was
Prince of Chiao-tung and later on Heir Apparent. They
used fo study together, and even after Wu Ti had mounted the
throne they were almost inseparable companions. Han Yen
254 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
amassed great wealth, and in the chase,o of which he was very
fond, he is said fo have used golden pellets for his crossbow.
On one occasion, the Emperor invited the Prince of Chiang-tu
fo go out hunting; but for some reason or other his own chariot
was unable fo proceed, and he sent Han Yen in another chariot
on before him. The Prince, mistaking this equipage for that of
the Emperor, drew fo the side and fell down on his kuees with
all his cortège fo allow his Majesty fo pass. On discoveriug his
error he was furious, and complained bitterly fo the Empress
Dowager. Belote long a charge of i'mmorality was brought against
Han Yen, and in spire of the Emperor's efforts fo save him, he
was forced fo commit suicîde.
631 l=[an Ying _ -, 2nd cent. B.C. A native of the Yen State,
and one of the earliest commentators upon the Odes. ttis text
differed from that of Shên Kung and Yfian Ku, but his
interpretations were substantially the saine. Summoned fo discuss
the question with Tung Chung-shu in the presence of the
Emperor Wu Ti, he succeeded in holding his own eveu against
Of his and [', the la,ter only
that great scholar.
is extant.
(T. . . ..). .D. V6S-SU. a
native of Têng-chou in Honan, whose ancestors came from
.. Ch'ang-li in Chihli. His father died before he was three
years old, and he was left fo the charge of his brother. This
brother was shortly afterwards banished fo Kuangtung, whither
he carried the little boy together with their widowed mother.
On the death of his brother some years ]ater, Han Yii returned
with his mother fo Honan. There he devoted himself assiduously
fo study; and if was recorded as something unusual that he
burnt grease and oil in order fo Frolong his hours of work. On
graduating he was apl0ointed fo a subordinate offlcial post, and
A Chinese Biographical Dictonarg 255
ufter a highly chequered cureer, rose fo be President of the
Board of Rites. In 803, in consequence of an offensive memorial
on the subject of fax-collection in Chihli, he was degraded and
sent fo [JJ Yang-shan in Kuangtung. In 819 he presented
a memorial protesting against certain extravagant honours with
which the Emperor Hsien Tsung proposed fo receive a bone of
Buddha. The monarch was furious; and but for the intercession
of his friends P'ei Tu and others, if would have fared badly with
the bold writer. As if was, he was banished fo Ch'no-chou Fu
in Kuangtung, where he set himself fo civilise the rude
inhabitants of those wild parts. He is even said fo have drîven
awa: a huge crocodile which was devastating the water-courses
in the ne]ghbourhood; and the denuuc]atory ultimatum which he
addressed fo the monster and threw into the river, together with
u pig and agoat, is still regarded as a model of Chinese
composition. If was hot very long ere he was recalled fo the
capital and re-instated in office; but he had been delicate all his
life and had grown prematurely old, being thus unable fo resist
a severe illness which came upon him. As a writer he occupies
a foremost place in Chinese literature. He is considered fo be
the first of the great literary trio of the T'ang dynasty, the
other two being Li Po and Tu Fu. His friend and contemporary,
Liu Tsung-yiian, said that he never ventured fo open the works
of Han Yii without first washing his hands in rose-water, ttis
poems and his essays are of the very highest order, leaving
nothing fo be desired either in originality or in style. With
regard fo the famous memorial upon the bone of Buddha, itis
by no means certain that we have a transcript of the original
document. Chu Hsi indeed has pronounced if fo be genuine, but
Su Tung-p'o holds if fo be a forgery. The latter, in his spleudid
epitaph on Hau Yii, says that "from the age of the l=[ans, the
256 A Chinese Bîographical Dictionary
"TruCh began o be obscured, aud li¢eraCure ço fade. Superna¢ural
"religions sprang up on all sides; and many eminen scholars
"failed o oppose ¢heir advance, un¢il au Yii, ¢he co¢¢on-clothed,
"arose and blas¢ed ¢hem wi¢h his derisive sneer." In Che verses
which follow, he adds --
But aboie, in heaen, there was no music and God was sad
And summoned him to his place beside the Throne.
Ho was ennobled as Earl o0 Ch'ang-li, and canonised as .
In 1084 his ¢able was placed in ¢he Coufucian Temple.
an ung (T. ). A.D. 1423--1479. A
disfinguished provincial ocial who gradua¢ed as chin shih in
1442, and for valour agains¢ rebels was appoin¢ed GovernOr of
Kiangsi ai he early age of 29. His adminis¢ra¢ion was excellen¢;
however in 1457 he was denounced for riding in a sedan-chair,
and was ¢hrown iu¢o prison. Three years laCer he became Governor
of Hsfian a Fa and Ta4'ung in Shansi. Tbe Emperor Hsien Tsung,
on moun¢ing ¢he hrone, a once degraded him, but was soon
forced fo employ him agains an irrup¢ion of the Kuangsi
aborigines in¢o Kuangung. Han's s¢ra¢egy proved a success; Che
famous Ra¢¢an Gorge was forced (is name being changed
o Cu¢ Ra¢¢au); and ¢he rebels were crushed. As Viceroy of
¢he Two Kuang, he quelled ffesh risings be¢ween 1467 and 1473;
bu¢ ¢he eunuch Inspec¢or and ¢he assisan¢s of Han, smarting
under his scornul ¢rea¢men¢ of ¢hem, uni¢ed in denouncing him
and in 1474 he was compelled o re¢ire. Canonised as .
Hang Shih-chfin , (T.
an ). Graduaed
as cha jeu in A.D. 1724, and became one of he ediors of he
Wu Ying Tien classics and histories. He was afterwards a Censor
bu commied himself by over-boldness of speech and los oce.
He hen wen ino revirement, bestowiug upon himself
sobriqueç of $. He was noe« as poog and as a
A Ednese Biographical Diclionary 257
classical and historical scholar, and published several works in
those branches of literature.
in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih about 640 and entered upon
an official career. After throwing up the service in disgnst, he
once more took office and rose fo be President of the Board of
War. Of a thrifty disposition, he regarded his body as but so
much clay or wood and refused fo waste money in personal
adornment. He spoke out boldly and truthfully fo his sovereign;
and although the Empress Wu Hou hated him, his irreproachable
character was sucient fo guard him from her spire. Sec Lou
Shih2tê.
ao Vhsing (T. ], ). Graduad in A.D. 1799. 636
Compiler of the ,, a commentary upon the famous
H{ll ad Water Class{c, which claires fo be the oldest geogrphicl
work in the Chinese languge.
under Huan Wên during one of his cmpaigns aginst the
southern brbrins. Censured for introducing the svage dilec
in a verse, he replied tht he didn't see why a Barbriaa
Secretry should hot use brburin terms. On another occasion,
when every one was sunning various articles of personal property
he went and ly in the open courtyard. "I am sunning the
oks in my belly," he explined; the belly bdng regrded by
the Chinese as the set and storehouse of all knowledge.
o SUo su sug h . g fo çs
scholr of old, who disppered for long rime, until one dy
neighbour of his, strolling over he hills, cme upon a troop
of foxes, all of which scmpered awy except one. This one
suddenly took the shpe of he missing mu, nd dedred tht
he had been changed in a fox.
17
58 A Chinese Biog»aphical Dictionarg
native of Chihli. He graduated as chin shih in 1649, and two
years later went fo Ssich'uan as an Inspecting Censor. He was
besieged in : 1)ao-ning by the successors of Chang Hsien-
chung and was thus led fo propose the employmen of the
aborigines fo check the rebels, a scheme the Boards laid aside as
hot within the province of a Censor. On the pacification of
Ssilch'uan, Wu San-kuei offered him an official dress, an act
which he denounced fo the Emperor as meant either for a bribe
or for an insult. In revenge Wu San-kuei procured his banishment
o Kirin for falsely claiming fo bave been under tire af 1)ao-ning.
He was hot re-instated until in 1675 Wei Hsiang-shu offered o
resign and surfer in his stead. He af once gave good advice as fo
the campaign against Wu San-kuei, and in 1678 wen as
Governor fo Kuaugsi, having induced the Emperor o send fo
each high provincial authority a tabler bearing the words
.Probity, Caution, Diligence, as an outward token of the
Imperial desire. His death was publicly lamented, and his coffin
was escorted for many toiles by the people. In recognition of his
clean-handedness, the Emperor overlooked a deficiency of some
Tls. 90,000 in his accounts, and ai his son's entreaty restored fo
him he rank he had thereby forfeied.
«o o ci (.
native of Wu-chou in Chehkiang, who studied under Huang Kan
and then pursued his career of learning af home, surrounding himself
with a crowd of eager disciples and refusing all offers of official
employment. He was the author of many valuable commentaries upon
the Confucian books; also of the , a series of discussions
with Wang 13o; and of a collection of miscellaneous writings
published under the title of :[ 0J . He was canonised as
Â, and in 1724 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionarg 259
ao ca'iao (. F ). i« -. . " oi
who rose te high office under the first two Emperors of the Chin
dynasty. In his youth he was a very handsome and refined young
pine-tree, which if used in building a mansion would be sure te
be taken for the principal beam. lqe was se fastidious that instead
of riding, as was customary, in a carriage with his official
colleagues, he insisted on having a carriage all te himself.
Although enormously rich, he was se mean that Tu Yii declared he
had the "money disease." Canonised as . See Brag J'ung.
gO (h'iao-hsin "[ ; (T. . ). b.D. 1,i27-1502. A
native of Kuang-ch'ang in Kiangsi, who graduated as
chin shih in 1454 and served as secretary in several Boards. In
1480 ho became Governor of Shansi, in which post ho had te
deal with the terrible famine of 1484. In 1487 he was transferred
o anking, where he put down the oppression of the eunuchs.
At the beginning of 1488 he was recalled te Peking, but was
driven into retirement three years later on a charge of bribery,
of which however he was proved te be guiltless, lqe was austere
and somewhat eccentric, widely read and a bibliophile. Canonised
ao caia-oag _ (. ). or. ». .
fiourished as a statesman and a poet under the reign of the
Emperor Ming lquang of the T'ang dynasty, te whom he
introduced the youthful poet Li Po. He was one of the Eight
Immortals of the Wine-cup, and a loyer of dissipation and
joviality. On one occasion he mounted a herse, although a bad
rider and drunk af the rime; the result being that he fell into a
dry well and was found snoring af the boçtom. He gave himself
the sobriquet of ] é the Madman of Ssï,-ming, frein
the naine of his ancestral District in Chehkiang. He was also
260 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionarg
known as ï lo the Devil, a naine bestowed upon him by
his Imperial toaster.
o cin (. ). ». 00. o o
lady chosen for the seraglio of the Emperor Ling Ti of the Han
dynasty and in 179 raised fo the throne as Empress. le was
consequently appointed fo important posts, and in 184 was ordered
fo defend the capital against the Yellow Turban rebels (see Chang
Chio), for which service he was ennobled as Marquis. His sister
and another lady of the seraglio having both given birth fo sons,
an attempt was marie fo set aside the child of the former and get
the other boy named tteir Apparent. The Emperor himself was
inclined to this arrangement, as he considered the Empress' son
fo be wanting in the necessary dignity; but the marrer was still
unsettled when his Majesty died. Then a still more serious attempt
was ruade fo slay Ho Chin and place the favoured youth upou
the throne; but Ho Chin received timely warning of his intended
assassination, and was able fo collect his soldiers and enforce the
rights of his sister's son. tte followed this up by an attack upon
the eunuchs, and succeeded in getting an order for their dismissal
from the palace. The eunuch Chang Jang, however, had family
influence fo back him with the Empress Dowager, and managed
fo get the whole troop of his colleagues re-instated. This so
enraged Ho Chiu that he determined fo exterminate all of them;
but ere he coald carry out this design, a band of euuuchs,
headed by Chang Jang, decoyed him into an ambush and slew
him with their swords.
1o (3h'ii-ping -. Died B.C. 117. Illegitimate son of
the elder sister of Wei Ch'ing. Af eighteen he was already
distinguished as a mounted archer of great skill, and received a
commission as a petty military official; hence he is sometimes
mentioned as .[. Rising to the tank of President of the
A Cldnese Biographical Dictiotat'y 26i
Board of War, in B.C. 123 he gained brilliant victories over the
Hsiung-uu, and was ennobled as Marquis. In B.C. 121 he led an
army fo a distance of a thousand li beyond - Kau-chou in
modern Kansuh, and brought back the golden image worshipped
by the Hsiung-nu chieftain OE . Iffsiu-ch'u and said fo bave
been an image of Buddha. On one occasiol when his troops were
suffering severely from want of water, he struck the earth with
his whip, whereupon a spring af once gushed forth. He was a
young man of few words and great daring. In military matters he
preferred fo trust fo his own judgment, and positively refused fo
study Sun Wu's Art of Har. Canonised as . .
Ho Ch'uo [ _ (T. ]_1] . H. - t] and . '[). A.D. 646
1660--1722. A native of Kiangsu, and a well-known critical
writer. Among other works, he edited the History of the Han
Dynasty and the History of the Three Kigdoms. Books annotated
by him fetched such high prices that many forgeries were put on
the market. His
, , consisting of notes on literature, was
posthumously published by a disciple.
tto Itsien Ku [g ]'[ ï. 7th cent. A.D. Daughter of a 67
shopkeeper af : Ling-ling in ttunan. The Pure Maie Principle
gave ber one of the peaches of immortality, of which she açe one
hall, and from that rime forth required no more food. Summoned
fo the Court of the Empress Wu Hou, she disappeared on the
way thither and was never seen again. She is now ranked among
the Eight Immortals.
tto lffsiiIl . (T. :). Died A.D. 320. A native of 618
Shan-yin in Chehkiang. ttis father had been flogged fo death by
Sm Hao, fourth Emperor of the Wu dynasty, and the family
removed fo a distant frontier-town. Ho Iffsiin led a wandering lire
untfl things had quieted down, when he returned and took his hsht
ts'ai degree. He declined fo serve under Prince îî Lun of Chao, and
262 A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictionary
threw up his post of Censor on the plea of ill-health. He then
raised a volunteer force and did good service against the rebel
)j Li Ch'ên, after which he reired oce more ino privae
lire. Summoned o oce by he first Emperor of the Chin dynas[y,
he was appoined Presiden of he Sacrificial Court, and had entire
management of all matters connected wih the Imperial mausoleum.
From his grea puriy of character, he was compared wih ice and
jade. Though he rose o be a Minister of Stae aud was known
as the Model Scholar of the age» he lied i a hu which scarcely
sheltered him from wind and tain. Canonised as .
649 Ho I-yfi . 8th cent A.D. mastrate ai lchaug in
Hupeh. While ai that post, an attempt was ruade fo fax tea; but
he declared that such a measure would amount fo cruelty, and
burnt the Impedal order. Luckily his superior officer held him in
high esteem, and he escaped without punishment. With all criminal
cases he dealt promptly, and his administratioa was so successful
that within three years grass grew in the prison yards.
650 HO gu-¢hag , . A native of $ Ta-p'u near
Swatow, who graduated as chin slih in 1868 and ia 1875 was a
Han-lin Compiler. He was then recommended by the Tsungdi
Yamên for service abroad. In 1877 he went as Minister o Tokio,
and oa his retura was appointed Director of the Foochow Arsenal.
For cowardice ai the French attack on the Arsenal in 1884, he
was cashiered and seat fo the post-roads, whence he returned in
disgrace fo his home in 1888.
651 Ho Kai @ (T. . n. ). Born af Hongkong
in 1859, he began the study of English af the age of ten. Ai
twelve he was placed ai the Government Ceatral School, and two
years later he was sent fo England. Until 1875 he was a student
af the Palmer Home School, aad then joined the medical aad
surgical college attached fo St. Thomas' Hospital. In 1878 he
A Cttinese Biogt'«phical I)ictiotarg 263
proceeded fo Aberdeen, and became a medical student af Marischal
College. In 1879, after gaining many prizes and certificates, he
graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (C.M.),
and obtained his diploma as Member of the Royal College of
Surgeons. In 1880 he joined the Inns of Court, and in 1881
gained the Senior Equity scholarship of one hundred guineas, as
also a similar scholarship for the Law of Real and Personal
Estate, ihe latter of which he was precluded from accepting by
the regulations of his Inn. In 1882 he was called fo the Bar, and
af the saine rime was married fo an English lady, with whom he
returned fo [[ongkong in February of that year. On arrival in the
Co]ony he was ruade a Justice of the Peace, and since then bas
practised in Hongkong as a barrister. He is a member of the
Legislative Council, the Sanitary, Medical, and other Boards.
HO Kuan Tzï = --. A recluse of the Ch'u State, classed 652
among the Taoist philosophers. He is said fo have ruade his cap
of pheasants' feathers, and his naine is still used fo designate
actors who wear such caps upon the stage.
Ho Kuang : (T. -- ). Died B.C. 68. The illegitimate 653
brother of Ho Ch'ti-ping, who took him fo Ch'ang-an when about
ten years of age. He grew fo be over seven feet in height, with
a fine beard and clear piercing eyes. He rose fo high office under
the Emperor Wu Ti, whom he served faithfully and energetically
for over twenty years. In B.C. 91, when the Emperor, disgusted
with the behaviour of his three sons by the Empress, wished fo
make Fu Ling Heir Apparent, he felt that Ho Kuang was the
one man upon whom he could rely. In token thereof he caused
the Court artist fo paint a picture of Chou Kung bearing in his
arms the little Prince Ch'ëng, second sovereign of the Chou
dynasty, and publicly presented if fo Ho Kuang. For his share in
suppressing the conspiracy of Mang Ho-lo (see Chin Mi-ri)he was
6 A Chbese Biographical Diclioary
ennobled as Marquis, and at the death of Wu Ti he was appointed
Regeut. He discovered a plot fo depose the young Emperor ami
assassiuate himself, concocted by the family into which he had
married his daughter, whose daughter had bec'orne Empress. The
conspirators were all executed or were forced fo commit suicide,
and for thirteeu years afterwards Ho Kuang's power was supreme.
In B.C. 74 the Emperor died without issue, and by Ho's advice
a grandson of Wu Ti was chosen fo succeed. He proved however
fo be a dissolute and worthless mouarch; and Ho, after consultation
with Chang An-shih and T'ien Yen-nien, called a council, af
which T'ien threateued with instant death any one who should
oppose Ho Kuaug. The Em, press Dowager was taken into
confidence; and the new monarch was brought belote her in
preseuce of all the Court, his faults proclaimed and his seal
taken from him, he himself being sent home under escort, while
some 200 or 300 of his officers were executed. The grandson of
Wu Ti's original Heir Apparent who had been forced fo commit
suicide in B.C. 91, was now raised fo the throne under the tifle
of Hsan a Ti. He stood in great awe of Ho Kuang; and one
day when the latter accompanied him fo the ancestral temple,
his Majesty declared that he felt as though he had a bunch of
thorns down his back. Ho Kuang and his family were loaded
with favours; yet in B.C. 71 his wife secretly caused the young
Empress fo be poisoned, and then persuaded the Emperor fo
marry ber own daughter. To this crime Ho Kuang does hOt seem
to have been privy. In his last illuess the Emperor paid him a
kindly visit, and he received a public funral. Some two years
after his death the Empress and her mother were mixed up in a
palace iutrigue of such gravity that the former committed suicide
in despair, two of their male relatives were put to death, and the
family prosperity came to a sudden end. Canonised as ).
A Chinese Biogvaphical Dictioa»'g 265
tto-lu Wang :î. 5th and 6th cent. B.C. The title
under which Prince Kuaug of the Wu State is known in
hisory. He reigned B.C. 514-496, and is noted for having
removed his capital from Mei-li fo the modern Soochow,
where he buil the famous Ku-su tower, after which
the city is now ofen called. is tomb is known as
Tiger-Mound, from a white figer which took up ifs abode there
three months after his interment. e was noted for his simplicity
of lire, and wheu on a campaign iusisted on sharing all luxuries
of food wih his soldiers.
Ho Po fl" A deity wth a human face (some say wth a 655
fish's body), depiced as fidiug on wo dragons called
Shui I and , Fêng I. Also variously kuown as
(or ), , , and » . Oriually oshipped
the God of the Yellow River, if was customary fo offer the
annual sacrifice of a maiden, who was richly attired and then
thrown iuto the stream. The practice was stopped by Hsi-mêu
Pao, Governor of Yeh in Honau, in B.C. 424.
o Shang Chang gen . 5th cent. B.C. The naine
given fo au old hermit who lived on the banks of the Yellow
River. He is said by some fo bave received the Tao Tê C£in
from Lao Tzfi, but his personality bas evidently been confused
with that of Ho Shang Kung.
Ho Shang Kung . 2nd cent. B.C. The naine given 657
fo a scholar who flourished under the Emperor Wêu Ti of the
Han dynasty, uud who is said fo bave produced the first edition
of the Tao Tê C£i,g.
Ho-shên flO. Died A.D. 1799. A Mauchu of obscure brth, 658
whose good looks led the Emperor Ch'ien Lung fo raise him from
his post of guard af the palace gares. Being found fo possess
unusual talents he was quickly promoted, and by the end of the
66 A Chiese Bioj'aphieal Dietionavl
reign he was Prime Minister and Grand 8eeretary, and his son
had married an Imperial prineess. The next ',,mperor, Chia
Ch'ing, appointed him fo superintend the funeral obsequies of his
predeeessor; but then, suspeeing him of designs upon the throne,
he caused him fo be seized and tried for corruption and undue
familiarity. He was condemned fo death, and allowed fo commit
suicide, his vast fortune being confiscated.
(;59 I-Io Shu î J. 12th cent. B.C. Younger brother of Wu Wang.
He joined in the plot fo deprive his nephew of the throne, which
was crushed by Chou Kung. See I(u«, Sire Hsien
I-Io Ti. See (Han) Lin [3hao; (Ch'i) I-Isiao Pao-jung.
(;(;0 tto Tien [ ,, (T. - ). A.D. 436--504. A scholar an
recluse, whose father had been out of his mind and had murdered
Ho Tien's nlother, for which he suffered death when the boy was
only eleven years of age. The latter, on reaching manhood,
although a handsome and intelligent youth, registered a vow
neither fo marry nor fo enter into official life. He passed his days
roaming about in most unconventional dress, and was often
brought home drunk. The first Emperor of the Liang dynasty,
who had been an old friend, sent for him fo Court, preseuted
him with a deerskin cap, and wanted fo give him a post; but
Ho Tien seized the Emperor's beard and cried out, "Why, you
would make a Minister of Lao Tzti himself!" He was allowed fo
depart in peace, and retired with his two brothers into seclusion.
They are sometimes spoken of as ]-- the Three Lofty
Ones of the Ho family, Ho Tien himself being popularly known
as [ " the Recluse Scholar.
(;61 I-Io Ts'êng 4 (T. î). A.D. 199--278. A native of
Yang-hsia in Honan, who held high office under the Emperor
Ming Ti of the Wei dynasty. Disgusted with the monopoly of
power by Ts'ao Shuang, he retired for a timd from public life,
A Chinese Biographical Dictiouarg
rsing later on fo be Ministe of State under the first Emperor
of the Chin dyasty, by whom he was ennobled as Duke. He was
a noted epicure, and was said fo spend 10,000 cash daily upon
hs table. Af the saine rime he-was an examp|e of filial piety,
and throughout his life never took a concubine into his family.
Canonised as
logo roll ' (T. 2: ). 3rd cet. A.D. A handsomeand 662
c]ever youth, who af the age of seven attracted the attention of
the great Te'no Ts'ao, and was taken into his palace fo be brought
up as one of his own sons. But the boy drew a circle on the
ground and ensconced himself within if, saying "This is my
bouse;" whereupon Ts'ao Ts'ao ordered him fo be sent home. Itis
face was so white that the Emperor Ming Ti thought he used
powder. One hot summer's day, while eating some scalding soup,
he began fo sweat profusely; yet after mopping his face with his
red sleeve, ifs whiteness was as dazzling as ever. His Majesty
however regarded him as an effeminate and worthless fellow, and
dismissed him from the palace, fo which he returned so soon as
Te'no Shuang came into power. He gained some literary reputation
by his knowledge of the Canon of Change».
ttosila 1 1 . Die A.D. 1329. Eldet son of Kaisun. Af 663
the death of Yesun Timur (sec Achalcpa) he was an exile in the
north of Gobi; accordingly his younger brother, Tup Tireur, entered
Peking and ascended the throne, fo hold if until ttosila should
arrive. Af the end of 1328, envoys were dispatched fo escort
ttosila who was duly 10roclaimed seventh Emperor of the Yfian
dynasty; and in the following autumn the brothers met, but rive
days later ttosila died suddenly. Canonised as
-1"
Itoll Chi . The title under which is known Ch'i, son 66
of
:. Chiang Yfian, consort of the Emperor K'u, B.C.
2436. ttis mother happened fo step in a giant's footprint, and so
268 A Chbese Biographical Dicliona»'y
became pregnant; but regarding the child born as a thing of ill-
omen, she tried fo get rid of if. Hence the name Ch'i = Castaway.
The child however was miraculously saved, and when he grew
up, devoted himself fo agriculture, becoming Director of Husbandry
under the Emperor Yao.
»,. ). A.D. 502-552. A native of
So-fang in Kansuh, who enlisted in the Wei army and
rose fo be Governor of Honan. In 547 he submitted with his
province fo the Liang dynasty, and in 548 was utterly routed by
the Eastern Wei. Ere long he rebe]led, and afier a stubborn
defence succeeded in taking the capital. He set up a son of the
Emperor, by whose aid he had got across the Yang-tsze, but soon
slew him and two successors, and in 551 took the ImperiM tifle
as Emperor of Han, his rule extending westward from Soochow
and north from Ning-kuo Fu in Anhui. A year later he
was routed in a great batfle by Wang Sêng-pien and Ch'ên Pa-
hsien, and fled into Chehkiang where he was slan.
Hou Çhu. Sec (M. Han) Liu Ch'an; (Ch'ên) Ch'ên Shu-pao;
(N. Ch'i) Kao Wei; (Chin a) Wan-yen Shou-hsfi.
). A.D. 1618--1654. A
poet who lived in the stormy rimes which preceded the downfall
of the Ming dynasty.
667 Hou I A title given fo the Prince of Ch'iung
a famous archer in the service of the legendary Emperor K'u,
B.C. 2436, and continued fo a descendant of his who similar]y
distinguished himself under the Emperor Yao. The latter is said
fo have shot arrows into the sky fo deliver the moon om an
eclipse, and in like manner fo have dispersed the false suns which
suddenly appeared in the heavens and caused much mischief fo the
crops. e was the husband of Ch'ang 0.
668 Hou I . An archer under the Emperor T'ai K'ang
A Chinese Biographical 1-)ictiona'y 269
of the ttsia dynasty, B.C. 2188. He is said fo bave driven his
master from the capital, and fo have seized he throne, which he
held for 27 years, until slain by one I Han Cho, also called
archery. Chuang Tzït declared that if a man stood in front of the
bull's-eye and Hou I failed fo hit him, if would be that Destiny
had turned the arrow aside.
Hou Pa (T. ). Died A.D. 87. A virtuous Governor 669
of [ Lin-huai under the Han dynasty. When ordered fo the
capital, the people lay down in the road and hung on fo the
shafts of his carriage in order fo prevent his departure.
Hou Ts'ang : (T. . I). 1st cent. B.C. A great 670
scholar of the Han dynasty, who held high office under the
Emperor Hsiian a Ti. He transmitted the Ritual from Kao T'ang fo
Tai Tê, who was his pupil. In A.D. 1530 he was admitted into
the Confuciau Temple.
Hou T'u )-.. One of the Ministers of the Yellow Emperor, 671
B.C. 2698. His allotted region was the north, and he ruled over
earth and water. Deified as / the tutelary god of the soil.
Hou Ying . 3rd cent. B.C. A recluse of the Wei State. 672
When he was seventy years of age and in great poverty, Wu
Chi wished fo engage his services; but the old man refused all
offers, contenting himself with recommending Chu Hai, by whose
means Wu Chi is said fo bave succeeded in relieving Han-tan.
Hsi Ch'i . B.C. 666--651. Son of Duke Hsien of the Chin 673
State, by his coucubine Li Chi. Through his mother's influence he was
placed upon the throne, fo the exclusion of the rightful heir; but
he was immediately murdered by the Minister = Li K'o.
Hsi Chung j'l. 20th cent. B.C. A descendant of the Yellow 674
Emperor, said fo bave been Master of the Horse uuder the Great
Yii and fo bave been the first fo employ horses as draught animals.
270 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
675 ]=[si-fu $. A.D. 1588--1652. Became secretary fo the
Emperor T'ai Tsu on account of his knowledge of the Mancàu,
Chinese, and Mongol languages, le rose in 1636 fo be one of
the newly instituted Three Grand Secretaries, and had a large
share in the organisation of the government. In 1644 he presented
fo the Throne translations of the Liao, Chin, and Yiian histories.
A rival Minister, - T'an-t'ai, procured his degradation; but
in 1651 the Emperor Shun Chih, on assuming the direction oI
affairs, restored him fo office, and T'an-t'ai was executed for
treason. Eunobled as Viscount, and canonised as -.
676 Hsi HO l (1) A legendary female, said fo bave given birth
fo the sun. (2) An official under the Great Yii.
ttsi K'ang. (Transfer from Chi K'ang.)
677 t[si-ling Shth i [. 15:. The Lady of ttsi-ling in tIupeh; a
tifle given fo /] Lei Tsu, consort of the Yellow Emperor,
from ber birthplace. She is said fo bave taught the art of rearing
silkworms, aud is now worshipped as : ..
678 ttsi-mn lao J. 5fa cent. B.C. A worthy of old, who
always wore a sort leather girdle fo help him fo correct a certain
roughness in his own disposition. When appointed Magistrate of
Yeh in modern lonan, he began by enquiring what were the
grievances of the people, le round that the chief men were in the
habit of leaguing with the sorcerers of the place fo collect large
sums of money for the purpose of providing the River-Goal (see
Ho Po) with a wife. They would then fix upon some girl of poor
family, and sacrifice her with great ceremony by setting ber
afloat on the river in such a way that she soon sank and was
drowned. The bulk of the subscriptions was then divided amongst
the conspirators. Upon the first possible occasion, lsi-mên Pao
appeared upon the scene; and declaring that the girl was hot
nearly good-looking enough, told the sorcerers that they must go
A Chi»iese Biographical Dictio»a»'g 277
and report t0 the God that auoher girl would be chosen
immediately. Thereupou he caused them fo be fluug ino he
river, and after waiting some ime for them o corne back, he
said that the chier men must be sent o see why hey delayed.
Accordingly the chier men were hrown in after them; and from
that rime the custom fell ino desueLude.
B.C. One of the most ramons of Chiuese beauties. She was t-he
danghter of humble parents, named Shih, kuown as he western
Shihs fo distinguish them from another family of that naine. She
lived in the Yiieh State, an4 gained ber livelihood by washing
silk; or according o another accoun, by selling firewood. Chuang
Tziî writes of ber as follows:- "When [[si Shih was distressed
in mind she kuitted ber brows. An ugly woman of the village,
seeing how beauiful she looked, wen home, and having worked
herself iuto a fit frame of mind, knitted ber brows. The resul was
flm the rich people barred up heir doors and would no corne out,
while the poor people took their wives and children and departed
elsewhere. That woman saw he beauty of knitted brows but she did
not see whereiu he beauty of kuitted brows lay." In due course
the faine of ttsi Shih's loveliness reached the ears of the Prince of
Yiieh; and acting under he advice of his rusted Minister, Fart Li,
he af once set fo work o make ber the menus of wreaking
vengeance upon his victorious rival, Fu Ch'ai, the Prince of Wu.
ttsi Shih was trained in deportment for three years, dressed in
gorgeons apparel, and sent under the care of Fart Li, ambassador fo
Wu, fo be exhibited fo Fu Ch'ai. The stratagem was successful;
the Prince of Wu abandoned himself fo lustful dalliance, and was
ere long completely defeated by his wily neighbour. See Kou C]den.
Hsi Tsung. See (T'aug) Li Yen; (Chin a) Wan-yen Tan;
(Ming) Chu Yu-chiao.
272 A Chiese Biog»'aphical Dictiona'y
680 ]]:si Wang lIu [ î . The Royal Lady of the West, a
legendary being supposed fo dwell upon the K'un-lun mountains
and fo bave been visited there by Mu Wang. In ber garden
grow the peaches which ripen but once in 3000 years and confer
immortaIity upon those who eat them. Later tradition bas given
681 ttsia-hou ttsiian (T. 9: 7f ). A man of great
probity, who lived af the close of the Hau dynasty, and finally
took service under the House of Wei, A.D. 220, rising fo be
President of the Sacrificial Court. He was popularly said fo be
as purely transparent as though he had the sun and moon inside
his breast. A daughter of his married a man who was cousin fo
Ts'ao Shuang, and was left a widow. When Ts'ao Shuang was
executed and the whole family exterminated, and her father was
persuading her fo marry again, she cut off her ears; and when
ber relatives in a body tried fo force her fo remarry, she settled
the marrer by cutting off ber nose.
652 ttsia Sung (T. - J). bD. 985--1051. A native of
Tè-an in Hupeh, who rose fo high office under the Emperor Jen
Tsung of the Sung dynasty. While still a young man he wrote
some verses on a silk handkerchief; and on these being shown fo
Yang Hui-chih, the latter cried out "This is the stuff of which
Ministers are ruade!" He was a man of learning, well-read in
the Classics, history, genealogy, geomancy, and law; but he was
greedy of gain and could hot get on with his colleagues, so that
he never was long in the capital. During his service in the
provinces he did his best fo put down wiards and the black art.
He was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as î.
683 ttsia ren " (T. ). A.D. 1482--1548. Graduating
as chln sttitt in 1517, he became a Censor and gained great
popularity as a reformer and opponent of the eunuchs. In 1528
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 273
he woa the favour of the Emperor Shih Tsung by encouraging
his proposal fo erect four altars, fo Heaven, Earth, the Sun, and
the Moon. Chang Ts'ung in vain tried fo prevent his fise, and
by the end of 1536 Hsia was Prime Minister. In 1539 he was
the first "Pillar of the State" under the Mings, but his pride and
carelessness ere long enabled Yen Sung fo turn him out. He soon
regained power, only fo lose if again in 1542. Restored fo office
he once more lost favour through the eunuchs whom he always
treuted with contempt. In 1548 he was accused of taking bribes
from un unsuccessful general whom he himself had nominated. On
this charge he was tried, and executed. In the next reign his
hoaours were restored, and he was canonised as
ttsia Yti l" A native of the State of Wei a, famous for his 684
giguntic strength. He could lift a weight of about 40,000 lbs., and
was remarkable for being able, among other feats, fo pull the
rail out of a living ox. See 3[êg
Hsia Ytan-chi ; (T.
uu). Died A.D. 1430. A
native of Hsiang-yin in Hunan, who enered public life us a
copyist. The founder of the ing dynasty promoted him fo a
secretaryship in the ]oard of levenue of which he rose fo be
President in 1403. He laboured hard fo provide for the expenses
of he wurs and expeditions of the Emperor Yung Lo, and for
buildiug Peking, without undue oppression. Instructed in 1411 fo
show the future Emperor Hsîan Tsung the condition of the people,
he presented a leek fo the young Prince fo illustrate the hardness
of their fare. He was ofen consulted ai confidential audiences;
however in 1421 his objection fo the Emperor ta]ing the field in
person against the Tartars led fo his imprisonment. His property
was confis£ated but only coton garments and earhenware utensils
were found ia his bouse. In 1424 the new Emperor restored
fo offlce and by his advice the taxes were lightened distress
18
974 A C]i»ese Biog»'aphical Dictiota'y
relieved, expeditions fo foreign countries stopped, and charges on
the acquisition of precioùs stones in Yiînnan and Annam abolished
If was owing fo his wise counsels that the Emperor Hsiîan Tsung
crushed his uucle Chu Kao-hsfi by promptly heading an army
agaist him. Canouised as a-"
686 l-lsiang ¢. 23rd cent. B.C. Son, by his second wife, of the
father of the Emlaeror Shun.
6S7 l-lsiang or Shih Hsian . 6th cent. B.C. The music-
toaster who gave instruction fo Confucius.
6SS I:Isiang hn-shih j (T. 21 .). Died A.D. 1208. h
native of Chiang-ling, who attracted the notice of Chu Hsi and
rose fo high office under the Emperor Ning Tsung of the Sung
dynasty. Author of the i î, a treatise on the Canon of
Changes, and of many other works known to scholars.
6S9 I:Isiang Chang (T. - 21). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D.
A learned native of J - Chao-ko in Honan, who though very
poor declined to take office and remained ai home studying the
Ca,on of Changes, subsisting upon the charity of friends. He said
that poverty was obviously preferable fo wealth, and a humble
station fo au exalted one; but he admitted that he could hot say
if death would be preferable fo lire. Ai length, about A.D. 40,
when all his children were grown up and married, he retired with
a friend fo the mountains and was never heard of again.
690 I:Isiang Chi j . (T. J). B.C. 233--202. A nephew of
Hsiang Liang, whose fortunes he followed in the revolt of the
latter against the Ch'in dynasty and the resuscitation of the kintlom
of Ch'u uuder King 'L Huai. He was seven feet in height, and
endowed with great strength b6th of body and mind. Appointed fo
serve as second under Sung I in the northern army of Ch'u, while
his great rival Lin Pang received command of the southern army,
he proceeded to the relief of Ch{i-lu, en route for Hsien-yang, the
A Chinese Biograpidcal Dictioa'y 275
capital of Ch'in, if being understood that whichever general first
entered the capital should receive the Principality of Ch'in as his
reward. But as Sung I showed a t«ndency to dilatoriness, Hsiang
Chi, on the plea that he was ai henri a traitor, went oue morniug
ino his tent and cut off his head. He theu relieved Chii-lu, inflicting
severe defeats on the Ch'in forces; and in B.C. 207 he prevailed
upon the Ch'in general, Chang Han, fo surrender with his whole
army, for which Hsiang Chi gave him the title of King of Yung,
with a promise of the territory of lhat naine as soon as the Ch'in
dynasty should be overthrown. He now set out for Hsien-yang;
and on his way put to the sword ou suspicion of treachery the
whole army which had recently surrendered, falliug upon them and
butchering them in the night. On reaching the eastern pass, he
found if guarded by Liu Pang's soldiers. As they offered but a
feeble resistance, he easily forced his way through, and Liu Pang
round himself obliged to corne to terres. There was a meeting
between the rivals ai which the latter narrowly escaped assassination;
and a few days later Hsiang Chi sacked the city and put fo death
Tztl-ying, the last represenative of the House of Ch'in. He then
proclaimed Kin Huai of Ch'u as Emperor, under the title of
I Ti, and divided Ch'in between Chang Han and two of his
generals. Liu Pang got Ssïmh'uan and part of Shensi; and he
himself became King of Ch'u and ai the saine rime chief over the
other kings, with his capital ai P'êng-ch'êng. Hence h« is commonly
spoken ot in popular literature as Chief King. Ere long
he caused the new Emperor fo be assassinated, which act roused
the other rulers into active measures agains his bloodthirsty
ambition. But he vanquished Chang Han, and then defeated and
almost took prisoner Lin Pang. A peace was concluded, which Lin
Pang treacherously violated; and in the contest which ensued
Hsiang Chi was completely routed aL the batle of :, - Kai-hsia.
276 A C]tiese Biog»'ap]tic«l Oictio»a'y
Afçer performing prodigies of valour in au attempt fo renew
contest, he finally committed suicide. [te left behind him a naine
inseparably associated with unscrupulous cruelty. On one occasion,
when Lin Pang's father had fallen into his hands, and supplies
of food had been cut off, he produced the prisoner in sight of the
enemy, and sent fo Lin Pang fo say that unless he tendered his
submission he would boil the old man alive. But Lin Pang, who
kept his public duties and privaçe feelings strictly apart, returned
the following answer:- "When in the service of King ttuai,
you and I became sworn brothers. My father is therefore your
father, ttowever, if you do decide fo boil him, kindly let me ha'e
a basin of the broth." From this reply ttsiang Chi lnew that Lin
Paug was hot a man ço be terrorised; and in accordance with
dictates of a wiser policy, the father's lire was spared.
challenged Liu Pang fo single combat, which the latter declined,
alleging that his strength lay rat.ber in planning than in fighting.
Af an interview which took place immediately afterwards, between
the lines of the two opposing camps, Liu Pang charged ttsiang
Chi with having committed ten iniquitous acts; at which ttiiang
Chi was so enraged that he seized his bow and wounded Lin
Pang severely in the breast. But the latter, so as hot fo cause a
panic araong his soldiers, stooped down and rubbed his foot,
pretending that he had been wounded on the toe, and
aid of Chaug Liang ruade the best of his way back fo his teur.
See Fart Ts'êng, Liu Pang, Yi Chi.
691 l:Isiang (hi ). A bold official of the ancient State of
Ch'i, who alone ventured fo reprove Prince ttsiiaa a for building
a vast hall fo cover many actes, and with three hundred doors fo
if, over which three years had already been spent. "Ah!" cried
the Prince, "why hot say this before?" Then calling the Grand
ttistoriographer, he bade him enter in the annals the following
A Cltittese Biogreq»hical Dicliouary 277
words:- "Prince Hsiian a would bave built a vast hall, but
Hsiang Chfi stopped him."
Hsiang Chung-shan . 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A 692
native of An-ling in Chihli, famous for scrupulous honesty in all
his dealings. Even when he watered his horses in the river, he
always threw in three cash o pay for what they had drunk.
HsiangHsiu (T. e). 3rd cent. A.D. One of the 693
Seveu Sages of the Bamboo Grove, the other six
b4ng Chi K'an, Liu.Lin- Shan T'ao, Yfian Hsien, Yfiau Chi,
and Wug. -,çJung" He was versatile and sympathetic, and readily
adapd himself o the humours of his fiends. Thus, he could
practise alchemy with Chi K'aug ai Lo-yang, and join
Lfi hn in waterng his garden at Shan-yaug. He wrote u
shkingly original commentary on Chuang Tzfi; but death
inteupted his work, and he left the chapters on "Autumn
F[oods" and "Perfect Happiness" uutouched. His son was a mere
child, and the hmly was broken up. Kuo Hsiang got hold of the
uufinished commentary; and aRer adding the necessary notes fo
"Autumn Floods," and making a few changes in "Horses' Hoofs,"
he published the whole as his own.
Hsiang Liang . Died B.C. 208. A native of the Ch'u 69
State, and uncle of Hsiang Chi, who in B.C. 209 rose in
insurrection against the Ch'in dynasty, and in coujunction with
Liu Pang succeeded in making Ch'u once more an independent
kingdom, hmself taking the title of Prince. In the following
year however he was surprised in his camp and slaia by Chang
Han, the leader of the forces of Ch'in.
Hsiang Ssfi (T. ). 8th and Oth cent. A.D. A 695
holar and official of the T'ang dynasty, known for the purity of
his administration, and also for the praises lavished on him by his
278 A Chbicse Biographical Dicliotiat'y
his poetry. "Te speuk of Hsiang Sstl" is new used as a phrase
for speaking well of a person.
696 ttsiang T'o . 5th and 6th cent. B.C. A precocious lad,
who was said te bave been qualified af seven years of age te be
the teacher of Confucius.
« mine cñ'a (,. ). A.o. s--6e. Gao of
Hsiao Yen, first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. His claire te the
throne being set aside in faveur of the Emperor Hsiao Kang, he
set te work te surrouud himself with trusty retainers, and had af
last gathered a body of several thousand men ready for any
enterprise. For seine years ho was Military Superintendent of the
territory north of the Yang-tsze, and gained great popularity by
his admiuistration. Upou the capture of Chiang-ling in Hupeh by
the Western Wei, he was saluted as Emperor of the Miner Liang
dynasty, with the year-title . Enjoying independent
sovereignty in his own dominions, he still styled himself "subject"
in his addresses te the more legitimate occupant of the Imperial
throne. He was filial, thrifty, and a teetotaller. Canonised as
., "..
r with the temple naine of
ttsiao Chao Ti. See Kao Yen.
698 ttsiao Chao-wên . Died A.D. 494. Brother of [[siao
Chao-yeh, whom he succeeded in 494 as fourth Emperor of the
Southern Chai dynasty, being placed ou the the throne by Hsiao
Luan. Af the expiration of three months Luan deposed him, and
soon afterwards he was put te death. Known in history as ,- î.
699 lsiao (3hao-yoh ] î. Died A.D. 494. Grandson of Hsiao
Tsê, whom he succeeded in 493 as third Emperor of the Southern
Ch'i dynasty. He was slain by the Regen Hsiao Luan after a
reign of thirteen months. Known in history as î.
700 Hsiao Ch'i-chiang 3: (T. )Il ). A distinguished
Imperialist leader, who was chiefiy instrumental in driving Shih
A Cltbtese Biogt'aphical Dictiotary 9.79
Ta-k'ai back frein Hupeh into Kuangsi. tte died in 1860, while
pursuing Shih Ta-k'ai in Sstich'uan, and was canonised as ;É Jï.
Itsiao Ching Ti. See ¥iian Shan-chien.
Itsiao Chuang Ti. See Yïtan T.ï-yu.
son of Hsiao I, and successor te Hsiao Yiian-ming as sixth and
last sovereign of the Liang dynasty. He ruled merely in name
under Ch'êil Pa-hsien frein 555 te 557, when he was forced te
abdicate iu faveur of Ch'ên. Known in history as ]
Itsiao Ho . Died B.C. 193. A native of P'ei in modern 702
Kiangsu, and originally a clerk, who frein the very first attached
himself te tho fortunes of Liu Pang and was his intimate friend
and adviser for many years. In the great struggle between his
chier and Hsiaug Chi, if was entirely due te his euergy that the
army of the former was well supplied with provisions, for which
important service he was ennobled as Marquis. Upon the occupation
of Hsien-yang, ho was overwhelmed with offerings of money, silks,
and other valuables; but he would accept nothing save tho oflàcial
records of the population, maps of the country, and the code of
laws which had been in force under the Ch'ins. Enthusiastic scholars
haro branded him as a "criminal for all rime" for net haviug
caused the production of such of the Classics as might theu bave
been lying concealed in Hsien-yang, hidden te preserve them frein
the rate of thoso which perished in the Burning of tho Books (see
Li Ssï). But Hsiao Ho had practical aims. His mais gave hii a
kniwledge of the passes and other strongholds, which later on
provea invaluable te Liu Paug's cause, and he was enabled te draw
up a new Penal Code for the rising dynasty of Hau. He advised
the removal of the capital te Ch'ang-an, as a means of breaking
the more readily with the traditions of the dynasty that was passing
away. Upon the outbreak of ) î Ch'ên Hsi's rebellion, the
280 A Chiese Biog»'ophical Dictiozary
Emperor proceeded in person fo Han-tan, promoting Hsiao Ho fo
ho chief Minister and 10racticaIly leaving him in charge of the
realm (see Han Hsi). Hsiao Ho built himself a very small bouse,
saying that if his descendants were worthy men if would be fo
them an example of thrift; if unworthy, then they would hot
quarrel for ifs possession. He was canonised as :, and is
sometimes spoken of as ).
703 ttsiao ttsien . A.D. 583-621. A great-grandson of the
Emperor Yfian Ti of the Liang dynasty, and a Magistrate under
the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. In 617, af the invitation
of the Hu-Kuang rebels, he set up as King, and in 618 as Emperor,
with bis capital af the modern Ching-chou Fu. Though outwa'dly
affable, he was of so jealous a nature that his best officers, fearing
for their lires, 'eadily deserted fo the Tang Emperor whose armies
found little difficulty in reaching his capital. He surrendered, in
order fo save his people from the horrors of a prolonged siege,
just before his relief arrived, and was beheaded on account of his
stubborn refusal fo acknowledge the ttouse of T'ang.
704 tsiao tung ). 5th cent. A.D. Brother of Hsiao Yen who
became the first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. He was a great
miser, and is said fo bave marked his piles of a million cas] with
yellow labels, and his plies of ten million with red labels. For his
avarice he was reproved by Hsiao Tsung, in an essay
entitled . ,roE Mad on Moey. This story is sometimes told of
tsiao Yen.
705 Hsiao I , (T. )). A.D. 508--554. Seventh sonof
Hsiao Yen. He slew the brother, known in history as _
whom Hou Ching had placed upon the throne in succession fo
Hsiao Kang, and proclaimed himself fourth Emperor of the Liang
dynasty. In 554 the Western Wei took Chiang-ling in Hupeh, and
he was put fo death, airer having burnt the Imperial Library. He
A Chinese Biog»'cqJhical Dictionarg 281
expressed a hope that no earthenware dogs or eoeks would be
plaeed, as usual, af his mausoleum. "For the dogs," he explained,
"will hot be able fo guard my grave, nor will the eoeks erow ai
dawn." He was known by the nickname of Oe, and was
canonised as OE .
Hsiao Kang (T. ). A.D. 503--551. Third son of 706
Hsiao Yen, whom he succeeded in 549 as second Emperor of the
Liang dynasty. He was slain by Hou Ching. Canonised as
mio ,i (w. ). aD. z-s. So, o io
Ch'a, whom he succeeded in 562 as Emperor of the Minor Liang
dynasty. He appeared several rimes af Court, and always remained
upon the best of terres with his nominal suzerain the Emperor of
the C«nons of Filial Piety and Changes, and also of a work on
the Buddhistie schools of Mahayana and Hinayana, or thë Greater
aud Lesser Developments, entitled OE 2],
native of Han-yzng, who graduated as chfjen af the age of fifteen,
and was first af the chin sldh examination of 1580. He was employed
in literary posts until 1595, when he became Libationer in the
Impefial Academy of Learning. He was denouneed for usurping
the functions of Board officials, and compelled fo retire. Auçhor
of the , a popular record of incidents in the lires
of eminent men and women.
aio z CT. . aD. a-S. . or 0
Hsiao Tao-ch'êng. He deposed Hsiao Chao-wên znd Hsiao Chao-yeh,
and succeeded the former in 494 as fifth Emperor of the Southern
Ch'i dynasty. He ruade his way fo power by the slaughter of
eleven princes, but ruled with great conscientiousness. His reign
was marked by a war wiçh Wei la 495, and the rebellion of
282 A Chiuese Biog.raphical Dictiona.ry
MI| Wang Ching-tsê in 496. Canonised as
710 Hsiao Man | ,. A concubine of the poet Po Ch(i-i, famous
for ber willow-wand waist, from which a wine-flask of similar
proportions was also named "willow-wand." See Fart Su.
Hsiao Min Ti. See Yii-wên Chiio.
Hsiao Ming Ti. See Yiian I.
711 Hsiao Pao-chiian (T. -). A.D. 484--502.
Son of Hsiao Luan whom he succeeded in 498 as sixth sovereign
of the Southern Ch'i dynasty. A worthless debauchee who relied
solely on eunuchs, he was deposed by his brother, Hsiao Pao-
jung, and slain by his people when Hsiao Yen approached
Nanking. His concubine P'an Fei led him to expend vast sums;
and his minions, whom he used fo call Demon So-and-so,
induced him fo waste further amounts in the construction of new
palaces. Know in history as - .
« riao rao-jg (T. ). X.D. S-0Z.
Eighth son of Hsiao Luan, and brother of Hsiao Pao-chiian whom
he succeeded in 501 as seventh and last Emperor of the Southern
Ch'i dynasty. Ho was the nominal head of the rebellion against
his predecessor, but was really a mere puppet in the hands of
Hsiao Yen, fo whom he resigned the throne in 502. Canonised
713 ttsiao Shih -îl . 6th cent. B.C. A famous flute-player of
old, named as above from his art. Duke Mu of the Ch'in State
gave him his daughter Lung-yii fo wife, and Hsiao Shih
taught ber fo play the flute; and then, mounted upon a dragon
and a phoenix, the pair went up fo heaven and disappeared.
native of Kiangsu, and a reputed descendant of Hsiao Ho. tte
rose by military service to high tank under the Sung dynasty,
and was one of the four Regents appointed by the Emperor
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona'g 283
Ming Ti. After deposing the last two sovereigns of that dynasty,
he proclaimed himself Emperor of the Southern Ch'i dynasty in
179. tic ruled well for hree years, and boased ha if he could
bave he empire for en years, he would make gold and clay of
he saine value. Cauonised as '.
). A.D. 440-493. Son of Hsiao
Tao-ch'êng, whom he succeeded in 482 as second Emperor of he
Souhern Ch'i dynasty. A good ruler, under whom he people were
a peace, he was neveheless exravagan and fond of pleasure.
Under his reign he erm of hree years' service for provincial
officiais was instituted. Sec Wang Su. Cauonised as
Hsiao Tsung ç (T. ). 6th and 7th cent. A.D. 716
Son of Hsiao Kuei, whom he succeeded on the throne of the
Minor Liang dynasty in A.D. 585, with the year-title
Whea he proposed fo proceed fo Court in token of his allegiance
fo the tiret Emperor of the Sui dynasty, the latter sent troops fo
esoert him. This gave rise fo suspicion in the minds of some
of his own officials, and there was a rising, the upshot ofwhich
was that the Minor Liant dynasty came fo au end, Hsiao Tsuug
reoeiving in 587 a high appointment and being ennobled as Duke.
Under the next Emperor he was held in high favour, but a
stupid rumour toi abroad that he was meditating a revolt, and
he was dismissed fo his home where he soon afterwards died. He
was a good scholar, and cared nothing for faine. His one
weakness was wine.
Hsiao Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Shên; (Ming) ChuYu-t'ang.
Hsiao T'ung (T. .
, oE H. $ ). A.D. 501--531. 717
The eldest son of Hsiao Yen, founder of the Liang dynasty.
Before he was rive years old he was reported fo bave learnt the
Classi by heart, and his later years were marked by great
literary ability, notably in verse-making. Handsome and of
286 A Chinese Biogr«phical I)ictionary
charming manuers, mild and forbearing, he was universally love&
In 527 he nursed his mother through ber last illness, and his
grief for ber death impaired his naturally fine constitufion for
was only at the earnest solicitation of his faher that he
consened either to ea or drink during the period of mourning.
He was enrusted with the conduct of government affairs from
515, and displayed extraordina,oE aptitude. But he never atacked
any one, and showed grea mercy in dealing wih criminal cases.
Learned men were sure of his patronage, and his palace contained
a large library called he
. A loyer of nature, he
delighted to ramble wih scholars about his beautiful park, to
which he declined fo add the attraction of singing-girls. When the
price of grain rose in consequence of he war wih Wei in 526,
he lived on the most frugal rare; and throughout his lire his
charities were very large and kept secret, being distribud by
trusy atendants who sough ou all cases of disress. e even
empfied his own wardrobe for he benefi of he poor, and spent
large sums in burying the outcast dead. Against orced labour on
public works he vehemenfly proested. To his father he was mos
respecfful, and wroe fo him when he himself was almos a
last gasp, in the hope of concealing his danger. is unvarying
induess had so won the people's affection that his death w
bewailed throughout he ingdom. He left a volume of essays, and
edited hree collections of elegan compositions, entifled
was a devout Buddhisk Cano.sed
718 Hsiao Tzfl-hsien
m )" A.D. 489--537.
Younger brother of Hsiao Tzfi-yfin.
lineage of the Ch'i and Liang dynasties. Author of the History
of the Southevn Cl?i Dynasty, A.D. 479--501, and of oher
works. The first of the above attracted the attention of the
A Chinese Biographical Dictionat'g 85
founder of the Liang dylmsty, and in 58l Hsiao was appointed fo
a post in the Imperial Academy. In 587, when already President
of the Board of Civil Office, he went as Governor fo Wn-hsing
in Chehkiang where he died soon afterwards. Canonised as j.
Hsiao Tz-yfin (T. ). A.D. 492--553. A 719
grandson of he Emperor Kao Ti of he S. Ch'i dynasy. He held
oce under he firs sovereign of he Liang dynasy. An envoy
having been sen from he kingdom of Po-chi (in he
south of modern Korea) o obtain books from China, Hsiao, who
was celebraed as a calligraphis, furnished him wih some 80
scrolls or shees of manuscrip, for which he was richly rewarded.
He was also an arden suden of alchemy and of lle black ar;
and ulimaely ook up his abode in a reired valley, where God
revealed himself to'he hermi and besowed upon him a able of jade
with a mysterious inscription. I is recorded tha he was in ocial
employ a he outbreak of he rebellion headed by Hou Ching in
551, and ha he was driven from his pos. He eventually took
refuge in a Buddhis monasery, and perished here from want.
Hsiao Wên Ti. See Yan Hung-yen.
Hsiao Wu Ti. See (Chin) Ssfi-ma Yo; (E. Sung) Liu Chfin;
(N. Wei) Yfian Hsiu.
Hsiao Yen (% ). A.D. 464--549. A distant 720
connection of the House of Ch'i, which ruled over southern and
easrn China from A.D. 479 o 502. In 498 he became Governor
of Yung-chou in Shensi. In 500 the Emperor put o death his
elder brother; whereupon, in conjunction with Hsiao Pao-jung, he
af once took up arms, entered Nanking in 501 and proclaimed
himself Regent. Ere long he became Prince of Liang; and in 502,
acting upon the adice of Shên Yo, he ascended the throne as
first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. A loyer of peace, he began
by reducing taxation and establishing colleges in every District.
286 A Chinese Biographical 1)ictionary
In 515 the mighty dyke along the ttuai, said fo bave been three
mlles long and twelve huudred feet high burst and hundreds
of thousauds were drowued. In 547 he accepted tion Ching's offer
of allegiance and appointed him Prince of ttonan; but on ttou's
defeat by the Eastern Wei, the ttouse of Liang ruade peace,
thus arousing tion Ching's suspicions. In 548 the latter succeeded
by treachery in crossing the Yang-tsze; and in the next year
T'ai-ch'êng in Kiangsu was taken, and the sick Emperor
was allowed fo die of want and mortification in a monastery fo
vhich he had retired for the third rime. He had always been a
devout Buddhist, living upon priestly fare and taking only one
meal a day; and ou two occasions in 527 and 529, he actually
a Buddhist ritual in 10 books, tte was ldnd learned economical,
and diligent, but unable fo prevent bis oiIicials from robbing the
people. Interpreing the Buddhist commandment "Thou shalt hOt
kill" in ifs strictest sense, he caused the sacrificial victims fo be
ruade of dough.
Hsiao Ying-shih . (T.) ). 8th cent. A.D. A
descendant of the Imperial House of Liaug. He graduated as chin
shih in 735, and entered upoa a public career. His advance was
somewhat retarded by Li Lin-lu whom he had managed fo offend;
but after the death of the latter he rose fo fill important posts,
until the growing influence of An Lu-shan forced him fo take
leave and travel. He was such a protbund scholar that the
Japauese sent au envoy asking fo be allowed the use of his
services in Japan, but this was refused by the Imperial advisers.
He was very strict, and used fo beat oue of his servauts
unmercifully. The latter however declared that. he willingly put up
with iL for the sa]e of being near so learned a man. Cauonised
by his disciples as î.
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiotet»'g 9.87
miao :« $ (T. @ :). th ¢ 7th et. X.D.
of t]siao Kuei, whom he succeeded on the throne of the Miner
Liang dynasty. Upon the disruption of his House, he joined the
Prince of Chin, soon te be first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, and
gave him his daughter in marriage. When the House of Sui fell,
he transferred his services te the T'angs, and served under the
first two Emperors, rising te the highest offices of State.
possessed however an ungovernable retaper, and was constant]y
being degraded and re-instated in tank. He was a devotee of
Buddhism (see Fu I), and about A.D. 636 he asked leave te
become a priest. His request was granted; but he soon repented
and wished te cancel his application, te the great annoyance of
the Emperor. He died at the age of 74, and was canonised as
Reverential, a title which the Emperor declared te be
unsuitable te his retaper, and accordingly changed te /1, : Ptre
but qarrow.
I-Isiao ¥an-ming . A Prince of the Imperial ttouse 723
of Liang, who in A.D. 555 was placed on the throne by Wang Sëng-
pieu as fifth Emperor of the Liang dynasty in succession te
ttsiao I. This led te a feud with Ch'ên Pa-hsien, and on the
death of Wang af the hands of Ch'ên, he abdicated in faveur of
Hsiao Fang-chih, receiving the title of /lë j, by which he
is known in history.
Hsieh An (T. ï). A.D. 320--385. Son of an 724
official in the Court of Sacrificial Worship, and the most
distinguished member of a very distinguished family. In his early
lire he lived in retirement near Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, and te his
dying day "never lest his love for Tung-shan." If was only when
his brother Hsieh Wan got into difficulties that he eutered
upon an official career, soon rising te occupy various important
posts in the provinces and af the capital. He was Governor of
288 A Chiîese Biographical Dictionary
Yang-chou in Kiangsu when Fu Chien approached af the head of
a large army and Nauking was in a state of panic. Under his
directions, Hsieh " Shih and Hsieh sdan, his brocher and
nephew, wen ço oppose he iuvader, and he resul of he conflic
was awaied wiçh the keenest anxiey by all. Hsieh An was playing
a gaine of wei clt'i when a dispach arrived from he sea of war,
sayiug tha he enemy had been compleely roued. e read i
unmoved; and wheu a gues asked him wha he news was, he
replied, "Merely tha my boys bave defeaed he rebels." He hen
fiished he gaine and reired ço his privae apartments, where for
he firs ime he gave way to emoions of joy. From his preference
for a lire of culured leisure he earned he sobrique of
çhe Refined Miuiser. During his las illness he dreamt or
a cock; and his was a presage of deah, for during ha year
Jupier was in he sign of the cock. Canonised as .
725 sieh Ch'ao-tsung
. 4h cent. A.D. A disçinguished
wrier, who was said by he Emperor siao Wu of the Chin
dynasy to "have he plumag e of he phoenix." is poems in rive
characers o he line were also said o be "as lovely as he budding
hibiscus." Anoher version makes him a ypically worhy son under
he Sung dynasçy, of whom one sieh Chuang said, "He bas
he phoenix plumage," phoenix being he personal naine of his faher.
726 Hsieh Chi (T. ). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. He
graduated as cMn shi], and rose by 709 fo be a Censor. Later on
he became Presideut of the Board of Rites and was eunobled as
Duke; but in consequence of bdng privy fo a seous polifical
movemeut, he was forced fo commit suicide. An artist of no mean
ortier, he was noted all over the empire as a callgraphist.
727 Hsieh Chin (T. $). A.D. 1369--1415. A native
of Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who graduated as c£i s£i] in 1388 and
became a Censor. He was on terres of extraordinary intimacy with
A Chinese BioEraphical Dictionary 289
the Emperor Hung Wu, and the Emperor Yung Lo took him into
his closes/ counsels. In 1404 he srongly suppored he claires of
his Majesty's eldes son fo be nlade Heir Apparen and so earned
the undying hared of the favourie son Kao-hs, Prince
of an, who hree years later succeeded in effecing his degradaion
fo a minor post in Kuangsi, on a false charge of revealing Palace
secrets. In 1403 he had been enrused, /ogether wih 147 lierai,
wih he compilation of an all-comprehensive cyclopoedia, which in
1405 was presened o he Throne under he tile of
. Yung Lo however was dissaisfied, and a sill larger Commission,
under he presidency of sieh Chin, Yao Kuang-hsiao, and ]
Liu Chi-ch'ih, was apponed fo collec the substance of
all he clsical, hisorical, philosophical, and lierary wors hithero
published. This encyclopoedia (see C/tu Ti), which comprises 22,877
soefions, was completed near he close of 1407. In 1411 Hsieh
Chin, who had been pu in charge of the supplies for he Annam
expediion a ua-chou, had occasion o make au ocial visi
to Naning during he absence of he Emperor on one of his
norhern campaigns, a circumsance on which his relenless enemy
Kao-hs, founded an accusation. e was hrown ino prison, and
four years la,er he was ruade drunk and buried in a heap of show.
Canonised as .
Hsieh Chfi-chêng (T. ). A.D. 912--981. A 728
native of Hsfin-i in Honan, who graduated in 934 and
enred upon a public career. He held a variety of high posts,
metropolitan and provincial, and was employed for a time upon
the dynastic hisry; but he is chiefly known as the author of the
Old isto W of t]e Five Dnasties. He was noted
for his kiudly, amiable disposition, and for his hrify persoual
habits. e died from poisoniug himself wih a compouud which he
faucied was he elixir of life. Canouised as .
19
290 A Cinesc Biogr«phical Dictionarg
729 Hsioh Fang . Did A.D. 25. A schola who flourished
uuder the Emperor Ch'ng Ti. H was frequenfly nrgd o ke
oce, bu ws def fo h rgumens ewn of Waug Mng who
wen o fetch him in a comforably-pdded chariot. H ws fiully
allowed o devoe himself fo teaching aud composig potry, until
th accession of the Emperor Kung Wu Ti who gin summoned
hm o Court. H died on tire way hiher.
730 Hsieh Fag-tê ] (T. . H. ). .D. 1226--
1289. A native of Ç I-yaug in Kiangsi, distinished as a
poet. He graduated as chin shih about 1253 and entered upon a
public career, but got into trouble when holding the post of
Examiner by setting an uupopular theme, and was degraded. In
1275 he guarangeed Lhe loyaly of his friend Lfi Shih-
k'uei who weng over o ghe Mongols in ghe following year, and
had o flee for his life. He wandered aboug for some ime, suppoing
himself by gelling forunes. A lenggh he seled clown in Fuhkien
as a eacher. His naine sood firs of ghe 22 ocials of ghe Sung
dynasgy recommended for employmeng under he new governmen
by Ch'êng Wên-hai in 1286; bu he seadny declined
o ake oce, and when brough o Peking in 1289 refused all
food and died.
ï31 Hsieh FÇng-tsu $ (T. 4 ). A stive of Shantung,
who flourished as an author during he 17th centuy. He wmte
largely on astronomy, adopting much from western sources; also,
on the conservation of he Yellow River and of the Grand
732 sioh Fu-ch'êng $ . Died A.D. 1894. A native of
Kiangsu, who graduaed as c£in sMh in 1867 and in 1884 became
Taon'ai a Ningpo. Four years later he was promoted fo be Judge
of Hunan, and from 1889 fo 1893 he served as Miniser fo England,
France, Italy, and Belgium, returning fo China in 1894.
ï88 Hsioh Hsiao-o . 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A young
A Chinese Biogt.aphical Dictionat'y 291
lady of great courage, who wheu her betrothed husband and his
father were slain by robbers, disguised herself as a man and took
service in the robber-ehief's household. She assassinated the latter,
and mauaged fo effeet the break-up of the whole gang, after which
she eut off her hair and retired fo a nunnery. Sec Li l(ung-tso.
Itsieh ttsfi . Died A.D. 1276. A native of Ch'ien-t'ang
in Chehkiang, and nephew of the Empress, who refused fo take
office and lived as a recluse upon a mountain in his native province.
In 1274 the eollapse of the T'ien-mu Hill seemed fo him
o presage the downfall of the Sung dynasty; and when two years
later Hangchow was deserted by the Court and his aunt was taken
Peking by the Mongol invaders, he eommitted suicide by
drowning himself. His body would hot sink, but floated up stream.
He was eauonised by the founder of the Ming dynasty as
, and is no w known 8 the Drgon Xing.
HsiehHsfian (T. . H. and and 735
). A.D. 1389--1464. A native of Yfi-'ien in Chihli,
ai which place his faher was head of a college. When born,
is said ihai his flesh was iransparen, and hai his bones and
organs were plainly visible. In his youth he was an eager siuden
of philosophy, but i was no unfil 1420 ha in compliance wRh
his faiher's wish he wen up for his ch jen degree. He passed
firsi on ihe list and in he following year graduated as chin shih
and eniered upon an ocial career. Rising o be sub-Direcior of
ihe Grand Couru of Revision, he incurred the displeasure of Wang
Chên, who was theu very influential wiih the Emperor Ying
Tsung. He was implicaed in a bbery case, and senienced o
deaih. In prison he coniiuued his siudy of ihe Canon of Changes
and even when led oui o execulion he berayed no fear. He was
however reprieved, and wen ino retiremeni. In 1450 he was
reealled, and in 1457 he became Vice Presiden of the Board of
292 A Chbese Biogr««phical Dictiotarg
Rites; but his advice was hot listened fo, and he resigued office.
Returuing home he devoted himself fo teaching, and his bouse
a collection of miscellaneous notes, and of a number of essays,
letters, etc. etc. The j coutaius a number of his besç
uterances, brough ogeher and arranged by his disciples. He was
canonised as , and in 1572 his ablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple.
A native of Lin-ch'uan in Kiangsi, who having failed repeaedly
fo obtain the cMn shih degree, amused himself wih verse. Au,hot
of he ,[ , a poetical collection, and of several
Butterfly Hsieh, from the subject of olle of his finest poems.
737 Hsieh Jen-kuei . A.D. 614--683. A native of Chang
chou in Shansi, who in his youth was poor and supported himself
by agriculture. By various bold exploits against rebels he attracted
a good deal of attention, and was af length summoned to Cou,
and received a command. Iu 658 he gained a great victory over
the Koreans, and also over the Kitau Tartars; but in 670 he
sustained a disastrous defeat af the hands of the Turfans, and was
condemned fo death. He was however only cashiered; and later
on he was agai entrusted with a commaud, and reteved his
faine by a decisive victory over the Turkic tribes.
738 Hsieh Liang-tso ] (T. . H. ). llth cent.
A.D. A native of Shang-ts'ai in Honan. He graduated as
('Mn sMh in 1085, and entered upon an official career. Afr
filling several posts af the capital and in the provinces, he w
for some reason or other degraded and thrown into prison. He was
the author of the , a work on the Confucian Amlects;
and Chu Hsi collected his miscellaeous literary remains, whîch
A Cl, b,ese Biographical Dictionarg 293
were published uder the title of _ .. I, 1850 his
taEet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Hsieh Lig-yii . 4th an 5th cent. b.D. h native 739
of Honan, of good family, who distiuguished himself through lire
by the eccentricity of his conduct. In his youth he was au
omuivorous reader and a promising student; but he would bave
his clothes car after the fushious of antiquity, and everything
dse moddled according fo old-world designs. In this he soou had
a large number of imitators, by wom he ws named
Happy Hsieh. He roamed far and wide over the country, accompanied
by a crowd of followers, crossing mountain ranges and cutting his
way through forests. On one occasion, he emerged af
Lin-bai in Chehkiang, fo the great terror of the local magistrate,
who mistook him for a rebel leader. He received good appointments
uuder the early Emperors of the Suug dynasty; but his eccentc
and irritable disposition was always gettiug him iuto trouble, and
he was sent in 424 fo supentend the "bofing of mountains and
dredng of lakes" in far-off Kuangtuug. There he appears fo
have mixed with disreputable characters and fo bave led a disorder]y
lire, ou which counts he was ere long arraigned and beheaded.
He ranks as a poet of no mean order, though his work is too
uucouveutional for the ordinary critic. He is sometimes spoken of,
mgether with Yen Yen-chih, as .
sioh o (T. ). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. An
official who succeeded the virtuous Têng Yu as Governor of Wu-
hsiug in Chehkiaug, and whose rule was characterised by rapacity
and corruption. He was popularly known as Hsieh Ling.
mieh Shou (T. O )" 7th cent. A.D. A son of
Hsieh Tao-hêng. He fled fo the mountaius upon the accession of
the Emperor Kao Tsu of the T'ang dyuasty, but subsequently took
office under the new rulers and became a trusted Minister of the
294. A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictionary
Emperor T'ai Tsuug. He and his cousin Hsieh Yfian-ching,
and his clansman Hsieh , : Tê-yin, are together known as
the Three Phoenixes of Ho-tung.
72 Hsieh Tao-hêng - . 6th cent. A.D. Father of Hsieh
Shou, and a Minister under the Ch'ên dynasty, noted for his
brilliaut scholarship. He was called by t P'ei T'uan the
Confucius of the West, a title which had already been bestowed,
and with more justice, upon Yang Chên.
713 Hsieh T'ao ---r" 9th cent. A.D. A famous courtesan, who
lived af Ch'êng-tu in Ssi:ich'uan. The ornamental note-paper named
afer ber was said fo bave been dipped by her in a stream from
which water had been taken some years belote by a concubine of
Ts'ui Ning, fo wash the stole of a Buddhist priest who had fallen
ino a cesspool, and which stream had af once become miraculously
filled with flowers.
ïtt lsieh T'iao [, (T.
yang, who flourished in
_ ]). A nati e of Hsia-
the 5th cent. A.D. tte was highly
distinguished as a poet, and in reference fo his works Shên Yo
is said fo bave exclaimed, "For two hundred years we bave hot
had poetry like this!"
745 Hsieh Ts'ung i- (T. . ). Died A.D.? 500. A native
of Shensi, famed for his lofty prnciples and correct conduct. In
491 he entered the public service of the Northern Wei dynasty,
and was the trusted counsellor and friend of the Emperor ttsiao
Wên, though he refused high office. In 500 the new Emperor
sent him as Governor fo Ch'i-chou in Shantung, where he ruled
wisely and well. Was a great student, and an expert in ancient
inscriptions. Canonised as [ .
76 Hsieh Ying-fang ,, : (T. -). 14th cent. A.D. /k
native of Wu-chin in Kiangsu, famed tbr his profound learning.
In 1341, while liviig as a recluse in a cottage which he styled
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictioat'g o95
he Tor[oise Nes, he was appoined Offieer of Edueatio
for his native place. Duriug the wars preeeding [he es[ablishment
of the Ming dynasy he re[ired ino seelusion, but in 1364, wheu
over seveuy, he reurned o Kiangsu aud lived a solitary life on
a mounain, ge was oeeupied in ediing fle local opography, and
ofleials passing by his residenee would eall and eonsul him. ge died
a he age of niney-six. He was a fine poe, but his philosophieal
attainmens ehiefly ruade him famous, ge hated all religion and
supersition, agains[ whieh he wro[e he )l .
l:Isien Chu. Sec Liu Pei.
lsien Fêng :. A.D. 1831--1861. The ifle of he reigu
of - I-ehu, fourth son of he Emperor Tao Kuang. He
sueeeeded in 1851 and proved o be a weak ruler, ill-fied o
eope with fle T'ai-p'ing rebellion wheh broke out early in his
reign. The rebels, who professed Chrisianiy, for some [ime
carried ail before hem; aud i was no unil 1864 ha he
rebellion was finally suppressed (sec Hug Hsiu-cl'iiaO. The ill-
imed an'oganee of Commissiouer Yeh had meanwhile led o a
second war wih Englaud in 1858--1860, as disasrous as he
former, although he firs aemp o force a passage for Sir F.
Bruce pas he Taku For[s in 1859 was repulsed. In 1860 he
allied armies of England and France were a he gaes of Peking,
and he Emperor fled o Jehol where he died in 1861. ge left
behind him an ani-foreign Regeney, whieh was upse by a coup
d'tat of he Empress and he Princes Kung aud Ch'un. Canonised
lsien Ti. Sec Liu rsieh.
lsien Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Shun; (Ming) Chu 2hien-shên.
lsien Wên Ti. Sec I'ob ]ung.
]sien-]rï Tzïl-(hïn ::-- ,[. 11th cent. A.D. ge served
as an oflieial under Ss-ma Kuang, who remarked ha his eareer
296 A Chinese Biographical Diclionarg
was one of uuinterrupted good fortune, in whieh sense his naine
is now quoted.
7i9 Hsion Yfian
reigu of the
. 9th cent. A.D. A magician under the
Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. He
possessed the gift of eternal youth, and was unharmed by wild
beasts. When oue of the Court ladies laughed af him, he caused
lier fo become an old and wriuk|ed hag, and only restored ber
beauty when she had humbly asked lais pardon.
750 ttsin Ch'i-chi - (T. @ ). Died A.D. 1198. h
native of Li-ch'êng in Shantung, who rose fo distinction as a
statesmau under the Emperors Kao Tsuug and Ning Tsung of the
Sug dynasty. H ecalled himself , and under this
title a collection of his writings was published. In che of his poems
he declared that there were only three things worth doing in lire,
viz. fo get druuk; fo travel; and o sleep. Canonised as ,
Hsin Huang Ti. See Wang ang.
751 Hsing Ping (T. H). A.D. 932--1010. A native
of Ts'ao-chou Fu in Shantuug, who graduated as chin s£ih in 976
after trying no less than nine times. He rose o be President
of the Boards of Works and Ries, and was the author of a
wrk on wather-lore, entitled , which he had
compiled during his early provincial career. The Emperor, o
whom he used o expound the Classics with refe,ence o current
events, visited him in h:s last illness.
752 Hsing Shao Ç (T. ). Died A.D.? 560. A native
of Chihli, endowed with a marvellous memory, who early became
famous in Wei. In 525 he was called fo office in the capital,
and ganed great faine as a writer of memorials for hgh officiais;
but fearing the jealousy of his rivals, he retired for three yeam
fo a provincial post. After this his promotion was rapid, and he
even held three offices af once. In 559 he drew up the ceremonia]
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 297
proper on the death of the Emperor. In his old age he was a
great student of the text of the Classics, and he is ranked as one
of the Three Able Men of the northern dynasties (see Wei Shou).
I:Ising Tsung. See ¥oh-lït Tsung-chèn.
I:Isiung Kun ? 9th cent. A.D. A virtuous official of the 7,53
T'ang dynasty, who rose under the Emperor Chao Tsung fo be a
Censor and President of the Board of War. In the troubles which
marked the close of the reign and ultimate downfall of the
dynasty, he was reduced fo poverty and had no funds fo pay for
the funeral of his father. Upon his loudly bewailing this want of
money, a rain of cash fell from heaven for three consecutive
days and enabled him fo give his father decent burial. From this
Hsiung lo-lung ,'fi (T. ,. H. ). A.D.
1620-1670. A native of lïian-yang in lïiupeh, who was a
diligent student, especially of ancient literature. Rose fo be
secretary in the Grand Secretariat, and Vice President of the
Board of Rites. He was distinguished for his correct life, and for
the interest he took in the welfare of the people. His collection,
« ( 5 , v( n,y forgo««,, wor.
Hsiung T'ing-pi , (T. 1- ). Died A.D. 1625. A 755
native of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who graduated as chiu shih in
1598 and became a Censor, and ten years later attracted attention
by a plan fo establish military colonists oa the Liao-tung frontier.
After several years in Liao-tung, where he improved the army but
by his severity excited much ill-will, he was sent as Education
0flicer fo Nanking. Here he gained a great naine, but he was
forced fo retire on a charge of beating students fo death. In 1619,
when , Yang Hao was utterly routed by the Manchus,
Hsiung was recallëd and placed in command in Liao-tung, and by
his vigorous measures soon put the country into a fair state of
298 A ChSese Biog'«p]dcal Dictionary
defence. However Fang Ts'ung-chê lept up a constant attack on
his deïensive policy, and in 1620 he was superseded. In the following
year the advance of the Manchus and the rail of Liao-yang caused
him to be recalled. His colleague î ., Wang Hua-chên
insisted on an aggressive policy» and by a slight success won the
support of the Court. In 1622 Wang was utterly defeated, and
ttsiung withdrew all his forces fo Shan-hai-luan. Both Wang and
Hsiung were imprisoned, and Wei Chung-hsien caused the latter
fo be executed on a charge of embezzlement and all his property
and that of his relatives fo be seized. In 1629 his innocence was
established, and his son was allowed fo bury his head.
native of Hupeh. Graduated as clti sldlt in 1658, and first
distinguished himself in 1667 by remonstrating with the Emperor
on things in general. In 1670, the favourite Ao-pai having fallen,
he rose fo be secretary in the Grand Secretariat and tutor fo the
Emperor. In 1673 he advised the Emperor agaiust the abolition
of the Three Feudatories, -- a measure which led fo the rebellion
of Wu San-kuei and Kêng Ching-chung. He ultimately became
President of the Board of Civil Oce and Grand Secretary, and
in 1705 he was permitted fo give up his career and return fo his
home. His literary efforts were confined a|most entirely fo exegetical
notes and essays on the Classics. Canonised as î.
Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, whose father was a simple fisherman.
l]e graduated as cltin sltitt in 1673, and rose by 1700 fo be
Governor of onan. There he abolished the former heavy fees,
improved irrigation, and generally reformed the administration. In
1706--7 he was in charge of important conservation works on the
Yellow River; and in 1707 he was promoted fo be President of
the Board of Civil Office, in addition fo being still Chancellor of
A Chittese Biog»'aphicetl Dictiona»'y 299
the Han-liu College. In 1732 he was iucluded in the Temple of
Worthies, and in 1744 he was canonised as .
ttsii (hên , (T. j ). Died A.D. 1695. Originally a 758
lieutenant of Chêng Chih-lung, he submitted fo the Manchus in
1646. In 1674, being then in retirement, he raised a force of
volunteers and greatly distinguished bimself in eastern Hunan
against the forces of Kêng Ching-chung. l:Ie kept his troop from
all excesses, and laboured fo mitigate the horrors of war. In 1678
he became Commander-in-chief of Hunan, and in 1683 was
trausferred fo Canton.
ttsii Çh'êng-tsu ,î, 7 ]. A native of Kiangsu, who was 759
Secretary of Legation af Washington under Ch'ên Lan-pin, and
wrote a book on America and ifs customs. He was sent on special
service fo Fuhkien during the hostilities with France, and became
Minister af Tokio in October 1884. In March 1889 he was
impeached for peculation in connection with the purchase in Japan
of copper for making cash.
ttsii Chi ,î (T. ). llth cent. A.D. A native of Shan- 760
yang in Kiangsu, noted for his filial piety. Up fo the age of 40
he was hot married, for fear his wife might rail in ber duty fo
his mother; neither would he take office, lest he himself might be
coustrained fo part from ber. £ length he was persuaded fo present
himself for examination, and passed with credit; but his mother
died before he was appointed fo a post, and he af once retire&
Re then became Superintendent of Education af his native place,
and ultimately married, tte was very deaf, and people used fo
trace on the ground before him what they wanted fo say. In his
daily lire, as well as in his writings, he was eccentric» and would
sometimes sit all day long staring af a wall. l:Ie declared fo Su
Shih that only Chou Kung and the Great Yii were worthy of
praise. Canonised as _
300 A C]bese Biograp]ical Dictionary
:« m cio (T. - ). .D. 1--. ,ti, «
Hua-t'ing in Kiangsu, who graduated third af the Palace
examination of 1523, and served in the Han-lin College until in 1530
his objection fo lower the title of Confucius led fo his dismissal a
provincial Prefecture. By 1550 he had risen fo be President of the
Board of Rites, and was consulted wheu Anda laid siege fo
Pekin He brought about the death of Ch'ou Luan, and the
dismissal of Yen Sung in 1562. He also took vigorous measures
of defence against the Japanese raiders. His constant demand for
the appoiutment of an Heir Apparent was ai last successful; and he
was also able fo restraia the Emperor's extravagance in building
tcmples and paloees and fo punish the quacks who pretended
bave discovered the elixir of lire. Ou the accession of the Emperor
Mu Tsuag in 1566, Hsfi procured the issue of a generM amnesty
and promise of reforms; but the Emperor grew weary of his
discussions aud the eunuchs also hated him. He retired in 1568.
Canonised as .
762 Hsfi Ch'ieh (T. ). A.D. 920--974. Author of the
, an annotated edition of the Shuo Wê,, which is
still regarded as of high authority,_ especially as embodying the
true archaic meaning of many words the signification of which
was afterwards wilfully altered by-the schoolmen of the 13th
century. Popularly known as 2] the Younger Hsfi,
distinguish him from his brother Hsfi Hsfian.
763 Hsfi Chien (% ). A.D. 659--729. A native of
Hu-chou in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself as a writer
and official under the T'ang dynasty. He assisted Chang Yfieh in
editing the OE , and was a member of the Historical
Commission. Author of the , a Guide to Knowledge for
beginners. Canonised as .
ma cu'ie (T. OE. n. ). .D. 10--
A Chinese Biogtaphical Dictiona»'y 301
1337. A native of Chin-hua in Chehkiang. Left an orphan af a
early age, he devoted himself assiduously fo the study of
philosophy, and became famous among the scholars of his age.
But he refused fo take office uuder he Mongol dynasy, and
would no even prepare his sudens for the public examiuations.
Author of the , a work upon the O¢les, and
of several commentaries upon various portions of the Confucian
Canon, etc. etc. He was canonised as , and in 1734 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Graduated as thiM cldn s£i£ in 1670, and entered the Han-lin
College. Five years later he p ublished the , an
examination of the Book of Rites, and put his learning into
practice by burying his mother according fo the ancient ritual. In
1688 he was President of the Board of Punishments, an office he
soon relinquished in order fo confine his energies fo the
preparation of those works which render illustrious the reign of
K'ang Hsi. The Emperor had a very high opinion of him, and
employed him «o edi his essays, Che . His faine as
a patron of lieraure aracted scholars from long distances, in
consequence of which he was oKen denounced for harbouring
seditious alkers. K'ang Hsi however stood by him throughou his
life, even when his sons were proved o have corrupfly obtained
the ch jen degree; and when denunciaions followed him afer his
mtiremen in 1690, he Emperor published a Decree deprecating
aacks due o personal spire. He was recalled shorfly before his
death, bu did no hear of he Decree. He was a grea bibliophile
and decipherer of ancient inscriptions. See Hsa Yiian-wên.
Hsfi Chih oE (T. ). A.D. 97--168. A native of 766
Nan-ch'ang in Kiangsi, famous for his friendship with Ch'ên Fart
who always kept a special bed for him. His family was poor, and
302 A Chbzese Bioflraphical Dictio»ta'y
he used o ill he ground himself, refusing o ea except of wha
his own labour had produeed. Several aempts were ruade o
inroduce him ino oflàeial lire, bu he had no desire for his kind
of distinction. On one occasion he was driven fo earn he means of
eonveying home a friend's eoftu by burnishing mirrors as he passed
from stage o stage. When he mother of Kuo Lin-sung died, he
only wen o he door of he bouse and lef hero a bundle of grass.
Kuo remembered the passage in the Odes and said, "This mus be
he doing of Hsi Chih, he great scholar of Nau-ch'ang."
767 l:Is Chih-kao , I '. Died A.D. 943. A descendant of he
Prince of Chien. I-lis real name was . _»_r Li Pien (T.
). Lef an orphau a au early age, he was adoped by Yang
Hsing-mi, fouuder of t.he Wu St.ae; but owing o he jealousy of
he sons of ha potenae, he was ransferred o he Miniser
n Hsii Wên whose naine he took. In 963 he mounted he
hrone vacaed by Yang P'u, changed he dynasic iflo fo
T'ang, and resumed his original naine, lqis capital was a modern
Nanking, and his rule embraced he erriory beween he luai
and he Yang-sze, Kiaugsi, souhern Anhui, and par of Kiangsu.
te resored the statures and cusoms of he T'ang dynasy,
paronised lieraure, and collected a large library. Canonised as
] ] of he Southern T'ang Sae.
768 l:Is t2hing-(h'êng . A native oï Chehkiang, who
graduaed as chin shih in 1868, and enered he Hau-lin College,
of which he was ruade a sub-Reader in 1890. From 1884--1888
he was Miniser fo France, Italy, Germany, Ausria, and F[olland,
and in 1890 was appoined Minisor o he hree las-named
counries and Russia. In 1893 he became sub-Chancellor of he
Grand Secretaria, and in 1895 was promoed o be Senior Vice
President of he Board of Works.
769 l:Isi Ching-tsung î - (T. t)- b.D. 592--672. h
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Diction»'y 303
native of Haugchow, and an erudite scholar, who assisted Ching
Po in his history of the fise of the T'ang.dynasty. The Emperor
Kao Tsung favoured him because he supported the elevation of the
lady afterwards famous as the Empress Wu [[ou, and also the
alteratiou in the succession, l:[e became a Duke, but decliued the
post of Minister of State on the ground of age. l:[e is accused of
having abused his iositiou as l:Iistoriographer in returu for bribes,
and he certaiuly encouraged the Emperor in his harsh treatment
of upright statesmen. If was proposed fo canonise him as
Misleader, but on his grandson's remoustrance, : was substituted.
Hs Ching-yeh ,îî, î. 7th cent. A.D. A graudson of Li 770
Chi, under whom he served in early life. Eutering the public
service, he got into trouble on a charge of corruption and was
banished in 684. Subsequenfly lae and his brother Hs(i
Ching-yu, taking advantage of the disturbances consequent upou
the deposition of the Emperor Chung Tsung, broke into open
rebellion. Against them the Empress Wu Hou dispatched a force
uuder .. : Li Hsiao-i, who succeeded in routing their army.
The two brothers fled, but were ultimately captured and put fo death.
Hsii Chung-yiian , j*tp -;,. A native of
in Auhui, who cut off a piece of his thigh as me(licine for a sicl
parent, for which the naine of his village was changed fo
Filial-Piety-Influences. When the parent died, birds plucked flowers
and stuck them on the grave, while animals came with clods of
earth in their mouths fo help in building up the embankment.
A native of : Hsin-chêng in Honan, who became a disciple
of Yao Shu and ultimately attracted the attention of Kublai Khan.
Under that monarch he held mauy important posts, chiefly connected
with education, and finally rose fo be Grand Secretary and President
of Xtrooomil o(. Xor of t I , o o-
304 A Chbese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y
he calendar. He was canonised as ::_, and in 1313 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
773 Hs Hsan (T. ). A.D. 916--991. A native of
Kuang-ling in Kiangsu, and one of the learned men appointed by
the Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty fo bring out a
corrected edition of he 8huo Wên which he entiled ,
and whieh was a oenfinuafion of he work of his younger brocher,
Hsfi Ch'ieh. His oeial eareer, dufing whieh he was President of
the Board of Civil Oee, was a ehequered one. On one occasion
he was degraded for revealing oeial secrets; on anoiher, he w
banished for unauihorisedly puting a man fo deah; and finally,
about 976, when a Supervising Censor, he was aeeused of negleefing
his moher and of adulery, and was banished fo Ç Pin-chou in
Shensi where he died of eold. His works comprise he
and l , besides a collection of le,rets. He was an ovvon,
of Buddhism, bu an avowed spifiualis. Popularly known as
ihe Elder Hs, o disinguish him from his brocher, and also
as , from ihe naine of an oZcial pos which he filled.
See Han Hsi-tsai.
sa san (T. ). X.D. 240--874. A native of
Nan-ch'ang in Kiangsi. Jus before his birh, his moher dreamt
hai a golden phoenix dropped a pearl from iis beak into ber hand.
As he grew up he devoed himself chiefly o necromancy and ihe
black ar. In 280 he was appoined o a magiserial pos, and
disiinguished himself by his benevoleuce; bu he soon resigned,
and having perfecied himsdf as a magician, wandered abou doing
good o ihe people, slaying dragons and ridding he country, of
similar pesis, and on one occasion causing waier o flow from a
ro@. In anoiher case, by an arrangement of an iron pillar and
eigh cables he marie i impossible for he evil spiris o continue
heir roublesome pracices. At he age of 184 he was ranslaed
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 305
fo heaven together with his whole family his dogs and cats, and
even the denizens of his poultry-yard.
lsii ttui ,î - 7th cent. A.D. A young lady, who when only ï75
eight years of age could write off an essay with ease. She was
admitted as concubine into the palace of the Emperor T'ai Tsung,
and took occasion fo remonstrate agaiust the extravagant expenditure
upon wars and Imperial buihliugs, for which bold act she gained
much credit, even with his Majesty himself.
Hsfi Hui . 9th cent. A.D. Protégé and friend of the
staman Yang P'ing. When the latter was bauished by
his rival Li I-chien, Hsfi Hui alone veutured fo see
him off. He was entreated hOt fo do so, lest he himself should be
implioEted. But he answered, "I owe everythihg fo Yang P'ing;
now that he is going into exile, shall I hOt bid him farewellY"
Seveml days afterwards he received from LiI-chien an appoiutment
as Censor. "I have never set eyes on your Excellency," he said,
on taking up his post; "fo what am I indebted for this honourY"
"Sir," rep5ed Li I-chien, "the man who is loyal to his friend will
never be disloyal fo his country."
Hsfi Kan t (T. t ). A po«t and official, who floufished
af the close of the E. Han dynasty and is rauked as one of the
Seven Scholars of Che Chien-an period, A.D. 196--220,
the other six being K'ung Jung Ch'ên Lin, Wang Ts'au, Lin
Chëu, Ying Yang, and Yfian Yfi. He was the author of the
, a rendering into Chinese of the Praam.ûla sdstra tikâ of
Nâgârdjuna.
sfi Kuang (T. ). A.D. 352--425. Younger brother 778
of Hsfi Mo, and a pround schblar. He was employed upon the
dynastic history, and rose fo be Chief Librafian in the Impefial
Library. Upon the abdication of the Emperor Kung Ti in 420, he
retired into private life. To his latest hour he was seldom seen
20
306 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
without a book in his hand. He was the author of a work on
military dress, and was considered fo be a.n eminent authority on
all matters of ceremonial etiquette.
779 ttsfi IKuang-ch'i Î (T. ). A.D. 1562--1634. The
famous stutesman of the Ming dynasty, generally regarded as the
only influential member of the mandarinate who bas ever becomo
a convert fo Christianity. After gruduating as first chjen in 1597
and taking his e/dn shih degree in 1604, he enrolled himself as a
pupîl of Matteo Ricci and studied under his guidance fo such purpose
that he was able fo produce works on the new system of astronomy
as introduced by the Jesuit Fathers, besides various treatises on
nmthematical science. He ws lso uthor of the ,
an eneyelopoedi of agriculture of eonsiderable wlue. Wigh the id
of his foreign eehers he devoed eonsiderble enion o hc a
of esging eannon, nd never eesed o impress upon he lasg wo
Emperors of the Ming dynasgy he neeessiy of employing rgillery
agains he rebels. Afer somewh ehequered ereer he rose in
1628 be Presiden of he Board of ies nd ws ordered o
reform he ealendar, bu by he ime he had obiued ny rel
power he ws lready oo old for active service. he Jesui
estblishmen of (or ) Sicwei, near Shanghai whieh
was his birthplce, is named fter him. Cnonised s .
7so m Zi, g I$ (T. ). .D. 0--S. .ti, o
modern Kiangsu, whose mother, just previous fo his birth, dl'eamt
that a rainbow-coloured cloud changed into a phoenix and setfled
upon ber leh shoulder. As a youth he was precocious, being able
fo compose essays ai eight years old. Af thirteen, he had masred
the philosophy of Lao Tz and Chuang Tz. A Buddhist priest,
named P Chih, stroked his head and said, "You bave here a
unicornl" Eventually he rose, under the Emperor Wu Ti of the
Liang dynasty, fo be a Minister of State. He h a son named
A C]inese Biographical Dictionary 307
Pin, who when his father was sick, cured him by reciting the
Canon of Filial Piety for three consecuive days and nights. Canonised
sii lIien {î (T. t( :2 )- Died A.D. 535. A native of
modern Kiangsu, who took a high degree and rose in 507 fo be
President of the Board of Civil Office under the Liang dynasty. As
a child he was extremely precocious, and when only six years old
o.o v,'y o . w«. { . si.o- i
of him, "He is a unicorn amoug men, and will certainly travel
far;" meaning that he would fise high in the public service.
powers of application were marvellous. He could carry on a
conversation while writing dispatches. He was so rarely af home
that the dogs barked af hinl as af a stranger. He despised wealth,
and distributed his salary among his poorer friends and relatives.
tic was fond of exclaiming, "Others bequeath fo their children
wealth; fo mine I bequeath an unsullied reputation." Canonised
ttsii lYlO ,, (T. :. ). Died A.D. 249. He was a secretary
in a Board under the great Ts'ao Ts'ao, and served under the two
Emperors who succeeded him, rising fo the highest offices of State.
In 242 he was appointed President of the Board of Works, but
was prevented by age and infirmity from accepting the post and
retired into private life. He was contemporary with Ts'ai Yung,
whose faine as a winebibber he rivalled, if hOt eclipsed. Even when
the use of liquor was altogether forbidden under the severest
penalties, he was unable fo resist the temptation of getting
occasionally drunk. Canonised as .
kuan in Shantung, and elder brother of Hsti Kuang. He was of
very prepossessing appearance and of marked literary capacity, and
became a prime favourite with the Emperor tsiao Wu of the
308 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y
Chin dynasty, who raised him fo high ofi[ice. The death of his
father aggravated an illness from which he was suffering, and he
died within the year.
784 lsii Pên { (T. A)" Died A.D. 1747. Son of HsO
Ch'ao. Graduaed as chin sih in 1718, and afer service in Peking
and he provinces became in 1732 Governor of Anhui. There he
improved he police, the Customs, and he ax collection, and
also stopped piracy, heu rife among he fishing population, by
inroducing a sysem of mutual guarantee. Recalled o Peking in
1734, he rose o be Grand Secreary, reiring in 1742. Canonised
as , and in 1786 included in he Temple of Worthies.
7S5 sO 'u (T. ). A.D. 1429-1499. Graduaing as
chin sli in 1454, he euered he Grand Secretaria in 1487. is
quie couservaive policy, which aimed,at compromise and ffiendly
relaions with his colleagues, was a relief aer he energy, often
vindicive, of his predecessor Lin Chi. His proests, however, hiled
fo sir he Emperor fo reform or o check the power of Li Kuang
and the Taoists. Indeed, during his twelve years as Minister, he
was ouly once received in audience. In 1497 he was entrus
wih he preparaion of he Statures of the Ming
Dynsty, which were published in 1509. To his subordinates he was
lenien, and in private lire he was distinguished for filial piety,
frugaliy, and chariy. e lef 800 mou of land free of taxes o
he poor of his clan. Canogised as .
780 HsO Shao (T. ). 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. A native
of P'ing-yfi in Honan, who attracted the notice of Ts'ao Ts'ao but
refused fo serve under him, telling the great commander fo his
face that he was a rebel and a disturber of the public peace. He
is now chiefly remembered in connection with his practice of
devoting the tiret day of every month fo cfiticism of his neighboum
and their conduct. Hence the phrase fo criticise. He and
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 309
his brother Hs(i Ch'ien, who rose fo some distinction, were
known as the Two Dragons of P'ing-y(i.
Hs Sain » (T. g). Di« .. e0. .i¢ of
Shao-ling in modern Honan. He graduated as ltsiao lien
and studied under Chia K'uei, with whose naine he is often
mciated in literature. After holding office for a short rime, he
retired into private lire and devoted himself fo books. He was a
deep student of the Five Classics; and discovering discrepancies in
the criticisms of these books, he wrote his ,a work
which gave rise the popular saying "On the i've Classics Hs
Shu-chung is without his peer." But if is by his Sltuo Wê that
he is now known. This was a collection, with short explanatory
notes, of all the characters -- about ten thousand -- which were
fo be found in Chinese literature as then existing, written in what
is now known as the Lesser Seal style. If is the oldest Chinese
dictionary of which we bave any record, and forms the basis of
ail modern etymological research. If is arranged under 540 radicals
which wçre called into existence for that purpose, and ifs chief
object was fo exhibit the hieroglyphic character of Chiuese writing.
Being not quite finished af his death, if was compled by his son
Hsfi Ch'ung and in A.D. 121 was laid belote the Emperor
An Ti. In 1875 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
H si o H t . a . .c. A ai 7SS
of the Ch'i Sate, who persuaded he Firs Emperor fo seud out
an exçedition, accompanied by several thousand young men and
women, fo search for the Isles of the Blest which were supposed
fo be inhabited by Immortals.
HsShih-lin (T. . H. ). A.D. 1684-- 789
1741. The first of the two Governors of provinces admitted to the
Temple of Worthies, " encourage the others." He was famed for his
judicial acumen and for his disregard of the ordinary pleasures of life.
30 A C]d»ese Biographical Dlctio»ary
,o m si . . i, .m( Ci, ¢i
Apparent o the Staçe of sfi. He is mentioned in he Tso
Chua as having "murdered his sovereign," and is also sigmatised
by Confucius as a murderer. Iç would appear that he adminisered
a poion fo his sick faher wihou having çaken the precaution
of previously asing he medicine himself, and ha his faher died
from he effecs.
71 HS Shol-hui (T. , ). 14th cent. A.D. A
cloth-trader of Lo-t'ien iu Hupeh, who was ruade chier
of the band formêd by Ying Yfi, a priest of Yfian-
chou in Kiangsi, fo prepare for the coming of Maitrêya Buddha.
In 1351 he styled himself Emperor, with his capital ai
Ch'i-shui in Hupeh. After occupying Wu-ch'ang, and even
Haugchow, and making an unsuccessful attack upon An-ch'ing,
he suffered several reverses, and in 1356 fixed his capital ai Han-
yang. In 1357 he was imprisoned by Ch'ên Yu-lang in Chîang-
chou, and shortly afterwards slain.
792 sfi Ta { (T. ). A.D. 1329--1383. A native of
Fêng-yang in Anhui, and the chief supporter of Chu Yfian-chang
in his overthrow of the Mougol dynasty. Joining the latter in
1353, he immediately won his confidence and did nearly all the
actual fightiug on his behalf, the new sovereigu declining fo
interfere with his dispositions. His almost unbroken series of
successes culminated in the capture of Pekiug in 1368. He w
then employed in clearing the Mongols from the north-western
provinces, and in thoroughly weakening their power of aggression
by frequent expeditions beyond the Chinese frontier. During the
war he took two capitals and over one hundred other cities,
without a single instance of murder or rapine; and wheu Peking
changed masters, the market was hOt stopped for a single day.
He was a plain, simple man, and never presumed on his great
A Cldnese Biographical Dictiottary 3t 1
services. His toaster desc,'ibed him as "the only General," without
pride or conceit, entirely free from sensuality or avarice. He was
ennobled as Duke, receiving his patent engraved upon an iron
slab, and posthumously as Prince. Canonised as îî, and
admitted fo the Imperial Temple. [-Iis image stood first of the
twenty-one placed in 1369 in the Temple of Men of Merit.
Hsï Ta-chêng ,, ]] (T. ). llth cent. A.D. A native
of î]î Ou-ning in Fuhkien, who distinguished himself as a
poet and was on terres of friendship with Su Shih. He built himself
a "Retreat" upon the Northern Mountain in Kuangsi, whence he
Hsï Ta-ch'un ,, : (T. î ). 18th cent. A.D. A native
of 9' 1"- Wu-chiang near Soochow, distinguished as a scholar
and a doctor. He wrote a commentary on the Tao Té Clti,g, and
his collected medical works are known under the title of ,,
lsï TZïl-p'ing , -- . A celebrated professor of the science 795
of astrology, who flourished under the Sung dynasty. His method
of divination is still called by his naine.
lsï W ên-ching îî î (T. J ). A native of Anhui,
who graduated as clït jen in 1724 and distinguished himself as a
writer on the Canon of C]tanges, the Tribute of Yït, and the
Bamboo Books. He was over ninety years of age af his death.
ttsï Yu I" One of te Four Philosophers of the
Miao-ku-shê mountain, the others being / Nieh Chfieh, .
W ang Ni, and f P'i I. The Emperor Yao is said fo
bave offered him the throne, which only caused him fo hurry off
fo wash his ears and cleanse them from such unwarrantable
defilement. He used fo drink from the brook in the hollow of his
hand; and when some charitable person gave him a gourd, he hung
it up on a tree near his hut. But the wind whistling through the
312 A Cbinese Biographical Dictionarg
gourd produced a sound which was pleasing te his senses, te escape
frein which contamination he threw the gourd away.
798 ttsii-yiian-mêng { (T. and ). A.D.
1650-1786. A Mauchu, who graduated as chin s£i]t in 1678. For
many years he suffered frein the enmity of the rival Ministers
OE Ming-chu and So-o-'u, who in reve,ge for his
refusal o pay court te eiher, caused him te be imprisoned and
orured ou rations false charges. In 1687, for nothing more than
bad archery pracice, the Emperor K'aug Hsi ordered him o be
sevrely beaen and his parents o be banished o he Amoor. Next
day however this harsh sentence was revoked. In the following year
l,e became implicaed, hrough Ming-chu, in an iurigue, and uely
died in prison. Af last in 1693» after Ming-chu's fall, he gradually
rose unil in 1718 he was chosen as he Emperor's confidenial
adviser. Five years la,er he was degraded for a mistrauslation, but
rose once more high te oce. On his deahbed he was visied by
the eldes Prince, and finally received a public funeral. Canonised
as , and included in he Temple of Worthies.
1634-1691. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated first a he chin
shih examination of 1659, and was a once admited te he sociey
and confidence of the Emperor Shun Chih, being also entrusted
wih he ediing of his Majesty's literary noes, under the tie of
. Af he accession of he Emperor K'aug Hsi ho was
unjusly degraded on a question of accouus, and only in 1665
was his characer viudicated. After servng in rations literary posts,
he aided in revîsing he Canon of Filial Piety and was placed on
he Commission for preparing he History of rite Mbg Dyasty.
He thus secured ha he last three Ming Princes, Fu,
T'ang, and Kuei, and their followers, should be recorded as
brave men and uoç as rebels. Promoed in 1680 o be Presiden
A Chinese Biographical Dictioary 3t3
Of the Censorate he insisted that the period of tuourning should
be uniform for all officers, Bannermen and Peking officials having
hitherto got off with short periods. In 1688 his brother Hsii Ch'ien-
hsiieh was called from the provinces fo be President of the Board
of Punishmeuts, and this led fo his fall in 1689; for lqsii Ch'ien-
hstieh instigated the attack which drove from office the Manchu
Minister l.j ] Ming-chu, whose partisans soon succeeded in
foming Hsti Ytian-wên fo retire. One great reform he effected was
fo require au officially sealed bill of sale for every serf held by a
Manchu, as hitherto many Chinese had been kidnapped and enslaved
for life.
ttsiian Nii _ '. A daughter of God, sent down fo earth fo 00
aid the Yellow Emperor against Ch'lb Yu.
Hsiian Ti. See (Han) Liu Hsiln; (Ch'ën)C'ên Hsil; (bi. Chou)
Yii Wên-yung.
Hsiian Tsang - or Yilan Tsang t. A.D. 602--
664. The religious designation of a man whose original name was
Ch'ên I. A native of Honan, who became a Buddhist priest
when only 20 years of age and in the year 629 set out for
Iuia, with a view fo visit ifs holy places and fo bring back copies
of the sacred books of Buddhism. In 645 he returned, and was
received with public honours, the Emperor T'ai Tsuug couferring
upon him the honorary epithet of ' San Tsaug. He had
with him six hundred and fifty-seven Buddhist books, besides mauy
images and pictures, and one hundred and fifty relics. He spent
the rest of his life in translating these books, with the help of
several learned monks appointed by the Emperor. The manuscript
of his oE Record of Western Cou,tries was presented fo
the Emperor in 646, but the work as if now stands was hot
complets« u.ti S. ao .o,, a $ J J b
of the Greater Development, and : fi Môkchadêva.
3t4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Hsian Tsung. See Li Lung-chi.
Hsian" Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Shên; (Chin a) Wan-yen
(Ming) Chu Chan-chi.
02 Hsiian Wên Chiin
_ . 4th cent. A.D. The title given
fo the mother of Wei Ta, President of the Court of
Sacrificial Worship under the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty. In order fo prevent the decadence of classical learning,
she opened a school and lectured from behind a red curtain fo
some hundred and thirty studeuts.
Hsiian Wu Ti. See Yiian K'o.
03 Hsiian Ying 7î ... 6th cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest, author
of the ---- , -:, a work on the sounds and meanings
of words in the Buddhist Canon.
804 Hsiin Chii-po " '. 1st cent. A.D. A native of Hsfi-chou
in Honau, who when bandits were threateniug the neighbourhood
and all the inhabitants fled, refused fo leave the bedside of a sick
friend who had corne fo visit him. Touched by his devotion, the
bandits spared his lire.
805 Hsikn Hsi )f , (T. » ). 6th cent. B.C. A Minister of the
Chiu State, uuder whose leadership the Yfi and Kuo States were
destroyed. Wheu Duke Ling had spent some three years in building
a nine-storey belvidere, Hsfin Hsi said fo him, "Your servant can
pile twelve wei-ch'i pips one ou the other, and then put nine eggs
on the top of them." "Very risky!" observed the Duke. "Not
nearly so risky," replied Hs(in Hsi, "as your Grace's nine-storey
belvidere, which for three years has kept young men from
ploughing and young women from spinning." The Duke took the
hiut, and stopped the work.
806 Hsiin Hsii )f 1 (T. /_A-L ). Died A.D. 289. A native of
Yiug-chou in Anhui, who served as an official under the Wei
dynasty and subsequently under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin
A Chinese Bioff»'aphical Dicliona»'y 3t5
dyuasty, risiug fo the highes posts and aiding Chia Ch'uu in
prepariug his Penal Code. Fie took a leading prç in ediçing çhe
Bamboo Books whieh were diseovered in Honn during ha reign.
He edied and also wrote preface to'the oe t*, a
nurrative of the dveutures of Mu Wng on his visit fo Hsi Wang
Mu. This book was said fo bave been found in n old tomb; but
if uppears from iurnl evidence fo haro been one of tho numerous
forgeries of the Eustern Hn dynasty. Hsu Hsfi was distinguished
an artist, and wte on music (see Yiian Hsien). He llad feu
sons, Lhree of whom rose Lo disincLiou. Canonised as . See
Chug Hui.
Hsfin K'uang . 3rd cenL. B.C. A lmive of Lhe Chao 807
SLate, who aL Lhe age of 50 waudered o the Ch'i Stae in search
of educaLion. He succeeded in making a naine for himself, and
was appoind Libaioner; buL laLer on he was impeached, and
wiLhdrew Lo Llle Ch'u Sae where he became MagistraLe of
L,-li, u, C'u, Sh¢ Cn. Wh,
died ho was dismissed om oce, bu remained in Ch'u, Leaching
pupils, among whom were the famous Li Ssfi and Hau Fei Tzfi.
Disgused wiLh lire he wroe a philosophical treaLise in which he
mainins, in opposition o Mencius, Lha Lhe nature of man aL his
bih is evil. He was ofLen called MiuisLer Hsu, in refereuce
o his ocial posiLion. During he reign of he Emperor Hsan Ti
of Lhe Han dynasy, B.C. 73-48, his surname was changed from
Hsfiu to Sun, Lhe former being Lhe Emperor's personal naine.
Hsfin Pien . 6h cen. B.C. A skilful general, whom Lhe
Marquis of Wei a would noL employ because once, wheu a Lax-
gaLherer, he had accepted and eateu a couple of eggs. The philosopher
Tzfi-ssfi (see K'ung Chi) succeeded however in persnading Lhe
Marquis LhaL if would be impoliLic o sacrifice such an able man
for so rivial an offence.
316 A Chinese Biograp]dcal Dictio»mry
809 HsiinShuan (T. J)..C.D. 128--190. Oneofthe
eight sons of Hsfin Shu (T. ). He was such a
precocious youth, being well-versed in the Sprin and Autumn and
the A,alects by the rime he was twelve years old, that the saying
arose, "Among the eight dragons of the Hsfin family, Tz'fi-ming
is without his peer." Entering into official lire, in 165 he became
secretary iu a Board, and contiuued fo fill various offices until
Tung Cho seized the supreme power. He then attempted flight but
was constrained to take office as Miuister, a post which he had
held o,fly ninety-four days wheu he was overtaken by illness and died.
SlO Hsfin Yfi (T. ). A.D. 161--211. A native of
Ying-yin in Anhui. Graduating in 189 he attached himself
to the fortunes of Ts'ao Ts'ao, whose star seemed fo him fo be
in the ascendant, aud became his trusted adviser. In 196 he was
raised fo high office by the Emperor Hsien Ti, and in 199, upon
the defeat of Yfian Shao, was enuobled as Marquis, Ts'ao Ts'
recommending that even more emoluments should be assigned
him. However, in 211, when Tung Chao and others wished
Ts'ao Ts'ao fo be ennobled as Duke and fo be presented with the
"nine valuable gifts," upon being consulted by them he observed
that such procedure would be out of keeping with the character
of the "superior man." Ts'ao Ts'ao did hot forgive this, and
iutrigued fo get Hsan Ya seut upon a cumpaign in the south. As
he was starting he fell ill, aud Ts'ao Ts'ao sent him a present
of food fo speed him on his way; but when the dishes were opened
they were round fo be empty. Thereupon Hsfiu took poison and
died. If was said of him by Liu Chi that if he called ai a person's
bouse, he imparted fo the place a fragrance which lasted for three
days. CanoMsed as .
Sll Hsn Yfieh »[ (T. ç ). A.D. 148--209. Lea an orphan
ai an early age, by the rime he was 12 he was thoroughly
A Chinese Biographical Dictioary 37
acquainted with the Sprig ad Atumz Aals; and although too
poor fo buy books, he managed fo educate himself by stolen glances
af those of other people. He was of a quiet disposition and prepossessing
in appearance; but the rimes were out of joint, all power being in
the hands of the eunuchs. Accordiugly he pleaded ill-health, and
went into seclusion. Luter ou he ,ttracted the notice of the Emperor
Hsien Ti, himself a great loyer of learning, and the two spent
hours together in literary discussions. He rose fo be Chier Librarian
of the Imperia| Library ara| compiled the An,als of the
Ha Dtastt, besides writing a small work on the art ofgovernmeut.
1138. A native oi Ch'ung-an in Fuhkien, who graduated
fourth on the list of cl, i slilt in 1097. If was said that his essay
was the best of all sent in, but that he was hot placed first because
in if he had failed fo censure the policy of Ssï-ma Kuang. The
Emperor subsequently raised him fo third on the list, and he was
soon aferwards sent as Literary Chancellor fo Huuan. Here he got
inLo trouble wih an adherent of Ts'ai Chingi and the latter caused
him fo be dismissed from the public service. Ere long he was
r,-instaed in office and seu fo Ssïtch'uu, but on the death of his
parenLs in 1113 ho refused fo returu fo public life. Ultimately
however he became Expositor of the Classics under the Emperor
Kao Tsung, and coutinued in office until his death. He was the
author of the -, a work which was written specially fo
restore the Sprig and Autum Aals fo ifs place in the Confucian
Canon from which if had been ejected by Wang An-shih. He also
wrote a supplement fo Ssï-ma Kuang's .history, miscellaneous essays,
etc. etc. On one occasion he uudertook fo reform a nephew, a
good-for-nothing idler. He shut him up in a room by himself for
a whole year, with a pile of books. Af first the young man amused
himself by caring figures all over the woodwork; but gradually
318 A Chinese Biograp]ical Dictiona'y
he settled down te read, and ultimately graduated as cltin slfflt. He
was canonised as , and in 1437 his tabler was placed in
the Confucian Temple.
I-Iu Chi-t'ang i] (T. /. H. - î). A.D. 1728--
1800. Son of Hu Hs[i, and a distinguished ocial during the reîgn
of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung who consulted him as te precedents.
He was very deeply read in history aud biography. Canonised
I-Iu Chïl-jon J ) (T. ,- jï. H. b ). Died A.D.
1485. A native of ; Mei-ch'i in Fuhkien, who flourished as
a scholar and eacher under the Ming dynasy. He was he auhor
of he J , and of miscellaneous essays and poems. In 1584
he was canouised as , and his able was placed in
Confucian Temple.
Minisers of T'ai Tsu, he founder of he presen dynasy, he oher
four being O-yi-u, Fei-yiag-ung, f 51 II Uo-ho-i-n, and
Fei-yang-ku. He was disinguished boh by valeur and straegy in
he wars which prepared he way for he conques of China.
I-Iu I-Iai . Died B.C. 207. The younges son of he Firs
Emperor. When he laer died, Li Ssï and Chao Kao he eunuch
conspired o slay Fu Su, he righful heir, and placed Hu Hai upon
he hrone as he Second Emperor of he en housand who he
Firs Emperor had flatered himself would hand his naine clown o
afer ages. The seer Lu Shêng had prophesied ha he Ch'in
dynasy would ho desroyed by Hu; bu he Firs Emperor undersoo¢l
by "Hu" he Turkic ribes of he norh, and sen agains hem
Mêng T'ien wih a large army and buil he Grea Wall, no
knowing ha he faal Hu was ail he ime a his side. Hu Frai
was pu o deah by Chao Kao wihin wo years, and he Ch'in
dynasy came o an end.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 39
0ne of the profoundest writers on the Canon of Changes. He
graduated as cMn shih af the advanced age of fifty-eight, and af
ouce attracted the attention of the Emperor K'ang Hsi who
frequenfly consulted him on knotty points in the above-mentioned
Canon. He rose fo be senior Vice President of the Board of Rites,
having been appointed in 1730 chief editor of the History of
Mig Dynasty. In 1731 he retired on account of a spiteful
accusation that his only surviving son, Hu Chi-t'ang, who
afterwards became President of a Board, was merely an adopted son.
He was recalled o office by Ch'ien Lung, who included his great
work in the Imperial collection and caused him
be canonised as , though his rank was only that of
a Vice Prident.
Huung (T. 4ç" H. ). 12th cent. A.D.
Son of Hu An-kuo. After studying under Yang Shih, he retired
fo Mt. Hêng in Hunan where he spent twenty years in meditation
and teaching, having for one of his disciples the famous Chaug
Ch'ih. He addressed several very strong remonstrauces fo the Throne,
pointing out in one of these that while honest counsellors were
often punished for outspokenness, flatterers and sycophants were
allowed fo go unscathed. His language was always very violent,
which he explained by saying that such admonitions as he had fo
ve could hOt be dressed up in terres of formal ceremony. For
his faher's services he was appointed fo a post, but did hot take
i u» thor of th ,d t .
Hu Kuang (T. ). Died X.D. 72. X ative of 819
Hua-jung in Hupeh, who was left a poor orphan ana
began lire as a menial in a public office. He managed fo take his
second degee; and when he presented himself af the capital for
his third degree the Emperor An Ti declared that he was the first
320 A ChiJese BiogJoaphical Dictionary
scholar in the empire, and within one month he became secretary
fo a Board. Five months later he was appointed President of a
Board and Chamberlaiu, and coutinued with but few checks fo
hold high office until his death. Though hot distinguished by their
bohlness, his counsels were still of great value to his Imperial
masters; and in a popular couplet of the day the nation congratulated
itself on having such a wise and temperate man af the head of
affairs. Canonised as :.
Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who in 1400 came out first af the Palace
Examiuation and received an appoiutmeut in the [[an-lin College.
He then chauged his personal naine fo Chiug; but in 1403,
on being promoted fo sub-Expositor, he resumed his former naine
Kuang. [[e rose fo high off]ce under the Emperor Yung Lo,
accompanying his Majesty on his northern campaigus as confidential
adviser and being specially entrusted with the preparation of such
inscriptions as were set up fo record the success of their arms.
The Emperor once asked him if the people were happy. "They are
happy," he replied, "but badly governed by their local Magistrates."
Canonised as .
IIu Kung _: ]_. A magiciau under the Hau dynasty. [[e used
fo disappear af night, and if was discovered by Fei Ch'ang-fang
that he retired af sunset fo a hollow gourd which hung af his
doorpost. The latter af once became his disciple.
ttu Lin-i ) (T. . [[. OE). 1812--1861. A
native of the : î I-yang District in [[unau, who graduated as
chin shih in 1836 and early distinguished himself by his successful
operations agaiust the T'ai-p'ings. In Jan. 1855 he went fo assist
Tsêng Kuo-fan af Kiukiang, and cleared the rebels off the Po-yang
lake. In Dec. 1856 he captured Wu-ch'aug, for which he was
appointed Viceroy of Hu-Kuang and received the button of the 1st
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 39.1
tank. Early in 1857 Hupeh was af peace, and he proceeded fo
lend his aid in Kiangsi, retaking Hu-k'ou af the mouth of the
Po-yang lake in November. In April 1858 he captured Kiukiang.
InAug. 1858 his mother died, but he was only allowed fo take
100 days for mourning. In June 1859 Shih Ta-k'ai ruade an
attack upon Pao-ch'ing in Hunan, only fo be driven off
by Hu. During 1860 he lent his aid in Anhui and Kiangsi, and
Tsêg Kuo-fan declared that be deserved the credit of the capture
of An-ch'ing in Sept. 1861. Ai his death he was ennobled, and
shrines were erected fo his memory in Hupeh and Hunan. As an
administrator he is chiefly remarkable for his stringent application
of the tithing system. His memorials and letters were edited by
Tsê, g Kuo-ch'aan nnder he ifle of t " " Oanonised
mDi-lieh. 8ee ubli hn.
uWei , (T. . S. OE). A.D. 168-1714. A
native of Ohehkiang, who hough an arden suden failed o ake
his degree. Devoed o classical lieraure and especially o geography,
he aided in compiliug the , Imperi«d Geograply. He
o e R a , o on t,e ¢oy o ¢
of History," pointing out the errors of former identifications und
detailing the history of the Yellow River inundations. He also
t Ca, / C,,,, . , cica ei
on the "Great Plan" of the Cawn of History.
Hu Woi-yung . Died A.D. 1380. A favom'ite of the
founder of the Ming dynasty. He was chosen fo be Junior nister
in 1373, against the advice of Liu Chi whom he poisoned two
yeam later. In 1377 he became sole Minister and wielded unlimited
power, dedding questions of life and death, promotion and
degradation, withou even asking his trusting sovereign's consent.
322 A Chinese Biog»'«phcal Dictionary
Greedy and unscrupulous, he soon aimed af the throne, leaguing
himself with disconented officials in the provinces, offering vassalage
as the price of Mongol aid, inviing the co-operation of the Japanese,
and enlisting desperadoes in the capital. The plot was almost ripe
for execution when hs son was run over by a carter, whom Hu
slew on the spot. The Emperor who had gradually become aware
of some of his misdeeds, declined o let him redeem his act by
payment of a fine. He was thus drven fo immediate action; but
au accomplice having revealed the conspiracy, he was seized and
put fo death ogether with the informer and his protégé
Ch'ên Ying, Presdent of the Censorate.
825 Iu ren )J . 7th cent. B.C. A faithful adhereut of Ch'ung
Erh. He accompauied the latter in Ms exile and afterwards shared
the prosperity of his restoration.
826 ttu ¥in ' (T. '. H. '). Died b.D. 1151.
Nephew of Hu An-kuo. He graduated as clti» slih in 1119, and
airer studying under Yang Shih, entered the public service. He
rose fo high office and was for many years the confidentiaI adviser
of the Emperor Kao Tsung of the Southern Sung dynasty.
native of - Hai-ling in Kiangsu. Though an ardent student
from his youth upwards he failed on several occasions fo take his
degree, and if was hot until he was over forty years of age that
his great Iearnin i was brought fo the notice of the Emperor. After
serving for a short rime with Fan Chung-yen on the easteru
frontier, and as Education Oticer in Chehkiang, in 1045 he was
appointed fo the Imperial Academy. tte proved a most success{hl
teacher, and gathered around him more disciples than the hall
would hold. He was a skilled musician, and also thoroughly
understood the art of casting bells. In 1530 his tabler was placed
in the Confucian Temple.
A Chinese Biographical Dictonarg 323
Yiua Yisin îî (T. ). Di«d A.D. 231. A native of
r Kao-t'ang lu Auhui, who graduuted as hsiç«o lien and rose
fo the highest oces of State under the last Emperor of the Hau
dynasty and the first two Emperors of the Wei dyuasty. On one
occasion he was fleeing for his life from rebels, iu company with
Wang Lang, wheu an old man asked fo be allowed fo join them.
Hua Hsin objected, but Wang Lang pleaded for the old man aud
he was taken into the boat. By and by, being pressed hard by
their pursuers, Wang Laug repented of his generosity, and
suggested that the old mau should be put ashore. But Hua Hsin
said, "No Once we have associated him in out fortunes, we
cannot abandon him because we are in trouble." Canonised as .
See Kuan Ning.
Hua-jui u-jen », . A naine given fo the Lady 829
Fei, coucubine of Mêng Ch'ang, the last ruler of the Later Shu
State, A.D. 935--964. When this lady passed into the possession
of the founder of the Sung dynasty, she took with ber a portrait
of her former lord which she pretended was the representation of
divine being, named Chang Hsieu, worshipped by women desirous
of opring.
Hua T'o t (T. ). Died A.D. 220. A famous physician $30
and sueon who flourished towards he close of the 2nd cent.
A.D. He was slled in the use of acupuncture and cautery, but
did not use these recklessly. His ueedles went straight fo the part
affected, and he uever applied the moxa more thau seven or eight
rimes. If a disease seemed beyoud the reach of needles and cautery,
he operated, giving his patients a dose of hashish which rendered
them unconscious. He used neither scales nor measures, administering
his drugs by instinct. On one occasion he diagnosed from the puise
one a case of decayed bowels, which he cured by operation. Among
other things, he is said o bave been able fo foretell the sex of
324 A Chbese Biograplical Dctonary
chi|dren. He was medical aendant in ordinary fo the great Ts'ao
Ts'ao; and when the ramons commander became a martyr fo
headaches, offered fo open his skull under an anoesthetic, an offer
which was somewhat rudely declined. Relief however was obtained
by the use of the needle. To get home fo his family, he prended
that his wife was ill; and hen, as he ruade constant excuses
instead of coming back, Ts'ao Ts'ao sent fo fetch him. He was
thrown into prison and died there. Sometimes spoken of as
Hua Fu.
831 l=[uai I Died A.D. 694. The priest-favourite of the
Empress Wu Hou of the T'ang dynasty. In 686, on assuming
supreme power, she ruade him Director of the White Horse
Temple, and the most powerful courtiers were forced fo yield
precedence fo him. Tiring of his unrestrained wickedness, she sent
him in 689 fo chastise the Turkic tribes. In 694 jealous of a
new favourite, he tried fo set tire fo the palace and was
impertinent when rebuked by the Empress, for which she caused
bim fo be beaten fo death.
s: i n. ri w=g ï )$ 3. z- «,. .c. A oth
of the Emperor Wën Ti of the Han dynasty. For conspiracy and
rebellion he was bauished fo the modern Ssilch'uan, where he
refused all food and died of huuger.
Huai Nan Tz. See Liu An.
833 Huai Su . A Buddhis priest of the 7th cent. A.D., who
was a famous writer of the "grass character." He was too poor
to buy paper, and in ifs stead he used the leaves of plantains,
which he cultivated in such large numbers that he called the
place Green Sky. The poet Li T'ai-po was a great
admirer of his calligraphy.
Huai Ti. See Ssfl-ma Chih.
Huai-yang Wang. See Liu Hsiian.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 325
ttuan Ch'i _ l- Che of the genrals of the First Emperor. 83]:
See Li Mu.
ttuan Ching , h worthy of old, who studied as a pupil 835
under Fei Ch'ang-fang. Che day the latter said fo him, "On the
9th day of the 9th moon a calamity will corne upon Ju-nan. You
must make a bag and fill it with a certain plant (Evodia r«tcecarpa,
Bth.); then you must rie the bag on fo your arm, and go with your
family up fo the top of a mountain and drink chrysanthemum wine.
By such means the danger can be escaped." Huan Ching did as he
was bid; and on returning home at nightfall, he round all the
dogs and poultry of his household dead. "These, you see," said
Fei Ch'ang-fang, "bave served as your substitutes." From this
legend came the modern custom of annual mouutain-picnics on
the 9th day of the 9th moon.
Huan Ch'ung ]( (T. - ). Die« A.D. 385. Younger S36
brother of Huan Wên, whom he aceompanied in his campaigns,
earuing for himself the sobriquet of /-[ , and being
ennobled as Duke. Upon the death of his brother in 373, the
Emperor Hsiao Wu apeointed him fo high office; but he round
ail power in the hands of Hsieh An, and applied for a provincial
post. Later on he failed fo oppose the advance of Fu Chien (2);
and even when the latter was finally overcome, he felt his failure
so keenly that he positively died of shame. He was the best
scholar of the family, and a man of simple fastes. He absolutely
declined fo wear new clothes, until his wife pointed out fo him
that all old clothes must once bave been new.
Huan Hsiian (T. -). A.D. 369--404. Son of 837
Huau Wên, by a concubine. His mother sat one night watchiag
the shooting stars, when suddenly a star seemed fo fall into a
bucket of water and lay there like a shining pearl. With a ladle
she scooped if out, and swallowed if af a gulp. In due course she
326 A Chinese Biograplical Dictionary
gave birth no Huan Hsfian, a bright "glory" filling Uhe room ai
the rime; in consequence of which the child received the pet naine
of Divine Jewel. He had Uwo nurses fo carry him, Uhe
women alleging that ]ne was Uwice as heavy as an ordiuary baby.
His father idolised him, and ruade him his heir. As he grew up
he begau no display remarkable talent, of which he himself was
fully conscious; and aU firsU there was a disinclinaUion aU Cour fo
gie him employment. AU the age of 23 ]ne was placed upon the
esUablishment of Uhe Heir Apparent, but soon threw up Uhe post
in disgust. Later on he became mixed up in the schemes of Wang
Kuo-pao; and in 402, afr the death of Wang Kung, he was
appointed Governor of Ching-chou. Then followed his contest with
Prince . Yiiau Hsien, who ruled over the meropoliUan
province (see Ssït-ma Tao-tzït), in the course of which he surprised
qanking, slew his opponenUs, and in 403 mounted the Uhrone as
Emperor of ChOu. A year later he was attacked by Lin Yii, and
overwhelmed. Struck by an arrow, which bis son pulled out ofthe
wouud, and pursued by an ooEcer with a drawn sword, he h3ok
the jade pin from his cap of State and offered if o the laUUer,
saying, "Would you kill the Son of Heaven?" "qay," replied he
ooEcer, suiting his action no the word, "but I will slay those who
rebel against him
838 Huan Huo . A man of the Chin dynasty, famous for
his skill in teachiug mynahs fo talk. 0ne of his birds was
imitating the voices of the various guests ai a party, when finding
itself unable fo reproduce the accent of a gentleman who spoke
as though he had a cold, the clever bird put ifs head inside a jar
and ai once made Uhe imitation complete.
sa Hua t_ (T. . H. OE ).
A.D. An official who brought himselï into notice by aiding in the
defeat of Fu Chien (2), for which services he was ennobled as
A Chiese Biog»'aphical Dictioa»'g 3°-7
Marquis. ge was the most skilled musiciau of the day; and on
one occasion was summoned by the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti fo a
banquet af which the great Hsieh Au was present, then somewhat
in disgrace on account of the escapades of his son-in-law Wang
Kuo-pao. Being commanded fo perform, he first played an air on
the flute, and then seizing his guitar sang with much feeliug the
famous lines by Ts'ao Chih:
If sovereigns find it hard to play their part aright,
A Minister forsooth by weightier care is racked;
For loyal thoughts are hid and corne hot forth to light,
While foui suspicion lurks and taints his every act.
Af this Hsieh An was so affeced that he rose lu tears from his
place and sat down by Huan I; and stroking the latter's beard,
said, "Those words, Sir, are apt indeed."
of - Lung-k«ang in Anhui, who was an ardent student but
so 10oor that he was obliged fo enter into service for a livelihood.
He ultimately set up as a teacher and had great success, until
the usurpation of Wang Mang caused him fo pack up his books
and fiee fo the mountaius. He was over 60 when he received an
appointment under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti, after which he
rapidly rose fo the highest offces of State. He was mach beloved
by the Emperor Ming Ti, who ennobled him as Marquis and af
his death went into mourning for him and followed his corpse fo
the grave. Displaying one day the valuable gifts he had received
from the Emperor, his seal of office, etc., he cried out, "This
cornes of devotion fo autiquity."
Huan Kung X. B.C. 684--642. The title of a Duke of the bl
Ch'i State, whose surname was z Chiang, and personal naine
]| Hsiao-po. He was one of the sons of Duke f' Li; and
when the latter died, he and his brother - Tztï-chiu fied lu
38 .4 hSese Biographieal Dwioary
diffrent directions fo escape from the tyrany of th new rulr
Duke Hsiang. When Duke :gsig ws murdered by hs nephew
Wu-chih, the two brothers returned ri'oto exile fo quarrel
over the succession. With the powefful aid of Knan Chung, t:[siao-po
managed fo secure the throne, nd for many yers ruled the State
of Ch'i with much eergy nd wisdom, crushing the barbarins on
the western and northern frontiers, and taking the chief place among
the Five Confederate Leaders. But in the closing years of
his lire he gave way fo sensuality. :gis body lay unburied while
his sons fought for the kingdom; and during many months this
once prosperous State was a scene of desolation and ruin.
,_ Pao Hs(iau of the Han dynasty. The latter was a studeut
uader ber father who was so struck by the young man's honesty
and perseverance that he gave him his daughter fo wife. Coming
from a rich family, she received a splendid trousseau; yet fo please
ber husband, who said he was hOt accustomed fo luxury, she
dismissed all ber maids, put on short skirts, and weut out fo
draw water herself.
83 Huan Shih-ch'ien ; : (T. ). Died A.D. 388.
Nephew of :guan Wên, whom he accompanied upon his campaigns,
on one occasion rescuing his uncle Huan Ch'ung from Fu Chien
(1) in the teeth of overwhelming numbers. :gis agility was
extraordinary, and he once actually succeeded in pulling several
arrows out of a wounded figer. Soldiers in the enemy's camp
suffering from lever and ague were instantly cured by hearing that
the dreaded hero was af hand. He successfully opposed Fu Chien
(2), and rose fo be Governor of Ho-tung.
844 Huan Tan (T. = 0J). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A
native of Kiangsu, who was Director of Music under the Emperor
Ch'êng Ti of the :gan dynasty. :ge was a man of wide learning,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 329
and had sueh a large library that people used fo say the possessor
of his books would be ficher even than I Tun. On the other hand
he was somewhat of an ieonoelast, and ruade so many enemies
that he did hOt fise fo any emineuee uutil the reign of the Emperor
Kuang Wu Ti, who appointed him Supervising Censor. In this
eapaeity he boldly rebuked his Majesty, espeeially for an absurd
belief in propheey and "books of rate;" for whieh he nearly lost
his head. His pùnishmeut was eommuted fo banishmeut, and he
died on the way, aged upwards of seventy. Author of the
or Tracts for the Times, and some poems and funeral orations.
Huan Ti. See Liu Chih.
Huan Tien (T. 1 ). Died A.D. 201. An oflïcial of 845
the Eastern Han dynasty, who distinguished himself by his bold
opposition fo eunuch influence. He became a Censor under the
Emperor Ling Ti, and was much feared by the people who called
him ,, , i .a, from a piebald horse which he used fo ride.
Huan Wên ; (T. :1 --). A.D. 312--373. A native 8t6
of - Lung-k'aug tu modern Anhui, and son of the loyal
oflqcer . ttuan I who was put fo death by ]:[an
ttuang, a lieutenant of the rebel Su Chin. While still au infant,
he was pronounced by Wên Ch'iao, who heard him cry, "a child
of exceptional promise," and in honour of his quasi-sponsor he
was forthwith named Wên. From fifteen fo eighteen his mind
was occupied with the idea of avenging his father's murder, which
had been brought about by the Magistrate of Ching; and
when this functionary died he succeeded, under pretence of
condoling with the family, in gaining admittance fo the bouse,
where the three sons were engaged in mourning. He slew the
eldest on the spot, and chased the other two, who fled from him,
until he had slain them both. For this act he gained much kudos
af the rime. Energetic and ambitious, he is reported o bave
330 A C]inese Biog»'aphical Dic$ionary
declared that if a man could hot leave a naine sweet fo posterity,
he should bequeath one that would stink for ever. Recommended
to the Emperor he was able in 347 fo recover Sstich'uan for the
Chiu dynasty, and only the jealous rivalry of the high officiais
kept him from a similar success against the Chao State, which
occupied the north-west. In 354 he penetrated nearly fo Ch'ang-
an, but being unsupported, was forced fo make a disastrous
retreat. Two years later he extended the Impefial territory up fo
the Yellow River. In 368 he attacked the Yen State, which held
Chihli, Shautung, and part of Honan; but his over-confidence l
to a crushing defeat by Mu-jung Ch'ui at Fang-t'ou in Honan.
He deposed the Emperor and set up the fifty-year-old son of the
Emperor Yfian Ti, who was to abdicate when called upon. He
was now af the zenith of his power; even Hsieh An saluted him
from a distance. But his protdgd died in 372. Then, when he was
worshipping af the Imperial hier, the attendants became conscious
of some supernatural manifestation, and heard him repeadly
saying, "Your servant dares hot do this." Afterwards he declared
that the spirit of the deceased Emperor had appeared fo him, and
that ere long he would join his Majesty in the world below. The
idea intended to be conveyed was that he had been advised
mount the vacant throne, bu had refused. Not long ater this he
sickened and died, while still only Chancellor and Regent.
Canonised as .
Yfian-chfi in Shantung, who was a well-to-do sal merchant,
fond of harbouring fugitives from justice. In 875 he collected a
number of adherents, and cast in his lot with the rebel
Wang Hsien-chih. When the latter was defeated and his
head sent fo the Emperor, Huang Ch'ao became leader of the
movement. After devastating the country far and wide he
A C]iese Biograp]dcl Dictionary 33
received a check from .| . Lin Ch(i-jung; but this vs
hot followed up, and by 880 he had captured Ch'ang-an, the
Emperor having fled fo Hsien-yang. He entered the city in a
sedan-chair of yellow gold, and several thousand ladies of the
palace received him af the gares and saluted him as Prince. He
prodaimed himself Emperor and called his dynasty the
Ta ch'i, and is said fo bave butchered some 80,000 o the
iuhabitants. In 881 Li K'o-yung was disçatched against him, and
succeeded in defeating his troops. By 884 nothing remained fo
him but flight. He was hotly çursued, and af length he and his
brother oemmitted suicide, their heads being afterwards tut off and
forwarded to the Emperor.
Huang Chien (T. ). 10th cent. A.D. A fellow848
townsman of Huang K'ang. At the age of seven he was still
unable o speak; but afçer this his talents rapidly developed, and
his composiçions attracted the notice of Yang I, who became his
patron and introduced him o official lire. After serviug in the
Histofiographer's office, he rose fo be sub-Prefect of Soochow,
where he died.
Huang Chin (T. 0)" A.D. 1274-1354. A nati,e S49
of I-wu in Chehkiang, who graduated as cli slih in 1315 and
served in the provinces and in the Han-lin College, rising o be
an Exçositor and Reader fo the Emperor. He was a most pure
and upright ooEcial. A uthor of çhe , a series of
critiques on literature; of a topography of his native place; and
of a collection of misdellanies entitled He was
posthumously ennobled, and canonised as .
Huang Ch'u-p'ing . 4th cent. A.D. A native of 850
Tan-ch'i, who af fifteen years of age was set fo tend sheep.
Taoist priest, noticing his reverentiM deeanour, carried him
off fo the Chiu-hua mountaia where he lived for over forty years
332 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
without once thinking of home. Ultimately his brother round
and asked him where the sheep were; fo which he replied, "On
the east side of the mountain." Proceeding thither, his brother
round only some scattered white boulders; but Huang Ch'u-p'ing
accompauied him on a second visit fo the spot and called out,
"Sheep, get up!" Thereupon the white stones became sheep, fo the
number of several tens of thousands.
851 uang Chi-pao (T. ). Second son of Huang
h'fiau, distinguished as an artist and calligraphist.
s52 uang Ca'tian (T.
of Ch'êng-tu in Ssch'uan, who held high office under Mëng
Ch'ang, the last ruler of the Posterior Shu State. But he is
chiefly known as an artist, excelling in drawing of all kiuds. 0n
one occasion, when certain envoys brought some falcons fo Court
under the Sung dynasty, as tribute, the birds mistook a painting
of pheasants by Huang Ch'flan for real lire pheasants, and
immediately flew fo attack them.
853 Huang Fan-ch'o . 8th cent. A.D. An instructor of
operatic performers under the reign of the Emperor Ming Huang,
put fo death by the rebel An Lu-shan because he refused fo
renounce his allegiance.
854 Huang-fu i (T. ), A.D. 215-282. ramons
scholar, who up fo the age of twenty showed a positive dislike for
all study and led a wild lire. Some even thought him daft. But
he was very fond of his auut with whom he lived, and would
bring home fo ber frequent presents of fruit which had been given
fo himself; and his aunt pointed out fo him that according fo e
Canon filial piety was uot made up of fish, flesh, and fowl, but
rather of diligence and right conduct. Thereupon he ai once set
work af books, carrying oa his studies even while engaged in e
agricultural pursuits necessary fo earn his living. By perseverance
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 333
he became a fine scholar, and adopted literature as a profession,
under the sobriquet of .î ]--1::. In spiçe of se çere rheumaism
he was never wiçhout a book in his hand, and became so absorbed
in his work thaç he would forgeç all about meals and bedtime.
e was called çhe Book Debauchee, and once when he
wished fo borrow works from he Emperor Wu Ti, whose proffers
of oce he had refused, his Majesçy sent him back a carç-load o
go on wih. hç çimes he had fiçs of depression and hreaçened
suicide, but yielded ço the remonsrances of his aunç. Meanwhile
he produced essays, poery, and seçeral important biographical
. His , a w ork on the Sprig a.d Autum, Amals,
had also considerable vogue.
g-f Sg N $ N (. N ). .a .. X.D. x s
general of he Han dynasçy, employed by çhe Emperor Ling Ti o
oppose Chang Chio when in A.D. 184 çhe latter became leader of
he Yellow-Turban rebellion. He succeeded in inflicing a serious
defea upon he enemy and cuç off seçeral tens of çhousands of
he, for which he was ennobled as Marquis. e subsequençly
captured çhe city of
Kuang-tsung where Chang Chio had
been holding out for some rime; ook prisoner and execuçed one of
Chant Chio's broçhers, Chang Chio himself having died meauwhile;
and laçer on his oçher broçher, in each case with immense slaugher
of the enemy. For these serçices he was sçill furçher rewarded,
and w summoned o co-operate with Tung Cho in defendiug the
capil. The çwo however did noç work well çogeçher; uang-fu
stole a march npon Tung Cho and rouçed çhe enemy single-handed.
The consequence was thaç a biççer rivalry grew up beween çhem,
ending only with the laçer's deaçh.
uang ao . 3rd cent. A.D. The favourite eunuch of 856
the second sovereign of the Minor Han dynasty. Though clever
33 A Chinese Blograp]dcal Dlctionarg
and pushing, he did hOt date fo assert himself until the death of
]- Tung Yiiu in 246. Tung's successor leagued himself with
Huang, who gradually attained complete control of the government.
ttis treacherous and pusillanimous counsels led fo the final overthrow
of the State. Têng Ai, knowing his crimes, wished fo execute
him; however by means of vast bribes to the family and friends
of Têng, Huang escaped with his lire.
857 luang lsiang ; (T. .). Died A.D. 122. One of the
twenty-four examples of filial piety. A native of An-lu in Hupeh,
who used fo Iil his parents' pillow in summer fo make it cool,
and get into their bed in winter fo take off the chill. He lost his
mother when he was only nine years of age, and became a perfect
slteleton through excessive grief. Being a clever and studious lad
he soon acquired great proficiency in the art of composition, and
if was popularly said of him af the capital that he was "without
his peer." Entering upon an official career, he rose fo fill the
highesç posts; and as Governor of portions of modern Chihli and
l:Ionan, distinguished himself by his active liberality af a rime of
flood and famine.
858 I-Iuang I-Isieh ï. Died B.C. 237. Diplomatic agent of Prince
Ch'ing Hsiang of the Ch'u State af the Court of Ch'in
and in B.C. 263 Prime Minister fo his son Prince : [ K'ao
Lieh, by whom he was ennobled as 15rince. In B.C. 248 he removed
the capital of this State fo the site of modern Soochow, and enlarged
the Shên river, now known as the Whangpoo. He was
extremely anxious that the Prince should bave a male heir; and
after having provided him with several concubines ail o no purpose,
he got hold of the daughter of a man named ] Li Yiian,
whom he knew fo be already pregnant. The issue of this union
was a boy who became Heir Apparent, his mother being raised
fo the ranlt of Priucess Consort. Af the deaçh of the P'ince, Li
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 35
Yiian was anxious fo get rid of the only man who know the secret,
and caused Huaug Hsieh fo be assassinated.
man of Ju-nau in Honan, popularly known as . Ch'ên
Fan and Chou Yii used to say that if they failed tre meet him
during the space of one month, base and sordid thoughts would
begin fo arise. He was held in high esteem by Kuo T'ai, who
declared that he was like a huge wave, which no amount ofclarifying
would make clear and no amount of stirring would male muddy.
t/uang t/uai . (T.
). A.D. 1367--1449. Graduatiug $6
about 1398, he became one of the confidential advisers and
constant eottendauts of the Emperor Yung Lo. In 1409 and 1413,
during the Emperor's northern expeditions, he was an assistant
o he leir Apparent,. whose appointment he had helped fo
secure. Chao Kao-hsii procured his imprisoument in 1414, on the
ground that the Emperor was not properly greeted on his return;
but the Emperor Jen Tsuug released him, and ruade him a Grand
Secretary. After being let in charge of the capital during he
expedition of the Emperor Hsiian Tsung against his uncle, he
retired in 1427. Canouised as .
tuang $en '= (T. _ H] )- A native of Foochow, who 61
graduated in A.D. 1702, and was present for the second rime af
the feast fo graduates in 1762. His r _ , a collection of
essays and poems, is held in high esteem. He also published a
topoaphy of 1] Ku-shan, the famous mouutaiu near Foochow.
1221. A native of Foochow, who became a disciple of Chu Hsi
and studied under him with such zeal that he completely wou the
regard of his toaster and obtained one of his daughters in
marriage. Entering upon an official career, he rose fo be Governor
of ttan-yang in Hupeh, and afterwards of An-ch'ing in Anhui
336 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
the defences of which city he brought fo a state of efficiency and
so saved if from the violence of the Tartar invaders. Upon his
retiremeut he settled down in his old home, and was soon
surrouuded by disciples. Besides mauy miscellaneous writings, he
contributed largely fo Chu Hsi's commentary on the Book of Rites.
He was canonised as , and ia 1724 his tabler was placed
in the Confucian Temple.
863 uang K'ang (T. ). l Oth cent. A.D. A naie
of P'u-ch'êng in Fuhkien, who af the age of fifteen produced
such beauiful poetry as fo attract the notice of several leading
men of the day. He was quite dwarfish in stature, and
unceremonious fo the verge of rudeness, though af the saine rime
a most refined writer. His works were published posthumously by
his rellow-tow.sme, under the title of .
8;1 uang Nei Wêng N , 2nd eeng. B.C. An old man
wih yellow eyebrows, who old Tung-fang So «ha« he lived on
air, ehanged his bones and washed his marrow, easg his skin and
eu his hair, once in 3,000 years; and ha he had done «hese
hings hree rimes already.
sç uang Pe (. ). Dira Ke. . ie of
Uonan, who rose o high ooEee uuder he Nmperor Wu Ti of Che
Han dynasgy. His eareer however was a ehequered one. Under the
Nmperor Hsan Ti he was ghrown ingo prison and eondemned
dea«h, bu« was ulgima«ely re-insga«ed and presen«ed wi«h a earfiage-
umbrella of honour «en fee in heigh, as a mark of Imperial
es«eem. Ne s«rove o govern wih humani«y; and in his own
jurisdiefion he very mueh mifigaged he severigy of he punishmen
ghen in vogue. On one occasion, when Governor of Ying-eh'uan
in Anhui, he was advised o ge rid of an old ooEeial servaug,
named Ch'êng, who was quine deaf. "Oh no," he
replied; "ghe man eau kneel down and geg up; he ean show
A Chinese Biogsaphical Dictionavg 337
visitors in and escort them fo the door; besicles, a little deafuess
is raçher an advantae. He was ennobled as Marquis, and
canonised as .
uang Shih Kung . A legendary being, known as
Mr. Yellow-Sne, said fo bave been çhe patron of Chang Liang,
and also to bave wriçten the , a work on military tacçics.
uang Shu-lin (T. ). A.D. 1672--1756.Graduated
as third cMn shih in 1691. Rose fo be Vice President of a Board,
and for a rime was Governor of Chehkiang, and Judge and Treasurer
of Shantung. A diligent student of the Classics aml history, he was
generally regarded as the foremost scholar of his day. He was the
author of commentaries on the Canon of Changes and on the Odes;
also, of a critical exegesis of the , Art of Poety
by Lin Hsieh, ec. Popularly known as y t "
Nuang Tao-chên . A fisherman of W u-ling
in Hunan, who lived under he (hin dynasçy. Some rime beween
b.D. 280-290 he is said o bave discovered a creek, hidden by
peaeh-rees, which led ço an unknown regiou inhabRed by he
desoendani of furtives from çhe troublous rimes of he Ch'in
dynasy. There ghey lived,
The world forgetting, by the world forgot.
hr being kindly çreaçed aç çheir hands, he fisherman reçurned
home; but he was never again able ço find çhe en,rance of
ereek.
ag ao-eou (. . . ). ».
1585--1646. A native of Chang-p'u in Fuhkien, who
graduaed as chin shih in 1623 and enered upon ocial lire. Afçer
a highly chequered career, in which he was consançly being
punished by degradatiou aud bauishment for bolduess of speech,
he raid a force and ruade a supreme efforç recover for
Mings the empire which had passed fo he Tartars. In a baçtle
338 ,4 Chinese Biogr«phical Dictionarg
prisoner, aud subsequently beheaded af Nanking. A diligen studen
of the Ca,,o,, of Chan9«, he was the author of he ,
fixe = , and Che . In 1825 his able was
placed in the Confucian Temple.
,, Huang Tao e'o A wmau who is said o bave
migrated about the beginning of the 14h cent. A.D. from Yai-
chou in Hainan fo the province of Kianguau, and bave taugh
the people the art of spinning and weaving coton, introduced from
Turkestan.
871 uang Ti . The Yellow Emperor, one of the most hmous
of China's legendary rulers. He is said bave reigned B.C. 2698--
2598, and fo bave been miraculously conceived by his mother
Fu Pao, who gave birth him on the banks of the ver
Chi, from which he ok his surname. His personal naine
was Yu-hsiung, taken from that of his hereditary Pfincipality;
and also Hsien-yfiau, said by some fo be the naine of a
village near which he dwelt, by others o refer o wheeled vehicles
of which he was the invenMr, as well as of armour, ships, pottery,
and other useful appliances. The close of his long reign was ruade
glorious by the appearance of the phoenix and the mysterious
animal known as the ch'i lin (see K'ung C£'iu), in ken of his
wise and humane administration. He died af the age of 111 yeam.
872 uang Ting (T. . H. ). A.D. 1660-- 1730.
A greaç traveller, famous for his wanderings all over çhe empire
and eveu inM Mongolia and Burmah. He was a very clever landscape
painter, and recorded his impressions of travel in picrial form.
873 uang T'ing-chien (T. ). A.D. 1050--1110.
A native of Fën-ning in Kiaugsi, who graduated as chin
shih and entered the public service, rising hîgh office in the
Imperial Academy and Grand Secretariat. When his mother w
A Chinese Biogr,phical Dictionary 339
seized with illness, he watched ber for a whole year without leaving
ber bedside or even taking off his clothes; and af ber death he
mourned so bitterly that he himself fell ill and nearly lost his lire.
For this he bas been placed among the twenty-four examples of
filial piety. In consequence of his fearless tongue his official career
was somewhat chequered; but he was greatly distinguished as a
poet and calligraphist, and was ranked as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see Chag Lei). He used fo say that if a
man was commonplace there was no hope for him. Those who
were hot commonplace behaved under ordinary circumstances like
ordinary people; but when some crisis came, their real value would
be ruade evident. He was fond of Buddhist speculations, and gave
himself the sobriquet of [JJ fl. Canouised as _.
Huang Tsung-hsi
hnative of Chehkiang, who fought on the side of the last
remaining adherents of the Ming dynasty. In 1649 he went on a
mission fo Japan with a view fo obtain assistance, but was obliged
fo return home without having accomplished the object of his
journey. He then adopted an assumed naine, declining several
offers of employmen under the Emperor K'ang ttsi, though he
allowed a copy of his notes on the close of the Ming dynasty fo
be taken for use in compiling the history of that period, tte was
the author of many works, historical, philosophical, and mathematical.
In 1886 if was proposed that he should be includad in the Confucian
Temple; but the high officials differed on the point, and the
suggestion was ultimately abandoned.
ttuang ¥iian (T. --,). b.D. 141--192. Grandson
of the statesman j Huan Ch'iung, u,«er whose eare he
was brought up, his father having died. When he was only seven
year old his grandfather took him o Court, summoned by the
Empress fo report on an almost total eelipse of the sun whieh
340 A Chincse Biograpldcal Dictionary
had occurred in his jurisdicfion bu which had no been visible a
he capital. "How much of he sun was eaen?" asked her Majesy.
Huang Ch'iung was hesitafing in wha erms o reply, when the
litle boy whispered, "Graudpa; say here was abou enough of
he old sun leff o make a new moon." Huang Ch'iung acually
used these words, and was ever aferwards very proud of his
grandson. The latter rose o high oce, bu go ino trouble over
a "cabal" and was unemployed for some weny years. He rose
again uuder Tung Cho o be Miniser of Sae, bu opposed his
plan of removing he capital o h ang-an; and after he aemp
o assassinte Tung Cho, he was hrown into prison where he died.
se6 Huang Yaeh (T. and ). 18th and 19th
cent. A.D. A native of Tang-t'u in Anhui. He w
patronised by Chu Kuei, and after graduafing as c]dn shih in 1790,
rose o be President of the Board of Revenue. He was so famous
as an artist that many counterfeits of his pictures were produced.
When over uinety he became blind, but confinued o draw, under
the pseudonym of . Cano.isea as .
Hui Hung. See Hung Cheh-fan.
ï7 Hui K'o . A.D. 487--593. The second of the Eastern
Pariarchs of Buddhism, originally named Chi Kuang. He
was a native of Wu-lao, and being an unusually clever
boy, he read widely, especially dlighting in Taois philosophy,
unil he came across he Buddhis Canon aml forthwih embraced
hat religion. Af fory, affer long and pafien self-conemplafion,
he was sen o Lo-yang by a vision, and there received from
BSdhidharma ho robe and bowl of the Pariarchae. In 535 he
ordained Sêng Tsan, and wo years later he sent him fo sudy in
seclusion while he himself wen o he capital where he preached
for hiry-four years, associafing wih the lowes and most debauched.
He subsequenfly augh af fle OE Kuang-chiu Temple, and
A Chi»tese Biographical Dictionary 341
there he got into trouble through the jealousy of a rival teacher.
The Emperor Tê Tsung of the T'ang dynasty gave him the title
ttui Shêng î. A Buddhist monk, who was sent by the 878
Empress Dowager in A.D. 518, together with Sang Yiin, fo bring
back from Iudia the sacred books of Buddhism. Travelling viâ
Khotan and Persia, in 520 he reached Gandhara and crossed the
Indus. In A.D. 521 he started on his return journey, carrying
with him 170 volumes of the 2lla]tayaa or Greater _Developmet.
Hui Shih-ch'i ::Ë " (T. an jp u )" A.D. 1670-- 879
1741. A native of Kiangsu, noted for his extraordinary knowledge
of the Classics and of ancient history. In 1708 he graduated as
first chii jen, and in 1709 as cMn shih. In 1720 he was Literary
Chancellor in Kuangtung, and exerted himself enthusiastically in
the cause of education. In 1727 he was cashiered for remissness
in building the walls of Chinkiang, but was recalled fo office by
the Emperor Ch'ien Lung in 1737. He wrote on the Classics, on
astronomy, and on music, besides distinguishing himself as a poet.
tic ws affectionately know fo his disciples as ï[ î;
and in old age he bestowed upon himself the sobriquet of - 2-
)±.
Hui Ssïl «. Died A.D. 577. The religious naine of a priest 880
of i 'ï Wu-chin in Houan, surnamed . Li, who was the chief
of the : - Chung-lun school of the followers of Bôdhidharma.
In 572 he established himself with forty priests af the Nan-yo in
ttunan, where he lectured on the method of attaining Nirvâna,
refusiug however fo preach fo the people af large.
Hui Ti. Sec (Han) Liu Ying; (Chin) Ssï-ma Chung; (Ming)
Chu Yiin-wên.
Hui Tsung. Sec Chao Chi.
Hui Tzï -. 3rd and 4th cent. B.C,. A celebraed schoolman, SI
342 A Chitcse Biogt'(«phical Dictiona»'y
contemporary with and antagonistic fo Chuang Tzfi. He was a
loyer of sophisms, arguing that tire is
man who feels hot; that there are feathers in an egg, because
fe,thers corne forth on the chicken, etc. The following account is
given of him in one of the chapters of Chuang Tzfi's work, which
is apparenfly a summary by early editors: -- "Hui Tzfi was a
man of many ideas. His works would fill rive carts. But his
doctrines are paradoxical, and his terres are used ambiguously."
His later years were spent over the question as
qualities of matter (e. g. hardness and whiteness)were separate
existences, ouly to be grasped by the mind one ai a time. For
this idle devotion fo externals, Chuang Tztl ridiculed him in
following doggerel:
Godhas mde you a shapely sight,
Yet your only thought is the "hard and white."
852 I-Iui Yïlan __. A.D. 333--416. A Buddhist priest, surnamed
Chia, of I,] Yen-mên in Shansi, the founder of the Lotus
School, which teaches the doctrine of a Paradise in the West,
promised to the faithful worshippers of Amida Buddha. As a youth
he was an ardent student of the Classics and of Taoism; but on
meeting Tao An he at once became his disciple. He is said to have
used the philosophy of Chuang Tzil fo elucidate difficult points in
his preaching. In 373 he established himself ai Lu-fêng
in F[upeh, where he taughl assiduously until his death.
883 Hun Chan J. Died A.D. 789. Hereditary Superintendent
of Kao-lan in Kansuh. He distinguished himself in frontier
wars, and in 785 assisted Ma Sui and Li Shêng against Li Huai-
kuang. If was the opinion of the Turfan chier that these three
Generals saved the T'ang dynasty from his assaults, and he plotted
their ruin. With the aid of jealous rivals he alienated the Emperor's
affection from Ma Sui and Li Shêng; and in 787, ai a meeting
A Chitese Biograi)hical Dictionarg 343
0 conclude a ireaty of peace, he iried o seize Hun Chan who
escaped wiih diitlculty. The laiter retained his posi as Minisier of
Siaie unfil his deaih. He was ennobled as Prince, and canonised
a . ï-
t/ung-chi-la ;- ,lJ. Died A.D. 1281. The Empress of Kublai
Khan. She aided in the establishmeni of his power, and he owed
much o ber wise counsels. She was mosi economical, even plaiting
old bow-srings inio clothing and making rugs out of the rejected
pars of sheep-skins! She sympaihised wiih ihe fallen Sungs,
reminding ber husband of ihe iransilory nalure of all dynasties,
and refused o iake any of ihe Imperial booiy which she said "had
been amassed for their descendanis and now bas fallen o us." She
irealed ihe ex-Empress wiih greai kindness, and iried o send ber
back o ile souih. Fier family disi»guished iiself under Genghis
Khan, who eniered into a covenan thai a daughier of ihai bouse
should always be Empress, and a son an Imperial son-in-law.
Consequenfly mosi of the Yan Empresses were of the Hung-
chi-la family.
t/ring (Jhiteh-fan ,t, '. 11fl and 12h ceni. A.D. A
native of ) Hsin-ch'ang, and grandson of Hung Hao.
Disfinguished as a poei and a calligraphisi. He and his fellow-
townsman, jÇ Tsou Yan-iso, a professor of divination,
togeiher wiih his uncle, P'êng Yau-is'ai, were known as ihe _
Three Wonderful Men of Hsin-ch'ang. He fiually iook orders
as a Buddhisi priesi, and was known as 't, Hui Hung, under
which naine he wrole ihe î , ihe - , and
l:Iung (Jhïln ,. A.D.? 1840--1898. A native of 8oochow,
who graduaed as firs cli, shit in 1868, and in 1887 was appoined
Miniser o Russia, Austfia, Germany, and Holland. In 1890 he
was a 8enior Vice Presiden of he Board of War, and at he
344 A Cltbese Biographical Dictiona'g
end of 1891 he bedaine a MinisLer of the Tsung-li Yamên.
8 I-Iung lu ] . The beauLiful concubine of Yang Su, named
from Lhe "red flicker" (a dyed yak's-Lail) which she always carried
in her hand. When Li Ching visied her toaster she was presenL
a he interview, fell in love wih him, and fled with him tha
very nighL. Sec Clta, Cl«ug-cltie.
sss rlun ru-t'ien . , . (ommo,,y ko.= X . ). A».
1848--1866. Son of Hung Hsiu-ch'fian, whose successor he was
chosen fo be, under the tile of the î Perfec Prince.
When Nanking fell, on Lhe 19h July 1864, he escaped
Chehkiang, buL was tflimaely capLured and pu o deah by he
lingering process aL Lhe capital of Kiangsi.
,89 l-lllng lao fl (T. î çï). A.D. 1090--1155. A native
of Kiangsi, disLinguished by his abiliLy even in early youh. In
112 he was Commissary of Records a Hsiu-chou, where he
Look an acLive par in organising relief for the sufferers from
grea flood, even sopping supplies desLined for Lhe Cour in order
Lo feed Lhe eoe, who clled hi 4¢ oe ddha ng.
In 1129 he was sen as envoy o he Chin a sovereign, when an
aLLempL was ruade o press him ino he service of Liu Yfi. To
Lhis he replied Lha noL only was he unable o serve wo masfers,
bu haL he would willingly do his u.mos Lo exerminaLe he
rebel Liu. For Lhis rash uLterance he was banished in capLiviLy o
îX 1] Lêng-shan, where grass did hot sprout belote the fourh
moon while show began in Lhe eighLh mion, and where he had
o lire in a hole in he ground, wih insuflîcien food and
clohing. He was aken o Pekin, whence he managed fo
communicae secreLly wiLh the two capLive Emperors, on
deaLh of one of whom he wroe a ouching elegy. In 1140 he
was released and sen back, and was kepf aL CourL againsL his
wish. Here he devoed his energies o opposing the policy of
A Chinese Biog».ctphical Dictiona»'g 345
Ch'in Kuei, in consequence of which he was appointed fo various
unimportant provincial posts, among others o ç Ying-chou,
where he remaiued nine years. He was the author of the )
, a small collection of hisorical memorauda regarding he
Chin a dynasy. It was wrieu ri'oto memory, his notes having
been taken from him and burn on his release from captivity. He
was ranch respeced by the Tartars who were eager o possess
oepies of his poems and oher wriings. Cauonised as , . See
Hung Kua.
ung Hsiu-ch'fian . A.D. 18121864. A ative of 890
the Hua District in Kuangtung, notorious as the moving
spirit of the great T'ai-p'ng (Perfect Peace) rebellion. Aer a
youth spent in desultory studies, iucluding the doctrines of
Chrisfianity, he took up the occupation of a fortune-relier; and
ere long joined the Society of God, organised by
Chu Chiu-t'ao, of which he rose fo be the head, one of
his chief associates being Yang Hsiu-ch'ng. In 1836 he started,
on the borders of Kuangtung and Kuangsi, a sect of professing
Chdstians, and set fo work fo collect followers, styling himself
the Broer of Christ. In July 1850 he headed a rising in the
Distct of Kuei-p'ing, and ruade his way, plundering and
ravaging, as far as Yung-an. He then adopted the terre
Heavenly Dynasty of eerfect Peace, styling himself
the Heavenly King; and working his way northwards in
1853, he captured Wu-ch'ang and all the other cities on the
Yang-tsze down fo Au-ch'ing. On the llth March 1853 he took
Nanking; and with that city as his headquarters he succeeded in
catufing over six hundred other cities in no less than sixteen
out of the eighteen provinces. There he remained until 1864,
when the Impeal forces under Tsêng Kuo-fan closed around him
and the fall of the city was imminent. On the 30th of June,
346 A C]inese Biog'«2)hicol Dictiona'y
seeing hat all was lost he ook poison his body being
subsequeutly ibuud and burut. On the 19th July Nanking was
taken by assault and oue of the greatest rebellions the world bas
ever seen was at an end. From the fact that the T'ai-p'ings
ceased to shave the head and wear a queue according fo the
Manchu fashion, they also came tobe known as the Loug-haired
Rebels.
891 [ung Jen . A.D. 602--675. The fifth of the Eastern
Pariarchs of Buddhism. ]e was the son by a miraculous
conception of a virgin named Chou of Huang-mei in
lupeh and was the re-incarnation of au aged wood-gatherer who
applied to Tao lsin for instruction. is mother was driven oui by
ber parents and reduced with ber son to beggary, le gained the
favour of the ïourth Patriarch whom he succeeded. About 670 Lu
lui-nêng came o him from [sin-chou in Kuangtung, and was
set to menial work. Soon afterwards the Patriarch told each of
his monks, over 700 in number to compose a gâthâ, in order to
decide who should be his successor. The favourite, Shên
lsiu, wrote on a wall the following lines:-
Man's body is like the Bôdhi tree;
His mind is like a mirror
And should be constantly cleuned,
Lest dust should stick toit.
Whereupou Lu ][ui-nêng came by night and wrote alongside: --
There is no such thing us the Bôdhi tree i
There is no such thing us a mirror;
There is nothing which has u reul existence l
How then can dust be uttracted?
[e thus triumphed over Shên lsiu; and having been iuvesed as
the last Pa¢riarch was sent off to study in seclusion. Then
declaring that his doctrine was complete, Hung Jen appeared no
more in public.
A Chi»ese Biog»'aplticed Dictione»'y 347
ttung R'ua (T. :. f{ ). A.D. 1117--1184. Eldest son 892
of Hung Hao. He and his two brothers, Hung Tsun and Hung
Mai, were all distinguished public servants and men of letters,
being popularly known as the ". Three Hungs. He graduated
in 1142, and by 1164 he was a secretary in the Privy Council
and rapidly rose fo be a Minister of State, but resigned his post
in a few months. Author of the ;ï ;, a collection of iuscriptions
of the Han dynasty, published in 1167, fo which he afterwards
added a supplement. Canonised as .
Itung Liang-chi u (T. [ :). A.D. 1746--1809.
native of Anhui, who did hot graduate until 1790, becomiug
Literary Chancellor of Kueichou in 1792. tte got into trouble for
attacking the high officials, but was pardoned after a hundred days
spent in Ili. Of a jovial disposition, fond of wine and laughter, he
was also a man of wide learning and great poetical talents. He
was the author of the . :, and of other works on the
Classics; also of the 1 , a geography of
the empire, and of a collection of poeras. He gave himself the
n oç ) OE.
ttung lga, i ", - (T. :. . H. . ). A.D. 1124--1203.
Third son of Hung Hao, and one of the "Three ttungs" (see Hu.q
Kua). Graduating in 1145, he served against the Chins a, and in
1162 he was sent fo congratulate the Chin a Emperor Shih Tsung
on his accession. He refused however fo adopt the slavish attitude
which had been exacted from previous envoys, and returned, after
having been shut up for three days without food in Peking, only
fo be degraded. In 1167 he was ruade a secretary in the Privy
Council, and then a sub-Chancellor of the Han-lin College, as a
reward for restoring discipline in the Chehkiang forces. He was
the author of several works; among others, of the . ,
a collection of extract.s from the national literature, with criticisms
348 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
which are marked by depth of research and accuracy of judgment.
He also distinguished himself by his attitude towards the j --,
which had previously been attributed fo Yang Yisiung, striving fo
show that if could hot possibly bave corne from the pen of that
writer.
895 Hung Tsun ,it, (T. . ) ). A.D. 1120--1174. Second son
of Yiung Yiao, and oue of the "Three Hungs" (see Hung Kua).
He graduated in 1142, and served af intervals on the Privy Council
for many years. Author of the m, , the earliest extant work
on coinage, with plates and descriptions of coins from remote rimes
fo the middle of the tenth century, including legitirnate currency,
coins of usurpers, foreign coins, and medals. Canonised as Ç.
Iung Wu. See Chu Yian-chang.
896 I Chih . Son of I Yin, fo whose office and dignities he
succeeded. When a mulberry-tree grew up suddenly in the court-
yard or the pa|aCe, Chih war,,ed te mperor T'ai o',
B.C. 1637--1562, that this omen signified a lack of virtue in the
administration. T'ai Mou thereupon set fo work fo perform more
diligently the duties of a sovereign, and in three days the mulberry-
tree died.
897 I Ching " 'j. A.D. 635--713. A native of Fan-yang in Chihli,
whose surname was (T. l)f] ). He had barely shed his milk-
teeth ere he decided fo give up his family and becorne a Buddhist
priest. Af fifteen he longed fo emulate the deeds of Fa Yisien and
Hsiian Chuang but if was hOt until he was thirty-seven that he
could realise the dream of his lire. tte spent the interval in close
study, devoting rive years fo the ¥naya. Af length, in 671, he
set out for India, breaking his journey af Palembang in Surnatra ,
i
where he spent six months studying Sanscrit. Thence he sailed fo
A Chi»ese Biog»'«tphical Dictiona»'g 349
Tamralipti on the Hooghly, and went on fo Nftlanda, which became
his home for the following ten years. In the year 695 he returned
fo China and was received ai the capital with much honour. He
brough back with him some 400 Buddhist works, an image of
Iudra, and 300 relics. He spent the test of his life in teaching
and writing, leaving behind him an account of his travels from
which may be gathered an excellent view of monastic lire in India
during the 7th century.
I t3h'iu _ Y). The sobriquet of a man of old, named Ch'in, $9S
who was the champion wei ch'i player of his day. He is mentioned
by Mencius.
I-êrh-tê ,. A.D. 1606--1661. A distinguished Manchu .99
general, who in 1648 effected the capture of the Ming prince
Fu ai Wuhu, and subsequently took a leading part in the subjugation
of Kuangtung, Kiangsi, Iunan, etc. Twice degraded, he was
nevertheless chosen fo drive the Ming prince of Lu from his last
stronghold in Chusan in 1657, for which service he was ennobled
as Marquis. Died while completing he conquest of Y(innan.
Canonised as .
I-êrh-têng . Tenth son of O-yi-tu. Died' A.D. 1663. 900
A successful leader of the Manchu forces in their war with China,
and a trusted counsellor of the Emperor Shun Chih. Ennobled as
Earl and canonised as a.- "
I lsien r. A famous physician of remote antiquity. 901
I lsing -- -. A.D. 672--717. The relious designation of the 902
Buddhist astronomer 1 Chang Sui. A clever youth, he
wandered about until summoned to Court by the Emperor Hsiian
Tsung, who was so struck by his marvellous feats of memory tha
he addressed him as _ Holy Man or ærophet. His sense of justice
was so keen tshat on ono occasion he refused fo interfere with a
sentence on the son of an old woman who had been most k-ind
350 A Chincse Biogvaphical Dictionary
fO him as a boy. He is credited with magical powers and foretold
the rebellion of An Lu-shan. The Emperor mourned for him, and
composed his epitalh. His reformed calendar was adopted in 721.
tIe was the author of a large work on ritual, and of some
903 I ttsïtan _. Died A.D. 867. The religious naine of the
founder of the ramons Lin-chi school of Buddhism. Ifs
object is fo show the ditticulty of self-improvement and how
each man has the requisite power in himself fo conquer tha
ditticulty. I tIsfian, surnamed tIsing, was a native of Shantung,
and in early lire visited several of the then noted teachers of
Buddhism. Later on he settled af a small monastery near the
modern ï 2, Chêng-ting Fu in Chihli, and was supposed fo
possess magieal powers. Cauonised as v
90t I I OE l. The reputed builder of wheeled vehicles in the reign
of the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2697.
905 I-jen ). Died B.C. 247. The personal naine of a grandson
of Chao Hsiang, ruler of the Ch'in State. In 250 he succeedexl
his father and reigned under the title of Chuang Hsiang.
Reputed father of the First Emperor (see Lii Pu-wei).
906 I K'uan . '. Died B.C. 112. A ramons scholar, who
fiourished under the Emleror Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He
was af first so poor that he had fo study while hoeing as an
agricultural labourer. He rose fo be Censor, and in 104 was
aplointed fo correct the calendar.
907 I Kung ]2_. 7th cent. B.C. A Duke of the Wei a State,
noted for his love of cranes, tIe even carried one into battle with
him when fighting against the northern barbarians, which piece
of folly, acting upon the minds of his soldiers, is said fo bave
cost him a severe defeat.
908 I-sang-o iij'. A.D. 1638--1703. An Imlerial clansman,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 35"1
who graduated as cldt ddh in 1652, and rose fo be President of
the Board of Revenue in 1677. In 1682 he inspected the Yellow
River, and advised against a proposed change fo sea-transportation
for the tribute rice. Af the end of the year he superintended
preparation af Ninguta in Kirin of a fleet fo check Russian
encroachment. In 1697 he was entrusted with the establishment
of courier-service during the expedition of K'ang Hsi against
Galdan. He was noted for his aversion fo capital punishment.
Canonised as î, and admitted in 1747 into the Temple of
Worthies.
I-ssfl-ma-yin ,., , . A Mahomedan, a native of 909
Turkestau, who accompanied A-lao-wa-ting fo Haugchow. In 1273
he served af the siege of Hsiang-yang. He surveyed the
approaches, and planted a mangonel af the south-east corner. Ifs
weight was 150 catties (over 200 lbs.); and when the machinery
was discharged, the noise "shook heaven and earth." I broke
down all before if, and pierced the ground fo a depth of 7 feet.
He died in 1330, and was succeeded by his son -dî Yakoob.
I Ti - . B.C. 2200. The reputed iuventor of wine. He is 910
said fo bave prepared some and fo bave presented if fo the
Great Yii, who tasted if and was pleased with the flavour, but
said, "In after ages this wine will become a great curse."
Therefore he banished I Ti, and forbade ifs use.
I Tsung. See Li Ts'ui.
I Wu 1 . 7th cent. B.C. Brother fo Ch'uug Erh, and like 911
him for mauy years an exile. Known in history as
I Ya J. 7th cent. B.C. A native of Yung-chou, whose 912
personal naine was A Wu, Ya being his style. He became chier
cook fo Duke EIuan of Ch'i (see H«an Ku»g); and when that
laotentate said he had tasted all flavours except that of a boiled
baby, I Ya af once cooked his own son and served up the dish
35 A Chi»ese Biog'aphica! Dictionar
to his toaster. His palae was so delieate that he eould disinguish
between he wLers of tire " Tzù nd he " 8hêng rivers.
913 I Yin . 18h cent. B.C. Miuiser under Ch'êng T'ang,
firs Emperor of he Shang dynasy. The envoy sen o summon
him o (our reurned rive rimes before he couhl persuade I Yin
o accompauy him. He was a once placed a he head of he
administration, and ook par in he campaign agains he
infamous yran Chieh Kuei which put an end o he Hsia
dynasy and placed his masser upon he hrone. Ue banished
Ch'êng T'ang's graudson, who ulimately succeeded, for misconduct,
and kep him in exile unil he promised to reform. He conferred
many benefis upon he Sae by he wisdom of his counsels, and
when he died here is said o bave been a dense fog for hree
days. Some say ha his personal naine was A-hêng;
ohers ha i was Chih. Tradition bas i ha he was born
in a hollow mulberry-ree, and ha he ingratiaed himself wih
Ch'êng T'ang by means of his skill in cookery.
91 I Yfian . 13h cent. A.D. A hmous maker of day and
meal images br Buddhisic worship. Uis images were said o be
quine lifelike in appearance.
915 Ile Chepe . A.D. 1326--1332. Second son of
Hosila. A fhe deafh of Tup Tireur, he was plaeed upon he
hrone by he laer's widow as ninth Emperor of he Yfian
dynasy, bu died wihin fhe year. Canonised as
916 Jan Ch'iu , (T. -- ). Born B.O. 520. One of the
disciples of Confucius, who accompanied his toaster when the
latter quitted his native State of Lu. Subsequently he took office,
and incurred the censure of Confucius by doubling the fax on
grain in order fo iucrease the revenues of his sovereign.
A Cli»ese Bio.q»'««phic«l Dictio««»'y 353
disciples of Coufucius, and a native of the Lu State. tte was
daring in word and upright in conduct. Wheu he was dyiug of a
loathsome disease, Coufucius would hot go iuto the room fo take
leave of him, but shook hands with him through the window.
The older commentators thiuk that the Master was deterred by the
disease, but Chu ttsi maintaius that if was because the patient's
bed was wrongly placed af the south side of the room.
ffI1 Ytlng ' (T. q ïJ ). Born B.C. 523. One of the i)lS
disciples of Confucius, by whom he was highly esteemed.
Jang Chfi j. 5th cent B.C. A military commander under 919
Dule .. Chiu of the Ch'i State, and a writer ou the art
of war.
Jao T'ing-hsfian . . (T. ; [ ). A.D. 1803--1861. 920
Rose from the ranks of the Fuhkien army, and distinguished
himself greatly against the T'ai-p'ing rebels inChehkiang, of which
province he became Commander-in-chier. He was slain af the takiug
of Haugchow, after a prolonged and determined resistauce. Cauonised
Jeu Ch'i-yïtn Pï . (T. _). A.D. 1669--1744. I)evoted
ri'oto his boyhood fo the study of philosophy, he gt'aduated in 1723
and was employed in editiug the Topography of Kiangnan. He
subsequently rose fo be President of the Ceusorate. He was the
author of a revised version of the .Book of Rites and of a work ou
aucient architecture, besicles editing the Fo,r Books, the Caio of
Filial Piety, etc. etc. He is popularly knowu as ,,
from his place of residence in Chihli.
Jen Fang t: ]) (T. -). 5th and 6th cent. A.D. A high 922
oi[icial under the Ch'i and Liang dynasties. Af the early age of
eight he already excelled in composition, and ere long both Wang
Chien and Shên Yo had o acknowledge his superiority of style.
354 A Chi»zese Biog'apl, ical Dictioza»'g
o. o, ocio., '1 ('', ,-ui .i o , ,
"You have there a son, a hundred of whom would hot be considered
many, whi]e even one cannot be reckoned as few." When acting
as Censor undet" the Emperot" Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty, his
accusations or impeachments were always written on white paper,
and were consequently of a more serious character than those
written on yellow paper.
923 Jen ttsiao '_ . 3rd cent. B.C. Governor of modern Kuangtung
under the First Emperor. He cat'ried with him 500,000 military
coloJlists fo aid in reclaiming and settling the new territory, fixiug
his residence on the site of the modern city of Canton. During
the short-lived rcign of the Second Emperor, he felt his end
approaching; and sending for" Chao To, he confided fo him his
auticipations as fo the coming revolt of Ch'ên Shêng and the
troubles likely fo be brought upon the countt'y by Hsiang Chi
and others.
924 Jen Kung Tzï ' -. A famous fisherman of old. He fished
in the sea with a cable and a huge hook on which fifty oxen were
fixed as bait.
92Y) Jen o ' i. A scholar of the Sung dynasty, who af the age
of 14 became an ardent student spending most of his time in a
forest, where he ruade a rude but. O clear nights he would read
by the light of the moon; O.herwise he used fo light a torch.
When in the course o his studies he came fo any point of inte'est
he would note if down on the palm of his hand or on his clothes;
and as fast as the latter were spoilt disciples, in admiration
his zeal, supplied him with new ones.
1789. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated as chin shih in 1769, and
in 1773 became a Compiler in the [mperial Libra'y. Author of
several wo'ks on ancien ceremonies and history, besides a collection
A Chinese Biographical Dictio-nary 355
of poems. His writings have been specially recommended fo students
by Chang Chih-tung.
Jen Tsung. See (W. Liao) Kan T'ien ttou; (Sung) (hao
Chên; (Ming) Kao Chih.
«en Wei t: (T. 'ç [I). Died A.D. 92. A native of Nau- 927
yaug in Honan. tte rose in A.D. 87 fo be Minister of Works
under the Emperor Ho Ti of the Han dynasty, but his counsels
were set aside in favour of those of the eunuch ('hêng ('hung. In
his youth he was an ardent studcnt of Taoism, and remained all
his life free from ambition and a just and upright man.
Su T. ¥ing. See Liu ¥ing.
Sui.lin . A.D. 1810--1874. A Manchu of the Plain White
Banner, who entered the Sacrificial Court in 1845, and rose through
rations posts fo be Viceroy of ChiMi in 1858, having received the
distinction of batru in 1854. In command of the Banner forces
af ]-k î Pa-li-ch'iao in 1860, he was defeated by the Allied
army (hence the title taken by ffount Palikao), and was degraded.
In 1863 he was sent as Tartar General fo Canton, aud in 1866
became Viceroy of the Two Kuang, where his dignified presence
and courteous manners were much appreciated by foreigners.
gui Tsung. See Li Tan.
gung t3h'êng J. The reputed inventor of music, and
Minister under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, for whom he is
said t bave regulated the calendar and constructed a celestial
globe.
gung 3h'i-ch'i Prie ,. 5th cent. B.C. An old man, who was 930
seen by Cnfucius playing and singing. "You seem very happy,
sir," said the Master; "how is this?" "Among living creatures,"
was the reply, "I bave secured the lot of a human being; among
human beings I ara a man; and I bave had 90 years of this life.
Surely these are three reasons why I should be happy."
"3 bincs¢ Biogr«phical Diclio»mry
931 gung YïlaI1 (or ). A Minister under the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698, said fo bave been the inventor of bells.
93: Ka I-Isiin (T. . ). 2ud cent. A.D. A native of Tun-
huaug in Kausuh, who graduated as hsiao lie and rose fo be
Governor of Hau-yaug. His probity marie him au object of dread
fo Tuug t'ho, fo whom, ai'ter the deposition of the Emperor Shao
Ti and the murder of the Empress Dowager, he had written,
"Wih congratulations af your door and lamentations af hegrave,
you have indeed need for caution." Tung Cho placed him upon
the Privy Council, but he declined fo imitate the servility of his
colleagues and was soon sent fo the provinces. Returning fo the
capital, he was taken ill and died of a carbuncle. On oneoccasion,
an enemy of his was threatened with death. The question was referred
fo Ka HsUn, who advised çhat he should be pardoned; but when the
culpriç presented himself fo tender thanks, Ka Hsn refused fo sec
him, alleging that he had acted only in the interests of justice.
933 Kaisun Khan . A.D. 1282--1311. Nephew of Tireur,
whom he succeeded in 1307 as third Emperor of the Yan
dyuasty. Timur's wife, fearful of reveuge for her ill-treatment of
Kaisun and his mother and brother, tried fo seize the Regency for
anoçher Prince; however the loyalty of the Juuior Minister
supporters paid for their treason with their lires. Kaisun was
anxious fo distinguish himself as a ruler, and was .lavish of
rewards and titles; but he achieved few noteworthy reforms beyond
forbidding irregular official appointments, restoriug the military
cdonies, and causing the children sold in the frequent famines fo
be redeemed by Government. He was slavishly devoed fo
Buddhism, Lhough personally a loyer of wine and women; and
A Chittesc Biog»'aph ical Dictiotm«y 357
Central Asian priests defied the law and the Princes. In 1309
there was a new issue of silver tael notes, and the first Mongol
cash were coined. Cauonised as ffÇ
Kan Chiang - . 3rd cent. B.C. The naine of a famous 93
sword-maker, who with his wife once cut off their hair and uails
and threw them into the furnace fo make the metal run, turing
out as the result two swords which were named after them Kan
flourished under the Emperor Yfian Ti of the Chin dynasty.
of supernatural legends.
an T'ien I-Iou i . Wife of Yeh-lfi Ta-shih, whom she 936
succeeded in 1185 as second sovereign of the Western Liao dyr/asty,
reigning over some 85,000 warriors until the accession of ber son
in 1142. The latter died in 1158, and was canonised as
-1"
an Wên-hun -[ (T. f0 B)] )" A.D. 1633 - 1674. A 937
Chinese Banuermau who rose by 1667 fo be Governor of Chihli.
There he Visited every part of his jurisdictiou on horseback,
unattended, and so brought fo light many abuses. A year later
he was trausferred fo the Viceroyalty of Yiinnan and Kueichou,
where he suspected the treasonable plans of Wu Sau-kuei and
laboured fo counteract them, especially by training the Vicerega|
h'oops. In 1671 his mother died, and he was compelled fo attend
her burial. When he returned in 1673, ail his trained troops had
been seduced ff'oto their allegiance, and nearly every office and
city was held by a consiirator. Wu San-kuei fixed Jan. 30, 1674,
for his rising; and on the 27th he slew Chu Kuo-chih, Governor of
Yfinnan, and sent a force against Kuei-yang Fu. The Provincial
Commauder-in-chief, after some hesitatiot, declared for the rebels,
as did -- = Ts'ao Shên-chi, Governor of Kueichou. Findi,,g if
358 A Chiucse Biog»'aphical Dictiv»arg
impossible fo hold Kuei-yang, Kan Wën-hun, whose women had alI
committed suicide, retired to Chên-yflan Fu, where he hoped
to be in touch with the Hunaa Imperialists. The Commander af
tiret city, however, espoused the cause of Wu San-kuei, and besieged
the Viceroy in a temple within the walls. Scorning to Ieave his
province, he dressed himself in his official robes, made obeisance
twice towards Peking, and slew himself, as did one of his sons.
The people £ouud his corpse sitting in awful lifelike state, and
gave if honourable burial beside fle temple, whence some years
Iater if was removed to Peking and interred with public honoum.
Canonised as » , and included in the Temple of Patriots.
Kan Ying . 1st cent. A.D. A military official, who
served under Pari Ch'fo during his great campaign in Central
Asia. In A.D. 96 he was ordered by Pan Ch'fo proceed as
envoy fo Syria, which was then a province of the Roman
Empire. He actually reached T'iao-chih, a country on the
sbores of the Persian Gulf; but there he Was deterred from
advancing by the natives, who told him that under favourable
circumstances if was a three months' sea-voyage fo Syria, while
otherwise if might take as much as two years.
T, )" Died A.D. 242. A native of
Shan-yin in Chehkiang, wbo af 13 years of age dreamt that he
saw his naine blazoned forth in the moon. He was so poor that
he had fo become a mental in a bookseller's shop. There, when
his work w done, he managed fo educate himself, acquiring
some knowledge even of mathemagcs. He thus succeeded in
graduating as hsiao lien, and was appointed o a post as Magistrate.
Sun Ch'flan became his patron, and ultimately raised him fo be
tutor fo the Heir Apparent. He was a man of eat learning,
and for a long rime all important questions bearing on State
ceremonial and stature law were referred fo him.
A (:ltbtese Biogr«phical Dictioarg 359
Kang Iii or Kanghi. Sec K'ng Iisi.
K'ang lng TZfl J --. A worthy of old, who attained 9t0
fo the condition of an Immortal by eating sweet chrysanthemum
anal juniper seeds.
K'ang Iisi J ,,. A.D. 1655--1723. The title of the reign of 9ri
Hsiin-i, the third son of the Emperor Shun Chih. He
succeeded fo the throne when he was only eight years of age,
and six years later he took up the teins of gover,ment. Fairly
tall and well proportioned, he loved all manly exercises and
devod three months annually fo hunting. Large bright eyes
lighted up his face, which was pitted with smallpox. Contemporary
observers vie in praising his wit, understauding, and liberality of
mind. Indefatigable in goverument, he kept a careful watch
on his Ministers, his love for the people leadi,g him fo prefer
economy fo taxatiol. He was personally frugal, yet on public
works he would lavish large sums. His piety towards his
granlmother endeared him fo the Chinese; and his affabiliLy fo
foreig,ers, although he deemed foreign trade undesirable, won the
good will of Europeans. He was hardly of age when the Three
Feudatol'ies rebelled; but though in 1675 ouly Chihli, Honan, and
Shantung were left in his peaceable possession, he never despairel.
In 1681 his rule was re-established over China, and two years
later over Formos. His punitive expeditio,s against Galdan and
Ts'ê Wang Arabtan carried the frontiers of the empire fo the
borders of Kokanl and Badakshan antl fo the confines of Tibet.
In 1679 the first treaty with Russia was ruade, and nine years
la,er he firmly checked an attempt by his new allies af
encroachmeut. He patronised the Jesuits whom he eGployed in
surveying the empire, in astronomy, and in casting caunon;
though latterly he round if necessary fo impose restrictions on
their propagandism. In 1677 the East Indi Company established
360 A Chiw,e Bioff'aphic¢! Diclio,«,'y
an agency ni Amoy, which though withdrawn in 1681 was
re-established in 1685. His literary enterprises alono would suffice
o tender him illustrious. During his reign, and almost under his
persouul supervision, he followiug works were produced: -- The
grea Imperial Dictioary, containing 40,000 characers; the vas
Concorda,,ce fo ail literature, known as he ; two
extensive Encyclopedias, the , and the +
, the latter of which fills 1628 volumes 8vo and is
profusely iilustrated; and the , , a kind of Gradus
aid tu literary composition. He had also beguu the
, a collection of elegaat extracts from the historical and
philosophical writers, and the , a collection of
selected phrases from renowned masterpieces. His own writings are
cousiderable. Iu the Jl , which purports o be his
familiar sayings jotted dowu by his son, the aged Emperor depicts
his own character; and though a justifiable vanity and sense of
his own importance are discernible, a very kiugly character it is.
K'ang-li Hui-hui (T. '). b.D. 1283--
1333. Sou of Pu-bu-mu and elder brocher of K'ang-li K'uei-'uei.
Afer serving n various capaciies he rose by 130 o be a
Miniser of Sate. He memorialised ha he uumber of Buddhis
and Taoist priests migh be reduced, and emple lands axed as
oher propery; and when this was refused, he reired from public
lire. He and his brocher wer knowu as he Pairof Geins.
"K'ang-li" was he naine of their faher's ribe. I came fo be
regarded as their surname.
K'ang-li K'uei-k'uei (T. ). b.D. 1295-
1345. A disinguished ocial of he Yfian dynasy, whose abiliy
md uprighuess gaiued ibr him he esteem of the Emperor Wên
Ti. Raised o he position of Miuiser of State, he did his best
A Ghi»tcse Biog»'aphical Dictio»ta»'g
eucourage educaion and o resore he examination sysem which
had fallen ino disuse. On oue occasion he presened o
Emperor, who was a connoisseur in paiuiug, a picure of Pi Kan
by Kuo hung-shu; aud on auoher occasion, finding his Majesy
losç in admiration over a painiug by he Emperor Hui Tsuug of
the Sung dyuasty, he remarked that there was af any rate oue
thing which thaç monarch could hot do. Being pressed fo explain,
he quietly added, "ui Tsung could hot govern." Canonised as
. See K'a»g-li Hui-ltui.
K'ang Ti. See Ssï-ma o.
K Ang , (T. ). A.D. 49l--538. A naçive of Po- 94
hai iu Shantung, of extremely tierce appearauce and warlike
instinct. He declared that a man ought to carre his way through
the world with a sword, and hot sit droning over books. Together
with his brother, Kao ç'h'ieu, who was put fo death as a
traitor, he played a leadig part in the sçruggle which ended in
the overthrow of the Norçhern Wei and ultimate establishment of
the Northern Ch'i dynasty (see Kao Hua), but was defeated in
batfle by Yfi-wën T'ai and slain as he was atçempting fo escape.
0n one occasion, when crossing the Yellow River and making
the usual libation fo the water-god, he cried out, "If you are the
god of the river, I ara the figer of the land" Canonised as
Kao Ch'ai (T. ). 6th cent. B.C. One of the
disciples of Confucius, noted for his simple goodness and his filial
piety. He entered official life, and on the occasion of a popular
tumult he received shelter ri'oto a man whom he had condemned,
as judge, to lose his feet; thus showing that his administration of
the law, if severe, was just.
Kao Chan . Bl'other to Kao Yen, upon whose death in 946
561 he seized the throne and proclaimed llimself fourth Emperor
352 A Chincse Biographical Dictioa».y
of the Northeru Chai dynasty. Proud, sensual» and extravagant,
he neglected his duties, and in 564 resigned the throne fo his son
Wei. At length his dominions were annexed by the House of
Chou, and he and his son »]_ Hêng, known in history as )
î, together wth all his family, were slain. Canonised as ]
Kao (h'an ). 9th cent. A.D. A native of Po-bai in Shantung,
who af first failed fo take his chin s£ih degree. He consoled himself
however by writing some verses in which he pointed oui that the
beauçiful hibiscus blooms lute, when the peach and the almond
blossoms are goue; and he justified his simile by presentSng himself
again as a candidate and winning the coveted prize. By 876 he
had riseu fo high office, but if is by his poetry that he is known.
Kao Çhi-hsing or Kao Chi- ch'ang (T. n /)-
Died A.D. 929. A native of Shensi, who was a servant-boy in
he establishment of the wealthy man adopted by Chu Wên as his
sou. te gained favour with Chu Wên, and in 907 was placed in
charge of Ching-nan, a part of Hupeh between the lï[an river and
the Yang-tsze. In 913 he became Prince of Po-bai in Shantung,
and invaded Sstichuan. In 923 he tendered his allegiance fo the
Later T'ang dynasty, and was aplaoiuted Prince of " Nau-
p'ing in Hu-Kuang. In 927 he revolted, but in 928 he was utterly
defeated by the Ch'u State and his power broken. His son and
successor once more submitted fo the T'angs, and was re-instated;
and the Ching-nan Principality dragged on until 963, when if was
annexed by the House of Sung.
rro c'i-o tt (. . 2:. H. ig). .D. 17--
1738. Cousin of Kao Ch'i-wei. Graduated as chin shih in 1694,
and shut himself up fo study for several years before entering ou
his career. In 1720 he became Governor of Kuangsi, where he put
down au aboriginal rising by ridiug alone and unarmed iuto th¢
A Chbese Biog'«phical Dictiot«'g 363
rebel stronghold. In 1723--4 he was Viceroy of the Yfin-Kuei
provinces, and prevented an invasion of Tibet by the Kokouor
Mongols. Transferred fo Fuhkien, he subjugated many of the
Formosan tribes. In 1730 he was ennobled as Baron, and honoured
with the task of preparing the site for the Emperor's tomb. In
1738 he was called fo be President of a Board af Peking. His
fearless character kept him in contiuual hot water, but the Emperor
was wise enough hot fo let him be dismissed. Author of a collection
of his own a,(1 his wife's poems entitled D -
Cano,ised as .
Kao Ch'i-wei - (T. . OE and ). A.D. 1646- 950
1727. A Chinese Baunerman, son of a distiuguished minor official
in Kiangsi who was canonised for his steadfast refusal fo join
Kêng Chiug-chung. He entered official lire as a bitges£i or clerk;
but spent most of his career in Hunan, where owing fo his services
against Wu San-kuei he rose fo be Commander-in-chief. If is
recorded of him that on one occasion his men were reduced fo
boiling their saddles for food; still they refused fo surrender.
Transferred in 1721 fo Kiangnan, he skilïully organised the defences
of the waterways, over 100 in number, near Shanghai. He became
a Grand Secretary in 1725. Canonised as Jlff, and included
i, the Temple of Worthies.
.o cie (T. ± ). .D. v6-v. ..«e o
Po-bai in Shantung, and nephew of Ch'ang-sun Wu-chi, who
brought him up. Under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty
he was employed in the Board of Rites; buç he was banished fo
Kuangtung on account of his friendship with a high official who
had absconded fo Korea. In 622 he joined the T'angs, and was
highly esteemed by the future Emperor T'ai Tsung, then Governor
of Yung-chou, in whose plot against the Heir Apparent he joined.
In 627 he was raised fo high office and enuobled as Duke; but
354 A Chbwse Biographical Dictionary
he was soon sent in disgrace fo Sstich'uan, where he abolished
the evil practice of neglecting o nurse the sicl» improved irrigation
and promoted education. Recalled in 631 as head of the Civil Offce,
he proved a mos successful Minister. In 642 he and Wei Chêg
compiled the , |,j - Encyclopoedia, a work for which his
wide reading especially fitted him. Three years luter he aided the
Heir Apparent fo govern during the Emperor's absence on an
expedition against Korea. The Emperor T'ai Tsung visited him in
his last illness, and canonised him as .
952 Kao I-Isien-chih fh . Died A.D. 755. A Korean in the
service of'the Emperor I=Is/ian Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. After
several expeditions against the Turfans, he penetrated in 747 as
far as Ush, returning only because the eunuch Inspector was afraid
fo go on. Three years luter he ruade a successful expedition against
the : [ Stone Nation (?). He was then appointed Prefect of
:i Wu-wei, and subsequently eunobled as Duke. In 755 he
assisted the Juug Prince against An Lu-shau, and succeeded
in holding the " T'uug Pass. He was accused of robbery by a
eunuch Iuspector, because when he round that he could hot hold
T'ai-y/tan Fu, he distributed the grain in the grauaries among his
men ad burut what they could hot carry away. In spire of the
murmurs of his army, he was forthwith put fo death.
953 Kuo I4sing (T. .E). A.D. 1245--1313. A native of
- Ts'ai-chou, who was a powerful youth and used a "two-picul"
bow. Oue day he was huuting, when suddenly a tiger sprang out
of the jungle with a terrific rouf. His companions fled, but he
stood still; and fitting an arrow fo his bow, he shot the beast
dead. In 1274 he took service under the great Mongol commander,
Bayan, and ultimately rose o the highest offices of State. In 1292
he was appointed second in command under Shih Pi, and proceeded
on the ill-fated expeditiou fo Java. Canonised as :i -
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictio»zct»'y 365
Kao I-Iuan (T. ). A.D. 46--547. A native
of Po-bai in Shanung, who rose o high oce under he Norhern
Wei dynasy. His power over he Emperor Hsiao Wu, whom he
had placed upon he hrone (sec fia Hsiu), becoming inolerable,
he laer fled o h%ng-an, and Kao Huan esablished he
Eastern Wei dynasty (see Yian Slan-clde). He had already been
serious]y urged by Kao h'ien (see Kao Ag) fo seize the Imperial
power, but had stuffed his sleeve into the latter's mouth, begging
him hOt fo allude fo the subject again. His son Kao Yang, who
mouuted the throne as first Emperor of the Northern Ch'i dy,msty,
canonised hinl as $ ï$ .
Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung. See Ts'ao ao.
cIin sIi£ in 1541, and in 1552 was Rea,ler fo the Heir Apparent.
His fordble teachiug won the favour of tlle Emperor Shih Tsuug,
and by 1566 he had attained o the rank of a Grand Secretary.
0n the accession of the Emperor Mu Tsung, Kao felt himself
strong enough o enter upon a struggle th Hsfi Chieh, which
ended in boçh haviug fo retire. Af the end of 1569 he was
recalled o power and laboured not without success fo reform the
administration, while he compelled Anda fo sue for a peace which
kept the froutier quiet for thirty years. His arrogance grew with
success, and he allowed his relatives and followers fo take bribes.
Mu Tsung would hear no word against him, but upon the
accession the Emperor Shên Tsung, Chaug Chfi-chêug and
FP cceeded in brinug abo-at his disgrace. Cauonised as
/
i-shih . A.D. 688-762. The favourite euuuch 956
of t Emperor Ming Huaug of the T'ang dynasty, over six feet
and a half in height. He was firs sent up fo the palace in 698;
but the Empress Wu Hou ordered him fo be dismissed ou accouut
366 A Ch.iwse Biog'aphical Dictioary
of his violent retaper, and he went fo lire with the broker, a
man named Kao, whose surname he adopted. About a year luter
he got into the palace once more, and ruade himself so acceptable
fo the I:[eir Apparent, by warmly espousing his cause against the
party of the T'ai-p'ing Priucess, that he former, ou mouuting
the throue in 713, af once appointed him fo high office. His
power and influence gradually iucreased until all the great officials
of the empire found themselves obliged to pay court fo him, while
the new Heir Apparent was instructed fo behave towards him as
towards an elder brother. In 748 he was appointed Generalissimo of
the empire. He appears fo bave shown much foresight and discretiou
on many points involving the welfare of the State. He protested
against his master's over-fondness for Yang Kuei-fei; he warned
his Majesty agaiust An Lu-shan; and he opposed Li Fu-kuo.
Wheu all was lost, he remained faithful fo the fallen Emperor,
accompanying him in his flight fo Ssfich'uan; and the saine hand
which had once drawn off the boots of the poet Li Po, now
tightened the noose which cut off the beautiful Yang Kuei-fei
from the light of day. Iu 760 he was bauished by Li Fu-kuo fo
Wu-chou in Kueichou, but in 763 he was pardoned and
allowed to return. Then, when he saw the dying statements of the
last two Emperors, he turned towards the north, and in the
bitterness of his grief vomited blood and died.
957 Kao Lien-shêng - I (T. ). Served uuder Tsëng
Kuo-fan in various provinces, reaching the tank of Brigade
General in 1862. He then served under Tso Tsung-t'ang in
Chehkiang and Fuhkien. In 1865 he was Commander-in-chier in
Kuangtang, where he succeeded instamping out the last dying
embers of the T'ai-p'ing rebellion. Transferred fo Shensi as lieutenant
fo Tso Tsuug-t'ang, he was killed by mutinous soldiers in 1869.
Canonised as : ].
A Chinese Biographical Dictio.arg 367
Kao P'ing ,) (T. == _.). Died A.D. 887. A native of 95S
Po-hai in 8hantung, who disiinguished himself by his energy in
suppressing a serious rebellion in Annam in 864, and by his
re-organisation ten years later of the province of Ssuch'uan, for
which services he was ennobled as Prince. He was appointed o
take the field against Huang Ch'ao, but after a short campaign
he withdrew in 880 from the command and devoted himself fo
spiritualistic studies, leaving all power in the hands of a Kiukiang
trader, named Lfi Yung-chih. He was eventually seized
and put fo death by Pi Shih-to. A clever poet, he
w also noted for having pierced two eagles with one shaft, from
which feat he was known as .
Kao 8êng f. 6th cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest of the 959
Liang dynasty, who failing to obtain a hearing from the public,
collected a number of large stones and preached fo them so
eloquently that they nodded as if were their heads in approval.
Kao Shih (T. ). 7th and 8th ceuL A.D. A 960
native of Ts'ang-chou in Shantung, who passed his early
youth in poverty. He fell in love with an actress, and travelled
far and wide with ber, writing operatic pieces for the company
which she belonged. He acted as secretary fo a high official on
a diplomatic mission fo Tibet. He became a soldier. When he had
already passed fiKy years of age, he took fo poetry; and in this
line he succeeded so well as fo rival the faine of Ts'ên Ts'an,
writing very much in the same style and earuing for himself the
nickname of . Only in his old age did he begin fo reap
the reward of his labours, being then ennobled as Marquis.
KaoShih-ch'i (T. X- H. ). A.D. 961
1645--1704. He failed ai the metropolitan examination; but on a
couplet of his being seen by the Emperor, he was called fo Peking
and for mauy years employed in preparing Decrees and other
368 A Chbtesc Bioff'aphical Dictiota»'y
public documents. The favour shown fo him excited je.alousy, and
in 1689 he was denouuced in a long and virulent diatribe by Kuo
Hsiu as the head of a faction organised for purposcs of rapacity
by abuse of the Imperial favour. In 1694 he was restored fo office.
Author of a work on art, jottings on history and books, and
journals of Imperial progresses. Canonised as '[.
and miscellaneous writer, who graduated as «hi slih in 1184.
Auhor of [he : ., an inves[igation into various points recorded
in history, and also of a collection of writings entiled i . .
To him is due the honour of being the firs critic fo expose the
claires of the spurious work which still passes under the naine of
Lieh Tzti.
963 ICaO T'ang _. 3rd and 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar of the
Han dynasty, famous for the assistance he gave towards restoring
the text of the Caw of Rites subsequent fo the _"burning of the
books" by the First Emperor. His work on the subject was known
as the $_. -
Kao Ti. See (ttan) Liu Pang; (Ch'i) ttsiao Tao-ch'êng.
Kao Tsu. See (Han) Liu Pang; (Sui) Yang Chien; (T'ang)
Li ¥iian; (L. Chin) Shih Ching-t'ang; (L. Han) Liu Chih-yiian.
Kao Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Kou; (T'aug) Ll. Chih.
964 Kao Yang (T.- k__). Died A.D. 559._Son of Kao
Huan, and first Emperor of the Northeru Ch'i dynasty which he
established in 550 (see Yia» SSan-c]ie). He was a cruel debauchee,
but ruled with a firm hand. He was succeeded by his son Yin,
known in history as î, who was Oeposed by the Empress Dowager
after a reign of eight months. Canonised as ., /_[[ î.
96,5 Kao Xrao (T. , ). Died B.C. 2204. A famous Minister
uuder the Emperor Shun, said fo bave been the first fo introduce
laws for the repression of crime. Also known as -,,.
.I Chincse Bioc, l.aphical Dicli, ma'!l 36.0
Kao Yen . 1)ied A.D. 561. Brother fo Kao Yang, whonl
he succeeded in 559, after he deposiion of Kao Yin, as hird
Emperor of he Northern Ch'i dynasLy. He proved an able and
diligen ruler, and inLroduced many reforms beneficial o Lhe people
af large. Canonised as @ .
Kao Yfi . 5th cent. B.C. A man whom Confucius saw 967
weeping by the roadside. He explained tllat he had suffered three
great losses; -- loss of parents, loss of hope, and loss of friends.
KaO (T. )). A well-kuown commeutator on the
Classics, who flourished during the 17th cent. A.D. His best known
work is an editio,l of the Lesser Leavni»g by Chu Hsi, published in 1697.
Kao Yfian-yfi (T. ). A.D. 748--818. A poet 969
of the T'ang dynasty, who was so prolific a writer that he was
called the Poetical W arehouse. He graduated as
shih, and afer rising fo be secret.ary in the Grand ('ouncil was
dismissed fo the provinces for venturing fo "see off" Li Tsuug-min
fo his place of banishment. He ultimately rose fo be President of
a Board, aud was ennobled as Duke. His personal naine was
originally
XaO Yn (T. tfl )" A.D. 390--487. One ofhe mos
disLinguished scholars and saesmen of he Norheru Wei dynasy.
A au early age he gave all his parimony o his brothers, and
was for a ime a Buddhis novice; bu he soou lef he emple,
and by his grea erudi[ion araced many pupils. He was skilled
in he Classics, hisory, asronomy, and he fine ars. In 481 he
was called o oce, and for fify years laboured in his counry's
cause, reproviug his sovereign wih boldness and persisence. He
was he colleague of Ts'ui Hao in preparing he lVei History, and
narrowly escaped shariug his fae. His poems, Csays, noes on Lhe
Classics, ec., were published and had some populariy. He was
ennobled as Duke, and canonised as .
370 A Chiesc Bio9'aphical Dictionary
A native of India, who abou A.D. 67 reurned wih he mission
sen by tire Emperor Ming Ti of he Han dynasy o make enquies
concerniug Buddha. He seçled a Lo-yang, and ogeher wih his
fellow-eouutl'ymat, Chu Fa-lan set fo work fo trauslate
the Stlra of }brly-two Se,'tlos into Chinese, but before very long
he died.
Kaw Hong-beng. See Ku Li-ch'êng.
K6n-t'ê ç . Died A.D. 1693. A famous Mauehu general, who
after long service beeame a Miuister of the Couneil and Capta.in-
Gcueral of his Banner in 1677. Ennobled as Baron and eauonised
as , and later ou admitted iuto the Temple of Worthies.
Kông Chi-mao
Kêng Chung-ming, and father of Kêng Ching-chung. The former
joined the Mauehus in 1634, and when in 1649 he undertook a
eampaign againsç the people of Kuangtung with view fo eomplete
the subjugatiou of the empire, Kêng Chi-mao aeeompanied him.
In 1651, aller his father's death, he was euuobled as Prince. In
eo-operation with Shang K'o-hsi, he effeeted the capture of Canton
aud of other cities, and was then transferred fo Fuhkien. There,
with the aid of a squadron of Duteh vessels from Formosa, he
sueceeded in regaiuing possession of Amoy and in extinguishing
the last attempts af resistanee fo the Manehu dominion.
Kêng Ching-chng , ,,. Died A.D. 1681. htes son of
Kêug Chi-mao. He was sent fo Court in 1654, aud was ennobled
as Baron, subsequently marrying an Imperial princess, in consequence
of which he recei ved the title of Ç. In 1664 he was
sent back fo Fuhkien fo learn the ar of war, and in 1671 w
acting for his sick father. In 1673 he joined Wu San-kuei, aud
in 1674 broke into open rebellion, leaguing himself with Chêng
Chin. In spire of offers of pardon he did hot submit until 1676,
A Çhi»ese Biographi««l Diclio»mrg 371
after the fall of .î Chien-ning Fu. His titles were then
resored and he was stationed af Foocho, and later af Ch'ao-chou
Fu, as Generalissimo againsç Koxinga. In 1677 he was agaia
charged with treason but the Emperor waited until he came fo
Peking for audience in 1680, when he was tried on his brother's
accusation d in 168l he was publicly executd.
Kêng Shih. See Liu Hsiian.
Kêng Wei '. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Ho-tung in 975
Shansi, who graduated as chln sldh in 762 and distinguished himself
as au official and poet under the T'ang dynasty. He was one of
the Ten Men of Genius of the period A.D. 766-779, and author
of two lines which bave become almost proverbial:
Hire]ing respect with ]oss of fortune ends,
And loss of influence means Ioss of friends.
Ki-ying or Keying . Died A.D. 1856.
had risen by 1835 fo be President of the Board of Revenue. In
1842 he took a leading part in the negotiations af Nanking which
brought the so-called Opium War fo a conclusion. In 1843 he
proceeded fo Canton, and shortly afterwards became Viceroy of the
Two Kuang, a post which he filled with considerable success until
1848. Returning fo Pekiug, he became mixed up i Court intrigues
and was deprived of power and of most of his honours. In 1856
he seems fo have ruade a bid for re-admission into public life by
suggesting fo the Emperor that his influence would procure the
withdrawal of the foreign men-of-war then af Tientsin with Lord
Elgin. He accordiugly appeared upon the scene as Commissioner;
but finding himself altogether unable fo carry out this programme,
he returned hastily fo the capital, where he was ordered fo commit
suicide. Throughout his career he had shown himself liberal-miuded
towards the hated foreigner, and in 1844 had actually memorialised
the Emperor fo obtain a meed of toleration for Christianity.
372 A Chbcse Biog»'aphical Dictio»a»'g
Kien Lung or Kien Long. See Ch'ien Lung.
977 IKo tIsien-wêng lh - A magician of old, who could
change the rice-grains from his mouth into bees, and then receive
them back iuto his mouth as into a hive, whereupon they
immediately became rice agaiu.
.'s Io rlug 5. (T. l ) ). 4t cen. A.D. A ntive o J
, Ch(i-jung in Kiaugsu, who was so poor in youth that he had
fo cut firewood iL order fo buy paper and ink for his studies,
which he prosecuted with uufla««in« energy. He stammered badly;
and as he cared little for wealth or faine, he shut himself up in
his bouse and saw no visitors. Sometimes he had a hard job fo
push his own way through the brambles which choked up the path
fo his door. In A.D. 326 he was appointed by Wang Tao fo an
oflàcial post; and later on he petitioned the Emperor fo be allowed
fo become Magistrate af ïij Kou-lou, because he had heard
that ciunabar came from Cochiu-China, and he wished fo be able
fo obtain a fnll supply for experimental purposes. The Emperor
cousented, and he set off with his family for Kuangtung. The
Governor, Y J Tëng Yo, would hure detaiued him, but he
went off and stopped af t|e ramons j Lo-fo mountain, where
for some years he attempted fo compound the elixir of life. After
that he wandered about, writiug books and calling himself [
--. Although 81 years of age, he had a complexion like that of
a child. One day he wrote fo Têng Yo, and begged him fo corne
and see him. Têng went; but belote his arrival Ko Hung had
passed iuto a tranquil sleep, and wheu they came fo examine him,
his clothes were found fo be empty, l=[e was gone! Author of the
979 KO lung //. Au insurgent leader under the Northern Wei
dynasty, who in A.D. 526 proclaimed himself Emperor of the
Ch'i State with î Kuang-au as his year-title.
.1 Cl, ilese Bioff'(¢phical Di«tio»cry 373
Ko-shu-han -- - j'. Died A.D. 756. A commander, of Tartar 9.0
origin, under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. In
747 he was appointed Governor of Kansuh and part of Turkestan,
but was recalled fo oppose the advauce of the rebel An Lu-shan,
by whom he was disastro«sly defeated af Ling-pao in
modern Shensi, taken prisoner, and put fo death.
K'o Shih . Died A.D. 1627. The notorious nurse of the 981
Emperor Hsi Tsung of the Miug dynasty. See Wei Cltug-hsiem
KOU Chien -'-. A prince of the Yiieh State, who came fo 9S2
the throne in B.C. 496. Rejecting the advice of his Minister Fan
Li, he ruade war upon the Wu State and_was already before the
ckpital when he was totally defeated af the East Gare of that city
by the Wu forces u,der the leadership of Fu Ch'ai. Retreating
with the 5000 men that remained of his army, he retired fo his
kingdom; and there he daily drauk out of a vessel filled with gall
and nightly slept upon firewood, in order fo keep himself reminded
of the bitterness of defeat. Then followed the famous scheme (see
Hsi Sltil) by. which he succeeded in overthrowbg the power of his
rival and "wiping out the disgrace of the East Gare." On one
occasion, some wine was presented fo him; and as there was hot
enough for distribution amoug his soldiers, he threw if into a
rier they had fo lord "so that all might have a faste." He
finally anuexed the State of Wu fo his dominions, and gave in
his allegiance fo the House of Chou then rulig on the north of
the Yang-tsze.
Kou I ,-Ç. Died B.C. 88. The title bestowed upou the Lady 983
Chao, favourite o the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, taken
from the naine of the pavillon assigned fo ber. In B.C. 94 she
gave birth fo a son called Fu Ling, or whose sake she persuaded
the Emperor that the Heir Apparent was engaged in treasouable
desigus agaiust his Majesty's person. The Emperor af o-ce caused
374 A Chiwse Biog'aplical Dictionu'y
his sou tud many other innocent persons fo be put fo death,
upon which Fu Ling became Heir Apparent; but in B.C. 88 the
plot was discovered, and the Lady Kou I perished by the hand of
the executioner.
9S4 K'OU Ch'ien-chih OE. 5th cent. A.D. A native of
Ch'ang-p'ing in Chihli, who fell la with a Taoist Immortal named
Ch'êng Kung-hsing, aml retiring with him into
seclusion obtained from him the elixir of life. His body emitted a
heavenly radiance; and he was appointed fo be the Divine
Teacher or "Pope" of the Taois, in succession fo Chang Tao-ling
of old. About A.D. 424 he was summoned fo Court; but one day
he said fo a disciple, "I dreamt last nght that my masteg,
Ch'êng Kung-hsiug, beckoned me fo the Palace of Immortality."
Thereupoa dissolution began fo set in. A blue, smoke-like vapour.
issued from the lips of the dying man and vanshed in mid-ar,
after which his body gradually shrauk fo nothing.
95 K'OU Ch (T. ). Died A.D. 1023. A native of
Ç Hsia-kuei in Sheusi, who graduated as chi, slih and rose
fo high office uuder the second Emperor of the Sung dynasty. Af
the early age of eight he distinguished himself by the excellence
of his l»oetical compositions, and his future greatness was foretold.
In 1004 he persuaded the Emperor Chên Tsung fo proceed in person
fo " Shan-chou fo oppose the raid ruade by the Kitan Tartars.
The Emperor confided fo him the entire direction of the campaign,
which af once ruade him an object of jealousy. "Does your
Majesty understand gambling?" asked Wang Ch'in-jo. "A gambler
who has lost heavily," he continued, "will stake his all upon a
last chance. Your Majesty is K'ou Chun's last chance." His tactics
however were successful. There was a bloody battle in which one
half of K'ou Chun's men were either killed or taken prisoner, and
consternation prevailed. Yet K'ou Chun was found fo be drinking
,1 Chi»wse 13iog»'aphic«d Di«tioJa»" v " 375
and singing with Yang I upon the city wall; whereupon the
Emperor cricri out, "If K'ou Chun tan feel like this, why should
I be sad?" Shortly afterwards the Kit.au leader was shot, and the
enemy sued for pente. In spire of these services Wang Ch'in-jo
managed by intrigue fo bring about his downfall, chiefly on the
ground that the peace concluded with the Kitans was a dishouourable
one. He was degraded, and ultimately sent fo OE T'ien-
hsiung in Chihli. There he was seen by the Kitan ambassador,
who asked why he was no ai his post in the capital. "There is
no trouble af the capital now," he replied; "and I was the only
one who could keep the key of out northern gare." When the
Emperor Chên Tsung went out of his mind, if was through his
influence that the YIeir Apparent became Regent; for which he
was appointed Grand Tutor and ennobled as ]_/. Iu 1022,
through an intrigue of the Empress, he was again banished fo
Lei-chou in Kuangtung; and in 1023 fo Hêng-chou in Huuau,
where he died. Ou his way fo Lei-chou he stopped af
Kung-an in YIupeh; and there he plucked a bamboo and stuck if
in the grouu before a shrine fo some god, saying, 'cil I have
hot been disloyal fo the State, may this bamboo t6ke new lire
and grow." The bamboo lived. Canonised as t ]. Sec Tbg lVei.
Koxinga. See Chêng Ch'êng-kung.
A native of K'un-shan in Kiaugsu, who remained faithful fo the
Mings after their final downfall. In 1645 he changed his personal
naine from Chiaug fo Yeu-wu, and waudered aboht the
empire in disguise until he finally settled down af Hua-yiu in
Shensi in 1677. lTe declined fo serve under the Manchus, and
supported himself by farming. profouud student, if is recorded
that in his wanderings he always carried about with him se'eral
horse-loads of books fo consult whenever his memory migh be af
376 .1 Chincse Bioyral,hical Dictiom«ry
fault. His writings ou the Classics, history, topography, and
poetry, are still highly esteemed. To foreigners he is best known
as the author of the ,l , which contains his notes,
chiefly ou the Classics and history, gathered during a course of
reading which extended over thirty yers. He also wrote the "
, j. -]2_, and the --
, all works upon the ancient sounds and rhymes. In 1886
if was proposed that he should be included in the Confueian
Temple; bu the high ofl]cials differed on the point, and the
suggestion was ulfimately negatived, tte is usully spokeu of as
Ku Yen-wu; sometimes as I.
,S, Ku 'èng-mao -- (T. 4
>-). Graduated in 1788
and distinguished himself as a eommentator on the Odes.
:,ss ng (T. ). .D. e0-ee. So of ,,
official under the Wu dyuasty. He was a clever youth, and af the
age of twenty set out with Lu Chi (2) and his brother for Lo-
yang, where the handsome appearanee of the young met gained
them the sobriquet of the Three Beauties. His lire was an
eveatful one. [te held a military eommand under the son of the
ill-fated Smï-ma Lun, and after the latter's death transferred his
services o other Princes, always more or less surrounded by an
atmosphere of war. The Emperor Y(ian Ti of the Eastern Chil
dynasty raised him fo high tank, and eonsulted him ou all
m,tters of importance. On one occasion in his earlier lire, when
dining af a restaurant, he thought he saw the waiter eyeing some
dainty dish Aeeordingly he gave the man his own share, saying
if wouhl be hard fo be always a waiter and never know the
flavour of the good things one carried about. Later on, when
Ssfi-ma Lun usurped the throne, this very waiter was the means
of savi,g his life. Canonised as
989 Ku K'ai-chih _ OE (T. : ) ). 4th and 5th cent. A.D.
A Chbwse Biog»'aphic«d Diction«rg 377
h native of Wu-hsi in Kiangsu, famous for his scholarship, his
artistic skill, and his belief in magic. Wheu painting a portrait
he would hot put in the eyes for several years, declaring that
e.xpression was entirely dependent upon a man's pecuniary
position. He was also noted for the way in which he are sugar-
cane beginning af the wroug end and passing gradually, as he
expressed if, into Paradise. He is sometimes spoken of as
Tiger-head Ku, from his position as commander of the
"tiger-head" contingent ai Hu-t'ou in Hupeh. He, and Lu T'au-
wei, Chang Sêng-yu, and Wu Shêng, are regarded as the
Four Masters in art. A uthor of the .
Ku K'uang (T. ). 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A 990
native of Hai-yen in Chehkiaug, who distiuguished himself
as a poet, and fiually went iuto retirement, calling himself
A" Upon thedeath of his son Fei-hsiug, he
seized a pen aud wrote the following verses: --
An old man lays to rest a much-loved son ......
By day and night his tears of blood will run,,
Albeit when threescore years and ten have iled
'Tis not a long farewell that he has said.
Af this the gods of the infernal ferons were touched, ami allowed
Fei-hsiung fo be born agan into the family. The latter, at two
years of age, was able ço tell how in the world below he had
heard the lamentations of his father and how he was permitted
fo appear once more upon the earth.
Born A.D.? 1860. A native of Foochow, who was sent fo Scotland
fo be educated, and aRer six years' residence gradnated as M.A. of
Ediuburgh in 1877. After a short and uncougenial terre of service as
a kind of private secretary o Sir T. Wade in Peking, he started in
1882 with Messrs Colquhoun and Wahab ou their overland jouruey
378 A Chi«se Bioff»'«qddcal Dictioa»'y
Across Cl, rysé; but he was dissatisfied with he manner in which
he was reaed, and soon reurned. In 1885 he became inerpreter
fo H. E. Chang Chih-tuug, resigning in 1897. He bas conributed
mauy brillian arLicles and poems o rations Auglo-Chinese journals,
and bas displayed a remarkable knowledge of he liratures of
France, Ialy, and Germany, no o mention hose of England,
aucien Greece, and Rome. His Defeisio Populi, writen a he
ime of the rions in the Yang-tsze Valley, araced much aellion
cxhibitiug as i did he deep-seated dislike of he Chinese people
to he "srauge religions" of he wesL Formerly known as Hong-
beng Kaw, he now sigus himself Kaw Houg-beng, which is a
ranslieraion of his suruame and his syle Hung-ming, as above.
of Pu Shang, and auhor of Lhe ramons commenary on the Sprig
azd Autmz Anals which goes by his naine.
993 Ku-pa-tai IX (T. ). Died A.D. 1708. An Imperial
clansman, equally proficient in ordinary learning and in military
science. In 1675 he stood first ai an examination of Manchu
ocials, and was placed in the Han-lin College. In 1677 he w
sent with instructions fo the General opposing Wu San-kuei in
Kuangtung, and was attached fo his staff. Owing fo the illness
of his chief, he conducted the invasion of Yfinnan and forced
Wu Shih-tsung fo kill himself. He served in 1680--
1681 under Lai-t'a, and then resumed his career in Peking,
becoming President of the Board of Ries in 1689. In 1693 he
lost oce owing fo the jealousy of his superiors, and when he
died he did hOt leave enough fo pay for his funeral. In 1726 the
Emperor Yung Chêng, whose tutor he had been, resred his
rank and canonised him as , bestowing Tls. 10,000 on his
starving family. In 1730 he was included in the Temple of Wohies.
994 Ku i . Died A.D. ? 452. A native of the Tai Star,
A C/H»wse Bh,g»'al,hic«! Dction«»'y 379
who aracted the notice of Toba Ssfi, second Emperor of
Northern Wei dynasty, and received ri'oto his Majesty the naine
of Pi, afterwards changed fo Pi as above, in $o]en of hell
given in 10ublic affairs. Fie rose under the next Eml0eror fo high
military rank and fo be President of the Board of Civil Off]ce,
but got iuto disgrace over the affair of ,, Fêug Wëu-
'ung, whose escape was due fo the fact hat Ku Pi got drunk
and refused fo allow the army o proceed. For this he was disgraced;
however he soou rose once more fo rank and favour, and was
ennobled as Duke. Under the succeeding Emperor his colleague in
the administration was Chang Ll. The two quarrelled, and
boh were dismissed from office; and ior indu.lging in complaiuts
a this harshness, Ku Pi was secretly accused fo the Emperor, and
both were put fo death. From his extraordiuarily l)oiuted head,
Ku Pi had been nicknamed Peucil-Head by the third
Emperor of the dynasty; and fo the peol01e , who lamented his
unjust rate, he was affectionately known as : Mr. Pencil.
RTU SOU î . The father of the Emperor Shun, who came fo 995
the throne B,C. 2255. He married a second wife, and the pair
treated Shuu tu a most unfeeling mauner, attempting ou several
occasions fo compass his death. In spire of this, Shun continued
fo exhibit towards both of them the most exemplary conduct.
..., , (T. ). t cent. .D.
disinguished himself by the eare and attention he lavished on his
childless old teacher, whom he buried with as much pomp and
ceremony as his own father. "To receive instruction from a man
during his lire," said he, "and then ai death fo throw him to the
weeds, would be a most heartless act."
Ku.Tso (T. $ ). Died A.D. 1446. Graduating as 997
chin slih in 1400, he became a Censor aud attracted the notice of
the Emleror Yung Lo, who ruade him the first Governor of Peking.
380 A Ch bese Biographical Diction«rg
His strict rule proving distasteful fo the great, he was sent fo
Kueichou as Judge. He was recalled fo the capital in 1425, and
three years later became President of the Censorate, remaiuing in
ooEce until his death. A filial son and a trusty friend, he was
absolutely pure; and so careflfl was he hot fo give occasion for
slauder, hat while waiting af Court he sat apart from the oher
Ministers, who nicnamed him in consequeuce Sit-
alone Ku.
Ku Tsu-yfi (T. ). An rdent student, who
flourished during the 17th cent. A.D. He despised an official career,
nnd devoted himself fo a lire of study, coupled with extreme poverty.
He wrote the E ç, a record of geographical changes in
China from the earliest ages down fo his own rimes. This work
was published in 1667 and is highly esteemed among scholars. He
was popularly knwnas .
Ku-tsung ç (T. ). A.D. 1685-1755. A grandson
of Ku-pa-tai, who attracted the notice of the Emperor K'ang Hsi
by his proficiency in mathematics, and rose by 1737 fo be Director
General of the Yellow River. After several ups and downs, he was
finally recalled from that post in 1754 for extravagant expenditure.
He was nicknamed Ku, the Iron Ox, on account of
his steadfast adherence fo what he thought right. If is recorded
that on one occasion he pawned his clothes fo bury a friend, and
also that he was in no hurry fo marry a second rime.
1759. A distinguished scholar, whose official career came fo a
premature end under the Emperor Yung Chêng. He devoted his
great energy and learning towards reconciling the views of the
various philosophical schools of the Sung, Yfian, and Ming dynasties,
writing a bioaphical work on the scholars of those periods. He
also produced a lucid and suggestive commentary on the Sprig
A Chine.e Biogrctphic,1 Dictionarg 381
a»d A,tumn, besicles the ¢. , a work on the Odes, in
which many old opinions are again submitted fo critical examination.
He stands first among the scholars of the reign of Ch'ien Lung.
Ku Yeh-t.û -i -- A swashbuckler af the Court of Duke 1
. Ching of the Ch'i State. On one occasion, wheu the Duke
was fording a river, a huge monster seized one of his horses and
dragged if under. Ku plunged in, and re-appeared after some rime
leading the h(rse with one haud and holding the monster's head
in the other. [e was one of the trio fo whom the Duke, in order
fo be rid of them, presented two peaches fo be awarded according
fo merit; the result being that they a]l killed themselves out of
jealousy and chagrin.
Ku Yeh-wang :[î. (T. , ). A.D. 519--581. A native 1002
of K'un-shan in Kiangsu, distinguished for his learning. In 538
he entered upon a public career; and after helping fo put down
the rebellion of Hou Ching by levyiug a volunteer force, he received
the appointment of Doctor in the Imperial Academy, followed by
that of Keeper of tbe Clepsydra fo the Heir Apparent, and final]y
of Grand Historiographer. Author of the , a dictionary based
uçon the Shuo Wên and arranged under 542 radicals.
Ku Yileh-chih ,! OE (T. ). Born A.D. 320..4 petty 1003
ofi[icial who served under Yin Hao. After the death of the latter
he addressed such a powerful appeal fo the Throne that Yin Hao's
rank and honours were restored fo him. Becoming gray-headed in
eafly life, the Emperor asked him how if was. "The beauty of the
tir and pine," he replied, "is enhanced by winter snows, while
that of the reed and the willow fades af the first breath of autumn."
Ku Yung (T. --î). 1st cent. B.C. A native of 1004
Ch'aug-an, who distinguished bimself by his wide knowledge of
books, and by B.C. 36 had risen fo be Censor. In B.C. 34 there
was an eclipse of the suu accompanied by a severe earthquake,
382 A Chinese Biog»'ctphical Dictionm'g
and these phenomena he boldly attributed o the excessive favour
shown by the Emperor o he Empress and the ladies of the
seraglio. For years he continued his remonsrances agains Cour
abuses, aud his nanle came o be coupled with tha of Lou Hu.
His iufimate acquaintance with Ching Fang enabled him o speak
more posifively upou Divine portents, in reference o which he
presened, firs and las, over fory memorials. e was ulfimaely
promoed o be Miuiser of Agriculture, bu died wihin a year.
1005 K'uai T'ung . 2nd cent. B.C. A native of Fan-yaug lu
Chihli, whose personal naine was originally Ch'ë, the saine as
tha of he Emperor Wu Ti of fhe Han dynasty. He became one
of the adherents, aud eventually chief adviser, of the famous Han
Hsin, whose fae he atribued o neglec of his own sound advice.
Afer his master's death he was caugh and condemned o be
boiled alive; however when he Emperor Kao Tsu asked him why
he sfirred up Han Hsin to reasou, he replied, «'All dogs bark at
srangers; and wheu I aced in hat way, it was because I knew
Han Hsiu bu did hot kuow your Majesy." Upon his he was
pardoned, and subsequently served under Ts'ao Ts'an. Author of a
oo« -w o cg 4¢-i, .c.
645. A native of he Ch'i Sae, and he bosom friend of Pao Shu-ya,
who recommended him o Duke Huan for employmenL In 685 he
actually became Minisier of Siae, and for many years administered
public affairs wiih marked success. The speculafive work which
passes uuder he fiile of bas been aiiribued fo him, bui
is one of he numerous forgeries of laier imes.
1007 Kuan ing (T. 2 ). A.D. 158-241. A native of
Chu-hsfi in moderu Shantung, Af sixteen he lost his
father, and though very poor, would accept nothing towards the
funeral expeuses. He waudered about for some rime with Hua
A Chincse Biog»'ctphical Dictiona'y 383
Hsiu, endeavouring to pursue his studies; but at length he was
obliged fo separate from his mercurial frieud, who could hot resist
jumping up fo stare at the grand carriages which passed heir
door. In 191, owing fo the disturbed state of the empire, he
withdrew to Liao-tung, where he gave himself up fo study and
teaching. He steadfastly refused to take office, though in 226
Ts'ao P'ei prevailed upou him to return to more civilised parts.
He is said fo bave worn a hole in the wooden couch on which
he sat for fifty-five years almost without moving.
Kuan Shu Hsien ; ,.. 12th cent. B.C. Third son of lOOS
Wên Wang, and younger brother fo Wu Wang, who couferred
upon him the Principality of tIsien in B.C. 1122. At the death of
Wu Wang, he plotted to deprive his nephew of the throne, and
actually went so far as to take up arms; but the rising was put
down by his brother Chou Kung, and Kuan Shu was executed by
his orders.
Kuan ¥ 1 (T. ). Di, A.D. .9. A .ti, of ï
Hsieh-chou in Shantung, whose persoual naine was originally :
):. He was obliged fo leave home on account of a murder he
had committed, and found his way fo - Cho-ch/in, where
in A.D.184 he fell in with Lin Pei and Chang Fei. The three
became fast frieuds, and swore the ramons "peach-gardeu oath"
that they would thenceforward fight side by side and lire and die
together. Kuan Yii and Chang Fei constituted themselves the
heachmen of Lin Pei as far as public appearances went, but in
private they had everything in common and even shared the saine
bed. Kuan Yfi followed Lin Pei through all the stirriug adventures
of his chequered career, performiug prodigies of valour, and ever
remaining faithflfi fo his oath. Being left fo guard : Hsia-
p'i, he was surrounded and t.aken prisoner by Ts'ao Ts'ao,
together with the Ladies - Kan and ) Mi, two of the wives
384 A Chinese Biog»'aphica! Dictionary
of Liu Pet. The three were sent off fo the capital; and while ou
the journey thither, Ts'ao Ts'ao is said o bave put Kuan Yfi's
fidelity fo the test by allottiug o his prisoners ouly one sleeping-
apartmeuL Thereupon Kuan Yfi remained sandiug all night a
the door of the room wiih a lighied caudle in his hand. In order
o secure his services, Ts'ao Ts'ao loaded him with honours. He
enuobled him as Marquis, and gave him many valuable presents.
In spite of all this, Kuau Y remained faithful fo Liu Pei and
ook an early opportuniiy of reurning o his old chieL Belote he
left, he had au opporuniiy of showing that he was hot ungraieful.
Wheu Yan Shao's forces atacked Ts'ao Ts'ao, Kuan Y slew
Yen Liaug, heir foremost warrior; and from he soldiers'
description of the terrible red-faced man with a long beard, Lit
Pet, who was then with Yan Shao, recognised ihe feaures of
his sworn brother. From tha Lime he fough seadily under
banner of Lit Pet in the humerons campaigns which he la, ter
was forced o carry on belote his position as ruler of Shu was
definitely secure; but aL leugtl afer mauy battles and sieges, he
was captured by Sun Ch'fiat and put o death. Long celebraed
as the mos renowned of China's military heroes» he was eunobled
early in tire 12fl century as Duke; in 1128 he was raised o the
tank of Prince; and in 1594 he was ruade u God. Siuce tha
dae he has received regular worship as or e
God of War, and as ï* , and emples bave
been buil ail over he empire n his honour. e has also been
highly honoured in Korea ever since tire 16h cenury, wheu he
is supposed o have frightened away
popularly known as or
His preseut oeial title is , and he is sometimes
syled '] OE .
1010 Kuung s . Born A.D. 1871. The ifle of he reign of
A Chinese Biog'a'phical Dictionarg 385
"[î Tsai4'ien, son of Ch'un I-huan, seventh son of the Emperor
Tao Kuang. He was posthumously adopted as son [o his cousin
the Emperor T'ung Chih, whom he succeeded in 1875, uuder [he
regency of the Empress Dowager. In the early part of the saine
year, the expedition under Colonel Browne, which had started from
Bhamo for Hankow with the view of examining the trade capabilities
of the country, was turned back soon after crossing the frontier by
the open hostility of the natives, the interpreter fo the expedition,
h. R. Margary, being treacherously killed af Manwyne. This was
settled by the Chefoo Agreement. In 1876 a private company bought
up connecting strips of laud between Shanghai and Woosung, and
proceeded fo lay clown a miniature railway, which was for a rime
an object of much interest fo the natives. Political influence was
however brought fo bear, and the whole thing was purchased by
the Chinese Government, the rails torn up and sent fo Formosa
where they were left fo rot upon the sea-beach. Then ibllowed
the re-conquest of Turkestan by Tso Tsung-t'ang in 1877, and the
terrible Shansi famine of 1878. In 1881 the skilled diplomacy of
the Marquis Tsêng Chi-tsê succeeded in recovering Kuldja from
Russia af the price of nine million roubles. In 1884 difficulties
arose with France in reference fo China's alleged suzerainty over
Tongking. A "state of reprisais" ensued; Formosa was blockaded;
and a number of Chinese war-vessels were destroyed af their
anchorage af Pagoda Island in the river Miu, the upshot being
that China withdrew ber claire. In March 1889 the Emperor
assumed the reius of government, having been married a few days
previously, namely on 26th February. In 1894 the maladministration
of Korea was ruade a casus belli by the Japanêse. By the early
part of 1895, Port Arthur and Wei-hai-wei had been captured,
and the Chinese ironclad fleet had been either taken or destroyed
(sêê Ti J«-ch'ang). The war was ended by the cessiou fo the
"25
386 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Japanese of Formosa and the Pescadores, and the payment of an
enormous indemnity.
Kuang Tsung. See (Sung) (hao Tun; (Ming) (hu (h'ang-lo.
Kuang Wu Ti. See Liu Hsiu.
101! K'uang Hêng (T. oE ). 1st cent. B.C. A Minister
who distinguished himself under the Emperor Yfian Ti of the Han
dynasty. Born in poverty he entered the service of a wealthy
magnate as a menial and without wages solely for the chance of
being within reach of books. Having no candles fo use af night,
he is said to have bored a hole in the partition wall between
own room and a neighbour's house, and by the nid of borrowed
rays fo have carried on his studies with success.
o Kuai Kan ,, , ,l (o o _). .D. -
1294. Fourth son of î Tuli, the brother of Ogotai Khan.
He was entrusted by his brother Mangu with the government of
the Chinese provinces until in 1257 his growing popularity caused
his recall. Af the head of one of the columns in Mangu's great
invasion of China he had just laid siege fo Wu-ch'ang when the
uews of his brother's death reached him. Anxious fo secure the
accepted Chia Ssfi-tao's offer of vassalage, trbute, and territory,
and hastened fo Xanadu, where he was proclaimed Emperor in
1260. Arik-buga set up a rival sovereiguty in Samarcand; but he
was beaten, and surrendered in 1264. On his accession Kublai
]ntroduced a regular administration similar fo the present official
system; and aided by Shih T'ien-tsê and other able men, he soon
established his power so firmly that in 1262 he was able fo resume
the conquest of China. In 1273, after a siege o rive years,
Hsiang-yang surrendered; and in the following year Bayan crossed
the Yang-tsze and proceeded victoriously eastward, until in 1276
Hangchow opened ifs gares and the young Sung Emperor was
A C]tinese Biographical Dctiona»'g 387
taken into captivity. Two years lator the last scion of the Sungs
perished af Yai-shan (see Chao Ping), and the Mongols were
masters of Chiua. From 1264 Kublai fixed his capital af Peking,
and in 1271, by the advice of Liu Ping-chang, adopted the dynastic
style )--lJ Yfian. He.sent several expeditions against Japan, Burmah,
Aunam, Cambodia, and even Java; but the results were inconsiderab[e,
although in 1287 euvoys came from the islands of the Malay
hrchipelago, and even ri'oto Ceylon. h few local risings in China
were easily suppressed, and in 1292 Bayan crushed the growiug
power of Heyduk, who was pressing on Samarcand. The
Emperor was usually under the influence of some favourite, of
whom j" , Ahma (from 1270 until his assassination in
1282) and :-- Sang-ko (from 1288 fo 1291) were the chief;
and latterly, jealousy and suspicion caused him fo be fequently
changing the members of his Cabinet. From 1284 fo 1291 Kublai
encouraged extortionate taxation, and discourent aud disorder
resulted; yet in 1290 the population fell little short of 59 millions.
In 1281 he lost his best helper, his wife; and two years luter he
married ber sister, who interfered in the government and constituted
herself the only channel of communication wiih the Khan. In 1286
the Chinese were forbidden fo curry arms, and three years luter
their bows and arrows were burnt. The Mongol witten character
was introduced in 1269; in 1280 the calendar was revised; and in
1287 the Imperial Academy was opened. The Yellow River was
explored fo ifs source in 1280; and paper money, lu the form of
bank-notes of from 50 fo 1000 cash, was ruade current in 1285.
Kublai was an ardent Buddhist, and sent an envoy fo the Turfan
fo study the Sacred Books. Nevertheless he paid honours fo Confucius,
and fo the great followers of the Master. In 1281 he caused ail
Taoist literature, save the Tao Té Ching, fo be burnt as spurious
or useless. He ruade Karakorum his summer, and Cambaluc, the
388 A Chinese Biograp],ical Dictionary
modern Peking, his winter residence. The splendour and pomp of
his Court dazzled the eyes of Marco Polo, the great Venetian
traveller, who visited China in 1274, bearing a letter from Pope
Gregory X fo the Great Khan, and who spent 24 years in the
East, during three years of which he held high civil office in
Chehkiang and was also sent as envoy on a mission fo the King
of hnnam. Kublai was buried in the north of Gobi, but no tomb
was raised over the spot, a custom iblowed by his successom.
Canonised as .
Kuoi Chi Wang. See Sun Liang.
1013 Kuoi Vu (T. . H. ). A.D. 1736--1805.
Graduated in 1790, and became Magistrate o Yung-p'ing
in Chihli where he died. He was a noted antiquarian scholar,
especially interested in ancient inscptions. Author of three
supplements o the of Wu Ch'iu-yen. He
also wrote on the Classics, besides essays and poetry.
101t Kuei-ku Tzh . 4th cent. B.C. The Philosopher of the
Demon Gorge, a naine given fo one Wang Hsfi who
taught a school of disciples af a mountain retreat of that naine.
He professed fo be able fo qualify his pupils fo embrace either of
the antagonistic political creeds of the day, Federation or
Imperialism; and he certainly turned out two notable examples
in Su Ch'in and Chang I, both of whom studied under him and
ai the saine time. The Taoists claire him as oue of their patriarchs,
and he is even said fo have received his principles direct from
Lao Tzfi. To be skilled in divination is fo be a modern Kuei-
ku Tz.
Kuei ing Hou. See Sun Hao.
1015 Koi O (T. ). Died A.D. 1531. Graduating as
chin sMh in 1511, he rose fo power with Chang Ts'ung, whose
views he supported. In spire of frequent denunciations, he retained
A Chinese Biographical Diction«ry 389
the confidence of the Emperor Shih Tsung until in 1529, being
then a Grand Secretary, he was accused of a suspicions intimacy
with an Imperial physician. He and Chang were both dismissed
as having been "false fo the sovereign and fo the State," but
they were re-instated in the following year. He retired shortly
afterwards on the plea of ill-health. His writings on government
and the duties of au Emperor were much esteemed. Canonised as
K'uei . One of the 9 Ministers of the Emperor Shuu, charged 1016
with the direction of State music. According fo the Tso
K'uei married _ the "dark lady," daughter of the Prince of
Jêng, who was famous for ber extraordinary beauty and
lustrous black hair. She bore him a son, named fi J" Po Fêng,
who "had the heart of a pig." He was insatiably gluttonous,
covetous, and quarrelsomç. Men gave him the naine of the (reat
Pig. He was killed by Hou I, Prince of Ch'iung, and his family
became extinct.
Xumarajiva ff (abbreviaed o ff, and 1017
signifying one who hough young in years is old in virue). Died
A.D. ? 412. The nineeenh of the Wesfern Pariarchs of Buddhism.
A nafive of India, whose fafher was invifed o Kuchah near Turfan,
appoind Sae Precepor, and married o he king's daugher, a
clever fl of twenty who had hithero refused all suitors. At the
age of seven his moher dedicaed him fo Buddhism, and he is
said bave repeaed daily one housand gôtlM or hymns of hiry-
two words o each. A welve he was taken by his moher o
8ta of " Sha-lo, where he lived for a year, sudying deeply,
poeially asrology and kindred subjecs. He devoed himself o he
Mahayana or Greaer Development, and soon had crowds of pupils.
At twenLy he returned o Kuchah, and publicly expounded he
sûtras. He preached wih such success ha Fu Chien heard of his
390 A Chiese Biographical Dictionary
faine, and in 382 sen Lfi Kuag wih 70,000 men fo le, ch him.
In 385 the la,ter, hearing of Fu Chien's fall, established himself
Lianga-ehou in Knsuh (see L Ku«ng), where Kumar lived
in honour but without any great propagandist success. In 401,
fter the defeat of Ai Lung, Kumar went fo the Court of Yao
Hsîng; and in 405 he became State Preceptor, and dictated his
commentaries on the sacred books of Buddhism fo some eight
and Appearance, especially for Yao Hsing who reverenced him as
a God. Af his death, his body was cremated, but his tongue
remaimd uuhurt in the midst of the tire. Is known as one of the
Four Suns of Buddhism.
1018 Kun ï,. Father of the Great Yfi, and Earl of Ch'ung. He
was Minister of Works under the Emperor Yao, B.C. 2297, and
was appointed fo drain the empire. Failing in this, he was banished,
and the work was entrusted fo his son.
1019 Kung, Prince 1 (M. _ ). Bor A.D. 1832. The
sixth son of the Emperor Tao Kuang, and brother of the Emperor
Hsien Fêng who in 1850 conferred upon him the title by which
he bas since been known. His first appearance in public was in
1858, as member of the commission which tried Ki-ying, the
great Minister who had signed the Treaty of Nanking. In the
followiug year he was nominated member of the Colonial Board
which controlled the affairs of the "outer barbarians;" and was
subsequently appointed plenipotentiary for the conclusion of peace
with the ictorious Europeans when in 1860 they reached the
gares of the capital. While the Emperor Hsien Fêng fled to Jehol
and refused fo hold any intercourse with the foreigners, Prince
Kung threw himself into his arduous task of obtaining the best
possible terres from an enemy hOt only encouraged by military
success but irritated by the treacherous seizure of the late Sir Harry
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 391
Parkes and his companions. In these trying circumstauces the tact
and resource of Prince Kung wou the admiration of his opponents,
but the occasion did uot adroit of any concessions. Prince Kung
returned those prisoners who had survived their ill-treatment, for
which some expiation was exacted in the destruction of the Summer
Palace, and surrendered one of tlle gares of the capital. Residences
in the city were assigned fo Lord E]gin and his French colleague
and the Hall of Ceremonies was appointed for the exchange of the
ratified copies of the treaty. This act was accomplished ou Oct.
24th, and a fortnight later the whole allied force was withdrawn
from Peking, leaving Sir Frederick Bruce as the first British
Minister af the Chinese Court fo arrange with Prince Kung the
conduct of diplomatic relations. A new department, called the
Tsung-li Yamêu, was formed, and opened ifs doors with the year
1861, under the presidency of Prince Kung. Some few months
later Prince Kung was called upon fo deal with a grave dynastic
crisis caused by the death of his brother Hsien Fêng. Two of the
Princes, together with the Minister II Su Shun, seized the
Regency, fo the exclusion of the Empress Dowager and Prince
Kung; but as the Imperial funeral procession neared Peking, the
conspirators were promptly arrested. Su Shun was executed, and
the Princes were allowed fo commit suicide. For his services in
this marrer Prince Kung was appointed President of the Imperial
Clan Court and received the title of j. Not long afterwards
hê experienced his first rebuff af the hand of fortune. On the 2nd
April 1865 an edict appeared stating that he was dismissed from
his posts "for having overrated his own importance." Five weeks
]ater he was re-instated in ail his offices except that of Presideut
of the Council. He experienced a second rebuff in the year 1874,
when his nephew, the Emperor T'ung Chih, degraded him, nominally
for "using language in very many respects unbecoming," but really
392 A Chiese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
in consequence of palace intrigues. He was re-instated in his
hereditary rank the nexm day by a special decree of the mwo
Empresses. In 1878 he was again temporarily degraded; and in
1884 he was again dismissed from office, and gave up his hereditary
first-class princedom, in consequence of the fall of Bacninh. This
rime he remained in retirement until the Korean imbroglio of
September 1894, when he was recalled fo power as President of
the Tsung-li Yamên and ordered fo co-operate with Li ttung-chang
in taling measures against mhe victorious Japanese. In the saine
year he was also placed upon the Grand Council, afthe special
request of the Empress Dowager. ]:Ils most noteworthy expression
of opinion was ruade fo Sir Rutherford Alcocl in 1869. tte said
fo tbe deparming Minister, "If you could only relieve us of your
opium and your missionaries, there need be no more trouble in
(hina." tte married a daughter ot Kueiliang, one of the Imperial
i.ommissioners sent fo Shanghai fo negotiate with Lord Elgin. She
died in 1880.
1020 Kung Chao-yilan . J]fi ¢ (T. tf[ ). A purchase licent.iate
of A nhui, who was Taot'ai af Chefoo in 1886, and af Shanghai
from 1886--1890 when he became Judge of Chehkiang. In August
1891 he went as Treasurer fo Sstich'uan, and in November 1893
was appointed Minister fo Englaud, France, Italy, Belgium, and
Sweden and Norway. In 1895 he became Director of the Banqueting
Court, and in 1896 of the Court of Sacrificial Wo'ship.
1021 Kung Chih-ch'i ' --. 7th cent. B.C. The ramons Minister
of the Yti State, who advised his prince nom fo allow the Chins
fo pass through the country on their way fo attack the Kuo State.
He argued that the latter was an outlying defence of the Yfi State,
and that "if the lips perish, the teeth will feel cold," a phrase
frequently used by Chinese diplomamists in modern rimes.
1022 Kung-hsi Ch'ih (T. -- ). Born B.C. 510. A
A Chinese Biogvaphical Dictionet»'y 393
native of the Lu State, and one of the disciples of Confucius. He
was distinguished by his thorough kuowledge of rites and ceremonies,
and on the death of the Master he was entrusted with the
management of his funeral.
Kung Ku . One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor, 1023
and the reputed inventor of boats.
Kung Kung -V. A legendary being, said by some fo have 1024
been a Miuister under the Emperor Fu Hsi; by others, fo bave
been a vassal of the Emperor Shên Nung. He appears fo bave led
a rebellion in primeval rimes, and fo bave attempted fo overwhelm
the earth beneath the waters of a colossal flood. This naine bas
also been given fo the Minister of Works under the Emperor Yao,
who was banished for allowing excessive inundations fo take place.
Kung-liang gu î (-- ï[). A disciple of (onfu¢ius, 1025
who on one occasion drew his sword and forced a passage for the
Master through a threatening crowd. He was a wealthy man, and
joined the train of Confucius with rive chariots.
Kung-sha lIu ]2_, - (T. :9 ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native 1026
of [ Chiao-tung in Shantung, where Wu Yu once held office.
Beiug very poor, he took service in the establishment of the latter and
is said fo bave been discovered by his toaster engaged in pounding
rice. The result was a close fi'iendship. For many years he lived
as a recluse on the hills, teaching a large number of disciples. By
his intercession with the supernatural powers, he is said on one
occasion fo bave put an end fo a plague of caterpillars; and in
A.D. 155 he warned the people against an inundatiou and thus
succeeded in saving many lires. For his services he received a small
post, and died in office, aged 66.
Kun 8hên . (T. '). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. An 1027
official, who rose fo high office under the Emperor Ch'êng Ti of the
Han dynasty. He declined fo serve under the usurper Wang Mang
394 A Ctinese Biogr«phical Dictionary
and retired into private lire, calliug himself 2 " On being
further pressed, he took fo his bed and refused all food for fourteen
days, dying af the age of 79.
1028 Kung Sui . (T. ). l st cent. B.C. A native of P'ing-
yang in Kiangsu, who served under Wang Ho af OE Ch'ang-i
in Shantung. When the latter was acting in a misguided way,
Kung Sui with tears in his eyes besought him fo desist; and
accordingly, when later on all the officiais of Nau-ch'ang were put
fo death, he alone was spared. In B.C. 73, when over seventy
years of age, he was sent as Governor fo Po-bai in order fo check
the brigandage which prevailed. Instead however of occupying
himself directly with the brigands, he set fo work fo foster
ag=iculture, persuading the people fo sell their inives and swords;
and buy oxen and calves. He succeeded so well that he was promoted
to a higher post, and died in office af a great age.
1029 R'ullg-sull (h'iao : [ (T.- and - ). B.C.
581--521. A grandson of Duke Mu of Chêng, who rose fo be
Prime Minister of his native State. When he had ruled for three
years, so great was the change effected that "doors were hot
locked at night and lost articles were hot picked up on the
highway." In 535 he compiled a Penal Code for the regulation of
punishments. Confucius, who had described him as a truly benevolent
man, wept when he heard of his death. The entire populace gave
way fo lamentation, and the women laid aside their ornaments for
a space of three months. Later critics hold that though he ruade
the people love him, he failed fo teach and fo elevate them. In
1857 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
1030 R'ung-sun Hung : 1 (T. ' ). Died B.C. 121. A
poor scholar of the Han dymsty, who was a swineherd until past
forty years of age when he took fo the study of the Classics. In
B.C. 140 he secured the first place among the scholars personally
A Ctinese Biog»'aphieal Dictionary 395
examined by .the Emperor Wu Ti; bit on being sent on a mission
fo the Hsiung-nu, he failed fo satisfy his Majesty's expectations.
He subsequently rose fo be a Privy Councillor, and was ennobled
as Marquis. He still continued fo lire in most frugal style, giiing
all his salary fo poor and deieriing strangers, for whom he opened
a kind of guest-house. He is even said o bave used the saine
cotton quilt for ten years. He was impeached as a traitor by Chi
Au, but this only resulted in attaching the Emperor more strongly
fo him. Noted also for his filial behaviour fo his stepmother, for
whom he wore mourning during the full period of three years.
Kung-sun Lung . 3rd cent. B.C. Said by T8ou Yen 1031
be the wisest man in the State of Chao. He was also noted for
his skill in arguing on the "hard and white" (see Hui Tz#).
Kung-sun O (T. ). A ,ery handsome man, 1032
who lived about 700 B.C. He won the prize of a chariot, offered
fo whosoever should prove the stronget man in the army of the
Earl of Chêng.
Kung-sun Shu or (T. ). Died 1033
A.D. 36. The conqueror of Shu, modern Ssfich'uan, where he
established himself under the title of the White Emperor.
The son of a former Governor of Honan, he was himself Governor
of Shu between A.D. 14--22. In A.D. 23 he invited the rebel
Tsung Ch'êng fo Ssfich'uan; but finding him fo be a mere
bandit, he slew him and received the submission of his followers.
In 24 he proclaimed himself Prince, and in 25 Emperor of Shu,
with white as his Impefial colour and his capital ai Ch'êng-tu. His
rule was acknowledged by Wei Hsiao, fo whom he sent 10,000
troops fo fight against the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. In 33 he captured
Wu-shan, I-eh'ang, and N I-tu. But in 37 the Han
generals Wu Hau and Ts'ên P'êng forced the passage,
and invested Ch'ëng-tu. The White Emperor diëd of a wound he
396 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y
received during a sortie; his head was cut off and sent te Lo-yaug;
his family was exterminated and the city sacked.
1034 Kung-sun Tsan (T. '] â:). Died A.D. 199. A
native of Liao-hsi. He became a great favourite with the Governor
of the district, who gave him one of his daughters in marriage
and sent him te study under Lu Chih. In early life he won
distinction in operatious against the froutier tribes and then against
the rebels in Liaug'-chou. Lator on, for failing te keep in subjection
the tribes on the borders of Sstich'uan, he was superseded by .']
Liu Yfi, whose successes roused such ill-feelirg in his mind
that he never restcd uutil he had compassed his rival's death. His
next exploit was te lead a successful expedition against Yfian Shao,
who had caused the death of his brother Yfiau Shu. Frein this
date his power increased rapidly. But his nature was such that he
remembered faults aud forger services, se that he had few friends
and many enemies; and Yfiau Shao, who had long been watching
his opportunity, led a force agaiust him aud drove him te seek
refuge in I-ching. There, after a long siege, seeing no
hope of escape, he slew his wife and children, and then set tire
te his bouse and perished in the flames.
Kung Ti. Sec Ssï-ma Tê-wên.
Kung Tsung. Sec Chao Hsien.
1035 Kung Wang î. A Prince of the Ch'u State of ohl, who
when he had lest a bow refused te let his attendants look for if,
saying that seine man of Ch'u would find if; meauing that ai any
rate one of his own subjects would profit by the transaction. On
hearing of this remark, Confucius censured the Prince's narrow-
mindedness, declaring that he ought te bave said "seine mau" and
net merely "seine man of Ch'u."
1o36 Kung-yang Kao _ - . 5th cent. B.C. Author of the commentary
ou the Sprig and Autumn A»nals which passes under his name.
A C]d»ese Biographical Dictionary 397
Kun Yii " J (T. +], ). 1st cent. B.C. A native of La,g- 1037
yeh in Shantung, who brought himself into notice by his wide
knowledge of the Classics. If was said that when his friend
Wang Yang was appointed fo office, he flicked the dust off his
own official hat, knowing that he would soon be recommended for
employment. After a somewhat chequered career, he became Ceusor
under the Emperor Yfian Ti, B.C. 48--32, a post which he filled
with much courage and zeal. He advised that the money spent
upon horses, parks, bull-fighting, etc., should rather be saved and
ven the poor.
K'ung An-kuo (T. oe ). 2nd cent. B.(. A 103S
descendant of Coufucius in the twelfth degree. He was employed
in deciphering the text of the Cawn of History which had been
discovered when pulling down the bouse of K'ung Fu, and
transcribed large portions of if from the seal character into the
prevailing li script, with a preface of his own. His work disappeared
about the 4th cent. A.D., and that which now does duty is regarded
by the majoty of scholars as a forgery from the hand of
Met Chi. He also wrote a commentary on the Aalects, and another
on the Cawn of Filial Piety. In 647 his tabler was placed in the
Confucian Temple.
K'ung Ch'ao-fu (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A 1039
descendant of Confucius in the 37th generafion. He was an ardent
student and went into retirement on a mountain in Shantung,
refusing fo serve under Yuug Lin Waug, whence he came fo be
enrolled as one of the Six Idlers of the Bamboo Grove (see Li Po).
He subsequently rose fo high office under the Emperors Tai Tsung
and Tê Tsung, and was appointed fo operate against Li Huai-kuang.
His conduct however was unsatisfactory; his soldiers mutinied, and
he was slain. Canonised as ,.
K'Ung Chi (T. ,). Born about B. C. 500. Grandson 1040
398
A Chinese Biogrphical Dictionary
of Confhcius, and author of the Doctrine of t]te Mean. After studying
under Tsêng Ts'an, he entered official lire and ultimately became
Minister fo Duke Mu of the Lu State. The latter treated him with
great kindness; but Kung Chi repelled his advances, even refusing
his preseats because he could hot be bothered fo return thanks for
them. He lived in great poverty, and domestic clouds overshadowed
his lire. His mother married a second rime, and he had fo divorce
his wife. His son refused fo mourn for a divorced mother, and this
rule now prevails in the family of Kung. He mas posthumously
ennobled as Duke, and in 1108 his tabler was placed in the
Confucian Temple (see Yen Hui). tte is also known as -.
10:1 IK'ung (h'i : :. Son of K'ung Mu-chin, and great-grea
grandfather of Confucius. His tabler stands in the Confucian Temple
among ancestors glorified as sages. His name is variously given as
x'g ci-a $ (T. ). lStl ¢.. A. D. U,c
of K'ung Kuang-sên, and an authority on the Book of Rites.
,a X'ung c'iu . (T. tç )- - C. 1--. A ,tive «
! : Ch'iieh-li, a hamlet of Ch'ang-p'ing in Shantung, known
fo foreigners as Confucius, which is the Latinised form of [
-- K'ung Fu Tzti, the Philosopher K'ung. His father's naine was
K'ung Shu-liang Ho (q. v.), and on the latter's death, his mother
married again and removed fo a place called _ Ch'ri-lu. Many
stories are told of his childish precocity, but the authenticity of
these is more than doubtful (see Wag Su). In B. C. 533 he
married, and in the following year his wife gave birth fo a son
(see K'ug Li). After holding some petty post in connection with
the grain administration, he took fo teaching, and soon surrounded
himself by a school of eager and earnest disciples. He visited the
aacient capital, whence he returned fo be Mastrate at Chung-tu
in his native State. ttis success in that capacity was so marked
A Chbtese Biographical Dictiotat'g 399
that he was raised by Duke Ting of Lu fo be Minister of Justice,
and "became the idol of the people, and flew in songs through
their mouths." The State prospered under his guidauce, and ifs
influence and well-being became conspicuous. This aroused the envy
of the Duke of the Ch'i State, who attempted fo corrup his rival
by a present of some lovely singing-girls and splendid horses. His
scheme succeeded only too well. Duke Ting gave himself over fo
enjoyment, and neglected the serious business of government.
Thereupon Confucius in 495 threw up his post, in the vain hope
that the Duke would retbrm. From that rime he waudered sadly
from State fo State, offering advice to such Princes as would listeu
fo him, most!y neglected, and af one rime even in danger of his
lire. In addition fo teaching, he occupied himself with collecting
and editing the old national lyrics, fo the number of 311, now
known as the Odes. He also edited the Cao of History, and
wrote, under the title of the Sprig and Autum Amls, the
history of his native State from B. C. 722 fo 484. His Disco««rses,
or Amlects, were written up, probably by the disciples of his
disciples, and constitute our only authentic source of information
as fo the personal life and sayings of the Sage. In 481 he heard
that a supernatural creature, called the ch'i lin, and variously
identified with the unicorn and giraffe, had appeared during a
hunting expedition of the Duke of Lu. Taken in connection with
the disorder of the imes, he interpreted this phenomenon as an
evil omen, and announced that his own end was af hand. Two
years later he died, in his native State, fo which he had at length
returned. His life had hOt been a happy one. He had divorced his
wife, who was a downright Xantippe; his only son had predeceased
him; and the message, which he felt that he had been divinely
appoiated to deliver, had hot been favourably received. He taught
that the nature of man is pure af birth, and that if becomes
400 A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y
vitiated ouly by the impurity of ifs surroundiugs. He strove fo
enuuciate a practicaI fuie of lire which should compare favourably
with the poetical Tao of Lao Tzti, suitable fo the wauts of his
fellow-countrymen in this world, without indication of, or allusion
fo, the possibility of a world fo corne, ttis daily texts were charity
of heart and duty towards one's neighbour, and the virtues on
which he laid most stress were justice and truth. "In his village
home he looked simple and sincere, as though he had nothing fo
say for himself; but when in the ancestral temple or af Court,
he spoke minutely, though cautiously." Outcast as he was in lire,
the value of his commou-sense teachings was soon recognised; and
the "uncrowned king," as he has been affecçionately styled, is af
this moment as firmly fixed upon his throne as af any period
during the twenty-three centuries which bave elapsed since his
death. His personal name Ch'tu is taboo: if is never written nor
uttered. A stroke is left out in writiug, while the reverent student
pronouuces if nou "a certain person." In the second century belote
Christ a temple was erected in his houour, and during succeeding
dynasties decrees bave beeu frequently isued ordering that other
temples should be built and sacrifices performed af various seasons.
Af the present moment there must be a Confucian Temple in every
Prefecture, District, and market-town throughout the empire, where
twice every year, in spring and autumn, memorial ceremonies are
conducte(l by the local officiais. The following words, written
eighteen centuries ago by the ramons historian Ssti-ma Ch'ien, best
describe the position then and still held by the great Sage in the
hearçs of the Chinese people: -- "Countless are the princes and
prophets that the world bas seen in its rime; glorious in lire,
forgotten in death. But ('onfucius, though only a humble member of
the cotton-clothed masses, remains amoug us after many generations.
He is the model for such as would be wise. By all, from the Son
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictlonary 401
of Heaven down fo the meanest student, the supremacy of his
principles is fully and freely admitted. He may indeed be pronounced
the Divinest of men." Various titles bave af various rimes been
posthumously bestowed upon Confucius. The chier of these are
(.o. 0), (), (no),
(1308), and (1530). In A.D. 1233,
through he influence of Yeh-lfi Ch'u-fs'ai, he title of
was conferred upon the representative of the family in direct male
line. The leading disciples of Confuciu were Yen Hui, Tsêng Ts'an,
Tsai Yfi, Tuan-mu Tz'fi, and Cun Yu.
K'ung ang-shu Ç . Son of K'ung Ch'i, and great 1044
grandfather of Confucius. In order fo escape the cnmity of the
descendants of ua Tu (see K'u»g Ch'i), he fled fo and settled in
the State of Lu, where he became Magistrate of Fang. ence his
name. His able stands in the Confucian Temple among ancesors
glofified as sages.
K'ung Fu J (T. ). Died B.C. ? 210. A descendant 1045
of Confucius in the ninth degree. Af the rime of the Burning of
the Books (see Li Ssa), he is said fo bave preserved copies of the
chief works of the Canon by secreting them in his house, whence
they were eventually recovered. He is the reputed author of a
oellection of memoirs referring fo Confucius and his grandson
K'ung Chi, and also of the vocabulary entitled ], .
K'ung gung (T. ). Died A.D. 208. A descendant 1046
of Confucius in the 20th degree, and a most precocious child. Af
feu yeam of age he went with his father fo Lo-yang, where Li
Ying was af the height of his reputation. Unable, from the press
of visirs, fo gain admission, he told the doorkeeper fo inform
Li Ying that he was a connection, and thus succeeded in getting
in. Wheu Li Ying asked him what the conuectiou was, he replied,
"My ancestor Confucius and your ancestor Lao Tzû were friends
26
409. .4 Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
engaged iu the ques for Trth, so ha you and I may be said
fo be of the samo family." Li ¥ing was astonished, bt ï OE
Ch%n Wei said, "Cleerness in youth does hot mean brilliancy in
later life" upon which K'ung Jung remarked, "¥ou, sir, mus
eidently hae been ery cleer as a boy." Entering ocial lire,
he rose fo be Governor of : Po-hai in Shantung; but he
iucurred the displeasure of the great Ts'ao Ts'ao and was put fo
death with all his family (see Chitt Hsi). tte was one of the Seven
Scholars of the Chien-au period (see Hsii I(an), an open-hearted
man, and fond of good company. "If my halls are full of guests,"
he would say, "and my bottles full of wine, I ara happy."
ï). A.D. 1751--1786. A native of [ _ Ch'ii-fu in Shantung,
and a descendant of Confucius in the sixty-eighth generation. He
graduated in 1771, but soon retired from public life. Author of
clever commentaries on the Five Classics, and of works on the seal
and Il styles of writiug.
108 K'ung Li [ (T. f ). B.C. 532--482. The only son of
Coufucius (see K'ung C]'iu). Af his birth, Duke ] Chao of the Lu
State sent Confucius a present of some carp; and the latter, in honour
of his sovereign's gift, took Li Carp as the naine of his little son.
0 x,g g-,,i 1 k (T. ' îE). So. of K'u, S-
liang Ho, by a concubine, and half-brother fo Confucius. tte was
a cripple, and could hot enter upon an official career. In 1857 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
1050 K'llllg lYltl-(hill :[ ) :. 8th cent. B. C. Son of :
K'ung Chia, great-great-great-grandfather of Confucius, and the
recognised founder of the family. He was an official of the Sung
State, and was killed by a colleague, named tIua Tu, who
wished fo obtain possession of his wife. tIis tabler stands in the
Confucian Temple, first among ancestors glorified as sages.
A Chi»ese Biog»'aphical Dictio»a'y .03
K'ung lin :i -. 3rd cent. B.C. h Miniser of he Wei State, 1051
who perceived the danger fo be apprehended from the victory of the
Ch'ins over the Chaos, and warned his priuce hot fo be like the
swallow which chirps uncoucernedly round ifs nes when tire bas
already seized upou the buildiug fo which the nest is attached.
K'ung lo-hsia :i ] . Son of K'ung Fang-shu, and grand- 1052
father of Confucius. His tabler stauds in the Confucian Temple,
among ancestors glorified as sages.
K'ung Shu-liang go --: . Died B.C. 548. Son of
K'ung Po-hsia, and father of Confucius. tte was Chier Magistrate
of Tsou in modern Shantung, and was remarkable for his
gigantic stature and great strength. His wife bore him nine daughters
(see I('ug Mêng-p'i); but when af the age of seventy he married
a second rime, choosing : Chêng Tsai, the youngest of the
three daughters of a neighbour named Yen, the union was
blessed with a male child, known to posterity as Confucius. l:Ie
himself died when the boy was only three years old. His tabler
grands in the Confucian Temple, among ancestors glorified as sages.
'ng wa (T. ,). Die« .D. 0.
descendant of Confucius in the 45th degree. ]:ils personal naine
was originally . , Yen Lu. Noted as a boy for his gravity
of demeanour, he graduated as chin slih and was appointed fo îî
Ning-chou in Yiinnan. While there, a divine shake appeared
one of the temples, and all the officiais went fo worship if (see
Li Hu»g-chang). K'ung however refused thus fo abase himsetf; aud
seizing his official tabler, crushed the reptile's head at a blow. He
was obliged fo resgn in consequence, but soon rose through various
offices fo be a Censor and Minister of State. In 1031 he was sent
as envoy fo the Kitans, who received him af a grand banquet with
much honour. But at a theatrical entertainment which followed, a
piece was played in which his sacred ancestor, Confucius, was
404 A Chinese Biographical Dictioary
introduced as the low-comedy man; and this so disgusted him that
he got up and withdrew, the Kitans being forced fo apologise. In
1033 he was dismissed fo the provinces for espousing the cause of
the deposed Empress. Re-instated almost immediately, the jealousy
of his colleagues caused him fo be again banished, when he died
on his way fo his post.
1055 K'ung Ying-ta :i Î (T.
descendant of Confucius in the
thirty-second degree, and a
distinguished scholar and public functionary. He wrote a commentary
on the Canon of Changes, and was also the reputed author of the
J- aml îl] sections of the Histoîy of the Sui Dynsty.
Canonised as .
of the T'ang dynasty, upon whom Chang Chia-chêng bestowed one
of his rive daughters. The young ladies sat behind a screen, each
holding a silken cord of a different colour, and Kuo was fo choose
between the cords. He chose the red one and thus won the third
daughter, a great beauty. He graduated as cin shih af the age of
18, attracted the attention of the Empress Wu, and was sent on
an embassy fo the Turfan. After holding many high and important
posts he became President of the Board of War in 713, and alone
of the Ministers of State stood by the Emperor when the T'ai-
p'ing Princess was guilty of treason, for which he was ennobled
as Duke. Soon afterwards he was banished for au error of discipline ai
a review; and though immediately recalled, he died of mortification
on the way.
1057 IKuo Chi - (T. ). B.C. 38--A.D. 47. A native of
Mou-ling in Shensi, who served under Waug Mang the Usurper
and afterwards under the first Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In A.D. 33 he became Governor of Ying-chou in Anhui, and
af parting told his Majesty that as he was hOt going fo a distance
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioa»'g 405
he would still make his influence felt at the capital. In 35 he was
sent into Shansi fo deal with the rebellion of Lu Fang. He was
met on the way by a number of youths from -: Ping-chou, where
he had formerly been magistrate, riding on bamboo horses, in token
of respect and gratitude for his wise administration. In 46 the
Emperor bestowed upon him a mansion and a large sure of money
fo enable him fo keep up his dignity, all of which however he gave
away fo his relatives, leaving nothiug behind him af his death.
o ci . «». ,0-vv. .ti,o t eo-y
in Chihli, who in his youth was servant fo a rich man of Chii-lu.
He became the leader of a hand of rowdies, and spent his rime in
drinking and gambling until warned by his master's wife that he
was in danger of his lire. Fleeing fo " Chin-yang he obtained
employment as a Magistrate under the fouuder of the Later Han
dynasty, and under the last of the Five Dynasties he gained a great
naine as a provincial Governor. The first Emperor of the Sung
dynasty built him a bouse tiled like a prince's, saying that for a
dozen years Kuo had relieved him of all anxiety as fo the north.
In 976 he became Governor of Yiin-chou. On the occasion of
the expedition of the Emperor T'ai Tsuug fo T'ai-yiian in Shansi,
he defeated the Kitan Tartars; but being falsely accused, he
committed suicide.
uo c (w. ). ., e.. .D. .ti,o
Honan, famous as one of the 24 examples of filial piety. He was
very 10oor, and the family, consisting of his wife, his mother, and
his little sou, had hot even enough fo eat. Accordingly he said fo
the former, "The boy eats so much food that there is hot enough
for out mother. We may bave other sons, but we can never have
another mother." So he agreed with his wife fo bury the child, and
for that purpose began digging a hole. They had hot got far down
before they came upon au ingot of gold, iuscribed with these words
406 A Chit,ese Biogt'aphical Dictioï,a»'y
in red:- "God's gift fo Kuo Ch(i; let no official dep'ive him of
if, and let no other person t.ake
native of Lo-yang, who flourished as an off]cial and artist under
the Later Chou and Sang dynasties. His fonduess for wine and other
pleasures led fo his degradation in 960, whereupon he took fo
roaming about in search of fine scenery. The second Emperor of
the Sang dynasty made him an Imperial Archivist; but after a
short rime he was dismissed from the public service for selling
government property, and was banished fo Têng-chou in Shantung.
He died on the way thither. His special forte as an artist was
landscape in black and white. He was also known as a calligraphist,
and vs author of the -- an of the J, both being
treatises on the written character.
1061 Kilo Ho - (T. 7 OE). 5th cent. A.D. A native of
[2 Ltieh-yang in Shensi, and a profound studeut. He was
forced into au official career, but in a short rime resigned his
post and was allowed fo retire fo a mountain in Kansuh, where
he lied and taught until 84 years of age. Canonised as
o Ko Hin (T. ç .). D( .D. 1. .,,
scholar of the Chin dynasty. For a long rime he refused off]mal
employment and lived in seclusion, occupying himself with
philosophy of Lao Tzti. A commeutary ou Chuang Tzfi passes as
his work, but the bulk of if seems fo bave been written by Hsiang
Hsiu. Subsequently he became head of the Board of Civil Office,
and then Grand Tutor af the Court of the Prince of Tung-hai in
Kiangsu, from which post he retired in disgust. If was said of him
by Wang Yen that his conversation was like the continuons down-
flow of a rapid, or the rush of water from a sluice.
1063 Ktlo Hsieh - j (T. t[)" Died B.C. 127. A famous
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y 407
knight-errant of the Han dynasty, tis father had been put fo
death under the Emperor Wên Ti, aud he himself in his youth
was a bloodthirsty ruoEan, slaying every one who erossed his
paçh. te was also a eoiner of base money, and used fo break into
mbs and commit saerilege. In his mature age he beeame a
reformed eharaeter, and went about seeking only fo do good and
fo redress wrongs. He gained great eredit by deelaring that the
murderer of his sister's son, a young man who was wont fo force
drink upon strangers, was justified in doing what he did. The
slaughter by his followers of an opponent eaused his mother fo be
arrested; whereupon he surrendered and was exeeuted, together
with his family, as a publie nuisance.
luo ttsiu - (T. -). A.D. 1638-1715. A native of 1064
I1 Chi-mo in Shantung, who used fo lire on herbs in the
remote recesses of the hills and fo study all night by a tire of
brushwood. Graduating as chin shih in 1670, he was sent in 1680
as Magistrate to _X Wu-chiang in Kiangsu, a place with the
worst possible repuçation; yet in seven years he ruade if the pride
of the south-east. In 1686 he became a Censor, and successfully
denounced Chin Fu, fl Ming Chu, and Kao Shih-ch'i. But
he himself was soon driven from office for an alleged piece of
personal spire; and in 1690 he was sentenced fo banishment on
the false plea that his father, for whom he had sought posthumous
honours, had been a rebel. His sentence however was remitted;
and the Emperor K'ang Hsi, meetiug him while on tour in 1699,
appointed him Viceroy of Hunan, in recoguition of his courageous
and independent spirit. In 1691 he came fo Peking fo bave audience,
and seized the opportunity fo vindicate his father's character. On
his expressing a fear that the promised remeasurement of taxable
land in Hunan would reduce the revenue, the Emperor replied,
"Provided that çhe people benefit, no reduction, however great,
408 A Chinese Biographic¢l Dictiona'y
is worth a moment's regret." He retired in 1702, and spent all
he had on the poor of his native village.
1065 Kuo l:[uang -,. 1st cent. A.D. Brother to the cnsort of
the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti of the Hau dynasty. The latter bestowed
upon him such vast sums of money noç fo mention valuable jewels,
that his home became known as the Gold-pit.
1066 KO Jg . A.D. 921-959. Son of ï Ch'ai
Shou-li, brother-in-law o Kuo Wei, and adopted son of the latter,
whom he succeeded as second Emperor of the Later Chou dynasty,
having boen previously known as Prince of Chin. He caied on
successful wars against the Kitans and Northern Hans, and increased
his terriçory. He seized on all the bronze images of Buddha and
converted them iuto cash, declaring that Buddha himself, who gave
up so mach for mankind, would raise no objections. He was
canonised as
, and succeeded by his six-year-old son, who
shortly afterwards brought the dynasty fo a close by resigning in
favour of Chao K'uang-yin.
1067 Kuo Kung-ch'ên . 12th cent. A.D. A native of
San-shan in Anhui, and a famous portrait-painter under the
Sang dynasty. He was a pupil of Chu Hsi, and took fo painng
as an amusement.
106$ Kuo Kuo . The tiçle bestowed upon the youngest sisr
of Yang Kuei-fei. She was said o be beautiful without the aid
of rouge.
o« uo e'o (T. ). .D. e-S2. A .tiv of W-
hsi in Ho-rang. Early distinguished as a scholar and toaster of the
art of literary composition, in later lire he became famous as an
exponent of the doctrines of Taoism. In his youth he is said
bave received from one Kuo un a black bag, conining
a treatise from which he learnt natural philosophy, astronomy, and
divimtion. He was the reputed founder of the art of geomancy as
A Chinese Biogpaphical Dictionarg 409
applied fo graves (see Wmg Clôt), and the authorship of the î
bas been attributed fo him. Of his personal history if is
related that in rime of insurgent troubles he rendered great services
tu Anhui, and was appoiuted Adjutaut. He was subsequenfly raised
fo high office by the Emperor Yan Ti, and enjoyed a wide
reputation for learning until his death, which he me[ af the hands
of Wang Tan, whose secretary he had become and whose failure
he had ventured o prophesy. He edi[ed [he dictionary of ancient
Classic, and the Elegies of Clé'u, and wrote the famous
Kuo Shih . The wife of Chia Ch'ung, noted for her 1070
jealousy. Suspecting the inimacy of ber husband with the wet-
nurse of ber little boy, she flogged the nurse fo death; the
consequence being tha the child died too. She did this a second
rime, after which she had no more sons and her husband's mule
ne came fo an end.
Kuo Shu . The naine of a younger brother of Wên Wang; 1071
,o .w. o .
Kuo Sung-tao (H. »»
). Died A.D. 1887. A 1072
native of Hsiang-yin in Hunan. GrMuated as chins£ih in 1847.
In 1859 he was appointed fo he Imperial College of Inscriptions
and was sent on special service fo Tientsin with Sêng-ko-lin-sin.
In 1862 he became Grain Commissioner, and in 1863 Salt
Commiiouer, of Kiangsu. In the latter year he was acfing Viceroy
of the Two Kuang, ri'oto which post he tried fo retire in 1865.
In 1867 he was again Salt Commissioner in Kiangsu, and in 1875
he was a Minister in the Tsung-li Yamên. In 1876 he was appointed
fo be the first residen Envoy ever sent by China to Great Britain
or fo any other natiom He ruade several attempts on the score
of health fo escape ihis unpleasant duty, but was ultimately obliged
40 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fo proceed. After an uneventful tenure of office he returned fo
China in 1879, and retired in ill-health. He was considered fo be
a fine scholar, and he was a friend and relative by marriage oi
Tsêng Kuo-fan.
»-). A.D. 127--169. A native of
OE Chieh-hsiu in Shansi, who distinguished himself as a scholar
and teacher under the Luter Han dynasty. He was eight feet in
height and of an intellectual cast of countenance. Left a poor
orphan in early youth, he devoted himself fo study; and after a
three years' course he proceeded fo Lo-yang, where Li Ying became
his friend and patron. His lectures were crowded and he was
regarded almost in the light of a divine being. If is said that one
] Weî Chao, when quite a boy, entered as a menial into
his service. "You ought fo be af your books," said Kuo T'ai;
"what do you want here?" "Iç is easy enough fo find teachers
of books," replied the boy, "but difficult fo fiud a teacher of humanity.
I bave corne here fo place my undyed white silk near your vermillon
and blue." Kuo T'ai subsequently tested his retaper by thrice
throwing away some gruel which the youth had 1orepared for him.
tic was regarded as a model host, because one night when if was
raining hard he wenl out iuto çhe garden and cut leeks ço make
soup for a friend.
_ Ting-yfian in Shensi, and maternal uncle of Chu Yfian-chang,
first Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Happening fo kill a man in
a quarrel, in 1858 he joined the rebel leader .J " Liu Fu-
t'ung, captured ttao-chou in Anhui, and proclaimed himself
Generalissimo. He was a bold and able man, but his retaper was
too violent and overbearing. Canonised by Chu Yfian-chang as
, ) .
1075 KUO Tzïl-i Ç -- j. A.D. 697--781. A native of Hua-chou
A Cldnese Biog».aphical Dictio»ary 4l
in Shensi, and one of the most renowned of Chinese generals. In
early lire, when returning from a campaign on the borders of the
desert of Gobi, a goddess, whom he took fo be the Spinning
Damsel, appeared fo him in a vision and promised him great
prosperity and long lire. In 755 An Lu-shau revolted, and in
conjunction with Li Kuang-pi he helped fo defend the capill. In
756 he beat Shih Sstl-ming, and by 757 had recovered the disaffected
provinces. In 758 and 759 he was appointed -o high military
command, but he was maligned fo the Emperor and recalled fo
Peking. In 760 his services were utilised against the Tangut tribes,
and he succeeded in recovering territory in the west occupied by
them. In 762 he suppressed a mutiny in Chianga-chou in Shansi,
but from fear of the power of . Ch'êng ¥(ian-chên he
resigned his command. In 763 the Turfans invaded Shensi, and in
consequence of the remissness of Ch'êng succeeded in reaching the
capital. Then Kuo was re-instated, but as he was unable fo raise
an army the Emperor was compelled fo flee, and Ch'ang-an was
taken and burnt, ge then collected some 4,000 demoralised troops,
and by making the Turfans believe he had a much larger force,
managed fo drive them away, so that by 764 the Emperor was
able fo return. In 765 he had fo face another invasion, this rime
employing a tribe of the Ouigours fo atack the Turfans. ]Ils long
lire was in fact spent in warfare, and he was almost uniformly
successful. He received the designation of J" ,; he was ennobled
as Prince; and the Emperor Su Tsung declared in a well-known
phrase çhat he had received from Kuo as if were a second lease
of lire. He had eighç sons and seven sons-in-law, all of whom
rose fo high places; and his grandchildren and great grandchildren
were so humerons that he could hot recognise them when they came
fo pay çheir respecçs, but had fo content himself with bowing fo
each. His son Kuo Ai, who had married an Imperial princess,
412 A Chinese Biogr««phical Diclionary
said one day in anger fo his wife, "You are very proud of haviug
an Emperor for your father, but if my father wanted the empire
your family would hot be able fo keep if." When the princess
reported this fo the Emperor, the latter told her that ber husband
had said no more than the truth. Upon his deathbed the Emperor
sent a Prince fo enquire after him; but the old man was too far
gone fo do more than bend his head in acknowledgement of the
honour. Canonised as a.,, ".
1076 Kuo Wei ). A.D. 901--953. A lieutenant under Liu Chih-
yiian. While leading an army fo repel a Kitan invasion in 951,
the soldiers threw a yellow flag over him and saluted him as first
Emperor of the Later Chou dynasty, a style chosen by him on the
ground that he was a descendant of a younger brother of Wên
Wang. ttis short reign was much disturbed by the operations of
Lin Ch'uug. Personally he was a gallant leader and a judicious
administrator. He patronised literature, and ruade a visit fo the
tomb of Confucius. Canonised as :) .
huaug in Kansuh, who was attracted by the reputation of Kuo Ho,
and enrolled himself as a disciple. Af his master's death he mourned
in sackclo by the side of the grave for three years, and then
retired to a valley where he lived in a cave and fed on cypress-
seeds, teaching over a thousand pupils. During some local disturbances
he distiuguished himself by levying a volunteer force and actually
taking the field. But even in camp he was always crooning the
doctrines of his favourite Lao Tzti, and ere long retired fo the
mountains where he died from trying fo lire on air.
1078 Kuyak Khan I" A.D. 1206--1248. Eldest son of 0gotai
Khan. He was placed on the throne in 1246 by his mother Naimachên,
who still retained all power. The reign was uneventful, the annual
raids on Sung territory continuing. Canonised as >-.-* On Kuyak's
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Diction«rg 413
death, his wife set herself up as Regent for his nephew
Shih-lieh-mên, but the Princes did hOt accept this arrangement.
The country was then worn out with a great drought and by the
exactions of the nobles. Warned by the general state of unrest, the
chief men met in council in the summer of 1251, and ignoring
0gotai's will, put Mangu on the throne.
Lai Chiin-ch'ên î . Died A.D. 697. Au official of great 1079
power and influence under the reign of the Empress Wu Hou, who
used fo torture criminals by pouring viuegar iuto their noses. When
Chou Hsing was accused of complicity in the treason of Ch'iu Shên-
chi, Lai was commissioned fo discover the real facts. Af the arrival
of these orders, Chou Hsing happened fo be dining af Lai's bouse;
and the latter took occasion fo ask him how he would deal with
accused persons in order fo extort confession. "I would place them,"
replied Chou Hsing, "in an earthen jar surrounded by lire charcoal;
and there is nothing which they would hot confess." Thereupon Lai
caused a jar fo be prepared as above, and leading Chou Hsing fo
if, said, "Sir, there is a charge preferred against you. Oblige me
by stepping into this jar." Chou Hsing confessed upon the spot.
Denounced for receiving bribes, Lai was degraded and sent in 693
fo a petty office in the provinces. The Emæress soon pardoned hm
and appointed him Governor of Lo-yang, a favour he requited by
entering into a treasonable conspiracy, which was revealed by a
friend whom he had insulte& He was publicly beheaded, fo the
great joy of the people who loaded his body with indignities.
Lai-t'a ::. Died A.D. 1684. A Manchu, who served in the 1080
wars of the early Emperors of the present dynasty, and distinguished
himself in the conquest of China and in the campaigns against the
successors of Chang Hsien-chung and Koxinga. He took a principal
414 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
part in suppressing the rebellion of Kêng Ching-chung, and was
aferwards successful against Chêng Chin on the mainland of Fuh-
kien, driving him in 1680 fo Formosa. In 1680--1681 he invaded
Yfinnan from Kuangsi, and drove the rebel leader ï [ Wu
Shih-fan, grandson of Wu San-kuei, fo kill himself, thus completing
the pacification of Yiinnan. Canonised as , and in 1731
admitted fo the Temple of Worthies.
IOSl Lai WêII-chiII (commonly known as ).
13çh cent. A.D. A writer on geomancy, in special reference fo the
luck of burial-sites, lte also contributed a commentary fo the
lO,q2 Lan Li OE I (T. - . ll. J). A.D. 1649--1719. A
native of Fuhkien, of' enormous strength, who after a stormy youth
worked his way up until he became leader of the vanguard in Shih
Lang's attack on the Pescadores. In tbe naval battle he displayed
extraordinary valour, fighting on after a caunon-ball had torn open
his abdomen. Cured by a foreign surgeon, he received especial marks
of favour from the Emperor K'ang Hsi, who gave fo his family
for ever several hundred acres of waste land near Tientsin which
he had reclaimed by irrigation. Appointed in 1706 Commander-in-
chier of his native province, his contempt for the local authorities
and his high-handed interference led fo his downfall. He was however
only recalled fo PelHng, and in 1715 accompanied the expedition
against Ts'ê-wang Arabtan.
1083 Lan Ting-yiian -[ . (T..ï . H. ). A.D.
1680--1733. A native of Chang-p'u in Fuhkien, who devoted
himself as a youth fo poetry, literature, and political economy.
He accompanied his brother fo Formosa as military secretary, and
his account of the expedition attracted much attention. Recommended
fo the Emperor, he became magisrate of : P'u-lin, and
distinguished himself as much by his just and incorrupt administration
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
as by his literary abilities. He managed however fo make enemies
among his superior officers, and within three years he was impeached
for insubordination and thrown into prison. ]ï[is case was subsequently
laid before the Emperor, who hot only set him fi'ee but appointed
him fo be Prefect af Canton, bestowing upon him af the saine rime
some valuable medicine, an autograph copy of verses, a sable robe,
some joss-stick, and other coveted marks of Imperial favour. But
all was in vain. ]ï[e diad of a broken heart, one month after taking
up his post. His complete works bave been published in 20 small
octavo volumes, two of which are devoted fo a record of the chier
criminal cases tried by him during his short judicial career. Perhaps
the best known of all his works is the , a treatise on the
eduation of women with which may be menioned his
. hmong his essa3s and Stae papers are some curions document
referring fo commercial intercourse with the "barbarians of the
West." He protested against Buddhism with an eloquence which
recalled the earnestness of Han Yfi, complaining that nine-tenths
of the priests and nuns did hot willingly take the vows, but had
been "given fo the priest when quite little, either because their
parents were too poor fo keep them, or in return for some act of
ldndness." "These cloister folk," he added, "do a deal of mischief
amongst the populace» wasting he substance of some, and robbing
others of their good naine."
Lan T'ing-chên (T. ll). A.D. 1663--1729. 10,4
Principal lieutenant of Shih Shih-p'iao in the suppression of the
Formosan rebellion of 1721, and afterwards Admiral of Fuhlien.
Canonised as
Lan Ts'ai Ho 1. One of the Eight Immortals of Taoism, 105
generally regarded as a woman and represented as dressed in a blue
gown, with one foot shod and the other bare, waving a wand as
she wanders begging through the streets.
416 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
1086 Lao Ch'ung-kuang î î (T. =ïe [). A.D. 1801--1867.
Graduated as chin shih in 1832, and rose by the usual steps fo be
Judge in Kuangsi. From 1852 fo 1859 he was Goveruor of Kuangsi;
aud though destitute of fuuds and surrouuded by a mutinous soldiery,
he succeeded in preserving fait order and guarding his capil against
rebel attacks. In 1859 he went as actiug Viceroy fo Canton, then
in the possession of the British; and on their withdrawal he was
appoiuted Viceroy. Iu 1862 he was degraded and sent fo Yfinnan,
of which proviuce he became Viceroy in the following year. There,
by a judicious mixture of kindness and severity, he kept the Chinese
and Mahomedans aU peace until his death. He was the author of
essays aud poems besides an accourir of a mission fo Anuam in
1849. Canonised as .
10ST Lao Lai Tzfi . 6th cent. B.C. One of the 24 examples
of filial piety. Af seventy he was still accustomed fo dive his aged
parents by dressing himself up and cuttiug capers belote them, He
is represented by Chuang Tzfi as a sage who ou oue occasion
lectured Confucius as o right conduct in lire.
oss nao nao Cn nao Wan .,. B.C. 604. One of China's most famous teachem, popularly regarded
as the fouuder of the Taoist sect. His naine is said o bave beeu
Li Êrh (T. and ), and he appears tohave
held office as keeper of the records aU Lo-yaug, the capital of the
Chou dynasty. He was the great Prophet of his age. He OEught
men o returu good for evil, and o look forward o a higher life.
He professed o bave round the clue fo ail thiugs bureau and
divine. He round if in his iuterpretation of Tao, the WAY, which
may be compared with the zdT06 of Heracleitus. But lU is upon
the wondrous doctrine of Inaction that his chier claire fo immorlity
is founded: "Do nothing, and all things will be done!" In extreme
old age, Lao Tz is said fo bave met with Coufucius; but the
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y 417
passages in the works of Chuang Tzti upon which this belief is
based are beyond ail doubt spurious, and he interviews were
cleafiy invened for the mere purpose of turning he Confucianiss
into ridicule. He is said to bave foreseen the rail of the Chou
dynasty and to bave turned his footsteps towards he wesL A the
Han-u pass, Yiu Hsi, he Governor, besought him fo
leave behind some guide-book for erring humanity; whereupon Lao
Tzfi is said hure produced the wor now known he
Tao Tê Cld,g, and hen, riding upon a black o, o bave
disappeared for ever. But the Tao Tê Cling is ouly a clumsy
forgery, probably of the early years of he Han dynasy (see Ma
Jung). I is never once menioned by Confucius or Mencius, or even
by Chuang Tzfi, he grea disciple of Lao Tzfi, whose wriings are
devoted exclusively fo the elucidation of Tao as augh by his toaster.
The infernal evdence agains is genuneness is overpowering; quine
apar from the fact ha Lao Tzfi himself declared in reference o Tao
ha "hose who know do no spea, hose who speak do no know"
(see Po Ch-i). I was firs adoped as a "Canon" in b.D. 666 when
the pure Tao of Lao Tzfi began to be mied up with alchemistic
research and gropings after the elxir of life, Lao Tzfi himself
being at he saine time canonised by the Emperor Kao Tsung as
. In A.D. 748 his ile was sill furher
enlarged by he mperor sfian Tsung, an arden voary of he
debed Taoism of he day; and in A.D. 1018 he mperor hën
Tsung of the Sung «ynasy added to the list. Legend
had already been busy wih Lao Tzfi's naine. He was said o bave
become incarnate in B.C. 1821, being born of a woman in he
Ch'fi-jen village in he Saçe of Ch'u. His mother brough
him forh from her lef side, under a Li plum4ree, ço which
he at once poined, saying, "I ake my naine from his ree." Ai
his birh, his hair was whie and his complexion haç of age; hence
48 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
he was called Lao Tzti, the Old Boy. He now occupies the first
place in the - Trinity of modern Taoism, the other two
being P'an Ku and Yfi Huang Shang Ti.
IOS9 Lei Hutn î :. An astrologer of the 3rd cent. A.D. Being
asked by Chang Hua the meaning of a purple vapour which showed
itself continuously between two constellations, Lei Huan replied
that if was the essential spirit of a magic sword which existed at
1 Fêng-ch'êng in Kiangsi. He was thereupon sent as Governor
to that district; and on reaching his post, he dug under the prison
and brought fo light a stone chest in which were lying two swords.
One had ] engraved upon it, and the other had "- ]. Both
disappeared after the death of Chang Hua.
1090 .ei I î (T. ,1 & ). 2td cent. A.D. Famous for his friendship
with Ch'ên Chuug. Upou taking the first degree, he wished to resigu
his place to his friend, but this was hot permitted. Thereupon he
weut about with his hair streaming clown his back, preteuding fo
be mad. Ultimately the two friends both rose to the highest offices
of State. On one occasion: as a Magistrate, he pardoned a criminal
condemned fo death. Full of gratitude, the latter brought him a
present of two pounds' weight of silver, which he refused fo accept.
The man then threw the silver furtively into his dust-biu, where
if was found some rime afterwards and credited fo the government
account.
1091 .ei Kung _&. (1)One of the assistants ofthe Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698, said fo bave been associated with Ch'i Po in perfecting
the art of healing. (2) The God of Thuuder, who is believed fo launch
his bolts only against wicked people. He is accompanied by a Goddess
(see Tien Mu), who with the aid of a milxor flashes light (q.d.
lightning) on fo the intended victims. He is generally represented
by a human figure in the guise of a warrior standing by a pile of
drums. His left hand is restiug on the drums, and with his right
A Chinese Biographical Dictionetry 4t9
he wields a huge drumstick, as though in the act of producing
thun«er. Is often mentioned in Taoist works as - (.
Lei Tsu $. A son of the Yellow Emperor, famed for his 192
love of travel. Af his deaçh he was canonse« as the $$ God
of Travellers.
i Chan . A.D. 80--S2fi. Eldes son of Li Hêng. He 1093
su«cee«e« his father in 824 as hireenh Emperor of he T'ang
dynasy. A supid youh, he devoted himself o pleasure, and le
eunuchs and favoufies oppress ghe people. He was slain by some
of he former whom he had ill-reaed, and a eunuch sruggle
resuled in placing his brocher on he hrone, he Miuisers aking
no active part in the marrer. Canonised as
Li Ch'a,g-kêg (T. A" H. ). A.D. 1751-- llt91
1808. A native of T'ung-an in Fuhkien. He graduated as a
military chin shih in 1771, and distinguished himself against the
Chinese and Annamese pirates who infested the coast from Shantung
fo Canton, their chiefs ing Ts'ai Ch'ien aud " Chu Fën. In
1800 he became Admiral; and lu spire of the treachery and jealousy
of the Fuhkien authorities and the cowardice of the fleet, he gradually
succeeded in destroying the pirate bordes. He was killed by a cannon-
ball in a final attack on Ts'ai Ch'ien, whose fleet had been reduced
from over one hundred fo three j uuks. He possessed some literary
ability an« is the author of the , a work on naval
tactics, and also of some poems and essays. Canonised as , ,
and included in the Temple of Worthies.
ri cnao-o t (T. +). X n:ti+ of Ki:.g., no 0:,
gmduated in A.D. 1805. He was a voluminous wfiter on poetry and
on ancient literature, but was especially famous for his astronomical
an« geographical knowledge. A uthor of the
, published in 1855, which contains maps of the celestial
globe.
420 A C]tinese Biographical Dicdonary
o,« .i c (T. ). D .D. e. o,o o
T'i-chou in Chehking, who joined the founder of the Lter Liang
dynasty and rose fo be hed of ifs Board of Revenue. His hatred
of the statesmen of the T'ng dynasty, due fo his repeated failures
af the publi..c ex,minutions, led him fo encourage his new toaster
in cruel treatment of them and earned for himself the nickname
of "Owl" (= Hertless Brute). The founder of the Lter T'ang
dynasty put him.to death.
1097 Li Chll . A Taoist doctor, who lived under the Sung
dynsty. He pretended fo be 800 years old, and called himself in
|098 l.i {lln . . 12th cent. A.D. A native of Honan, who was
captin of a small band of 300 men when Peking was besieged by
the Chin a Tartars in 1126. With this ialtry force he managed fo
slay over 700 of the enemy, but st length he was overpowered and
taken prisoner. "Where is the Emperor of the South?" asked the
Chin general belote whom he was led; fo which he replied, "If is
hot my duty to answer any of your questions." He was af once
tied fo a pillar and sliced fo death, cursing his captors as long as
breath remained in his body.
1099 Li Ch'ên-tien } (T. ï- ). A.D. 1837--1864. Joined
Tsêng Kuo-fan's army in Kiangsi as a volunteer, and twice saved
his chief's lire. After distinguishing himself af An-ch'ing, he advanced
on Nanking in 1862. He was the originator of a scheme for blowing
up the wall of that city, which led fo ifs capture in 1864, he
himself dying of his wounds in the summer of the saine year. He
was loaded with honours and canonised as
oo .i c,-n (w.
Geueral of Korean descent, who being kept by poverty a mere
student until he was forty, then rose rapidly and by 1574 became
Commander-in-chier in Liao-tung. He used artillery with great effect
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y 41
agaiust the iuvading tribes from the north and east, and in 1579
gained an hereditary peerage by his successes. In 1591 he was
forced by impeachments fo retire; but ten years later, as the army
had rapidly degeuerated when lais firm hand was withdrawn, he
was re-iustated, and finally retired in 1608.
Li Ohi . 7th cent. B.C. Daughter of a chief of the I11
j Western Jung tribes. She was captured by Duke Hsien of
the Chin State, and became his favourite concubine; and through
her influence the rightful heir was set aside and ber own son,
Ch'i, placed upon the throue. See Shên Shêng.
r.i Ci . i (T. ). a.D. Sa--. ,ti, of f 0
) Li-hu in Shantug, wose original naine ws î, t ]
Hsfi Shih-chi. From being a mere labourer he turned bandit, and
became lieutenant fo Li Mi whom he aided against Wang Shih-
ch'ung. In 618 he enered into negotiations with the founder of
the T'ang dynasty and adopted the naine of Li, being known from
that ime down fo 655 as Li Shih-chi. In 629 he conducted a
successful campaign against the Turkic tribes and subsequently kept
hem in such good order that the Emperor T'ai Tsung said he was
a far more efficient Great Wall than that built by he Emperor
Yang Ti of he Sui dynasty. In 644 he was sent upon au expedîtion
o Korea; and in 658 he captured the capital and compleed the
subjugation of the country, for which services he was ennobled as
Duke. He was a clever strategist, and was noted for sharing the
credit of success with his officers, while all booty was equally
divided. He encouraged the Emperor T'ai Tsung fo marry the lady
afterwards known as Wu Hou, and he is therefore held indirectly
fo blame for ber usurpation. On one occasion, when his siser was
ill, he personally superintended the preparation of a bowl of gruel;
the result being that he singed his beard badly. But he bore this
with equanimity, saying that they were both old, and hat he
422 A Chittese Biogt'aphicat Dictiotat'y
wished fo do all he could for ber while he had still the chance.
On another occasion, when he himself was very ill, the doctor
declared that nothing could save him but ashes from the burnt hair
of a dragon's beard. When the Emperor heard this, he af once
cut off his own beard and sent if fo he sick man. In his last
illness he would see no doctor af all; and with his dying words
instructed his brother to beat, even o death, any of his descendants
who might prove unworthy. Canonised as .
1103 La Ch'i . (T. ). Died A.D. 338. The fourth sovereign
of the Ch'êng dynasty. An unwory ruler, whose cruelties led fo
his deposition by Li Shou. te was sent into banishment» and there
committed suicide.
llOt La Chi-lung ïî (T. ). Died A.D. 1005. A
distinguished military commander under the Sung dynasty. In 965,
reurning home afer the pacification of Ssùch'uan, he was crossing
by night a deep chasm spanned by a rude bridge of trees which
had been rendered slippery by tain. le and his horse fell over the
side; but he was fortuuately caught by a tree and held suspended
in the air. lis men went forward fo a village some toiles distant,
and procured lanterns and a tope, with which he was fishêd up.
lis chief exploits were performed agaiust the Kitan Tartars, whose
frontier incursions were a great source of trouble during the whole
of his lire.
1105 La Chia-ming . .. 10th cent. A.D. A native of 1
T'ai-ho in Kiangsi, who was a musician and wit at the Court of
Li Yii, last ruler of the T'ang dynasty. On one occasion the latter
drew attention fo some gathering clouds which appeared about
bring tain. "They may corne," said Li Chia-ming, "but they will
not venture to enter the city." "Why hot?" asled the prince.
"Because," replied the wit, "the octroi is so high." Li Yii took
the hint, and gave orders that the duties should be reduced by one
A Chinee Biogrt«phical Dictionarg 423
hall On another occasion Li Yii was fishing with some of his
courtiers, ail of whom managed fo catch something whereas he
himself, fo his great chagrin, had hot a single bite. Thereupon
Li Chia-ming took a pen and wrote the following lines:
'Tis ra|)ture in the warm spring days to drop the tempting fly
In the green pool where deep and still the darkling xvaters lie;
And if the fishes dare not touch the bait your Highness flings,
They know that only dragons are a fitting sport for kings.
Li Chiao (T. __ J ). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native 1106
of ,O. Tsan-huang in Chihli, who af the age of 15 was
thoroughly conversant with the Confucian Canon. Graduating as
chin shih af the age of 20, he rapidly rose fo be Censor; and in
692 he espoused the cause of Ti Jen-chieh and protested against
his unjust degradation, for which he himself was relegated to the
lmvinces. Recalled in 703, he became President of the Board of
Civil Office and was ennobled as Duke. But he was dismissed fo
a magistracy by the Emperor Jui Tsung; atd when on the accession
of the Emperor Ming Huang he was discovered fo have secretly
memorialised the Empress Wu against Jui Tsung, he was still
further degraded. He was famous as a poet, and was ranked as
the equal of Lo Pin-wang and Liu Kuang-yeh; while his essays
were regarded by students as perfect models of composition.
Li Chieh î . A.D. 867--904. Seventh son (f Li Ts'ui. He 1107
succeeded Li Yen in 888 as nineteenth Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty. Clever and energetic, he was anxious fo restore the power
of the sovereign which had been impaired by the eunuchs. The
influence of the provincial Governors had however been too long
suffered fo grow, and the Court was powerless against them. China
was torn by wars between rival satraps (sec Li 21.[ao-chê, Wang
C]de,, Ha C]de, and Li K'o-yung). Societies or "associations of
friends" began fo give trouble; and in spire of the alleged purity
424 A C]dnese Biograp]ticc! Dictiona»'y
of their intentions, many leading men were thrown iuto the Yellow
River, his Majesty exclaiming, "Let these pure oues go and associate
with that muddy one!" In 896 Li Mao-chên rose against the eunuchs,
and the Emperor was forced fo flee fo Han Chien ai Hua-chou in
Shensi; and four years later he was closely imprisoned by the
eunuchs, against whom he had plotted. In 901 he was released
through the founder of the Later Liaug dynasty, Chu Wên; but
when the latter suggested that he should more Lo-yang the
eunuclm whom the Emperor sfill employed fo counterbalance the
power of the provincial G-overnors, forced him fo flee fo Li Mao-
chên af Fêng-hsiaug, leaving Ch'ang-au and ifs palaces in flames.
In 902 the Minister Ts'ui Yin, jealous of the position of
Li Mao-chên, iuvited the aid of Chu Wên, and after a siege of
Fêng-hsiang a peace was concluded by which Ts'ui Yin became
again Prime Miuister and Chu escorted the Emperor back fo
Ch'ang-an. Meanwhile the Governors paid no tribute and warred
among themselves. In 904 Chu slew Ts'ui, who had begun fo
counteract his treasonable plans, and removed the Emperor Lo-
yang where he surrouuded him with his creatures. The unhappy
monarch appealed privately for aid to Li Mao-chên and Wang Chien,
and on this being discovered he was secretly put fo death. Canonised
uos i c'i (. . . A). ci
Bannerman, who lived in the first halt of the 18fl cent. A.D. and
devoted himself entirely literature. Besides being a poet, he
wrote the , a large historical work covering the period from
the Yellow Emperor to the Ch'in dynasty in the 3rd cent. B.C.
1109 Li Chih 7 (T. ). A.D. 628-683. Ninth son of Li
Shih-min, whom he succeeded in 649 as third Emperor of the
T'ang dynasty. Under the regency of Ch'ang-sun Wu-chi and Ch'u
Sui-liang, the Liao-tung war was stopped, as also was the great
A Chitese Biographical Dictiota'y 425
expeuditure ou buildiug. In 653 a conspiracy in the Imperial family
was put down, and two years later the Emperor fell under the power
of the future Empress Wu lou. Aided by her creatures, she caused
ail opponents fo be sent fo distant posts; and from 664 she practically
ruled China. In 674 the Emperor too] the title of =_. Canonised
as ctti »hih in 1647, he rose to be Viceroy in Chehkiang and did
much 4o prevent the spread of Wu San-luei's rebellion. In 1676
he was able fo assist the Kiangsi authorities, whose forces were
busy repelling Wu Sau-kuei in the west. For the next two years
he was engaged in quelling risings and driving off the Formosan
liraes, and in resett[iug the disturbed country. In I682 he became
President of the Board of War. Canonised as , and in 1732
admitted ino the Temple of Worthies.
Li (hin .. 8th cent. A.D. Eldest son of Li lï[sien, the III!
"Emperor who Declined." lï[e was a handsome and amiable young
man, and was ennobled as Prince of Ju-yang, by which naine he
is sometimes spoken of. A hard drinker, he was enrolled as one of
the Eight Immortals of the Winecup (see Li Po). lï[e would swallow
three large stoups of liquor every morning belote going fo Court;
and yet a cart of bam, met ou the road, would male his mouth
water for more. te had some imitation gold and silver fishes and
ortoises, which he used fo swim in au artificial pool of wine.
called himself î Prince Ferment, and also
President of the Board of Barre. lï[is surname bas been wrongly
given by some as î Wang.
) San-yiian in Shensi, who was an oflîcial under the Sui dynasty
when the first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty established himself
upon the throne. He was condemned fo death but was spared through
420 A Chbtese Biogr«phical Dictionarg
the intercession of the Heir Apparent, into whose service he was
taken and under whom, when Emperor, he rose fo be President of
the Board of Rites. For his military achievements against vast bordes
of Turkic invaders, he was ultimately ennobled as Duke. Canonised
1113 Li Ching . Died A.D. 961. Sou of Hs Chih-kao, whom
he succeeded in 943 as second sovereign of the Southern T'aug State.
He conquered Fuhkieu in 945, and Honau in 951, but proved no
match for the Later Chou dynasty (sec K«o Jug); and in 957 he
abandoned the Imperial title and changed his personal naine from
Kung fo Ching, Kung being a prohibited character under that
dynasty. In 958 he surrendered ail his territory north of the
Yang-tsze, and in 960 he transferred his allegiance fo Chao K'uang-
yiu, founder of the Sung dynasty.
1114 Li Ohing-fang (T. ). Born A.D.? 1855. Son of
Li Chao-ch'ing, sixth brother fo-Li Hug-chang. ne
was formally adopted by the later, and aKer serving as Secretary
of Legaion for some years in Loudon, where he did hot distinguish
himself in any way, was sent in 1890 as Minister fo Tokio. He
was present a the peace negoiafions in Japan in 1895, and formally
handed over Formosa, at sea, to the Japanese. In 1896 he accompanied
his adopted faher o Russia on the mission to represen China
at he coronation of the Czar. Is vulgarly known to foreigners as
"Lord Li."
1115 Li Cho-wu or Li Chih . Died A.D.? 1610.
An official who threw up his post in order fo devote himself fo
Buddhism. He wrote a commentary on the (sec C]ffn
Seêrtg-t'a ).
m« ri c or ri ro . . « ry . sigt,
who flourished under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698. He could
sec the tip of au autumu spikelet af a distance of 100 paces.
A (;hi»zese Biog»'«phical Dictio»er»'y 427
Li Ohll Z )2oE" A.D. 892--908. Ninth son of Li Chieh, whom lll7
he succeeded in 904 as tweutieth and last Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty. He was placed upon the throne by Chu Wên, who became
Prime Minister and in 906 forced his puppet sovereign fo abdicae
with the tile of Prince of Chi-yin. Two years later he was put fo
death by the usurper. Canonised as , and also as J . '.
Li Chïlan . 2nd cent. B.C. A favourite concubine of the 1118
Emperor Wu Ti of he Han dynasty. Her breath was fragrant as
the epidendrum, and ber complexion was .so delicate that the
Emperor feared lest the contact even of silk might cause if fo be
injured. ,
Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who used fo attack with a sword any one
he fouud injuring the cypresses about his father's grave. In 338
he became secretary in the Prime Minister's office under Wang Tao,
and later on was secretary fo Ch'u P'ou. From the latter he accepted
a magistracy, declaring that a monkey in difficulties cannot stop fo
choose his favourite tree. He ultimately rose fo be a Privy Coun-
cillor. Noted as a calligraphist, he was also author of a treatise on
Buddhism and Taoism, entitled 4 î -î; of the f , a wrk
directed against scholars who are mere bookworms; and of many
miscellaneous writings.
official under the Northern Wei dynasty, who held the important
frontier post of Shou-ch'un in Anhui for feu years against
the rival Southern State, in spire of attempts fo sap his loyalty
and fo excite his sovereign's suspicion. He was known fo both
sides as ) the Sleeping Tiger. He remonstrated in vain
against the building of expensive Buddhist temples. As Governor
of Kiangsi iu 512, he proved himself an able administrator, one
instance of his judicial acumen being famous. Two men claimed
428 A CMnese Biog'apldcal Dictionary
the saine boy as son, each producing many witnesses. Ch'ung had
the fathers and the boy confined separately for some days, after
which he suddenly told the men that the boy was dead. On this,
the real father burst into genuine tears, while the false parent
could only groan. Cauonised as ).
Il21 Li lang îlJ [Ô. A Buddhist priest, who is said fo bave corne
with seventeen companions from India fo China during the reign
of the First Emperor, B.C. 220-209, in order fo teach the
religion o5' Buddha.
yang in Chihli, who graduated as chin slih and accompanied the
Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty on his Shansi campaign,
and in 983 was appointed Minister of State. When his toaster
asked the Court how he himself compared with the T'ai Tsung of
the T'ang dynasty, the other Ministers loudly praised their Emperor.
But Li simply murmured hose lines of his favourite poet Po
Chii-i, which tell how hree thousand disappointed maidens were
released from the palace and four hundred condemned men came
back from the execution-grouud alive; and the Emperor admitted
his inferiority. In 988 he retired, but from 991 fo 993 he was
again Minister. Two years laer he was invited fo witness the
Feast of Lanterns from the palace. On .hat occasion the Emperor
T'ai Tsung placed Li beside him; and after pouring out for him a
goblet of wine and supplying him with rations delicacies, he turned
fo the courtiers and said, "Li Fang bas twice served US as
Minister of State; yet has he never in any way injured a single
fellow-creature. Truly this is fo be a virtuous man." Canonised as
1123 Li lng-pao . ; A.D. 1834--1887. A native o5 I
Ch'ung-ming Island near Woosung, of low origin. Ting Jih-ch'ang
took him up and put him on the survey of Kiaugsu, and he
A Chiuese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 429
performed his dut;es so efl]ciently that he became head of the
map-ma]dng department of the Kiangnan Arsenal. Five years later
he was transferred fo Foochow, and in 1877 he was sent with
M. Giquel and twenty-two students fo France and England.
became second secretary af Berlin, and succeeded Lin ttsi-hung as
Minister in 1878. In 1884 he was accused by Tsêng Kuo-ch'iian
of peculation in the purchase of gunboats af Stettin, and was
cashiered in 1885. After his death, his tank was restored on account
of his having subscribed Tls. 5,000 fo the Chhli Famine Relief
Fund. tte could read German, but spoke if badly. In his retirement
he busied himself with literary pursuits, and published many useful
wor]s founded on his Western experiences.
[ [). A.D. 1674--1751. A child of great promise, he
aduated as chin shih in 1709 and entered the public service. Self-
opinionated and unyielding, he was soon denounced and sent fo
the provinces; but in 1723 he was recalled, and later on became
Governor of Kuangsi and Viceroy of Chihli. ttis fearless exposure
of abuses raised up a host of enemies; and in 1727 he was tried
on twenty-one counts, and sentenced fo death. The Emperor» fo
break his haughty sprit, caused him fo be talen out fo the place
of execution, and only pardoned him af the last moment. At the
end of 1729 he was again tried and again pardoned. In 1736 he
was Vice President of the Board of Revenue, but his imperious
manner towards his colleagues led fo his fnrther degradation. In
1741, when his pre-eminent talents had once more raised him
high ranl, he retired on account of failiug eyesight.
Li Fu-jen : ]k- 2nd cent. B.C..ç favourite concubine of 1125
the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty and sister of Li Yen-nien,
who described her in verse as being so beautiful that "one glance
of hers would destroy a city, two glances a State." At ber death
430 A Chitese Biographical Dictiom«ry
the Emperor was inconso|able, and gladly accepted the offr of a
magician, named " - Shao Wêng, fo put him into communication
with ber deprted spirit. Lamps were lighted, wine and food set
out, and acurtain drawn across the room. From behind the latter,
his Majesty saw with his own eyes the veritable form of the dead
girl pass into the room and walk about; but he was hot allowed
fo approach ber.
1126 Li Fu-kuo 0ï " Died A.D. 762. A eunuch in the hous«hold
of the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. Af the murder
of Yang Kuo-chung he ruade himself so useful fo the Heir Apparent
that the latter, on asceuding the throne, advanced him fo high
office. Thereupon he chauged his personal naine, which had originally
When the Emperor returned fo the capital, Li was ennobled as
Duke, and the chief power passed iuto his hands. He treated the
ex-Emperor with great indignity; and soon the Empress, jealous
of his power, tried fo persuade the Heir Apparent fo make away
with him. The latter refused, and then the Empress employed
two of the Princes fo assassinate him; but he got wind of the
plot, and seized and executed both of them, the Empress being
herself assassinated by his orders. Under the next Emperor, Tai
Tsung, his arrogance became unbearable, and af length assassins
were instructed fo dispatch him. He was killed af night, and his
head thrown into a cesspool.
1127 Li ttan . A.D. 809--840. Second son of Li Hêng, and
brother of Li Chan whom he succeeded in 826 as fourteenth
Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. Although well-meaning, he was too
feeble fo free himself from the dominion of the eunuchs fo whom
he owed his position. In 831 and 835 he laid secret plots against
thêm, but these failed and only increased their power, upon which
they even went so far as fo slay his destined successor. He was
A Ctinese Bioq.rapbicet! l)iction«t'y 431
very fond of literary pursuits, and attained fo real distinction as
a poet. Canonised as -
r.i rtan-chant i- (T. .). Born A.D. 1821. A II°S
licentiate of Anhui and elder brother of Li Hung-chang. He was
appoiuted in 1862 fo assist in levyiug transit-dues in Kiangsi, and
rose in the regular course fo be a provincial Governor in 1865.
In 1870 he became Viceroy af Wu-ch'ang, a post he filled again
in 1876. In 1875 he was appointed Special Commissioner fo enquire
into the murder of Margary, but his conduct of the mission was
highly unsatisfactory fo the British Commissiouers. In 1888
he became Director General of the Grain Transport, and was
subsequeutly transfet'red fo Canton as Viceroy, from which post he
retired in 1895, fo the great joy of the people, his greed and
misrule having been fully exposed by , Ma P'ei-yao,
the honest Governor of Kuangtuug.
Li ttang ' (T. :) 7f). A.D. 946-1004. A native of [ 112(3
Fei-hsiang in £hihli, who graduated as c1i si in 980 and
was highly esteemed by the Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Sung
dynasty. Becoming a Supervising Censor, he rose under the Emperor
Chên Tsung fo be Vice President of the Board of Revenue and
was left in charge of the capital while his Majesty conducted an
expedition against the Kitan Tartars. He was associated with Wang
Tan in the direction of State affairs, and by his strict uprightness
extorted from his less scrupulous colleague the admission that ]le
was indeed a holy man. Hence he came fo be kuown as the
; Holy Minister. At his death the Emperor was overcome with
grief and went fo weep beside his bier, suspending the usual
audiences for rive days. In the earlier part of his career he built a
bouse for himself of such modest dimensions that a horse could
hardly turn round in the entrance-yard. To some one who alluded
fo this, he said, "If would be small for a Minister of State, but
432 A Chinese Biog»,«phical Dictiona'y
'ris large enough for a Director of Sacrificial Worship." Canonised
ll30 Li lêng .»__. A.D. 795--824. Son of Li Shun, whom he
succeeded in 820 as twelfth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty.
proved a feeble ruler, fond of amusement and trusting fo eunuchs.
The rivalry of Li Të-yfi and Li Tsuug-min allowed the provincial
Goveruors again fo shake off the Imperial yoke, while the great
peace that prevailed ai his accession induced his Ministers fo reduce
the army annually by eight per cent. The disbauded soldiers
fo brigandage, and were ready fo join in risings with which the
reduced army could hot cope. The Emperor died of drinking various
concoctions among which he fondly hoped fo final the elixir of life.
Canonised as
Nan-chêug in Shensi. A good scholar and especially learned in
astrology, he was a mere clerk in Ssttch'uan when the Emperor
Ho Ti sent spies all over the empire fo gather information as fo
the popular feeling, tte astonished two of these gentry by exposing
their mission, explaining that he had learnt their movements from
the sudden appearance of two new stars in the sky. One of these
two spies, subsequently rising fo high office, engaged the services
of Li Ho. tte was thus enabled fo graduate, and ultimately became
a Minister of State. On another occasion, when Tou ]sien was
about fo take a wife and all the officials were sending him presents,
he advised his chier hot fo send any, declaring that Tou ttsien's
career was af au end. No attention was paid fo his advice; but
as he was the messenger employed fo carry the preseuts, he purposely
lingered on the road. And before he reached his destination, Tou
ttsieu had already falleu; the result being that all those officials
who had sent presents were cashiered.
1132 Li tto . (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. A toet of the T'ang
A Chinese Biogt'at,hical Dictionary 433
dynasty, -who began fo compose poems when only seven years old.
The groat Hau Yfi refused fo believe in his powers, until the boy
produced a brilliant poem off-hnd, before his very eyes. Every
day when he went out he was accompauied by a servant-boy with
an embroidered bag into which he pu any desirable book which
he happened fo corne across, generally returning home with ]ils
bag full. One day he met a strnge man riding on a hornless
dragon, who said fo him, "God Almighty bas finished his Jade
Pavillon and bas sent for you fo be his secretary." Shortly afrwards
he died af the early age of twenty-seven.
Li si-lioh 1. Died A.D. 786. A favourite ai the Court 1133
of he Emperor Tai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, whose son, on
his accession, in A.D. 780, raised him o the rank of Governor of
Huai-hsi. Two or three years later he rebelled, and in
783 he proclaimed himself Generalissimo of the empire. Yen Chên-
ch'ing was sent fo urge him o returu fo his allegince; but the
rebel refused fo listen o his overtures, and shorfly afterwards seized
d put him o death. After maintaining himself for some rime in
the central provinces, he fell ill om eating beef, nd was poisoned
by a physicin acting under Lhe orders of the Imperial commander
Ch'ên Hsien-ch'i. His head was cut off and forwarded
by Ch'ên o the Emperor, together with those of his wife and
children. Upon this, his followers laid down their arms.
Hsien . A courtesan, who succeeded in fascinating a 113
student, nmed Chêng YUan-ho, o such an extent
tht he began o neglect his career. Therenpon she tore out ber
ey, after which ber loyer rpidly rose o distinct.ion and
subsequently mrried her.
Li Hsien changea fo Li Chê . A.D. 656--710. 1135
Son of Li Chih, whom he succeeded in 683 us fourth Emperor of
he T'ang dynasty. In 684 he was degraded by the Empress Dowager
434 A Chbee Biog'aphical Dictioaa'y
(see Wu Hou) and ]ept in confinement until 705, when he was
set agaiu upou the throne, lï[e was now entirely in the hands of
his wife Wei lï[ou and ber favourite Wu San-ssti, the result being
bad government, power in the banals of women and eunuchs, and
extravagance. In 707 the Heir Apparent rose agains Wu and slew
him, only fo perish himself. Affairs did hot now improve. Palace
ladies sold ooEcial commissions which were recognised by the
government; frontier ooEcers took bribes from the enemy; and all
was confusion. In 710 the Empress, seeing that ber husbaud
suspected ber, poisoned him and set up his fourth son, who was
a mere youth. The Emperor's nephew, Li Lung-chi, organised a
conspiracy; the Empress and ber partisans were slain, and the
Emperor's brother was placed upon the throne. Canonised as
1136 Li V[sien originally Li (h'êng-ch'i ) -î. Died
A.D. 731. Son of Li Tan. In 684 he was appointed Heir Apparent
by the Empress Wu Hou; but when in 690 his father was degraded
fo the rank of lï[eir Apparent o the Empress herself, he was
likewise reduced in rank. Upou he accession ef his father o the
hrone in 710, he resigued his claire o his younger brother Li
Lung-chi, under whom he served faithfully in various important
capacities and by whom he was generously canonised as
the Emperor who Declined.
1137 Li Hsien ¢ (T. ]jî ,). A.D. 1408--1466. A native of
Hupeh, who graduated as c/dn s/d/ in 1433 ad rose by 1454 fo
bê Vice Presidênt in thê Board of War. Latêr on hê prêsentêd
his , a record of twênty-two Emperors worthy of imitation.
Thê Emperor Ying Tsung, on his restoration in 1457, maintainêd
him against Shih Hêng and Ts'ao Chi-hsiang. Hê was cautious in
his dêalings with Shih, but managed fo check his warlikê schemes
and in 1460 he contrived his downfall. A year latêr Ts'ao and his
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 435
adoped son rebelled, and were execued. The Emperor Hsien
Tsung, although he owed his throue o Li Hsien, lisçened ço çhe
slanders of Mên Ta againsç him, and even puç him for a while
under restrain. Impaienç of sharing his power wiçh his colleagues,
Li neverheless did much good work. He recommended mauy good
men; he obçained relief for several aicçed disrics; he effecçed
he release of çhe son of çhe vanished Emperor Hui Ti, and
prevençed çhe suicide of çhe widow of he Emperor Ching Ti.
Canonised as .
Li Hsien-chung , (T. ). Died A.D. 1177. A ll3S
naçive of ] Ch'ing-chien in Shensi, whose façher, an herediçary
odal under çhe Sung dynasçy, was compelled afer he capture
of Yen-an in Shensi by çhe Chin a Tarars ço hold office under
them. The whole family, numbering some 200 persons, made an
aççemp ço escape souçhwards; buç hey were cuç ço pieces by he
Taars, wiçh he excepçion of Li Hsien-chung and çweuty-five
followers who go clear away. He fled ço he Principaliçy of Hsia,
where he was ndly received; and subsequenly enered çhe public
service under the Emperor Kao Tsung, who changed his personal
naine from Shih-fu o Hsien-chung as above. He spenç
his life in campaigns againsç the Tarar invaders. Ennobled as
uk, =« c=o.« . .
U Hsin (T. ). Died A.D. 420. Son and successor 1139
of Kao. His reign ws oceupied wih wrs giusç his ndghbour
Ch-eh'fi êng-hsfin, unçil lengh he w slin
Liang, çhough his brocher ]' Hsfin was noç exeeued unil 421.
1851. Grdaed 8 «hin lih in 1882, ud rose rpidly nil in
1846 he w ppoined Vieeroy of Yfin-Kuei where he sueeeeded
in sppressing ahomedn sing. ransferred o Nauking, his
436 A Chinese Biogrphical Dictionary
exertions in 1848 fo relieve flooded districts impaired his health,
and he was forced fo retire. On the death of Liu Tsê-hs, he was
sen in his stead o Kuangsi; bu hampered by he local high
ocials he achieved no success, aud died of vexation. Canonised
lll Li asiu,g (T. tç )" Died A.D. 4. Third son of
Li T'ê, whom he succeeded in 303 as second sovereign of the
Ch'êng dynasty, making the city of P'i his capital. He beat
off the Imperial forces, and getting possession of Ch'êng-tu by
the treachery of a subordinate and the cowardice of the Governor,
proclaimed himself Emperor in 306. His territory embraced most
of Ssfich'uan, which province alone, owing fo his humane and
just government, remained af peace amidst the ge, eral disorder of
the empire. He promoted education and lightened taxation, and
extended the limits of his rule fo southern Shensi and northern
Yfinnan. Canonised as .
112 Li sfi-chung . 8th cent. A.D. A celebraed toaster
of the science of astrology. A eulogy upon him was written by
the great Han Yfi.
]_). A.D. 1817--
upon whose death he
1858. The lieutenant of Lo Tsê-na»,
succeeded fo the command of the YIunan troops. By the close of
1856 he had recaptured Wu-ch'ang, and he then proceeded fo
clear the country of rebels down fo Kiukiang. In conjunction with
P'êng Yii-lin he took Hu-k'ou af the mouth of the Poyang lake
in October 1857. In 1858 Kiukiang was taken by assault, and he
was then ordered fo assist in operations in Anhui. In September
of that year, while rashly eudeavouring fo recover Lu-chou, he
was overwhelmed by the rebel forces and died on the field of
buffle. Canouised as a., ].
11i4 Li siin 'l'J (T. ,- ). 1st cent. A.D. A native of
A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictionary 437
Lin-ching in Kansuh. He was sent fo pacify parts of Chihli
and the norlhern barbarians, and on his return presented over
100 sers of maps of the places he had passed through. For this
he was appointed fo a post in Kansuh, but lost ooEce through the
enmity of Ton Hsien. Recalled fo be Assistant Warden of the
Western Marches he refused the usual bribes and kept open the
ronds. He became once more Governor of a district in Kansuh,
and was so poor when he lefl that he had fo earn a living by
weaving mats. The Tibetan tribes captured him, but let him go
free on accourir of his good naine; from which rime he supported
himself by picking up acorns for dyers. Died af the age of 95.
Li tin ) (T. ,, )ii). 18th cent. A.D. A native of Nan- 1145
ch'ang, who graduated as chb s]ffh in 1739 and rose fo be
Governor of Kueichou, whence he was trausferred io Kuangtung
in 1780. He is famous for having suppressed for a rime the
pirates who for many years had plundered aL will by land and
sea. His writings bave been published under the title of
ç]A r. Canonised as ).
Li ttuai-kuang ' :î. A.D. 731--785. A Red-Sock nomad 1146
of Po-bai in Shantung, whose father, orinally named Ju,
obtained the Imperial surname Li by his military services. He rose
fo high tank in the army, and was greatly trusted by Kuo Tzï-i.
In 781 he became Viceroy of pas, of Kansuh and Shensi. Two
years later he hastened fo the relief of the Emperor, besieged by
Chu Tzql in Fêng-t'ien in Shensi; but angry af his sovereign's
ingratitude which was prompted by Lu Ch'i, he joined the rebel
Chu, and the Emperor fled into Shensi. Li failed fo make any
stand against Ma Sui, and his officers having returned fo their
allegiance, he was captured and put fo dealh.
Li ttuang ttou . Died A.D. 1200. The daughter of 1157
a Governor of Hupeh, and wife of the Emperor Kuang Tsung of
438 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
the Southern Sung dyuasty. A Taoist physiognomist who was
asked te pronounce upon the Governor's daughters, foretold ber
rise, which he further effected by reportJng on ber beauty te the
Emperor Kao Tsung. On the accession of Kuang Tsung, she
leagued herself with the eunuchs, and sowed dissension between
ber husband and his father who had refused te let ber son be
nominated as tteir Apparent. She served up te the Emperor the
bands of a lady whom he had admired, and put te death his
favourite concubine. Having thus terrified him into an illness she
seized on ail power, and even after his recovery would net let
him give audience. In 1194 the Emperor was forced te abdicate,
and she was kept in seclusion until ber death.
Li Hung-chang ,, _ (T. * . H. :). Born A.D.
1822. A native of Ho-fei in Anhui, and younger brother of Li
Han-chang. After graduating as c]it sti]t in 1847, he entered
the Han-lin College. In 1853 he raised a regiment of militia af
his native place in order te oppose the T'ai-p'ings, and by his
energetic measures attracted the notice of Tsêng Kuo-fan, then
Viceroy of Hu-Kuang and Commander-in-chie In 1859 he was
sent te Fuhkien as Taot'ai, but ere long he was back again
operating against the T'ai-p'ings, this rime with theso-called "Ever
Victorious Army." For his successes against the rebels he was
appointed Governor of Kiangsu in 1862. In 1863 if was arranged
that on condition of surrendering the city of Soochow, the lires
of the rebel Princes who thus ruade submission should be spared.
No sooner however had the city been handed over, and Li Hung-
chang had obtained possession of the Princes, than he af once
allowed them all te be beheaded. This base act of treachery will
always remain an indelible stain upon a character which might
otherwise bave been called honourable as well as useful te his
country. If caused General Gordon, te whose leadership the success
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y 539
of the Imperialist troops had been mostly due, af once fo throw
up his command, which he only resumed in response fo a sense
of duty. And in spire of all recent attempts fo present a pleasing
picture of the relations between the two commanders, if seems
quite certain that on hearing the news of the Princes' execution
Gordon armed himself with a revolver and went in search of his
treacherous colleague, who prudently kept out of the way. After
the capture of Nanking in 1864 and the final extinction of the
rebellion, Li was ennobled as Earl. In 1866 he was appointed
Special Commissioner for the suppression of the Nien fei, armed
bandits who were doing much serious mischief in several of the
northern provinces; and in 1867 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuang.
In 1870, after the Tieutsin Massacre, he was appointed Viceroy
of Chihli, and received various marks of Imperial esteem. In 1871
a serious inundation destroyed much property in the province, and
on this occasion Li Hung-chang distinguished himself by offering
propitiatory prayers fo a water-snake which had been caught and
identified as the River God (see K'ung Tao-fu). In 1874, when
the Emperor T'ung Chih was dying, there was a formidable party
in the palace opposed fo the two Empresses Dowager, anxious fo
put them and their party out of the way and raise fo the throne
the dissolute son of Prince Kung, now dead. The Empresses Dowager
appealed fo Ll. He did hot lose a moment, but ruade a secret
forced march fo Peking, accompanied by his personal guard of four
thousand well-armed men, horse, foot, and artillery, all Anhui
men, on whose devotion he could rely under any circumstances.
The match of eighty toiles was ruade in thirty-six hours, and he
was timed fo arrive af Peking af midnight. Af midnight Li and
his Anhui men were admitted, and marched af once into the
Forbidden City in dead silence. Every man held a wooden bit in
his mouth fo prevent talking, and the metal trappings of the
440 A Chiuese Bioff'aphical Dictionary
horses were muffied. Arrived within the forbidden precincts the
Manchu Bannermen on duty af the various palace gares were all
replaced by Li's men, the Empresses having sent out euuuchs to
point out which detachments were doubtful or had openly declared
for the conspirators. These were af once disar.med bound, and
hurried off fo the prisons of the Board of Punishment. The artillery
were posted fo command the entrances fo the Forbidden City, the
cavalry were sent t0 patrol the grounds and pick up any stray
conspirators who could be found; and the infantry were stationed
so as fo surround the palace where lay the Empresses Dowager
an. the preseut Emperol" Kuang Hsii, then a child of about four
years. When day broke the surprise of such of the conspirators as
had hot been arrested during the night was complete. The disaffected
were quietly marie away with or sent into perpetual exile fo the
Amoor, and the next day Prince Ch'un's little son was proclaimed
Emperor with the title of Kuang Hsii. Everything being settled,
Li marched back fo Tientsin with his troops as unostentatiously
as he had corne. In 1875 he was marie Senior Grand Secretary,
and in 1876 was nomiuated Special Commissioner fo settle the
questions arising from the murder of Margary, in which capacity
he signed the document known as the Chefoo Agreement. He
arranged treaties with Peru aud Japan, started the China Merchants'
Steam Navigation Company, promoted mining and similar under-
takings, all the rime purchasing considerable quantifies of munitions
of war and heavily arming the Taku forts. Affairs in Korea soon
claimed his attention, and if was af his instigation that the ex-Regent
was carried off prisoner fo China. In an attempt in 1884 fo settle
the Tongking question with the French Government represeted
by Captain Fournier, an awkward question arose as fo which side
had committed a breach of faith by altering the memorandum of
terres, and the famous "state of reprisais" ensued, during which
A C]inese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 44t
the Chinese fleet was partially destroyed by Admiral Courbet at
Pagoda Island. In 1888 he married his daughter fo Chang P'ei-lun,
the poltroon whose contemptible conduct in reference fo Admiral
Courbet's exploit had caused him fo be sent into banishment. In
1892 he celebra/ed his 70th birthday with much pomp, his colleague,
Chang Chih-tung, providing a highly-coloured enlogium for the
occasion, le had then the chance
....... immeasurable power
Unsated to resign ......
but the old man clung fo office, and in 1894 the war with Japan
broke oui. China's military system, over which Li had spent vast
sums of money, crumbled away belote the Japanese assault. Port
hr[hur and Wei-hai-wei were captured, and most of the vessels
forming the Chinese fleet were either taken or sunk. le himself,
after being stripped of all his honours, was deprived of his
Viceroyalty and sent as envoy fo Japan fo sue for peace; and
while there he was shot in the cheek by a fanatical member of
the Soshi class. This act caused a revulsion of feeling in favour of
the humbled statesman, and in the treaty of Shimonoseki which
he negotiated he obtained perhaps somewhat better terres than
would bave otherwise been the case. In 1896 he was aplointed
Special Commissioner to attend the coronation of the Czar ai
lIoscow, from which ceremony he returned o China vi' Germany,
Belgium, l:Iolland, France, England, and the United States, receiving
from ler Majesty the Grand Cross of the Victorian Order. YIe ruade
quine a triumphal progress, and was everywhere received wih open
arms. ]e was photographed with Mr. Gladstone, and publicly spoken
of as the "Bismarck of the East." But since his return to Peking
he seems fo bave occupied the position rather of an extinct volcano.
By some he has been regarded as a friend to foreigners and fo
national progress on liberal lines. Il is more ihan probable, however,
4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionat'y
that his desire for such progress bas simply veiled a very natural
wish fo see his own countrymen paramount and the barbarian
once more af their feet.
1149 Li I . OE (T. îJ" ). Died A.D. 713. A ntive of Chao-chou
in Chihli, who graduated as «]lin shi£, and rose fo be President
of the Board of Punishments, being also ennobled as Duke. An
upright and fearless official, he chiefly distinguished himself as a
poet. His writings, together with those of his two elder brothers,
were published under the title of " o
1150 Li I . (T. --). Died A.D.? 827. A post and offlcial
of the T'ang dynasty. Af one rime his poems were in great demand,
and were sung fo music ail over the empire. Somewhat disgusted
with official lire, he took fo wandering; but later on returned fo
Court and became a sub-Librarian in the Imperial Library
ultimately retiring as President of the Board of Rites. tte was
known as : Literary Li I, fo distinguish him from
a contemporary official of the saine naine.
1151 Li I-fil . )-. Died A.D. 666. A native of Jao-yang in
(!hihli. He was recommended fo the second Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty who ruade him a Censor, and gained the favour of his
successor by advising in 655 that the Lady Wu should be raised
to the rank of Empress. By ber influence he became Minister and
was ennob]ed as Duke; a bouse was bestowed on him; his infant
sons received offices; and he was allowed fo bury his mother beside
the Imperial Mausoleum. He presumed on his position fo sell
appointments in the most open manner, and in 658 was condemned
fo banishment fo Yiinnan. Being excepted from the general pardon
of 666, he died of mortification. If was said that there was "a
knife in his stalle;" and from his smooth and treacherous manner
coupled with great cruelty, he received the nickname of oe
Li the Car.
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y 443
of Pien-liang in Honan who graduated among the first chin shih
and filled many important posts, especially distinguishing himself
against the rebel . . Li Huan, whose submission he twice
secured. From his manifold virtues and experiences he earned the
Li Kang } (T. tri )" A.D. 1085--1140. A native of 1153
Ç ] Shao-wu in Fuhkien, who graduated as c]in sM] in 1112
and later ou became a Censor. His career in this capacity was a
chequered one, and he was ultimately sent fo a provincial post.
When the irruption of the Chin a Tartars occurred, hewrote with
his own blood a memorial calling upon the Emperor Hui Tsung
fo abdicate in favour of his son. Under the new Emperor Ch'in
Tsung he was placed in command of the forces for the defence
of the capital, and succeeded in defeating the Tartars with great
slaughter, On the accession of the Emperor Kao Tsung in 1127
he became Minister of State, but he held office only for seienty-
seven days. He was impeached by Chang Y[siin for some irregularities
in connection with the purchase of horses and levies of troops, and
was relegated, "fo the great regret of all good men," to a
monastery af Y[angchow where he died. His life was one of
uncompromising opposition fo the Tartars and fo the peace proposais
by which Ch'in Kuei bas earned such an unenviable faine. He
was the author of several commentaries upon the Classics, and of
other miæcellaneous writings. He was ennobled as Duke, and
canonised as a.,-A; and in 1851 his tabler was placed in the
Confucian Temple.
Li KaO î (T. : ). Die« A.D. 417. A native of Ch'êng- 115]:
chi in Kansuh, and a descendant of Li Kuang. He was ruade
Magistrate of "Â ê, Hsiao-ku by Tuan Yeh, but his followers
called him Governor of Tun-huang in Kansuh. In 400 he took by
444 A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictiona'y
a coup de main ail the territory west of ¥ii-mên between
An-hsi and Su-chou in Kansuh, and styled himself Duke
of Liang a. tte was studious and well-read in the Classics and in
history. The people canonised him as :i J -
1155 Li K'o-yung . . Died A.D. 908. A renowned commander,
who flourished towards the close of the T'ang dynasty. His father,
whose surname was : ] Chu-yeh, was a chieftain of a Turkic
tribe occupying a region near Lake Balkash. He himself to5k
service with the Imperial forces and aided so efficiently in repelling
the Turfan invaders that in 869 the Emperor I Tsung conferred
upon him the Imperial surname Lit adding fo if the honorary
naine Kuo-ch'ang. In 884 he put down the rebellion of
ttuang Ch'ao. In 907 he set up the independent State of Chin in
Shansi, with his capital af the modern T'ai-yfian Fu, and adopted
(used by the last T'ang Emperor) as his year-title. He
excelled in archery and marvellous tales are told of his skill.
From having lost the sight of one eye, he became known as the
o.-y Do..
1156 LiKu [ (T. --_). Died A.D. 147. Son of Li Ho. He
rose fo be Governor of Ching-chou under the Emperor Shun Ti
of the Hau dynasty, but 'ell a victim fo intrigue in connection
with the murder of the Emperor Chih Ti and the accession of
Huan Ti, and was put o death.
1157 Li Ku-yen [ (T. ). Died A.D. 847. A statesman
who held high office under several Emperors of the T'ang dynasty.
While still a student he met an old dame who told him that in
the following year he would take a place "under the hibiscus
mirror." When he went up for his examination he round these
very words in the theme, and subsequently graduated as c]uag
yi'a or Senior Wrangler.
1158 Li Kua .. A.D. 742--805. Eldest son of Li Yii, whom he
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 445
succeeded in 779 as ninth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. His
accession raised great hopes, as he really showed a desire fo rule
well. But his harshness and self-confidence disappointed all. In
781 T'leu Yiieh rose in rebellion and joined Li ttsi-lieh and two
other provincial Governors. The expenses of the war necessitated
new and ever increasing taxes, and trade was stopped. In 783
the mutiny of troops passing through Ch'ang-an forced the Emperor
fo flee fo Fêng-t'ien in Shensi, a city which by the advice of a
soothsayer bad been fortified in 780. lere he was hard pressed
by Chu Tz'ti, until [[un Chan and others relieved him. Lu Ch'i,
whose malign influence had caused the revolt, drove Li ttuai-kuang
fo rebel also, and the Emperor fled fo Liang-chou. Order was
restored in 786; but the Emperor gave up all idea of crushing
the Governors, and devoted himself fo amassing wealth. So open
was his avarice that presents, which of course were wrung from
the people, were regularly handed la by ail ocials. Distrustful
of his Ministers, even of Lu Chih, he confided in his eunuchs,
against whom he would hear no complaiut. After the dismissal of
Lu Chih in 793 the Emperor ruade ail appointments himself, thus
reducing his Ministers fo cyphers, tIe was a poet, and used fo
send Decrees in verse fo his Ministers and provincial Governors.
Canonised as -
Li Kuang . Died B.C. 125. A native of Ch'êng-chi in 1159
Kansuh who distinguished himself as a military commander against
the ttsiung-nu. In B.C. 140 he suffered a disastrous reverse and
was condemned fo death, but escaped with the loss of his tank.
An irruption of the [[siung-nu into Chihli caused him fo be once
more placed in command, fo the great dismay of the enemy who
had bestowed uon him the sobriqut of : the Flyin
General of Han. Aiter a career chequered by success and failure,
he was sent in B.C. 119 as second in command upon a great
446 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
expedition against the northern foe. Dissatisfied with the orders he
received as fo his movements he asked fo be allowed fo lead his
troops straight for the Khan himself; and when hOt permitted fo
do this he was so overcome with anger that somehow or other he
lost his way, and arrived af a certain point long after the
Commander-in-chier. The enquiry which followed caused him so
much chagrin that he cut his own throat. He was a man of so
few words that the Emperor Wu Ti said of him, "Li Kuang
hardly opens his mouth. He is simple and sincere as though oue
of the people; yet all the empire looks up fo him. Truly
exemplifies the old saying that the peach-tree and the plum-tree
( Li--plum) speak hot, ye all around them are "seen the
footprints of men."
lli;O Li Kuang . Died A.D. 1498. A eunuch under the Emperor
Hsiao Tsung, who acquired great power by his skill in necromancy
and charms, tte took on himself fo make irregular appointments,
collected bribes from all officials high and low, engrossed the salt
monopoly, seized land, and seemed secure of a long lease of power.
ttowever in 1498 the building of a pavillon on the Coal Hill was
followed by sickness and death among the Imperial family, and
by rires in the palace. Thereupon the Empress Dowager complained
of him fo the Emperor, and he was forced fo commit suicide.
list of bribes received from prominent men, in which gold figured
as yellow rice and silver as white rice, was round in his house;
but so many persons were implicated that if was thought wiser
fo hush the marrer up.
1161 Li Kuang-li î 1]. Died B.C. 94. A military commander
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. His sister was a
favourite concubine, known as Li Fu-jen, and he himself was
sent in command of an expedition fo Ferghana fo obtain a tribute
of horses. He captured the city of = Erh-shih, but failed fo
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 447
take ;[ ¥fi-eh'ëng and re«urned, sending on messenger
wih he news. he Emperor ws very ngry, nd replied ha his
head would pay for
went baek wih n rmy of 180,000 men; nd revoluion hving
meanwhil oeeurred in çerghan, he ws ble o aeeomplish his
mission, and was ennobled as Marquis. In B.C. 94 he led an army
of 70,000 men agaiust the Hsiung-nu, but was utterly defeated
and forced fo surrender fo the Khan who put him fo death.
Li Kg-pi . Died A.D. 763. A native of Lin-chou 1162
in Kuangsi, whose faher had been a Kian chier bu had given
in Ms alleanee he Empress Wu Hou and had boeu ennobled
as Duke. The son enered he miliçary service, and afer distinguishing
himself agains he Turkic ribes, co-operaed wih Kuo Tza-i in
putfing down he rebellion of An Lu-shan. Raised o he highest
oces of Sae by he Emperor Su Tsung, he was employed for
some years in opposing he armies of he rebel, Shih Ss-ming,
and for his successful efforts he was ennobled as Prince. He died
full of honours, and was canonised as
Li Kuang-ti (T. ). A.D. 1642--1718. A native 1168
of Pkien, who brough himself ino notice by a scheme for
rescuing he province ff'oto Këng Ching-chung and Chëng Chin,
eld son of Koxinga, who held Chinchew. In 1680 he wen o
PeMng as sub-Chancellor of he Grand Secrearia and proposed
he reduction of Pormosa, which design was successlly carried
ou. Appoined Viceroy of Chihli, he devoed himself o he
improvemen of he sysem of irrigation and of he waerways.
He was employed in edifing many of K'ang Hsi's ediions of
Classies, and wro many commenaries and oher works of his
own on rations branches of philosophical lierature, founding in
fac a new school of classical criticism. Canonised as
Li Rei {. 8rd and 4h cenL B.C. A Miniser of he Wei 116
448 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
State, who passed a law that ail suits should be decided by the
skill of the respective litigants in archery. Thus shooting with the
bow came fo be much practised, and the efficiency of the archers
of Wei was raised fo a high standard.
1165 Li K'uei (T. î ) ). Sth cent. A.D. A descendant from
a Kansuh family, who graduaed as ehin sldh and by 750 had risen
o he highes oces of Sae, being also ennobled as Marquis.
He was a very handsome and araeive man, and surrounded
himself wih sueh refinemen ha he beeame known as he Firs
Genfleman of he day. He managed however o offend Yfian Tsai;
ami in 761, when he laer came ino power, he was dismissed
in disgrace. Sixeen yeam laer he death of Yfian Tsai gave him
anoher chance, and he reurned o oee. Once again his sharp
ongue brough him ino disfavour wih he grea Lu Chi, and he
was sen on a mission to he Turfan. The Turfan ehiefain
o him, "Are you, Sir, he famous Firs GenflemanT' To whieh,
feang deenion, he replied, "No, indeed! Tha Li K'uei would
never eome so far away as his." He subsequenly refired in
privae life.
1166 Li Kuei-nien (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A musician
and teacher lu the Imperial Operatic College under the Emperor
Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty, in which capacity he and his
two brothers managed to accumulate a vast fortune.
1167 Li Kg-tso . A minor writer of the T'aug dynasty.
Author of the . In one of his stories, the
, he speaks of himself as having leff Kiangsi on the expiration
of his terre of once in A.D. 813.
1168 Li Kuo-ha @ (T. tri )" Died A.D. 1658. A Chinée
Bannerman, whose father, a trader, had ct in his fortunes with
the Manchus, and had been ennobled as Baron. The son proved
a successful leader against China. He drove Li Tza-ch'êng's forces
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictio»a»'g
from Shansi, Shensi, and Hu-Kuang, and aided in the suppression
of Chang Hsien-chung. In 1648 he was associated with Wu San-
kuei, with whom he engaged in a campaign against the successors
of Chang Hsien-chung in Western China, whom he subdued in
spire of the opposition of the Lolo tribes. He died while preparing
fo match into Yiinnan. He was ennobled as Marquis, and admitted
into the Temple of Worthies. Canonised as
Li Li ï. 7th cent. B.C. Minister under Duke Wên of the 1169
Chin State. When his toaster recovered his kingdom, Li Li was
so shocked af the wholesale massacre of innocent persous that he
presented himself bound before the Duke and asked for punishment.
The latter urged that the subordinate officials were fo blame for
the excessive severity; but Li Li would hot disclaim his responsibility,
and forthwith put an end fo his life by falling upon his sword.
Li Lin-fu (H. ). Died A.D. 752. A statesman 1170
of the T'ang dynasty, of Imperial extraction, who by the year 734
was President of the Board of Rites, chiefly through the friendship
of the favourite concubine Wu-hui, the succession of whose
son he had promised fo support. In 736 the Emperor appointed
him Minister, and his influence soon became paramount. He
encouraged his master fo slay the Heir Apparent and two other
princes without even the form of a trial, but he failed fo secure
the nomination of his own protdqd. In 742 he was made a Duke,
as a reward for the high level of morality which was supposed fo
prevail. For the chier criminal judge had reported only 58 executions
within the year, and that in cousequence of the diminution of the
"vapour of death" around the great prison, magpies, regarded as
birds of good omen, had nested in the trees which overhung ifs
walls. He continued fo lire in great state, but in constant fear
of assassination, uever allowing if fo be known in which room he
meant fo pass the uight. He died just as Yang Kuei-fei's brother
"29
450 I Chinca'e Bographical Dicliona" U
came into favour; and the year after his deth he was accnsed of
tritorou dealings with the artars, his coin opened, his sons
banished, and ail his honours taken away. He was popularly said
fo bave "honey on his lips, bat in h[s henri a sharp sword." He
had six daughters; and for them he arranged a gauze screen in
such a way that, without being seeu themselves, they couhl sec
all the young men who came fo the house and thus choose their
own husbands. The hair of one of his sous-in-law, named
Chêng P'ing, having turued white af an early ag'e, Li gave him
a portion of some broth which the Emperor had sent as a present
fo himself; and in one night the young man's hair had become
black again.
1171 Li Ling 5 (T..-). 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A military
official uuder tbe Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He was
sent in command of 800 horse fo reconnoitre the territory of the
Hsiung-nu; and returning successful from this expedition, he was
laromoted to a high command and was again employed against
these troublesome neighbours. With a force of only 5000 infantry
he penetrated into the Hsiung-m territory as far as Mt. =
Ling-chi (?), where he was surrouuded by an army of 30,000 of
the Khan's soldiers; aud wheu his troops had exhausted all their
arrows, he was forced to surrender. Af this the Emperor was
furious (sec Ss#-ma C£'ie); and later on, when he heard that Li
Ling was training the Khan's soldiers in the art of war as then
practised by the Chinese, he caused his mother, wife, and children
fo be put fo death. Li Ling remained some twenty years, until
his death, with the Hsiung-nu, and was highly honoured by the
Khan who gave him his daughter fo wife. He is said by J
Yen Yii fo bave inveuted the five-character line in poètry.
2Li Lung-chi 7. (Baby naine ). A.D. 685--762.
Third son of Li Tan, whom he succeeded in 712 as sixth Emperor
" ,,I Chinese Bio.l»'rtphic«tl Dictiona'y 45t
of he T'ang dynasy, ttence he was popularly known as [.
Ho firs dis¢inguished himself in 710 by he energeic action which
placed his fa¢her upon he ¢hrone (see Li Hsie»). He was hen
called upon o face an aemp¢ on he par of his aune, he T'ai-
p'ing Princess, o displace him; bu his ha succeeded in crushing,
and enered upon wha promised fo be a glorious reign. Ha began
wih economy, closing he silk facories and forbidding he palace
ladies wear jewels or embroideries, considerable quani¢ies of
which werê acually burn. Unil 740 ¢he country was fairly
prosperous. The administration was improved, he empire was divided
iuto fifëen provinces, and schools were esablished in every village.
The Emperor was a patron of lierature aud himself a poe of no mean
capaciy, lis love of war however and his growing extravagance
led increased ¢axaion. Fond of music, ha founded a college for
raiuing youh of boh sexes in his art. He surrounded himself
by a brillian¢ ç:ourg welcoming such man as he poe Li Po,
firs for ¢heir alents alone, bu aferwards for heir readiness o
paicipae in scenes of revelry and dissipation provided for
amusemen of,he Imperial concubine, he ever-famous Yang Kuei-
fei. Eunuchs were appoined fo otïicial poses, and he grossesg
forms of religious superstition were encouraged. Women ceased o veil
hemselves as of old. Gradually ¢he Emperor lef all power in
banals of Li Lin-lu and of Yang Kuo-chung, the brocher of Yang
Kuei-fei. The uselessness of the miliia led fo the enrolmen of
regular troops, which very much increased the power of he
provincial Governors. A lengh in 755 came ¢he rebellion of An
Lu-shan, and in 756 he now aged Emperor fled fo Sstich'uan,
undergoing he agony of seeing his beloved Yang Kuei-fei
bu¢chered before his eyes. There ha abdicaed in favour of his son
who beswed upon him he ile of and alloed
fo him a palace in which ha lived in seclusion, deprived even of
452 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiom'y
the services of his faithful eunuch Kao Li-shih. Canonised as
Po-ych in Chihli, who was originally named p Sung
Wêu-t'ung. The Emperor Hsi Tsung rewarded his services with
the Imperial surname and a new personal naine, and his successor
ennobled him as Prince. When the T'ang dynasty was overthrown
in 907, as Governor of Fêng-hsiang he ret'used allegiance fo the
usurper Chu Wên, and defended himse]f bravely against the Liang
and Shu States until the establishment of the Later T'ang dynasty,
which he recognised and undei which he was ruade Prince of
Ch'in. Among other expedients ibr raising revenue he put a fax
upon lamps and oi|, and refused fo allow pine-splints fo be brought
into the city, lest they should be used fo give light. For this he
was caricatured by an actor, who suggested that the use of
moonlight should also be declared illegal.
1174: Li lIi S (T. x 'fl ). Born A.D. 222. A. native of Chien-
wei in Sstich'uan, also named .. Li Ch'ien of Wu-yang, Wu-
yaug being another naine for Chien-wei. He lost bis father af an
early age and his mother married again, leaving him fo the care
of his grandmother. After studying with Ch'iao Chou he held office
under the Minor Han dynasy, and as envoy more than once fo
the rival State of Wu he gaiued considerable reputation. In A. D.
265 the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty wished fo appoint
him equerry fo the Heir Apparent; but in a very pathetic
memorial he declined ou the plea of duty fo his aged grandmother.
"But for ber," he said, "I should hot have seen the light of this
day. Without me, she will be unable fo complete ber allotted span
of years." The Emperor thereupon gave orders that the old lady's
necessities should be-attended fo, and af ber death appointed Li
Mi fo a post in Shensi. He lost office however through publishing
A Chinese Bivgraphical Dictio»arg 453
in verse his chagrin af hot receiving employment in the capital.
,i Mi @ (T. %U). th ce,. ». cho ho ,
early life was fond of study, but who devoted all his energies to
books on the art of playing the lute, of which he was extremely
ibnd. Determined fo keep himself in the true path of learning, he
shut himself up and cut off both his hands. He was subsequently
infited to take oce, but declined on the ground that all literature
was before him, leaving him no rime for anything else. His old
tutor actually came and applied fo receive instruction from him.
C..ed .
Lii (T. OE and ). A.D. 582--618. A 1176
colleague and subsequent rival of thç ibunder of the T'ang dynasty.
The family came originally from Liao-tung, and from his father
he inherited the title of Duke of P'u-shan. As a boy he
w dever and studious, and he was patronised by the fumous
statesman, Yaug Su, who first saw him riding upon an ox,
absorbed in the Histo of te H( Dy)msty. Later on he gave
judicious advice fo the son of Yang Su, when the latter plotted
rebellion. In 616 he and Chai Jang revolted and soon
held mos of Anhui and Honan. He called himself Duke of Wei,
and issued a manifesto deuouncing the Emperor's crimes. Li Yau
invid his co-operation and formed an alliance with him, although
he did hot mean fo let him lead the movemeut. In 618 he defeated
Y(i-wên Hua-chi, and was proceeding to the Court of Sui when
Wang Shih-ch'ung seized the teins of government. Failing against
Wang, he submitted fo the T'ang dynasty and was ennobled as
Duke. Shortly afterwards he was sent af his own request on a
mission fo his native province, Shantung; and there, disgusted
with his own position, he raised the standard of revolt, and was slain.
Li u . Died B.C. 229. A military commander of the 1177
Chao State, employed in guarding the northern frontier against
44 A Chiese Biographic«! Dictionary
the Hsiung-nu. Acting srictly on the defensive, he was ridiculed
by the enemy as coward and ai length supersded. Th policy
however of his successor was so disastrous that he was soon
recalled; and later O11, when his troops had been carefully drilled,
he inflicted such a severe defeat on the Hsiung-nu that they gave
no more trouble for ten years. He also routed the forces of the
Ch'in State under Huan Ch'i, for which he was ennobled as
Prince. Ai length the ruler of Ch'in, the future First Emperor,
succeeded by means of bribes in inducing the Priuce of Chao fo
dismiss his great general. Li Mu refused o receive the order, and
was seized and put fo death. Three months later the Ch'ins
declared war. The Prince of .Cbao was carried away captive, and
his State was annexed by the enemy.
1178 Li O (T. . H. ). Graduaed as chajenin
A.D. 1720, bu afer a few years' service he reired from oeial
life and devoted himself o poery. He wroe a eriieal histo of
the poets of he Sung dynasy, and eolleeed over three hundred
negleced works of he Liao dynasty.
1179 Li Pari (T. ). Died A.D. 334. The chosen hoir
Li Hsiung, whom he succeeded as third sovereign of the Ch'ëng
dynasty. He was modest, honest, respectful, and filial, and refused
fo attack Li Ch'i during the period of mouruing; whereupon Li
Ch'i, who had no such scruples, slew him.
1180 Li i (T. " ). A.D. 722--789. A native of Ch'ang-
an in Shensi. Af the age of seven he was able fo compose, and
was summoned fo the Court of the Emperor Ming Huang who
instructed Chang Yfieh fo examine him. He acquitted himself so
well that the Emperor was delighted, and cried out, "This boy's
brains are too big for his body " Ho Chih-chang declared that his
eyes were like "autumn waves," and Chang Chiu-ling called him
his "little friend." In due course he entered the Hau-lin College
A Chiese Biogr«lhica I Dictiona»'g 455
and became on very intimate terres with the Heir Apparent, but
in consequence of a lampoon on Yaag Kuo-chung he was sent
away from CourU. Upon the accession of the Emperor Su Tsung
in 756 he returned, and was offered an appointment which he
declined, remaining however in close relationship with the Emperor.
This offended the eunuch Li Fu-kuo, and he was compelled fo
seek safety in flight. But the Emperor sent for him fo corne back,
and from that rime he was always a trusted counsellor of the
reigning monarch, serviug first and last under four Emperors. As
a youth he was very much given fo the study of Taoism .and used
fo wander about ou the mountains, pondering upon the secret of
immortality. He refused fo marry, and later ou gave up all except
natural food, such as berries, fruit, etc., and devoted himself fo
that form of breathing which is believed by the Taoists fo result
in immortality. He became reduced fo a skeleton, and received the
nickname of ' îi -- ,t the Collar-bone Immortal of Y eh,
referring fo the tank of Marquis of Yeh, conferred upon him in
787. He is said fo bave had an immense library, filling no less
than 30,000 shelves; hence the phrase t, in the sense of
many books.
«o (T. .
native of Pa-hsi in
H. _). A.D.? 705--762. A 1181
Sstieh'uan, of Imperial deseent. Just
before he was born his mother dreamt of the planer Venus, and
from this he was duly named. Af ten years of age he was already
a poet, and a.s he grew up he developed a faste for sword-play
and adventure. He wandered as far as Shantung, and retiring fo
a mountain together with K'ung Ch'ao, î "_ Han Chun, :
i P'ei Chêng, - ) Chang Shu-ming, and [,)i]j T'ao
Mien, formed the hard-drinking coterie known as the "
_ Six Idlers of the Bamboo" Brook. About A.D. 742 he reached
Ch'ang-an, and there his poetry attracted the notice of Ho Chih-
456 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
chang, who deelared that he was "a banished angel" and introdueed
him fo the Emperor Ming Huang. The latter was eharmed with
his verses, prepared a bowl of soup for him with his own hands,
and at once appointed him fo the Han-lin College. Li Po then
gave himself up fo a carter of wild dissipation, fo whieh Ming
Huang's Court was well suited. On ont occasion, when the Emperor
sent for him, he was round lying drunk in the street; and it was
only after having his face well mopped with eold water that he
was fit for the Imperial presence. His talen however did hot rail
him. W.ith a lady of the seraglio fo hold his ink-slab he dashed
off some of his most impausioned lines; af which the Emperor was
so overeome that he ruade the powerful eunueh Kao Li-shih go
down on his kuees and pull off the poet's boots. Kao of course
eouhl hot brook this insult. I-le set fo work fo persuade Yang
Kuei-fei, the reigning favourite, in whose honour Li Po had
penned some immortal lines, that she was all the rime being held
up fo ridicule. Consequeutly when the Emperor wished ) appoint
Li Po fo some important post, Yang Kuei-fei intervened, whereupon
Li Po, together with Ho Chih-ehang, Li Shih-ehih, Li Chin, Ts'ui
Tsung-ehih, Su Chin, Chatg Hstin, and Chiao Sui, begged fo be
allowed fo ithdraw from the Court. Their request was granted
by tho Emperor, who gave them a large present of money; and
they went off fo form the new coterie known as the *1 (or )
I:i:l ] flll Eight lmmortals of the Wineeup. Subsecjuently Li
Po drifted into the service of Prince Lin of Yung, and when the
latter failed in his designs, he came near losing his head. However
he was pardoned, and sought refuge with his relative Li Yang-
ping; but on his way thither he was drowned from leaning ont
night over the edge of a boat, in a drunken effort fo embrace the
reflectiou of the moon.
1182 Li Po-yao - (T. J). A.D. 565-648. Son of Li
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 457
Tê-lin. He was so sickly a child and swallowed so much medicine
that his grandmother insisted on naming him Po-yao -- Pharmacopoeia,
while his precocious cleverness earned for him the sobriquet of the
Prodigy. Entering upon a public career he neglected his work for
gaming and drink, and after a short spell of office he retired, lu
599 he was called fo the capital and received his father's title of
Duke, which was taken away from him in 605. He rose once
more under the first two Emperors of the T'ang dynasty who
esteemed him highly and consulted hi on all State matters. He
completed the History of tire Nort]er Ch'i Dy»asty from materials
collected by his father. Canonised as ).
Li Sang-o . Died A.D. 1686. Son of Li Kuo-han. He llS3
was distinguished as a general, and aided in suppressing the revolt
of Wu San-kuei and in the subjugation of Yiinnan.
Li Sông-hu )-'J . 7th or 8th cent. A.D. A native of 118
modern Nanking, whose father died when he was rive years old,
leaving no money fo pay tbr decent funeral rites. Af his own
suggestion, his mother sold him for 2,000 cas£ and duly performed
the usual ceremonies; buç the loss of ber son caused ber fo weep
herself blind. Thirty years later Li returned from his toaster in
Ssfich'uan, and sought out his mother. He prayed and fasted; and
after cleansing his mouth licked ber eyes, whereupon ber sight
was restored.
Li Shan (. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh. 1185
Though a profound scholar, he was unsuccessful in composition
and was called in consequence the Book Basket, i. e. able
fo hold the works of others but unable fo produce anything of
his own. About the year 660 he was Reader fo the Prince of
P'ei, and subsequently produced a commentary upon Hsiao T'ung's
great work, entitled the - . Becoming involved in a
politcal intrigue he was banished fo Yao-chou in Yiinuau,
458 A Chinese Bio.qraphical Dictiona.ry
from whieh he reurned, in consequenee of a general pardon, and
established himself near the capital in Honan. Students floeked
from all quarters o his lectures, whieh were popnlarly known as
1186 Li Shan-ch'ang
ive of î _
: (T. ). A..D. 1314--1390. A
Ting-yiian in Shensi, and the counsellor of Chu
Yiian-chang in his struggle for the empire. In 1367 he heaxled
the body of officers who asked Chu fo adopt the Imperial style,
and was his first Ministèr. In 1369 he was chier editor of the
History of t/e Yia l)ynasty. Raised fo a Dukedom in 1370, he
offended his sovereign by his haughty demeanour and his inclination
fo presume on his services, and in the following year his health
was ruade an excuse, for sending him into retirement, though in
1376 his ehlest son was married fo an Imperial Princess. He was
ultimately put fo death together with more than seventy members
of his family on a charge of having been mixed up in the conspiracy
of Hu Wei-yuug in 1380. The Emperor felt if necessary fo publish
a defence of his harshness fo his old servants, eutitled the
, Record of Wicked Cabals; but the accusation againt Li
Shan-ch'ang was subsequently shown to be baseless. Canonised as
1187 Li 8han-kan i. ,. A Censor who lived af the close of
t.lie 10th cent. A.D. and was ikmous for boldness of speech.
was popularly spoken of as a phoenix, that is, a rata avis.
1188 Li Shang-yin . . (T. J ): A.D. 813--858. A ntive
of Ho-nei in Honan. Graduated as cldn shi] in 837. Rose fo be a
Reader in the Hau-lin College, and distinguished himself as a poet
and a scholar.
1189 Li Shao-chiln ., -. 2nd cent. B.C. A man who pretended
that he had discovered the elixir of immortality. In early lire his
age was kept a secret, and when he grew up he declared himself
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 459
fo be already over seventy. He was well received by the Emloeror
Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, whom he persuaded that the manufacture
of gold out of cnnabar and the employment of that gold as dishes
and goblets would tend fo prolong life. He also declared that he
had visited the Isles of the Immortals and had seen An-ch'i Shêng
eating dates as big as raclons, in consequence of which the Emperor
sent an expedition fo search for him. Meanwhile Li Shao-chiin died.
of the T'ang dynasty, and a native of Lo-yang. On one occasion
he fell into the banals of bandits; but when the captain of the
gang heard his naine he cried out, "What, the poet! Well, we
won't skin you. We like your verses: make us some now."
Thereupon Li Shê took a pen and indited the following impromptu:
The rainy mist blows gently o'er the village by the stream,
When from the leafy forest glades the brigand daggers gleam ....
And yet there is no need to fear nor step ri'oto out their way,
For more than half the world consists of bigger rogues than they!
Ai this the bandits laughed aplorovingly, and let him go unhrmed.
Li làh6n '[Jl]. A.D. 810-859. Thirteenth son of Li Shun, ll.l
and sixteenth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. He was placed on
he throne by the eunuchs in 846, although Li Yen had left a
young son. Clever and just, open fo reloroof and economical, an
industrious ruler and fond of his peolole , he earned for himself
the flattering title of 2| D ' Little T'ai Tsung, i. e. another
Li Shih-min. He hated the eunuchs, but could no free himself
from their power. His reign was uneventful. He died, like his
brother Li Hêng, from injudicious doses of the elixir of life, and
his eldest son was placed on the throne instead of his intended
heir, the third son. Canonised as
Li 8h6ng (T. -). A.D. 727-793. A General and 1192
statesman, who was descended from a family of soldiers belonging
460 A Chinese Biog»'«¢l)iic«¢l Dictionary
fo Kansuh. tte early distinguished himself against the Turfan, and
in 766 received high military command. In 781 he assisted Ma
Sui against T'ien Y/ieh, and the latter only escaped utter defeat
because Li Shêng fell ill. Two years later he defended his sovereign
against Chu Tz'ti and Li Huai-kuang, and recaptured the capital.
In 787 he was recalled from his command in Shensi, and was
admitted fo the Council of State. He protested in vain against the
treaty with the Turfan which led fo the capture of Hun Chan,
and for the last six years of his lire he was neglected by his
toaster who nevertheless gave him a public thneral. Ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as .
1193 Li 8hih (T. ). Died A.D. 361. Eldest son of Li
Shou, and sixth and last sovereign of the Ch'êng dynasty. He
quarrelled with and slew his brother, and drove away all good
co.unsellors. Licentious and tyrannical, he did nothing fo mitiga
the famines which resulted from his misgovernment and the consequent
incursions of the savage Laos tribes. Huan Wên atcked him with
a fleet, and in 347 he submitted fo the Eastern Chin, receiving
the title of Marquis Returned to Allegianee.
1194 Li 8hih . 10th cent. A.D. The wif of an oeial Kuo-
chou in Honan, under the Later Chou dynasty. While pssing
through K%i-fêng Fu, on her way home with the dead body of
her husband, the iunkeeper t the house where she stopped rudely
grsped her arm. Seizing a meat-chopper she immeditely cut off
the defiled limb; and on the case being reported fo the Emperor
she was well rewarded, and the innkeeper severely beaten.
1195 Li Shih-chih OE. Died A.D. 747. An Imerial clansman
and a distinguished poet under the reign of the Emperor Hsfian
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. Ne was one of the Eight Immortals
of the Winecup (see Li Po), and was said fo spend large sums
of money on wine and fo drink like a whale. After successfully
A Chinese Biograpttical Dictiona»'y
filling a variety of posts, he became a Minister of State and was
ennobled as Duke. Li Lin-lu, his rival, theu persuaded him fo
opeu a gold-mine in Shensi, and subsequently suggested fo the
Emperor that if was improper fo mine af his Majesty's native
place. Accordingly he lost favour and in 746 obtained leave fo
retire. He was however implicated tu the charge against Wei Chien;
and on the appearance of the Censor sent fo slay Wei, he was
so terrified that he poisoned himself.
Li Shih-min . A.D. 597--649. The second son of Li 1196
Yiian. His naine is said fo bave been given fo him in consequence
of some mysterious prophecy that he would benefit
his age and give peace fo the people. As a youth he entered t'he
military service during the reign of the Emperor Yang Ti of the
Sui dynasty; but finding the country a prey fo disorder he joined
in a conspiracy against the ruling House, and in A.D. 618
succeeded in placing his father upon the throne as first Emperor of
the T'ang dynasty. During the reign of the latter he tool an
active part in consolidating the newly-won empire and was appointed
Prince of Ch'in, a title by which he is still known. In the year
621 he was nominated fo the specially created post of Chief Guardian
of the empire, and occupied himself in crushng his father's rivals
(see Li Mi, Tou Cimier-tê, Wag Shih-ch'ug, and Li Clig). His
eldest brother, the Heir Apparent, who was jealous of his influence,
now conspired with a younger brother o assassinate him; but the
plot failed, and in 626 he obtained leave fo arrest his two brothers
ou a charge of debauching the palace ladies. Instead however of
doing so, he slew them both and took his younger brother's widow
fo wife. In the saine year his father resigned the throne fo him,
and he entered upon a reign of unrilalled brilliance and glory.
tte ruled for his people's welfare. He crushed infernal rebellion,
and broke the power of China's hereditary foes. He iutroduced a
462 A Cltinese Biographicàl Dictiottary
improved division of the empire into provinces with subdivisions,
reformed the civil and military services, and modified the Penal
Code. He fostered learning, and tried fo restore astronomy fo ifs
place as a practical science. Frugal in his own life, affectionate
fo his kindred, and genial in his intercourse with public officiais,
his faine st)read far beyoud the limits of the Middle Kingdom,
which reached fo the Caspian Sea and the ttindu Kush. ge was
said fo bave had the grace of a dragon and the beauty of a phoenix.
tic was beloved by ail priests, Buddhist, Taoist, and even Christian;
for if was under his auspices that Nestoriau missionalies were
allowed fo settle at the capital in A.D. 636. In 643 the Greek
Emperor Theodosius sent a mission fo his Court. In 644 he
attempted fo conquer Korea, but the expedition proved a disastrous
failure. On one occasion he is said fo bave died and fo bave gone
down into Purgatory but fo bave recovered his lire by the kindly
alteration in the Book of Fate of a 13 into a 33. Among his
numerous recorded sayings, the following is perhaps the best
kuown: -- "By using a mirror of brass you may sec fo adjust
your cap; by using antiquity as a mirror, you may learn fo
foresee the fise and fall of empires. Canonised as
1197 Li holl 7 -. One of the hssistants of the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698, and the reputed inventor of mathematical science.
1198 Li Shou (T. ] :). Died A.D. 343. The nephew of
Li T'ê, by whom, as well as by Li Hsiung, he was advanced fo
high honoum and military command. In 338 he surprised Ch'êng-
tu and seized the throne, altering the dynastic style fo l=[an.
Finding the mild system of Li Hsiung unsatisfactory, he took fo
severity and extravagance, escaping a rebellion only by his timely
dynasty.
1199 i Shou-su * . 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chao-chou
A Chinese Biog'aphic(! Dictiott«t'g
in Chihli, who devoted himself fo genealogical research and earned
the sobriquet of the Walking Dictionary of Biography.
,i s-¢' (. ,$ ). i¢.«t o K¢¢o,
who began his career as a secretary o Tsêng Kuo-fan, afterwards
rising from Magistraçe o Taoç'ai in Shantung. He was secreçary
fo çhe first embassy fo England, and was appoinçed in October
1881, while Chargd d'affaires a Madrid, fo be Minister af Tokio.
Afer a period of mourning he was re-appointed, and in June 1891
was sent as Taot'ai o the newly-opened port of Chungking.
Li Shuai-t'ai . i , (T. ,- ). Died A.D. 1666. Son of 1201
a captain of Fu-shun in Shingking, who deserçed çhe Ming cause.
Aç çhe age of 12 he became page o he Emperor T'ai Tsu of
çhe present dynasçy, who changed his naine from î Yen-
ling fo Shuai4'ai. I-le served in çhe Ch'ahar and Korea expeditions,
againsç Li Tzn-ch'êng and in the conques of China, especially
disçinguishing himself af he sieges of Soochow and Foochow. In
1654 he went as Viceroy to Canton, where he successfully coped
wih çhe Ming preçenders; and in 1656 he was transferred
Foochow, where he checked he ravages of Koxinga by increasing
çhe flee, and induced many of his lieutenants ço surrender. Dying
a his post, he was ennobled as Baron, and canonised as a.»
Li 8hun ,. A.D. 778--820. Son of Li Sung, whom he 1202
succeeded in 805 as elevençh Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. In
809 reforms were introduced; he revenue was regulaed, presents
stopped, slavery forbidden, and çaxes remiçed. C.lear-headed and
deermined, he re-esçablished çhe conçrol of çhe Courç over
provincial Governors by a war which lasted from 814 fo 819.
Towards çhe end of his reign çhe successful monarch became a
devout Buddhisç and a seeker after immortaliçy. The pills he took
fo secure long life ruade him passionate, and he died suddenly;
naurdered, according o general belief, by a eunuch. His eunuch
464 A C]i»cse Biog'ap]ical Dictioat'g
with him fell the evil Ministers fo whom the Emperor had lattely
trusted. Canonised as
1203 Li Ssï . Died B.C. 208. A native of the Ch'u State, who
after serving in soue petty offlcial post turned hîs back on his
native country and in 247 entered the service of Lii Pu-wei, then
af the head of affairs in the Ch'in State. ge soon attracted the
attention of the sovereign (see S]ih Huang Ti), and became senior
historiographer; and Inter on, as a reward for valuable oolitical
advice, he was appointed Foreign Minister. For many years he
seems fo have been a trusted counsellor, and in 214 he was aised
fo the tank of Prime Minister. He was now all-powerful, and his
children intermarried with the Imperial family. In B.C. 213 he
suggested the extraordinary plan by which the claims of antiquity
were fo be for ever blotted out, and history was fo begin again
with the ruling monarch, thenceforward fo be ramons as the First
Emperor. Ail existing literature was fo be destroyed, with the
exception ouly of wor]s relating fo agriculture, medicine, and
divination; and a penalty of branding and fi)ur years' work on
the Great Wall was enacted against all who refused fo surrender
their books for destruction. This plan was carried out with
considerable vigour. Many valuable works perished; and the Confucian
Canon would bave been irretrievably lost but for the devotion of
scholars, who at considerable risk concealed the tablets by which
they set such store, and thus ruade possible the discoveries of the
following century and the restoration of the sacred text. Af the
saine rime» as many as four hundred and sixty of the literati were
buried alive af Hsien-yang, but this was for treasonable language,
and hot for retention or concealment of books. In B. C. 210 when
the First Emperor died, Li Ssfi joined in the conspiracy which
placed Hu Hai upon the throne. Yie afterwards sought fo restrain
A CIdese Biog'aphical Dictio,««»'y 4t;7»
the new monarch from he barbariies o which he was proue, bu
only succeeded in arousing he jealousy of Chao Kao, and ultimaely
fell a vicfim o he intrigues of ha wily eunuch. He was accused
of reason and hrown ino prison; and a confession being wrung
from him by orure, his body was sawn asunder in he marke-
place. He was a good scholar, and is said o bave invented the
form oç writiug known as he Lesser Seal, on which he published
a work under he itle of .
Li Ssï,-hsin ,, J]l (T. ). A.D. 651--716. A great 1204
gmndson of the founder of the T'ang dynasty, famous as a
landscape-painter and styled General Li, Seuior,
fo disnguish him from his son Li Chao-tao, who was
even better than his father af figures and buildings. The father
and son were the leaders of the northern school of art under the
T'ang dynasty. When the Empress Wu Hou slew many members
of the Imperia! clan, he fled from his post as Magistrate of Chiang-
tu in Kiangsu. The Emperor Chung Tsung, on recovering power
in 705, ennobled him as Duke, and in 713 he received a high
mi[itary command.
Li Ssfi-yiian ,. A.D. 866--933. An orphan chihl, 1205
named Mo-chi-l]eh, belonging fo a Turkic tribe, who
was adopted by Li K'o-yung and received his surname. His brilliant
achievements on behalf of the Later T'ang dynasty founded by Li
Tsun-hsii, his adopted brother, caused him, on the death of the
latter in 926, fo be proclaimed Emperor by the army. He was a
modt and enegetic ruler; and if is worthy of note that during
his reign the Classics were for the first rime printed from woodeu
blocks. Canonised as
Li Sung . A.D. 761--806. Son of Li Kua, whom he 120ç
sueded in 805 as tenth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. He was
mild and good, but had become dumb in 804. In less than a
3o
466 A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'g
year he abdieated in favour of his son. He was skilled in writing
the li eharaeter, in whieh he eopied out his father's presençation
poems. Canonised as [
12{7 Li Tn . A.D. 662716. Younger brother of Li Hsien,
whom he succeeded in 710 as fifth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty.
He had been set up by the Empress Wu Hou as titular sovereigu
in 684, and in 690 she named him ber heir. He abdicated in 712
in fvour of his third son Li Lung-chi, who had managed the
conspiracy Shot overhrew Wu Hou. Canouised as
12{*S Li Tao (T. ). A.D. 1115--1184. A native of
Tan-ling in Ssfich'uan, who rose fo be a Vice President of
the Board of Rites. Famous as a scholar and author, he wrote a
coutinuation in 520 books of Ssfi-ma Kuaug's Mîrror of Itistory,
treatises on the Canon of Changes and the Spring ad Autumn
Amls a work on rhythm, and humerons essays. Canonised as
109 Li T'ê (T. ). Di¢d bD. 303. The son of a Tibetan
chieftain in western Ssfich'uan, who joined the Emperor Wu Ti
ot the Wei dynasty. He held office as a Magistrate in his you,
but took advaatage of the misgovernment of the Empress
Chia o enter on a career of robbery. In 300 his band sacked
Ch'êug-tu, and two years luter he took the title of Viceroy and
adopted a new reign-title; but in 303 he was defeated by the
Imperial and local foces, and put fo death. Canonised by Li
Hsiung as Ching Ti, first sovereign of the Ch'êng dyuty
of Ssfichuan.
1210 Li Tê-lin (T. ). A.D. 530--590. A distinuished
scholar and statesman, whom Wei Shou declared fo be a worthy
successor of Wên Tzfi-shêng. Prodigiously clever, he was entrusted
with the preparation of the History of the Northern Ch'i Dynasty,
a work completed by his sou, Li Po-yo. When the Northern Chou
A Ctdnese Biographical Dictionary
dynasty replaced the Ch'i, he was specially invite(1 fo Ch'ang-an
and employed in drafting State papers. He threw in his lot with
the founder of the Sui dynasty, but his strong protest against the
slaughr of the members of the former reigning House (see Yang
Chien) interfered with his promotion. In 581 he drew up the
revised legal code; in 589 he was degraded fo a Magistracy. Most
of his writings were lost in the troubles that ushered in the T'ang
dynty. Cauonised as .
Li Chi-fu, who was a Minister of State under the Emperor
Hsien Ti of the T'ang dynasty. The father had for opponents Niu
Sëng-ju and Li Tsung-min, and at his death their enmity was
tmnsferred the son; hence the expression the rival
parti of Li and Niu. Li Tê-y's career was a chequered one. Af
one rime he was filling a confidential position near the Throne;
af another ho was banished fo some unimportant provincial post.
He served under six Emperors, and did his best fo keep in check
the wful extravagance and silly superstition of such a monarch
Ching Tsung. When Governor of the modern Ch'êng-tu in
Ssfich'uan, he built the famous look-out from which any movemen
on the part of the southern wild tribes on the one hand, and of
the Tugan on the other, would be af once detected. Meanwhile
he had a priva residence af P'ing-ch'iian, which was
filed with rarities; for instance, there waa stone which eossessed
the mmarkable property of making a drunken man sober. Among
other sries told of him is one that he used fo drink a peculiar
kind of soup, in which pearls, precious stones, jade, red sulphuret
of arsenic, and cinnabar, were cooked all together. A bowl of this
w said fo cost thirty thousand cas£. After rising fo be President
of the Board of War, he was impeached in 847 by a member ot
his own party and banished fo Yai-chou in Kuangtung, where he
468 A Clinese Biograpldcal Dictionary
died. He was a fine scholar, and an untiring opponent of eunuch
influence.
1212 Li T'iao-yiian ê] (T. . H. ). A native
of Mien-chou in Ssfich'uan, who graduated as clin shil in
1763 and was disnguished as a poet and a bibliophile. He selected
of Korea, and edited the eucyclopoedia, which is chiefly
an expansion of the work of Yaug Shên.
1213 Li T'iohlkuai . One of the Eight Immoala of Taoism,
represented as a beggar leaning on an iron staff, for the following
reason. Summoned by Lao Tzfi fo a conference on high, his
an5na mounfed fo heaven, leaving the body, with the umbra still
present, in the charge of a disciple. The latter, however, w
called away fo his mother's deathbed, and when the anbna returned,
the umbra had passed as usual into the earth and dissolution h
set in. The aima therefore took refuge in the body of a lame
beggar who hd just expirgd, that is, whose anima had just gone
up fo heaven, but whose umbra had hot yet gone down fo emh.
1214 Li T'ion oe. A man of the Suug dynasty, who fired a
cracker af a dangerous demon, named Shan Sao, and put
him fo flight. From this is said fo date the custom of cracker-
firing in China.
121D Li T'ie,-fu (T. . H. ). A.D. 1634-
1699. A native of Hd-fei in Auhui, of precocious talent, who
graduated as chin shih in 1657 and devoted himself fo study in
the Han-]iu College. Aher being President of several Bords, he
was chosen af the end of 1692 fo be a Grand Secretary, but w
obliged immediately fo go into mourniug for his mother. However
the Emperor K'aug Hsi thought so highly of him that he kept his
office open for him during his three years' retiremet. Author of a
collections of poems and essays entifled .
A C.hinese Biog'aphical Dictionat'y 469
Li T'ing . A.D. 711--762. Son of Li Lung-chi, whom 1216
he succeeded in 756 as seventh Emperor of the T'ang .dynasty.
He was entirely in the hands of the eunuch Li Fu-kuo and of the
Empress; however Li Pi, Kuo Tzfi-i, Li Kuang-pi, and others,
enabled him fo make head against the rebels An Lu-shau and his
son, and against Shih Ssti-ming, although the last named was in
full career of conquest when slai,1 by his eldest son in 761.
Canonised as
Li T'ing-i j . Died A.D. 1732. Son of Li Tu-no. lle 1217
graduated as «hin s]i]« in 1700, and was employed in the College
of Inscriptions. From 1723 fo 1732 he was Prcsident. of the
Board of Punishments and introduced many measures, notably the
institution of trainbands, 50 men in each District; also the separation
of men and women, and of serious and petty criminals, in all
prisons. Canonised as j.
Li Ts'ui . Died A.D. 197. One of the oiticials who servcd 121
under Tuug Cho and took part in the stirring incidents of his
later days. On the death of his leader he himself marched upon
('h'ang-an, seized the persou of the Emperor, and handed over
the city fo tire and the sword. The Emperor managed to escape
(see C]tg Yu); a powerful expedition was sent against Li Ts'ui,
and he was put fo death with all his family for three generations.
Li Ts'ui :. A.D. 843-873. Eldest son of Li Shën, whom 1219
he succeeded in 859 as seventeenth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty.
He owed his throne fo the eunuchs, whose influence was greater
than ever. Haughty, extravagant, licentious, he is held fo bave
rendered inevitable the fall of the dynasty. Two rebellions occurred
during his reign fo mark the growing discontent. Canonised as
925. Son of Li K'o-yung, whom he aided in suppressing the
470 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
rebellion of Huang Ch'no, and second ruler of the Chin Skate.
After the fall of the T'aug dynasty he overthrew the Later Liang
dynasty, and in 923 set himself up as first Emperor of the Later
T'aug dynasty, with his capital af Lo-yang. A brave leader, if was
said of him by Chu Wêu as he broke through a double entrenchment
of the Liangs, "With a sou like this one, K'o-yung does not die!"
But he soon gave himself up fo sensuality, and was assassinated
by au actor upon whom he had conferred a high post. During
his reign, modern Shensi and Sstich'uau were added fo his territory;
ou the other hand, the Kitan chief who had proclaimed himself
Emperor in 907, obtained possession of a great part of Shensi and
Chihli. Cauonised as
---Iv"
Li Tsung. See (3hao
1221 Li Tsung-min
t] (T. ] ). Died A.D. 806. A
political colleague of Niu Sêng-ju, and biffer opponent of Li
Chi-lu and his more famous son Li Tê-yii. After a career of
alternate failure and success, he was bauished fo Liu-chou in
Kuangsi where he died.
1222 Li Ts'ung-hou î 1-. Died A.D. 934. Son of Li Ssi-yiiau,
ad third Emperor of the Later T'ang dynasty, fo the thmne of
which he had just succeeded when he was assassinated by his
adopted son, Li Ts'ung-k'o. Canonised as
1223 Li Ts'ung-k'o ë !t-J. A.D. 892--936. Adopted sou of Li
Ts'ung-hou, whom he assassinated and succeeded in 934 as fourth
Emperor of the Later T'ang dyuasty. Beiug besiege d in his capital
by a Tartar army under the direction of Shih Ching-t'ang, he set
" tire fo his palace and perished in the flames together with all his
family and treasures. Canonised as
122 Li Tu-no J ' (T. . ). A.D. 1627-- 1703. A famous
calligraphist, employed for many years in the College of Inscriptions.
He was also one of the tutors of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, and
A Chiwse Biogaphical Dictionary 4
rose o be Vice Presiden of he Board of Punishmens Canonisd
as , and induded in h Tmpl of Woçhis.
LiT'g t (T. . . ç). h.D. 1093-1163. 1225
A native of Yen-p'ing in Fuhkien; hence his sobriquet as above.
e sudied under Lo Ts'ung-yen, buç had no çase for official lire
and accordingly ook no degree. He lived in a coage in the
country and gradually surrounded himself wih disciples, among
whom was Chu Hsi, who subsequenfly collected and published his
oral explanafions of difficul or doubihl points in çhe Canon.
Canonised as , in 1617 his table was placed in he Conthcian
Temple.
Li Tz-ch'êng . A.D. 1606-1645. A native of the 1226
Mi-chih District in Shensi, who succeeded his father
village headman belote he was weny years old. The famine
of 1627 brough him ino rouble over he laud-ax, and in 1629
he urned brigand, joining the great Shansi leader
Wang Tzfi-yung, and calling himself General Ch'uang. In
1636 Wang Tzfi-yung was captured, and Li was dubbed Prince
Ch'uang by his comrades; bu he was soon compelled o flee o
Ssfich'uan where he improved his neglected educafion. In 1640 he
headed a small gang of desperadoes, and overrunning pars of upeh
and Honan was soon in command of a large army, wifl Chaug
Hsien-chung as an ally. He had been joined by a female bandit,
formerly a couresan, who advised him o avoid slaughter and fo
try o win he hears of the people. This was probably connecçed
with ihe recent prophecy ha fl (= ) was o geç he
throne. Iu 1642 he capured K'ai-fêng Fu afer a four-monhs'
siege, forced the T'ung pass and subjugaçed Shensi. In 1644
he proclaim«d himself first Emp«ror of the 1 Great Shun
dynasy, with Yung h'ang as his year-fifle, and advanced
in wo columns on Peking. He forced he Nan-k'ou pass,
4.72 A Chinese Biog.aph ical Dictiona'y
and four days later a gare in the southern city was opened fo
him and the last Eruperor of the Mings hanged hiruself on the
Wan-sui hill. The city was given up fo pillage, though
Li buried both Emperor and Erupress with Imperial honours. The
approach of Wu San-kuei forced him fo take the field, and now
for the first rime he was badly beaten and Peking was again
besieged. Li retreated westwards and after two vain atterupts fo
check the pursuers his arruy began fo ruelt away. Driven south,
he held Wu-ch'aug for a rime, but ultimately he fled down the
Yang-tsze and was slain by local ruilitia in Hupeh. Li was a born
soldier. Even hostile historians adroit that his arruy was wonderfully
well disciplined, and that he put a stop fo the hideous atrocities
which had ruade his naine a terror fo the erupire just so soon as
he round that he could accoruplish his ends by ruilder rueasures.
His nature is described as calm and cold; his ruanner of lire as
frugal and absteruious.
1227 Li Tzï-shêng . :; -i'- Died A.D. 1487. An official clerk of
Nau-ch'ang in Kiangsi, who having been struck off the selection
list for bribery, studied necroruancy, and by bribing the eunuchs
managed fo get his magic forruuloe laid belote the Emperor Hsien
Tsung in 1479. He was af once taken into favour and allowed
fo send in secret Memorials. His oracular statemeuts were received
with the utmost respect. He coutrolled all oflàcial appointruents,
even the Ministers being forced fo truckle fo him. On the accession
of Hsiao Tsung the Court was purged of priests and favourites; Li
was banished fo Shensi, and after being sentenced fo death was
reprieved and died in prison.
1228 Li Yang-ping Jî J (T. - ). 8th cent. A.D. A relative
of the poet Li T'ai-po, celebrated for his labours on the Sluo
Wên, in which he ruade ruany changes and additions, tic was an
authority on the ancient style of writing and is the author of the
A Chinese Biogt'«phic«l Dictiota'y 473
:, a short treatise on the formation of the Seal character.
When Magistrate of Chin-yiin in Chehkiang in A.D. 763,
he is said fo bave obtained tain by threatening the City God with
the destructiou of his temple unless his prayers were auswered
within three days.
Li Yen . . A.D. 814-846. Fifth son of Li Hêng, and |229
brother of Li Han, whom he succeeded, after slaying another
brother, in 840 as fifteenth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. His
short reign was marked by the enforcemeut of a more extended
control over several of the provincial Governors. Canonised as ]
Li Yen . A.D. 862--888. Fifth son of Li Ts'ui, whom 1230
he succeeded in 873 as eighteenth Emperor of the T'ang dyasty.
A mere boy, he left the government fo his eunuch favourite T'ien
Ling-tzfi and devoted himself fo sport and amusement and also to
music and mathematics. The offlcials and eunuchs struggled for
power, and the people were neglected; so that in 874 a rebel
appeared in Shantung and was joiued the following year by Huant
Ch'ao, who was soon af the head of a vast force. In 880 Huang
entered Ch'ang-an and assumed the Imperial title, the Emperor
fleeing fo ttsing-yiian in Shensi, and in 881 fo Ssich'uan. Li K'o-
yung and others rallied to the aid of the sovereign, and by means
of .Tartar mercenaries the rebellion was suppressed in 884. In 885,
on the approach of Li K'o-yung to the capital, he was forcibly
carried off by T'ien to [[sing-yfian, from which he returned in 887
fo Fêng-hsiang, the capital having been utterly ruined in the wars.
In 879 _ Nan-chao in modern Yfinnan formally renounced
ifs allegiance fo China. Cauonised as - -
ri :-i . z. , Cent. S.C. A ,«e of q th 11
Chung-shan in Chihli. He was one of a family of actors, and for
some crime or other had suffered mutilation. His sister, knowu as
474 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Li Fu-jen, was the favourite concubine of the Emperor Wu Ti of
the Han dynasty; and he himself, in consequence of his poetical
and musical talents, became the close companion of his Majesty.
After the death of his sister he fell into disfavour, and ultimately
perished by the hand of the executioner.
1232 Li Yen-shou . - (T. ). 7eh cent. A.D. A native
of l Hsiang-chou in Honan, who rose under the Emperor T'ai
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty to be Archivist in the Censorate, and
was attached to the ttistoriographer's office, l-le completed from his
father's notes the Northern Anals, A.D. 386--618, and
the Soutler Amls, A.D. 420--589.
1233 L1 Ying (T. î ). Died A.D. 169. A native of Ying-
ch'uan in Anhui, who graduated as ltsiao lien and entered the public
service. In A.D. 156 he was appointed by the Emperor Huan Ti
fo operate agaiust the Kitan Tartars who were raiding the frontier,
and his appearance on the scene created such consternation in the
Tartar ranks that they sent back all the me and women who had
been carried away as captives. For these services he was advanced
fo high office, and for a long rime exercised great influence. When
appointed in 159 fo be Governor of Honan, J Chang Shuo,
brother fo the eunuch Chang Jang, then Magistrate af
Yeh-wang, was so alarmed that he ed to the capital and hid
himself in a pillar in his brother's house. But Li Ying, who had
discovered his iniquities, tracked him to his hiding-place, dragged
him forth, and after due trial caused him fo be executed. This bold
act frightened the eunuchs into good behaviour for a long rime.
At the death of the Emperor in 167, Ch'ên Fan and'Tou Wu
took the lead in the administration; and when they fell ictims
fo euuuch intrigues, Li Ying fell with them. l-le was thrown
into prison and beaten to death. Personally he was a man of
very abrupt manner. He had in consequence few friends; and those
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictioa»'y 475
who sought him out were said fo "go fo the Dragon's door." See
K'ung Jung.
Li Yo (T. [*). 12th cent. A.D. A pupil of Chu 1234
Hsi and Lii Tsu-ch'ien, who graduated as chin shih in 1172 and
entered upon a public career. Together with Chu Hsi and his
school he suffered persecution, and for a rime lived with the Master
in retirement. He was ultimately promoted fo high office af the
capital, and succeeded in securing the adoption of Chu Hsi's
classical commentaries af the public examinations. Canonised as
Li Yii (originally named , ). A.». 727--779. The second 1235
son of Li T'ing, whom he succeeded in 762 as eighth Emperor or
the T*ang dynasty. He owed his throne fo Li Fu-kuo, who slew
the Empress Dowager and ber son and was himself assassinated a
few months later. The death of the son of Shih Ssîi-ming in 763
ended the rebellion, but there were several serious Turfan and
Tibetan incursions .during the reign. The Emperor, who was until
770 under the sway of the eunuch , Yfi Ch'ao-ên, the
opponent of Kuo Tztt-i, was weak enough fo let his provincial
Governors assume practical independence. In 773 two of them
rebelled, and af the close of the reign Li Hsi-lieh also raised the
standard of revoit. The country however prospered, and the annual
revenue increased until if reached twelve million strings of
more than half being derived from the sait-fax. Buddhism was
patronised, and in 768 there were a thousand priests and nuns in
the palace, which was governed entirely by eunuchs. Canonised as
Li Yïl (T. :î; orinally ). Died A.D. 978. 1236
Sixth son of Li Ching, whom he succeeded in 961 as third sovereign
of the Southern T'ang State. He proved himself a loyal vassal,
and was created Prince of Wu (modern Kiangsn) and raised fo
476 A C]inese Biogrrphical Dictiomry
the highest honours by the first Emperor of the Sung dynasty.
Seeing however that the various States were all gradnally annexed,
he took fright, and changed the naine of his State fo Kiangnan.
But this conciliatory measure did hot save him. I,_ 975 the great
commander Ts'ao Pin was sent fo chastise him, and ultimately
captured his capital and took him prisoner without striking a blow.
Meanwhile, he had dispatched his trusted Minister Hs(i Hsiian o
explain away his conduct fo the Emperor. "He really regards your
Majcsty as a father," urged Hsii Hsiian; "your Majesty may well
leave him in peace." "Sons," replied the Emperor, "do not separate
from their fathers; and do you think I shall allow another man
fo snore alongside my bed?" In the end Li was pardoned and
recei ved the title of the Fate-resisting Marquis. He was
a simple-minded man, a cultivated scholar, painter, and musician,
and a devout Buddhist. See Li C£ia-ming.
1237 Li Yfl , (T. :. ). A.D. 1625--1684. Son of a Grand
Secretary under the Mings. Left an orphan af the age of seven
he devoted himself fo study, and after taking his c£in shih degree
in 1646 he rose fo be Grand Secretary in 1657. In 1659 he was
employed on the Istitutes, and subsequently on the History of
the ling. Dyzesty and other works. He enjoyed the confidence of
the Regents during the minority of K'ang Hsi, and during the
rebellion of the Feudatories that Emperor was wont fo deliver fo
him orally all Imperial Decrees. Canonised as J.
123$ Li rïl-mei (T. j). Died 1840. A native of
"i ttun-yiian in Shansi, who rose fo be Director General of
the Yellow River, fo which post he was appointed in 1835. He
introduced the use of brick in the embankments as cheaper and
more effectual than broken stone and reeds, and owing fo his care
and skill there was no breach during his terre of office. His spirit,
which is worshipped on the banks of the Yellow River, is looked
A Cbinese Biographical Diclio»,ary 477
upon as one of the guardians of the river banks, and is alluded
Li Ytian î{ (T. ). A.D. 565-635. The founder of 12:9
the T'ang dynasty, descended from a Prince of the Western Liant
State. His grandfather was ennobled as Duke under the Western
Wei dynasty, and his father obtained the saine title from the
Northern Chou. He was a native of ç'h'êng-chi in Shansi, and was
Commandant af T'ai-yian in 616 when through the counsel of
his second son, Li Shih-min, he rose against the Sui dynasty.
Pretending alliance with Li Mi he advanced eastward, and after
taking Ch'ang-an set up the puppet known in history as Kung
Ti, who abdicated in his favour in 618. The exertions of Li Shih-
rein cleared away the numerous rival pretenders fo the empire,
while Li Yian improved the government and reIbrmed taxation
and coinage. In 626 he abdicated in favour of Li Shih-min. He is
said fo have won his wiI, the beautiful daughter of Tou I, by
shooting a match for ber, the target beiug painted fo resemble a
peacock, both eyes of which were put out by Li Yian's arrows.
Canonised as ll - = Pî, with the temple name of l.
See Wei C]êg.
Li Yïtan-ming î ]. 6th cent. A.D. A famous Magistrate 120
of Shan-yin in Chehkiang. Af the expiration of his most successful
terre of office, the incoming Magistrate asked for a few hints. "Eat
only one pint of rice a day," replied Li Y/ian-ming, "and drink
!:10 wille. '
,i aan-tu ; (T. ). A.D. 1821-lSS. A native 1241
of P'ing-chiang in Hunan. Graduated as c£ flt in 1843. In 1860
he raised a body of 3,000 volunteers against the T'ai-p'ing rebels,
and rose fo be Judge ibr the province of Fuhkien; but in November
of the saine year he was cashiered for his ill-success. Tsêng Kuo-
fart and others memorialised in his favour, and in 1865 he was
578 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
appointed Judge for Yiinnan. In 1866 he published the
statesmen and men of letters of the present dynasty; and in 1878
a collection of his miscellaneous writings, entitled î [1]
,. In 1885 he was appointed Judge for Kueichou, and
Treasurer for the saine province in 1887.
1242 LiYung (T. . H. ). A.D. 678--747. A
native of Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who af an early age displayed an
astounding knowledge of books and great literary capacity. Entering
the public service, he rapidly rose fo high office. But he was always
getting into trouble, and was frequently dismissed fo provincial
posts. In 713, through the schemes of a hostile clique, he was
actually condemned fo death for corrupt practices a punishment
which was commuted fo temporary banishment. e rose once more
nd beeame Go,ernor of Po-bai, by whieh naine ho is
otten ealled; bu he erossed he pah of Lhe grea Li Lin-lu, and
was hrown ino prison and pu o deah. He ruade large sums of
money by wriing inscriptions, epiaph, ee., his syle being ery
highly eseemed.
1243 Liang Chi (T. fi*). Died A.D. 159. Son of an
official whoso sister and daughter had been taken into the seraglio
of the Emperor Shun Ti, the daughter being shortly afterwards
raised fo the tank of Empress. In youth he was said fo bave
shoulders like a kite and eyes like a jackal, to have been fond of
wine, gaming, football, hawking, horse-racing, and cock-fighng.
Through his sister's influence he rose by 141 fo be Commander-in-
chieL When the Emperor died in 144, the Heir Apparent w a
baby, and Liang Chi was asked fo become joint Regent. This he
refused fo do; but when in 145 the child died, he aided in placing
the Emperor Chih Ti upon the throne. The latter was a mere boy;
however he was very sharp, and on one occasion spoke of Liang
A Chine.e Biographical Dictionarg 479
Chi before all the courtiers as "that rowdy General." For this,
Liang Chi round means fo compass his death by poison, and
forthwith set up the Emperor Huan Ti. His arrogance and despotic
behaviour now became unbearable. He did not hasten fo audience.
tte walked into the Emperor's presence girt with his sword and
with his shoes on. He caused the Magistrate of Lo-yang fo be
thrown into prison and beaten fo death. But he went too fr in
the case of an Imperial concubine whom he wished fo appropriate
as his daughter by means of a double murder; and with the
Emperor's connivance he was surrounded in his bouse by an armed
party. When however the doors were opened, he and his wife were
fond fo bave already taken their own lires.
Liang Itao x: (T. ). A.D. 913--1004. A native of 124t
Hsfi-ch'êng in Shantuug, who graduated as chi shih in
981, when he was seventy-two years old, after a long lire of
repeated failures, ttis success however was somewhat damped by
the fact that all his «outemporaries had long since disappeared,
leaving only sons and gran.dsons fo welcome him home. He was
appointed fo various posts, and even suffered a terre of banishment.
Ultimately however he succeeded in gaining the entire confidence
of the Emieror Chên Tsung, who employed him on difficult and
delicate matters and loaded him with honours fbr the results which
he achieved. He was a handsome and powerful man, somewhat too
mach of a Lothario in his youth, but always loyal fo his friends.
The San Tzï Ching makes him graduate af the age of 82.
Liang ttsi-yii (T. î ). 18th cent. A.D. A native 125
of Shansi, who was a colleague of Wu Ting and was also a
distinguished wrter on classical literature.
Liang ttua-fêng ) (T. 1 ). Died A.D. 1671. After 1246
quelling a serious revolt in Shansi he was transrred as Colonel
fo Niugpo, where by conncting the islet of " P'in-
40 A C]dncse Biograp],ic«l Dictionary
yang-sha with the mainland, he dcprived çhe pirates of a favourite
hauu. In 1658 he repelled an açack by Koxinga, and in çhe
following year uççerly rouçed his expediçion up çhe Yang-tsze aç
Chiang-ning in Kiangsu. Canonised as .
1217 Liang H,ng ] (T. { ). 1st cent. A.D. A native of
P'ing-ling in Shensi, and a poor scholar of the Later Han dynasty
who supported himself by keeping pigs. Having accidentally set tire
fo a neighbour's bouse he ai once came forward as the delinquent,
and handed over his pigs in part payment for the damage donc,
working hard until the balance was also paid off. This made his
naine for him, and many well-to-do persons wished fo have such
a model man for a son-in-law. He refused all these offers; but
when he round a lady who as fat and ugly and sallow, and who
had remained unmarried until the age of thirty because she wanted
% husband like Liang Hung," he ai once took her as his wife.
This lady possessed great strength, and could lift a heavy stone
mortar for pounding rice. She and Liang Hung passed their days
in tilliug and spinning, and their evenings in reciting poetry and
playing on the lute. Ai meals she waited upon him; and hot
venturing fo let ber eyes rest too familiarly upon him, she used
carry in his rice-bowl on a level with her eyebrows. After a rime
he set out fo travel, and while passing through the capital composed
a poem named , which so enrage(1 the Emperor Su
Tsung, A.D. 76--89, that orders were ven to arrest him. Changing
his naine fo Yfin-ch'i Yao (T. ) he fled with
his wife fo Shantung, and there round a refuge in the bouse of
a wealthy man where he died.
1248 Liang Kuo-chih ? (T. . . and
). A.D. 1723--1787. A native of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, who
graduated as first c]d shi£ in 1748 and served with distinction
in the provinces until in 1773 he was clled fo the Grand Council.
A Chinese Biog»'«phic,l Dictiotta»'g 481
From this rime he was one of the counsellors of the Emperor
Ch'leu Lung, and in 1785 became a Grand Secretary. Author of
a collection of essays entifled , . Canonised as
Liang Shih-ch6n (T. tç. H. ). A.D. 1249
1707-1763. A disinguished official of the reign of Ch'ieu Lung,
who was chiefly employed in examination work. In 17ô2 he drew
up, by Imperial command, revised and enlarged account of the
Western Lake ai Hangchow. He became a Grand Secretary lu he
yr of his death. Canonised as . See Clag C£ao.
Liang Sung (T. ). Di«d A.D. 83. A disf.inguished 150
scholar of he Hau dynasy, who was a public eacher before he
was weny. He go ino rouble in consequence of he poliical
pasquiuades issued by his brocher Liang Suug, and was
banished. In Tri he was allowed o reurn o his home, where he
shu himsdf up wih his books, refusing many offers of ooEcial
poses. The Emperor Chang Ti ook wo of his daughers as
concubines, and he son of he younger was brough up by he
Empress Tou as ber own, i.e. as Heir Apparent. Upon his, he
Liang family iudulged heir ongues raher foo freely; and heir
words comiug o he ears of he Empress, she began o fear for
herself. She herefore pu o deah he wo daughers of Liang
Sung, causing himself and family o be arresed on a charge of
reason and hrown ino prison where he died. The mater was
kep quine, secre unil he deah of he Empress in 7, when i
was brough o he knowledge of he Emperor Ho Ti, who canonised
him as . He was he auhor of he , a work of
whieh Plu Ku said, "Confudus completed the Sprbg ad Autumn,
and rebellious Miuisters and bad sons were afraid. Liang Suug
wrote the Chai Hs5 and usurpem of right and idle consumers
were put o shame."
482 A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictiona»'y .
1251 Lioh rïl-k'ou ] . Commonly known as ] Lieh
Tzfi. An allegorical personage created by Chuang Tzfi for purposes
of illustration. The scholars of the Han dynasty mistook Chuang
Tzfi's creation for a real philosopher of the 4th cent. B.C., and
some one of them even went so far as fo produce an abstruse work
which is still attributed fo him by enthusiasts. His naine does hot
occur among the biographical notices given by the historian Ssfi-ma
Ch'leu, who wrote as early as B.C. 100 and who paid special
attention fo illustrions men of preceding ages; while Chuang Tzo
says "be could ride upon the wind and travel whithersoever ho
wished, staying away as long as fifteen days."
1252 LionFart (T. ). 1st cent. A.D. A Go,ernor of
Shu, the modern Ssfich'uan, under the Hau dynasty. Ho removed
the restrictions upon the use of tire or lights af night, and the
grateful people declared through the medium of a popular song
that whereas previously if had been difficult fo get coats fo their
backs, they had now rive pairs of trousers apiece.
1253 Lion Hsi-hsion (T. ). A.D. 1234-1280. A
native of Outer Kansuh. Ho was a fine handsome youth, and when
only eighteen attracted the attention of Kublai Khan who for his
constant study of the Classics and history nicknamed him "Mencius."
On the death of Mangu in 1259 ho urged Kublai fo take the
throne, and that monarch appointed him Governor of Shensi and
Ssfich'uan, a post which ho filled with extraordinary success. Af
the age of twenty-nine ho became a Minister of State and introduoed
many reforms. Ho mourned for his parents in the ancient orthodox
manner, passing three whole days without tasting food or drink,
and reducing himself fo such a state of weakness that ho vomited
blood. Ho checked the growing power of the eunuchs, defended
Shih T'ien-tsê from a charge of engrossing power, and reproved
the Emperor with fearless courage. He stopped a proposal fo make
A Chi»ese Bio.q»,«phical Dictioa»'y 3
pills of longevity, and uphehl Confucianism against Taoism. After
a period of retirement he became Governor of Peking, and towards
the end of his life he was sent fo Ching-chou in Hupeh. He
returned in ill-health with au empty purse, and only his lute
and his books as baggage; and in spire of the Imperial physicians,
he shortly afterwards died. He was described by Bayan as a Minister
among Ministers and a man among men. Canonised as
Lien P'o /.. 8rd cent. B.C. A general of the Chao State, 1254
and colleague of the famous Minister Lin Hsiang-ju. Because the
latter was ranked before him, he became jealous and showed his
displeasure openly. But Lin took no notice of this, declaring that
their joint efforts protected the Chao State from the wiles of the
powerful Ch'in State, and that the public welfare was of more
importance than private pique. And when he met Lien P'o's
carriage, he took care fo draw aside and allow him fo pass. as
though he were of superior rank. The result was that Lien P'o
grew ashamed of his couduct, and went fo Lin's house, carrying
a birch rod with him and asking for punishment. The two then
became fast friends. For his services against the armies of the
Ch'in State, in which he played the part of a Fabius, declining
fo give battle and remaining within his entrenchments, and also
for a great victory over the Yen State, Lien P'o was ennobled as
Prince; but later on he was set aside, an¢t fled in anger fo the
Wei State. Subsequently, when the Ch'ins attacked the Chao State,
an attempt was ruade fo recall him. He swallowed a peck of rice
and ten pounds of meat, and vaulted lightly upon his horse, fo
show the messenger that he was still fit for work; but. an enemy
bribed the latter fo report unfavourably, and he never again fought
for Chao. He took service later on with the Ch'u State, and
there died.
Lin-bai Wang. Sec Ch'ên Po-tsung.
484 A Chinese Biogr«pbical Dictiona»'y
1255 Lin l=Isi-ehung [ ftp. A native of ] Lien-p'u in
Fuhkien, who graduated as chin s£h in Che early part of the
17Ch cent. A.D. and soon won distinction as a profound though
somewhat heterodox scholar. His edition of Chuang Tza is a
monument of critical acumeu; and his a miscellaneous
collection of extracts from ancient writers, with exegetical nos,
is perhaps the best work of ifs kind. Ai the beginning of the
present dynasty he became mixed up in some seditious movement
for the restoration of the Mings, and is said fo have been carried
fo Peking and beheaded.
15« Lin Hsiang3u $ . 8rd cent. B.C. A native of the Chao
State, who rose fo he Miuister uuder Prince Hui Wên.
When the Priuce of Ch'in wished o obtain the famous jewel of
the Ho family (sec .Pieu Ho), then in- the possession of the Prince
of Chao, he offered o give fifteen cities in exchange for it.
Accordingly Lin was dispatched fo his Court with the jewel, in
order fo complete the transfer. 0n his arrival he had cause fo
suspect the good faith of his host; and secretly sent back the jewel
o his toaster, boldly remaining to brave the wrath of the Prince
of Ch'in. The latter then led an expedition against the Chao State,
and a meeting was arranged between the two Princes; but the
vigilance of Lin whom the Prince of Ch'in generously forgave,
saved bis toaster, who thereupon appointed him o be Prime Minister.
Sec Lien P'o.
1257 Lin Ling-su . llth and 12th cent. A.D. A nati,e of
Wênchow, who in early life was a candidate for the Buddhist
priesthood. He behaved badly fo his teachers, and finally gave up
Buddhism and became a Taoist priest. Noted for his skill in the
black art, he was brought in 1111 fo the notice of the Emperor
Hui Tsung who was then assembling professors of magic, and the
title of wm conferred upon him. This was
A Ciitese Biogt'piical Dictio»ta»'y 485
shortly afterwards changed into . ] î. Great freedom was
permitted fo him, and the Emperor seemed as if unable fo do him
too mach honour; the natural consequence being that he became
arrogant and was generally disliked. In 1119 the capital was
threateued by au inuadation, and Lin received orders fo check the
flow of the water. A¢companied by a troop of followers he proceeded
fo mount the city wall, but was driven away by a mob of workmen
armed with cudgels. The Emperor was very angry af this, though
he knew the cause; and later on, when Lin had insulted the Heir
Apparent by refusing fo yiehl the road fo his cortège, his Majesty
was compelled fo dismiss him from Court. The worship of
_Il î, one of the persous in the Taoist Trinity, was instituted
by him in 1116 under Imperial Edict.
Lin eu à (T. [-). A.D.? 965--1026. A native of 1258
Ch'ieu-t'ang in Chehkiang, who flourished as a poet under the
Sang dynasty. He retired from the world, and lived the lire of a
recluse on a hil[ near the Western Lake. There he amused himself
by owing plum-trees and keeping cranes; never marrying,
because, as he said, the former stood him in stead of a wife, the
latter of children. He threw away his poems as fast as they
were written, declaring that he did hot care for faine with his
contemporaries, still less with posterity. His friends however managed
fo preserve some 300 specimens. The Emperor Chên Tsung bestowed
upon him a pension, and when he died he was buried in a grave
he had prepared by the cottage where he had lived for so many
years, with a copy of his last poem placed in the coffin beside
,i.. C.on s ) .
: J). A.D. 1785--1850. A native of the " Hou-kua,
District in Fuhkien, who graduated as c£in shih in 1811 and
became a Censor. He rose through the usual provincial grades
486 A Clitese Biogt.ctphical Dictiota'g
until in 1837 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuaug. His stern repression
of the opium trac because i drained the country of money led
fo his appointment in 1838 as Imperial Commissioner fo Kuangtung,
the Government having finally decided o attemp
trade. In 1839 he became Viceroy of the Two Kuang, but was
recalled and disgraced on the declaration of war by Grea Britain
which followed upon his energetic though uujustifiable action in
seizing and desroying foreign-owned opium fo the value of some
feu million dollars. He nevertheless remained in the province until
the capture of the Bogu.e Forts by the British forces extinguished
the last hopes of successful resistance in ha quarter. He was then
transferred in a subordinate capacity o the province of Chehkiang,
being subsequently still further degraded and in 1843 sentenced fo
banishn]ent fo Ili. There he remained wo years, employed in the
reclamation of waste land af Kuchê, Aksu, Ush, Khoten, Kashgar,
and Yarkand. Af the end of 1845 he was appointed acing Viceroy
of Shensi and Kansuh, and put down much (lisaffecion which
prevailed in those provinces. In 1846 he was Governor of Shensi,
and in 1847 Viceroy of Yfinnan and Kueichou, two provinces
which had been disturbed for years past by feuds between the
Chiuese and Mahomedan inhabitants. His justice and mercy secured
peace in ha par of the empire, bu sickness compelled him fo
give up his post. Appointed o be acting Governor of Kuangsi
and Imperial Commissioner wi[h supreme command over the troops
operating against the T'ai-p'ing rebels, he died af Ch'ao-chou Fu
while on his way. A biffer euemy of foreigners and uncompromisingly
hostile fo he extension of commercial faciliies, he was a true
patrio actuated only by a desire for his counry's welfare. He even
went so far as fo indice a letter fo the Queen of England, appealing
o ber on grouuds of morali.y and justice o aid in putting a stop
fo the hated trade in opium. Cauonised as
A Chitese Biogt.««p]dcal Dictio»a'g 487
Lin of Yung, Prince î e!. Born A.D. 678. A son of 1260
the Emperor Hsfian Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, by a concubine.
Fie lost his mother in early youth, and was brought up with the
Emperor Su Tsung. Studious aud clever, he was extremely ill-
favoured and had a squint. On the revolt of An Lu-shau in 751
he was appointed Commissioner for the greater part of the empire
south of the Yang-tsze. He raised a vast army af lanking, but
his head was turned and he began fo harbour treasonable designs
on his own accourir. In 756 he broke into open rebellion. His
sistance however was of short duration. Overcome by the Imperialist
troops, he fled towards the Poyaug lake where he was soon captured
and slain. .
Ling of Chin, I)uke - ,. 6th cent. B.C. Notorious for haviug 1261
slain his cook because a dish of bear's-paws had hOt been properly
cooked.
Ling lên L. A famous soothsayer of antiquity, mentioned 1262
in the ,j Li Sao by Ch'ri Yiian.
r.i,g-hu T'o g $ (T. oe ). , cent. .D. ,'aduat,o
as chb shih, he entered the public service, and rose by 847 fo be
a Doctor in the Han-lin College. He used often fo be employed
late af night in the palace, advising his Majesty, who would send
him home in a sedan-chair, escorted by servants carrying torches
fixed in gilt handles carved fo resemble lotus-leaves. He was
ennobled as Duke, and after an honourable career died af the age
of seventy-eight.
Ling-hu Tê-fên )J . A.D. 583--666. A native of 126
Hua-yiian in Shensi, who rose fo high oftàce under the founder
of the T'ang dynasty. Af his suggestion the records of previous
dynasties were sought out and acquired, and he was specially
entrusted with the preparation of the History of the IVorthern Chou
Dytasty, A.D. 557-581. In 629 he was appointed fo revise the
488 A Chbese Biogt'«phical Diclionarg
History of tlte Wei Dyasty, A.D. 386--550; and on completing
the 'work he became Vice President of the Board of Rites, a post
he regained in 650 after a chequered career in the interval. He
was ultimately ennobled as Duke, and canonised as ,..
1265 Ling-hu Ts' )J . 4th cent. A.D. A graduate under the
Chin dynasty, who dreamt that he was standing on ice and talking
fo some one down below. This was interpreted fo mean that he
would be a good marriage go-between, in which capacity he was
afterwards employed. Hence the term J ) ice-mau --- go-between.
12{;{) Ling Lun . One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
and the reputed inventor of the art of music. He journeyed fo
the north of the K'un-lun mountains, west of Tocharia, and there
obtaiued certain bamboos. These he cut into twelve tubes of varying
lengths, and arranged a system under which each month corresponded
with one tube, so that the dates of the seasons could be determined
thereby.
Ling Ti. See Liu lung.
native of Anhui, who weut iuto trade af the age of twelve and
remained thus employed until he was twenty-two. Meanwhile he
had managed fo pick up some education, and had taught himself
how fo write poetry by a close study of the T'ang poets. In 1790
he took his degree and became Officer of Education in Anhui. ]=Ie
was the author of essays and biographies, and also of a work on
music; but he chiefly distiuguished himself by his writings on the
ethical value of ceremonial observances.
12{)8 Ling Wng :=.. Feudal suzerain of the Chou dynasty from
B.C. 571 fo 544. tte was said fo have been born with a beard.
1269 Lin A .| . Died B.C. 122. Grandson of the founder of the
Han dyîmsty, and Prince of Huai-nan. Commonly known as
_- Huai-nan Tz. Fond of books, his studies lay in the
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 48
direction of alchemistic research, ot which subject and also ou the
discovery of the elixir of life he published several treatises. A
collection of twenty-one essays still passes under his naine;-but
the work bas hOt yet beeu subjected fo critical examination by a
competent European scholar, and ifs genuineuess is consequently
doubtful. The Emperor Wu Ti hehl him in high .esteem, and in
A.D. 129 excused him from the ceremonies of vassalage; after
which he seems fo bave mixed himself up in some treasonable
conspiracy, with a view fo secure succession fo the throne. Wu
Ti sent a Commissioner fo punish him; but ere the latter couhl
arrive, Huai-nan Tzï had perished by his own hand. Tradition,
however, says that he positively discovered the elixir of immortality
and that after drinkiug of if he rose u æ fo heaven in broad
daylight. Also, that he dropped the vessel which had contained
this elixir into his courtyard, and that his dogs and poultry sipped
up the dregs, and immediately sailed up fo heaven after him!
1125. The sou of a high officlal ofthe Sung dynasty, who graduated
as cldn shih, and t;hen studied for some rime under Ssû-ma Kuang.
When the latter became Minister he gave Lin an appointmenl iu
he FIistoriography deparment; and af sti-ma Kuang's deah in
1086, Liu was promoted fo be Censor. He was persistent and
ouspoken in his remonsrances fo the Emperor Chê Tsung, being
urged on by his raother, who begged hira no fo be hindered from
doiug his duty by any consideration for herself. His behaviour in
he Imperial presence, when sweat rau down lhe baeks of the
courtiers for very fear, caused him to be likened fo a figer, a
phrase which had previously been used in refeenee fo his great
exemplar, 8sti-ma Kuang. As for himself, he declared that his
sole ambition was fo be regarded as "the perfect man of the loeriod
1086--1094." After a stormy and somewhat chequered eareer, he
490 A Chinese Biograpitic¢d Dictionc»'y
died in office af the ripe age of seventy-eight. Two years ater his
burial the Chiw Tartars broke open his grave, and round that a
lifelike expression still hovered around his features. They reverently
closed his coffin again and departed, saying, "Truly this was a
wouderful man ]"
12ïl Liu Ao 1] . B.C. 46--5. Son of Liu Shih, whom he succeeded
in B.C. 32 as tenth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He was grave
and digaified in manner, well versed in literature aucient ara!
modern, and ready fo listen fo the advice of his Ministers, but
over-fond of wine and womeu. Canouised as '.
1272 Liu Ch'an ]Ç (T. & ). A.D. 207--267. Son of the
imous Liu Pei by his wife the Lady Kan. As a child
he was called O-fou, in consequence o' a dream by hs
mother during pregnancy, in which she fancied that she swallowed
the constellation known as the Northern Bushel. In the memorable
rouf after the battle of Ch'aug-p'o, A.D. 208, when Lin
Pei fled belote the victorious troops of Ts'ao Ts'ao, O-fou was saved
from falling iuto the hands of the enemy by the devotion of the
trusty Chao Yn, who carried him safely kom the field of battle.
In A.D. 223 he succeeded fo the throue of his father, but proved
himself fo be a weak-kneed ruler, incapable of taking any sefious
part in the government, and given over fo sensual indulgence.
Aier the death of Chu-ko Liang, all power fell into the hands of
the palace eunuchs, and things went gradually from bad o worse
until the successive victofies of Têng Ai sealed the rate of he
kingdom. Wheu the victor was at his gars, Liu Ch'an arrayed
himself in bonds, and placing himoelf in his chariot beside an
empty coffin, pififully surrendered. Têng Ai loosed his bonds, burnt
the coffin, and sent him prisouer o Lo-yang, where he lived
quietly with the fitle of Duke until his death Known in histou
A Chinese Biographical l)iclionar!! 491
Lin (h'ang ] or Li Çhi-hsig . Son of Liu 123
Shêng, whom he succeeded in 958 as fourh and las ruler of he
Souhern Han Sae. He was oaly sixeen a his accession, and
fell a once ino the power of he eunuchs, who durig his faher's
reign had already begun o monopolise he governlnen. In 971
he armies of the House of Suug overr his kingdom; more flmn
a hundred euuuchs were executed and he himself was taken fo the
capital, where he received the title of oE the Pardoned
Marquis.
Liu Ch'ang-yu ] . Died A.D. 1885. A native of Hunan, 1274
who graduated as «hit shih in 1849. Rose to be Viceroy of Chihli
in 1863, and was appointed Special Commissioner with fhll powers
for the suppression of the Nien fei in tiret province and also in
Shantung and Honan. In 1875 he was appointed Viceroy of Yfinnan
and Kueichou. In 1881 he applied for leave fo retire, but was
oMered fo Peking.
Liu Chao ] . A.D. 80--106. Fourth son of Liu Ta, whom 12ï5
he succeeded in 89 as fourth Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.
His mother, who was a concubine, was put fo death by the
Empress Tou (see Liag Sud, g); and he himself was brought up
by the latter as if he had beeu ber owu child. His reign was
trouled throughout by incursions of the Hsiung-nu, due in a
great measure fo his disgraceful treatment of Tou Hsien and fo
the latter's disappearance from the arena in which he had already
ned so much renown. An embassy was sent however from
Pahia the Chinese Court, beafing tfibute in the form of lions
Liu Ch'ê ]. B.C. 156--87. So of Liu Ch'i, whom he 176
succeeded in 140 as sixth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He began
his reign as an enthusiastic patron of literature. In 136 copper
coins were cast, the forerunners of the present casl. In the saine
92 .4 Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
year the degree of ,2 _f Scholar in the Five Classics
was instituted; and in 134 followed the degree o hsiao
lien, which is equivaleut fo the modern ch jen. A proclamation
was issued, calling for men of genius fo present themselves af
Court; in response fo which the ramons Tung-faug So appeared
upon the scene. Li Kuang and Chaug Ch'ien carried the Imperial
arms into Central Asia, and the dreaded Hsiung-nu were for many
years held in check upon the noth-west frontier. In 130 the
wild tribes of Yfinnan were reduced fo subjection. In 121 Ssa-ma
Ch'ien reformed the calendar, and from this date accurate chronology
may be almost said fo begiu. Great attention was paid fo the
improvement of music; and the important religious sacrifices fo
Heaven and Earh, know as $ f"9 sha,,, were established.
Nowihsanding his enlighened policy, he Emperor was personally
an arden sudent of Taois myseries (see Li Shao-«ha,), and
patronised he humerons quacks who preended fo have discovered
he ransmuaion of meals and the elixir of life. His la,er years
were embiered by he loss of his eldes son, whom he had
wronghlly pu fo deah a he instigation of his favourie concubine,
the Ldy o L Co,ia , , with the temple
naine of
1277 Liu Ohên ] or Liu Pao (T. ). Died A.D.
126. A native of Ts'ai-yang in Honan. As a youth he
was fond of study, and rose fo high office under the Emperor An
of elegies and odes, and also of the , a dictionary of terres
with fanciful explanations. He was commonly known as ] .
native of the ] Yen District in Kiangsu, who once waudered
away with his fi-iend Yau Chao into the T'ien-
t'ai hills fo gather simples. Tere they fell in with two beautiful
A CTdnese Biog».nphical Dictiona»,g 493
girls, who gave them hemp-seed fo eat; and after a stay of what
appeared fo them about six months, théy returned home fo find
that seven generaions had passed away.
Lin Chêng ] (T. ). 2ud and 3rd cent. A.D. A 1279
native of Tung-p'ing in Shauung, who flourished as a poe and
miliary commander a he close of he Han dyny. He rose o
high ooEce under he grea Ts'ao Ts'ao, bu was put to deah for
dariug east his eye upou oue of his master's concubiues. Hence
he phrase ] ¢ : o be amorously incliued. Is
rauked as one of he Seveu Scholars of he ('bien-an period (see
Hsa Kaki).
Liu Ch'êng-chfin ] . Died A.D. 968. Second son of 12sO
Lin Miu, whom he succeeded in 955 as second ruler of he Norhern
Han Sae. He paid he penal@ of his faher's league wih he
Kin Tarars. The latter pracically conrolled he administration
all hrough his reign, and no seps could be aken wihou heir
sanction.
Lin Chi ] . llth cent. A.D. A scholar of Lhe Sung dynasy, 12Sl
fond of using srange phraseology, which was much reprobaed by
the grea Ou-yang Hsiu. When he laer was Grand Examiner,
oue of t.he candidaes sen in a doggerel tripler, as follows: --
The universe is in labour,
All things are produced,
And among tbem the Sage.
"This must be Liu Chi," cried Ou-yang, and ran a red-ink pen
through the composition, adding these two lines:
The undergraduate jokes,
The examiner ploughs.
Later ou, about the year 1060, Ou-yang was very much struck
by the essay of a certain candidate, and placed hhn first on the
494 A Chittese Biogt'aphical Dictionat'g
lisL When the names were read out, he round tha the first man
was Liu Chi, who had hanged his naine fo Liu Yfin. The
latter did no hold oce very long. Af his 'audmoher's deah he
retired iuto privae lire, and devoed himself o chmable ener-
prises, distribuiug alloments of laud among his poorer clansmen
and building buts for studens who came from a distance o sudy
uuder him. Auhor of he .
1282 Liu Chi ] (T. tri )" A.D. 1311--1375. A native of
Ch'ing-t'ien in Chehkiang, by the naine of which place
he is sometimes known, who 'aduated as c£in shih about 1330.
He was a studeut of the Classics and also of astrology, but
especially distinguished as a poet. He acted as secreary the
General in commaud against Fang Kuo-chên, and protested so
loudly against the latter's pardon that he himself was forced fo
retire. Throwing in his lo with the forces which ultimately drove
out the Mongols, he was admitted fo intimacy by Chu Yfian-chang
whom he aided in consolidatiug the power of the Mings, for which
service he was ennobled as Earl. Gradually however he lost the
confidence of the Emperor, who had hitherto always addressed him
as Teacher; and he was poisoued, with Imperial connivance,
by the new favourite, Hu Wei-yung, whose appoinment had filled
him with disgust. Canonised as .
12S3 LiR Chi ] (T. ). Died A.D. 1493. Grduating as
chin shi£ in 1448, he served in the Han-lin College and in 1465
edited the bio'aphical record of the Emperor Ying Tsung, rising
by 1475 o be a Grand Secretary. He and his colleagues, Wau
An and J]] Liu Yfi, did nohing fo check the vagaries or
Hsien Tsung; and hey were conempuously nieknamed
he Three Paper-and-Pase Minisers, from heir sicking
so closely o oce. He alone of he old Minisers reained oce
on he accession of Hsiao Tsuug iu 1488. His efforts o bribe he
.4 Chinese Biog».aphical Dictiona»'y 495
Censors with promotions having failed, he set fo work, aided by
a eunuch, fo persecute them. In 1492, hareng los the Emperor's
favour, he was ordered fo reire. is impassive endurance of
c «r.d im Che oSine« o 1 "Coo.oo ."
He proposed t]a only three atemps o obtain he c£i jen degree
should be allowed. Canonised as .
Lin Ch'i ] . Died B.C. 140. Sou of Lin Hêng, whom he
succeeded in B.C. 156 as fifh sovereign of he Han dymsy.
Throughou he reign he Hsiung-nu were consanly giving trouble,
making reaies of peace only o break them. In 152 an Imperial
Princess was sent as wife fo fleir Khan. Canouised as
Li Çhi-y ] $ . Died A.D. 991. Son of a daugher
of Lin Min, by a man named Ho, and adopted son of Lin
Ch'êng-chfin, who had also adoped and named as his successor
ano[her son of he saine lady by a former husband named
Hsieh. The rightful Heir Apparent, known as ] Liu
Chi-ên, was murdered afer a graud bauquet which he had just
given fo the grandees of he Court, and Liu Chi-yfian was raised
fo the throne. In 979 he submitted fo the House of Sung, and
received the title of
Lin Chien ] (T. ). A.D. 1434--1527. A pupil of 1286
Hsieh Hsfian, who graduated as chin s],i], in 1460 and rose in 1491
be President of the Board of Ries. In 1498 he succeeded Hsii
P'u as Prime Minister, and laboured fo check abuses and fo rouse
the Emperor fo a sense of his duty by dwelling on the military
weakness of the country. On the completion of the Institutes qf
the Ming Dynasty he became President of the Board of Civil Office;
and a last in 1504 the Emperor, freed from the superstitious
Dowagers, se abou reforming the administration. On his death-
bed he sovereign flmuked Liu and his colleagues Li
496 A Chinese Bio9'al»hical Dictm»mry
Tuug-yaug and ] Hsieh Ch'ien, charging them o rain up
his suoeessor fo govern well. The hree egents a once se abou
he reforms o which their lae mser hd assened; bu he young
Emperor Wu Tsung fell quickly under he sway of he eunueh
Lin Chiu who eneouraged him o ake his fill of pleasure, and
he egeus' remonrauees were lef unanswered unil a last he
Emperor promised o send he euuuehs o Nanking. This ineuion
was however revealed by Chiao Tai, he unworhy succsor
of Ma Wên-shêng, and by ers and entreaies he Emperor was
indueed o regain hem. They engrossed all power, and in 1507
published a lis of 53 raiors, headed by he ex-Regens Liu
Chien and Li Tung-yang. Two years la,er Liu Chien was cashiered,
and his propery confiseaed. His honours were resored on he
execuion of Liu Chiu in 1510. In 1522 he new Emperor Shih
Tsung sen fo ask afer his helh, comparing him wih 8sfi-ma
Kuang and Wên Yen-po. Canonisea as .
12S7 Liu Cih ] A.D. 133-168. Great grandson of Liu Ta.
He was placed on he throne by Liang Chi in 147 s enh
Emperor of he Easërn Han dynasy. he early par of his reign
was roubled by intrigue and conspiracy and several eminen
men were pu deah (sec Li Ku). loods, famine, and pestilence,
coupled wih fi'equen Tarar raids, vexed he las years of a reign
which was neiher happy nor prosperous. In 158 an embassy
from India reached he Chiuese CourL Canouised as
188 Lin çhih-y8n J . Died A.D. 948. A poor orphan, of
ribe of urkic arars who disinguished himself as a soldier
under he La,er 'ang and Chin dynasçies. When he Kiçans ook
Pieu-chou, he was Governor of Ho4ung (modern Shnsi); and he
immediaely colleeed n army, sud by hrassing heir rer ulimaely
forced hem rereaL Raised by his soldiers o he vacan hrone,
A Chinese Bio.q»'aphicrt! Dictionry
he changed his naine fo Sung, and in 947 proclaimed himself
firs Emperor of he Ler Hau dynasy. Before his deah he
finished a vie[orious campaign agaius[ he Kians (see Tu Chung-wei).
çanonis«d as . H« was succeed«d by his son Liu
h'ëng-yu, known in hisory as 1 ; bu he-laer urned
ou o be a sensualis and was assassïuaed in D50 by his own
ocers, hus bringing he dynasy o an'end.
Lin Chin ] . Died A.D. 1510. A native of Hsing- 12s9
p'ing in Sheusi, whose real surname was T'an. He ruade
himself a eunuch in early lire; and afer narrowly escaping the
puuishment of death for falsely borrowing the naine Lin, he
ingratiated himself with the Emperor Wu Tsuug of the Ming
dynasty, and rose fo be tlle virtual head of the governmeut. All
S documents were first submitted fo him, and he decided the
gravest maters without even reference fo the Emperor. He and
seven of his intimate colleagues were so much dreaded that they
were known as the Eight Tigers. Ai length a strong cabal was
formed against him (see Yang I-ch'ing), and he was ordered into
bauishment by the unwilling Emperor. The latter however proceeded
make a persoual search in Liu's bouse; and on discovering a
number of false seals and rallies, besides various articles of wearing-
apparel forbidden fo subjects, and the fau he coustautly used, which
was round o contain two sharp daggers, his Majesty caused him
o be executed forthwith.
Lin Chin-t'ang ] .A.D, 1849-1894. A purchase licentiate 1290
of Hunan, who joîned his uncle's camp in Kansuh in 1870 and
by 1880 had fought his way up to the post of Assistant Admiuistrar
of the New Dominion. Brave, adventurous, and of indomitable will,
he was a great favourite with Tso Tsung-t'ang, for whom he
crushed Yakoob Beg by his dhing advauce agains Urunli,
Turfan, Gucheu, Aksu, Ush, and Kashgar in 1876- 78. In Ocber
498 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
1881 he was appointed Imperial Envoy and Military Comptroller
of Kashgaria, and three years later became Governor of the New
Dominion and afterwards of Kansuh also. He retired" in mourning
in 1888, and died on his way fo Peking fo take up the command
of the forces in Korea. When appointed fo be Governor, he could
hardly read an ordinary lëtter; but by dint of application, in two
years' rime he could writ his own dispatches and memorials fairly
well. In 1878 he was ennobled as Baron and received the title of
baturu, and in 1890 he was ruade a Senior Guardian of the Heir
Apparent.
129! Lin Ch'iian-ehih 3l i-OE (T. , f],. H. ). A.D.
1738--1818. A native of Ch'ang-sha in Hunan. He graduated as
chi shih in 1760, and in 1804 was an Assistant Grand Secretary.
He was reduced fo be a Han-lin graduate for recommending the
son-in-law of his patron Chi Ytin; but six years later he had
regained his former position, and was a Grand Secretary from 1811
fo 1818, when he retired on half-pay. Canonised as *lï.
1292 Lin Chuang .-'1| . A.D. 29--76. Fourth son of Liu Hsiu,
whom. he succeeded in 25 as second Emperor of the Eastern Hau
dynasty. He was a promising boy, and af ten years of age was
well read in the St)ring a,d lutum, An,als. His reign was
especially remarkable for the introduction into China of the Buddhist
religion. In A.D. 61 the Emperor, in cousequence of a dream in
which a foreign god appeared fo him, sent a mission into India.
The mission, which consisted of eîghteen men, returned in 67,
accompauied by Kashiapmadanga, who translated the Sûtra of
Forty-two Sections and died af Lo-yang. Other warlike and
diplomatic missions were dispatched during the reign fo Turkestan,
with a view fo hold in check the troublesome Hsiung-nu (see
Ton Ku and Pari Ch'ao). Canonised as .,
1293 Liu Cluang - (T. , ). A distinguished literary man
A Chinee Bioff'«.phical Dictioa'!! 499
and official of the 6th cent. A.D., someimes confused wih Yfiau
Kuug he physiognomis, whose syle was , he phrase
, being wrongly applied o forune-çelling. He rose
to high oce under he firs Emperor of he Sui dynasy, and was
pronounced by Su Wei o be he only Kiaugnan man who was
a once a scholar and a man of business. He fell iuo disfavour
by opposug au illegal sentence of deah imposed for carelesness
in preparing he Emperor's medicine, bu was aferwards ruade
Governor of Jao-chou n Kangsi, where he died.
Lin Chun n] (T. t )" A.D. 466--479. Third sonof 1294
Liu Yfi. He succeeded Liu _ Yii in 477 as eighth and las
Emperor of he Sung dynasy. He was se up by Hsiao Tao-ch'êng,
who was obliged o quell a rising agains him headed by wo of
his co-Regents in 477. Hsiao deposed him in 479, and slayiug
Hm and all his relatives, founded he Ch'i dynasy. Canonised as
Liu Chan J . (T. OE ). A.D. 426-464. Third son of 1295
Lin I-lung, whom he succeeded in 453 as fourh Emperor of he
Lin Sung dynasy. Clever and brave, he was also haughy and
overbeafing and addiced o drink and pleasure. He wased vas
sums on building palaces, and placed grea power in he hands
of u,wrhy fa vouri«es. Ca.onsed as . See
Lin Itao.
Lin Chung-ying (T. ). Died A.D. 864. An 1296
ocial under he T'ang dynasy. He was he nephew of Liu Kung-
ch'an; and after his father's deah he showed fo he laer ail
the respec due o a parent, even dismouning from his horse
when he me him in he srees. In youh, his moher used o
keep him awake a nigh for purposes of sudy by ving him
pille marie of bear's-gall and genian. Graduaing as chin shih in
820, he rose o be a Censor and Governor of Honan. On his
500 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
retirement in 858, as President of the Board of Punishments, he
devoted himself fo copying out the Classics and dynastic histories,
a task which he accomplished without a single ill-written character.
1297 Liu 'u-ling .| î 5". B.C. 94--73. Youngest son of Lin Ch'ê,
whom he succeeded in B.C. 86 as seventh sovereign of the Han
dynasty. He was the son of the Lady Kou I, who instigated the
murder of the Heir Apparent and afterwards suffered death for ber
crime, and he was left by his father under the guardianship of
Ho Kuang atLd Chia Mi-ri. The wise statesmanship of the former
relieved the people from burdensome taxation and other grievances;
peace was ruade with the Hsiung-nu, and the country in general
129S Liu Hèng .| '1. Died B.C. 157. Son of Liu Paug by a concubine,
and younger brother of Liu Ying. He succeeded in B.C. 180 as
fourth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He had been ruade Prince
of Tai by his father, and during the reign of Lii Hou he lived
quietly in retirement. Af the death of the latter, ber family
attempted a coup d'dtat; but the Liu family were too strong for
them, and Liu Hêng was placed upon the throne. He ruled well
and wisely for over twenty years; and although his reign was
mich troubled by the growing power of the Hsiuug-nu, he left
the country in a fair state of prosperity. He built no palaces and
laid out no parks, in order that his subjects might hot be oppressed
by taxation. With his dying breath he asked that the people might
hot be forced fo observe the inconvenient ceremonies of national
mourning, but be allowed fo marry and give lu marriage as usual,
hot wasting too much energy on such au unworthy creature as
himself. He is one of the 24 examples of filial piety, having waited
on his sick mother for three years with exemplary patience and
without either leaving ber room or changing his clothes. Canonised
as _ î wih he temple naine of
A Chbese Biogral)idcal Dictio«»'y 501
Lin l:[Silhung .-J , ,. A chi je» of Kuaugtung, who was 1299
a second-class secretary in the Board o£ Punishments when he
was appoiuted Assistant fo Kuo Sung-tao on the first mission fo
England in 1876. A year later he was trausferred fo Germany,
and he returned fo China in 1879. Was degraded in 1881 for
denouncing Li Hung-chang.
Liu Hsia-hui. See Chan Huo.
Lin Hsiang .| [ (%-- a,d . ). B.C. 80-9. A 1300
descendant of Liu Pang, the founder of the Ha dynasty. Entering
the public service af an ear]y age, he brought himself fo the
otice of the Emperor Hsian a Ti by submitting some secret works
on magic, fo which art his Majesty was much devoted. The results,
however, hot proving successful, he was cast into prison, from which
he was released with a view fo the publication of the famous
commentary on the Sprbg and 2tut«m Aals by Ku-liang Ch'ih.
Restored fo office as a Supervising Censor, he rose uuder the
Emperor Yfian Ti fo be a Minister of State; but about B.C. 40
he fell a victim fo a political intrigue, and was cashiered. Upon
the accession of the Emperor Ch'ëng Ti in B.C. 32 he was once
more re-instated, and now changed his personal naine irrom
Kêng-shêng fo Hsiang, as above. As an author, he revised
and re-arranged the , a collection of historical episodes
of the feudal rimes under the Chou dynasty; he wrote the ,
. Biographies of Famous Women, the flrst work of ifs
kind; also the ) )- and -, treatises on government, and
some poetry; besides which he is credited, on insufficient grouuds,
with the îlJ ] .-, a collection of biographies o£ Taoist Immortals.
Among legends connected with his naine is one that as he was
absorbed af night in his studies, an old man in a yellow robe
entered, and said that he was the Essence of the First Principle,
and that he had been sent by God fo unfold fo Lin Hsiang the
502 A Chi»ese Bioff»'aphical Dictioa'y
mysteries of creaion, which he
lighç of his staff, which he blew into a flame like that of a torch.
1301 Lin sieh |J]). A.D. 181-234. Son of Liu Hung and
younger brother of Liu Pau, whom he succeeded in 190 as
Emperor of he Easern Hau dynasy. He was placed on
throue by Tung Cho, from whose domiuafiou he was freed by
statesman's ragic deah two years la,er. Hs reigu was overshadowed
by the formation of socle/les or "associations of friends," in con-
sequence of which many of the most notable meu of he day were
lhrowu into prison. Then followed he Yellow-Tm'ban rebellion, which
ultimately led io lhe downfall of he grea Han dynasty afer
au existence of 400 years, and to lhe partition of he empire ino
the Three Kingdoms. In 220 he resigned lhe throne h)Ts'ao P'ei,
then Prince of Wei, receiving the itle of Duke of Shan-yang
together wih a liberal allowance, and also being exempled om
prostration belote he new monarch and ri'oto he use of derogatory
forms of speech. In his style he lived
deah vs canonised as
of the Liang dynasty. Beng left an orphan ai an early age, he
was oo poor
years, hus gainiug an iusight in[o lhe sacred books of Buddhism.
These he is said o bave been he first to classify, and he is also
said o have been lhe real author of lhe famous Canon known as
critique upon literature in his hand, he planted himself
belote he chario of Shên Yo, and succeeded iu atracting his
attention; and in 502 he entered
some distinction. He was a great favourite wth he son of he
founder of the Liaug dynasty; but belote long he lhrew up his
career, and became a Buddhist priest under the religious designatiou
A Chi»tese Biog.t'aphical Dictionavy 503
of ,, Hui Ti, and soon afterwards died. He was a proliflc
writer of temple inscriptions, epitaphs on priests, etc. ec.
Liu sin ] . B.C. 23 -- A.D. 1. Grandson, by a concubine, 1303
of Liu Shih. He succeeded in B.C. 6 as elevenh sovereign of he
Han dynasty. He was a sudious youh, and free fom he vices
of his predecessor; bu he was sruck down by paralysis, and died
in he flowr of his youh. Cnonised as .
Liu Hsin oe] (T. ). ls cent. B.C. and A.D. Son of 1304
Liu Hsiang, and a precocious boy who early disinguished himself
by wide reading in all branches of lieraure, including magic and
he black ar. He worked wih his faher upon he restoraion of
he classical exts, especially he Canon of Cl, a,ges; and soon
ater he laer's deah he was recommended by Wang Maog fo
he Emperor Ai Ti, and received a high ocial pos. He was
anxious o esablish he position of certain works, such as he
commenary of Tso-ch'iu Ming, in reference o he Confucian
Canon; and his led o a proposition by he Emperor ha he
question should be argued ou wih he leading scholars a he
capital. The scholars refused fo mee Liu Hsin in his way; he
realiated by atacking hem, and bad blood was the resul, so
hat Liu Hsin was forced o apply for a provincial pos. Wang
Mang however proeced him, and afer he Emperor's deah he
Empress gave him a good appoinLmenL Laer on, when Wang
Mang seized he hrone, he received he pos of Sae Counsellor.
In B.C. 6 he changed his personal naine o Hsiu and his syle
Liu Hsiu ] (T. ). B.C. 4 -- A.D. 57. A native of 1305
Lo-yang, and a descendan of he firs Emperor of he Western
Han dynasy in the ninth degree. He was named Hslu because af
the ime of his birh a salk of corn wih nine ears on if appeared
in he district. Left an orphan af nine years of age, he was brough
504 A Chincse Biog»'.t»hicttl Dictiomtvy
up by an uncle and grew to be seven feet three inches in height,
with a fine beard and eyebrows, a prominent nose, and a large
mouth. He was fond of agriculture, while his brother ]|
Liu Po-uhêng showed a taste rather for a military life. Upon the
breaking out of the locust-plague and famine which preceded the
troubles of the last years of Wang 5Iang's usurpation, he ruade
himself popular by selling grain to the people at a low rate. Af
length he took up arms; and after a sertes of bloody battles
succeeded in A.D. 25 in placing himself upon the throne as first
,.eo o te t n.,y.t» C=o.se ,
with the temple naine of .
130 Lin sfi ] (T. ). Died A.D. 518. A native of P'ing-
yfian in Shantung, who lost his parents as a boy and almost went
out of his mind with grief. When he grew up, his elder brother
arranged a marriage for him; but he fled in terror, and remained
in coucealment until the affair had blown" over. He received the
offer of a post, which he refused, preferring fo devote his time
the study, first of Taoist, and later of Buddhist doctrines. He
and his brother Lin Hsiao founded a famous montery, and
togegher with Ç Yfian Hsiao-hsfi were known as ghe
Three Recluses.
l:lO Li 8O J . A.D. 897-946. A handsome and learned
oeil, who in 934 beeame istoriographer and eompleed he
Ohl T'anç Hitoeg, whieh in spire of some prolixi and omissions
still reaius ifs place in the nional annals. As President of the
Board of Civil Office he eleared away al1 arrears of business, o
he grea¢ joy of he people; bu quarrelling wih a eolleague, he
was shelved as a Grand Chamberlain. About 945 he was Minisr
of Justice, from which post he soon retired in ill-health.
180S Lin Hsan ] (T. ). Died A.D. 25. Third cousin
o Liu Hsiu, first Emperor of the Etern Han dynasty. Duriug
A Chin.ese Biog'al»hical Dictiota»'y 505
the usurpation of Wang Maug he had taken refuge at
P'ing-lin, where he mauaged fo co|lec a hand of followers. Upon
the defeat of the usurper, who was then attacled by Liu Hsiu
and his brother, he received the itle of he Kêng Shih
General, and was immediately aferwards proclaimed Emieror with
Kêng Shih as his yeaç-title, tte transferred his capital from Lo-
yang fo Ch'ang-an, and there gave himself up fo debauchery,
resigning he administration into the hands of his father-in-law,
:- Chao Mêng. When the high officiais came fo receive
instructions, he was always too drunk fo meet them. The result
was a conspiracy, and he was obliged fo flee for his life ami throw
himself upon the mercy of Fan Ch'ung, the Red-Eyebrow Rebel.
He was welcomed af first with open arms, but sho¢ly afterwards
was put fo death. Is known in history as î or __.,
and also as Kêng Shih.
Liu l:Isan-ying .3| : (T. ¢t). 10h ce,,. A.D. A 1:09
natàve of Kuang-ling, who was vulgarly called l| j Liu Hai
and who was Minister fo Lin Shou-kuang, the ruler of Yen. He
was a student of Taoism, and otherwise famous for his learning.
One day a Taoist sage called upon him and asked for 10 eggs
and 10 pieces of gold. These the strauger piled one upon another
in the form of a pagoda; whereupon Liu cried out in fear lest the
whole should topple over. Then the sage turned upon him and
said, "For him who dwells amid the pomps and vauities of the
world, the danger is even greater!" Saying this, he dashed the
pagoda into two parks and bade his host farewell. Deeply impressed
with this scene, Liu doffed his official garb and betook himself fo
the life of a recluse. He is popularly represened as a lad, wih
one foot restiug on a three-legged frog (the emblem of money-
making) and holding in his hand a ribbon upon which rive pieces
of gold are strung.
506 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
1310 Liu lsfin .:|J. B.C. ? 90 -- 48. Great grandson of the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, and great nephew of Liu
Fu-ling whom he succeeded in B.C. 73 as eighth sovereign of the
Han dyaasty (see Pi»g C/d and T'ien Ye-de»). In addition fo
fait literary abilities, he possessed considerable mechanical skill aad
interested himself greatly i the hamlicrafts of he people. During
his reign the Khan of the Hsiung-nu acknowledged the Imperial
suzerainty, and the empire was generally prosperous. Cauonised as
1311 Liu Rsfin ] (T. # ). Died A.D. 521. A ,,ative of
P'ing-yfian in Shangung, who was stolen from his home when
only eight years old. He was ransomed aud edueated for a rime by a
wealthy man of the saine dan. He was an ardent student and
would read ail night, having a lighted twist of hemp arranged in
sueh a way as fo burn his hair if he began fo nod from drowsiness;
and he wouhi bave risen fo high offieial rank, had he hot offended
by his republieau opiuions the first Emperor of the Liang dynty.
Ho surrounded himself with numerous diseiçles, and solaeed his
disaçpoiuted ambition by writing the , a treatise on the
irony of rate. He was also author of the , and of a
eommentary on the of ] Liu I-eh'ing, a
work ou historieal episodes from the Han fo the Chin dynasty
inclusive. From Ts'ui Wei-tsu he reeeived the sobriquet
of , in allusion fo his exgerated love for books; and by
his disciples he was eauonised as .
la12 Liu Hung ] . A.D. 156--189. Great great grandson of Liu
Tu. He sueceeded fo the throne in 168 as eleveuth Emperor of
the Eastern Han dynasty (see Tou Wu). He was a patron of
literature, and in 175 eaused the Five Classies fo be engraved on
stone and set up af the door of the Imperial College. In 184 the
Yellow-Ïurban rebellion broke out (see Cla.q Cldo), and the
"A Chinese Biog»'nl,hical Dictioct»'!t 507
remainder of he reign.was marked by disurbance and bloodshed.
Canonised as jî .
Liu I @] (T. g ). A noed gambler of he (hin dynasy. 1313
Liu I-lu 3] . A.D. 406--d24. Son of Liu 'fi, whom he 1314
succeeded in 422 as second Emperor of he Liu Sung dynasy. In
424 ho was degraded and pu o deah by he l{egens tbr refusing
mourn for his fa6her in he orhodox manner. Known in hisory
t oï -$..
Lin I-lung N] . A.D. 407--458. Third sou of Liu Y fi, 1:1
and brocher fo Liu I-fu, whom he succeeded in 424 as hird
Emperor of çhe Liu Sung dynasty. His wo elder brohers proving
wild and inracable, he Regens slew hem and placed him on
he hrone; his fil ac however was fo puç he Regents themselves
o deah. His reign was marked by grea prosperiy, in spire of
unsuccessful campaigus agaius Wei, which Stae realiaed by incur-
sions reaching up o he banks of he Yang-sze in 451. He promoed
learniug, reformed he calendar, improved he criminal law, and
se an example of diligeuce and economy o his people. He was
slain by his son Liu Shao. Cauonised as .
glu I-min $] . 2nd cent. A.D. A Taois patriarch, who
in oenjuncion wih Hui Yiian and ohers formed a Whie Lily
sociey, cousising of eigheen members who assembled a a emple
upon a mounain in modern Kiangsi for purpos of mediaion.
Liu gen-Rung ] . Died A.D. 912. A native of Shën-chou 131
in Ohihli, who disinguished himself as a military commauder,
earniug he sobrique of Ê for his skill in undermiuing
bieged cities. Ne served for a ime under Li K'o-yung, bu in
896 joined Chu Wên, he founder of he Liang dynasy, by whom
he was ulimady raised o high once. He was pur fo deah by
C'.hou Tê-wei (see Lift
riu Jui-fên $] $ (T. ). Diel A.D. 182. A pro'chase 131S
508 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
licentiate of Anhui, who was Taot'ai af Shanghai from 1878--82
and then Treasurer of Kiaugsi. He was sent as Minister fo England
and Russia in November 1885, a post which in 1887 was changed
to MinisLer to England, Fra»ce, Italy, anti Belgium. Besides receiving
the Directorship of Minor Courts in Peking in 1886, he was on
his return in 1890 appointed Governor ai Canton, where he died.
1319 Liu K'an |{Ï- B.C. 8-A.D. 6. Grandson, by a concubiue,
of Liu Shih. His personal naine was originally - Chi-tzti,
chauged in A.D. 2 to K'au. He was placed upon the throne in
A.D. 1 as twelfth sovereign of the Han dynasty by Wang Mang,
acting in concer wih the Empress Dowager, and rive years later
he married Wang Mang's daughter. His death, which occurred soon
aferwards, has been attributed to poison administered by his
father-in-law; bu of this here is no actual evideuce. Canonised
1320 Liu K'o-chuang .] (T. ). H. ). 12th cent.
A.D. A poet of the Sung dynasy, who was recommended by Chên
Tê-hsiu as a profouud sudent of histry and a brilliant writer.
1:21 Lin K'uan .| . 2nd cent. A.D. A Governor of Nan-yang
under the Emperor Huan Ti of the Han dynasy. He was of a
gentle and humane disposition, and would only flog crinfinals with
whips of rushes, declaring that the sense of shame was quite
sufficient puuishment. On one occasion, jus as he was goiug to
Cour, his wife spilt a bowl of soup over his Court robes; yet he
only said, "I hope you bave no scalded your hand."
1322 Liu Kun 1 l, (T. j:). Died A.D 817. A native of
I Wei-ch'ang in Chihli, who rose fo high military rank under
he Emperors Hui Ti, Huai Ti, and Min Ti, of the Chin dynasy.
When he was defending Chin-yang against the Tartars,
with no prospect of being able to hold ou, he mounted a twer
by moonlight and whisfled and played on he Tartar pipe. The
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictio»ary 509
besiegers were so overcome by their emotions and thoughts of home
that next morning they raised the siege. ]e was a iriend of Tsu
T'i, whose military activity against the rebel Shih Lo he was
anxious fo rival. "I ara pillowed," he wrote, "upon my arms,
awaiting the dawn, in my desire fo attack [he enemy; yet I fear
that Tsu T'i will be using his whip before me." ]e ultima[ely
fell a victim fo treachery on the part of the Hsien-pi Tar[ars, and
was put fo death. Canonised as .
- Tung-huu in ]onau, who graduated as hsiao lie.in A.D. 29
and then disappeared and set up as a teacher af Chiang-ling in
Hupeh. When [he Emperor heard of this he appoin[ed him magis[rate
af Chia,,g-ling, and subsequeutly sent him fo more important posts,
in all of which his admiuistra[iou was eminently successful. Once,
upou the occasion of a large tire, he kuelt down and performed
the kotov; whereupon the wind shifted and the tire was extinguished.
When the Emperor asked him what virtue there was in his
admiuistration fo hring about such a miracle, he modestly replied
that it was pure chance. "Truly," cried the Emperor, "the answer
of a superior man !" He rose fo high office in the Imperial Banqueting
Court, and when he retired from old age received a mansion fo
lire in and an adequate pension.
r.iu :'un-i 1 t (T. ). or,, r.D. 180. t naie
of the ) Hsin-ni,lg District in ]unan, who began his career
as a salaried licentiate, but in 1855 entered the army. Promo[ed
for his services fo a civil post in 1856, he rapidly rose through
rations grades fo be Judge in Kuangsi, taking up his appointment
in 1863. In 1864 he was made a baturu for the recapture of
t:[sin-chou Fu from [he rebels. In 1865 he became Governor of
Kiangsi; in 1875 acting Viceroy of the Two Kiang; and later on
in the saine year Viceroy of the Two Kuang. In 1879 he was
540 A Chinese Bioff»'aplHcal Diction««'y
transferred fo Nankiug, and soou afterwards retired from public
lire; but in 1892 he again tool office as Viceroy of the Two Kiang
and Superiuteudent of Trade for the southern ports. Iu 1894 he
was trausferred fo Tientsiu, atd early in 1895 started for Shau-
hai-luan fo assume supreme commaud agaiust the Japauese. In
1896, after several attempts fo retire, he was sent back fo his
former post af Nauking.
1325 Liu Kung-eh'ïlan ï (T. $ ). A.D. 778-865. Au
official uuder the T'ang dynasty, .who graduated as chin ,hil in
806 and was promoted fo high posts because of the beauty of his
handwriting. "How cau you writc so exquisitely?" asked the Emperor
Mu Tsuug. "I guide my peu ," replied Liu, "by my heart. I keep
my heart correct, and my peu follows." His Majesty changed
countenance, for he felt that this was a hint fo himself. On
another occasion, when the news of some frontier success was
anuounced, he af once recited a congrahflatory ode. "Well doue!"
cried the Emperor; "Ts'ao Chih is said fo bave been able fo compose
a verse while taking only seven steps, but you can do if in three."
When the Emperor Wêu Tsung was boasting how seldom h.e had
new clothes, and the other courtiers were applauding the Imperial
economy, Liu ventured o remonstrate, pointing out tbat euergetic
goverument was of more importance than economy in clothes.
Ennobled as Dule. See Liu Chug-yig.
1326 Liu Kung-jung .-| . 3rd cent. A.D.b. noted tippler,
who excused himself by sayiug, "0ne must drink with the superiors
of Kung-jung, one must drink with his inferiors, and one must
drink with his equals; consequently I ara often drunk." Later on,
wheu ai the bouse of Yfian Chi, wine was set before the host and
belote Wang Jung who was also a guest, but none was offered
fo Liu. "0ne must drink with the superiors of Kung-jung," said
Yfian Chi in explanation, "and one must drink with his inferiors;
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 511
but there-is no occasion fo drink with Kung-jung himself."
Liu Kuo-hsïlan '] . 17th cent. A.D. The most able
general of Chêng Chin and his successor Chêng K'o-shuang. After
bravely holding out iu Fuhkien until 1680, he took command in
the Pescadores, where in Juue 1683 he was utterly defeated by
Shih Lang. He surrendered with Chêng K'o-shuang in September
1683, and was enrolled under a Chinese Banner with the simple
rauk of Marquis in lieu of his illegal title % {5î-See Yao
Ch' i-slê,.
Liu Ling 1| f (T. J'l )- 3rd cent. A.D. A native of 1:
P'ei in modern Kiangsu, who went up for his degree in 205 but
was plucked for an essay extolling he doctrine of Inaction (sec
Lao Tz). He was oue of the seven poets who formed themselves
ino the famous club, known as the Bamboo Grove (sec
Hsi«). He was a hard drinker, and declared that fo a drunken
man "the affairs of this world appea but as so ranch duckweed
in a river." He wished fo be always accompanied by a servan
with wine and followed by another with a spade, so that he might
be buried where he fell. On oue occasion, yielding fo the eutreaties
of his wife, he promised fo "swear off," and bade ber prepare the
usual sacrifices of wine and meat. When ail was ready, he prayed,
saying, "0 God, who didst give to Liu Ling a reputation through
wine, he being able o consume a gallon a a sitting and requiring
a quart fo sober him again, listen not o tlle words of his wife,
for she speaketh hOt truth." Thereupon he drank up the sacrificial
wine, and was soon as drunk as ever. He is said fo bave used a
carriage drawn by deer.
Lin Lun .1] (T. - -'i- H. , ). A.D. 1710--1773. 139
raduaed af the special examination in 1730, and enered the
Han-lin College. Attracing the notice of the Emperor, he was
frequeuly employed in the Imperial Library: and being rapidly
52 A Chiese Biogaphical Dictionarg
promoted, became a Grand Secrêtary in 1771. He wrote essays,
and also the Y: ç, a work on arithmetic. Personally, he
lived a very frugal and almost ascetic life. Cauonised as Â"
1330 Litl Ltlng .| :. A.D. 106--107. Youngest son of Lin Chao,
whom he succeeded af the age of 3 months as fifth Emperor o
the Eastern Hau dynasty. Dying af the age of two he was canonised
1331 Lin Min .| or Lin Ch'ung 7- Died A.D. 955. Half-
brother fo Lin Chih-yiian. He was a handsome young man, with
a fine beard and double pupils fo his eyes; but he cared for nothing
save wiue and gambliug, and had even beeu brauded ou the cheek
for some crime. When Lin Chih-yiian mounted the throue of the
Luter Han dyuasty, he was appointed Governor of Shansi and
received other honours. Under the second Emperor Lin Ch'êug-yu,
he became a Minister of State; and by an intrigue of the Empress
Dowager his son was named as Heir Apparent. The boy died, and
Lin Miu returned fo Shansi; after which he declared his independence
and proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Northern ttau State.
Leaguiug himself with the Kitan Tartars he attacked the reigning
House of Chou, but sustained a severe defeat and died of chagrin
in the following year.
laa2 Lin lIing-ch'uan .| ,ï (T. -" ___). A.D. 1838--1896.
A native of Ho-fei in Anhui who passed the quasi-matriculation
examination of student but took no degree. Adopting a military
career, he fought as'a volunteer in the T'ai-p'ing rebellion, and
in 1864 was rewarded with the Yellow Jacket. He then operated
as Commander of Li Hung-chang's forces against the Nien fei in
Shantuug and other provinces. In the latter capacity he showed
such energy that in 1868 the leader of the movement, Chang
Tsuug-yfi, drowned himself in despair; for which services he was
enuobled as Baron. But he first gaiued real distinction by his
ci Cbincse Biograp]ffcl Diction»'y 5t3
spirited defence of North Forruosa against the French in 1884--5
where he held the post of Military Corumissioner. When Formosa.
was subsequently ruade into a province, he was appointed fo be
ifs first Governor; and he signalised his adruinistratiou by the
introduction of a railway, the laying of a subruarine cable between
Tarusui and Foochow, the construction of a land line of telegraphic
communication between the north and south ends of the island,
and the working of coal under foreign superintendence, together
with many fruitless efforts fo "pacify" the savages of the interior.
In 1890 he was ruade President of the Board of War. He resigned
his post in 1891, unable any longer fo final the funds for carrying
on his numerous undertakings and was appointed fo be Vice
President of the Adruiralty. For sorue tirue he reruained in retire-
ment, nursing his health, which had suffered greatly froru wounds
and a prolonged residence in the rualarious cliruate of Forruosa. In
1894 when the Korean peninsula becarue a bone of contention
between China and Japan, he was appointed Coruruander of the
Chinese forces in Korea, but excused himself on the score of bad
eyesight. He published sorue poerus which were favourably received.
r,iu Pari @| ïî. Son of Liu Hung, whoru he succeeded in A.D. 1333
190 as Eruperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. ]e was shorly
aferwards carried off, together with his brother Lin ]sieh, by the
eunuchs (see Clang Jag); and on his escape froru their hands
was immediately deposed by Tung Cho. ]e reigned only rive ruonths
in all, and is hot regarded by Chinese historians as having actually
been in possession of the throue. Known in history as
Lin Pang lJ (T. ). B.C. 247--195. A native of P'ei in
modern Kiangsu, where he becarue beadle. ]e was in charge of
the caravanserai, and his chief duies were o check brigandage
and settle disputes. His integrity and winning ruanners gained him
such influence fv,. a ruan of posiion narued Lfi, gave him his
83
574 A Chiese Biogre«p]tical Dictionat'y
daughter in marage (see Lu Hou). Meanwhile, the country was
groaning under oppressive taxation and forced labour; and on one
occasion, when Lin Pang was in charge of a party of labourers
proceeding fo carry out some palace-building operations fo gïatify
a whim of the Fimt Emperor, so many of the men died of
exhaustion that the remainder decided fo proceed no farther. Under
the leadership of Lin Pang they retired fo the mountain fastnesses
between Kiaugsu and Honan, nntil the death of the First Emperor
aud the news of Ch'ên Shêng's revoit in B.C. 209 caused the
people of P'ei fo put fo death their Magistrate and appoint
Pang fo rule over them, under the title of Duk of P'ei. In B.C.
208 he joined with Hsiang Liang in raising fo the throne of the
resuscitated Ch'u State, under the title of * î, the grandson
of the former king who had been lured fo Ch'in and had never
returned. On the death of Hsiang Liang, he was appointed by the
young monarch fo the command of the southern army; and proceeding
fo Hsien-yang, the capital of Ch'in, he anticipated his rival, Hsiang
Chi, nephew of Hsiang Liang, by receiving the submission of Tzti-
ying, the son of Fu Su, who had been set up as king by the
eunuch Chao Kao, afer the murder by the latter of Hu Hai, the
Second Emperor. Now it had been agreed that whichever of the
generals should first enter Hsien-yang shonld be rewarded with the
Principality of Ch'in. Accordingly, no sooner had Lin Pang arrived
than he issued a proclamation abrogating the severe laws then
existing, and enacted three simple laws in their stead, referfing
only fo murder, bodily injm*y, and theft. The arrival however of
Hsiang Chi changed the face of affairs, and in the end Lin Pang
obtained only Sstich'uan aud part of Shensi, with the title of
Prince of tan. From this moment these two men were af open
enmity, which culminated in the terrible battle af P'êng-ch'êng in
Kiangsu, B.C. 205, where Lin Pg.».ver. -bundred thousand
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictioa'y 535
men, escaping himself by a miracle from the field. Ne also managed
fo save a son and daughter, but his father and wife fell into the
hunds of Hsiaug Chi. Theu followed the long struggle, in the
early part of which Hsiang Chi was uniformly successful, ending
in the peace of :i Kuang-wu, which restored fo Lin t)ang
his wife and father; which peace, af the instigation of Chang Liang,
Lin Pang af once proceeded fo violate, tte started in pursuit of
ttsiang Chi, and infiicted upon him a crushing defeat af :-
Kai-hsia in Auhui; upon which ttsiang Chi committed suicide and
Lin Pang was proclaimed first Emperor of the an dynasty, B.C.
202. After a short reign, troubled by incursions of the Turkic
t.ribes on he north-west irontier, he died, leaving his consort, LU
tion, Regent of the empire. See Chi ttsi, Ch'ên P'ing Hsiag
Chi, Han Hsi.
Lin lao .] :. A.D. 116-145. Son of Liu Yu, whom he 1335
succeeded in 126 as seventh Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.
His mother was a concubine who fell a victim fo the spire of the
Empress. In 120 he was nominated Heir Apparent; but in consequence
of a palace squabble in which his wet-nurse was killed through
the machinations of his father's old wet-nurse, he was degraded
in 124. Upon the death of his father he was hot allowed fo approach
the bief, and an attempt was made fo keep him from the throne;
however a coup d'dtat was planned, and the couspirators were put
fo death. His reign was much troubled by attacks from the
lsiung-uu, and the ttsien-pi raided Liai-tung. Canonised as
Lin lao .] .. A famous painter of the 2nd cent. A.D., who 1336
was such a skilful artist that his picture of the Milky Way ruade
people feel hot and his picture of the north wind ruade them feel
col& His drawings of ravens were also much admired. He held
office as Governor of Shu, part of modern Ssttch'uan.
5"|6 A Ghinese Biog».aphical Dictiona'g
1337 Lin Pao .| (T. tri )" 12th cent. A.D. A scholar of
the Sung dynasty, who could compose af 10 years of age. He
graduated as chS shih in 1178, and entered upon an official career.
His brilliant talents however ruade him an object of eavy, and he
soon regired, ne gave himself the sobriqueg of A, and
is ghe aughor of some beautiful poegry.
1338 Liu rei ] (T. $). A.D. 162--223. A native of the
Cho District in the north of Chihli, and a descendant of the
Emperor Ching Ti. On the death of his father, Lin Pei and his
mother were reduced fo making straw shoes and mats for a
livelihood. Af fifteen years of age he was sent, together with a
kinsman whose family defrayed his expenses, fo study uuder Lu
Chih. But he was no loyer of books, and preferred amusing
himself with bornes and dogs. As in the case of most other heroes
of antiquity, his pemonal appearance is said fo bave been extra-
ordiuary. e was seveu feet rive inches in height; he could see
behind his back; his ears reached fo his shoulders, and his hauds
o his knees. e possessed the invaluable power of creating a go
first impression, and was able fo keep his countenance under the
most trying circumstances. In A.D. 185 the rebellion of the Yellow-
rbans broke out, and he at once set fo work fo raise a corps
of volunteers. For this service he received an appointment fo a
petty mastracy, in which capacity he is said fo bave gained
universal esteem. There he remained unfil the behaviour of a
corrupt Inspector so irritated him that he gave the man a severe
beating and left him tied fo a post, with the masterial seal huug
round his neck. e himself took refuge with o Chiu, and on
the death of the latter, joiued in an expedition against Yfian So.
e next became Mastrate of P*ing-yfian in Shantung, and ou
one occasion narrowly escaped death af the hands of a hired
assassin. He was opposed fo the encroachments of Ts'ao Ts'ao,
A Chinese Biog,aphical Dictiona'y 517
against whom he assisted [ T'ao Ch'ien, sueeeeding on the
latter's death fo the governorship of his district. The enmity of
Lii Pu then eaused Liu Pei fo take refuge with Ts'ao Ts'ao, who
attacked Lii Pu, ok him prisoner, and caused him fo be put fo
death. The two heroes now beeame great friends, being eonstantly
in eaeh other's soeiety and riding in the saine chariot. Yet when
ï Tung Ch'ëng received a secret commission ri'oto the Emperor
Hsien Ti t destroy his enemies and formed a plot for this purpose,
Liu Pei's naine was on the lis[ of the eonspirators. If was af his
juncture that Liu Pei suddenly "dropped his ehopstieks" whi|e
dinner, led by a chance remark from his host fo believe that the
eonspiracy had been discovered. Eventually his share in if beeame
known, and thenceforward he and Ts'ao Ts'ao were open rivais
(sec Kuan Yii). Lin Pei fled fo Yflan Shao, and the two fought
together against their common enemy (sec Lin Ch'an). Shortly
afterwards Chu-ko Liang entered the service of Liu Pei, and from
that rime his fortunes improved. An alliance with Sun Ch'flan was
brought about, with great advantage fo the 14sing kingdom of Shu.
In A.D. 211 .| _ Liu Chang, who held possession of what is
now known as Ssilch'uan, fearing that Ts'ao Ts'ao would absorb
his territory, begged assistance from his kinsman Lin Pei. Thus
Lin Pei gained a foothold in the land of his desire, and soon
became toaster of the whole of if under the title of ' I ..
In A.D. 221, when the Han dynasty had ceased fo exist, he
assumed the title of Emperor of Shu. He died af Yung-
an, in harness fo the last. The dynasty which he fouuded, known
as the ' Shu ttan or Minor Han, is considered fo be the
legitimate successor of the great Han dynasty, although during his
own reign and that of his son and successor the larger portion of
the empire was divided against them by the rival bouses of Wei
and Wu, constituting the epoch of the Three Kingdoms.
5i8 A Chbese Biographical Diction«rg
character is thus summed up by the historian of the period: -- "He
was a great man, bold and liberal. Gifted with deep penetration
and always considerate fo men of parts, he possessed all the
qualifications essential the founder of an empire." Canonised as
1339 Liu Piao ] (T. -
). Died A.D. 218. A disan kinsman
of the Imperial House of Han, who in A.D. 190 received the
appointment of Governor of Ching-chou in modern Hupeh. When
Li Ts'ui held Ch'ang-an, Liu Piao sent an envoy fo him with
tribute, and was ennobled in consequence as Marquis, besides being
named General for the South and also confirmed in his existing
post. After his death from an abscess in the back, his younger
sou Liu Tsung, ia whose favour the elder soa Liu Ch'i
had been set aside by a family intrigue, openly acknowledged
allegiance fo Ts'ao Ts'ao.
130 Liu Pi J 9 or Liu Hug-tu . Died A.D. 943. Son
of Liu Yen, whom he succeeded as second ruler of the Souhern
Han State. He was a worthless fellow, and was hardly on the
throne before he was assassinad by his brother. Canonised as
1341 Liu Ping ] . A.D. 144--146. Son of Liu Pao, whom he
succeeded in 145 as.eighth Emperor of the Eastem Han dynasty.
Ca.onised as ç .
132 Liu ing ] (T. ). 5th cent. A.D. One of the
numerous pupils of Kuo Yfi. One day the latter threw down a
mat and said, "I wanf gel a smart son-in-law. Whoever first
sits on this mal, shall have my daughter." In a momenf Liu was
on the mal, and subsequently married the young lady.
1848 Liu ig-chung ] , (T. ). Died A.D. 1274. A
trusted counsellor of Kublai Khan. In youth he served as a clerk
o support his poor parents, but aer a while refired fo the
A Chinese BiogralJhical Dictiotary
Wu-au bill in Honau and ultimately entered the Buddhist
priesthood. Belote his accession Kublai Khan summoned Liu belote
him, and struck by his wide readiug and knowledge consulted him
ou his wars. Liu pressed on him the necessity of reforming the
administration, of promoting education, and of honouring Confucius.
If was hot however until 1264 that Liu received a place in the
Cabinet. lï[e then devoted his whole energy fo the government,
speaking freely on all subjects and briuging into notice many
worthy men. lï[e caused Pekiug fo be ruade a capital, and in 1271
advised the adoption of the dynastic title . Yfian. To him the
Mongols owed the regulation of salaries, ceremonies, and oiticial
ranL lï[e died suddeuly when on a visit fo Xanadu, the summer
residence of the Emperor, about 180 mlles north of Peking. lï[e
was posthumously ennobled as Duke, and canonised as ï.
Liu Po-lung l] J'] . 5th cent. A.D. A poor oflicial of the 13
Sung dynasty, who while arranging fo invest his money af ten
per cent per month, heard the jeering laugh of a bogy alongside
of him. He af once gave up the pursuit of gain, declaring that
if was better fo be poor than fo be laughed af by a devil. He
subsequently rose fo high office. [The saine story, with variations,
i o of o g tri Lu.g Po-ko.l
Liu Po-to J ] [v. 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Ho-tung, who 134:5
was skilled in the preparation of a kind of whisky. If was so
strong that a person who got drunk on if did hot recover his
senses for a month; and from being carried for sale fo a great
distance, if acquired the naine of Crane Goblet. Some
robbers, who broached a jar of this liquor and drank freely of
if, were all rendered insensible, and the whole gang was easily
captured.
Liu P'o-p'o ]J . Died A.D. 425. Son of Liu Wei-ch'ên 134:6
(see Toba Kuei). Upon his father's defeat, he entered the service
520 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
of Yao Hsing, and became Governor of jî So-fang in Kansuh.
In 407, dissaisfied wih his maser's conciliaory policy towards
he orhern Wei Sae, he threw off his allegiance and se himseff
up as king of he sia Sate, naming i afer the dynasty of old
iom which he proissed o be descended. e defended himseli
successfully agMns he La,er Chins and Souhern Liangs, and in
411 buil a new capital. In 413 he adopted the surname of
o-lien, and in 418 he capured Ch'ang-an, bu was forced
o reire in order o deind his norhern capital against he Northern
Wei Stae. His two sons who succeeded him boh ill into the
power of he la,ter and were execued, and thus the Hsia State
came o an end in 431. Under his rule he punishment for scamped
work of any kind was deah.
1347 Liu Shao J (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Han-
tan in Chihli, who rose by 224 fo high office and was commissioned
fo collect works on the Five Classics. He also edited the Classic
of Filial Piety, and wrote a treatise, entifled A , on he
d;vision of mankind into classes according o he disposition of
each individual as ascerained from ouçward characrisics.
13t8 Liu 8Uao J (T. N)" Died A.D. 44. o, of
Liu I-lung, by whom he was appointed Heir Apparent ai the age
of six. His evil conduct compelled his father fo set him aside;
whereupon he slew the latter and proclaimed himself Emperor. He
was soon captured by the generals of his brother Liu Chfin and
was promptly executed.
1849 Liu Shêng
or Liu ung-hsi . Died A.D. 958.
Brother fo Liu Yen, whom he assassinated in 943, mounting the
fhrone as third ruler of the Southern Han State. He led an
immoral lire, but managed fo add a part of Kuangsi fo his
dominions. Canonised as
1850 Liu 8hih . B.C. 7532. Son of Liu Hsiin, whom he
A Chbcse Biogt'aphcal Diceionat'y
succeeded in B.C. 48 as ninth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He
was a precocious youth, aud when only eight yeurs of age he took
upon himself fo remonstrate with his father upon the excessive
severity of punishment in vogue. The latter was far from pleased,
and predicted that this son would bring ruin upon the House of
Han, -- a prediction which was hot fulfilled. He was a mild and
humane ruler, fond of history, and skilled in several musical
instruments. Canonised as : _ î,
Liu Shih . 7th cent. A.D. The wife of an official named 1351
j': Jeu Huan. Upon the Emperor T'ai Tsung presenting ber
husband with two pretty concubines, she cut off their hair and
ruade them bal& The Emperor then sent a potion which he
commanded ber fo drink, and which he said would cause instant
death if she was jealous; adding that if she was hot jealous she
need hot drink if. Without hesitation she drank if off, saying that
death would be preferable fo such a lire; and the Emperor was
so much struck by ber heroism and devotion that he advised Jeu
ttuan fo remove the young ladies from his bouse.
Liu Shou-kuang .| :. Died A.D. 912. Son of Lin Jen- 1352
kung. He debauched his father's favom'ite concubine; and when
punished for this, he seized his father-and kept him in confinement,
subsequently defeating and killing his elder brother who had corne
fo the rescue. In 911 he threw off his allegiance fo the Liang
dynasty, and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Great Yen State.
In the following year Chou Tê-wei was sent against him, and
succeeded in taking his capital. He fled with two of his wives, but
lost his way and was captured and slain. His father was seized
by Chou Tê-wei, and was shortly afterwards beheaded.
Lill Shu .| (T. " -). A.D. 1052--1078. The son of an asa
off]dal who was too inflexibly upright for public lire, and who
retired fo seclusion on a mountain in Ssfich'uan, where he ended
522 A Chinesc Biogt'aphical Dictionary
his days in peace. A precocious boy, he graduated as chin shih
belote he was twenty, and entered upon official life. Having ruade
a special study of history, he was employed under Ssfi-ma Kuang
upon the great work which the latter.was preparing, and if fell
fo his share fo unravel many of the knotty and difficult points
which lay in the path of the historian. Wang An-shih, an old
acquaintance, then wished fo gain his aid in the elaboration of
some of his numerous schemes; but Liu pleaded ignorance of the
subject and steadily refused fo help, which led fo permanent ill-
feeling between them. After his death from sickness, an official
post was conferred upon his son in recognition of the ïather's
contributions fo history.
135: Litl StlIlg-Shall | (T. ). Joined the army ai the
age of twenty, and after serving in no less than thirteen provinces,
rose fo the ranl of Provincial Commander-in-chier. In 1868 he
succeeded in crushing the Nien fei, and drove them from Chihli,
for which services he received a title and the Yellow Jacket. He
was killed in action while fighting against the Mahomedan rebels
in Shensi. Was canonised as , :.
1355 Lill Ta .| _. A.D. 57--89. Fffth son of Liu Chang, whom
he succeeded iu 76 as third Emperor of the Eastern YIan dynasty.
In the early part of this reign the Hsiung-nu proved very
troublesome, until they were defeated by Pari Ch'ao whose splendid
achievements paved the way for the extension of the empire towards
Central Asia. Canonised as
1356 Liu Ta-hsia ] (T. ;). A.D. 1431--1511. Grad-
uating-as cItin sItih in 1464, he served in various important
capacities until in 1502 he became President of the Board of War.
tte persuaded the unwilling Emperor fo introduce some reforms,
but his objection fo eunuch Commandants led fo his retirement in
1506, and two years afterwards Liu Chin caused him fo be banished
A Chiuese Biogt'apl, ical Diclio»ta»'g 523
te Kansuh. Iu spite of his age, he ruade his way thither wih
only one servant, the people stopping their business te escort him;
and when the offlcials eut off his allowauce of food the literati kept
him supplie& On the fall of Liu Chin in 1510 ho was re-instated
and permitted te retire. The faine of his loyalty and zeal for
public good reached Korea and Annam and the envoys of those
countries constantly ruade enquiries about him. Canonised as a_, -.
Liu Ts'an .J . Died A.D. 318. Son and successor of Liu 1357
Ts'ung. ge belied the great promise of his youth» and proved a
mos dissolute ïuler. Slain by his favourite ) _ Chin Chun.
Liu Tsuan .| . A.D. 139--147. Great great grandson of 1358
Liu Ta. ge was placed on the throne by Liang Chi in 146 as
ninth Emperor of he Eastern YIan dynasty and in the following
year was poisoned oui of spite by he saine statesman. Canonised
A.D. 318. Fourth son of Liu Yiian. In his youth he visited he
capital, and gained the fiiendship of several eminent scholars such
as Chang gua and Yo Kuang. On the death of his father he
killed his elder brother and seized the throne, marched against
Lo-yang and after defeating the Imperial forces wih great slaughter
captured the Emperor guai Ti, whom he caused te be poisoned in
312. gis successor, the Emperor Min Tir submitted in 316 on
approach of Liu Ts'ung te Ch'ang-an where he had been proclaimed.
When he died, the gan State held all Shansi except the extreme
norh, and Shensi, and i streched south o (he : Le river
aud east te the plain of Chihli and Shantung. lis Minister
) Ch'ën Yiian-ta, boldly reproved him for wasting the public
resources in building and war, and only escaped death by
emonstrances of Liu's wife. Canonised as J g _, wih the
temple name of I -
-¢.
524 A Ci»ese Biog'al)hic«l Dctiona»'y
1360 Liu Tsung-chou |
(T. . . . and Ç
). A.D. 15781645. A native of the Shan-yin Distct in
Chehkiang,. who flourished as a scholar and official af the close of
the Ming dynasty. He graduated as chin shih in 1601, and filled
a variety of posts; but his open denunciation of abuses constantly
led fo degradation or dismissal from office. The political troubles
of his rimes affected him deeply; and when af length Nanking
ell and the Ming dynasty ceased fo exist, he attempted first of
all fo end his own lire by drowning, and finally starved himself
fo death. He was the author of the , a work onthewhole
duty of man, and of a collection of miscellaneous wrifings known
as ] . In 1822 his tabler was p]aced in the Confucian
Temple.
1361 Liu Tsung-yfian
(T. ). A.D. 773--819. One
of the most celebrated poets and essayists of the T'ang dynasty,
and also famous as a calligraphist. After rising fo be secrery in
the Board of Rites, he became involved in the conspiracy of
Wang Shu-wên, and in 815 he was banished fo Liu-chou
in Kuangsi, wth the appointment of Governor, in which post he
died. H ence he is oen spoken of as ]']. Some of his
poems are deeply tinged with Buddhistic doctfines, and he ao
wrote a remarkable essay in defence of his partiality. "Buddhism,"
said he, 'admits of no envious valry for place or power. The
majority of ifs adherents love only fo lead a simple life of
contemplation amid the charms of bill and stream. And when I
tura my gaze towards the hurry-scurry of the age, in ifs daily
race for the seals and taels of office, I ask myself if I ara
reject those in order fo take my place among the ranks of these."
He was on very intimate terres with Han Yfi, from whom he
received more than one severe rebuke for his leaning towards the
"strange doctrine."
A Chincse Biographical Dictionary 525
Liu T'ung-hsin .| (T. and ). A.D. 1362
1699--1773. A native of Shantung. Graduated as cMn sIdh in 1724,
and rose fo fill a succession of high offices of State. Was sent in
1755 as special Commissioner fo investigate the state of the garrisons
ai Barkul and Hami. When in the autumn of that year Amursaua
revolted and ravaged the Ili region, the Commander-in-chier in
the west, named Yung Ch'ang, having fallen back on
Barkul, Liu recommended the abandonment of that place and that
a stand should be ruade af Hami. For this he was severely repri-
manded and degraded together with Yung Ch'ang. After a short
period of disgrace he rose again until in 1768 he became President
of the Board of Civil Office. In 1773, whilst on his way fo an
audience in the palace, he was round dead in his sedan-chair.
Posthumous honours were conferred upon him; and in the following
year the Emperor bestowed upon his son a gift which had been
intended for the father, riz. a copy of the famous encyclopoedia
ko th« («« C,,« T',«-,0. Co.i«
Liu Tza-chuang ] oe t (T. and )ll. n. ¢ . ). 1363
Floushed in the middle of the 17th cent. .D., and is ranked,
together with Hsiang Po-lung, among the leaders of the men of
lette who bave sprung from Hupeh. His works are known as
son of th Empror ffsiao Wu Ti of the Liu Sung dynasty.
In 460 he was creaed Prince of Chin-an, but the Emperor
Fi Ti ordered him fo eommi suicide, whreupon he rose in rvol
ana was proclimed Emçeror. owever ho was soon owrpowered
and pu dath.
of Liu Yfian by whom he ws brought uç. Visiting Lo-yng as
526 A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y
a youth, he goç inço trouble and was forced fo abscond for a rime
fo Korea. Liu Yiian appointed him Prime Minister and Commander-
in-chier, stationing him af Ch'ang-an. On the assassination of Liu
Ts'an he seized the throne, changing the naine of çhe dynasty o
Chao; bu as Shih Lo se up a rival Chao, hey are disinguished
as Earlier and La,er Chao, he laer ruling over all he original
Han rrio norh and wes of he Yellow River. He campaigned
wih success against he Ti-chiang in Kansuh, and in 323
he Governor of Lianga-chou became his vassal. In 324 he ruade
an unsuccessful aack on Shih Lo, who in 328 senç Shih Chi-lung
agains him; bu he repulsed he ak and in turn invaded Shih
Lo's erriory, where however he was surprised, captured, and
execued. His dynasty ended in the following year wih he defea
and deah of his son.
1366 Li Yoh J . A.D. 449464. Son of Liu Chfin, whom he
succeeded in 464 as fih Emperor of he Liu Sung dynasy. His
cruely excied universal abhorrence, and he was soen pu o deah
by his faher's Minisr Shou Chi-chih. Known in
hisory as .
1367 Liu Yen J (T. ). Died A.D. 780. A native of
Nan-hua in Shantung, who af eight years of age, when the
Emperor Ming Huang was worshipping ai Mt. T'ai, distinguished
himself by producing a sacficial ode upon the occasion. He w
then examined by Chang Yfieh, and declared by him fo be a
posent of national prospety. The lies of the Court careed
him; the nobles called him "a divine child" and "the thunderclap
of the age," and he was appointed tutor fo the Heir Apparent.
He rose under the next Emperor fo be President of the Board of
Civil Office, in wch capacity he quarrelled with Yang Yen who
was Vice President. Later on, when the latter came in power,
he caused Liu Yen fo be banished fo Korea, where he was allow
A hi»,ese Biog'aphical Dictio»,a'g 527
fo commit suicide. An order was ruade fo confiscate his property,
but if was round that his possessions consisted only of a few boo]s.
tte was fond of urging that there shotld be no parsimony in great
undertakings, ttis sympathies were entirely with the people, and
his best efforts were directed towards shielding the poorer classes
from injustice and exaction.
Liu Yen .| or Liu Yen . Died A.D. 942. Brother of
1368
Liu Yin, whom he succeeded in 911 as second monarch of the
Ling-nan Principality. In 915 he threw off his allegiance
fo the ttouse of Liang. In 917 he proclaimed himself Emieror of
Yiieh, and in 918 of the Southern ttan State. ttis reign was
marked chiefly by his extravagance and cruelty. Canonised as
Liu YiI1 .'| . Died A.D. 911. Founder of the Ling- |369
nan Principality. He was the son of a Governor of Fêng-chou
in Kuangtung, who in 905 had been appointed Commissioner of
Ling-nan; and uæon the fall of the T'ang dynasty he sent tribute
fo Chu Wên, who ennobled him as Prince.
IAu Yil | (T. ). A.D. 1241--1293. A native of 1370
Jung-ch'ëng in Chihli, who as a boy showed signs of unusual
talent. Upon the death of his father, his mother married again;
and he attracted attention by the filial manner in which he behaved
towards his stepfather. The family was very poor, but strictly honest.
Af length in 1282, through the influence of Pu-bu-mu, he obtained
an official post which however he resigned in order fo tend his
sick mother. In 1291 he was again summoned fo Court, and but
for his failing health would bave been placed upon the Grand
Council. tte lived a quiet, and retired lire in a cottage which he
named ' Peace with Culture, from Chu-ko Liang's famous
words, "Lire in peace in orde'r fo cultivate thyseff." Canonised as
528 A Chincse Biographical Dictionarg
laTl Liu Yin-shu .| (T. and . H. ).
A.D. 1636--1723. A native of Han-ch'êng in Shensi) who
graduated as cin shil in 1676, and after serving wih grea credit
as Censor and Taot'ai was dismissed for disagreeing with h
superiors over a murder case. A his home he earned faine by
public works, esecially by placing a chain o faciliate he passage
of the Lung-mên Gorge of he Yellow River. In 1703 the Emperor
K'ang Hsi, meeting him on one of his ours, re-insaed him; and
in 1708 ho was ruade Governor of Kueichou, where his wise
administration endeared him to all classes. In 1714 he was sen
o invesfigae he position a Hami, which was 4hen aacked by
Ts'ê Wang Araban; and for advising merely he garrisoning of
that place and a waifing policy, he was senenced o death.
sentence was commued fo banishmen, and afer ee years he
was recalled; and in 1722 he occupied he highes sea a he
banque given o a housand old men o celebrae the 60h fui1
year of he Emperor's reign. Au,hot of wo works on he Spring
ad Autumn Aals and he Canon of Chages, and of a collection
of essays entitled
1372 Lin Ying ] . B.C. 205--188. Eldes son of Lin Pang, whom
he succeeded in 194 as second Emperor of he gau dynasy. He
was soon deprived of all power by his moher (see L Hou), and
remained a virtuaI nonentiy unfil his deah. Canonised as
1373 Lin Ying ] . Born A.D. 4. Grea greaç grandson of Lin
gsn. e was placed upon he fhrone in A.D. 6 as hirteenth
sovereign of he Han dynasy by Wang Mang, who depos him
in A.D. 9 wih he t, ifle of . Is kuown in hisory as
137 Lin Yu ] . A.D. 98--125. Grandson of Lin Ta, and second
cousin o Lin Lung whom he succeeded in 106 as sixh Emperor
A Chinese Biog'çq)hical DiclioaJ'y 529
Of the Eastern Han dynasty. His accession fo the throne was
portended in early days by a bright halo which surrounded his
dwellng. Also, a red serpeut was discovered n his bed. His reign
was marked by earthquakes, floods and droughts -- in spire of
the fact that two yellow dragous and one c£'i-15 appeared in Honan;
aud the distress was on oue occasion so severe that men were
reduced fo eating one another. Cauonised as
Liu Yfi ] (T. and ). A.D. 356--422. The
founder of the Liu Suug dynasty. Born af P'êug-ch'êng, of poor
parents, he claimed desceut from a brother of the fouuder of the
Hau dynasty. After a scanty education he began lire as a seller
of straw sandals; but in 399 he enlisted as a sohlier, and by the
braçery he displayed aguinst the rebel , Sun Ên he soon
obtaiued a command. For some years he was eugaged in quelliug
the rebellions of Huan Hsfiau, Lu H sn, and
Ch'iao Tsung; for which services he was ruade Field Marshal
41.1, and in 416 became Commander-in-chier, with the tifle of
Duke of Suug. He ultimately succeeded in carrying the boundary
of the Chin empire right up fo the Yellow River. In 419 he caused
the Emperor An Ti fo be strungled, and set up the latter's brother
as the Emperor Kung Ti. Sixteen months later, Kung Ti abdicated
in his favour; whereupou he mounted the throne, with his cupital
af Nauking, for an uneventful reigu which was cut shor by death
wthin two years. Canonised as .
Liu Yfi ] (T. OE ). A.D. 439--472. Elevenh son of 1376
Liu I-lung, and uucle of Liu Yeh whom he succeeded in 464 as
sixth sovereign of the Liu Sung dynsty. In the third yer of his
reign most of the northern and western provinces revolted, and
Wei annexed all the provinces north and west of the river Hui.
ge slew all his brothers but one, and in his la,ter days wautonly
killed many high officers. A devout Buddhist, he built vast
34
530 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
monastery in Hunan, af the cost of much suffering fo the people.
Fie was a good scholar, and fond of men of learning. Canonised
1377 Lin Yii | (T. $). A.D. 463--477. Adopted son of
Liu Yfi, whom he succeeded in 472 as seventh Emperor of the
Liu Sung dynasy. He was soon slain by Hsiao Tao-ch'êng, one
of the four Regents. The arrogant boy had round Hsiao sleeping
naked in his bouse, and had insisted on shooting blunt arrows ai
a target which he painted on the Regent's belly. Known in history
137S Liu Yfi ] (T. ). Died A.D. 1143. A native of
Fu-ch'ëng in Chihli, whose aucestors were agricultural labourers.
Graduating as chin shih, he became a Censor, and by 1124 was
Chier Justice in modern Shansi. The advance of the Chin a Taars
caused him fo quit his post and take fo flight; however in 1128
he was appointed Prefect aS Chi-nan in Shantung. As there were
troubles in the province he applied for a transfer; af which the
high authoties were disgusted, and promptly refused his request.
He accordingly depaed in high dudgeon; and when in the winter
the Chiu a Tartars invested the city, he renounced his allegiance
and took service with them. In 1130 he was proclaimed Emperor
of the Great Ch'i dynasty, with his capital af Ta-ming, which he
shifted in 1132 fo K'ai-fêug Fu in Honan. Alarmed by the suc-
cesses of Yo Fei, he sent fo the Chin a Tartars for aid; but ere
long he suffered an overwhelming defeat from the Impealist troops,
and was relegated by the Tartars fo private lire, with the tifle of
1379 Lin YfiCsi ] (T. ). A.D. 772--842. A native
of Chihli, who graduated as chin shih and became a Censor. He
was on terres of close intimacy with Wang Shu-wên;
and when in 806 the Empemr Hsien Tsung came fo the thmne
A Ctizese Biog'aphical Dictioza'y 53t
and Wang Shu-wên fell, he was banished fo a post in Yfinuan.
After serving in various remote regions he returned fo the capital,
and af the recommeudatiou of P'ei Tu was appoiuted secretary in
the Board of Rites; but when the latter retire(l, he was again
dismissed fo the provinces. His great worth as a poet was however
fully recoguised by Po Chfi-i, who called him "a hero of song;"
and in the year belote he died he was promoted fo be President
of the Board of Rites. In composition he was such a purist that
he left a beautiful poem unfiuished because if was necessary fo
use the character dumpligs, which character was hot fo be
fouud in the Confucian Canon. Mauy of his verses were of a
satirical turn, and these often involved him in trouble with his
superiors. See Pei Tu.
Litl lriian ] J (T. .; j). Died A.D. 310. A descen(laut 13,gO
of a Turkic chieftaiu, fo whom the first Emperor of the Han
dynasty had given a kinswomau in marriage and who took the surname
Lin. He won the favour of the En9peror Wu Ti, and in 290
became Generalissimo of the Five Turkic Tribes of Shausi. In 304
he took the titles of Khan and King of Han; and in 308 he
proclaimed himself the first Emperor of a new Han dynasty, the
style of which was changed in A.D. 319 fo Chao. In 309 his son
Lin Ts'ung and the ex-robber Shih Lo attacked the Imperial armies,
and in the following years acquired for him all the southern hall
of Shausi and eastward as far as Shautuug, often appearing uuder
the walls of Lo-yaug itself.
Lin Yung I] ) (T. /I. H. ;: ]]). A.D. 1720--1805. 1381
Sou of Lin T'uug-hsiiu. He graduated as clin shilz in 1751, and
rose fo be a Grand Secretary and a Senior Guardian of the Heir
Apva.. ni o1«o of ;om, ia 6 , i tiil
much admired, and his acquaiutance with the Classics, the histories,
and the poets, was profouud. He was also famous as a calligraphist.
532 A Chinese Biographical Diclionary
But he cared fo be remembered only for conduct, and set little
store by his literary ability. He desired a friend fo write of him
as of one who had a gret reputation but who felt that he had
hot succeeded in achieving anything, great or small. He foretold
the date of his death many years before if occurred, and ruade
every preparation, even to the inscription on his tombstone.
Coisd .
Liu Yung-fu ] $ (T. ). Born A.D. 1835. A native
of Kungsi, who was captured by the T'ai-p'ings af an early age
but in 1862 joiaed the Imperial army. Subsequenfly he crushed
the rebel t Li Y ang-ts'ai, and took eommaud of his
tbrees which he established on the Tongking border. When the
Freneh proeeeded fo eonquer Tongking, Liu and his so-ealled Black
Flags joiued the Annamite government and offered a strenuous
resistance; but in March 1884 they were driven from Sontay and
Bacninh, and enlisd in the cause of China. In July 1885 he w
honoured with the tifle of batur, and was received with honour
af Canton in the following January. In 1887, on the disbandment
of his Black Flags, he w appointed Brigade General af Namoa
and was ordered fo id lu suppressing the Hainu rebellion; and
the saine year he had audience af Peking. He remained af Namoa
as Commodore and General until September 1894, when he
volunteered gainst the Japanese, and was sent fo Formosa. But
the Japanese were too much for him, and in spi of his prestige
he ccomplished nothing. Af length he was glad fo escape, disguised
as a woman with a child af the breast, fo the mainland. He was
subsequently offered a post as Brigade Generl in Kuangtung, which
he decliued.
The Princess of Lo-ch'ang, daughter of the last Emperor of the
Ch'ën dynasty. She was mrled fo a man named " Hsfi
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionat'y 533
Tê-yeu; and on separating fiom him in thi troubles which biought
hei çather's line fo a close, she gave him haff a brokeu mirror, with
the understauding that on a certain day she was fo offer the other
hall çor sale in the market-place, and thus afford a clue fo ber
whereabouts. Meanwhile, if fell to ber lot fo be taken into the
seraglio of Yang Su; neverheless, on the app(/inted day she managed
to get ber haff of the mirror exposed for sale as agreed upon. Her
husband was on the loo]-ou, and tracked ber fo the palace of
Yang Su, who on hearing the story ai once caused ber fo be
liberaed.
,o Ch'in-shun .. I, (T. . . ). .». :S
1465--1547. A native of T'ai-ho in Kiangsi. He graduated as
chi sltilt in 1493; and after holding various posts in the Han-lin
College and the Imperial Academy ai Nanldng, in 1522 he was ruade
President of the Board of Civil Office. In 1527, dissatisfied with
the administratiin of government, he retired into private Iffe. He
was the author of the D I-, a work in whicb Buddhism is
compared disadvantageously with Confucianism; and of the
ll, a collection of miscellaneous wl'itings. He was canonised
as ïî, and in 1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.
Lo'èng-lu , (T. î . H. ). Born A.D. 1385
1850. A native of Foochow, who af the age of seventeen was placed
af the Naval School in counection with the arsenal fouuded af
Pagoda Island by the late M. Giquel. In 1877 he was sent fo
Europe and attended lectures af King's College, London. In 1878
he was attached fo the mission of Kuo Sung-tao, and in 1879
was transferred fo Berlin. In 1881 he returned fo China and acted
as secretary fo Li Hung-chang. In 1895 he was secretary of the
peace-mission fo Shimonoseki. In 1896 he accompanied Li Hung-
chang on his visit fo Russia and other countries, and was appointed
534 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
a Knight Commander of the Victorian Order. In November of the
saine year he was nominated as Miniser fo the Court of St. James',
and entered upon his duties in May 1897. He speaks English
fluently, and is he au[hor of a ranslation into Chinese of Problems
on Nautical Astrouomy ad Navigation, by Jeans, and also of a
pamphle on Inde[erminate Equafions.
1386 Lo u . A very beaufiful and chase woman who lived
uuder the Han dynasty. One day, when she was out picking
mulberries, the Prince of Chao, in whose service her husbaud was,
began fo make advances o her. She ai once seized ber lu and
broke into song, in order fo express ber feelings.
1387 Lo Jao-tien (T. ). A.D. 1793--1854. Graduad
as chin shi in 1829, and by 1849 was Governor of Hupeh. In
1852 he w commissioned fo inspect the defences of Hunan, and
successfully held Ch'ang-sha against the T'ai-p'ings. In 1853 he
went as Viceroy fo Yfinnan, where he managed fo keep the
rebellions Mahomedans under control. He died while engaged in
an attack upon a local rebel, and was canonised as .
13ss Lo Kuan-chung . 12th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'ien-
t'ang in Chehkiang, and a novelist to whose peu the famous
romance, $ t, has been wrongly attribued. Sec ShihNai-ye,,,
13S9 LO Kung-yian X . magieian, who is said fo have
eondueed he Emperor Ming Huang o he palaee of he moou.
He threw his saff into he air, and if beeame a dazzling bridge
over whieh the adventurous travellers passed wih safety. In the
moon he Emperor winessed a performance of singing and dancing
by beauiful maidens, and on his reurn earh he organised e
famous body of operatie arists knwn as the N Pear-
Garden Performers.
190 Lo Pi (T. "). 12th cent. A.D. A native of Lu-ling
in Kiangsi, aud a distinguished seholar. Author of the , a
A Chinese Biog«apldcal Dictionary 535
history, se te speak, of prehistoric rimes, ending as if does with
the 18th ceutury B.C.
Le lin-wang ,,,,1 :=.. 7th cent. A.D. A native of I-wu in 1391
Chehkiang, who early distinguished himself as a poet and received
an appointment under the Emperor Kao Tsung of the T'ang dynasty.
Af the death of this monarch, A.D. 684, Le espoused the cause
of the legitimate heir as opposed te that of the Empress Wu Heu.
The two princes uuder whose banner he was fighting were captured
and put te death. There is no record of his own fart, but if is
most likely that he perished with them. Seine say that he retired
te a monastery and becanle a Buddhist priest. Was oue of the
"Four Heroes" of the T'ang dynasty (set Yang Ch'iung).
Le ling-ohang ,,,,[ï (T. ). A.D. 1798--1867. A 1392
native of Fatshau near Cauton, who af 17 years of age was cook
(seine say slave) in a gentleman's family. There he used te listen
te the lessons given by the tutor te the establishment, and ere
long composed an essay which attracted se-much notice that his
toaster provided him with a" suitable education and gave him one
of his daughters in marriage. In due course he graduated as cltin
shilt and was appointed te the Han-lin College. "After some years
in metropolitan offices he became a Censor in 1840 and memorialised
upon foreign affairs (see P'an Shih-ên). From 1850 te 1860 he
was Governor of Hunan, and kept the province fairly clear of
T'ai-p'ing rebels. In the latter year he was sent in pursuit of Shih
Ta-k'ai into Sstich'uan, of which province he became Viceroy in
1861. He succeeded in checking the rebels, and captured Shih Ta-
k'ai himself as he was attempting te pass up the - I Chien-
ch'ang valley in 1863. His subordinates, carefully selected and
trained under his own eye, rose in many cases te occupy leading
positions in the empire, the most notable among them being Tsêng
Kuo-fan. Incorruptible in his official capacity, in private lift he
536 A Chinese Biog»'alJhic«l Dictionary
was simple and unostentatious, even going so far as fo make
visits of ceremony on foot, carrying his own cards. He became
Assistant Grand Secretary in 1865. Canonised as
ta.:; ,o -. i (- tç -. th). ». l S0V-
1856. Of extremely poor family, he remained a mere student until
the breaking oui of the T'ai-p'ing rebellion when he was ordered
fo enrol the local Hunanese, thus forming the nucleus of the force
famous later ou as the Braves of Hunan. In 1853 he was sent by
Tsêng Kuo-fan fo Kiangsi. Recalled fo Hunan, he subsequently
distinguished himself at the taking of Wu-ch'ang and in driving
the rebels dowu fo Kiukiang. In 1855 he was fighting in Kiangsi;
but on Wu-ch:aug falling again into the hands of the rebels, he
hastened fo lay siege fo if in conjunction with Hu Lin-yi, and
vas killed by a shot when rcpelling a sortie. Canonised as
139 Lo Ts'ung-yen (T. {tp ). A.D. 1072--1135. A
native of Fuhkien, who led a studious but aimless lire until he
was forty years of age, when he became a disciple of Yang Shih.
In 1132 he received the honorary degree of chii jez and a post as
Assistant Magistrate. He vas the author of the = p .:,
a work desgned fo show that the disasters of the Sung dynasty
were due fo the abandonment by the Emperor Shên Tsung and
his successors of the priuciples of their ancestors. In 1614 he was
admitted fo the Confucian Temple.
1395 LO ¥in Ç (T. :). A.D. 833--909. A native of Ch'ien-
t'ang in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself in early youth by
his beautiful poems and was patronised by the Minister
Chêng T'ien. He was however very ugly; and a daughter of Chêng
T'ien, who had previously been fascinated by his verses, when once
she ha(] seen the author would never look at them again. He rose
fo high office under Ch'ien Lin, and his works were publlshed
with the title of . . On one occasion he wrote a
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'y 537
poem congratulating a young man who had graduated as chin shih;
whereupon the father of the latter said fo his son, "I do hot
congratulate you so much on having gained your degree as on
having received a poem from Lo Yin."
LO Yu . 4th cent. A.D. A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, 1396
who early distinguished himself by his scholarship. He was a petty
but useful and energetic official under Huan Wên. On one occasion,
when there was a general gathering for the purpose of "seeing off"
a newly-appointed Governor, he arrived late for the fuuction. Huan
Wên asked why he was behind rime. "I was stopped on the road,"
he replied, "by a devil, who jeered af me, sayiug, I notice you
are always going fo see others off, but nobody ever goes fo see
you off." Struck by the poiut of this remark, Huau Wëu ruade
him Governor of Hsiang-yang. ]:[e had a weakness for wine, and
moreover was uot ashamed fo go about asking fo be allowed
fo share in sacrificial feasts. Huau Wên rebuked him for this,
saying, "If you want food, why hot corne fo me?" "Ah," said Lo
Yu, "even if you were fo give me food today, what should I do
tomorrow ?"
L0U BU ¢ (T. :}1). 1st cent. B.C. A native of Ch'i, 1397
whose family had been physicians for many generations, tte himself
studied under his father, and acquired a vast knowledge of drugs
and their properties, showing such marked ability that he was
advised fo turn his energies fo an official career. After a course of
study he received a post af the capital, and ultimately rose fo
high office under Wang Mang. He got into trouble for alleged
neglect of duty in regard fo a raid of bandits and was cashiered;
however for the sake of past services Wang Mang allowed him fo
retire with a patent of nobility. He was famous for his persuasive
powers, and the "lips and tongue" of Lou Hu were coupled af
Ch'ang-an with the "pen and memorials" of Ku Yung.
538 A Chinese Biog»,aphical Diclionary
1398 l,ou Lan, The Prince of =[:.. Turkic chieftain who
murdered several Chine envoys uuder the Hau dynasty, and was
af last assassinated wheu drunk by the emissaries of Fa Chieh-tza.
1399 Lou Shih-tê (T.
). Died A.D. 700. A native
of Yfian-wu in Honan, who graduated as «lin slih and
by 674 had risen fo be a Supervising Censor. He then raised a
volunteer force fo operate against the Turfan, and was rewarded
for his services by a high military appointment. Some twenty
years later he suffered a severe defeat af the hands of the Turfan,
and was dismissed fo the provinces. In 697 he was restored fo
favour and ennobled; and in 700 he was nominated fo take com-
mand against the troublesome Turkic tribes. He died however
before the campaigu began. His naine was coupled with that of
Hao Ch'u-chfiu, and he was especially noted for his great for-
bearance. On one occasion, wheu urging his brother, who was
Govenor of Tai-chou, fo practise this virtue, the latter asked
him, "If a man were fo spit in my face, should I no wipe if
off?" "That would ouly iuflame his aner, he replied, "you had
better let if dry on." Canouised as .
1400 L Chao-li fi (T. ). 7th cent. A.D. A native
of Yu-chou in Chihli, who was ranked as one of the "Four
Heroes" of the T'ang dyuasty (see Yag Ch'img). e committed
suicide by drowning himself in the Ying river.
1401 Lu Chi (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Kiangsu,
who af the age of six was taken fo see Yfian Shu. The latter gave him
an orange, part of which the boy concealed in his vest but which
rolled out when he prostrated himself at taking leave. Yfian Shu
asked him if he thought it right fo pocket things af a host's
bouse; upon which the by excused himself by saying that he
wished fo take some of the orange home fo his mother. He grew
up a fine haudsome fellow and a great student, his chier hobby
A Chbtese Biog»'aphical Dictionat'y 539
being astronomy. Although he accepted a military command umler
Sun Ch'(ian, he did not reliuquish his studies, tte constructed a
celestial map; he annotated the Caw of C]ages; and finally he
foretold his own death, which happened ai the early age of 32.
IA1 Chi (T. :Ë ). A.D. 261--303. The son of an 1402
official under the Wu dynasty. He was seven feet in height, and
had a voice like thuuder. Upou the fall of the ttouse of Wu he
retired fo his native place in Kiangsu, where he devotêd himself
fo study for ten years. In 289 he and his brother, Lu Y(in,
proceeded fo the capital, and upon the recommendation of Chang
Hua they both received posts. Entering the service of Prince
Luu of Chao, he shared his master's downfall and was coudemned
fo death. From this rate he was saved by Prince Yiug of
Ch'êng-tu, fo whose fortunes he ai once closely attached himself.
When the latter, ai his advice, took up arms against the Prince
of Ch'ang-sha, he was entrusted with a command. His troops
however being defeatedç their repulse was attributed by a scoundrel,
who owed Lu Y(in a grudge, fo treachery on the part of their
commander. Prince Ying was highly incenæed, and caused him fo
be seized and put fo death, together with his brother and his two
sons. If is said that when this unjust act became known fo the
soldiers, there was hOt one who could refrain from weepig. He
and his brother, who was very clever and could compose ai six
years of age, are known as "the Two Lu." See Ku Jung.
LU Ch'i ] ; (T. -- ). Died A.D. 785. A unworthy 1403
Miuister who flourished under the Emperor Tê Tsung of the T'ang
dynasty. That sovereign raised him in 781 fo be the colleague of
Yaug Yen, just when the latter began fo decline in favour after
having compassed the death of the wise and upright Liu Yen. Lu
Ch'i's father and his grandfather had rendered eminent services fo
the State; but Lu Ch'i himself was despised for his want of education
540 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
and for the cringiug servility which distiuguished his manner, whilst
for repulsiveness of form and feature he was absolutely a byword
af Court. His skill of address recommended him, nevertheless, fo
the Emperor; and in a few months he managed fo procure the
downfall of his colleague Yang Yen, in whose place he got the
Emperor fo appoint a nonentity, named ] Kuan Po, so that
practically the whole power fell into his hands. Then began a
career of oppression and cruelty, forced loans and heavy taxation,
which culminated in the mutiuy of the army, and fina]ly led fo
the revolt of Li Huai-kuang and fo his own degradation. The besotted
Emperor still cluug fo his favourite, and in 785 made him Governor
of Jao-chou; but yielding af ]ength fo the public outcry, he sent
him fo a mnor post in Shensi where he shortly afterwards died.
If was said of him by Liu An-shih that he was unworthy fo face
hot only his own father and grandfather but even his own son,
au upright, honourable man and a worthy representative of his
aucestral line.
14Ot Lu Chia . 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A native of the Ch'u
State, whose ready wit and subtlety of argument gained him some
distinction as one of the itinerant politicians of the day. Soon
after the establishment of the Han dynasty, he was sent by the
Emperor fo convey a seal of office fo Chao T'o who had proclaimed
himself Prince of Yfieh (Kuangtung and Kuangsi), and fo receive
the declaration of his allegiance. Fie succeeded so well in this
mission that the Emperor appointed him a Minister of State. tte
retired from office under the Empress Lii tion, of whose schemes for
family aggrandisement he disapproved. Re-instated under the Emperor
ttsiao Wên Ti, B.C. 179, he was again sent fo Yiieh and proceeded
thither in great state, once more fo perform his task fo the
complete satisfaction of his master. He died af an advanced age,
leaving behind him an accourir of his travels. His memory is still
A Chinee Biogvaphica.! .Dietion«ry
over 8 feet in height, with a voice like a bell, and able fo drink
a picul of wine without getting drunk. He studied under Ma Jung,
and became renowned for his extensive learniug. He was tbe only
high Minister of State who ventured fo resist the arbitrary measures
of Tung Cho and his scheme fo depose the Emperor. He was threatened
wit.h death, but in consequence of the intercession of Ts'ai Yung
suffered only dismissal, after which he retired fo a hermitage in
Çllihli. He gave directions that he should be buried witllout a cof-
fin, saying that his mortal frame could hOt too soon be resolved
into ifs elemeuts. Ts'ao Ts'ao called him "a pattern fo scholars
and a pillar of the State." See Chog Chio.
Lu Ohih [=_ î (T. t ,f.). A.D. 754--805. A native of Chia- 1406
hsing in Kiangsu, who graduated as clti shifi af the age ofeighteen,
and in 780 was appointed fo a minor post in Shensi. An elaborate
essay on governmental needs soon brought him into notice. He
obtained a high position in the Han-lin College, and was so con-
stantly consulted by the Emperor that he was nicknamed j]
the Inuer Minister. He accompanied his toaster in his flight, A.D.
783, fo Liang-chou. After serving in various high posts, on the
fall of Tou Ts'an he entered the Council of State. But he could
hOt work with Lu Ch'i and Yang Yen; and in 795 he incurred
the Emperor's wrath by denouncing his favourite P'ei Yen-ling,
and escaped death only fo be sent fo a subordinate magistracy in
Ssilch'uan. In 805 he was recalled by the Emperor Sbun Tsung,
but died on his way to the capital, ttis political writings are much
admired, and his lire is an example of purity and nobility of
character. He was canonised as _, and in 1826 bis tabler was
placed in the Coufucian Temple.
LU Ohiu-yi]an ) (T. : . H. 0J). A.D. 1140-- HO7
542 A Chinese Biogrepldcal Dictionary
1192. A native of Chin-ch'i in Fuhkien, who graduated
as cldn s£ih lu 1172 and entered upon an official career. After
holding several appointments, with intervals of retirement af his
native place, where he taught philosophy fo crowds of disciples,
in 1190 he became Governor of i] Chi,g-mên in Hupeh. His
administration was a complete success, and he was recommended
for promotion; but he preferred fo remain, and died af his post.
Certain heterodox views ranged the great Chu FIsi among his op-
ponents; especially his contention that personal, subjective educa-
tion, coupled with reflection, wa the foundation of all mental
progress, and that education from without could be dispensed with.
The restflt was a long controversy and a famous letter addressed
fo him by Chu Hsi. Neither, however, was converted to the views
of the other, nor was anything in the form of a compromise effected.
His few miscellaneous writings were published under the title of
[ . He was canonised as , and in 1530 his ablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
1408 Lu Chung-lien .. A native of the Ch'i State, who led
the lire of a wandering philosopher. In B.C. 258 he happened fo
be in Han-tan, when that city was surrounded by the victorious
forces of Ch'in after the frightfu| defeat inflicted by Po Ch'i on
Chao Kuo, and advised the abandonment of the project of doing
homage fo Prince Chao Hsiang of Ch'in as Emperor, urging a
vigorous resistance. The siege of ttan-tan being raised in the saine
year, large rewards were offered fo him for his services, but he
disilainfully refused everything, left the city, and disaiieared. His
name is now used in the sense of "mediator" or "peace-maker."
1409 Lu Fa-ho = fl. 6th cent. A.D. A hermit of Chiang-ling
in FIupeh, who was possessed of supernatural powers. When Hou
Ching dispatched one of his lieutenants fo seize a Prince of the
House of Liang, Lu Fa-ho proceeded fo warn the latter of his
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionm'y 543
danger; and when if was impossible, because of a contrary wind,
fo lauuch fire-ships againt the enemy's fleet, he waved a white
feather and changed the direction of the wind, af the same rime
enabling the Imperial troops fo walk upon the surface of he waer.
Lu F-yen (T. ). 6h cent. A.D. Auhor of ltlO
the ., a phonetic dictionary arranged under 206 finals ac-
cording o the four ones, in which work he was assisted by Yen
Chih-t'ui and others.
Lurang (T. oe).DiedA.D.? 50. Anativeof lirai
San-shui in Shensi, who ook advanage of he ill-feeling against
Wang Mang the Usurper o preend o be a grea grandson of
he Emperor Wu Ti, aud subsequeufly raised some roops and
served under Liu Hs(iau. Upon the fall of tire laer, he more
turbulen spiris of his native place deermined ha he suecession
should go o him; and an alliance was formed wih tire Khau of
the Hsiuug-nu, who caused him o be proclaimed Emperor. But
aer a life of fighing and iutrigue, during which he once (in
b.D. 40) actually resumed his allegiauce and presened himself a
Cour, he fiually fled o he Hsiung-nu aud spen in exile he en
years which preeeded his death.
L Usi (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. h native of Honan, 1412
who was hideously ugly, and could hOt speak plain. He graduated
however as chin shih, and had risen by 879 fo be Minister of Stage
and President of the Board of Punishments. He was a prot6gg of the
eunuch T'ien Tzfi-liug, and later on became mixed up in political
intrigues and was forced fo take poison.
Lu Hsiu-fu (T. ). A.D. 1236--1279. A native 113
of Yen-ch'êng in Kiangsu. He graduated as cMn shlh in
Li T'ing-chih, he entered in 1275 upon an official career. Rising
rapidly fo be a Minister of Stage, he shared in the southward
544 A Chinese Biographical Dicttonary
flight of the young Emperor Tuaa Tsung before the conquering
hosts of Kublai Khan; and when Tuan Tsung died, he carried the
child-Emperor Ti Ping to Yai-shan in Kuaugtung. After some
mouths of resistance, seeing .hat all was lost, he bade his wife
and children throw themselves into the sea; and then, taking the
Emperor on his back, he fol.lowed their example and brought the
great Sung dynasty fo an end (see Cltao Pilg). In 1859 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
chi in Chehkiang, and oue of the 24 examples of filial piety.
Ent, eriug the public service, he first attracted attention duri»g a
serious famine by distributing an ottlcial graut of food only among
persons who had a differeut surname from his own and who could
uot therefore be members of his family. Later ou, his naine was
wrongfully mixed up in the rebellions projects of Prince Ying
of Ch'u, and he was thrown into prison and put fo the question,
but refused fo confess. His moher followed him fo the capital, and
sent some food into the prison, af the sight of which he burst ino
tears, explaining fo the gaoler that he kuew his mother must be close
by, as he detected ber hand in the manuer of miucing the meat and
onions. This being reported fo the Emperor, he was set af liberty.
LU Iuai-shên 't. Died A.D. 716. A native of
Hua-chou in Honan, who graduated as chin shih and rose fo be a
Minister of State under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'aug
dynasty. Feeling however that his talents were inferior fo those
of his famous colleague, Yao Ch'uug, he rather shirked acting on
his own responsibility; but this seeming neglect of duty was
popularly attributed fo his love for the pleasures of the table, in
consequence of which he was nicknamed ) the Boon-
Conlpanion Minister. tte became President of the Board of Civil
Ogice, and was canonised as J.
A Cltittese Biog»'etphical Dictiotta»'g 545
LU l=Iuan -J',.. 8th cent. A.D. A stern and upright official 116
of the T'ang dynasty. In A.D. 742 he was Goveruor of Nan-hai
in Kuangtung, having been sent thither fo reform the administration
wMch had become very corrupt under his two predecessors, both
of whom had been cashiered for accepting bribes. Under his pure
rule, "the filthy harpies of the law folded their hands" and order
w soon restored. He afterwards rose fo be President of a Board.
Lu ui-nêng ) . A.D. 637--712. The sixth and last 1417
of the Eastern Patriarchs of Buddhism. He was boru ai Hsin-chou
in Kuangtung, and is said fo bave remained in the womb six
years, and o bave refused his mother's milk, being fed miraculously
by angels. After having been invested with the robe and the bowl
by Hung Jen, he had o go into hiding for some years. In 676
he appeared ai a temple ai Canton, and devoted himself o teaching
the principles of BSdhidharma. In 705 the Emperor invited him
o Court, but he excused himself on the plea of ill-health. He
was buried ai his native place, where he had caused a dagoba fo
be prepared for his remains. He rebuked his disciples for weeping
over him, and declined fo nominate a successor in the Patriarchate,
as the doctrine was already well established in China.
Lu Hung (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A seholar and llS
recluse who lived ai Lo-yang, and was distinguished for his
knowledge of the seal eharaeter. He resisted several offers of
employment in the public service; and when at length he appeared
ai Cou he refused o perform obeisance, on the ground that
loyalty and sincerity are better thau prostrations. He was allowed
fo return o his home, which he called Perfect Bliss, and
them devoted himself o the instruction of some 500 pupils. The
Emperor gave him a yearly pension, with leave o submit his
views on political questions, and af his death contributed 10,000
cash towards his funeral expenses.
85
546 A C]ti»lcse Biograpllical Dictwnarg
m., tel K'ai )i (T. 3 ). « ». 0t. peoio, yo,h,
who ook his firs degree a 15, and entered he public service.
He rapidly rose o high oce; but his elder brother Lu Hsiu
was accused of complicity in fle treasonable designs of the Prince
of Hsien-yug, and died in prison. Lu K'ai was himself arrested;
he escaped howeer through a general pardon. He was so affected
by his broher's death tha he wept without ceasing until he nearly
lost his sight. Canonised as .
1420 Lu Kuei-mêng (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. A poet
of the T'ang dynasty who used to practise abstinence kom food
and would not eat ment or drink wiue which had been bought in
the market. Neigher would he take prt in any of ghe greag an-
nual festivals nor have anything fo do with ceremoaies of mourning
or bufial. His chier delight was fo roam about in a small boat
with only a few books his fishing-tackle, and a réc]aud formakiug
tea. He was called the , and if is also said tha the
expression £ "wanderer among rivers and lakes" was
first applied fo him.
1421 Lu K'un ), (T. oE. H. ). A.D. 1772-1835. A
native of Cho-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chi» shih in
1799 and rose by service in Peking and the provinces fo be Governor
of Shensi. He was employed in 1826 fo tonnage the supplies for the
army operating against Jehangir in Turkestan and contnved fo
keep the expenses withia Tls. 11000,000. As Viceroy of Hu-Kuang
in 1832 he suppressed a great rising of the Hunan aborines, in
spire of a defective commissariat and in spire of nid received by
he rebels from the Kuangtung abofigines. For this he was enuobled
for failure fo keep down piracy, he was sent fo replace him. He
was there in 1834, when the English ships were fired upon by
the forts af Bocca Tigris and aachored in consequence ai Whampoa;
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioa'g 547
and he gained eonsiderable kudos by preventing tbem from reaehing
Canton. Canonised as J -.
Lll Kung (T. tç )" 1st and 2,d cent. A.D. A native 1t22
of P'ing-ling in Shensi, whose aneestors belonged originally fo the
Lu State. His grandfather, OE Lu K'uang, had served under
Wang Mang the Usurper, and had gaiued the sobriquet of
Bag of Wisdom. His father died wheu he was only 12; and his
bitr lamentations, eoupled with refusal of all peeuniary assistance,
attraed mueh local attention. He subsequent]y beeame Magistrate
of Chuug-mou, the modern K'ai-fêng Fu, where his adminis-
tration was eharaeterised by the (1) absence of locusts, (2) tameness
of birds and beasts, and (3) humanity of ehildren in his District.
The dirable results were said fo be due fo his virtuous rule,
from which ail ordinary forms of punishment were eliminated. He
rose fo be President of the Board of Civil Office under the Emperor
Wên Ti, and again, after an iuterval of disgraee, under his suc-
eesmr. He finally retired and died of old age.
Lu Lung-ch'i (T. . H. an ). 113
graduad as chin shih in 1670. In spire of a clever essay a he
Palace examinaiou, ou the need of morals as well as laws in
governmen and he cerainy of corruption amoug uuderpaid o-
cials, he became Magistrale a Chia-iug in Kiangsu only
in 1675. There he se his face against he sysem of presens to
superiors, and by his upright rule excied so much jealousy ha
in 683 a preex was round for shifing him o he wreched pos
of Ling-shou in Chihli, where he remained prosecufing his reforms
unil 1690. He was then appoined o be a Supervising Censor.
Here agaiu his srong opposition o he sysem of recommendation
for oêe, as well as o he "contribution" sysm, reudered him
very unpopular, and he was forced o reire when his three years
548 A Chittese Biogr«phical Dictiottarg
of office had expired, shortly after which he died. In 1724 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple and in 1736 he was
cauonised as .-. le was famous as a teacher of the Classics,
and also for his )î : , a commentary on the Four Books,
aud for several other learned works. His miscellaneous writings
were published under the title of --" __ .
Lu lan ]J (or ). A sobriquet conferred upon a famous
is said fo bave been coatemporary with Confucius. Because his
father had beea put fo death by the men of Wu he carved the
figure of a demon and set if with ifs hand pointing in the directio
of that State. The result was a drought which lasted three years;
but upon receiviug compensation for his father's murder, he cut ot
the figure's 'ight hand, and the drought ceased. He also costrtcted
a wooden kite, which flew up ito the sky and did hot corne
down for three days. He is now worshipped as the God of Car-
penters, ad tyros are waraed hot fo "swiug their axes ai the
door of Lu Pan," --. i. e. hot fo show off in the presenc of an expert.
yang in ttonau, who was a poor scholar uader the Chin dyasty.
Shocked by the collapse of public m0rality and the greed for mere
wealth which characterised the period A.D. 291--300, he composed
a satire on the vices of his age, known as . $$ ,a discourse
on the Geaius of Money.
.u o-t I-| . 2nd cent. B.C. A native « P'in-cho,
who served with distinction under Ho Ch'fi-ping and was ennobled
s Marquis. In B.C. 120 he subjugated large portions of mode'n
Kuangtung and Kuangsi, and received further honours. He was
known as the-'/ Wave-quelling Commander, a title
givea later oa fo Ma Yian.
A Chiese Biog»'«qhicel Dictiona'y 549
native of Shanghai, who passed first on the list of cléa je» and in
1505 graduated as «ldn shils. Entering official lire, he rose fo a
high post in the department charged with the education of the
Heir Apparent. Author of the - , a well-known work on
orthography, etc. Canonised as *].
Lu Shông ) ].. 3rd cent. B.C. A magician and alchemist who 1428
flourished under the First Emperor, and is said fo have accompanied
Hsfi Shih in his search for the Isles of the Blest.
Lu Shông t:.. In the year A.D. 732, a Taoist sage, named 1429
Old Father LU, was travelling in modern Chihli, and
sought a temporary test af a bouse in which a lad named Lu
was employed as a servant. While the toaster of the bouse was
engaged in cookiug some millet-porridge, the lad complained bitterly
fo the stranger of his humble lot in life. Thereupon the latter
bade him rest his head on a pillow which he took from his wallet,
saying, "This will lead you fo success and glory." The lad had no
sooner laid his head upon the pillow than he dreamt that he
returned fo his home, married a lovely bride named the Lady
Ts'ui, gained the highest degree af the public examinations, was
promoted fo the rauk of Imperial Secretary, and died full of honours
af the age of 80; yet when he awaked, the porridge was hot fully
cooked. Turning fo the sage, he thanked him for the hint thus
conveyed, saying, "Sir, you bave iustructed me!" This occurrence,
popularly known as the Dream of the Yellow Millet, is also related
in reference fo Lii Yen.
LU Shih J. A lady who lived under the T'ang dynasty. 1430
Famous for having remained to protect ber aged mother-in-law
from robbers, when all the other members of the family had run
away. "Ah!" said the old lady, quoting from the Confucian A«dects,
"'ris in cold weather that we become aware of the endurance of
the tir and the pine."
550 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
14:]1 LU Shih-i (T. ). H. ). 17th cent. A.D.
A native of :: T'ai-ts'ang in Kiaugsu. In his youth he devoted
his energies fo Buddhism and alchemy; but he ultimately abandoned
these ïor Conïucianism, fo which he gave thirty years of unremitting
toil. Failing fo obtain employmeut under the Mings, as soou as
the Mauchus came iuto power he resolutely refused all such offers,
and became a public teacher of philosophy. He was the author oï
the ,l ) , a work on the education of the mind from early
chih|hood up fo the attainmeu of wisdom. In 1874 his tabler was
placed in the Confucian Temple.
1432 Lu T'an-wei ). 4th cent. h.I). bu artist of Kiangsu,
who delighted in drawi»g the sages and worthies of antiquity and
was taken uuder the patronage of the Emperor Ming Ti of the
Eastern Chin dynasty.
1433 LU Tien l'l (T. ). A.D. 1042-1102. A native of
Chehkiang, of a poor family. He became first a disciple, and
afterwards an opponeut, of Wang An-shih. He rose fo high office,
and was distinguished as an author, especially by his works on
Ceremonies.
14:]4 Lu To-hsiin : . Died A.D. 986. A native of Ho-nei in
Honan, who graduated as chin s]i] in 955, and rose by 979 fo
be President of the Board of War. He was a very able man, but
he managed fo incur the hatred of Chao P'u and was banished,
ou the score of political intrigue, fo Yai-chou in Kuangtung, where
he died.
1435 Lu Ts'ang-yung (T.-- ). 7th and 8th cent.
A.D. A native of Fan-yang in Chihli, whose father was an official
and had gained the nickname of . Skilful af composition,
he went up for his c]d s/ih degree; but failing fo pass, he retired
with his brother fo the mountains, where they lived as hermits and
studied the art of existing without food. Later ou he returned and
A Chi»tese Biog»'alJhical Dictio»tat'y 551
took his degree, and in 706 was secretary in the Grand Council,
from which he rapidly rose fo be President of the Board of Works.
ge then incurred the displeasure of the T'ai-p'ing Princess and
nearly lost his lire. Dismissed fo a provincial post, he was accused
of treason and sent into Kuangsi, where he distinguished himself
against rebels in Cochin-China; after which he was transferred fo
other posts, until he finally died af Shih-hsiug in Kuangtung.
An intimate friend of Ch'ên Tztï-ang, he was sldlled in various
styles of writing, was an excellent performer on the lute, and a
good player aL wei ch'l.
Lu Tsung-tao ,
(T. . ). Died A.D. 1029. An 136
official of the Sung dynasty, who came into notice in 1017 as a
Censor. The Emperor Chên Tsung, though wearied by his incessant
harangues on the abuses that prevailed, nevertheless wrote on the
wall of his apartment î -- "Lu the Straightforward," showing
how much he esteemed him. Under the next Emperor he reformed
the abuses connected with the selection of provincial officers, and
was for seven years in the Council, in which position he checked
the ambitions designs of the Empress Regent. His constant war
against the Empress's relatives af Court gained for him the punning
nickname of 0, i the Fish-head (i. e. Nuisance) Minister.
Canonised as -- ï.
LuT'ung (H. )][ --). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A poet
and scholar of the T'ang dynasty, ramons for his love of tea and
his song on tea-drinking, in which he declared that a seventh cup
ruade him feel as though a gentle breeze under his armpits was
wafting him aloft fo heaven. He was a pupil under t]an Yii.
His poem, entitled A, Eclipse of t/,e .'][oo, levelled against the
seditîous societies of the period 806-821, was warmly praised by
Han Yii, who was otherwise a great admirer of his writings.
Lu Wang. See Li Ts'ung-k'o
552 A Cli»ese Biog».aplical Dictionary
1438 LU Wên-eh'ao i (T. - i. H. ,). A.D. 1717--
1795. A native of Hangchow, who graduated in 1752 and rose by
1766 fo be Literary Chancellor in Hunan. After this he held no
other otfice, but devoted his lire fo literature, spending large sums
in forming a library of rare books. Besides publishing new editions
cordance, with commentary, of 38 works, classical, historical, and
philosophical. He also wrote essays, and a commeutary on the " .
14391",11 Srtl "i)J (T. ç 1). A.D. 1125--1209. A native of Shau-
yin in Chehkiaug, who distiuguished himself by his learJing af the
early age of 12. Enteriug upon a public career by virtue of his
father's services, he fell into disfavour with Ch'in Kuei; but after
the latter's death he received an alalaoiutment , and in 1163 the
Emperor Hsiao Tsung ruade him a Compiler for the Privy Council
aud confcrred upon him the honorary degree of clin sltilt. Fie sub-
sequently held several provincial laosts, but was hot very successful
in official lire. People accused him of being too easy-going, in
cousequence of which he bestowed upon himself the sobriquet of
. He was a skilled littdrater, and excelled as a poet. Fie
was employed upon the dynastic history, and a collection of his
writings on miscellaueous subjects was published under the tit]e of
" . This last work was edited lu the 17th century by
- - Mao Chin, who added wo books of early anonymous effusions
which Lu Yu had attempted fo suppress.
1440 1",11 sr j (T. ,, :). Died A.D. 804. A native of-
Fu-chou in Hupeh, who is said fo bave been picked up when an
infant and adopted by a Buddhist priest. But as he refused fo join
the priesthood, he was set fo menial work; in consequence of
which he fled and became a clown. In this capacity he atracted
the notice of an otficial who supplied him with books fo educae
himse]f. About the year 775 he betook himself fo a hermit's lire
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'y 553
and assumed the naine of . He also called himself
y --, with reference fo the place of his education, and
[ ] t.; besides which he was further known as
Lu Chi (T. j). Author of ]slle , a faDIOllS work on
tea, which beverage he declared couhi be ruade fo perfection only
with water from Hupeh.
Lu Yïmn-lang ; J] (T. t/J] ). A.D. 550--625. A native
of Soochow, and one of the greatest classical scholars of his rime.
ge headed the list of distinguished men summoned between 570
and 580 by Ch'ên Shu-pao. On the fall of the Ch'ên dynasty, he
attracted the notice of the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty
and received the appointment of Imperial Librarian. The usurper
Wang Shih-ch'ung wished him fo become tutor fo his son; but he
declined the post, and in 621 entered the service of the Prince of
Ch'in, afterwards second Emperor of the T'ang dynasty, and was
by him enrolled among the scholars who formed the famous
College of Learning. During the reign of the first Emperor
of the T'ang dynasty, ho distinguished himself by his defence of
Confucianism against Buddllism and Taoisnl, thereby earning high
honours and the titl of Baron. Author of the , , an
exl01anation of terres and phrases in the Classics and the Taois
writers. Better known by his style as Lu Tê-ming.
Lïl l:Iou or LU 8hih ]. Died B.C. 180. The Empress
Lit, whose personal naine was O-hsi, consort of Kao Tsu,
first Emperor of the Han dynasty, whence she is sometimes spoken
of as . Her father, named Lii - Shu-p'ing and often
spoken of as ]_t4 Lii Kung, wus a physiognomist; and he was
so struck by the features of the future Emperor (see Li .Pag)
that he gave him his daughter fo wife. She was endowed with a
masculine mind and an iron will, and if was grealy owing fo her
masterful advice that her husband was enabled to consolidate the
554 A Chinese Biograpbical Dictionary
empire. After the death of the Emperor she became Regent for
ber youthful son, known in history as ui Ti. To make the throne
secure, she poisoned the Prince of Chao, another son of the late
Emperor by a concubine named A the Lady Ch'i; and
also pu his moher o death wih shameful tortures and called
ber own sou fo view the death-struggle of this unhappy woman
she lay expiring in a latrine. This sight affected the young
Emperor so deeply that he lost self-control, and gave himself up
fo drinking and debauchery; whereupon his mother usurped all
power, and reigned for the test of ber lire as the legifima
sovereign of the empire. After ber death there was an attempt by
members of he family, all of whom had been raised to high ran,
o possess themselves of the throne. Their forces were dispersed by
Chou P'o, and Liu Hêng was saluted as Emperor,
H43 Lfi Hsiang (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A native of
Ching-chou in Kansuh, whose father was absent af a disnce whea
he was born. Brought up by his maternal grandmother, he devod
himself fo he "grass" character and became so epe that he
could write 100 characers in a ring wihout taking off his pen.
The strokes were all so fine tha his style came fo be known as
the "brocade" style. In 722 he was admited fo the Han-lin College,
and wrote poems denouncing the Emperor's annual search for
beautiful girls and also the Imperial hunting expeditions. He rose
fo be Vice President in the Board of Works; and one day, returning
from Court, he espied an old man in the street who greatly
resembled his father. Stopping fo speak fo him, he found out that
the strauger really was his father; whereupon he jumped off his
horse, and clasping the old mau's kuees, with tears of joy carried
him away fo his home.
1444 Lfi Hsien-chi (T. ). A.D. 1800--1853. As
Çensor in 1842 he gained a great reputation by his excellent
:1 Cinese Biographical Dictionarg 555
counsels of reform. Rising fo be the Vice President of a Board,
he was sent as specia! Commissioner fo organise the defence of
Anhui against the T'ai-p'ings, and wa, slain af the taking of
Su-'g. c,,os« _.
. i (T. ,--[). Die .». 0. native «
fêng in Honan, who graduated as clin sldlt, nd entering the
public service rose fo be secretry ia the Bord of War and Director
of he Censorate. His opposition, however, fo Wang An-shih and
his "ianovatioas" brought him into disfavour, and he was dismissed
fo a provincial post, where he died.
of Shou-chou in Anhui, who graduated as cMn sMlt and rose
fo the highest offices of State under the Emperor Jen Tsung of
the Sung dynasty. Whea the Empress Dowager diedç he and the
Emperor planned fo get ri¢l of the officials who had been ber
trusted servants; but this coming to the ears of the Empress, she
was very angry, and in the end Lfi himself had fo retire. Within
a year he was re-instated; which so enraged the Empress that she
proceeded fo smack the face of one of the Emperor's favourite
concubines. In hei iagei howeveri she missed her aire ud hit the
Emperii himself, who went off and complained fo his Ministers of
Stnte, showing fo them the marks of the Empress's halls on his
neck. Lii resigaed, nd the Empress was deposed. He and Wang
Ts'ëng were afterwards employed together, but they quarrelled so
incessantly that both had fo retire. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised
un (T. OE ). Die¢ .C.D. .. he son « a
high ooEcer tmder Fu Chien, who rose fo be General and for
ssisting in extinguishing the first Yen State, was ennobled as
Marquis. In 352 he was sent against the refractory tribes in
Turkestan, and advanced successfully fo Harashar and Kuchah.
556 A C]tincse Biog».aphical l)ictionary
Returning with much booty, he heard on nearing the Great Wall
of the overthrow of Fu Chien. Thereupon he seized on Liang a-
chou, part of Kansuh, calling himself in 386 Viceroy; and three
years later he took the style of p-]" î King of the Three
Rivers, and in 396 of eaven-appointed King o
Liang a. In the following year he suffered a severe defeat from the
State of Ch'in, on which two of his Generals revolted, and
establishing the States of North and South Liang a, left him litfle
more than he present Prefecure of Liauga-chou.
1448 L K'un (T. . . ). A.D. 1536--1618. A
native of ing-ling in Honan. e graduaed as chin sMh
in 1574, and entered upon an official career. After holding a
variety of pos, he became President of the Board of Punishments.
In 1597 he presented fo the Emperor a memorial of remonsh'ance
on the state of things in general; but finding that his words had
no effect, he forthwith resigned. His enemies then set fo work fo
show that in his , a w ork ouviruous ladies of the
Imperial seraglio, he had been guily of reasonable remarks. Bu
he psages were proved o be forgeries, and he wriers of hem
were severely punished. He was also he auhor of he ,
a collecfio of political essays and ocial papers. In 1826 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
I9 L Kung-chu (T. fl ). Died A.D. 1089. The
second and most brilliaut of the four sons of Lfi I-chien, ail of
whom rose fo bigh tank in official life. As a boy, he w so
devoted fo study that he frequently forgot all about food and sleep.
Graduating as c],in shih, he had risen by 1069 fo be af the head
of the Censorate, but was dismied fo a provincial post for op-
position fo Wang .An-shih. In 1086 he was a Minister of State
conjointly with Ssfi-ma Kuang; and when the latter died, he was
entrusted with sole power. Canonised as .
A Chittese Biogt'aphical Dictiotarg 557
Lii Ling . 10th cent. B.C. A famous runner who lived in If50
the time of Mu Wang. l:[e is said fo have become af his death one
of the attendants of the God of Thunder.
Li LuIlg gy. (T. -). Died A.D. ? 404. A nephew of 143|
LU Kuang, under whom he gaiued some faine as Warden of the
lorLhern Tribes. [e succeeded Lii Tsuan in 401. His short reign
was marked by a gallant defence of the capital against his rivals
of the lorth and the South Liang a States. In 403 Yao Ising
iuorporated Liang a in the Later Ch'in State. LU received office af
Ch'an-an, but became engaged in Lreasonable plots and was executed.
r. ng â (T. - g)I ). Dieu| A». 1. A ntive o u- t
nan in Honan. When young he lived with his sister, whose husband
was a captain under Sun Ts'ê. On oue occasion the lad secretly
followed his broher-in-law on a raid against bandits, and greatly
astonished the former by his prowess. [is next feat was o slay
one of his brother-in-law's subordinates, who had presumed fo
slight him. For this he had fo flee; but subsequently he was sent
for by Sun Ts'ê, and aL his brother-in-law's death was appointed
fo he vacant post. When Sun Ts'ê was killed, he continued fo
serve under Sun Ch'iian, fighting mauy battles, repulsing the great
Ts'ao Ts'ao, and by stratagem effecting the capture of Kuan Y/i,
for which achievemens he was ennobled as Marquis. le died in
his master's arms.
LU lgêng-chêng I. (T. : ). Oied A.D. 1011. A 153
native of Honan, who was driven from home while quite a boy
by his father, and was received and brought up by some priests
aL Lung-mên for a period of nine years. In A.D. 977 he graduated
as first chin shih, and six years later was ruade a Minister of State.
When he weni fo Cour for the first rime, a courtier asked if
"Lhis child" was fo help in the administration; but LU pretended
hot fo hear him, and subsequently refused o learn his naine.
558 A Chinese Bographical Dictiona»'y
Honest and mild in disposition, he is regarded as the best of the
Ministers who served under the founder of the Sung dynasty. He
kept a private list of all competent men, and thus he was always
able af a moment's notice fo fill any vacant post. Ia 1003 he
retired with the title of Duke, and spent the last years of his lire
in compiling the ,a wrk on the numerical categories.
Cauonised as .
1t54 Lfi Pu g Ç (T. N)" Died A.D. 198. A nativeof N
Chiu-yfian, who distinguished himself as a military commander
towards the close of the Han dynasty. Having gained the reputation
of a brave and energetic soldier, renowned for his skill as a
spearman and archer, he entered the service of Ting Yfian
who treated him like a son. Ne joined in Ho Chin's cospiracy
against the eunuchs; and then, ai the instigation of Tuug Cho,
he assassinated Ting Yfian and w forthwith taken into high
favour. He soon aerwards succeeded in rousing Tung Cho's anger
by an intrigue with one of his servant-girls, and in a fit of mper
Tung Cho threw a halberd af him. Resentment and fear led him
fo listen the proposais of Wang Yfin, then in search of a
by meas of which he might accomplish the dth of Tung Cho
(see Tiao Ch'aO. Thus he slew his second chief, for which service
he was ruade a Marquis. Pursued by the adherenN of Tung Cho,
he fled first fo Yfian Shu and then fo his brother, Yfia Shao. The
latter soou grew fo hate him, upon which he became an adventurer.
Ai one rime he was a supporter of Liu Pei; af another, his active
enemy. Finally he was captured by Ts'ao Ts'ao, and put fo death.
155 Lfi Pu-wei . Died B.C. 235. A native of the Wei
State, according fo some; of the Han Ste, according fo others.
He lived as a merchant af Hau-tan, the capital of the Chao Star;
and there ruade the acquaintance of I-jen, one of the twenty
illegitimate sons of the Heir £parent fo the Ch'in State. I-jen
A Chinese Biogt'apldcal Dictionat'y 559
had been sent fo Chao as a hostage, and was in poor circumstances.
He was a customer of Lit's, and somewhat of a simpleton. The
merchant, however, said fo himself in trade phraseology, "This is
stuff worth holding for a rise;" and with the consent of I-jeu
proceeded fo Ch'in, and by representing fo the childless but legal
wife of the Heir Apparent that on the death of the latter ber
own power would corne fo an end, he persuaded ber fo adopt
I-jeu as ber own son. The ruler of Chao was then induced fo release
I-jeu, whom Lit forthwith escorted fo Ch'in, where he was acknowledged
as son of the tteir Apparent who was devotedly fond of his wife
and ready fo fall in with any of her wishes. To please his new
mother, I-jeu was dressed according fo the style prevailiug in the
Ch'u State, of which she was a native; and this caused hs naine
fo be changed fo oe : Tzfi-ch'u. Meauwhile, Lfi Pu-wei had
married a beautiful grl, and had lived with her but a short rime
wheu she was casually seeu by I-jeu, who hOt only fell deeply
in love wth ber, but eveu begged Lfi fo hand ber over fo him..
Lfi did so; and if has been asserted that she was already 1)regnant,
so that the son, named Chêng, afterwards First Emperor, who was
born later on, was really the son of Lfi Pu-wei. In B.C. 251 Chao
Hsiang, ruler of Ch'in, died, and I-jen's adopted father reigned
in his stead. A year later the latter also died, and I-jeu succeeded
him. He af once ennobled Lfi Pu-wei, and appoiated him fo be
Minister. Three years afterwards the new ruler was dead, and the
boy Chêng came fo the throne; whereupon Lfi's tile was raised,
and he further received the honorary designation of Second
Father. All this rime Lit had beensecretly indulging in a criminal
connection with his former wife, now queen-dowager. But fearing
discovery by the ral)idly-developing young sovereign, and in order
fo shift the blame from himself, he introduced to the amorous lady
a handsome youth named - Lao Ai, and caused him fo enter
560 A Chinese Biolra]ghical Dictioary
her service as a eunuch, for which pur]pose his beard had previously
been extirpated. By Lao Ai she had two children; buf. in B.C.
238 the intrigue was discovered, and Lao Ai, who had acquired
considerable wealth and ]power, as a last resource broke into open
rebellion. He was, however, defeated an taken ]prisoner and put
fo death with ail his family. The queen-dowager was exiled, and
LU Pu-wei was condemned fo death; but in considerati0n of his
former services his punishment was commuted fo banishment fo his
appanage in Honan. After living some rime in retirement, he was
suspected of treasonable designs and banished fo Ssllch'uan, where
he put an end fo his extraordinary career by ]poison. He had been
Minister in Ch'in for twelve years. In 254 and 253, the Wei and
the Han States, respectively, had become ifs vassals; and in 253
Chao Hsiang had offered the Imperial sacrifice fo Shang Ti. In
249 Lfi Pu-wei extinguished the Eastern Chou State, the last
remnant of the Imperial domain; and by 247 Shantung had been
incor]porated. Then when Wei Wu-ch'i, af the head of the armies
of the rive allied States, inflicted a severe defeat upon ,
Mêng Ao, the Ch'in general, Lfi managed by bribery fo get him
removed from the command; and his death in 244 left the Ch'in
State free fo pursue ifs career of conquest. Lii Pu-wei had also
ruade a bid for literary faine. He engaged a number of scholars
fo produce a kind of encyclo]poedia, which he ]published under the
title of ]î I; and when completed he placed a copy of
if in the market-place af Hsienyang, offering a ]purse of one
thousand taels fo any one who could im]prove if even by adding
or expunging a single word. This work is hOt mentioned in Ssfi-
ma Ch'ien's history; .and although a work is still extant under
the saine title, if enjoys small reputation among the learned, and
may safely be referred of the ingenuity of some scholar of the E.
Han dynasty, ]probably Kao Yu.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 56t
Lii Shang. See T'ai Kuug.
wih Yang Shih, Hsieh Liang-o, and Yu Tso, under
the grea Ch'êng I, he four sudens being collecively nown as
he . He acquired a profoun« knowledge of he Classics,
especially of [he Boo of Rites; and abou 1090 he received
honorary [i[le of Grea[ Scholar, and was appoin[ed o [he Imperial
Library. He died however shor[ly aferwards, and in 1895 his
[ble was placed in [he Confucian Temple.
Lfi Tsu-ch'ien ¢ (T. fl -n, ). A.D. 137- 1457
1181. A na[ive of Kuei-lin Fu in Kuangsi. He gradua[ed
as chin shih, and entering upon an ocial career rose o be a
Hisriographer; bu[ in 1178 he was compelled by ill-heaRh fo
retire. Distinguished more as a scholar [han as an ocial, he was
o. o«; a « « , cci, of ioÆ.ic
documen of [he Sung dynasy down fo [he year 1127; of the
, consisting of historical criticisms; of a commentary on
the Canon of C]anfles, e[c. e[c. He was a con[emporary and fel]ow-
labourer wi[h Chu Hsi, one of whose great works, the
, owed i[s publica[ion fo his influence aud advice. He was
canonised as , and in 1261 his tabler was placed in [he Con-
fucian Temple.
Lfi Tsuan (T. ). Died A.D. 401. A son of Lfi 1458
Kuaug, who assassina[ed [he rightful heir Shao, aud usurped
the throne of [he Later Lian. He gave himself up o wine aud
women until he was himself assassina[ed while drunk by a cousin.
L Tuan (T. ). 0 c,. ».
hn-tz' in modërn Chihli, who was a trus[ed Minister under
[he Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Suug dynasty. Ai [he dea[h of
. 86
562 A Chitese Biograp]dcal Dictionary
attempt o set aside he tIeir Apparent; but Lfi Tuan seized he
traitor, and kep him locked up in a library while he himself
invesed the Emperor Chên Tsung, who aferwards raised him fo
the rank of Lord High Chamberlain. The Emperor T'ai Tsung
used to say of him ha he was a fool tu small maers bu uo
in grea ones. Canonised as .
160 L Wê-¢hig (T. ). Commonly known as
Captain Leeboo or Lew Buah. A native of FuhMen, he ben lire
as table-boy o the Briish Consul a Shanghai who sen him o
Scoland o be educated. Having acquired some knowledge of English,
he served as içerpreer on expeditions against pirates. Picking up
a little navigation, he was employed on board he first Foochow
gunboa; and in 1881, while in command of a vessel, he rescued
the capain and crew of the Amtie S. Itall wrecked on the
T'ai-chou group. He h several medals, ec. presened for similar
services. When the French vessels opened tire at Pagoda Island on
August 23rd 1884, Leeboo, who was in command of a ranspo,
wisely slipped his cable and escaped up sream, hus saving s
ship. He was, however, most harshly reaed, being banished fo
he pos-roads for cowardice, ge returned from Kalgan o Tiensin
in February 1889. In 1895, having been in command of the
Armsrong mosquto-gunboat Chên-pei during he Japanese atk
on Wei-hai-wei, he was again degraded for tri. He s always
shown himself most coureous o ïoreigners, among whom he bas
many ffiends.
1461 L e (T. t ). Born about A.D. 750. Graduad
as c£in s£ih about 770, aer which he became a recluse on Mi.
Hua in Shensi, under the name of . There he fell in with the philosopher Chung-li Ch'fian who taught him the secreN
of Taoism, and af fiy he attained o immortality. He is rank
among the Eight Immortals (see Clttng-li Ch'ian), and is commonly
A Chinese Biogt'««phical Dicliota»'y 563
known as . the Patriarch Lit, under which title he is
worshipped by barbers. Much legendary marrer bas gathered round
his naine. He bas been confounded with Lu Shêng, who bas been
stated by some fo bave been his contemporary; and the famous
Yellow-Millet Dream bas been equally ascribed fo both. A foolish
commentary on the Tao Tê C]itg, regarded by some as the true
Taoist interpretation of that work (see Lao Tz), is also said fo
be from his pen, .though undoubtedly a forgery of later rimes. At
his birh he was considered fo be wonderfully like Chang Liang;
and Ma Tsu, fo whom he was exhibited» predicted for him a
great future.
Luanla _ (T. - : ). Died A.D. 168. A native of J 1462
Nei-huang in Honan, who entered upon an official career under
the Emperor Shun Ti. Though perfectly upright, he was eccentric
in his ways and ruade no friends, and ere long applied to retire.
Sent as Goernor fo Yti-chang in Kiangsi, he used his knowledge
of the black art, fo which he had devoted much attention in the
nterests of his people who were troubled by spiritual manifestations.
The results he achieved were probably due fo the vigorous way in
which he put a stop fo the nefarious practices of wizards and
sorcerers; af any rate he gave his district peace. On one occasion,
when the Emperor bestowed upon him a gift of wine, he spat
some out of his mouth in a south-westerly direction, explaining
that there was a tire in Ch'êng-tu in Ssfich'uan, and that this was
fo help put if out. Later on, news came that there had been a
terrible conflagration in Ch'ëng-tu, but that if had been extinguished
by a rain-squall from the north-east, which smelt strongly of wine.
Af the death of the Emperor in 144 he got into trouble with the
Empress Dowager by espousing the cause of some pensant proprietors
whose land was taken from them for the Imperial Mausoleum, and
was thrown into prison. On his release he remained af home until
564 A Chinese Biogralghical Dictionarg
the aeeessiou of the Emperor Ling Ti in 168, when he was
re-appointed te office by Tou Wu. tte fell with his patron and was
ordered into banishment, but refused te go and even memorialised
tho Throne in faveur of Tou Wu. The Emperor was exeeedingly
angry and gave orders for his arrest, whereupon he eommitted suicide.
1463 Lung . One of the Ministers of the Emperor Shun, B.C. 2555.
If was his duty te aet as the mouthpieee of the sovereign te
the people.
1464 Lung Mu _-. 3rd cent. B.C. An old woman, who round on
the banks of the West River in Kuangtung an egg, frein whieh
a dragon was hatehed. The ereature remained her faithful attendaal
through life, and af death she was deified as Goddess of Sailors in
that loeality.
1465 Lung-yang Chan t-. The title given te an unworthy
minion oi the Prince of Wei, 4th cent. B.C., and new applied te
a catamite.
1466 Lung Yii 7lî _. 6th cent. B.C. Wife of ttsiao Sbih (7.v.), and
daughter of Duke Mu of Ch'in.
1467 Ma-ch'i »1 . A.D. 1651--1739. Son of Mi-ssil-han. tte rose
through service in the capital te be Governor of Shansi in 1685.
In 1688 he was consulted as te the first treaty with R.ussia, and
urged that if should be in Chineso as well as in Manchu. He was
employed on special missions until 1699, when he became a Grand
Secretary. In 1709 he was sentenced te death for taking the lead
in recommending K'ang ttsi's eighth son as his successor; but the
sentence was commuted te imprisonment, frein which he was freed
on the arrival of Russian traders in January 1710, and in 1716
he again became a Grand Secretary. Canonised as . , and in
1750 admitted into the Temple of Worthies.
A Chiesc Biog'aphical Dictioa'y 565
Ma ChOu , (T. " î). A.D. 601--648. A native of ] 1468
Po-chou in Shanfung, who as a youfh displayed a grea love for
sudy. Afer several afemps o find an opening, he enfered fhe
service of Ch'ang Ho, a high miliary ocial af he capital.
In 631 he Emperor called upon his Minisers and ohers for
advice; whereupon Ch'ang Ho, who was only a military man and
had no book-learning, go Ma Chou o prepare a memorial for
Mm. Ths document, under fwelve headings, was so much fo he
point that the Emperor sent for Ch'ang Ho, who af once admitted
that Ma Chou was the writer. The latter received an appointment,
and gradually rose fo be President of the Board of Civil Office.
a Chfin , . 3rd cent. A.D. A famous mechanic, who 1469
fiourished under the Wei dynasty, and constructed a variety of
ingenious machines.
a-êrh-han . A.D. 1633-1718. Served in the campaign 1470
of 1675--6 against the Shensi Comnander-in-chief,
Wang Fu-ch'ên, the accomplice of Wu San-kuei, and on his
submission was sent fo the army which recovered Hunan in 1677.
He also served in 1680-1 in the invasion of Kueichou and Yfinnan,
and rose fo be President of a Board and Minister of the Council.
He was admitted in 1730 fo the Temple of Worhies, and canonised
in 1786 as .
a HOU , . Died A.D. 79. The virtuous Empress Ma, consort 1471
of the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty, and daughter of the
cdebrated general Ma Yfian. She would only wear drses ruade
of coarse stuffs, such as could be dyed, in order fo set an example
of thrift. Having no child of ber own, she adopted at the Emperor's
suggestion the son of a concubine named Chia, and the boy
eventually succeeded fo the throne. Known in history as
a Hou , . A.D. 1332--1382. The wife of the founder of 1472
66 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
the Ming dynasty (see Chu Yia-chag). She is variously described
as the adopied daughter or slave-girl of Kuo Tzti-hsing, his uncle.
History praises ber as tender, kind, wise, fond of reading, and a
devoted wife. She would hot allow ber relatives fo receive otticial
honours, coutenting herself with the title of Prince for ber late
father. Ruling the Imperial harem justly, she strove fo moderate
the passionate retaper of her husband; and when on ber deathbed
he asked ber last wishes, she replied, "That your Majesty would
make for what is good and accept reproof, and be as careful ai
the end as ai the beginning."
A Mahomedan youth of good family, originally destined for the
priesthood. /fie excelled however in warlike exercises, and was chosen
fo be General of the Mahomedans of eastern Ytinnan when driven
fo revolt by the attempted massacre in May 1856. tte then overran
most of the south of the province, and laid siege fo Ytinnan Fa
in 1860. When iks capture seemed imminent, negofiations were
opened, and Ma returned fo his allegiance with the rank of Brigade
General. Afer changing his naine, he loyally served the State,
quelling in 1862 a rising in the provincial capital, which he held
also against his co-religionists of the west of the province in 1868.
In 1862 he became Commander-in-Chier of Yiinnan, whence he
was transferred fo ttunan, and retired in 1878. tte is described
as braver generous, simple, confiding, tender fo friend and merciful
fo foe, patient under neglect, suspicion and ill-will, terrible in
war and vigorous in peace.
1633--1677. The only son of a successful general, he became,
after service in Peking, Governor of Kuangsi in 1669. Af that
rime the province was harassed by the rebel ; Yang
Ch'i-ch'ing, a Ming pretender, and by bandits in league with the
A ChDtese Biographieal Dictionary 567
aborigines; but he soon restored peace. Upon the revoit of Wu
San-kuei af the beginning of 1674, he was besieged in his yamën;
and after holding ou with the aid of his personal servants until
if was plain that the provincial Commander-in-chier would hot
corne fo his rescue, he dispatched fo Peking a secret report enclosed
in a wax pellet, sent his sons away, and tried fo commit suicide.
In this he failed, and fell into the hauds of the rebel general,
who imprisoned him for four years. He was then put fo death,
even the slaughter of his two boys before his eyes failing fo shake
his undauuted spirit. His wife and coucubines and female servants
all commited suicide. The sight of his body lying on those of his
sons moved a rebel off]cet fo give them houourable burial. His
poems, with the composition of which he had solaced his imprison-
ment, were rescued by a friend. In 1680 his remains were taken
fo Peking and interred with great honour, the Emperor composing
his epitaph. Cauo,ised as )ï., and inclued by the Emperor
Yung Chëng in the Temple of Patriots.
Ma Jung , I (T. ' ). A.D. 79--166. A native of Mou- 1t75
ling in Slensi, who flourished as a scholar and offieial under several
Emperors of the E. FIan dynasty. FIis denunciation of political
intrigues caused him fo be suspended for a period of ten years;
uevertheless he rose fo high tank, and was finally Governor of
modern Itupeh. Fie was a man of profound learning, and was
popularly known as the Universal Scholar. Fie had upwards
of one thousand pupils, among whom may be mentioned Lu Chih
and Chëng Fisiian, the latter's naine being sometimes coupled with
his own, as , [, fo denote deep and accurate scholarship.
Across the room in which he taught, a large red curtain was
hung, and behind this was a hand of femme musiclans; hence,
"fo put up a curtain" bas corne fo be synonymous with "fo open
a school." Fie introduced the system of printing notes or commentary
558 A Chincse Biographical Dictionary
in the body of the page, using for that purpose smaller characters
cut in double columns; and if was by a knowledge of this fact
that a clever critic of the T'ang dynasty was able fo settle the
io. o t oe , .«ly ti.« T. T
Chig with double-column commentary, which had been attributed
fo Ho Shang Kuug. Besides several famous odes, he is also the
reVuted uthor of the . Clae of Logaltg. e ws uneon-
venfional in the extreme, and a good performer on both the lute
and flute.
1476 a Ku . 2nd cent. A.D. The sister of Wang Yfian, and
like her brother an adept in the black art. By her agency, a
large area on the coast of Kiangsu was reclaimed from the sea
and transformed into mulberry-orchards. She had long finger-nails
like the talons of a bird which caused Ts'ai Ching fo remark how
convenient they would be or scratching one's back; whereupon he
was suddenly belaboured over the shoulders by strokes from an
unseen whip. She died at the age of 120.
1477 Liu, g , (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of
I-eh'êng in Hupeh. He was one of rive brothers who lived af
the close of the Han dynasty and who were ail men of talent. e
himself had white eyebrows; henee the punning local saying
, , meaning that of the rive brothers
Ma Liang was the most taleuted. He subsequen rose fo high
office under Liu Pet, but perished in the defeat af I-ling.
178 u Lun , . 2nd cent. A.D. Daughter of Ma Jung and wife
of Yfian Wei, one of the warriors of the elosing pegod
of the Han dynasty. Celebrated for her virtue and her wit.
179 Na Lug , g (T. ). Died A.D. 300. A nativeof
P'ing-lu in Shantung, who rose fo high military eommand
under the first two Emperors of the Chin dynasty and was ennobled
as Marquis. For many years his naine was a terror fo the turbulent
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictiona»'g 569
tribes ou the western frontier. He is said fo have defeated a Tartar
general by covering the sides of a pass with lodestone, the result
being that his mail-clad adversaries were unable fo more either
backwards or forwards and were all put fo the sword.
Ma Shih ttuang , Ii]i _O. A-legendary physician, who flourished
under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2968. He once cured a 'sick dragon
of disease of the throat, and was forthwith carried off fo heaven
on ifs back.
Ma-ssï-la , . Died A.D. 1778. Son of Mi-ssti-han. He 14,1
distinguished himself in the expedition against Galdan and was
ruade a Minister of the Council, but was afterwards degraded for
remissness on the froutier. Canouised as , .
lIa Su , ,] (T. ,1, and :. ;). A native of Shantung. 1t,%2
Graduated as chin hih in 1659, and entered upon an official career.
is chief distinction was however won as an author, by his work
on the Tso Chuan, and by a critical history of China from the
earliest rimes down to the close of the Ch'in dynasty, B.C. 206,
the plates of which were purchased for the Imperial Library
in 1706.
lI& Sui , . (T. ). Died A.D. 796. A native of
Chia-ch'êng in Honan, whose talents attracted the notice of the
Emperor Tai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, under whom he rose fo
be President of the Board of War. He anticipated the rebellion of
T'ien Yiieh in 781, and inflicted upon him a severe defeat.
put down the rebellion of Li ttuai-kuang in 785, receiving for
these services the highest honours. He urged upon the Emperor
the desirability of concluding a treaty with the Turfan, but when
ttun Chan was nearly kidnapped af the preliminary meeting, the
Emperor took away his command and appointed him fo the Board
of Civil Office. tte was eunobled as Prince, and canonised as
1)In T-hsing , . A.D. 1791--1874. A Mahomedan of
570 A Chi»ese BiogJ'aphical Dictionary
Ta-li Fu in Yiinnan, who studied Arabic and theology and started
in 1839 on a pilgrimage to Mecca, visiting also Egypt and
Constantinople where he studied astronomy and other sciences for
two years. After spending a year af Singapore, he reached his
home in 1846. ttis influence among his co-religionists was immense,
and he took up the position of High Priest. tte gave warning of
the intended massacre of Mussulmans in 1856, and was chosen te
be Dictator of the rebels of eastern Yiinnan. He acquiesced in the
terres offered by Ma Hsien fo the Imperialists of Yfinnan Fu lu
1860, himself accepting a monthly pension of Tls. 200. When the
Viceroy was assassinated in 1862 and anarchy was feared, the
officials found in him the one mau sufficiently respected fo guarantee
order, and he acted as Viceroy until 1863. After this he lived in
honourable retirement, until Ts'ên Yfi-ying took advantage of the
absence of Ma Hsien in Peking fo execute him without even the
form of a trial.
Ma Tsu ,j [. A.D. 709--788. The Patriarch Ma. A priest,
whose naine in religion was --- Tao I. te was the most
influential ecclesiastic of his rime, and leader of the Nan-yo
esoteric school of tunan. He followed in the steps of Bôdhidharma,
and taught abstraction of tl2e mind from all phenomena perceived
through the senses, and even from ifs own thoughts. Canonised
by the Emperor Hsie, Tsung as ï . See P'«ng Hsïtn.
Ma Tuan-lin , î (T. .. --). 13th cent. A.D. A native
of 2: Lo-p'ing, whose father had been a high official and who
was consequently provided as usual with a post. Upou the collalse
of the Sung dynasty he disappeared from public lire; and taking
refuge in his native place, he gave himselfup fo teaching, attracting
many disciples from far and near and fascinating ail by his untiring
dialectic skill. A uthor of the :» a h uge encyc]opaedia
o g. i«rtio., , . t @ .
A Chbcse Biographical Dictionary 571
lIa Tzfi-jan , I i. Died A.D. 880. A man of the T'ang 1487
dynasty, who possessed a wide knowledge of simples and was in
great request as a doctor. He could also consume a whole picul
of wine without getting drunk, frein which ho came te be called
J:]:.. He studied Taoism and was ultimately taken up te heaven
alive.
Ma Wên-shêng ,1 (T. [ ). A.D. 1426--1510. A 14sS
distingttished statesman, who graduated as chin ,hih in 1451, assisted
Hsiang Chung te suppress the Shensi insurrection of 1468, and
was ruade Governor of that province. He was degraded in 1473,
owing te the bad management of the war by Wang Yiieh, but
two years luter he succeeded him in command on the frontier. In
1476 he reformed the Liao-tung army, eagning the enmity of the
Governor and of Wang Chih, who three years afterwards upset
his arrangements and caused him te be banished te Chungking on
account of the insurrection they themselves had provoked. Wang
Chih fell in 1483, and a year later Ma returned te Liao-tung as
Governor, te the great joy of ifs people. Ho was soon transferred
te be head of the Grain Transport, in order te cope with a famine;
and on the accession of the Emperor Hsiao Tsung ho became
President of the Censorate. In 1488 he caused the Taoist books
collected by the last Emperor te ho destroyed, after which he was
l)laced af the head of the Board of War. He dismissed useless
officers, and thereby became se unpopular that the Emperor provided
him with a body-guard. In 1501 he became President of the Board
of Civil Office, and on the accession of the Emperor Wu Tsung
in 1505, he turned out 763 officials who had been irregularly
appointed during the previous reign. The new Emperor, however,
favoured eunuchs, and Ma took the first opportunity te retire. Liu
Chin caused him te be degraded; but on the fall of Liu, he was
canonse as .
572 A Chinee BioejvaphiÇal Dietionit'9
14S9 la ¥in , (T. N )" A.D. 930. A simple carpenter, who
raised himself towards the close of he T'ang dynasty fo be Governor
of unan and par of Kuangsi. Chu Wên, he fbunder of the
Liang dynasty, named him Prince of Ch'u and ruade overtm-es
him; bu he remained faihful fo the old dynasy, and in 916 sen
a ribute mission o Li Ts'un-hsa who in 924 appointed him king
of the Ch'u State. He was succeeded by his rive sons, the las two
of whom were worhless debauchees; and in the disorder which
ensued the Stage came fo an end in 950, divided beween the rival
States of Southern Han and Southern T'ang.
1t90 Na Yfian , (T. i)-B.C, ll--A.D. 49. A nagive of
Mou-ling in Shensi, whose greag grandfagher had been executed
tbr treason; consequengly neither his grandfather nor his faher
had held once. Ne began his public career under the rggime of
Waug Mang the Usurper, but sfimulated by a boundless ambigion,
ere long took up arms againsg him. After Wang Mang's deagh he
joined Wei Hsiao; and when the latter sent his sou as hosgage o
ghe Emperor Kuang Wu, Ma Yan accompanied him o Lo-yang.
When Wei Hsiao finally ghrew off his allegiance and ghe Emperor
proceeded fo aggack him, 5Ia Yfian afforded valuable aid by gracing
oug on a large tray of rice the configuragion of ghe country, and
explaining fo he assembled generals what road hey should /ake.
The resulg was a severe defeag iuflicted upon Wei Hsiao. In A.D.
85 he was appointed Governor of a part of modern Kansuh, whence
he led an army into Tongking and pug down an atempg o shake
off ghe Chinese yoke. The rising was headed by gwo sisters named
1] Chêng Tsê and Chêng Êrh, boh of whom were
cap/ured and pug o deagh. For ghese services he w honourM
wigh ghe gifle of { ghe Wave-quelling Commander
(see Lu Po-tê) and ennobled as M£rquis, and his daugh/er (see
Ma Hou) was given in marriage o the Heir Appareng. In A.D.
A Glinese Biographical Dictionary
45, upon a threatened incursion of the Hsiung-nu, he begged fo
be allowed fo go fo the front; and in order fo show that the
infirmities of old age had hot overtaken him, he douned his armour,
and springing upon his war-horse glared around him with the
terrifying eyes of days by-gone. "If is better," said he, "for a
general fo be brought back in a horse's bide than fo die in his
bed surrounded by boys and girls." "Truly," cried the Emperor,
"this is a grand old man!" In A.D. 48 he took command of an
army sent against the wild tribes of ttunan, and died during the
campaign. After his death he was accused of appropriating a large
quantity of precious stones which he had brought back from Tongking;
but his memory was ably defended by his widow who showed that
the stones in question were simply Job's Teurs (Coix lac'yma, L.),
regarded as a specific against infectious diseases, tte certainly earned
large sums of money; but feeling, as he said, that he who hoarded
wealth was a slave fo if, he distributed his fortune among his
relatives and friends. Fond of sententious utterances, he said fo
his two nephews, " tri Lung Po-kao is grave and studious.
Strive fo be like him; for though you fail in carving a swan, the
result will af auy rate be like a duck. :È Tu Chi-liang
is a hero. If you strive fo be like him, if will be as though you
tried fo carre a figer and turned out only a dog." tte is still
worshipped in Kuangsi as the Wave-quelling God, and af
Hêng-chou he presides over the navigation of the rapids. In 1890
tablets were granted fo his shrine in Kuangsi. Canonised as
l& Yllng-ch'iIlg , (T. î). A philosophical and 1491
miscellaneous writer of the Sung dynasty. Held office A.D. 1111
1. o o« to otio. o .ores .ti«« i .. -.
lIang-i-t'u . A.D. 1633-- 1680. A Manchu oiicer, who 1492
distinguished himself against the forces of Wu San-kuei in Kuangsi
and ttunan, tte also shared in quelling the revolt of Shang Chih-hsin
574 A Chinese Biographical Dictîona'y
in 1676--7. Included in the Temple of Worthies, and canonised
Tuli and nephew of Ogotai. ge was selected as Emperor in 1251,
when the misrule of the wives of Ogotai and Kuyak had thrown
the country into disorder, ge put down all opposition, reduced
oppressive burdens, curbed the power of the nobles, and ruled
with a strong hand. ge was taciturn, and a hater of feast and
wine; but he loved hunting, and was a firm believer in witchcraft.
On his accession he entrusted his Chinese possessions fo his brother
Kublai; and in 1257 he recalled him, influenced by reports of his
extraordinary popularity. Mangu extended his rule in Central Asia
and in south-western China, and his generals even overran Cochin-
China, but were forced by the heat fo retire. After a steady
advance in Ssïmh'uan, a general invasion of China iu three columns
was ordered in 1259. The Khan himself proceeded by way of
Sstch'uan; Kublai directed his attack on Wu-ch'ang and Chang -
sha; while the army operating against Cochin-China moved against
the latter city. The invasion was checked by the stout defence of
go-chou on the river Chia-ling, 60 toiles north of ifs
juaction with the Yang-tsze af Chungking. An attempt fo relieve
the city with a fleet from Chungking failed; pestilence however
ravaged the ranks of the Mongols and af last slew their leader,
on which the siege was raised. Canonised as
>-.
1494 Mao Ch'ang : (T. : ). 2nd cent. B.C. A native ot
the Cho State, said by some fo bave been the son of Mao gêng
and fo have received from him the latter's work on the Odes. ge
then prepared an edition of the Odes with a commentary of his
own, now known as -= - and believed fo contain the orinal
text as delivered by Confucius fo Pu Shang. ge is sometimes spoken
of as _t, and also as | - the Younger Mao, fo distinguish
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionat'y 575
him from Mao Hêng. In 647 his tabler was placed in the Confucian
Temple.
hIao Ch'êng (T. ). Died A.D. 1523. Graduaed 195
as first cin si/t in 1493, and was attached fo the tteir Apparent.
When the latter came fo the throne, Mao was rapidly promoted,
until in 1517 he became President of the Board of Rites. tte led
the opposition fo the Emperor's frequent tours and also fo the
desire of the next Emperor, Shih Tsung, fo style his own father
by the Imperial title of :i. The Emperor's respect and fear of
him were so great that he tried fo buy his consent, on which
Mao retired in disgust. Canonised as
lao Ch'i-ling - (T. and =). A.D. 1623-- 196
1707. A native of Chehkiang, who in his youth was much
encouraged fo study by his mother. The fall of the Ming dynasty
drove him fo take refuge in a monastery, and he was obliged fo
have his head shaved in order fo avoid the imposition of the
Manchu queue. In 1678 a poem of his attracted the attention of
the Emperor K'ang Hsi, and he was ordered fo take part in the
preparation of the History of tle Migs. He wrote the "î "
îî, on the rhymes ancient and modern, besides works on music,
history, poetry, and classical literature in general; and he was also
distinguished as an opponent of many of the generally received
doctrines of Chu Hsi. Was popularly known as :3
8ee Mao Slêg.
lffao Ch'iang - . 5th cent. B.C. A favourite concubine of 197
the Prince of Yiieh, remarkable for ber great beauty. Chuang Tzti
says that when fishes saw ber they dived clown deep into the
water, birds soared high into the air, and deer scurried away into
the forest.
lIao Chiao - . 3rd cent. B.C. An intrepid Minister of the 1495
Fisrt Emperor. Although twenty-seven Ministers had already suffered
576 A Chinese Biog,aphical Dictioa'y
death for remonstrating against the banishment of the Queen
Dowager for ber intrigue with Lii Pu-wei, he boldly stood forward,
and faced the augry Emperor. The latter threatened o boil him
alive bu finally yielded o his instances.
199 ao êng . 3rd and 2nd cent. B.C. Author of the
)] , a lost commentary upon the Ode«, the orinal tablets of
which he is said fo bave received from Hsfin Ch'ing, fo
whom they had been handed down through a line of scholars from
Pu Shang. He is often spoken of as the Elder Mao, fo
distinguish him from Mao Ch'ang. In 1863 his tabler was placed
in the Confucian Temple.
1500 Nao Hsien-shu (T. and ,OE ). 17th cent.
A.D. A native of Chehkiang, who wrote the N N, a
critical treatise on the art of rhyming, and other works.
101 ao I . 1st cent. A.D. A filial son under the Eastern Han
dyuasty, who showed great joy when he received an appointment
as Mastrate, and thus disgnsted a patron who had hoped fo find
in him a philosophic spifit superior fo mere worldly successes. Af
his mother's death however he retired from public life, proving
that his joy in taking office was solely due fo the pleasure ig
gave fo ber.
1502 ao Jung (T. {). A man of theE. Handynasty,
who was over 40 years of age when he was one day working in
the fields as a labourer. It came on fo rain, and he and his fellow-
labourers took shelter under a tree. The latter ail squatted down
on their haunches, with the exception of Mao who in accordance
with the feeling of Confucius regarded that as a disrespectfN
attitude. Just then a traveller passed by, and was so struck by this
circumstance that he asked Mao fo put him up for the night.
Mao consented, and proceeded fo kill a chicken, which the traveller
thought was for himself. The former however served if up fo his
.l Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionar!l 577
old mother, and invited his guest fo share a dish of boiled herbs.
lIao 8hîng - (T. 71 [t ). Same as Mao Ch'i-li,g. 1503
ll/[ao Sui - . 3rd cent. B.C. A retainer in the establishment 1504:
of j Shêng, Prince of P'iug-yiiau. When the armies of ('h'in
were besiegiug the capital of the Chao State, the ruler of the
latter sent Shêng fo secure the alliance of the Ch'u State. Shêng
called for twenty of the bravest and shrewdest of his swashbucklers,
but only niueteen were forthcoming. Mao Sui offered himself as the
twentieth, dwelling much upon his own qualifications. But Shêng
said fo him, "A man who is worth auything is like au awl in a
bag: you soon see ifs poiut. Now you bave been with me three
years, yet we have never seen your poiut." To this Mao Sui
mplied, "Give me this chance of beiug the awl in the bag, and
before long you shall see hot the point only but the whole awl."
Thereupou the niueteen swashbucklers jeered; however at the
confereuce with the Prince of Ch'u, wheu the deliberations had
already dragged ou from dawu fo noon, Mao Sui mounted the
dais sword in hand, and with a few well-tinled threats forced the
vacillating prince fo yield his consent fo the alliance. From that
date Mao Sui became chier of the retainers in Shêng's employ, and
his naine is now a synonym for "self-recommeudation."
Nao-tun . 2nd ceut. B.C. A Hun chieftain who succeeded 1505
in shutting up the Emperor Kao Tsu of the Han dynasty in
P'ing-ch'êng, Shansi. Capitulation must bave followed had not
Ch'ên P'ing (q.v. for an inferior version) discovered that Mao-tun's
wife, who was in command on oue side of the city, was a slave fo
jealousy. He forthwith caused a number of wooden puppets
representing beautiful girls fo be exhibited on the city walls, af
which sight the lady's fears for ber husband's fidelity were aroused,
and she drew off her forces.
lao ren-shou _ . . 1st ceut. B.C. A native of Tu-ling 1506
7
578 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
in Shensi, uoçed as a portrai-painçer. He was puç fo death for
having treacherously falsified the beautiful features of Wang Ch'iang.
of - Shou-ch'un in Anhui. A wide reader in early lire, he
became Governor of Nan-ch'ang in Kiausii but soon threw up
his appointment aud returued home. After this he addressed several
memorials fo the Emperor Ch'êng Ti in the uusatisfactory state
of public affairs, suggestin amoug other poins that the descendants
of Confucius should be ennobled, in securing which he was ulfimately
successful. He spent much of his rime in studying the art of
prolongiug lire; but when Wang Mang seized the throne he
disappeared, leavin behind him his wife and children. If was
carreutly believed that he had become au Immortal; though some
said he was still living in Chehkiang under an assumed naine.
Deified in the l lth century under the title of -
los Mei Kao (T..4" ). 2ha ce,n. B.C. Son of a coucubine,
whom his father had taken when an official in western China.
Upon the latter's return, his mother refused fo accompany him;
and Mei Kao remained with ber until he was 17, when he entered
into public life, subsequently finding his way fo the capital and
rising fo high office under the Emperor Wu Ti. He was a clever
poet, but spoilt his compositions by indulging in too humorous a
strain. Yang Hsiung sai3, "In the crisis of war, amid the din of
troops and among hurrying messengers, ve me Mei Kao."
1509 lYlei K'o-ch'êng . 18th cent. A.D. (randson of Mei
Wên-tiug, and like him a distinguished writer on astrouomy. Was
canonised as .
1.MO lIei Wên-tlng } n. (T. an J ) ). A.D.
1682--1721. .4. native of Anhui. Author of many astronomical
works. He discussed and compared Cbnese and Westera methods
of computing rime, an(l corrected the section ou astronomy in the
A Chinese Biographical Diclionar!! 579
tti, tor v of the Mi,,.o,. is I,,t,'oguetlon to Atro,o,,,y
was revised by he Emperor K'ang Hsi himsel£
i o-cu, (,. ). .D. 00060.
native of Wan-ling in Anhui, who distinguished himself
as a poet under the Sung dynasty. He inherited official tank, and
in 1056 he was summoned on account of his poetic ability fo the
Imperial Academy, risiug o be a second-class secretary. In con-
sequence of his work on the T'ang dynasty, he was placed on the
commission fo prepare the New History of that period, but died
before ifs complexion. A uhor of he ,], , the oe , and
the , works explauaory and illusrafive of he Book of Odes.
0u-yang Hsiu, parodyiug he Confueian Anleets, XX. 3, said of
him ha he "knew words."
jun in Chihli, and an herediary oNeer of he Body-guard, who
w eharged by he Emperor Ying Tsung wih he managemen of
eriminal invesigaiions. He assed in he resorafion of Ying Tsung
in 1457, for whieh service he was promoed in rank and reeeived
the le charge of he eriminal deparmen. The Emperor, who had
a horror of eabals, used ihe Guards as deeeives; and Mên Ta
and Lu Kao esablished a tyranny hereby, even he highes
o$eials bribing o eseape proseeuiou. Princes were iueluded in
ihe frequeni Sae /rials; and afer Lu Kao had been slain by he
son of Ts'ao Chi-hsiang in 1461, Mên Ta spread his ue so widely
ha he palaee prison had o be enlarged. On he Emperor's
deah, he was banished o the Kuangsi frontier, where he died.
Nencius. See êng K'o.
êng Oh'ang (T. { ). 2ha ce.. A.D. A .aive of 1518
Shang-yfi in Chehkiang, who rose fo be Governor of } Ho-
p'u in Kuangung. On reaehiug his pos he found hai he greed
and corruption of his predeeessor had almos pu au end o çhe
b80 A ChDzes« Biof#'aphical Dictiozary
valuable pearl-fisheries on that toast; but with the disappearance
ot" evil practiees he rade soon revived. When forced by ill-healh
o retire, the people posiively would uo let him depar, crowding
round and hauging on to lais chariot, so tha he was obliged to
run away aL night and bide himself in the marshes.
1.514 M0ng 12h'allg m]l. Third son of Mêng Chih-hsiang, whom
he succeeded in A.D. 935 as second sovereign of the Later Shu Sgae.
He led a lift of debauchery aud extravagance uutil he surrendered
in 965 o the generals of the founder of Lhe Sung dynasty.
1515 Mêng Ch'ang-chiin j ' . Died B.C. 279. A native of
the Ch'i Stae, whose real naine was III T'ien Wên. In B.C.
299 he beeame Miuister fo the Ch'in State; buç rumours of his
intention o scheme for the ultimate advauage of his naLive Stae
reached Lhe ears of king Chao Hsiang, and he was thrown into
prison. He would have been execuLed, had noL t.he king's favourie
concubine wished o possess a fur robe whieh Mêug had already
given fo his MajesLy. Out of his reLainers, however, was a clever
thief, and he recovered the robe and handed if over o the lady,
who in return persuaded the king fo let Mêng go. But Lhe king
soon repented, and sent a courier after him; and Mêng would bave
beeu capured af the frontier-gate, whieh eould no be opened
before coek-crow, had hot another of his retainers been able fo
imitae the crow of a cock, so that the gale was Lhrown open and
Mêng escaped fo C.h'i. He then led a campaign agaiusç Ch'in, and
sueceeded in checking for a while the ambitions designs oi ifs ruler.
Mêng always lived in great stae. He had as many as three thousaud
retainers, all of whom wore shoes embroidered wiLh pearls; and
his abode was popularly styled ,J - a little empire in itself.
In later ages Wang An-shih held him up fo rklicule. "3Io truc
man of genius," he writes, "would condescend fo assoeiate with
imitators of coeks and dogs."
A Chinese Biographical Dictio»tar!l 58"I
lêng Chia mt (T. --). 4th cent. A.D. A native of 1516
Chiang-hsiu in Hupeh, who served with distinction uuder Yfi Liang,
and aIterwards as military secretury under Huau Wên. His naine
has beeu handed dovu in counectiou with a picnic af which his
bat was blown off by the wiud, he himself remaining all the rime
quite uuconscious of his loss
êng Chih-hsing (T. ). Died A.D. 935. 1517
An official of the Chin Stute, who became Governor of Ch'êng-tu
and western Ssfich'nan. Organising a large army, he unuexed eastern
Ssfich'uau, the Governor of which had revolted, lu 933 he was
ruade P5nce of Shu, and in 934 he threw off his ullegiance and
proclaimed himself first sovereign of the Luter Shu State. Cauonised
as i.
êng Hao-jan . A.D. 689--740. A native of Hsiang- 1518
yang in Hupeh, who on failing fo achieve success at the public
examinations retired fo the mouutuins and led the life of a recluse.
He became a poet of the first rank, and his writings ùttracted the
attention ot Li T'ai-po, Chung Chiu-ling, and others. He used fo
seek inspiration by riding on a donkëy over the SHOW. Af the age
of 40, he issued from his retreut and went fo the capital. There
he was oue day conversing with-Wang Wei, the fumous poet,
who had obtuiued for him a small official post, when word went
round thut the Emperor was coming. Mêng hid himself under a
couch; but Wag Wei confessed his presence fo the Emperor. The
latter, ufter a little fendly banter, mingled with compliments fo
his poetic genius, allowed Mêng fo returu home in peuce. He is
variously spoken of as Lu-mêu, Hsiang-yang, and .
Uis personal naine appeurs fo bave been Hao; and Hao-jau,
by which he is generally knowu, his style.
êng-hsn . Died A.D. 434. Nephew of two chiefs of a 1519
Turkic tribe who were put fo death by Lfi Kuang in revenge for
582 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
his defeat by the Western Ch'iris. Joining Tuan Yeh, he murdered
and succeeded him, af first with the title of Duke; and after
proclaiming himself Prince of Ho-hsi in 412, he finally
became an Imperial vassal. In 420 he annexed the Western Liang a
State. He was succeeded by his son tl' Mu-chien, but in 439
his territory became a prey fo the Wei State.
1520 lYlêng ][ ). Died B.C. 209. Brother fo Mëng T'ien, and
Minister under the First. Emperor. Af the instigation of the eunuch
Chao Kao, he was put fo death by Hu Hai as a dangerous person.
1521 Mêng K'an ) (T. OE ). 3rd cent. A.D. A descendant
in the 18th generation from Mencius. He served under the Emperor
Ming Ti of the Wei Kingdom, but is best known by his com-
mentary on the Histor2] of tle Ha Dyasty.
372--289. A native of Ç Tsou, in modern Shantung, known fo
ibreigners as Mencius, which is the Latinised form of m--
211é»g Tzî, the philosopher Mëng. His father's naine was m
Mê,g Chi {T. )), and his mother's n, aide, nine was f
Chang. If was under the care of the latter that he was brought
up, and her naine remains a household word fo the present day.
After the death of his father¢ he lived with his mother near a
cemetery, the result being that he began fo reproduce in play the
solemn scenes which were constantly enacted before his eyes. ttis
mother accordingly removed fo another honse, near the market-
place; and before long the little boy forgot all about funerals, and
played af buying and selling goods. Once more his mother disap-
proved, and once more she changed her dwelling; this rime fo a
house near a college, where he soon began fo imitate the ceremonial
observances in which the students were instrncted, fo the great
joy and satisfaction of his mother. Later on he stndied under K'ung
Chi, the grandson of Confucius; and after having attained fo a
A C]tinese Biogt'ap]ical Dictiota»'g 583
perfect apprehension of the Tao o5" Confucius, became af the age
of about 45 Minister under Prince Hsian a of the Ch'i State. But
the latter would hot carry out his principles, and Mencius threw
up his post. Thence he wandered away fo several States, advising
their rulers fo the besç of his ability but making no very prolonged
stay. tic then visited Prince ttui of the Liang State, and
abode there until the monarch's death in B.C. 319. Ai'ter that
event he returned fo the State of Ch'i and resumed his old position.
In B.C. 311 he once more felt himself constraine(| fo resign otice
and retired finally into private lire, occupying himself during the
remainder of his days in teaching and in preparing the philosophical
record which now passes under his naine. He lived af a rime when
the feudal princes wero squabbling over the rival systems of Federatiou
and Imperialism, and he vainly tried to put into practice at an
epoch of blood and iron the gentle virtues oi' the Gohlen Age. ttis
criterion was that of Confucius; but his teachings were on a lower
planç, dealing rather with man's well-being from the point of view
of political economy. He was thereibre justly named by Chao Ch'i
the = Second ttoly One or Prophet, a title under which he
is still known. He was an uncompromising defender of the doctrines
of Confucius, and he is ionsidered fo bave effectually "snutId out"
the heterodox schools of Yang Chu and Mo Ti. As in the case of
Confucius, his personal naine !_p] K'o is taboo. In A.D. 1083 he
was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Tsou, and in 1088 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple (sec Ye Hui).
Mêng Kuang m : o Mêng Shih J:. The wife of Liang 1523
ttung (q.v.).
Mêng lgin i (T. » ). 2nd cent. A.O. A native of Chai- 152
lu in Chihli, who wheu he had let fall a valuable vase, walked
on without paying any attention fo if. On being asked by Kuo
T'ai (one account says by ; Lin Tsung) what he meant by
584 A Chittese Biog»'ctphical Diclion«vy
this, he replied, "The vase was broken; why waste any more rime
over if?" He was repeatedly pressed fo take office, but always
firmly declined.
1525 lYlêng Pên . A native of the Ch'i State, and a descendant
of Tz'il Fei, so powerfnl that he could tear the horns from a living
ox. Once, when crossing a river, his boat was beset by two scaly
dragons, one on each side. Asking the boatmen if they had e]er
lnown any one fo escape ufider such circumstances and receiving
au answer in the negative, he leapt into the stream with his sword
drawn, exclaiming, "Why should I care for this body of mine
which is already doomed fo destruction?" And he slew both the
mousters. The Prince of Ching, in admiration of his bravery,
appointed bim ont of his officers. Confucius, hearing of his exploit,
cried out, "Stout indeed must bave been that body destined fo
decay which showed itself capable of vanquishing such a danger."
See Hsia Yi.
126 Mêng T'ien . Died B.C. 209. Descended from ancestors
who belonged fo the Ch'i State, in B.C. 221 he was appointed fo
be Commander-in-chief of the forces of the First Emperor; and in
214, when things were more settled near home, he was sent. af
the head of an army of three hundred thousand men fo subdue
Honan, build the Great Wall, and strike terror into the hearts of
the dreaded Hsiung-nu (see H,t Hai). After the death of the Emperor
and te murder of Fu Su, he became an object of suspicion fo
the eunuch Chao Kao and was forced fo commit suicide. He is the
reputed inventor of the cMg, a kind of harpsichord, and
also of the Chinese brush used as a pen; but some waters think
that the latter invention was attributed fo him only for the further
glorification of his Imperial toaster, who wished everything fo begin
from his reign.
127 lYlêng T'o i -Ê (T. '] I ). 2nd cent. A.D. An official who
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'g 585
wus appointed Governor of Lianga-chou in Kansuh, in return for
a jar of wine presented by him fo the poweri'ul eunuch Chang Jang.
lgêng Tsung
or 6ng Jen (T. ). 3rd 1528
cent. A.D. A ative of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, ho served as keeper
of the fish-ponds under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty.
He was one of the 24 example of filial piety. He would never
faste anything just as if came into season belote offeriug some fo
his mother. On one occasion the latter expressed a wish for some
bamboo shoote; but if wafi too early in the year, and none were
fo be got. Mëng Tsung was strolling in the woods, lamenting his
iuability fo please his mother, when suddenly bamboo shoote begau
fo spring up arouml him.
êg eh (T. ). 6th cent. A.D. A native of 1529
An-kuo in Chihli, who rose fo be Governor of Tung-
chfin, and governed so wisely that several ears of corn in one
instance nine -- grew upon one stalk.
iFei (T. ). A.D. 1051--1107. A native of 1530
Kiangsu, whose mother had been in attendauce upon the Empress
and who received in consequence a military appoiutment in Anhui.
Sumoned fo be Court painter, he became a-secretary in the Board
of Rites, and subsequenfly went again into the provinces where he
died. As a writer, his style was exaggerated and unconventional fo
the last degree; but as an artist he excelled, especially in landscape
and figures of men and animale. He was a monomaniac on the
subject of cleanliness, refusing fo use towels or plates and bowls
which had served for any o»e else. He spoke of a large and
curiously-shaped boulder as "his brother," and altogether he was
decidedly eccentric, a fact which considerably interfered with his
success in official lire. He was the author of the m_ , a work
on the science of drawing, and also of the . He
gave himself the following sobriquets: ,
586 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictioarg
Hsiang-yang, from his birthplace which is said by some fo bave
been Hsiang-yang in Hupeh.
1531 Mi-ssïl-han )]f: ,- . A.D. 1633--1675. A Manchu, who
inherited the title of Baron from his fathe» I '- - Ha-shih-tun,
a distinguished off]cial of the reign of Shun Chih. The Emperor
K'ang Hsi rapidly promoted him fo be a Minister of the Council
and President of the Board of Revenue. In 1673 he urged the
abolition of the Feudatories, Wu San-kuei, Kêng Ching-chung,
and Shang K'o-hsi, the last named having asked leave fo retire.
The Imperial assent fo this proposal led fo rebellion, and he was
successful in finding funds fo send the flower of the Manchu forces
fo suppress if. Canonised as :, and admitted in 1736 into
the Temple of Worthies.
1532 Mi Tzï-ohia - . 5th cent. B.C. A Minister of the Wei a
State under Duke Ling. In spire of a law that any one using a
royal chariot should bave his feet cut off, on hearing that his
mother was ill he af once ordered a chariot fo be got ready and
hastened in if fo his mother's side; and the Duke, instead of
punishing him, highly commended his filial piety. Af another rime,
when walking in the garden with the Duke, he plucked a peach,
and finding if sweet fo the faste handed the remainder fo his
sovereign. For this act of familiarity he was put fo death.
1533 Min Sun c ] J (T. - _.,., ). 6th and th cent. B.C. A native
of the Lu State, and one of the disciples of Confucius, by whom
he was regarded as a "perfect man." He is one of the 24 notable
examples of filial piety. His mother died when he was a child, and
his father married again. The stepmother treated him badly in
comparison with ber own two sons, and gave him only garménts
ruade from rushes. One day, while driving his father in a carriage,
he was so cold that he let the reins fall from his hands, ttis
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 587
father, on learning the reason, wished fo put the woman away;
but Min said, "If our mother stays, one child will be cold; if she
goes, three boys will be lonely." He was posthumously ennobled
as Duke, and in A.D. 720 his tabler was placed in the Coufucian
Temple.
lIin Ti. See (Han) Liu Hsieh; (Chin) Ssï-ma Yeh; (L. T'ang)
Li Ts'ung-hai.
Ming Huang. See Li Lung-chi.
Ming Jui (T. » ,-). Died A.D. 1768. A military 1534
official, who was sent in 1756. fo hold a command in the army
of the West, where he greatly distinguished himsel£ For his share
in putting down the Ili rebellion, he was ennobled as Duke, and
in 1762 was appointed Governor of that territory. In 1767, he
became Governor General of Yfinnau and Kueichou, and Commander-
in-chief of the army collected for the invasion of Burmah. Ar
enormous exertions and .a protracted attempt af invasion, he was
defeatd; and being compelled fo retreat through the jungle with
the remuant of his forces, he af lenh cut off his queue and gave
if fo an attendant to carry back fo Peking as a token of his loyalty,
and then hanged himself from a tree. His servant wrapped his
corpse in leaves, and if was ultimately conveyed fo China. Canonised
as , and included in the Temple of Patriots. See Chao Hui.
lIing Ti. See (Han) Liu Chuang; (Wei) Ts'ao Jui; (Chiu)
Ssï-ma Shao; (E. Sung) Liu Yï; (Ch'i) Hsiao Luan: {N.
Chou) Yii-wên Yii.
lIing Tsung. See (L. T'ang) Li Ssï-yiian; (Ming)Chu
Tsai-hou.
lIing Yï-chên (or 2: Min). A.D. 1331-1366. A 1535
general under Hsi Shou-hui, who on account of famine tu Hupeh,
led an expedition fo Ssich'uan fo obtain supplies. Fnding the
people favourable fo the overthrow of the Mongol dynasty, he took
588 A Cltiese Biographical Dictio»iary
Chungking by surprise; and being appointed Governor by Hsfi,
proceeded fo capture Ch'êng-tu. On the murder of Hsfi, he declared
whole of Sstich'uan. In 1363, after annexing Shensi and part of
Yfinnau, he chauged his title fo that of Emperor, taking Hsia as
the style oT his dynasty and basing many of his administrative
arrangements upon those of the aucient dynasty of that naine. He
aIlowed no Taoist or Buddhist worship except that of Maitrêya
Buddha. Frugal in his own lire and a fi'iend fo learning, he gave
the people peace and rest. He was succeeded by I)f] . Ming
Shêng, whose refusal fo attend the Ming Court and resistance fo
is decrees led fo the subjugatiou of Sstich'uan in 1371.
Ming Yiian Ti. See Toba SsïL
Mo Chu. See Ch'êng T'ien T'ai Hou.
1536 lYIo Hsi /j --. 18th cent. B.C. The favourite concubine of the
tyrant Chieh, fo whom she was presençed by the conquered chieftain
of ; Yu-shih in modern Shautuug. For ber sake Chieh gave
way fo the wildest excesses; hence the fall of çhe ttsia dynasty
was popularly said fo be due ço Mo FIsi.
1537 lYIo Ti -,: _. or IYIo Tzû - - . 4th and 5th cenç. B.C. A
philosopher of the Suug Sçate, who propounded a doctrine of
"universal love," in opposiçion fo the "selfish" school of Yang
Chu, as çhe proper foundation for orgauised society. He showed
çhat under such a system all the calamities which men bring upon
one another would alçogether disappear, and thaç the peace and
happiness of the Golden Age would be renewed. Ne was vigorously
opposed by Mencius, who exhibited the unpractical side of an
otherwise fascinating doctrine.
lYIo Ti. Sec (Wu) Sun Hao; (L. Liang) Chu Yii-chên.
1538 Mou I . The fabled inventor of arrows, who fiourished
under the YeIlow Emperor, B.C. 2698.
A Chbese Biogt'ap]ical Dictionat'y 589
lYIu-hua-li ) .. A.D. 1170-- 1223. Son of a Mongol chieftain 1539
who had sacrificed his lire fo save that of Genghis Khan. Af his
birth a white vapour issued from the tent, and the wise woman
declared that he was no ordiuary child. Ere long he distiuguished
himself by standing over Genghis Khan all night, while his master
was sleepiug in the open air, fo protect him from the SHOW. On
another occasion he saved him from brigauds, three of whom he
slew with three arrows, using a saddle as a shield, under cover
of which Genghis succeeded in escapig. For many years he fought
for the Mongol cause in China, capturing cities and defeating the
Suug generals wherever he appeared. On his deathbed he regretted
ouly that Pien-liaug, the capital, was still able fo hold out.
Canonised as ,
u-jug Ch'no ; (T. [ ). .D. S--al0. Nepe. 0
of Mu-jung Tê, who was very fond of him and gave him the naine
of Ch'no= Excelling. He was adopted as Heir Apparent, and
mounted the throne of the Southeru Yen State in 405. If was hot
long however before Liu Y(i led au army against him, took him
prisoner, and put him fo death.
u-jng c'i (T. ). C.D. 2--. ifth
son of Mu-jung Huang. A clever boy, he grew fo be 7ff. 4 in. in
height, and was the pride of his father who predicted great things
of him and named him Pa = Chief. This gave great umbrage
fo Mu-juug Tsun; and when in 348 the latter succeeded his father
as Prince of Yen, he chauged the Pa into Ch'ni = Decadent, as
above. On his assumption of the Imperial title, Mu-jung Tsun
created his brother Prince of Wu, and sent him fo oppose Huan
Wên. His splendid victory af Fang-t'ou brought him, however, as
much hatred as fame; and being in danger of assassination, in
369 he was compelled fo take refuge with Fu Chien, who appointed
him Commander-in-chier and ennobled him as Marquis. He escorted
590 A C]»inese Biograp]»ical i)ictionary
Fu Chien home atter the disaster in Anhui; but on being sent
afterwards fo Shansi, he loroclaimed himself Prince of Yen in 383,
and in 386 adopted the Imperial title with his capital af , J
Chung-shan la modern Chihli. From this date fo his death he was
chiey engaged in waSare. Canonised as [ ] ) P, of the
Later Yen State.
Hung, upon whose death he marched upon Ch«ang-an, and atter a
long siege calotured and sacked if. He proclaimed himself Emperor
of the Western Yen State, but was shortly atterwards murdered
by his own soldiers. He was succeeded by four sovereigns, all of
whom shared the saine rate. The fifth, Mu-jung Yung,
after vain attempt.s fo extend his territory, was given up fo Mu-
jung Ch'ui, who put-him fo death; and in 394 the Western Yen
State came fo an end.
1.4. zu-jung si (T. :). A.D. 38--407. ¥ou,et
son of Mu-jung Ch'ui. He served in the army while Mu-jung Shêng
was on the throne, and greatly distinguished himself by his prowess
against the Koreans and the Kitan Tartars. When Mu-jung Shêng
died, the Empress set aside the rightful heir and placed him on
the throne, contrary fo the general wish. His cruelty soon brought
about a crisis, and he was assassinated by Mu-jung Y/in, adopted
son of Mu-juug Pao, whose other children he had put fo death.
Canonised as ] Pî of the Later Yen State.
1544 lYIu-jung I:Iuang . (5 (T. :; i, ). A.D. 297--348. Third
son of Mu-jung Hui. He had a "dragon" countenance and fine
regular teeth, and was 7 ff. 8 in. in height. Although somewhat
of a martial turn of mind, he was an eager student of books and
fond of astronomy. Succeeding fo the tank of his father, in 337
he proclaimed himself Prince of Yen» but ruade no show of keeloing
up an independent Court. He spent his lire in 10romoting the
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictiona»'y
welfare of his subject, teaching them agriculture, sericulture, and
archery, for the last of which mouthly examinations were held,
and also ope,ing schools for the study of philosophy, etc. He built
his capital a Lung-ch'êug in Chihli; and aer conquering
nohern Korea in 345, proc[aimed himself independen, ge was
klled by a fall from his horse in the huning-field, and canonised
by Mu-juug Tsuu as ï of the Earlier Yen State.
a Khan of the Turkic tribe known as Hsien-pi, which had setfled
fle north of Pekiag. A bold handsome youth, he grew fo the
height of 8 feet; aad when his youuger brother usurped his rights,
he gave in his allegiance fo the ruling Emperor of the Chin dynasty.
The latter was greatly pleased, and appointed him chier of the
Hsien-pi tdbe; and in 289 he was ordered fo instruct his fellow-
countrymen in agriculture and sericulture after the systems practised
in China. In 307 he took the fitle of Great Khan of the Hsien-pi,
and in 326, after many years spent in the Imperial service, he
was ennobled as Duke. He was canouised as , and later on by
his grandson, Mu-jung Tsuu, as of the Earlier
Yen Ste.
u-jung Hung . An officer in the service of Fu 1546
Chien. In A.D. 384 he left his post, collected an army of Turkic
settlers in Shansi, and seized Hua-yiu in Shensi. He then marched
against Ch'ang-an, but was murdered on the way. See
C£'u,g.
son of Mu-jung Ch'ni, whom he succeeded in 396. Ffivolous and
wohless in his youth, as Heir Apparent he ruade an attempt fo
reform and gained the respect of ail. Soon after his accession he
undertook fo make war against the Wei State, but his forces
suffered a disastrous reverse. He himself fled fo Lan Han,
59'2 A Chinese Biographical Diction«rg
by whom he was put fo death, together with his eldest son. Canonised
1548 lYlu-jung Shêng , ) (T. ). A.D. 373-401. Son
by a concubine of Mu-jung Pao, whom he succeeded in 399.
Afer puting fo deah his father's murderer, he proclaimed himself
Emperor; bu he was sooa surrounded, by conspiraors, and
length peshed in a night-atack upon his palace. Canonised as
1549 u-jung Tê (T. ). A.D. 336-405. Yonng'est
son of Mu-jung Huang. His mother dream ha he sun flew ino
ber navel, afer which she gave birth o him one day while lying
asleep. Before he was 20, he was 8 f. 2 in. in heigh, and a
haudsome, well-made man, wih a mark on his forehead like
sun partly overlying he moon. He was a grea sudeu of books,
and of a grave and uprigh disposition. After serving under Mu-
jung Tsun and his faher, ho accompauied the former ino capiviy
and was appointed by Fu Chien o be Governor of Chang-
yeh in Kansuh. subsequenfly joined Mu.-jung Ch'ni, and servod
asMiuiser under his son Mu-juug Pao; bu in 398 he hrew off
his a!legiauce, and in 400 proclaimed himself Emperor of
Southern Yen Sate. He was succeeded by his nephw Mu-jung
c'o, , w c.o.a .
1550 u-jung Tsun (T_ ). A.D. 819--860. Seoend
son of Mu-jung Huang. ge was a handsome, inelligen boy, 8 f.
2 in. in heigh, fond of books, and wih a turn boh for civil and
miliary affairs. Succeeding his father as Prince of Yen in 848, he
assumed the Imperial fitle in 352, changed he year-tifle and
canonised his ancestors, ge moved his capital fo Yeh in Houan,
and engaged in successful warfare wih Fu Chien. Severe and
dignified in manner, he never seemed fo spend an idle moment,
all his leisure ime being devoed o he extension of lierary
A Chinese Biogvaphical Dictiona'y .393
lu-jung wei (T.
). A.D. 850--885. Third
son of Mu-jung Tsun, whom he sueeeeded in 860. u Chien sen
an army under Wang Mêng against him, and he was earried away
cap[ire, bu he was spared and ennobled as Marquis. Fifeen years
la,er, he operaions of Mu-juug Ch'ui led him ino a eonspiraey
agains he life of Fu Chien. This was diseovered, and ho was
Nu-jung Yin (T. ). Died A.D. 409. Adoped 1
son of Muquug Pao, o whom he eommended himself by his grave
and reieen manners, and who ennobled him as Duke. He slew
Mu-jung Hsi and mouned he hrone of he Grea (Norhern) Yen
8ae in 407, a he saine ime rovering o his original family
naine of Kao. He was assassinaed by wo ladies of his harem,
and ca,,onised as . He was succeeded first by
Fêng Po, his Minister, who usurped the throne and held
until his death in 430; and then by his brother Kao Hung,
who succumbed in 486 o the constant attacks of the Wei State.
u Kung . A legendary being, said o bave been the 1553
first creature evolved from chaos, and subsequently the husband
of Hsi Wang Mu.
u Kung of Ch'in (named ). A famous
feudal ruler, who in B.C. 660 succeeded his faher upon he hrone
of Chin, and later on obained he invaluable assistance of Po-li
ffsi. He warred successfully agains the Chin State, and aided in
placing Ch'ung Erh upon ifs throne in 636. He soon became
jealous of the rising influence of the Chius; and after suffering severe
defeat ai Yao-shan in Honan, he was ai length successful
in checking the rival power. He subdued the Jung barbariaus,
and was rewarded by the Emperor with a gift of golden drums.
died in B.C. 621, and 177 persons were sacrificed at his funeral.
38
594 A C]inese Biographical Dictionary
1555 lYIu Lan ç ]. 5th cent. A.D. A young lady, who when ber
sick father was summoned fo his post as a soldier on the frontier,
dressed herself up in his clothes and served in his place for twelve
y.ears without betraying the secret of ber sex.
1556 lYlu lYlu -. The fourth in rank among the wives of the
Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, and a wise though ill-favoured woman
who ruled the Imperial household wih great success.
1557 lYlU Shèng î. 3rd and 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar of the Han
dynasty, who had been on friendly terms with Prince Yiiau
of Ch'u before the latter's father came fo the throne as first Emperor
of the Han dynasty. The Prince appointed Mu fo high office and
treated him with great consideration, always giving him a very
mild kind of sweet wine fo drink instead of the usual strong
liquor which he disliked. The saine custom was observed for some
rime by Prince Wu, his son and successor; but af length the
Prince forgot all about if. This so irritated Mu that he resigned
office, crying out, "The Prince is neglectful; 'ris rime I were gone,
or soon I shall be in chains in the market-place!"
lYlU Ti. See Ssï-ma Tan.
Mu Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Hêng; (Liao) Yeh-lii Kung.
155S lYlu-t'u-shan , . Died A.D. 1887. A Manchu, who saw
much service against the T'ai-p'ings and in the north-west. He
was Tartar General af Foochow during the French attack in 1884,
and in 1885 was sent as Imperial Commissioner fo organise the
defence of Manchuria.
1559 lIu Wang =.. Died B.C. 946. The fifth sovereign of the
Chou dynasty, fo the throne of which he succeeded in B.C. 1001.
Famous for his campaigns and journeys in distant lands, whither
he proceeded iu a chariot drawn by eight marvellous steeds. He is
said fo bave visited the K'un-lun mountains and the abode of Hsi
Wang Mu; but all our knowledge of him is traditional and of the
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 595
slenderest character, the -- :,a work professi,g fo give
an account of his travels, being undoubtedly the compilation of a
much later age.
lIu Ying (T. }. Died A.D. 1892. A native of 150
__ Ting-yiian in Anhui, who in 1884 was appointed Governor
of Yiinnan, an office held also by his sons in succession. In 1888
he gained a great victory over the Burmese, who were led by the
rebel Chinese Commissioner ,1 Ssil Luu-fa, his cannon
and powerful crossbows proving too much for the mailed elephants;
and in the following year Burmah acknowledged the suzerainty of
China. Posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as
lan Tza -. 6th and 5th cent. B.C. Sister of (h'ao, a 1561
noble of the Sung State, with whom she had an incestuous connection,
and afterwards wife of the Duke of the Wei State. Coufucius was
blamed by Chung Yu for allowing himself fo be seen in ber
company.
af Singapore in 1842, he was brought back fo China af the age
of four and was educated af a native school in Kuangtung uutil
he was thirteen, when he went fo St. Paul's College in Hongkong.
There he remained until his twentieth year, af which date he entered
the service of the ttongkong Government as interpreter in the law
courts. In 1874 he went fo England, entered af Lincoln's Inn,
and was called fo the Bar in 1877. After practising as a barrister
in tIongkong until 1882, he joined the official staff of the Viceroy
of Chihli. In 1895 he accompanied Chang Yin-huan upon his
abortive peace-mission fo Japan, and was also a member of the
embassy of Li Hung-chang which three months later resulted in
596 A Chi»ese Biograpldca! Dictionary
the trêaty of Shimonoseki. On returning fo China he was appointed
Vice President of the Imperial Clan Court, and soon afterwards
one of the Senior Vice Presidents of the Board of War. tte also
became Superintendent of Imperial Railways. lu 1896 he was
appointed Minister fo the United States.
1563 li Itêng j (T. ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of P'ing-
yfian in Shantung, who was a clever but. haughty young fellow
and treated every one with contempt except K'uug Jung and a few
others. K'uu Jung thought very highly of him and recommended
him fo Ts'ao Ts'ao, saying ttmt one osprey was worth a hundred
hawks. Ts'ao Ts'ao round he had a talent for playing the drum,
and mde him his chief drummer. Soon afterwards, on the occasion
of a grand review, having received orders fo put on a new uniform,
he waited until the vaous grandees had assembled and then
proceeded fo play an air which drew tears from all present. After
this, he advaned belote Ts'ao Ts'ao, and solemnly stripping himself
stark naked, put on the new uniform. K'ung Jung reported fo
Ts'ao Ts'ao that he had goae mad, and the latter sent him fo
Liu Piao. ge treated Liu Piao so rudely that he was sent on fo
] ttuang Tsu, Goveruor of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who when
he further miscouducted himself, caused him fo be put fo death.
« i çoE (. . n. ! @ , iç , E =1:,
artist and recluse of the Yfian dynasty, popularly known as-
the Recluse of Wu-hsi, from his home in Kiangsu.
He refused fo enter public lire, and devoted his ample fortune fo
collecting old books and pictures. Deeply read, he affected archaic
phrases and used only the li script. He was very timid and retiring,
and a great stickler for cleanliness. Foresee!ng the overthrow of
the Yan dynasty, he dishibuted his wealth among his relatives
.1 Chitcse Biogr(tphical Diclionarg 597
and took refuge in obscure poverty, wandering about the lakes and
rivers of Kiangsu.
lieh Chêng . Died B.C. 397. A famous bravo who lived 1565
i modern Honau under the Chou dynasy. He was engaged by
Y en Chung TzO fo «ssssinate Hsieh Lei, a
Minister of the Han a State. When the deed was cloue he committed
suicide, having first mutilated himself beyond recognition in order
o save his sister from implication in the crime. She however came
boldly forward and recognised ber brother's body, but overcome by
grief, lay down beside the corpse and died.
ioh I-chung . A scholar and poet of the 10h cent. 1566
A.D., known chiefly by a poem he wrote in commiseration of the
hardships of the agriculural labourer.
ien Kêng-yao . A.D. (?) 1665-1726. An official 1567
who rose fo be Viceroy of Ssfich'uan and Shensi, and who in 1724
was ennobled as Duke for his uter defeat of the Oelots uuder
Blobdzang Tantsing. But he became suspected of harbouring rebel-
lious digns, and was accused of amassing treasure and munitions
of war. He was accordingly seized and put fo death as a traitor.
ing Ch'i . 7th cent. B.C. A poor waggoner of the Wei a 1568
Stae, who was overheard siuging a ballad and beatiog rime ou the
horns of his oxen by Huan Kung of the Ch'i State, and af once
taken iuto his employ, in which he rose fo be a Privy Councillor.
ing Tsung. See Çho K'uo.
nig w-o CT. ). Died .D. 1. »
native of Liao-yang, who joined the Manchus abou 1616,
uud aided in the estabEshment of the Six Boards and the Censorate
by the new dynasty in 1631. He was cashiered in 1636 for gambling,
but subsequenfly became head of the commission entrusted with the
compilation of the Ming History. In 1653 he rose fo be a Minister
of the Council, and in 1654 he exposed the misdeeds of the Grand
598 A C],inese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y
Secretary = Ch'ën Ming-hsia, retiring in 1658. Canonised
as , and admitted fo the Temple of Worthies.
157{) lliu (hin , :. A military official, who is said fo haro excited
the distrust of Ssl-ma I in consequence of a prolahecy in which
horses and oxen were mysteriously mentioned in connection with
succession fo the throne. Sstï-ma I caused him fo be laoisoned, hot
knowiug that another member of the Niu family had committed
adultery with one of the concubines of the Prince of Lang-yeh.
According fo this story, the child" born was named Jui» and in
A.D. 318 he mounted the throne as Yiian Ti, first Emperor of
the Eastern Chin dynasy (see 2Viu Jai).
157l Niu l=isien-k'o ' . Died A.D. 742. A native of
Shun-ku in Kausuh, who distilguished himself as an official ulder
the Emlaeror Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. His Majesty wished
fo make him a Minister of State, but was opposed in this by
Chang Chiu-ling. Li Lin-lu, who saw a chance of ingratiating
himself af Court, supported the Emperor, a step which uitimately
led fo his own advancement and fo the banishment of his rival.
Niu was appointed Minister, and later on was ennobled as Duke,
though in reality nothing more than a tool in the hands of Li
Lin-lu. Canonised as .
1572 Niu l=isiu (T. . ). A student of folk-lore and laopular
superstition, who flourished in the 17th cent. A.D. His
* contains miscellaneous memoranda of men and things af
the end of the last and beginning of the laresent dynasties.
1573 itl l=itlng , î or , : (T. :: î: ). Died A.D. 610. A
native of , Shun-ku in Kansuh. Liberal-minded and studious,
after serving as a Chamberlain under the N. Chou dynasty he rose
fo be President of the Civil Office under the founder of the Sui
dynasty, of which he is considered fo be the foremost scholar. He
induced his toaster fo collect by offer of reward the scattered
A Chinese. Biogr«phical Diction«rg 599
literature of Cina. In 607 he drew up a revised code of statures,
and he also edited the : Five Ceremonies. Ennobled as Marquis,
and canonised as .
llitl ,tli d (T. , ). A.D. 276--322. Great-grandson of the 1574
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty (see _N/u CMI). He took the
surname Ssti-ma, and in 307 became Governor of Yang-chou, with
his capital af the modern Nanking. Assisted by Wang Tao, he
kept his province af peace amid the wars of the Eight Princes,
300--307. The Emperor Min Ti on his accession in 313 ruade him
Prime Minister, aud he ruled eastward from Shan-chou in
Honan. He declined fo more against the Hans, ou the plea that
the eastern provinces were still disturbed. Two years later he was
placed in supreme control of ail matters, civil and military. On
the fall of Ch'ang-an, he ruade a feint of going fo the rescue of
his captured sovereign, who in 317 appointed him Regent, and in
the following year he ascended the vacant throne. He failed fo
take advantage of the division of Han, partly owing fo rivalry
among his Ministers; and he could hot save the territory north of
the Yellow River from Shih Lo. He died while the rebellion of Wang
Tun was threatening his throne. Canonised as I:
Niu Sêng-ju 2 " OE (T. ,, ). A.D. 778--847. A 1575
distinguished statesman under the T'ang dynasty, the rival of Li
Të-yii. After graduating ia 806 af the head of the list, together
with Li Tsung-min and Huang Fu-t'i, he rose fo be President of
the Censorate in 821 and a Minister of State in 823. In 825 he
was ennobled as Duke; but fin.ding himself powerless against the
favourites of the Emperor Ching ïsung, he accepted the post of
Commissioner af Wu-ch'ang, created specially for him. Ia 828, by
the influence of Li Tsung-min, he returned fo the capital and
became President of the Board of War. His further career was a
series of ups and downs. In 844 he was degraded on a charge oi
GO0 A Chbtese Biogs'«phic«t Diction«t'g
complicity in the rebellion of ..| .ô<. Lin Chën; in 847 he was
Junior Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He was noted for his love
of women, and was said te haro had "twelvo golden hairpins" (sc.
lTo Ch'a J[ I{. A supornatural boing, variously described as
god and demon, and identified by the Buddhists with the son of
Vadjrâ.pani, tho God of Thunder. He is depictod as riding through
the heavens upon Lwo fiery wheels, and holding in his hand a
pagoda, for which his original thunderbolt has boen mistaken by
the Chiueso.
A.D. 1762--1833. Grandson of O-kuei. He graduated as chin sldl
in 1789, and ten years later was a Minister of the Grand Couneil,
Ho was then sent te help in tho suppression of tho White Lily
rebellion, which had already cost over Tls. 80,000,000. Very
succossful a first, on account of a check he was redueed in 1800
te ho tank of a sub-Expositor of he Flan-lin Collego. Restored te
tho Grand Council, he became Acting Viceroy of Shen-Kan in
1804, tho Emperor warning him against trusting too much te
himself and ignoring his colleagues. Transferred te Canton, i was
Lhrough his represontaions thaç leavo o trade was refused te
Russian ships. In 1805 ho was sent te Ili for bribing the eoast
pirates, and subsequently sorved sovera| years in Turkesçan, returning
te Shen-Kan as Vieeroy in 1809. In 1813 he was transferred te
Chihli; and three years later he was sentenced ço death for
malversation whilo in Shensi, and only escaped banishment te Ili
on he plea that his aged mother required his services. Afor a
further period of disgrace and promotion he was sont again te
Chihli, where he introdueed in 189.5 he sea-transpor of ributo
rite, as tho Grand Canal was bloc]od, and also dischargod no
fewer than 23,000 superfluous official "runners" from his province.
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dicliona'y 61)1
Ordered fo Turkestan, le obtained a prolongation of the terres of
oflàee for offleials aud permission for them and for the military fo
have their families with them: He established a market for trade
with Bokhara aud Badakshau, but his attempt fo stop the export
of tea, rhubarb, and sulphur fo Khokand led fo his degradation in
1831. Canonised as .
llfl Kua o' llïl Wa : . According fo oue account, the 15ïS
sister and successor" of the legendary Emperor Fu Hsi. She had a
human head with the body of a serpent, and assisted iu settling
the ordinance of marriage and the relations of the sexes. When
Kung Kung rebelled, and the pillars of heaven were broken and
the corners of the earth gave way, she melted down stones and
repaired the damage. According fo another account, Nii amt Kua
were brother aud sister, and were placed af the creatiou on the
K'un-lun mountains, the only two human beings in existence. Then
they prayed, saying, "If thou, O God, hast sent us fo be man
and wife, the smoke of our sacrifice will stay in one place; but if
hOt, it will be scattered." The smoke remained stationary.
llii ¥ing . One of the two daughters of the Emperor Yao, 1579
B.C. 2357, who gave them both as wives fo his successor, the
virtuous Shun. See O Huang.
llurhaehu (reigned as nÏ). A.D. 1559-1626. The real 15,0
founder of the Manchu power, who cousolidated the petty tribes
around his home, and in 1603 built the oiginal city of Shingkiag.
Flis careful administration attracted numbers of adherents, for
whom he is said fo bave constructed the Manchu alphabet, founded
upon that of the Mongols. He gradually extended his borders eastward,
uutil in 1625 his frontiers reached fo the sea on the east and fo
the Amoor on the north, îî "_ Niug-yiian being almost the only
possession remaining fo the Mings beyond the Great Wall. In the
saine year his capital was moved fo Moukden, then calied "
502 A Chinese Biographical Diclio»mry
Shên-yang, which had been captured in 1621. Canonised as H
,.
clausman, who graduated as chii jen in 1699 and soon after became
a secretary in the Imperial household. Rising by 1725 fo be Viceroy
of Yinnan and Kueichou, he busied himself with the local aborigines,
striving fo bring their territories under the Chinese administrative
sysçem. Ai'ter several revolts, which he put down with great
severity, he quelled all opposition right up fo the Laos border,
tribute being duly paid by the Shan States in 1730. In 1732 he
was ennobled as Baron, and became President of the Board of War
and Member of the Grand Council. For the test of Yung Chêng's
reign he was chief favourite and adviser, and fo him alone were
entrusted the Emperor's dying commands. The Emperor Ch'ien
Lung also treated him with extreme consideration, and ai death
accorded him a place in the lmperial Temple.
1'5S20 Huang !ï :O. Sister fo Nii Ying, and one of the two
daughters of the Emperor Yao, B.O. 2357, who gave them both
in marriage fo his successor, the virtuous Shun. When their husband
died aud was buried near the river ftsiang a, they wept so copiously
over his grave that their tears speckled the bamboos growing near,
thus giving fise fo the variety known as the speckled bamboo.
lence the two ladies are spokenof as :it : A"
15S30-kuei Ç (T. . tt. ). A.D. 1717--1797.
Graduated as chi jen in 1738, and became secretary in a Board.
In 1748 he_ went on the campaign against the rebels in Chin-ch'uan;
and laçer on earned a naine for himself by suppressing a Mongol
rebellion in Uliasut'ai, and in 1754 became Assistant Military
Governor of Ili. In 1758 he was stationed aU Tarbagatai, and in
A Chbwse Biographical Dictionarg 603
1759 ho rocovered all the cities which had been seized by the
Sungar rebols. By his advice the New Dominion was occupied by
soldiors, a chaiu of posts established, and cities built af Urumtsi
and other places, the Emperor standing in great fear of Russian
encroachments. In 1761, when his portrait had been enshrined as
tho sovonteenth among the heroes of the conquest of Turkestau, he
was appointed President of the Board of Works and Military
Governor of Ili. After serving in Ssûch'uan againsttho Ush tribes,
ho was sent in 1768 te check a Burmese irruption. Reaching
Momein in November, he advanced early next year; and after
defeating a Burmese flotilla laid siege te Kaungtn. This place
offered a long resis.anco, and O-kuei was on the point of with-
drawing his army, decimated by pestilence, when the Burmese
accepted a treaty and promised tribute and a cessiou of territory.
In 1770 he was sent te Momein te receive the tribute; but if was
no forthcoming, and the Burmese kept his messenger a prisoner.
He suggested letting the marrer stand over, for which he was
cashiered in 1771 but was allowed te serve under the new general.
Soon after this he was sot again te Chin-ch'uan, and in 1772
succeeded te tho command, on the defeat of the Imperial forces.
For the next two years he was campaigning on the Ssttch'uan
fmntier, aud for various successes was ennobled as Duke and
appointed te be President of the Board of Revenue, being received
by the Emperor wiih extraordinary honours. The Burmese envoys
having af length arrived, they were taken te the execution-ground,
but were sent home again under escort; and next year O-kuei went
back te Yiinnan, and a Burmese decennial tribute was agreed upon.
For this he was ruade a Grand Secretary; and then followed various
important missions te the Yellow River, te inspect the sea-wall af
-ttangchow, and te put down revolts in Kansuh. Frein 1787 te
1792 he was again in the west, engaged in putting down rebellion.
On his death he received a public fuueral, and the Empero pnid
a visit of condoleuce in person. Canonised as .
1584 O-lan-t'ai ï Î. Died A.D. 1699. A Manchu, who rose
fom bitgesld or clerk to be in 1683 a Vice President of the Board
of Wr. In the following year he and Ch'ên T'ig-ching were
specially chosen fo look after the coiuage. Passing through vaious
Bo,rds, he bec,me a Grand Secetary in 1689. In 1696, during
the expedition against Galdan, he was a first left fo deal with
memorials but was afterwards in close attendance upon the Empero
K'ang Hsi. Canonised as , and in 1732 included in the
Temple of Worthies.
l,r,,50-li-kun Ç == (T. ). Died A.D. 1770. Sou of O-yi-tu.
He held several Goveruorships in the provinces, and also saw
service in the west. In 1764 he was appointed an Assistan Grand
Secretary, and four years Inter was sent fo ¥finnan fo prepare for
the invasion of Burmah. He died soon after the invasion had beguu
Canonised as J, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
See Cltao Hui.
15S60-lo-têng-pao (T. F :l=)- A.D. 1747--1805. A
Manchu General, who with the nid of Tê-lêng-t'ai succeeded in
suppressing the insurgent bands which from 1797 fo 1804 harassed
Hupeh, Ssilch'uan, Shensi, and Kansuh. If is recorded of him that
he acquired "the art of war from a Manchu translation of the
Romace of the T]ree Ki»gdoms. He was ennobled as Duke, canonised
as a., , and a special shrine, fo which the Emperor gave the
naine ., was erected in his honour.
1587 O-pi-lung _ ::. Died A.D. 1673. The son of O-yi-tu by
an Imperial Princess. He inherited his father's title of Viscount,
but soon lost if for screeniug his brother's attempt fo pass off a
spurious child as his own. Fought in 1645 against the rebels in
Hupeh, and in 1651 received the title of Duke, forfeited by his
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 605
nephew. He was one of the Regents durig the minority of h
Empo K'ang Hsi, and was implicad in h misdeds of Ao-pai,
on of his fdlow-Rgens, but was pardoned. Conised a.s ] .
O-s-ho . Died A.D. 1661. Employed s confidential 15S
meenger by the Emperor T'ai Tsung of the present dynasty, he
rose in 1651 fo be Grand Historiographer and Minister of the
Council. He was frequently Chief Examiner, and also prepared the
filial sons, worthies, and upright officers. n 1656 he was sent on
an embassy fo Korea. Canonised as 'l, and admitted in the
Temple of Worthies.
O-yi-tu . A.D. 1573--1fifi2. A noLed general under the
Emperor T'ai Tsu of the present dynasty, and one of his Five
Ministers (see H«-êr/t-ltan). Canonised as .
OgoMi Khan . A.D. 1185-1241. Third son of Genghis
Khan, whom he succeeded as .Khan of the Mongols in 1229. With
the d of Yeh-lfi ChOu-fs'ai» who was entirely trusted by him, he
introduced regular administration, taxation, ceremonial, and criminal
jurisprudence. In 128fi he instituted paper-money and a regular
system of education; and the following year saw the first Mongol
o$cial examinations, af which captive Sung scholars were also
allowed fo compete. "But war was the chief pursuit of Ogotai. In
1281 Korea was attacked; in 1284 the Chin a dynasty was extinguished,
with the help of the Sungs, who soon broke the treaty and were
in turn invaded; and in 128fi--87 Ogotai campaigned in Central
Asia. He died of a drinking-bout succeeding rive days of hard
hunting, and his sixth Empress Naimachën seized the
gency, in defiance of Oota s wish fo be succeeded by his grandson.
Af e close of his reign the bounda of the Mongols and the
Sungs west of Yang-chou was practically the Yang-ze. Canonised
606 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictionary
1591 Ou-yang Itsi oE ; (T. 1-1:. ,1). 1st cent. A.D. A native
of - Ch'ien-ch'êng la Shantung) who came of a hmily of
scholars and held office under Waug Mang the Usurper. Later on
his faine as a philosopher and teacher attracted the notice of the
first Emperor of the Hau dynasty, and he was promoted high
office and ennobled. However he became mixed up in some treasonable
designs, and was thrown into prison, where he died.
). A.D. 1007--1072. A native of Lu-ling in Kiangsi; hence
he is often called . Losing his ither af the age of
four, he was brought up in narrow circumstances by his mother
who taught him fo write with a reed. By the rime he was fieen
he had already acquired some reputation aided in p by the
discovery in a box of waste paper of a bundle of Han Yfi's ds
upon which he formed his style. He could discuss histo U and
politics with Yin Chu and poetry with Mei Yao-chêu. Graduating
first on the lisç of cMn s£i£ he obtained employment in the capit;
but his career was a chequered one; chiefly owing fo the attitude
he took up in favour of societies or associations of individuals for
their common welfare, and fo his spifited defence of Fan Chung-
yen and others. After twelve years' service in the provinces he was
entrusted with the preparation of the New Hittory of the T.ang
Dyasty on the completion of which in 1060 he was appoind
Vice President of the Board of Rites and a Chancellor in the Hau-
lin College, where he remained for eight years. In 1061 he became
a State Counsellor and reformed the military administration fising
by 1065 be President of the Board of War. Hostile the
innovations of Wang An-shih, in 1071 he obtained leave fo refir%
with the title of Junior Tuer of the Heir Apparent. Zealous for
whaver he felt fo be right, he never gave a thought his own
personal interests. Easy-going as an official he was always ready
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 607
fo befriend rising talent, and helped fo bring forward Wang An-
shih, Su Shih, Su Ch'ê, and other men of mark. Loving the
ancients and truc learning he used his influence as Examiner in
1057 check the growing craze for eccentric writing and reasoning.
Besides the history mentioned above, he was author of the
î .:, the earliest work on aneient incriptions; of the t'
21 , an elaborate treatise on the peony; of the ]] ,
a small collection of anecdotes of the men of his rime; of au
exposition of the Book of Odes, etc. etc. Su Shih says of him that
in the discussion of great principles he resembled Han Y/i, in the
treatment of public questions he resembled Lu Chih, in recording
events he resembled Ssti-ma Chlien, and in the composition of
poetry he resembled Li Po. Fond of wine and company, he spoke
of himself in one of his most famous essays as "the drunken
Governor, an old man with white hair, bald at the top of his
head." Fie was canonised as a., and in 1530 he was finally
admitted into the Confucian Temple.
Ou-yang I-Isfian JJî - (T. j ). ,C.D. 1273-1357. A
distinguished scholar and offlcial of the Y/Jan dynasty, who served
in the Fian-lin College and was specially eugaged in the preparation
of State papers, lis writings were collected under the title of
of Lin-hsiang in lunan, whose father was put fo death
for rebellion and who was brought up during his early youth in
concealment. Fie was exceedingly clever, and possessed the useful
faculty of being able fo read several columns of a book af a glance.
He entered the service of the Sui dynasty; and when the first
Emperor of the T'ang dynasty, who had previously been a friend
of his, came fo the throne he was af once promoted fo be a
Supervising Censor. Famous as a calligraphist, he began by imitating
608 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
Wang Hsi-chih; but he soon formed a school of his own, and
gained such reputation that envoys were sent from Korea fo obtain
specimens of his style. See Ou-yag T'ug.
1595 Ou-yang T'ung ; . 7th cent. A.D. Son of Ou-yang
Hsiin, and like his father a greaç calligraphist, the two being
spoken of as the Elder and Younger Ou-yang. In 677 he was a
Court oiIicial, wheu the death of his mother caused his retirement.
Summoned fo retur before the mourning period had expired, he
appeared barefoot, refused fo speak excepç on public business, and
wenç back af night fo sleep on a clod by his mother's coiIin. He
kept this up for four years, never once changing his clothes. He
subsequently became implicated in the ploç fo make Wu Ch'êng-
sstt Heir Apparent, and was put fo death. Latçerly he had grown
very particular abouç his writing materials, and would use only
brushes of wild cat's or hare's hair, mounted in holders of ivory
or rhinoceros' horn.
1596 Pa-ssï-pa . ,» _. Died A.D. 1279. Bashpa, a Tibetan priest,
who became the confidential adviser of Kublai Khan during his
career of conquest in China. In A.D. 1260 he was appointed
State Preceptor and the recognised head of the Buddhist Church.
He constructed an alphabet for the Mongol language, and was
rewarded for his services wiçh the title of Great
Prince of the Holy Law of Buddha.
1:)97 lan Chao ]: J (T. ). 1st cent. AD. Sister fo Ban Ku.
She maried au oflîcial named -- Ts'ao Shou (T. -),
but was lefç a widow in early lire, and henceforth devoted ber
energies fo literature and fo the education of ber son. A deep
student of history, upon ber brother's death she was round compeçenç
to continue and complete the greaç historical work in which she
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dtctwnary 609
had aided him during his lire. She was also the author of the :
==, a volume of moral advice fo young women, and of many-
poems, essays, etc. She was admitted fo be a lady-in-waiting t)the
W.press, u,,der the rite of (K,',) th L(y T«o.
Pari Ch'ao (T. tç )- A.D. 31--101. Younger bl'other I59S
of Pan Ku, the historian. As a youth he was very ambitious and
negleetful of small eeremonies, albei filial and respeefful to his
parents. The family was poor; yet in spite of having fo earn his
ling by daily labour, he mauaged fo give himself a good edueation.
ht length, in 62, he obtained a small governmen post, and removed
with his mother to the capital. There he was unable to keep a
serwnt, and was foreed o earn money as a eopyist. One day, ired
oui, he flung down his pen and exelaimed, "A hero should have
other aires han these. Like Fu" Chieh-tzfi and Chang Ch'ien he
should win renown in foreign lands, and earn for himself he
honour of an earldom. He should hot waste his days over pen and
ink." e then eonsulted a physiognomist, who told him tha he
had a swallow's beak lad u tiger's neek; that he would fly and
also ea meat, and be the Marquis of a myriad toiles away. is
brother Pari Ku managed to ge him a better pos, and later on
he was a.ttaehed to the expeditiou of Tou Ku against the Hsiung-nu.
He so distinguished himself ha in 73 he was dispatehed by Tou
Ku on a mission fo the kingom of Sha,-sha, inTukestan.
The Hsiung-nu sent an eavoy ai the saine rime; whereupon Pan
Ch'ao and a number of his adherents set upon the Hsiung-nu
envoy, and cutting off his head "showed if fo the king of Shan-
shan. This so impressed the king that hostages were given and
Pan Ch'ao returned in triumph fo Tou Ku. He was then sent ai
the suggestion of the Emperor fo the kingdom of Khoten, whither
he proceeded with a force of only some thirty armed men. But
his previous exploit had so terrorised the various petty States 0f
89
t3t0 A (,'lizese Bioy»'aphical Dictio»za»'y
Turkestan, that he had no diflculy iu persuading the king of
Khoten fo own allegiance fo China and provide him with money
and troops. Fie advanced fo Kashgar and Bactria and on through
a large area of' Central Asia, cutting off the heads of recalcitrant
rulers and accept.iug the voluntary submissiou of others, until more
thau fifty of these kingdoms had submitted fo the Chinese yoke.
For these services he was ennobled as Marquis, thus fulfilling the
words of the physiognomist. In A.D. 100 he petitioned fo be allowed
fo retire, and his request was backed by the eutreaties of his f'amous
sister Pan Chao. Afer 31 years spent in Central Asia, he returned
fo China, where he died during the autumn, the Emperor sending
his own private physiciau fo attend him. See Kaki Yig.
15.9 lan Chieh-yïl ];,) / . 1st cent. B.C. A lady of the seraglio,
who was for a long rime chief f'avourite of the Emperor Ch'êng
Ti of the Hau dyuasty, "Chieh-yii" being a title conferred upon
the Imperial concubiue most distinguished fbr literary abilities. On
one occasion the Emperor wished her fo drive with him in his
chariot. Upon which she said, "Your handmaid bas heard that the
wise rulers of the Three Dynasties of old were always accompauied
by viruous Ministers, but never that they drove out with women
by their side." She was ultimately supplauted in the affections of
the Emperor by the more f'amous Chao Fei-yen. She thereupon
forwarded fo the Emperor a fan, iuscribed with some liues complaining
biterly tha she herself had been treated lile a l'au in autumn,
....... laid, neglected, on the shelf,
All thought of bygone days, like them, bygone.
She then retired fo a separate palace, in ateudance upon the
Empress Dowager fo whom she had always been closely attached.
The phrase "autumn fart" bas passed into the language, and is
figuraively used of a deserted wife.
1600 lart Kli ]) ] (T. I). Died A.D. 92. Son of' Pan Piao.
A Chinese Biog'al»hical Dictmna»'y
Af nine years of age he was already good af composition, and as
he grew up his learning became very extensive and profound. After
the death of his father he devoted himself fo the great historical
work, the foundations of which had been fo some extent laid by
the latter, especially clearing up points which had previously been
doubtful. For this he was impeached, on the ground that he was
altering the national history af his own discretion, and was arrested
and thrown into prison, ttis brother Pan Ch'ao, however, was able
fo satisfy the Emperor as fo the real character of his efforts, and
he was af once released and entrusted with the biography of the
first Emperor of the Eastern ttan dynasty. Belote his own work
was brought fo completion, he became involved with the party of
Ton Hsien whom he had accompanied upon his campaign into
Mongolia, and beiug cast into prison died there. The Emperor handed
over the .unfinished history fo Pari Chao, his gifted sister, by whom
if was finally completed. Also author of the [ )- ".
Pari Piao ]J . (T. ). A.D. 8--54. A native of An-li,g 1601
in Shensi, and father of the historian Pan Ku. Fond of antiquity
and grave of demeanour, he retired into seclusion in Kansuh, taking
refuge with Wei Hsiao from the troublous rimes which ushered in
the Eastern ttan dynasty. He subsequently passed into Ho-hsi,
where he became confidential secretary and adviser fo the Commander-
in-chief. The memorials of the latter attracting the Emperor's
attention by their vigour and pointedness, his Majesty enquired as
fo what assistance he had in their preparation, and was informed
that Pari Piao was the writer. He wa summoned fo Court and
received a post; but retired on the plea of ill-health and devoted
himself entirely fo the study of history, preparing fo continue Ssït-
ma Ch'ien's work from the year B.C. 104, af which if had stopped.
Pan-ti t; :î. Died A.D. 1755. A Mongol, who after a distinguished 1602
career in Pekiug and the provinces, was entrusted in 1754 with
O12 A Chinese Biographica! Dictiom».y
the war against the Sungars. As Pacificator of the lqorth he led
the northern division of 25,000 men and 70,000 horses from Barkul
fo the Borotala river where he met the western division, and in
1755 the combined forces conquered Ili with little or no fighting.
For his services he was ennobled as Duke; but he was soon afr
cut off by Amursana, chief o the Khoits, who had vainly aspired
be Head of the Sungars under China, and he committed suicide.
Canonised as , and included in the Temple of Worthies.
1602 P'an Chi-hsfin ,l] (T. ). b.D. 1519--1594. h
native of » Wu-ch'êng in Chehkiang, who graduated as
clin sMh in 1550 and became Director General of the Yellow River
in 1565. He lost office owing fo a breach af P'ei-chou in 1571.
In 1576 he was Governor of Kiangsi, and two years later was
agaiu placed in charge of the Yellow River, which had diverged
uorthwards into its preseut course. By 1579 he had dyked the new
river, and saved Huai-nan from iuuudatiou. In 1583 his defence
of his patron Chang Ch-chêng caused him fo be cash]ered; but
in 1588 he was once more ai his old post. His labours affected
his health, and in 1592 he took advautage of a dispute as o the
method of dealing with a breach ai Ssfi-chou in Anhui,
which imperilled the Imperial Mausolea, fo retire from public life.
1604 P'an En t , (T. ). A.D. 1494--1580. A native of
Shanghai, who af six years of age could distiuguish accurately the
four tones. Graduating as cldn shih in 1523, he entered upon a
public career. After a rapid fise, he was imprisoned and degraded
for some error in connection with the provincial examination-list
in Shantung. Employed later on in Chehkiaug, he gained considerable
renown by his spirited resistance fo the Japauese and finally rose
fo be President of the Board of War. Author of the ,
a work on the rhymes in the Book of Odes. Canonised as .
1605 P'a Fei . The hvourie concubine of Hsiao Pao-chfian,
A Chinese Biog»'Çphical Dictiona'y 613
sixth sovereign of the S. Ch'i dynasty. She is said by some fo bave
introduced the pracice of cramping the feet, as sti]l practised by
Chinese women. On one occasion, when she was dancing belote
him, his Majesty cried out in rapture, "Every step makes a lily
grow!" Hence the terres goldet lilies and lily looks, as expressions
for women's feet. lier Imperial loyer caused the streets through
which she passed fo be strewn with flowers ruade of gold-leaf;
and on the soles of ber shoes flowers were carved in relief, so
that wherever she trod the impress of a flower was left upon the
ground. She was slain in A.D. 501 by Hsiao Yen upon his entry
into Nanking, though he only admitted with reluctance that the
fall of the dynasty was due fo ber. In fact he wanted fo keep
her, but his Minister t Wang Mao insisted that she should
be put fo death.
P'an Fu-jen " ]k- 3rd cent. A.D. The daughter of a man 1606
whom Sun Chqian had condemned fo death. She herself was shut
up in the palace; but Sun Ch'flan hearing of ber great beauty,
gave orders that her portrait should be submitted fo him. To escape
his approval, she starved herself in the hope of spoiling her good
looks; nevertheless, wheu Suu Ch'flau saw ber portrait he struck
the table with his amber sceptre and cried out, "She is indeed a
goddess!" and forthwith took ber into his seraglio.
P'an Ku -î. The first being brought into existence by 11107
cosmogonical evolution. The Great Monad separated into the Male
and Female Principles (the Yi and the Yag). By a similar
process these were each subdivided into Greater and Lesser, and
then from the interaction of these four agencies P'an Ku was
produced, lie seems fo bave corne into lire eudowed with perfect
knowledge, aud his function was fo set the economy of the universe
in order. He is often depicted as wielding a huge adze, and
engaged in constructing the world. With his death the details of
6t4 A CIdese Biographicol Dictionary
creation began. His breath became the wind; his voice, the thunder;
his left eye, the sun; his right eye, the moon; his blood flowed
in rivers; his hair grew into trees and plants; his flesh became
the soil; his sweat descended as tain; while the parasites which
infested his body were the origin of the human race.
1608 P'an Lang (T. ï _). 10th cent. A.D. A native of
Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who was a seller of drugs ai Lo-yang and
attracted much notice by his great poetical talents. By 996 his
faine had reached the Court, and he received the honorary degree
of chiu shih together with an appointment in the Imperial Academy.
Becoming mixed up in the affair of Lu To-hsiin, he fled fo the
mountains disguised as a priest, and entered a monastery. Some
verses however which he wrote for a bell-tower caused the other
priests fo suspect his identity, and he was once more obliged fo
flee; but he was soon forced fo give himself up and was banished
fo Hsin-chou, where he passed his rime in composing poetry.
Some of his lines bave taken their place as household words: --
So that my ,erse be rich and rare,
I reck hot that my means are spare.
1609 P'an Let ' ; (T. /. H. î _). A.D. 1646--1708.
A profound scholar, whose wide range of learning included chro-
nology and mathematics, l:[e was especially sldlled in ancient
literature and in poetry. In 1679 he passed a private examination
and was employed upon the History of t]e Mings; but the jealousy
of his fellow-compilers, who were mostly «hb s]ih graduates led
fo his degradation, and he took the opportunity of the death of
his mother fo retire altogether, l:[is poems, uuder the title of
, record impressions of famous spots visited by him. He
also published an edition of the ,, (sec Ku CM,»g), and
the -, a pronouncing dictionary.
« P'an ei 011 (T. tç ). .D. 9,1-- 9S7. atie o Ta-
A Chinese Biographical Dictioary
ming in Chihli, of a wild and masterful disposition in his youth.
ge served under the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty
but joined the standard of Chao K'uang-yin, with whom he had
been on terres of friendship, and aided him_ in establishing the
Sung dynasty. Besides drawing up the inaugural proclamation, he
went alone fo interview the powerful Yfian Yen, and
succeeded in securing his allegiance. His lire was spent in fighting.
After beaing off the attack of Lin Ch'ang on Hunan, he reduced
Kuangtung in 970, and four years later aided Ts'ao Pin fo aunex
Kiangnan. For his services on the expediion of the Emperor T'ai
Tsung against Shansi he was enuobled as Dke, and in 977 he
became a Minister of State. Canonised as .
P'anShih-ên (T. ). A.D. ,760--1854. 16Il
native of ihe Wu District in Kiangsu, who graduated as first cMn
sih in 1793 and rose by 1833 fo be principal member of the
Council of State.. In 1840, when the question of foreign relations
came into prominence, he recommended a tolerant and conciliatory
policy. In 1848 he became Grand Tutor,'and in 1846 received the
Yellow Jacket. In 1850 he retired, and in 1852 attended for the
second rime the Graduates' Banquet at which he had sat, a newly-
ruade graduate, sixty-one years belote. Upon his death he received
a public ueral. Canonised as , and included in the Temple
of Worthies.
P'an Ssfi-ch'fi ,, (T. . H. $ ). A.D. 1695-- 1612
1752. An exemplary provincial ocial under the Emperor Ch'ien
Lung. ge inroduced sehools for he educaion of the aborigines of
Hainan. He died while Governor of Fuhkien, where he was beloved
by all. Canonised as , and included in the Temple of »Vorthies.
v' vo N (T. ). th .. a.D. a o . omci
under the Chin dynasty. He was very handsome as a youth; and
when he went out with his lute ai Lo-yang, the ladies used o
6"16 A Clbese Biograj»hica! Dictionary
pelt him with fruit. He rose fo be Magistrate of [; Ho-yang,
which he cauied fo be planted over with peach-trees, whence if
came fo be known as the : I Flowery District.
who rose from the ranks by his valour fo be Commander-in-chiet
in Shensi. In 1712 he reiorted the seizure of 519 persons (? gipiies)
who roved about with horses and camels, making their living by
telling fortunes. Canonised as .
1(;15 P'ang Hsiin . (T. .î __.). 8th cent. A.D. A native of
Hêng-yang in Hunan, who devoted h]mself to a lire of Taoist
contemplat]on, and. was known as [ f ttermit P'ang. He
threw al| his va|uables into the sea, saying that they were acquired
with trouble and wouh! be troublesome if given away. tte once
asked the famous Buddhist Patriarch Ma Tsu, "Who is he that is
the companion of none?" "When you bave drunk up the West
River," replied the Patriarch, "then I will tell you." On his deathbed
he set for the Governor, and his last words fo him were, "We
should regard as subjective all phenomena within out ken, careful
hot fo ascribe objectivity fo such as lie beyond if."
,»l. P'aug Kung [ or P'ang Tê-kung [ ]_. 2nd cent.
A.D. A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, who lived with his wife
upon the hills and never came down. Attracted by his faine, Liu
Piao went fo persuade him fo take office, saying, "If every man
cared only for his own salvation, who would care for the empire?"
"Birds of the air," replied P'ang, "find their nests at night, and
even the denizens of the great deep bave some place of shelter. If
every man bas so much, what need fo care for the empire?" Asked
what he intended fo bequeath fo his posterity, he replied, "Other
men bequeath fo their descendants danger; I will bequeath peace."
161 P'ang Ts'an [- (T. f -Î) Died A.D. 136. A native of
ttonan, who graduated as lsi«o lie and in 107 gained some distinction
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 617
by his operations against revolted Tangut tribes, for which services
he was appointed Governor of Han-yang. There he won the hearts
of the people by his wise and humane rule. On one occasion, he
visited the famous recluse 1' Jeu T'ang, who received his
gues in urger silence, merely placing by he door-screen a roo
of garlic and a bowl of waer, while he himself daudled his grand-
child in the doorway. "Ahl" cried P'ang, after a momeut's reflection,
"I see wha you mean. The waer is an emblem of hat purity
which should be my aire; the garlic signifies tha I should punish
he overbearing; and he child is a ype of he orphan and the
friendless who should be my chief care." In 115 he was again
employed agains he revolted Tanguts, bu suffered a serious defea;
whereupon he urned homewards on the plea of illness. He was
then impeached for ma]ingering, and hrown into prison. The
influence of friends obtained his release and he was again raised
high oce, once more fo be cashiered on he ground of flood,
famine, and like porteurs, bu really in consequence of he murder
by his wife of a child by a previous wife. In 135 he was restored
fo his post.
e'ag T'ng I (T. . H. ). A.D. 185--221. 1618
A native of Hsiang=yang in Hupeh, who was a slow-witted youth
and failed fo attract attention until a physiognomist prophesied for
Mm a bfilliant future. He was taken up by Liu Pei and appointed
Governor of Lei-yang in Hupeh. His administration however
was not successful, and Liu Pei was informed that he had put a
Bucephalus fo uucongenial work. He was therefore appointed second
in command uuder Chu-ko Liang and proceeded upon the expedition
fo Ssfich'uan, where he was killed by an arrow af the siege of the
city of Lo. Liu Pei, who could never speak of him without
tea, canonised him as .
PaoChao (T.
). Died A.D. 466. A poet and 1619
6t8 A Chiese Biographical Dicliona
offieial who flourished under he Liu Sung dynasty. Abou he
year 440 all he rivers and streams ran elear, whieh was eonsidered
fo be a most auspicious omen and was celebrated by Pao in a
famous poem. He was appointed secretary in the Grand Council by
the Empemr l=Isiao Wu Ti, and afterwards served under ]-
oe Liu Tzfi-bsfi, the seventh of the Imperial Princes. When the
latter was forced fo commit suicide for his share in the rebellion
of bis brother Liu Tzti-hsfiu, Pao Chao perished at the hands ot
the excited sohliery. Author of the , W, much admired by
Tu Fu, who speaks of his verse as "elegaut and refined."
1620 lao Ch'ao ï (T. ). A.D: 1818--1886. A native of
Sstich'uan, who greatly distinguished himself as an Imperialist
General during the T'ai-p'ing rebellion, being ennobled as Viscount
for his services, in 1880 he became Commander-in-chief in Hunan,
but retired two years luter, broken down by the loss of his two
sons in one of the Yang-tsze rapids above Ichang.
1621 Pao Ch'êng ; (T. î). Died A.D. 1062. A nativ of
Ho-fei in Anhui, and a famous judge, commonly known as ]
Lung-t'u from his having held the office of sub-Chancellor in the
Lung-t'u Secretariat. In this capacity he gained great popularity
by his unswerviag integrity, which gave rise to the saying, "You
cau't bribe either Pluto or old Pao." His gravity .of demeanour was
such that he is said never fo bave been known fo stalle. Hence
another saying, "Judge Pao laughs when tbe Yellow River is
clear," -- sc. very seldom. The collection of criminal cases published
under his naine and entitled _ ] is of course a brgery.
1622 Pao Chih -,. Died A.D. 514. A native of Nanking, surnamed
: Chu, who is said to have been round as a babe in a hawk's
nest. He belonged to the school of Bôdhidharma, in defence of
which he wrote and preached. In 466 he adopted a roving lire,
and developed a marve]lous capacity for appearing in two or three
A Chinese BiogJ'(phical DlctlonaJ'y
places at once. Stories of his magical and prophetic powers are
many. The founder of the Liang dyuasty was his devout follower,
and suffered him fo enter the palace at will.
lao Shu-ya - :J=. 7th cent. B.C. Minister fo Huan Kung
of the Ch'i State, and friend of the famous Kuan I-wu, or Kuan
Chung.
Pao Ssïl 4 . 8th cent. B.C. The daughter of a woman cou-
nected with the Palace. There was something suspicious about her
birth, and orders were given that she was fo be thrown into the
river. She was however merely exposed in a piece of matting, in
which condition she was found by a fugitive from justice and put
out fo nurse. When she grew up she was bought by a young man
who was struck by ber grea beauty, and she was presented by
him fo the king of Yu (in modern Chihli) as a means of
securing his father's release from prison. She at once became favourite
concubine, and ere long the Queen was deposed and she was placed
UlOn the throne, the Heir Apparent being banished fo a distance.
For ber company the king negleced a{airs of State, and the
government began fo fall in to confusion. She was of a melancholy
turn, never being seen o stalle. She said she loved the sound of
tearing silk, and fo gratify her whim many fine pieces of silk
were torn fo shreds. At length the king offered a thousand ounces
of gold fo any one who would make her smile, l=[is chier Minister
suggested that the beacon-fires shoald be lighted fo summon the
feudatory princes with their armies, as though the royal l=[ouse
were in danger. The ruse succeeded; for in the hurry-skurry that
ensued, Pao Ss1 positively laughed outright. But when later on
the barbarian hordes, instigated by the Heir Apparent, ruade a
raid upon the capital and the beacon-fires were again lighted, no
princes rushed fo the rescue. The king took fo flght, and was
lilled. Pao Ssti fell into the hands of the barbarian chier; and
620 A Chbese Biogr«phical Dictionary
when he in turn had fo retreat by forced marches, she finally
strangled herself.
1625 lao-yiin (T. ). A.D. 1800--1891. Graduated as
('Mt sltih in 1838, and entered the public service. By 1874 he had
risen fo be a Grand Secretary, Senior Minister of the Tsung-li
Yamên, Member of tbe Grand Council, and Chancellor of thean-
lin College. Is included in the Temple of Worthies.
1626 Pei Ch'i g-eh . 6th cent. A.D. A p,ncess
of the Northern Ch'i dynasty, who when a child used fo amuse
herself and a foster-brother by playing with a bracelet which was
one of ber personal ornaments. In due course the boy was no
longer allowed fo enter the palace; but one day the pfincess, while
visiting a temple, came upon him lying asleep. The sight revived
old associations; and taking off her brac4et, she laid if genfly in
his bosom. When he awaked and recognised the bracelet, love
kindled such a flame in his breast that it set tire to the temple
1627 P'ei Chi (T. ). Died A.D.? 810. A Minister of
the Emperor Hsien Tsmg of the T'ang dynasty, who earned great
faine by his outspoken reproofs. He induced the Emperor fo check
somewhat the growing power of the eunuchs, and fo adjust the
government rate of exchange for taxes. In 810 be refired in ill-
health, and was degraded soon afterwards. He served for some years
as Historiographer.
1628 P'ei Chi (T. ). Died A.D. 630. Originally an
official of the Northern Ch'i dynasty, he aided the founder of the
Sui dynasty fo put down a revolt in Kuaugtung, and was much
trusted by him. The second Emperor charged him with the trade
relations between China and Central Asian tribes, and he presented
fo fhe Throne fhe OE , a reeorfl of wesfern countfies
compiled from accoun given him by envoys and tradem, He
encouraged the Emperor's plans of conquest and lofty ideas of his
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictionary
own might, and remained pure amidst general bribery and corruption.
In 615 he was foreed fo serve the rebel ¥fi-wên Hua-ehi who had
eaptured him on his way o Court. He afterwards helped the
ignorant Ton Chien-tê fo set up the dynasty of Hsia, and on his
fall in 621 joined the T'ang dynasty and rose o be President of
the Board of Revenue.
P'ei Hang f. 9th cent. A.D. A young hsiu ts'ai, who 1629
happened fo fall in with a beautiful girl named :i Yfin Ying
who lived near Ch'ang-an in Shensi. Wishing fo marry ber, he
was told that he must first produce a pestle and mortar of jade;
and after soue delay he managed o do so. These were used for
preparing the elixir of life, and before long both he and his bride
were admitted among the Immortals.
P'ei Hsing-chien : if-? (T. ). A.D. 619--682. A 1630
native of Wên-hsi in Shansi, who distinguished himselfas a military
commander under the Emperor Kao Tsung of the T'aug dynasty.
He waged successful campaigns against the Turfan and Turkic
tribes of Central Asia, for which services he was ruade President
of the Board of Rites and ennobled as Duke. He was also famous
for his skill in calligraphy, and was often employed by the Emperor
fo write inscriptions on white silk. Canonised as .
P'ei K'ai (T. » Ail ). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Wên- 1631
hsi in Shansi, who rose fo high office under the Emperor Wu Ti
of the Chin dynasty, haviug earned a reputation for sagacity belote
he was 20 years old. His grave beauty, fo which was added profound
learning, gained for him the sobriquet of ,) and attracted
the notice of Chung Hui, who recommended him fo Ssti-ma Chao.
His latter years were clouded by a painful disease, and he died af
the age of 55.
P'ei Tu ) (T. _û.). Died A.D. 838. A native of Wên- 1632
hsi in Shansi. In A.D. 785 he graduated as chin slih, and entered
622 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona'y
upon an oflqcial career. If had been predicted by a physiognomist
that he would die of starvation. However, one day he picked up
and restored fo ifs owner a valuable girdle; and the next ime the
physiognomist saw him, he exclaimed, "Why, you bave been laying
up a sore of meri] You bave a splendid career before you." By
he year 811 he had gained he confidence of he Emperor and
was placed in geueral control of the miliary; and i was entirely
due fo his energy that Li So was able fo suppress the
who ws sen in ege o he capital. For these
enuobled as Duke. A he deah of he Emperor Mu Tsung in 826
he ook leadiug pr in seeuring he hrone for Wên Tsung,
bu no long aferwards he beeame disgusted wioE he urn of
airs, nd eired fom the po]itiel rea.
retreat; and there, with the poets Po Chfi-i and Liu Yfi-hsi, he
enjoyed a life of literary repose until 837, when he was temporay
recalled fo public lire. In the fo]lowing year he fell ill, and returned
fo his etreat where he died. Canonised as ,.
1633 P'ei Yen-ling . A.D. 728-.796. A native of Ho-tung
in Shansi, who was taken up by Lu Ch'i and rose fo fill various
important posts. In 792 he was placed by Tou Ts'an in chage
of the Finance Department; but knowing notMng of his duties,
he devoted himself fo pleasing the Emperor by making out imaginary
surpluses. In the following year he became Vice President of the
Board of Revenue, and compassed the dismissal of Lu Chih from
his post as Minister. Cruel, vindictive and avaricious, he was
universally loathed; yet he managed fo retain his hold upon e
Emperor, who during his last illness sent three rimes a day fo
make enquiries. He received the postbumous tifle of Pillar of the
State, changed in the reign of the next Emperor but one fo
the Misleader. See Yang Ch'êg.
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioa»'y 623
P'ei Yin : . 5th cent. A.D. Author of the [ -, l, 1634:
the earliest commentary on the great history of Ssti-ma Ch'ien.
P'êng Ch'ung (T. -). Died A.D. 29. A native of 1635
Nan-yang, who rose fo be Governor of Yfi-yang under the Emperor
Kêng Shih of the Han dynasty. When Liu Hsiu was raising funds
from among the nobles, P'êng sent in large subsidies of grain, in
the hope of receiving some reward. But his friend : -,fi Chu Fou
wmte and reminded him of the man who had a litter of young
pigs, all with white heads, of which he thought so much that he
set off fo present them fo the Emperor. On his way he came fo a
place where all the pigs had white heads; and with feelings of
chagrin and astonishment he af once returned home. This story
however did hOt prevent P'êng Ch'ung from appealing fo Liu Hsiu,
on his accession as first Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, for
some mark of recognition; and when he received nothing, he turned
his thoughts fo treason. He was shortly afterwards assassinated
while sleeping, and his head was sent in a bag fo the Emperor
who canonised him as the Disloyal Marquis.
P'êng tIsien )j. A prehistoric statesman, who drowned 1636
himself owing fo disappoiutment af losiug the car of his priuce,
and whose example is said fo bave suggested suicide fo Ch'ri Y(ian.
P'êng Lo . 6th celt. A.D. A hero, who wheu his bowels 1637
protruded from a wouud in battle, and he was unable fo replace
them, cut the part off with his sword and went on fighting.
1637--1704. A native of Fuhkien, who graduated as chï jen in
1660. In 1674 the rebel Kêng Ching-chung tried fo force him fo
hold off]ce, but P'êng took fo his bed and refused fo rise until
the collapse of the revolt. As Magistrate of p-J" San-ho in
Chihli he did his duty without fear or favour, and earned much
faine by his wise and impartial decisions. The Emperor, passing
624 A Ckinese Biographical Dictionary
through in 1688, heard of his career and gave him Tls. 300 "fo
keep him honest." In 1691 he was a Supervising Censor, and
denouuced abuses right and left, which led fo his banishment for
three years. He subsequently rose fo be Governor of Kuangtung.
His hot retaper often got him into trouble, but K'ang Hsi steadily
befriended him as an honest man. His faine equalled that of Kuo
Hsiu, with whom his naine was offert coupled by the people, and
after death he was worshipped in Canton.
1{;39 l'êng Shao-shêng (T. ]- ). Graduated in A.D.
1769. An earnest student, he exhibited in his writings, especially
in his work on the Great Learffg7 strong leaungs towards the
heresies of Buddhism. His -- " )î is a literary miscellany
confined entirely fo Buddhist topics.
lto l'êng Shih . @ (T. , __). A.D. 1416--1475. A native of
I An-fu in Kiangsi, he graduated as first chier shih in 1448
and was af once employed in the Grand Secretariat; but by insisting
on retiring fo mourn for his stepmother, he offended the Emperor
Ching Ti and was kept during his reign in the Han-lin College.
In 1465 he became President of the Board of War. For thirty
years he struggled, hot wholly without success, fo improve the
government, his probity, industry, and earnestness compelling the
lazy Emperor's admiration. But he was unable, owing fo ill-health,
fo keep Wan An from power, or fo check the rising influence of
the euuuchs. Canonised as .
1641 l'6ng Tsu . . A great grandson of the legendary Emperor
Chuan Hsfi, B.C. 2514. His real naine was . Ch'ien Kêng, but
he is kuown as above from the fief of P'êng, bestowed on him by
the Emperor Yao. In B.C. 1128 he was already 767 years old, and
he is said fo have been over 800 when he disappeared into the west.
He had niuety wives, and left two sons 1 Wu and I I, who
gave their names fo the famous Wu-i (Bohea) range in Fuhkien.
A Chbese Biogr«pl, ic«t 1 Dictw»m»'y 625
l'êng Yii-lin ,! (T. - ). A.D. 1824--1890. A native 1642
of Hëng-yang in ttunan, who passed the examination for £siu ts'ai
ouly. In 1852 he was secretary fo Tsêug Kuo-fan, and in 1853
was 101aced in command of tlm Yaug-tsze fleet and operated with
success against the T'ai-p'ing rebels. Ou the fall of Nanking, he
was enuobled as Duke and became a Junior Guardian of the tteir
Apparent. In 1865 he was al0poiated acting Director General of the
Grain Transport, but declined the post. In July 1868, partly with
a view fo recrtfit his health, which had been undermined by long
wa{are on the Yang-tsze, he obtained leave fo go into mourning
for his mother, who had died in 1852 when he was in active service.
0wing however fo the transfer of Tsêng Kuo-fau fo Tientsin, he
was unable fo avail himself of this leave uati| 1870. In 1872 he
resumed his command on the Yang-tsze, and during the next 10
yeat was frequeutly employed in investigating charges against various
high officials. Ill-health drove him fo apply for leave fo vacate his
post, which was granted on condition of his making an aunual
inspection of the Yang-tsze. In 1881 he was appointed Viceroy of
tho Two Kiang, but declined the post, recommeuding the appoint-
ment of Tsêng Kuo-chiian. In the saine year he entered a vigorous
protest against the use of ironclads and the introduction of railways.
Iu 1883 he declined the post of Presideut of the Board of War;
after which he was sent fo Canton fo organise ifs defences, in view
of a ruptnre with the Freuch over Tongkiug. He remained af Canton
as Imperial Naval Commissioner until Jan. 1886, during which
period his proposais fo get Siam fo attack the French in Cambodia,
and fo invite Singapore Chiuese fo kill French officers and men,
were coldly received af Poking. In May 1884 he protested strongly
against peace with France. He retired fo his houe in Sept. 1886,
and remained there, except for anaual tours of inspection, until
his death. He enjoyed an extraordinary reputation for fearless probity.
40
626 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
He was a biffer but straightforward opponent of foreigners in China,
fo whom he was known as "Admiral P'êng." A collection of his
memorials, drafted by himself, bas been published. Canonised as
l(;t3 l,êng Yfian-ts'ai . llth cent. A. D. A native of
I-fëng in Kiaugsi, who was fond of roaming about and neglected
his books. One day he returned with a bag full of something which
he said would make him rich beyond the dreams of avmce; and
when his friends crowded arouud, expecting fo see gold and jewels,
he drew forth a peu, some ink, and a copy of the New History
of the Five Dyasts by Ou-yang Hsiu. ge was Chier Musician in
the Board of Music, and as a performer was regarded as one of the
Three Wouderful Men of gsi-ch'ang (see Hug ChSe]-fan). He
declared that there were rive points in lire on which he felt aggrieved:
that samli (a delicious fish) was so full of boues; that cumquats
were so sour; tha shun (an edible water-plant) was o cooling fo
the blood; that the cherry-apple had no smell; and that Tsêng Ts'an
had written no poetry.
.tt i c (w. ). . ¢.t. .D. oi
in the Board of Civil Oce under the Chia dynasty, noted for his
love of wine. On oue occasion he broke into a neighbour's cellar,
and was caught beside a wiue-jar he had tapped. He was bouud
by the servants and kept until morning, when his identity was dis-
covered and he was released. He subsequently served under Wên Ch'iao.
15 Pi Kan . 12th cent. B. C. A relative of the tyrant Chou
Hsin, the last ruler of the Shang dynasty. He is said to have remon-
strated with Chou Hsin upon his excesses; whereupon the latter
cried out, "They say that a sage bas seven orifices in his heart
(the seat of the understanding). Let us see if this is the case with
you." He then caused Pi Kan fo be disembowelled belote him.
1646 Pi Shêng . l lth cent. A. D. A man of the people, who
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictiona»'y 627
lived under the reign of Jen Tsuug of the Sung dynasy and was
kuown as an alchemis, but is chiefly famous as he repued invenor
of movable type.
Pi Xrfian -' (T. and ). A. D. 1729--1797. 167
An ocial who served with distinction in Kausuh, and who afer
suppressing various Whie Lily and abofiginal risings became Viceroy
of Hu-Kuang. ge wrote several antiquarian works, among others
an aun of aucien inscriptions in Shensi. Also, an examinaLion
iuto the ext of the Tao Td Ching; a supplemen o the history
of Ss-ma Kuang, enifled f , exendhlg from
beginning of he Sung o he end of he Yfian dyuasy; and a large
number of hisorical and oher essays, poems, ec. ec. e gave o
himself he sobrique of X"
P'i Jih-hsiu H OE (T. and . H. ). 168
A el of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated as chin shih in A. D.
867, and rose o be a Doctor of the Court of Sacrificial Worship.
Wheu Huang Ch'ao ok Ch'ang-an, he employed P'i fo compose
sham prophecies, but put him fo death because the prophecies read
like criticisms ou himselL Amoug other works, he edited the
Tea Classic of Lu Y.
Pien Ch'iao. See Ch'in Yfieh-jen.
Pien Chuang Tz . Chuang Tzfi of Pien. A hero of 169
old, said o bave been fond of tiger-hunfing. He was Governor of
ihe District of Pien, under the Chou dynasty. Kuan
Shu Tzfi advised him o watch for two tigem eafing an ox. "They
would quarrel," he said, "and one would be killed and the other
wounded. Then you oeuld finish off the wounded figer, and so secure
the pair." His bravery was menfioned by Concius.
en Ho . 8th cent. B.C. A man of the Ch'u State, who 1650
found a piece of pure jade on the mountains and hastened fo present
it fo his Prince. The stone was declared fo be false and he was
628 A Chitese Biograplical Dictionary
sentenced fo bave his left foot cut off as an impostor. When the
next Prince came fo the throne, he presented the stone again and
with a similar result, this rime losing his right foot. Yet a third
Prince succeeded, and once more he submitted his stone, weeping
tears of blood, hot, as he said, for the loss of his feet, but because
genuine stone had been pronounced false and a loyal subject an
impostor. The jade was once more tested, and af length discovered
fo be a valuable gem. If was named , and the Prince
offered fo ennoble Pien Ho as Marquis, which offer he declined.
-See Lin Itsiag-ju.
ling Chi = (T. ), ). Died B.C. 55. A native of Shantung,
who distinguished himself under the Emperor Wu Ti by his study
of criminal procedure and was appointed Governor of the Gaol af
Ch'ang-an. ]e exerted himself especially in putting down the
witchcraft and sorcery which caused so much mischief. When the
Heir Apparent, : Li, perished through the machinations of the
Lady Chao, his grandson, the future Emperor Hsfian Ti, a
baby in arms, was in prison. Ping Chi provided the child with
proper nurses; and when the Emperor Wu Ti, hearing that an
Imperial nimbus had been observed in the prison, sent down orders
fo bave all the prisoners executed, he declined fo obey. Upon this
the Emperor, recognising the finger of God, pardoned all the prisoners
ald received the young Prince into the Imperial clan. When the
latter came fo the throne, Ping Chi was advanced fo high office,
though it was long belote the Emperor became aware that he owed
his very life fo this man. In 63 he was ennobled as Marquis, and
in 59 became Minister of State. The following story is told of his
acumen. One spring day he came upon a crowd of brawlers, among
whom were several killed and wounded; but he took no notice of
them, and passed on. Soon afterwards he saw an ox panting violently,
and af once showed the greatest concern. "For»" as he explained,
.1 Chbwse Biog'«q,hical Dictiouar v
"the brawlers cau be left fo those whose business if is fo deal with
such maLters; whereas au ox panting in spring means that heag
bas corne before ifs rime, and that the seasons are out of joint,
thus opening a question of the deepest national interest." Cauonised
as
P'ing Ti. See Lin le'an.
l'ing-ytian Chïln J . Died B.C. 250. The itle con- 1652
ferred upon Chao Shêng, younger brocher of the reigning
sovereign of the Chao State. He played a leading part in the struggles
which preceded the establishment of Lhe Ch'in dynasty, and was
supported by a large and powerful band of reainers. On one
occasion, wishing fo impress he Prince of he Ch'u Sfae, he sent
a message by a retainer whose sword was heavily embroidered wih
pearls. But he found fo his chagrin that the Prince of Ch'u had
3,000 retainers, ail of whom wore sltoes embroidered with pearls.
On anoher occasion, a concubine of his jeered af a humpback
who lived near by. The humpback went o complain, and asked
for the lady's head. He promised fo give if, but did not do so.
By and by his retainers begau fo drop off; upon which he sent
the concubine's head fo the humpback, and the retainers came back
fo their posts. Known as one of the [ Four Heroes of the
period.
1o Ch'i ji. Died B.C. 258. A famous soldier of the Ch'in 1653
State, who was raised by Wei Yang fo the position of Commander-
in-chief. In 293 he conducted a campaign against the States of
Wei and Han, and inflicted a crushing defeat upon them af the
battle of ÇSî I-ch'iieh, where two hundred and forty thousand
of the allies were said fo have been killed. In 280 he defeated the
armies of Chao, and was ennobled for his services as Prince. In
260 he again defeated the Chao troops, and is said fo bave put
fo death no less than four hundred thousand men, after receiving
630 A Chbese Biographi«tl Dictionary
their surrender. Notwithstanding these eminent services, he fell into
disfavour with king Chao ttsiang, because he refused to conduct a
new campaign against the Chao State, and was driven fo commit
suicide.
1654 1o Chii-i ) (T. ç ). A.D. 772--846. One of China's
greatest poets. As a child he was most precocious, knowing a con-
siderable number of the written characters af the early age of seven
months, after having had each one pointed out only once by his
nurse, tte graduated as chin shih af the age of seventeen, and entered
upon an offlcial career. He became a member of the Han-lin College,
and soon rose to high tank under the Emperor ttsien Tsung. However
one day he was suddeuly banished to Chiang-chou as Magistrate,
which somewhat disgusted him with public lire. To console himself,
he built a retreat at ]J Hsiang-shan, by which naine he is
sometimes called; and there, together with eight congenial coin-
panions, he gave himself up fo poetry and speculations upon a
future lire. To escale recognition and annoyance, all names were
dropped, and the party was generally known as iî L[J )IL :;
the Nine Old Gentlemen of ttsiang-shan. This reaching the ears of
the Emperor, he was transferred fo be Governor of Chung-
chou; and on the accession of Mu Tsung in 821 he was sent as
Governor to l:iaugchow. There he built one of the great embankments
of the beautiful Western Lake, still known as [ Ç Po's
Emban]ment. He was subsequently Governor of Soochow, and finally
rose in 841 to be President of the Board of War. l:[is poems were
collected by Imperial command and engraved upon tablets of stone,
which were set up in a garden he had ruade for himself in imitation
of his former beloved retreat af ttsiang-shan. In several of these
he ridiculed in scathing language the preposterous claires of the
Tao Tê C£ig (see Lao Tz):
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictio»a»'y 634
"Who know, speak not; w.ho speak, know naught"
Are words from Lac TzS's lofe.
What then becomes of Lac Tzfi's own
"Five thousand words and more"?
He had a daughter, named Golden Bells, who wrote excellent
poetry af the age of ten.
Po-êrh-ho-t'll . Died A.D. 1667. A General wo 1655
distinguished himself during the Manchu conquest of China, especially
in the subjugation of Yiinnan. In 1661 he shared in the Burmah
expedition which captured the Ming Prince of Kuei. He was
beheaded ou account of the alleged treason of his kinsman Su-k'o-
sa-ha. His tank however was restored on the fall of Ao-pai in 1669,
and he ws canonised as n.- .
PO I [J . Minister of Ancestral Worship
Shuu, B.C. 2255.
Po I [J . 12th cent. B.C. Elder brother fo Shu Ch'i, and son 1657
of the Prince of the ) Ku-chu State in modern Chihli. Their
father wished fo make Shu Ch'i his heir; but the latter refused fo
deprive his brother of his birthright, and on his father's death fled
from the State. Po I declared that he could not act contrary fo his
father's orders, and followed Shu Ch'i into retirement, leaving the
thone fo a third brother. In their old age they sought refuge with
Wên Wang, but on reaching his domain found that he was dead
and the Yin dynasty oyerthrown. Declining fo change their allegiance,
they wandered away into the mountains, supporting themselves on
a wild leguminous plant until finally they perished of cold and hunger.
PO I RT'ao [J OE î. 12th cent. B.C. Eldest son of Wên Wang, 1658
but set aside in favour of his younger brother, known as Wu Wang,
the founder of the Chou dynasty.
under the Emperor 1656
Po-li F[si ; (T. : '). 7th cent. B.O. A man ofthe 1659
Yii State, whose family was poor. He began by seeking employment
with various of the leading States, but was unsuccessful; and returning
to Yfi, entered the service of the Duke. When the Yii State was
destroyed by the Chins, who had "borrowed a passage through" in
order fo attack the Kuo State, he was carried off fo the Chin State.
An indignity was there put upon him and he fled fo the Ch'in
State, but was captured on the way by some ruffians belonging fo
the Ch'u State. The Duke of Ch'in bowever kaw his value (see
Ch'in Hsi), and sent to ransom him, offering only rive rares' skins
so as fo make if appear that he was an unimportant personage.
He was then seventy years of age, yet he became Miaster in the
Ch'in State and conducted ifs affairs with such wisdom that on his
death men and women shed tears, boys ceased fo sing songs, and
the sound of the rice-mortar was hushed. When he first became a
fugitive, he left his wife behind; and she, having nothing fo lire
upon, wandered fo the Ch'inState where she supported herself for
some years as a washerwoman. Heari.ng later on of her husband's
elevation, she was afraid fo say anything; but one day when he
was iadulng in some music she presented herself, and asked fo
be allowed fo sing before him. Her request being granted, she seized
a lute and sang as follows:
Po-li [Isi of ram-skin faine,
Ha'ce you forgotten how we cooked the hen
At parting, by burning the window-frame?
¥ou are ficher now than you were then
And you think no more of your poor old dame.
Recognition ensued, and they lived together again as husband and wife.
eo- ï @ (T. - . n. ,). .D. 1747--181.
Chinese Bannerman, who gmduated as clin slih in 1772. By 1804
he had risen to be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang, and three years later
became Viceroy at Canton. The Kuangtung coast had long been
harried by pirates, of whom I Chang Pao was the chier.
Po-liug organised a fleet, and the pirate offered fo yield, provided
the Viceroy came in person fo see him. This perilous task he
A CIdwse Iliogr««pidc¢d Dicliotarg 633
performed, and 400 junks with 20,000 mon surrendered, whilo
Ghang Pao also ençrapped a rival ehief. For this success Po-lig
was ennobled. In 1811 ho roturned siek fo Poking, but soon aftorwards
was sont fo Nankiag fo attend fo tho ¥ollow River. Canonisod as
to Lo f . Tho sobriquet of a famous horso-trainer, namod 16,l
Sun Yang, who livod in tho oarly agos and is montionod
by Chuang Tzï.
10 ra . A famous luto-playor of old, who whon young lt6
studiod undor a teachor kuown as Ch'êng Lion. Tho latter
carriod him fo tho Isles of tho Blost, in order fo got his musical
senso improvod. Ho was afterwards thrown into tho socioty of a
wood-cuttor, namod Chung Tzï-ch'i who was such an excellent
connoissotr of music that whon Po Ya playod lills ho eould soo
Mt. T'ai rise up before his eyes, and when he played water he
could see the headlong torrent dashing down. Af Chung's death,
Po Ya broke his lute and never played again.
lo-yon " . bD. 1237-1295. A Mongol chieftain, who after 1663
a youth spent in Central Asia became Minister uuder Kublai Khan
and aided his toaster in completiug the couquest of the Chinese
empire. In 1274 he crossed the Yang-tsze and captured O-chou,
the moderu Wu-ch'ang in Hupeh. In 1275 he took * Ch'ang-
chou in Kiangsu; and in the following year Hangchow, the capital,
surrendered and the Sung Emperor sought safety in flight. Just
before his death a great meteor fell in the north-west, and rain
turned fo ice. He had a fine martial appearance; his plans were
deep-laid, and he was decisive in action. He led an army 200,000
strong as though if had been one man, and his lieutenants looked
up fo him as a god. Marco Polo speaks of him as "a Baron whose
naine was Bayan Chingsan, which is as much as fo say Bayan
HttJ.red-Eyes." The word "Bayan" really signifies great or noble,
634 A Chbese Biographical Dictioary
and is a naine of very old renown among he nomad nations.
naine bas been written - ] = Hundred-Eyes, signifying the ceaseless
vigilance for which he was noexl.
1664 Pu-bu-mu ,, ï. Died b.D. 1300. h member of/he K'ang-
li tribe (see K'ang-li Hui-hui). As a boy he attracted the notice
of Kublai Khan, who caused him o be educated with the Heir
Apparent. In 1276 he and other students of/he Imperial Academy
memorialised in favour of extending education, and in 1278 he
became Assistant Judge in Chihli. On one occasion the Emperor
supported him in flogging an Imperial bonze who had beaten a
com'ier almost fo death. Returning fo Peking, he became head of
the Civil Office, and on the fall of Sang-ko was offered
he post of Minister, but he refused fo pass over the heads of his
superiors. He subsequently became the trusted adviser of the Emperor
Tireur. Posthumously ennobled as Duke, and canonised as .
H;6» Pu-ku Huai-jen ' :::. Died A.D. 765. A member of
the T'ieh-|o tribe, who distinguished himself by his milifary
talent and aided Kuo Tzil-i in his campaign aoinst the rebe| _An
Lu-shan. He even put o death his own son, who had been aken
prisoner but had managed o escape. For these services he was
ennobled as Duke and his daughter was given in marriage fo the
son of Bilgal Khan, who afterwards ruled as Tengri Khan. He was
then employed, with the assistance of Teni Khan, in reduiing
Shih Chao-i, son of Shih Sstt-ming, and was again rewarded with
high office and other honours. Latterly he became discontented with
his position, and was actually engaged with some 200,000 of the
Turfan in open rebellion when he died.
1666 Pu K'ung d_.- Died A.D. 774. A Singhalese Buddhist priest,
n-ea II 1 tJ , Aôgavajra or ôgh, o came
fo China in 733 and was held in high esteem af Ch'ang-an by
successive Emperors of the T'ang dynasty. He proved his supernatural
A Chine.ce Biogeaphical Dictionary 635
powers by taming a hem of wild elephants. He introduced a large
number of magic formulas, and founded the Festival of Departed
Spirits, held annually on the 15th of the 7th moon. Author of the
OE , ] ,, a translation or the Mafiusri Paripric],c££ Stra.
Pu Shang ] (T. ). Born B.C. 507. A native of the
Wei a State and a disciple of Confucius, who is said fo have
delivered into his charge the texts of the Odes and of the Spri,g
and Autumn nals. In lire he was a Magistrate in the Lu State,
and when he died he was appointed fo be Literary Revisor in the
nether world; af least, so said Su Shao oï the Chin
dynasty, who had died and corne fo life again, and declared that
he had seen him thus employed in Purgatory. When the Master
died, Pu Shang went into retirement in Shansi, and gave himself
up fo study and teaching, wearing nothing but file most ragged
of clothes. He was posthumously ennobIed as Duke, and in A.D.
647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
r'u Sung-ling (T. f. H. ). Born A.D. 1668
1622. A native of " Tz5-chou in Shantung, who graduated as
£sit ts'ai in A.D. 1641. Though an excellent scholar and a most
polished writer, he failed, as many other good men have done, fo
take the higher degrees by which he had hoped fo enter upon an
official career. If is generally understood that this failure was due
fo neglect of the beaten track of academic study. A any rate his
disappointment was overwhelming. "As for me," he wrote, "I cannot,
with my poor autumn firefly's light, match myself against the
hobgoblins of the age." Meanwhile he was occupying himself with
a work which bas gained for him a deathless faine. "I get people,"
he added, "fo commit fo writing what they know of the supernatural,
and subsequently I dress if up in the form of a story ......
Midnight finds me with an expiring lamp, while the wind whistles
mournfully without, as over my cheerless table I pieee together my
636 A Cldnese Biograph ical Dielion(
tales." The collection was completed in 1679 and published under
amoug he fiue of Ohia's lierary efforçs for he mchless brilliancy
of it
P'u-t'i-t-mo. 8ee ôdhidhrm.
1669 P'u Yunglsh6ng . A famous artist of the Sung dynasty,
especially good af painting water. He was also a wine-bibber and
a loose liver.
1670 Sang Wei-han , (T. [ ). Died A.D. 946. A native
of Honan, who failed af his first examiuation for the degree of
«hin «hih, because the Grand Examiner objected fo his naine, which
bas the saine sound as mournig. Nothing daunted however by
his ill-success he procured an iron ink-slab, and swore that he
would wear that through belote he would give up trying. When
af length he had succeeded, he became secretary fo Shih Ching-
t'ang; and as soon as the latter broke into open rebellion, he
proceeded fo the Kitans fo plead his cause against that of
Chao Tê-tiao. Upon the accession of his toaster as first Emperor
of the Luter Chiu dynasty he was appointed fo fill rations high
offices, and if was by his advice that in 937 the capital was
transferred fo :)- Ta-liang in ttonan and that a firm alliance
with the Kitans was maintained, ttis influence was now paramount
and his wealth enormous. The second Emperor continued fo load
him with favours, until in 945 , Fêng Y succeeded in
displacing him. For suggesting a regency while the Emperor was
suffering from delirium tremens, he was now dismissed fo a provincial
post. In 946, when the Kitans were threatening the capital his
advice was again sought; but on applying for an audience of the
Emperor, he was told that his Majesty was busy trainiug a falcon.
A C]tittese Biogt.ctphical Dictiotta»'y 637
"Alas!" he cried, "the Chins will bave no meat lef fo eat." In
his (sri,- h oi,, ih . / Cig V.-k.,.g o ,.sis
the enemy; whereupon Yeh-lfi Tê-kuang sent an envoy in the
hope of wiuning him back fo his old views. The Emperor however
was unwilling fo let them meet; and the envoy, beiug wrougly
iuformed as fo Sang's real sentiments managed fo procure
assassination. He was short of stature, with a long beard; but used
ri3 stand before a mirror and say, "One foot of face is worth seven
of body." Af the saine rime, he was so hideously ugly that the
very sight of him ruade people sweat, even in mid-wiuter.
Sëng Ch'ou 1'" . 6th cent. A.D. A famous Buddhist priest, 16ïl
surnamed f Sun, who was credited with marvellous powers of
healing the sick and maimed without any use of medicine. Being a
puny youth, he was much bullied by the other priests until by his
importunate prayers he obtaiued the aid of Iudra. ]e enjoyed the
favour of the Emperor Hsfian Ti of the Ch'ên dynasty aud is said
fo bave giveu the finishing iouch fo the translations of the Sacred
Books.
8ëng-ko-lin-sin 1'" ; 1. The famous Mougol general who
opposed the advance of the British and French armies upon Pekiug
in the war of 1860--61. ]e built a huge mud rampart fo protect
the city of Tientsin, which rampart bas since received the naine of
"Sêng-ko-lin-sin's Folly." He himself was popularly spoken of by
the British far of the period as "Sain Collinson." By birth a prince
of the Korchin Mongols, he first distinguished himself in 1853 against
the T'ai-p«ings, who were advancing on Tientsin. He defeated the
rebel forces in two battles, and succeeded in driviug them off. ]e
subsequently operated against the Nien-fei in ]onan, Anhui, Kiangsu,
and lupeh. In 1864 he attacked the great rebel chief Chang Tsung-yfi
af Tsao-chou in Shantung; but his rear failing fo corne up in rime,
he was overwhelmed by numbers and killed. A memorial shrine
638 A Chinese Biographical D$ctionary
was erected fo him af Moukden, and he was canonised as
1673 Sêng Ts'an / . Died A.D. 606. The third of the Eastern
Patriarchs of Buddhism. His naine and orgin are unknown. In 535
he introduced himself fo ttui K'o, and was appointed as his successor.
tte lived for more than ten years in seclusion, especially during the
persecution under the Northern Chou dynasty, tte taught that there
is no real distinction between existence and non-existence.
Chehkiang, named j Fu Hsi, who though a married man,
was one of the most noted followers of BSdhidharma. He lived by
farming, and when a robber stole his grain, presented him with a
basket la which fo carry if away. He was blessed with visions of
Buddha, and became so famous that the founder of the Liang dynasty
sought his teaching. He bears the title of :) :: Great Scholar.
1675 Shan T'ao J (T. "i ). Died A.D. 283. An official who
rose fo high office under Wu Ti, the first Emperor of the Chin
dynasty. As a youth he was somewhat ecceutric and given fo the
study of Taoist doctrines; and he was forty years of age before he
entered upon his career uuder the Wu dynasty, then in power. He
transferred his allegiance fo the Chins; but finding himself outshone
by Yang Hu, he accepted a provincial post. Later on he became
President of the Board of Civil Office, in which position he gained
so much kudos by his choice of right men,
became a saying of the day, while Wang Jung spoke of him as
"uncut jade" or "gold ore." He was one of the Seven Worthies of
the Bamboo Grove (see ttsiang Hsiu). Canonised as].
1676 Shang Cih-hsin -j" ". Died A.D. 1680. Eldest son of
Shang K'o-hsi. In 1676 he joined Wu San-kuei and received the
title of î, bu shortly aftewards etee into reations
with the Imperialists and obtained a conditional pardon. This treachery
earned for him the succession o his father, who had nominated a
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 639
younger son. Ie excnsed himself however from going fo the front
until 1680, when he was af length ordered fo Peking on a charge
of insubordination. His family arranged the assassination of his chief
accuser, for which crime he and several of his relatives were condemned
fo death. Ia consideration of his father's services he was allowed
fo commit suicide.
Shang K'o-hsi j" . Died A.D. 1676. A native of Liao- 1;77
tung, who in 1634 entered the military service of the Manchus.
In 1646 he was ennobled as Prince, and led an army înto the
province of Kuaugtung. In 1650 he captured the city of Canton,
after a ten months' siege, lïIe was then appointed a Feudatory Prince
of e empire, with the title , î, hurler which he ruled for
many years over Kuaugtung. In 1674 he applied fo retire, on the
ground of siclness. His eldest son, Shang Chih-hsin, passed over
fo Wu San-kuei, but he himself remained unshaken in his loyalty
until his death which followed upon a severe illness.
Shang Ti. See Liu Lung.
Shang Irang. See Wei Yang.
Shao Ch'ang-hêng Ç : (T. oe . H. ). 18th cent. 1678
A.D. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as ltsiu ts'ai af 10 years
of age, but whose failure fo take the degree of clii jen af the first
attempt caused him fo abandon he idea of an official career. He
accordingly devoted himself fo history and philosophy, and was
rewarded by beiag placed among the leading scholars of this dynasty.
His chier work was the -î 4 , [, a dictionary of ancient and
modera rhymes, arranged under 106 finals according fo the four tones.
ttis collected writings are published under the title of l .
Shao Chin-nn "-! k (T. and --. . . /2Z). l«a
A.D. 1742--1796. A native of Chehkiang, and the first great
historical scholar of the present dynasty. Of weak constitution,
he devoted himself solely fo study; and from 1773 until his death,
640 A C]d»êse Biograpldc«d Dictiomry
he worked in the Imperial Library and i the Historiographer's
office. Besides several works on hisory, he produced from the great
encyclopoedia published by the Emperor Yung Lo (see Chu Ti),
wih the aid of maerial from oher sources, a new ediiou of
History of l,e Five Dy,,«sties by Hsieh Ch-chêng,
which wus adopted as the standard authority on that period.
16sO Shao Kung . Died B.C. 1053. The DukeofShao, akinsmau
of Wu Wang, founder of the Chou dynasty, who invested him with
the Priucipality of Yeu, part of modern Chihli. His surname was
Chi, and his personal naine Shih; he is also known as
Shao K'aug. When administerng the affairs of Shao, in
modern Kiangsu, he was accustomed fo sit under a wild pear-tree;
and after his departure the people refused fo allow this tree be
cut down, preserving if in memory of their justly-loved ruler.
16NI 8ho Po-wên fl (T. ). A.D. 1057--1134. Son
of Shao Yuug. He served chiefly in the provinces, in order o avoid
the favourites Chang Tun and T'uug Kuau. Author of several works,
including the continuation of his father's commentary on the Canon
of
Shao Ti, See (Han) Liu Pan; (Wei) Ts'ao ao; (E. Sung)
Liu I-fu.
1682 Shao Yu-lien Ç (T. ] ). A clta jeu of Chehkiang,
who served as oue of the secretaries of the Marquis Tsêng af S.
Petersburg in 1881. After being secretary in the Tsung-li Yamên,
he was Taot'ai af Shanghai from 1882--85, when he was appoind fo
the Hongkong Opium Commission. In July 1886 he became Judge
of Honan; in March 1887 Treasurer of Formosa; in June 1889
Governor of Hunan; and two years later Governor of Formosa. In
December 1894 he went fo Japan with Chaug Yiu-huan treat
for peace; but their powers being round iusufficieut, the Commissioners
were compelled fo beat an ignominious retreat. He retired in ill-
A Chinesc Biographical Dictionarg 64t
health, 7th May 1895. As Taot'ai af Shaughai he proved himself
an obstructive of tlie worst type, and in spire of his European
experiences an inveerae enemy o tire foreigner; while his career
in Formosa was devoted o undoing all he material civilisation
which his wiser predecessor, Liu Ming-ch'uau, had been a such
pains build up. In 1896 he was ordered accompany LiHung-
chang on his mission o attend the coronation of tire Czar aL Moscow,
bu round means o excuse himself fi'om duty.
Shao Yun (T. ). A.D. 1011--1077. A native of 1683
Fan-yaug in Chihli, who was from his boyhood a voracious reader.
For several years he denied himself a sve in winter and a fau in
summer; for thirty years ha did hot use a pillow, nor had he even
a mat sleep upon. He travelled through much of northern and
central China in order fo iucrease his knowledge by contact with
men of learniug. Settling with his father and family af
Kung-ch'êng in Anhui, he became intimate with the local Magistrate,
Li Chih-ts'ai, af whose instigation he devod himself
the study of the Cano» of Canges, and produced a work which
was subsequenfly published by his son, Shao Po-wên, under the
fitle of . Of his book, the ehapters On
the Stud9 of Phenomena are ofeu prined as a separab volume.
Upon he deagh of his faher he removed Lo-yang, where he
eharm of his conversation and his profound learning atraeed sueh
me as Ss,-ma Kuang, Fu Pi, and Hau Gh'i. Ne was sill poor.
The hu in whieh he lived kep out neiher wind nor tain. eeordingly
his ffiends bought him a cottage and garden, whieh he named his
Nes[ of Peace and Happiness -- hence his sobrique --
and in which he lived happily for he res of his lire. He refused
ail offers of ocial employmen, bu gladly advised all who cousuled
him and was exceedingly popular and respecLed. On one 6ccasion
he was srolliug about wiLh some friends when he heard Lhe goasucker's
41
642 A Chicse Biographicai Dictionarg
cry. He immediately became depressed, and said,"'When good goveru-
ment is about fo prevafl, he magnetic current flows from north fo
south; when bad goernment is abou fo prevail, i flos from
souh fo norh, and birds feel i influence firs of all flings. Now
hithero his bird bas no been seen af Lo-yang; from which I infer
that the magnetic curreut is flowng from south fo north, and hat
some souherner is coming iuto power, with manifold consequences
fo the Sate." Ere many years had elapsed, Wang An-shih w
disracing he empire wih his "innovations." Shao Yung was also
the auhor of volume of poery, enttled ), , and
of a supplement fo his own work ou the Canon of Ctanges, enfitled
He was eanonised as , and in 1235 his able w plaeed
in the Confueian Temple.
8hê-mo-têng. See
8hën Ch'i-yfin lE (T. ). 18th ce.t.A.D. Son
of a noted teacher and author of Kiaugsu. He graduated as cMn
shi£ in 1721, and served for nine years in Fuhkien where he brought
about mny reforms, notably the permission fo lire and trade abroad
for three years without forfeitiug the rights of citizenship. He rose
fo be Lieutenant Governor of Chihli, and Director of the Banqueting
Court, retiring in 1748. He wrote the
collection of the commentaries on those parts of the Canon of
on which he considered that Confucius had commented; also a work
on metres, essays, poems, etc.
Shên Chin-ssa ,, (T. . H. ). A.D. 1671--
1728. Son of a frmer of Ch'ien-t%ng in Chehiaug. He was left
au orphau af an erly age; but in spire of great poverty he conved
fo study, especially devoting himself fo the philosophers of the
Sung dynasty. Graduating c£in shlh in 1700, he was a successful
Mgistrate for seven years, and in 1723 was appointed fo the Selection
A Chinese Biograt,hical Dictiota'y 643
Department of the Board of Civil Office, which he purified ri'oto
bribery md corruption. The Emperor Yung Chêng, appreciating his
chamcter and learnig, ruade him President of the Censorate i
1727, aad deplored his sudden death. A famous conmporary, Chu
8hih, eomposed for him the epitaph "A philosopher
of renown." He wrote on'metaphysies, aud was also the author of
a collection of papers entitled . Canonised as
,.
8h6n Ohou " (T. ). A.D. 1427--1509. A native of 1686
Ch'ang-ehou in Kiangsu, who distinished himselt" as a poet, and
still more as a painter, under the Ming dynasty. He was of a
retiring disposition and uot eager o make himself known; yet the
beauty and vigour of his paiutings is said fo bave spread his faine
eveu "beyond the sea."
Shën Chu-hung . 16th cent. A.D. A distinguishea 1687
Buddhist priest, and writer on religions subjec. His naine in religion
was Fo Hui; bu he is usully referred fo as Yn
Ch'i, the naine of a monastery near Hangchow which he repaired
about 1571, and of which he was head. His works include replies
Maeo Ricci's attack ou the Buddhist religion, in which controversy
both parties claimed the victory. Us is also styled ;
and his surname is rarely mentioned, as his tracts were signed by
his personal naine only.
Shên Ch'flan (T. , and ). Died A.D. 1684. 168S
Graduated third af the chinshih examinatiou in 1652. He served
in the provinces, hot very successfully, and was then specially
summoned fo Peking and rose fo be a Vice President of the Board
of Rites. He was famous as a calligraphist, "and had the honour
of correcting the penmanship of the Emperor K'ang Hsi. Cauonised
Shên Ch'fian-ch'i tî (T. ). Died A.D. 713. A native 16S9
644 A Chinese Biographical Dictionar!!
of J " Nei-huang in Honan who rose te be secretary in the
Board of Rites, and also distinguished himself as a poet. See
Wan, Erh.
1690 Shên I-kuan .])---. (T. :). Die« A.D. 1016. A
native of Ningpo, who graduated in 1568 and rose by 1594 te be
a Grand Secretary, when he gained great popularity by preventing
trade relations with Japan. He could net check the prevailing
misgovernment. Indeed if was only in 1602 that the Emperor
Shên Tsung, being seriously ill, accorded him an audience; and
on the next day Shên allowed the eunuch emissaries of the con-
valescent monarch te take frein him by force a Decree abolishing
the oppressive taxes on mines, releasing State prisoners, and an-
nouncing general reforms. Affer a stormy career he was denounced
for peculation, and retired in disgust. Canonised as .
169! ShOrt Kua ,) ; (T. : =). A.D. 1030--1093. A native of
Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, who graduated as Chi ,hlh and rose
te be Chancelier of the lau-lin College, after which he was employed
against the Kitan Tartars. For the disastrous defeat by the Hsia
State, in which 60,000 Chinese soldiers perished, he was sent into
banishment in Shensi. He called himself c
the Old Man
of the Dream-Brook, after a stream in the ff]- î Tan-yang Disçrict
thus named by himself frein the exact correspondence of ifs scenery
with that of a stream once seen by him in a dream. The works
y w, i « .ow t ,, o¢tio
for the loss of office by descauting upon the joys of a country lire.
He also collaborated wih Su Tung-p'o in the production of a
medical work known' as ') -.
. 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A scholar of the Lu State, who
had been very intimate in his youth with Prince .î Yfian-of the
A Chbese Biographical Dictionary 645
Ch'u State. When the latter came fo the throne, he was appointed
tutor fo the Heir Apparent; but his pupil hated books and made
his position irksome. After the death of Prince Y(ian,-he was
treated with such contumely that he retired fo his native State and
devoted himself fo teaching the O,les, an edition of which, known
as the î :, is attributed fo him. He was already over eighty
when the Emperor summoned him fo Court, sending for him a
comfortable chariot drawn by fore" horses, ifs wheels bound with
rushes. His Majesty asked him how fo deal with disorder; fo which
he could only reply, "Government does hot consist in saying much,
but in acting according fo the means af control." For this dark
maxim he was ruade a Minister of State, but-declined the office
and returned houe, where he died a few years later.
8hên Lin-shih ,]) (T. $). 5th cent. A.D. A native 1693
of Wu-k'ang in Chehkiang, who was so poor that he was obliged
fo spend ail his rime in weaviug door-screens. He managed however
fo educae himself meauwhile, and became known in the neigh-
o.roo . $ OE . , . by « «ti.« to o..i. in Kiangsi, where he had several hundred disciples. He was offert
summoned fo Court, but he preferred a lire of retirement, gathering
his own fuel and drawing his own water, in which condition he
died af the age of 86.
Shên Lun î (T. II.. )-A.D. 909--986. h native of 1694
T'ai-k'aag in Honan, who served as secretary fo the
founder of the Sung dynasty in his early career, and ou his accession
was sent on various missions. He was accused of taking bribes;
nothing however was fo be round in his boxes saçe pictures. In
973 he had risen fo be a State Councillor, and he was left in
charge of the capital during the Emperor's expedition fo Shansi.
In 982 he was implicated in the disgrace of Lu To-hsiin, and
retired. As Minister he maintained his purity; but if is a reproach
646 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fo him that he replaced the childless wife of his poverty by a
concubine who bore him a son. His personal naine was originally
I-luu. The I was omitted because if formed part of the
naine of the Emperor T'ai Tsung.
Shên Nullg l . A legendary Ëmpeor, said fo hure reigned
B.C. 2838--2698. He was born upon the river : Chiang, from
which he (lerived his surname and was the son of a Princess
named Ç : Au-têng, by whom he was miraculously couceived
through the influence of a heavenly dragon. He received the
desiguati)ns and ), and is also known as ,I -
from the place where he lived. He is said fo bave taught the
art of agriculture fo have discovered the medicinal properties of
plants, ri'oto which he is known as : , and fo bave established
a system of barrer. Canonised as î.
shn Pao-chng ,) (T. and }). A.p.
1819--1879. In 1854 he was a Censor af Peking, and after serving
for some rime af Kiukiang where his sueeesses against the T'ai-
p'ings attracted mueh notice, he was appointed Governor of Kiangsi
in 186,, and for wo years kept up supplies fo the armies belote
Nanking and in Fuhkien and C, hehkiang. On the fall of Nanking
in 1864 the T'ai-p'ing princes entered Kiangsi, but were again
and again defeated, and Hung Fu-t'ien, the son and suceessor of
Lhe Heavenly King, was taken prisoner. In 1867 he beeame Direetor
of he Fooehow Arsenal, whieh he sfarted with Lhe aid of M.
Prosper Giquel, though in the face of mueh opposition, [he firs
vessel being completed in 1869 and sen fo Tientsin fo be inspecte&
In 1874 political complications with the Japanese led fo his mission
fo Formosa, the administration of which was greatly improved by
him. In November 1875 he was appointed Viceroy af Nanking
where he was frequently called upon fo take par in questions
involving the status and rights of foreigners especially in the
A Chbese Biographical Dictiottarg 647
marrer of the miniature railway frein Woosung te Shanghai which
he finally caused te be removed (see Kua»g Hsii,). A successful
administrator, he gained a great naine for probity, courage, and
frugality, and was popularly said net te bave left a cad behind
him. A short rime before his death the privilege of riding within
the ]mperial precincts was conferred upon him by Decree. Canonised
Shên Pao-hsii . 6th cent. B.C. A grandson of the 1697
ruler of the Ch'u State, and friend of Wu Yiian. When the latter
was burning te avenge his father's murder, Shên proceeded te the
State of Ch'in te obtain ifs powerful aid. For seven days and nights
he remained leaning against the wall of the audience-chamber,
without food or drink, pleading with teurs the cause of his friend,
until af length his efforts were successful.
Shên Pu-bai . Died B.C. 337. A native of the ancient 169,
capital in Honan, who became Minister under Prince Chao of
the Han a State, and fbr fiieen years conducted affairs with such
vigour that his toaster had nothing te fear frein any enemy. He
was a student of "the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzt," and devoted
much attention te criminal law and procedure. Reputed author of
a work known as ' -.
Shôn Shêng . Died B.C. 654. Heir Apparent te Duke 1699
Hsien of the Chin State, by whom he was put te death af the
instigation of his favourite concubine Li Chi, on a false charge of
attempting te poison his father.
8hên Tê-ch'ton ,) (T. OE. H. : T ). A.D. 1673-- 17OO
1770. A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished himself
as a writer of didactic poetry. He did net graduate as c],i jeu until
his seventeenth attempt, when he was already sixty-five years of
age. In the following year he graduated as chin shih, and the Emperor,
knowing his poems, af once took him into faveur. From 1747 until
658 A ChiJese Biog.aphicai Dictiotarg
his retirement in 1749 he was tutor fo the Imperial Princes. During
the test of his long lire he enjoyed a literary friendship with Ch'ien
Lung, his own poems and his collection of the poetry of this dynasty,
the _] -, being honoured with Imperial prefaces. His poems
were eagerly bought by fi)reign nations, and a Japanese high oflîcial,
3 Takanori, in vain tried fo become his pupil. He was included
in the Temple of Worthies until 1778, when he was convicted of
being the author of some poems in a seditious collection by a c],ït je,.
Canonised as .. See Claug Chao.
Shên Tsung. See (Sang) {3hao ttsii; (Ming) {3ha I-chiin.
Shêu T'n. See Shu Yii.
1«01 ShêIl-t'u l'an ] t (T. -- ). 2n cent. A.D. A native
of [, Wai-huang in Honan, whose father died when he was
nine years old. From that date he tasted neither wine nor meat
ibr over ten years, always passing three whole days without any
tbod at every anniversary of his father's death. He received offers
of official employment from Ts'ai Yung, but preferred fo earn his
own living as a worker in lacquer, devoting all his spare rime fo
the study of the Canon and of astronomy. He escaped the political
dangers of his day by fleeing fo the mountains, where he lived
fbr a rime in a hollowed-out pine-tree, subsequently dying in his
home af the age of 74.
1702 Shên ¥o " J (T. OE ). A.D. 441-513. A native of Wu-
k'ang in Chehkiang. He was the son of the Governor of
Huai-nan, whose execution in A.D. 453 caused him fo go fbr a
rime into hiding. Poor and studious, he fs said fo bave spent the
night in repeating what he had learnt by day, as his mother,
anxious on accourir of his health, limited his supply of oil and fuel.
In the early years of the Ch'i dynasty he entered upon an official
career under the patronage of the Heir Apparent, who afterwards
reigned as Ming Tf, and by A.D. 494 he had risen fo be a Governor.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 649
Subsequently he and Fart Yfin were the chief supporters of the
founder of the Liang dynasty, by whom he was ennobled and
appointed Lord [-Iigh Chamberlaim He retired i, ill-health, loaded
with honours. Personally, he was remarkable for having two pnpils
o his left eye. He was a strict teetotaller, and lived most austerely.
He had a |ibrary of twenty thousand volumes. He was the author
of the histories of the Chin, Liu Sung, and Ch'i dynasties. He is
said fo have been the first fo classify the four roues. In his autobiography
he writes, "The poets of old, during the past thousand years, never
hit upon this plan. I alone discovered ifs advantages." The Emperor
Wu Ti one day said to him, "Corne, tell me, what are these fa-mous
four tones ?" "They are -- = whatever your Majesty pleases
fo. make them," replied Shën Yo, skilfully selecting for his answer
four characters which illustrated, and in the usual order, the tour
tones in question (see Chou Yug). Canonised as .
Shêng Hsi2an-huai "-
. ' (T. : .) )..orn A.D. 1848. A 170a
liceatiate of Kiangsu, who came iuto notice as a Director of the
China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company and of the Imperial
Chinese Telegraphs. In 1886 he was appointed Taot'ai af Chefoo,
and in June 1892, havi.ng previously obtained the button of the
first tank for his large contributions to famine relief, he became
Customs' Taot'ai af Tientsin. In June 1894, on the outbreak of
war with Japan, he was nominated Director General of Army Transport
and Commissioner in Korea; and in1895 he was again Customs'
Taot'ai af Tientsin. In 1896 he beeame sub-Director of the Court
of Sacrificial Worship, and of late his name has been fl-equently
mentioned in connection with railways and a national bank.
Shêng Tsung. See Yeh-lfi Lung-hsfi,
Shih Chao (T.-- ,, ). llth cent. A.D. A native of ) _
Mei-shaa in Ss'ich'uan, whose father had been tutor fo Su Shih and
his brother. He was a man of great learning, and author of the
650 A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictionary
" . , a commentry on
History.
«o Sala cai-g . Od .D. . N.« S o,
who gave him a high military command and ennobled him as
Prince. In 335 he deposed Shih Huug and took his place, proclaim-
ing himself king of Chao in 337 and canonising his ancestors.
He then killed his eldest son, the Heir Apparent» because he was
dissolute, and appointed his second son fo that dignity. But when
the latter killed his next brother, his father cut off the murderer's
hauds and feet and roasted him fo death, besides slayiug his wife
and seven children. In 349 he assumed the Imperial title, and w
cauonised by Shih Tsun, who held the throne for 183 days
only, as »$, with the temple naine of . Ne was a
devou Buddhis, and under his reign people were permiged
the firs rime in China gake he vows of the Buddhis prieshood.
[His personal naine is also given as
his sgyle].
1706 8hih ehing-t'ang t. A.D. 892--942. A disfinguished
general, of Turkie deseeng, who beeame son-in-law he Nmperor
Ning Ti o the Lager T'ang dynasgy. Quar,elling wigh Li
he bribed the Kitan Tartars with a promise of hall of Chihli and
Shansi help him o the throne, and besieged he former in his
eapiN1. When hag Nll in 986 he proelaimed himself firsg Nmperor
of he La,er Chin dynasy, sgyling himself N Chila-Emperor,
and his ally N Father-Emperor, and paying fo he Taa
an annual ribute of 800,000 pieces of silk. He moved Ns capital
o Pien-ehou in Honan, dying six years later of disgust, so i was
alleged, ag his subordiate position. Canonised
Wei-ham
10 8hih Çho . . 9h eenL B.e. The repuged inventor of
Greater Seal eharacter, a form of writing whieh remainM in use
A Chiaese Biog'p]icl Dictioa»'y
until about 200 B.C. (see Ch'ôg Miao). He was a historiographer
uuder king Hsiian a of the Chou dynasty; hence his naine.
si c . (T. . . .« . ,7o
A and ). 15thcent. A.D.A native of Nauking,
who did hot learn fo speak until he was seventeen. He was a
marvellously clever artist; and on one occasion, when callig on
a friend who was hot ai home, he upset the iuk on a piece of
white silk so skilfhlly that the result was a charming landscape.
si c'g. (T. . . ). D« A.D. 00.
A native of Ch'ing-chou in Shantung. Son of Shih Pao. For
his successes against the House of Wu, he was ennobled as Marquis,
and sent fo command af Ching-chou in Hu-Kuang with the title
of Minister of Agriculture, and later on fo Hs-chou in Kiangsu.
He was one of the twenty-ibur iiends of the rich and ostentations
Chia Mi, and shared his downfall. He himself was executed, his
family exterminated, and his vast wealth, including thirty water-
mills and some eight hundred slaves, confiscated, on count of
his refusal fo surrender a beautiful concubine, named OE LU
Chu, fo Sun Hsiu, a favourite of the power-fui Prince of
Chao. Just belote his arrest, the concubine in question killed herself
by jumping from an uççer storey. Fond of display, he was always
stfiving fo outshine Wang K'ai. When the latter had his pots
polished with honey, he used wax for fhel. When the Emperor
lent Wang K'ai a beautifhl piece of coral two fet in heigh, he
seized an iron sceptre and smashed it fo atoms, af once producing
some hall dozen pieces, ail of them three or four feet in height.
Afr this, Wang K'ai retired from the contest.
Sh Ch'ung-kuei ,. Nephew of Shih Ching-t'ang, 1;10
whom he succeeded in 942 as second and last Emperor of the
Lar Chin dynasty. Although little more than a debauchee, he
struggled hard fo throw off the Tartar yoke; but he was overpowered,
652 A Cttinese Biogt'apldcal Dictionary
his capital taken, and he himself led into captivity with the title
of . f the Recreanç Marquis. Knowu in history as
o,. 3.
1711 Shih rrng _. Died A». 1460. A at.ie of ,J Wei-
nau in Shensi, who in 1449 by his personal prowess had risen
after twelve years' fighting on the north-'estern froutier f be
second only fo Yaug Hung. He aided in the defence of Peking
against OE : Yeh-hsien, thus earning the title of Marquis. In
1450 his successful defence of Ta-t'ung in Shausi. gaiued him the
commaud of the Pek-ng Gendarmerie, and seven years later he
aided in the restoration of the Emperor Ying Tsung. He was
ennobled as Duke, and became the Emperor's first favourite. He
used his supreme power fo enrich himself and his party, while he
set up State prosecutions against his foes, slaying even his former
patron, Yii Ch'ien; ami he rep]aced civilian Governors by military
meu. The Emperor soon tired of his arrogance; and his nephew
having been detected in treasouable practices, he was disgraced,
together with all his party, lu 1459. A year later he was sent fo
prison for seditious speech, ald escaped execution ouly by death.
1«12 Shih I--]uang Ti '. B.C. 259-210. The famous First
Emperor. His personal naine was j Chêng, and he is sometimes
spoken of as î j. He was a son of Lfi Pu-wei by a lady who
gave birth fo him subsequent fo ber marriage with I Jen, afterwards
- Chuang Hsiang, ruler of the Ch'in State; consequently he
is sometimes called j. He was however du]y recognised by
Chuang Hsiang as his own son; and on the latter's death in B.C.
247, he mouuted the throne of Ch'in af the age of 13. His early
years were spent in warfare against such of the feudal States
owning allegiance fo the House of Chou as had hot yet been
swal]owed np by his own State. Af length, in B.C. 221, he round
himself naster of the whole of China from the plains of modern
A Chiese Biographical Dictionarg 653
Chihli and Honan fo Chehkiang and the banls of the Yang-tsze,
and from the Tung-t'ing lale in l:Iunan fo the shores of lhe Eastern
Sea. ge thereupon mapped oui the empire into 36 territorial divisions,
known as , fixed his capital at Hsien-yang in Shensi, and
proclaimed himself First Eperor, with the understanding that his
auccessors were fo be called Second, Third, Four.h Emperors, and
so ou. Everything, including literature, was fo begin from his reign;
in which sense he issued an edict for the burning of all books (sec
Li Ssï), and put fo death so many hundreds of the literati who
ventured fo disobey that raclons actually grew in winter on the
spot beneath which the bodies lay buried. His victorious arms were
carried far uorth fo the territory of the Hsiung-uu, and the Great
Wall was built, in the hope that if would prove an impregnable
defence fo the empire against Tartar raids (sec ll[êtg T'le»). He
laid oui the ramons ' Pleasaunce of O-rang, near the
capital, in the lower hall of which a sixty-foot bauuer could be
uufuded, and in the upper hall of which 10,000 persons could be
assembled. He iatroduced a new copper coinage of such excellence
hat the cowry began at once fo disappear from circulation. The
hair-pencil or brush used for writing was also substituted.uuder his
reign for the old-fashioned stylus, and silk for the bamboo tabler.
te died at '/" J Sla-chiu in Chihli, and was buried together
with much treasure in a chanber which he had caused fo be excavated
in a mountain. Upon the floor, which had a foundation of bronze,
was a map of the empire with rivers of quicksilver; the roof was
studded with the constellations. All around were mechanical
arrangements for shooting stones and arrows immediately upon the
alapearance of any intruders; while huge candles of seal's-fat,
calculated fo burn for an indefinite period, threw their light upon
the scene. When the passages leading fo the chamber had been
atopped up, and before the workmen who knew the secrets had
654 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
corne forth, the great outer gare was dropped, and they were all
buried alive. The entrance was banked up with earth, and grass
and plants were sown fo conceal if 5"om view. See Ht Hai.
son and successor of Shih Lo. He was forced fo abdicate in
favour of his cousiu Shih Chi-lung, who ultimately put him
death.
lï14 Shih Hug-ehao ÇL (T. ). Died A.D. 950. A native
of Jung-tsê i Honan, who was a fine athletic young man
and could run as fast as a galloping horse. He attached himself o
the fortunes of Liu Chih-yfian; and when the latter became tiret
Emperor of the Miuor Han dynasty, he was raised fo high rank.
During the absence of his Majesty on campaign he remained in
charge of ihe capital, and preveuted by his vigorous measures any
attempt at sedition. Persons accused of spreading treasonable repos
were brought belote him; the charge was read out; and then he
would make a sign with three fingers fo the executioner, who
straightway clore the culprit in twain. Later on, he was himself
accused by his enemies of treason, and was suddenly seized and
beheaded. He was essentially a man of blood and iron. He once
exprsed hls contempt for civil administration and diplomatic methods
as follows: -- "To give peace o the empire and put down rebellion,
a great sword and a long spear are wauted; of what use is a huit
awl?" alluding fo the Chinese brush-pen.
1763. A descendan of Shih Ch'ung, .who showed marvellous lirary
alents a an early age. e graduated as cMn shih in 1700, and
rose fo be Presiden of he Censorate in 1730. In he follong
year he was sen o assis in he Sungar war, and unfil 1735 was
in charge of Shensi. He became a Grand Secreary in 1744, but
reired in 1755 on a charge of nepoism. Two years lar he met
A Chinese Biogrophica[ Dictionary 655
the Emperor on tour, and was re-instated. Canonised as ,
and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Shih K'o-fa [ ç (T. É). Died A.D. 1644. A native 1716
of Ta-hsing in Chihli, whose mother, before giving birth te him,
dreamt that the great patriot, Wên T'ieu-hsiang, visited the house.
Graduating as chin slih in 1628, he soon began te take part in
the warfare which was desolating the empire; and af the head of
small bodies of troops he succeeded in inflicting several checks
upon the rebels. Short of stature, fiery in temperament, dark-
complexioned, and with flashing eyes, he gained the confidence of
his men by sharing ail their toils and hardships. By 1643 he had
risen te be President of the Board of War af Nanking. The fall
of Peking in the following year caused him such grief that he put
on mourning garb. Under î Prince Fu he became President
of the Board of Rites, and was entrusted with the defence of Yang-
chou, the west gare of which, being the post of danger, he allotted
te himself. As his wife had borne no children, he wrote te his
mother, appointing an heir, and askiug that his bones might be
buried near the Imperial Tombs. After two days' siege, the city
was carried by assault, and Shih K'o-fa deliberately cut his own
throat; but he had net donc the work effectually, and called upon
his lately-adopted son te finish the deed. The latter was quite unable
te de se, and while he was hesitating, the enemy's soldiers rushed
in upon them. "I ara General Shih," he cried; "kill me!" lï[e was
offered his life if he would own allegiance te the Manchus; but he
spurned the offer with scorn, and was then put te death.
Shih K'uang j I1.. A blind musician of ohl, who afer the 1717
manner of Orpheus was able by his musical skill te charm super-
natural beings.
Shih rang )OE (T.. f. H. ). A.D. 1621--1696. 1718
A native of Fuhkien, noted for his strength and courage. Originally
656 A Chinese Biograp]ic« Dictionary
a lieutenan under Chêng Chih-lung, he submitted fo the Manchus
in 1646, and remaiued loyal in spire of Koxinga's efforts fo seduce
him. In 1662, as Admiral of Fuhlden, he defeated Chêng Chin
with a flee of chartered Duch vessels; and in 1668 he went fo
Peking to urge an atack on Formosa, now left in the hands of
Chêug K'o-shuang. His policy was hot adopted until 1680; and
owilg to the appearance of a cornet, his fieet of 300 ships did
hot set sail until June, 1683. hfter a desperate naval battle, Lin
Kuo-hsfian was driven from the Pescadores with the loss of almost
all his flee, and lu the following September Formosa was occnpied.
He lept the Emperor from abandoning the island by suggesting
that the red-haired foreigners wonld probably seize if. Ennobled as
Marquis, canonised as ;É, and in 1732 included in the Temple
of Worthies.
1719 Shih Lin ). b.D. 16391702. Fourth son of Shih T'ing-
chu. A distinguished provincial administrator, who introduced many
reforms iuto Yfinnan.
1720 Shih Lo (T. OE ). A.D. 273-332. A native of
Wu-hsiang in modern Shansi, of Turkic descent, remarkable
for his physical strength and courage. After a chequered youth, in
which he was once sold as a slave, he rose i, the service of the
so-called Han dynasty (see Liu Yïa») fo high military command.
He took advautage of the distul'bance consequeut upon the death
of Liu Ts'ung fo seize the throne for himself. In 319 he assumed
the title of king of Chao, aud got possession of territory bounded
on the north by the Great Wall, on the west and on the soufh
by the Yellow River, on the east by the Gulf of Pechili; and in
325 he extended his rule as far as the northern banks of the Han
and the Huai. In 328 he assumed the Imperial title. He had al
his Court an Indian Buddhist, Fo-t'u-ch'êng, who pretended fo be
able fo foretell evenis. He was modest in demeanour; and on one
A Chbese Biograptdc«! Dictiomry 657
occasion when Hsii Kuang was extolling his exploits above those
of the famous founder of the Han dyuasty, he quietly remarked
that he was only fit fo be a subordinate of [ha[ grea man. "But
wih he Emperor Kuang Wu," he added, "I migh[ possib]y ven[ure
o ride abreas[." He received he unauhorised canouisa[ion of ff
8hih Lu . 3rd ceuL B.C. An engiueer, who flourished 1721
under [he Firs Emperor, and consh'ucted a canal 60 li in length,
wi[h 36 locks, [hrough [he mounainous country of Ç Hai-
yaug in Kuang[ung. I was known as [he , and was
subsequenfly lengthened aud used for miliary purposes by he
famous general Ma Jung.
Shih Mi-yfian . Died A.D. 1233. A native of Ningpo, 1;22
and son of a dis[inguished ooEcial named Shih Hao. He
gradued as chi shih in 1187, aud afer boldly opposing he
powerful an T'o-chou, rose by 1208 o be a Miniser of State.
Three years later he cleared he reputation of Chao Ju-yfi, and
caused Chu Hsi and other disgraced dead statesmen o be rehabili-
taed. On he death of he Emperor Ming Tsung, he set Li Tsung
upon he hrone, and the graeful Emperor would never hear a
word agains him. He ruled autocraica]ly until his deah, shortly
belote which he was ennobled as Prince. Canonised as .
8h iao . 2nd cenL .D. A Magistrale under he an 1723
dyuty, noorious for his meanness. On giving up office, he carried
off a calf which had recenfly been born in the official stables,
urging thag if was hot here when he took over he seals.
8hih ai-yen ] . 13h cenL A.D. The reputed author 172
of the romantic .ovel know. as the . See Lo
the Wu and Chin dynasties, specially distinguished for his correct-
658 A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictionarg ness of demeanour. He rose fo high military rank, and was ennobled
as Duke by the Emperor Wu Ti, ad canonised as .
in Chihli, distiuguished as a commander in the service of Kublai
Khan, whose notice he attracted in early life by his extraordinary
physical strength and skill in arehery. In 1273 he had charge of
the attack ou the uorth-east angle of Fan-ch'ëng, during the 96
days of the siege. Af Bayan's passage of the Yang-tsze he was
singled out as the bravest of the brave. Ai'ter a long career of
successful generalship he was chosen in 1283 for the command of
Kublai's intended expedition against Java. In 1292, being then
generalissimo of the forces and af the saine rime Governor of
Fuhkien, he set sail from Ch'flan-chou with an army of 5000
men. After landing in Java he was for a rime successful, owing
chiefly fo the rivalries of local potentates; but the expedition was
ulfimately a failure, and Shih Pi had some difficulty in getting
out of the island with a loss of more than half his troops. He
took back with him plunder in the shape of gold, geins, ivory,
rhinoceros-horn, incense-woods, manufactured cottons etc., fo the
value of 5,000,000 ounces of silver. For this ill-success the Emperor
ordered him fo receive 70 blows, and confiscated one-third-of his
property. In 1318 he had again risen fo be Minister of State, and
was ennobled as Duke.
1727 Shih Shih-p'iao ] [ ,,. Died A.D. 1721. Sixth son of Shih
Lang. In 1721 he recovered Formosa from the rebel :---"
Chu I-kuei, who pretended fo be a descendant of the Mings.
Canonised as :.
1728 Shih Ssït-ming ,, J. Died A.D. 761. A native of Lukchak,
of Turkic descent, tierce and guileful in disposition. He received
a command under the Emperor Miag Huang, and co-operated with
A Chùese Biog'aphical Dictioat'y 659
An Lu-shaa, whose fellow-countrymau he was, i,1 his campaign
against the Kitaus. After the rebellion and death of An Lu-shan,
he remained for some rime openly in opposition fo his son An
Ch'iug-hsfi but secretly lea,ing towards the rebel side; and af length
in 759 he threw off his allegiance, put An Ch'iug-hsfi fo death, and
proclaimed himself Emperor under the title of î of
the Great Yen dynasty. He ennobled lis eldest son Shih
Chao-i as Prince, but in consequence of a severe defeat suffered by
the latter, he disinherited him in favour of his younger son Shih
l Chao-ch'ing. The elder son, resenting this, plotted his
destructio; and he was shot in the back when in the act of
mounting his horse. As he fell, he was seized and put fo death by
strangling. His body was wrapped in a piece of fel and sent fo
the capital, and Shih Chao-i reigned in his stead; but in 762 he
teo was overthrown and put fo death, and their four-year old
dynasty came fo an end.
Shih Ta-k'ai . Originally a well-to-do native of the 1729
District of " Kuei in Kuaugsi, he was driven fo sui»scribe fo
the fund collected for the T'ai-p'ing rebellion, and was appointed
an Assistant Prince. In 1863, when the great rebellion was practically
af an end, Shih Ta-k'ai led a large body of his troops into Ssilch'uan;
but he was defeated in several engagements and ultimately taken
prisoner by the Imperialist forces under Lo Ping-chang, aided by
bands of Lolos who helped fo surround the rebels and reduce them
fo starvation. Shih Ta-k'ai was conveyed fo Ch'êng-tu and put fo
death by the lingering process.
Shih T'ien-ni (T. 1-). Died A.D. 1225. Elder 1730
brother of Shih T'ien-tsê. Af his birth a white vapour was seen
fo permeate the house, and when he grew up he was so handsome
that a Taoist priest declared he would one day rise fo the highest
honours. He was very fond of study, but in 1211 he failed fo take
660 A Chinese Biographical Dicliona'g
his chin shih degree; whereupon he said with a sigh, "Is literature
then the only rond fo faine for a hero? Le[ me but hear the cock
crow ai dwn, with hundred [housand soldiers [ my bck, and
as for glory I should oly hve [o stretch oui my hud [o grasp
if." He a[trc[ed the a[tention of the ve[cran commander
Mu-hua-li, under whom his fther had served, and received a
command, subsequeu[ly following him ou his cmpaigns aud being
present af [he siege of Peking in 1214. He hd t[racted fo his
standard lrge uumber of young and ac[ive recruits, and gve fo
his army the title of . Having destroyea a ries« of bandits
who were in reality in collusion With f Wu Hsien, a general
who had given in his aIIegiance fo the Mongols, the latter was so enraged
that he invited him fo a banquet and caused him fo be assassinad.
17:H Shih T'ien-ts6 (T. ).A.D. 1202--1275. Younger
brother of Shih T'ien-ni (ç. v.). Eight feet in height, with a voice
like a bell, he excelled in military exercises. He received a command
under Ogotai Khan upon his accession in 1229, and seived his
successors, Kuyak, Mangu, and Kublai Khau, with fiddity and
devotion, rising under the last-named fo be a Minister of State and
materially aiding by his counsels fo consolidate the Mongol rule.
It was said that for 50 years his Imperial masters had no cause
for suspicion against him and he had no cause for complaint against
them. He was forty years old before he became a student of books;
latterly, his bouse was a place of refuge for the homeless scholars
of the decadent House of China. With his last breath he begged
Kublai Khan o restrain his soldiery from acts of rapine and outrage.
Cannised as , .
1732 Shih T'ing-chu . A.D. 1599--1661. A Manchu by
descent, in 1622 he was in communal of Kuang-ning. He
yielded however o the Emperor T'ai Tsu, and was rewarded with
a fitle. After serving against the Mings, in 1637 he accompanied
A Chinese Biog»,aphica Dictionary 66
the expedition into Korea as an artillery commander. Upon ¢he
submission of he Korean king, he was appoin¢ed General of fle lei
division of Chinese Bannermen, and later on became head of a Banner
and aided in the conquest of China. In 1655 he was Coutroller of
the Seaboard, and was so good a ruler that the people styled him
(his surname meaning "Stone") the Stone Buddha. Canonised
s.
Shih Tsung. See (L. Chou) Kuo Jung; (Liao) Yoh-l Yaan;
(Chin a) Wan-yen P'ou; (Ming) Çhu ou-tsung.
Shih Wei-han @ (T. and ). A.D. 1621-- 1733
1683. A native of Shanghai. Graduating as cl, i, s£ih in 1651, he
became a Censor. His pet aversion was "squeezing" of any kind;
he also inveighed against officials who engaged in trade as pawnbrokers
or junk-owners. In 1679 he became Vice President of the Censorate,
and constanfly urged reforms. So famous was he that the draft of
each of his memorials was eagerly sought for and handed round
among the literary classes. Sent as Governor fo Shantung, he coped
successfully with a erious famine, and in 1682 became Viceroy of
Chehkiang. He was transferred fo Fuhkien, but died on the journey
thither, leaving behind him a "fragrant naine for ever and ever."
Cauonised as .
si -.ie. (T. ). ». -10. x scola 1:
and poet, distinguished for his wine-bibbing propensities. Though
very studious, he failed for his chin shih degree; whereupon the
Emperor Chên Tsung added some supplementary degrees and offered
him one. At first he was ashamed fo accept but ultimately did so
and entered the public service, in which he rose fo be Director of
the Court of Sacrificial Worship. On one occasion when holding
office as magistrate af Hai-chou in Kiangsu, he went out in
a boat fo meet his ffiend and boon-companion ] Lin Ch'ien.
After a long bout of drinking, they found that the supply of wine
t62 A Chinee Biog.aphical Diclwna'y
was nearly af an end; but discovering a large measure full of vinegar
ou board, they poured this into the wine-jar and continued their
carouse. The Emperor Jeu Tsung, who had a high opinion of Shih's
talents, sent him hint fo reform. Upon this he became a
teetotller, but died shortly afterwrds from illness brought on by
deprivation of all stimulant. See Fan Ch'un-jeu.
1735 Shou Yng Ç. 5th cent. A.D. A daughter of the first
Emperor of the Sung dynasty. She was one day sleeping in a
garden, when some plum-blooms fell arouud ber forehead and ruade
ber so dazzlingly beautiful s fo suggest the idea of a ramons
heddress which passes under her hume.
1736 Shu Hai . An official employed by the Great Yii, B.C.
2205, fo measure the earth from north fo south. See T'ai Chag.
1737 Shu-ho-tê (T. tU " H. ). A.D. 1710-1777.
A Manchu, who rose in 1748 o be President of the Board of
Revenue. He was then dispatched against Chin-ch'uan, which sub-
mitted in the following year. After this he proceeded up the
" Chin-sha river, and ruade investigations into the copper-tri0ute
of Yfinuan. In 1752 he was sent fo restore order in Ili, and served
through the rebellion of Amursana and of the Khalkas in 1756.
In 1757 he took Aksu, and in 1758 relieved Yarkand, receiving
a title on the suppression of the rebellion in 1759. In 1761 he
returned o Peking as President of the Board of Punishments, and
in [.he next year he was left in charge of the government while
the Emperor went on tour. In 1768 he went as Commissioner fo
Yfinnan, the Burmese having broken out into open waare; but
he failed, and was degraded in consequence and sent fo Ush, where
he received the Turgu in 1771 when they fled from Russian rule,
as described by De Quincey in his Flight of tle Kalmu«k Ta'tars.
Returning fo Peking he filled various high posts, and died loaded
with honours. Cauonised as .
A CJti»tese Biog».aphical Dictiotat.g 663"
s ¥ . s s ï$ .,. ,,e owo ey ï:
brothers (see Yf Lf) said fo bave power over evil demons, whom
they bound wîth reeds and gave as food fo tigers. Their names
are posted upon the doors of Ch]nese bouses as a safeguard against
wicked spirits.
$hu Yfi . Youuger brother of Prince Ch'ëng of the 17:)9
Chou dynasty, B.C. 1115. One day, the latter cut a leaf from a
t'ug tree into the shape of the gem-token given fo feudal
princes as a symbol of power, and handed if fo Shu Yfi. "Wheu
will your Majesty perform the ceremolly of investment?" asked
Chou Kung. "Why, I was only joking" replied the prince. "Nay,"
said Chou Kung; "a prince never jokes. His words are written
down as history, take shape as ceremonial rites, or are set fo
music and sung." Shu Yfi was accordingly iuvested with the fief
formely held by Yao, with the title of .
$hi-yen-pao ] . A.D. 1651--1694. Second son of 174t
H-fu, and for many years Director General of Grain-Transport,
into the administration of which he introduced many reforms.
$hun . B.C. 2317--2208. A native of Y-mu in 1741
Honan, whence he came fo be called . His family naine
was Yao. His mother died when he was quite young, and his
father Ku-sou, said fo be a descendant of the Emperor
Chuan Hsfi, took a second wife, by whom he had a sou named
Hsiang. Gradually the father became very fond of Hsiang and
conceived a great dislike for Shun, and on several occasions attempts
wem ruade fo take his life, but he was in each case miraculously
pmserved. In spire of this, he continued fo exhibit such exemplary
conduct towards his father and stepmother that he bas since been
enmlled among the 24 examples of filial piety. Af the age of 20
he attracted the notice of the Emperor Yao, who forthwith set aside
his own unworthy son, Tan Chu, and ruade Shun his heir, giving
664 A Chirtese Biog».aphical Dictio»ta»'g
him his two daughters Nfi Ying and 0 Huang in marriage. In
B.C. 2287 he was associated in he governmen with the Emperor,
and on the death of the latter and the expiration of the period
of three years' mourning, he duly succeeded fo the throne. He is
said to bave had double pupils fo his eyes, a peculiarity also ascribed
to Hsiang Chi. He received the designation of = i Ch'ung-hua,
implying that he rivalled in virtue the Emperor Yao. Canonised
1742 Shun Chih ]l.. - A.D. 1638-1661. Tbe title of the reign of
Fu-lin, who ruled over China froln 1644--1661. ge was
the uinth son of T'ien Ts'ung, and was left fo the care of his
uncle as Regent. His reign was almost entirely occupied in con-
solidating the newly-acquired empire. His kindly character as a
man, and his magnanimity as a ruler, were extolled by lis con-
temporaries. He left the Cbinese in control of the civil administration,
and treated the Catholic missionaries with favour. The Dutch and
Russian embassies fo his Com't in 1656 found there envoys ri'oto
the Great Mogul, the Western Tartars, and the Dalai Lama. In
1659 the raid of Koxinga up the Yang-tsze was defeated, and in
the last year of the reign the Dutch ere expelled from Formosa.
Shun Ti. See (FIan) Liu 1ao; (E. Sung) Liu Chun.
Shun Tsung. See Li Sung.
1743 So-ni . Died A.D. 1667. A trusted counsellor of the Emperors
T'ai Tsu and T'ai Tsung of the present dynasty, whose" cause his
family had espoused, and fo whom his knowledge of Chinese,
Mongol, and Manchu, proved very usefu]. He distinguished himself
as ambassador to surrounding tribes, as a warrior against the Mings,
and as a statesman in home politics. Fie was degraded in 1645 for
letting the people fish in the moat round the palace and pasture
cattle on Imperial ground. When Shun Chih assumed the reins of
A Chinese Biographical Diclionary B65
government, So-ni was recalled fo ooEee, and was one of four
Regeuts appointed under his Majesty's will. He was enuobled as
Duke by K'ang Hsi on his açcession, and canonised as
Sotpala
J ] . A.D. 1303--1323. Son of Ayuli Palpata, 1744
whom he succeeded in 1320 as fifth Emperor of the Yfian dynasy,
conrary o he agreemen between his father and the later's
brother Kaisun. His mother placed Timueer, a
favourite of hers, af he head of affairs; bu afer abou wo years
the Emperor became disgusted wih his persecution of rivals under
the last reign, and dismissed him from office. Buddhism coninued
o cos vas sums, one siugle image consisting of 500,000 catties
of bronze. In 1323 the Dynastic Institutes were drawn up, and
Sopala was preparing o reform the administration generally, when
he was assassinated by one of his own chamberlains. Canonised as
Ss-k'ung Shu (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A native 1745
of Kuang-p'ing in Çhihli, distinguished as a poet and
oeial under he T'aug dynas«y. One of he + T en Men
of Genius of the period A.D. 766779.
Ssû-ma I, and Minister to the third Emperor of the Wei dynasty
(deposed A.D. 254) who created him Prince of Chin. He was canonised
by his sou Ssfi-ma Yen, first Emperor of he Chin dynasty, as
of o-ni in ouan, who diinguihd himlf a n hiorical
Hitoieal Record of 8-nm h'n, nd alto of
dealing wih he im of h hr grea legendary mperor, Fu
Ui, 8ha ung, nd ung OEi. e .called himelf ] , he
Youngr 8-m» la conradiincion o 8-m Çh'ien.
666 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
7 s.-, c'êg- , ,, (T. oe ). 7,
8th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-ehou in Houan, who studied he
black ar under P'au Shih-ehêug, and heu settled on
the T'ien-t'ai mounains in Chehkiang. As he began fo
gain a reputation the Empress Wu Hou sent for him, but he
hot obey the summons. Later on the Emperor Jui Tsung eaused
him o be brought o Court, and held a long eoufereuee with him
on the art of ruling a State. He deelared that it was governed
preeisely in the saine way as one's own body is governed, viz. by
keeping absolutely and dispassionately negative, and by falling into
a uatural harmony with one's environment. The Emperor Ming
Huang also summoned him o Court, and availed himself of Ssa-
ma's great ealligraphic skill, ail the time treating him wih much
distinction. e died ai the age of 89, and was eanouised as
1749 Ssfi-ma Chien , . 3rd cent. A.D. Son of SsU-ma Chung,
second sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty. He was very precocious,
and wheu ouly rive years of age drew back his graudfather, the
Emperor Wu Ti, who was watching a tire, into a dark corner,
for fear lest th¢ features of the Son of Heaven should be exposed
fo the public gaze. He was poisoned by the Empress Chia Hou
and canonised as
«o s-m c'i , (. oe ). . .c. ,
and died be[ween B.C. 86--74. A na[ive of Lung-mên in moderu
Shensi, and sou of Ssfi-ma T'au. A [he age of [en he was already
a ggod seholar, and at wenty set forh upon a round of travel
whieh earried him o ail pars of he empire. En[ering into [he
publie service, he was employed upon a mission of inspection to
[he newly-eonquered regions of sfieh'uan and Yfinnan; and no
long afer his return iom this, B.C. 110, his father died and he
s[epped ino [he herediary pos of Grand srologer. hr
A Chinese Biog».aJhical Dictiona»'y 667
devoting some rime and energy fo the reformation of the calendar,
he now took up the historical work which had been begun by
his father, and which was ultimately given fo the world as the
. Historicl Record. If is a history of China frozn the
earliest ages down fo about one hundred years before the Christian
era, with biographies of the most eminent men of those days,
covering a period of nearly three thousand years. In such esteem
is this work justly held that its very words have been counted
and round fo number 526,500 in all. Seven years later Ssti-ma
Ch'ien fell into disgrace over the defeat and defection of Li Ling,
whom he tried fo vindicate; and he was subjected by the angry
Emperor fo the punishment of mutilation, a harshness of treatment
which the Emperor îs said fo bave af once regretted. He was
subsequently appointed Minister of State, and held the post until
his death. From the place of his birth he is sometimes spoken of
as "Lung-mên," and fi'om his office, as the Grand Astrologer or
Ssf-ma Chih , (T. ). A.D. 283--313. The 1751
youngt of the twenty-five sons of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty, and one of the three surviving after the internecine struggles
of the regn of the Emperor Hui Ti. He succeeded fo the throne
in 306, and fought with small success against the new State of
Han, which finally took Lo-yang and destroyed the library of Wu
in 311. The Emperor was carried away fo Shansi, and was
forced serve as cupbearer fo Liu Ts'ung, until he was put fo
death. Canonised as ' .
Ss-ma Çhug (T. ). A.D. 259--306. Son of 175
Ssfi-ma Yen, whom he succeeded in 290 as second sovereignof the
E. Chin dynasty. He devoted himself fo sensual pleasures, leaving
the government to his wife, a daughter of Chia Ch'ung, who used
ber power fo gratif F private enmities and fo forward selfish aims.
668 A Chinese Biog.aphical Dictionary
Ai'ter murdering her moLher-in-law and Lhe Heir PresumpLive, she
was herself slain in 300 by SsO-ma Lun, Prince of Chao, who for
shor ime usurped the hrone. The Emperor was dragged abou
by couending Princes, unil a las he was poisoned. Canonised as
,.
1753 Ss-ma Hsiang-ju , B (T. ). Died B.C. 117.
A naLive of Ch'êng-Lu in Ssfich'uan. In his youLh he was fond
of books and sword-play, an(1 early disLinguished himself as a
poe. His persoual name was originally Puppy, and was
changed by him o Hsiang-ju, from his admiraLion of Lhe cha-
racter of Lin Hsiaug-ju. Afer holding oce for a shor Lime
under Lhe Emperor Chiug Ti, who reigned B.C. 156-140, he
joined Lhe esablishmenL of Prince Hsiao of Liang, bu was
ere long compelled by ill-healLh fo resign his pos; and the Prince
dying abouL Lhe saine Lime, he was le almos penniless. Wanderiug
homewards, he reached Lin-chiung, where he was hospitably receieed
by Lhe Magisrate Waug Chi, and inLroduced o a wealLhy
a banqueL When the wine had circulaed freely, Ssfi-ma began to
play and siug; by which he so captiraLed Cho's daughLer
Wên-chfin, a young widow, tha she left her faLher's bouse Lhat
very nigh and Lhrew herself upon Ss-ma's protection. The pair
fled o Ch'êng-tu; buL ha.ring noLhing fo lire upon, they reLurned
fo Lin-chiung and set up a small wine-shop, in which she served
Lhe cusomers while he, dressed in the shorL drawers of a coolie,
washed Lhe cups. His faLher-in-law, unable fo bear Lhe shame of
Lhis, gave Lhem a large sure of money, wiLh which hey wenL back
again o Ch'êng-Lu and lieed in auence. Meanwhile the faine of
Ssfi-ma as a poeL reached Lhe Emperor Wu Ti, who was fascinat«l
by his . The auLhor was summoned o Cour and appoint«l
o high oce, from which he was dismissed for recëiving bri,
A Ghinese Biographical Dictionarg 669
0 be shortly afterwards re-instated. His declining years were clouded
by ill-health» in the midst of which he found rime fo address fo
the Emperor a famous remonstrance against he folly of wasting
precious rime in huning. In additio,, fo lais poetry, he lef behind
him a treatise on the great sacrifices fo Heaven and Earth, as well as
a short philological work based on the of Li Ssii, and
Ssï-ma I , $ (T. ). A.D. 178--251. A native of 175=
the Wên District of Honan, who distinguished himself as a
bright, clever youth, and in 211 took service under the great Ts'ao
Ts'ao. When the latter's son came fo the throne as first Emperor
of the Wei dynasty, he ennobled Ssï-ma as Marquis and placed
him in command of the army, a post which he held for many
years under three successive Emperors. tic skilfully opposed even
Chu-ko Liang; and af length by constantly refusing battle, he so
irritated that famous commander that the latter contemptuously sent
him a prescrit of a woman's headdress, tic was canonised af his
death as , but when his grandson Ssï,-ma Yen came fo the
throne he canonised his grandfather as _
Ssï-ma I , (T... ). A.D. 342--386. Seventh sovereign ,755
of the E. Chin dynasty. He succeeded his childless elder brothe,
the Emperor Ai Ti, in 365. Huan Wên, who had suffered a disastrous
repulse in ttonan in 368, but in 371 had recovered Shou-
ch'un in Anhui in spire of the Ch'in and Yen States, deposed him
in that year on a charge o£ grave disorders in the harem. He
became Duke of }}j Hai-hsi in Kiangsu, and is known in
history as _.
Ssïl-ma Kuang , :: (T. : . H. " :). A.D. 1019-- 1756
1086. A native of Hsia in Honan, who graduated as cMn sMh in
1038 and entered upon a public career. He rose rapidly fo high
office, aud ultimately became a Minister of State. To the. Emperor
670 A Chinese Biographical Dictiorary
Jen Tsung he ventured fo submit rive rules of conduct: -- Guard
your patrinlony; value rime; keep sedition af a distance; be cautious
over details; aire af reality. But he was a zealous opponent of
Wang An-shih and his "innovations;" and when in 1070 the
Emperor refused fo part with the latter, he resigned and went
into private life af Lo-yang. He then gave himself up entirely fo
the great work of his life, t]le ramons history of China, of whicb
a part had already been submitted fo the Throne as far bac] as
1064. If was completed in 1084, the period covered extending from
the 5th cent. B.C. fo the 10th cent. A.D., and was published under
the title of ,:. In 1085 ]e determined fo return fo
public lire; but he had hot been many months in the capital,
labouring as usual for his country's good, before he succumbed fo
an illuess and died, almost universally honoured and regretted.
Especially was he loved by the people of Lo-yang, who were
accustomed fo spea] of him with respectful familiarity as ,
) ]_/_, and also as î 2. the People's Living Buddha.
In his youth he was a devoted student, and used a kind of round
wooden pillow, which roused him fo wakefulness by ifs movement
every rime he began fo doze over his work. He had a large library,
and was so particular in the handling of his books that even after
many years' use they were still as good as new. He would hot
allow his disciples fo turn over leaves by scratching them up with
the halls, but ruade them use the forefinger and second finger of
the right hand. On one occasion, in childhood a small companion
fell into a water-kong and would bave been drowned but for the
presence of mind of Ss-ma Kuang. He seized a huge stone, and
with if cracked the jar so that the water poured out. In addition
fo his history, he was also the author of tge - ,, an historical
work covering a period from twenty-five centuries before Christ fo
ten centuries after Christ; of the dictionary known as the ,
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'y 67t
based upon the 8huo Wên, and containing over 81,000 characters
arranged under 544 radicals; and also of a large collection of
miscellaneou's writings, ge was canonised as 1], and in 1267 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ssû-ma Lun , (T. -T .. ). Died A.D. 301. Ninth son 1757
of Ssti-ma I. He was ennobled as Prince of Chao by the first
Empemr of the Chin dynasty, and was much trusted by
the Empress Chia, wife of the second Emperor and virtual ruler
of the empire. In A.D. 300 he repaid her confidence by organising
a plan fo assassinate ber, and this was duly carried out. He then
proclaimed himself Emperor, surrounding himself by a motley Court
in which menials held important offices, jeeringly compared, in a
phrase which bas become .classical, fo "finishing off a sable robe
with dogs' tails." But the Princes combined against him, and after
some show of resistance he was overwhelmed and was forced fo
commit suicide.
Ssï-ma P'ei , (T. :: [). A.D. 840--865. Edest 1758
son of the Emperor Ch'êng Ti, and sixth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. He succeeded the childless Emperor Mu Ti in 861, and
though an excellent man was too weak fo cope with the growing
power of Huan Wên, the result being that Honall was lost. Canonised
as î, Pl.
s««, rio , (T. ). X.D. 2a0-30. ( ï.
son of [ Mu, Prince of Kao-yang. As a youth he was
very studious, but af the saine rime so fond of women and debauchery
that his father disinherited him. Thereupon he gave up his wild
habits and stuck closely fo books, ultimately rising fo a high post
in the Imperial Library. He wrote a supplementary history of the
E. Han dynasty, and other works, besides publishing an edition of
Chuang Tzti with exegetical notes.
Ssït-ma Shaoe) , (T. -'-). A.D. 299--325. Eldest 1760
672 A Chitese Biogt'aphical DictioJ«'y
sou of the Emperor Y/iau Ti, aud second sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. He was early distinguished for intelligence, good sense,
and love for literature. He was one day sitting on'his father's
knee when a messenger arrived from Ch'ang-an. "Which is the
farther off," asked his father, "Ch'ang-an or the sun?" "Oh, the
sun, of course," replied the boy; "we bave people coming from
Ch'ang-an, but no one ever cornes from the sun." I:[is fathe- was
so pleased with this answer that at a banquet the next day he
gave him the saine question again, when fo his astonishment the
child changed his reply fo Ch'ang-an. "How so?" said his father
angri|y; "what do you mean by this?" "Well," replied the boy,
"we can see the sun, but we cannot see Ch'ang-an." Succeeding to
the throne in 322, he saw his dominions reduced on the north
and west, and in 324 Wang Tun laid siege to bTanldng. The latter
was defeated by the Emperor ad slain, but Shih Lo succeeded in
extending his boundaries down to the river Huai. Canoniied as
1761 Ssï-ma Tan , ] (T. [). b.D. 342--361. Sonof
the Emperor K'ang Ti, and fifth sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty.
l:[e ascended the throne at the age of three, and by the exertions
of Huan Wên reigned hot ingloriously for seventeen years. Sstich'uan
was regained in 347, and in 356 Yao I:[siang was driven oui of
l:Ionan, and ail south of the Yellow River acknowledged the sway
of the Chins. Canonised as : -
1762 Ssï-naa T'an -] , ,¢. Died B.C. 110. Father ofSsï-ma Ch'ien,
and hereditary Grand Astrologer ai the Court of the Emleror Wu
Ti of the Han dyuasty. An eager student of philosophy, especially
of Taoism, he also plauned and collected material for the Historlcal
Record, which was completed by his more famous son. He accom-
panied the Emperor (see Lin Ch'ê) on his visit fo Mi. T'ai in
Shantung for the celebration of the sacrifices fo Heaven and
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionarg 673
Earth, but was taken ill by the way and died af Lo-yang.
princely bouse of Lang-yeh, who was a pure-minded, quiet boy,
and gained the esteem of Hsieh An. Ai ten years of age he became
Prince of Lang-yeh, and later on a boon-companion of the Emperor
ttsiao Wu Ti. Promoted fo the Princedom of Kuei-chi, he took
the worthless Wang Kuo-pao into friendship and gradually gave
way fo habits of intemperance. After the death of the latter he
lef all matters of State in the hands of his son : Yfian-
hsien, who, though only 16, was an extremely astute young man.
Yiian-hsien was overcome by the forces of Huan Hsiian and put
fo death, while his father was taken prisoner and subsequently
poisoned. Canonised as »I"
>-). A.D. 382--418. Son of the 1764
Emperor ttsiao Wu, and tenth sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty.
tic was little better than an idiot, and was entirely in the hands
of a gang of unprincipled and incapable men who had risen fo
power under his father. In 398, the year after his accession, the
Ch'in State ook most of Honan. From 399 fo 402, Chehkiang and
Kiangnan suffered from the attacks of Sun En, whose defeat was
eutirely due fo Lin Y/i. Then followed the contest between Huau
t[sfian and the Prince . ., Yfian-hsien. In 410 the capital was
again saved by Lin Y/i from two rebêls who had been allowed fo
govern in Chehkiang and Kuangtung, while Sstich'uan revoltêd in
405 and was not recovered until 413. Lin Y/i, who in 416 became
Prime Minister and Field Marshal of the whole empire, recovered
the territory up fo the Yellow River, and in 417 conquered Ch'in,
most of which soon fell fo Hsia. The Emperor was strangled by
his orders in the following year. Canonisea as '.
Ssï-ma Tê-wên , :. A.I). 385--421. Younger brother 1765
of the Emperor An Ti, and eleventh and last sovereign of the E.
° 4
674 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
Chin dynasty. He abdicated in 420 in favour of Liu Yii, after a
reign of sixteen months, receiving the title of Prince of î -
Ling-ling, and was put fo death in the following year. Canonised
of the Emperor Chien Wëa Ti, and ninth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. Comiug fo the throne in 372 as mere boy, he was
freed by death from Huan Wëa, and was fortunate enough fo
secure the services of several able men who served him loyally
during his long reign. By 378 the rivers Han and Huai once mo
marked the limits of the Imperial power; and in 383 the vast
invadhg army of Fu Chiea was utterly routed in Anhui. The north
and west were still partitioned among rebel States, but afr 385
the House of Chiu ruled ail south of the Yellow River. He was
the first sovereign who professed the Buddhist faith, and ia 381
he built a monaste T inside his palace. Tbe successes of his reign
were hot due fo him, for he lived a lire of idle pleasure amongst
his numerous women. He was smothered by a favourite, whom he
had warned that she was growing too old for his faste. Canonised
of the Emperor Wu , and fourth sovereign of the Chin dynasty.
He wrested Ch'ang-an, which he made his capital, ri'oto the Han
State, and on the death of the Emperor Huai Ti was proclaimed
Emperor. For four years he bravely resisted the Han power, bu
ai last in 316, out of consideration for the sufferings of his people,
he surreudered fo Liu Yao, and after enduring much ignominy,
was put fo death. The norh-wes being now lost, the capital was
moved fo Nanking, and the dynasty is called the Eastern Chin.
1768 Ssï-m Yen N , (T. ). A.D. 236--290. Eldest son
A Chbese Biographical Dictionary 675
and successor of Ssti-ma Chao, who had been created Prince of Chin.
In 265 his father died, and af the end of the year he deposed the
Emperor Yfian Ti and founded the Chin dynasty, placinghis capital
af Lo-yang in Honan. In 280 he deposed the ruler of Wu, and
added ifs territory fo his dominions, which he divided into nineteen
province containing one hundre and seey-thre (or )
distficts. He restored the custom of twenty-seven months' mourning
for parents instead of twenty-seven days, fo which if had been
reduced by the Emperor Wên Ti of the Han dynasty. He was a
patron of literature, and collected a large library. But having achieved
succès, he began fo abandon himself fo pleasure. He allowed the
army fo be so much reduced that the Turkic tfibes in the north-
east encroached upon the empire. Already during the troublous rimes
of the Three Kingdoms they had penetrated within the Great Wall,
and now if was necessary fo buy their nominal allegiance with
tifles and dignities. No less thau eight princedoms of important
provinces were created, which proved under the following reign fo
be sources of infinite trouble. Canouised as .
Ssfi-ma Yen , (T. $). A.D. 320--342. Eldest son 1769
of the Emperor Ming Ti, and third soveregn of the E. Chiu dynasty.
He succeeded af the age of rive, under the Regency of his mother.
The Cou was torn by factions, and in 327 Su Ch(in revolted in
Anhui and seized Nanking by a rapid advance. Several officers
however came fo the rescue, and he was driven back fo Anhui,
and in 328 captured and beheaded, as was likewise his son in the
following year. Shih Lo, who styled himself Emperor, had now
possession of all the north, and after capturing and losing Hsiang-
yang in Hupeh, vainly proposed peace in 333. In 335 the Emperor
ok the reins of government, and for seven years ruled well and
peacefully, troubled only by the hostile operations of Shih Chi-lung.
Canonised as
66A Chb.ese Biograp]ical Dictlozary
of the Emperor Ch'ëng Ti, and fourth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty, lIe was placed on the throne, owing fo the tender age of his
nephews, in 342. His reign was occupied with burdensome preparaions
agains Shih Chi-lung, but only one unimportant sirmish w
foughL Canonised as .
son of he Emperor Yan Ti, and eghh sovereign of the E. Chin
dyuasty. He was placed on he throue in 371 by Huau Wën, who
thoughç he would resgn in his favour if called upon. e died
belote he plans of Huan Wën were masure, leaving the laer
Prime Miniser. Canonised as
1772 Su Chag (T. ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
P'ing-ling in Shensi, who distnguished himself as a youth by his
literary abilities and rose under the Emperor Au Ti fo be a Privy
Councillor. Under the Emperor Shun Ti he became Governor of
Pig-chou in Chihli, but fell into disfavour and was cashered. He
then returned home and led a retired lire, refusing a further
appointmenç which was offered fo him. On one occasion he went
as çensor fo hold an enquiry into the peculation of an old friend who
was Governor of Ch'ing-ho in Chihli. The latter gave him a grand
feast; and the two enjoyed themselves veT ranch, untll the Governor
said, "All men bave one God, while I alone bave twol" hinting
that the Censor would be merciful. But Su Chang replied, "Thh
feast is a private affair; tomorrow's business is a public duty."
And the enquiry ended in the punishment of the Governor.
m s c ç (. . . ,)...D. 0-1.
Younger brother of Su Shih. Graduated as chin s£ih in 1057, and
entered upon an officiat career. He incurred the resentment of
Wang Au-shih, whose "innovations" he opposed, and nearly go
into serious trouble, escaping however with dismissal fo a minor
A Chiuese Biograpltical Diclio»targ 677
provincial post. In 1072 he shared he disgrace of his brocher and
was banished fo a post in Kiangsi, but in 1086 he was recalled
by the Emperor Chê Tsung and rose fo be President of the Board
of Civil Office. Aout feu years later he again fell into disfavour
and was once more dismissed fo the provinces. After holding various
posts, he died af Hsii-chou in Honan where he had built himself
a ferrent. He became a devotee of Taoism, and published an edition
of the Tao Të Ching, with commentary, under the title of
.. He was also a poet of no mea. order. Ca.onised as Aî."
Su Chin
--. 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native of Lan-t'ien
in Shensi, who distinguished himself by precocity of talent, the
1)romise of which was amply fulfilled by the scholarship of his later
years. He graduated as chin shih in 691, and rose fo be Vice
President of the Board of Revenue. After rais, his career was
somewhat chequered; but af his death he was chief tutor fo the
Heir Apparent. He was one of the Eight Immortals of the Wine-
cup (sec Li Po); and though an exemplary Buddhist when sober,
he was apt fo become profane in his cups.
Su Oh'in . Died B.C. 317. A native of Lo-yang. [For his 1775
early life, sec Chan I.] His first attempt was fo join the Ch'in
State, but he was repulsed, and had fo return home in rags and
tatters and with an empty purse. "His wife would hOt spiu for
him; his sister-in-law would not cook for him; and his very parents
disowned him." He gave himself up fo the study of the
]ziu lu sûtra of the Taoists, every now and again pricking his leg
fo keep himself awake; when suddenly the idea of federating the
Six States flashed upon him as a means of opposing the fast-growing
power of Ch'in. This policy he ultimately succeeded in carrying
out, and rose fo an almost unrivalled position of wealth and power.
Returning fo Lo-yang, he was warmly welcomed by those who had
scorned him in his days of obscurity; and the magnanimity he
678 A Çhbese Biographical Dictionarg
displayed in forgetting al| their former coldness gave rise
saying "Su Ch'in is still Su Ch'in the cloches ar changed,
hot the man." The Ch'in State, awake fo the dnger which thretened,
now sent a elever offieial, named Kung-sun Yen,
he Ch'i und Wei 8ues, and succeded in persuading Lhem
attack the Chao State, contrary of course fo the terres of the
alfiauce. Su Ch'in was in Chao af the rime; and having no expla-
nation fo offer to the ruler of Chao, who had ennobled him, sought
refuge in flight, and retired fo Yen where he was appointed Minister.
Here he became involved in a disgraceful ntrigue with the queen-
dowager, and fled to Ch'i. He was once more Minister, but soon
afterwards fell a victim fo assassination.
1776 Su Oh'iung (T. # OE). 6Lb cent. A.D. A native
Wu-eh'iang, who rose o be Governor of Ch'ing-ho in
Chihli. Under his excellent rule robbery became a Lhing of Lhe
pasL He would take no presents; however on one occasion he felt
eonsLrained fo aceepL a few melons from a wealthy neighbour.
Thereupon a number of other people hastened o offer him various
kinds of fresh fruit. But when Lhey reaehed his bouse Lhey found
thd melons hung up fo a beam, untouehed, and reLurned home in
confusion.
1777 Su Ch'o , (T. + #). A.D. 498--46. A nive of
Wu-kung in 8hensi, noLed in his youLh for his love of sLudy.
He sLLrseted Lhe attention of Y-wên T'ai and wss rspidly advanced
fo high office. His uneeasing toil for his country brought sbout
premsLure desLh. In aeeordsnce wiLh his rooLed dislike o dis#ay
and extravagance, he was noL cnonised, and was buried in Lhe
simplesL manner; but mny housand mourners followed his coffin,
including his toaster and numerous high offieials.
ms s chan @ (. oe ). D.d .D. S2S. A .i. of
Yeh District in ShsnLung, who grsduaLed as hdao lien when
A Chbtese Biog»'aplHcal Dictiona»'y 679
only 18 years of age. tte distinguished himself during the troubles
of 307--312 (see Ssït-ma C]iilt) by raising a local force, and was
subsequently advanced fo high military rank by the Emperor Yiian
Ti of the E. Chin dynasty. Under the Emperor Ming Ti he became
Governor of Li-yang in Anhui and was ennobled as Duke.
Upon the death of Ming Ti, all power passed into the hauds of
Y/i Liang whom Su Chiiu regarded as a mortal enemy; and on
this pretext he raised the standard of revolt, tlapidly advanciug,
he vanquished the Imperial forces under Yti Liang in person and
seized the capital, modern lganking; but he was soon driven bacl
into Anhui, captured, and beheaded. In 329 the saine rate befell
his son, who had tried fo continue the struggle.
Su ttsiao-hsiao ]| ]|. llth cent. A.D. A famous courtesan 1779
of ttangchow, and favourite of the poet Su Shih. She was buried
on the shore of theWestern Lake near that city.
Su l:Isïln (T. ]-. It. î ). A.D. 1009--1066. A 1780
native of ) ]J Mei-shan in Ssttch'uau, and father of Su Shih
and Su Chê. tte was 27 years o11 before he displayed any zeal for
learning; and after about a year's study he went up for his degree,
but failed. He then shut himself up, and abandouing his former
attempts af composition, devoted himself fo studying not only the
Confucian Canon but all the various schools of philosophy. This
soon ruade him a ready writer; and when in the year 1056 he
went with his two sons fo the capital, Ou-yang Hsiu recommended
him for a post, and he was ultimately employed in the Imperial
Library. His style came very much into vogue and was regarded
as a model for students. See Wag An-sMh.
Stl l:Iui (T. ). 4th cent. A.D. The wife of an ottlcial 1781
named " Tou T'ao, Su being her maiden naine, who was
banished by Fu Chien fo the desert, of Tartary. Sbe beguiled the
hours by embroidering a poetical pa]indrome, said fo be the
680 A Ch inesc Bio9»'«phical Dictionary
first of ifs ldnd, which she forwarded fo ber exiled husbaud.
1752 Su-k'o-sa-ha . î fl. Died b.D. 1667. A distingushed
Manchu oIIicer, alJpointed by Shun Chih on his deahbed fo be one
of four Regents. ho-pal, anoher of the Regents, resening Su's
opposition fo his own cruel yranny, laid a false accusation of
reason against him i 1667; and he and his eldes son were senenced
o the ancient penalty of disembowelmen while his other six sons,
his grandson and his two nephews were beheaded, together wih
his kinsman Po-êrh-ho-t'u. His punishment was altered fo srangula-
t.ion; and in 1669, on the fall of ho-pai his tank was restored.
17S3 Su-na-hai - , j. Died A.D. 1667. An able Miniser of the
Emperor Shun Chih, who rose fo be Grand Secretary in 1661. tte
fell a victim fo the hatred of the Regent Ao-pai in 1667, but lais
character was publicly vindicated in 1669 when be was canonised
175 8u-pu-t'ai _ . A.D. i176-1248. A Mongol, who rose fo
high military tank under Genghis Khan and his son Ogotai, and
distinguished himself by his victorious campaigns against the Mussul-
mans of Central Asia, the Chinese, Georgians, Russians, and
Hungarians. He died upon the banks of the Danube, and was
178.5 SU Shih . h (T. oe g). H. *) ). A.D. 1036--1101. Son
of Su Hstin, and elder brother of Su Chê. In he early years of
his life he was lef very much fo his mot.her's eare, and his
edueation was superintended by ber. In 1057 he graduaed as cl, in
d, ih, coming out second af the Palace examination, and in 1060,
after mourning for his mother, he entered he public service. Through
Ou-yang F[siu he was brought fo the noiee of the Emperor Ying
Tsung, and his Majesy af once began fo t.ake an interes in his
career. Upon his father's death he declined the money and silk
sent by the Emperor, and asked for an oftlcial post instead. Aecordingly
A Chbcsc Biographical .Diclionarg 681
in 1069 he received an appointment as Magistrate; but he soon
ruade an open enemy of Wang An-shih, whose innovations he
opposed, and applied fo be sent fo Hangchow. After being trans-
ferred fo several similar posts, a plot was formed against him by
a couple of Censors whom he had lampooned in verse, and in 1072
he was dismissed fo Huang-chou. There he built himself a but on
the Tug-p'o "eastern slope" of the hill, and afterwards took these
two words as his ]ao or fancy naine. The Emperor Shên Tsung
had a great partiality for him and was often on the point of
recalling him, but his numerous enemies always round some menus
of preventing this. Af length, when the young Emperor Chê Tsung
mounted the throne, A.D. 1086, he was summoned fo return fo
Court, and subsequently filled a number of high posts, rising by
1091 fo be President of the Board of Rites. The Empress Dowager
was present af his appointment fo the Han-lin College; and after
telling him how the late Emperor had always admired his genius,
she caused him fo be served with feu and sent home in a sedau-
chair, escorted by ladies of the palace with torches. He was obliged
however fo go once more iuto the provinces; and in 1094 he was
accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the late Emperor, and
was banished, first fo Hui-chou in Kuangtung, and afterwards fo
the island of Hainan, regions which in those days were utterly
barbarous and unknown. In 1101 he was recalled by the Emperor
Hui Tsung and restored fo honour, but died soon afterwards af
Ch'ang-chou in Kiaugsu. As a poet and essay-writer he stands
in the very first rank, and numerous editions of his complete works,
under the title of . , bave been issued, from the rime
of the Sung dynasty down fo the present day. Iu 1235 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple; and although he had never
advanced Confucianism in the sense necessary fo merit this honour,
if was hOt until 1845 that the tabler was removed. He is better
682 A Cldnëse BiogJ'aphical Dictionetry
known by his fancy naine, as Su Tung-p'o. Canonised as ,,.
«s« s s-o'i. (. - ). X.D. 00s-0s. X
native of : Tzfi-chou in Ssfich'uan, of great ambition and wide
rea¢]ing, who graduated as chb shiT before he was 21, and entered
the public service. In 10,i0 he memorialised the Throne in reference
fo an earthquake which had taken place, and attracted the notice
of Fan Chung-yen, who recommended him for promotion. He rose
fo high office and married the daughter of a Minister of State; but
he became irvolved in political intrigues, and was dismissed fo a
provincial post where he died. ttis poetry had great vogue; and
he was also a calligraphist in the "grass" character, of which he
would throw off splendid specimens when a little elevated with wine.
lïS7 SU Tai . 3rd and 4th cent. B.C. Brother fo Su Ch'in, and
like him a politician, but of lesser magnitude. He was one day
advising the king of Chao fo put an end fo his ceaseless hostilities
with the Yen State. "This morning," said he, "I was crossing the
river I, when I saw a mnssel open ifs shell fo sun itself.
Immediately an oyster-catcher thrust in ifs bill fo eat the mussel,
but the latter promptly closed ifs shell and held the bird fast. 'If
if doesn't tain today or tomorrow,' cried the oyster-catcher, 'there
will be a dead mussel.' 'And if you don't get out of this by today
or tomorrow,' retorted the mussel, 'there will be a dead oyster-
catcher.' Meanwhile, up came a flsherman, and carried off both of
them. I fear lest the Ch'in State should be out fisherman."
17SS SU T'ien-chio - (T. ). A.D. 1294--1352. A
native of ) Chên-ting in Chihli, who passed first at a public
examination of students of the Imperial Academy and entered upon
a public career. He filled a great variety of posts, especially
distinguishing himself by his zeal and energy as Censor. He was
finally dispatched fo oppose an irruption of rebels from northern
Honan, and died of exhaustion from the mental strain. In his later
A Chinese Biogra»hical Dictionary 683
years he became an arden Buddhis, and was popularly known as
Statesrnen of the Yfan Dyasty, and of a small treatise on states-
manship, entitled ' tï _ '"
su T'ing ,,, , (T. @). A.D. 669--726. Son of a stateman
who had been ennobled as Duke of Itsï. Graduating as cMn
ddh belote he was 20, in 710 he came into his father's title
and rose fo be Minister of State. In concert with Sung Ching he
administered the government from 716 fo 720, when their own
extreme severity, coupled with eunuch intrigues, brought about
their dismissal. Su T'ing became President of the Board of Rites,
and went fo Ssûch'uan as Commissioner, where he succeeded in
overawing the Turfan and wild tribes of the south, tic subsequently
accompanied the Emperor fo Nf. T'ai, for the performance of the
great sacrifices fo Iteaven and Earth. Itis literary faine rivalled
that of Chang Yfieh, and the two were spoken of as
the mighty pens of Yen and Its(i, Chang Y(ieh having
been ennobled as Duke of Yen. Canonised as
Su Tsung. Sec Li T'ing.
su wei N) (T. N ). A.D. t2-629. Sou of Su Ch'o. 1.0
Ne was very precocious, and af 5 years of age mourned for his
father like a grown man. ge attracted the notice of Yti-wën ttu,
who gave him his daughter fo wife; but fearing implication in
political troubles, he retired fo the hills, nominally fo study. He
served under the Emperor Hstian a Ti of the N. Chou dynasty, but
if was under the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty that he rose fo
high office and gained a great reputation by the wisdom of his
counsels. In 607, being Senlor Grand Chamberlain, heoProtested
against the reckless expenditure of Yang Kuang, and nine years
later he was degraded for revealing the truth as fo the state of
the country aud denouncing the folly of a war with Korea. He
684 A Chinese Biographical Dictioarg
joiued the usurper Yfi-wên Hua-chi, and fought under Li Mi
until they were compelled fo yield fo the successful arms of Li
Shih-miu.
chou in Chihli, who composed well af nine years of age. Graduatiug
as chin shih, he was takeu as secretary by P'ei Hsiug-chieu on
his campaigu against the Turkic tribes, and after his returu was
appoiuted fo high office. In 698 he got into trouble and was throwu
into prison; and soou after re-appointmeut fo office he was agaiu
impeached for having eucroached upon a neighbour's graveyard at
his native place, and bauished fo a distant post. From this date
his career was a chequered one until his death, which probably
took place about 705. tic was famous for his purposely vacillating
policy. "If you defiuitely take one side," he said, "you may repent
if; by taking neither you may always take either." ttence he was
called ... V acillator Su.
179.2 Stl Wu ïï (T. -- 0)" 1st and 2ud cent. B.C. A native
of Tu-ling in Sheusi, who was an official under the Emperor Wu
Ti of the Han dynasty. He lived af a rime when the ttsiuug-nu
were a source of great trouble fo the empire. Several Chinese
euvoys had been imprisoued and hot allowed fo return; and by
way of reprisal, Hsiung-nu envoys had been imprisoned in China.
But a new Khan had receutly sent back all the imprisoned euvoys,
and in b.D. 100 su Wu was dispatched upou a mission of peace
to returu the Hsiung-nu euvoys who had been detaiued by the
Chiuese. Whilst af the Court of the Khau his fellow-euvoys revolted,
and on the strength of this au attempt was ruade by Wei L(i fo
persuade him fo throw off his allegiauce and enter the service of
the Hsiung-uu; upou which he tried fo commit suicide, and wounded
himself so severely that he lay uncouscious for some hours. He
subsequeutly slew [ " ¥ii Ch'ang, a Chiuese reuegade, with
A Chinese Biog'ap]dcal Dictiona'g 685
his own hand; and then Wei LU, seeing that he was not fo be
forced into submission, threw him into a dungeon and left him
without food for several days. tte kept himself alive by sucking
ShOW and gnaw-ing a felt rug; and at length the Hsiung-nu, thinking
that he was a supernatural being, sent him away north and set
him fo tend sheep. Then Li Ling was ordered fo try once more
by brilliant offers fo shake his unswerving loyalty, but all was in
vain. In the year 86, peace was ruade with the Hsiung-nu, and
the Emperor Chao Ti asked for the return of Su Wu. To this the
lsiung-nu replied that he was dead; but ' Ch'ang Hui, who
had been assistant to Su Wu, bade the new envoy tell the Khan
that the Emperor had shot a goose with aletter tied fo ifs leg,
from which he had learnt the whereabouts of his missing envoy.
This story so astonished the Khan that Su Wu was released, and
in B.C. 81 returned to China after a captivity of nineteen years.
tte had gone away in the prime of lire; he returned a white-haired
and broken-dbwn old man. tte was af once appointed Chancellor
of the department for controlling the affaire of dependent States;
but in the following year his son became mixed up in some treasonable
conspiracy and was beheaded. For a long rime he retired from
public lire, fo be ultimately restored fo favour, dying at the age
of over eighty years.
Su Yiin-ch'ing . 12th cet. b.D. A native of ' 1793
Kuang-han in Ssch'uan, who retired fo an out-of-the-way part of
Kiangsi, and passed his rime in gardening and making straw sandals
for a living. Subsisting on the rudest rare and wearing the coarsest
clothes, he gave away all his surplus money in charity; and he
was consequently much beloved by the neighbouring poor, who
named him . In youth he had been an intimate friend of
Chang Hsiin, now a powerful Minister, and the latter sent him
some presents accompanied by aletter. The messengers tried fo
686 A Chbtese Biographical Dictioary
persuade Su fo return with them, and would take no refusal. When
however on the following day they repaired fo his but, they round
the door and window bol[ed inside, and the presents on the table,
but Su had disappeared.
Suleiman, The Sultan. See Tu Wên-hsiu.
179 Sun Ch'ang-ju. î. A scholar of he Sung dynasy, nord
for his vast collection of books, which earned for him the sobriquet
of ¢ Library Sun. In A.D. 1015 he was mado
Magistrate of Hsfin-chou in Kuangsi, and subsequently rose
fo an important office in the household of tho Heir Apparent.
179 Sun Ch'i-fêng (T. $ aud . H. ).
A.D. 1583--1675. A native of Juug-ch'êng in Chihli. He passed
the examination for hsiu ts'ai when only thirteen years of age, and
graduated as ch jen in 1600; bu disgusted with he prospec of
the Ming dynasty, clouded by the development of eunuch dominion,
he devoted himself o a life of study and retirement. 0Ren invited
fo take oce by Emperors both of the Ming and Ch'ing dynties,
he ever steadfastly declined; though in 1636 he did take part in
the successflfl defeuce of Jung-ch'êng against Li Tzfi-ch'êng. He
is one of the most famous mastem of Confucian ethics, and his
works on the Four Books etc. bave been recommended fo students
by Chang Chih-tung. He also wrote on Ceremonial, and published
, from having taught in the college of that naine near Soochow
during the last twenty-five years of his lire, and in 1828 ho was
admitted ino the Confucian Temple.
1753. A native of T'ai-yfian in Shansi. Af the age of sixtn he
slew in prison the murderer of his elder brother, who seemed likely
fo escape punishment through the aid of influenial friends. e and
another brother then fled, and managed fo cover about 100 toiles
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 687
in twenty-four hours. They entered a city and purposely smashed
some ware of a crockery-seller, thereby ensuring that their presence
should be known fo the officiais. By this ruse they were enabled
fo establish an alibi as their defence fo the charge of homicide.
Sun's family was so poor that he had fo work hard all day collecting
firewood, and could only study af night. In 1713 he graduated as
ddn shih and rose by 1730 fo be President of the Board of Punishments,
but was degraded for disrespect in taking up the Emperor's pencil
fo write with. Ch'ien Lung however restored him fo office; and after
holding various posts, in 1741 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuang, where
he introduced the system of subsidised chiefs, in order fo keep the
aborigines under control. He got into difficulties, and was recalled
fo be President of the Censorate in 1744. In 1745 he retired, but
resumed office and rose fo be President of the Board of Civil Office
in 1752, leaving behind him the reputation of a just and honest
man. Canonised as .
Sun Cia-ku -} )îî ,. A native of Anhui, who graduated as 1797
ddn shih in 1856 and was a senior clerk in the Tsung-li Yamën
when appointed in 1869 fo be Co-Envoy with Mr. Anson Burlingame,
then United States Minister af Peking, on a friendly mission fo
foreign countries. If was as a forecast of the results of this mission
that Mr. Burliugame announced the speedy appearance of "a shining
cross on every bill" in the Middle Kingdom. In 1871 he was ruade
Taot'ai af Ichang, and in 1879 Judge in Chehkiang. In 1882 he
was recalled fo Peking fo await employment.
$un Chien (% _). Died A.D. 192. A native of 1798
; Fa-ch'un in Chehkiang. In early youth he was a yamën
servant, but af the age of seventeen he distinguished himself in
an affray with pirates on the Ch'ien-t'ang river in Chehkiang and
was appointed fo a petty official post. The rebellion of the Yellow
Turbans soon gave him an opportunity of displaying his great
688 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
personal courage, and for services against the rebels af Ch'ang-sha
he was ruade Governor of that district. He joined the league against
Tung Cho, but afterwards withdrew, mostly on account of disputes
over supplies. He was killed in an attack upoa Liu Piao, leaving
behind him four sons and one daughter the last of whom married
Lit Pei. His son Sun Ch'flan, who became fouader of the Wu
dyaasty, canonised him as .
1799 Sun Chih-tsu m, oe (T. ). A native of Hangchow,
who graduated as chin shih in 1766, and served as a Censor. Author
of he , a work on he discrepancies in he arious
editions of he famous work by Hsiao T'ung; and also of ihe
, a hostile criticism on the now admittedly spurious
Family Sayi,,gs of Co,oEucius.
lSOO su cig (T. ). end cnt. .D. nati, o
Hsin-tu in Chihli, who was such an ardent student that af night
he always tied his hair fo a beam overhead, fo prevent himself
from dozing over his books. From his habit of bolting the door of
his study fo keep out intruders, he was popularly known
so su c'o (T. ). t cnt. a.D. rot o t
Chin dynasty, who distinguished himself while quite a you by
his literary skill, and after some ten years and more spent in
wandering over the mountains and lakes of Chehkiang became
secretary fo Yfi Liang. He subsequently rose fo high office, and
even ventured fo oppose Huan Wên when the latter advocated the
removal of the capital fo Lo-yng. He was considered the foremoet
man of letters of his day, and had such a good opinion of his own
powers that he said if his verses were thrown down on the
ground, they would ring like gold. He died af the age of 58.
1802 Sun Ch'u (T. ]). Died A.D. 282. A native of
Chung-tu in Shansi, who when quite young wished fo become a
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y 689
recluse, and said fo î fÇ- Wang Wu-tzfi, "I will wash my
mouh with he rocks, and pillow my head on he running stream."
"ow will you manage ha?" enquired Wang, smiling aç his slip
of he ongue. "Oh," replied Sun, hot he leas aen aback, "I
will use he rocks for tooth-powder, and he sream o cleanse my
ears." He had passed his forçieth year belote he enered upon an
ocial career. Risiug o high miliary command, he was recei'ed
a an audience by the Emperor; bu he absoluely refused o kneel,
and would do no more han bow, alleging tha a guardian of he
Throne should never le himself be aç a disadvautage.
S Ch'fi EE (T. tç )" A.D. 181--252. Yonuger son
of Sun Chien, and brother of Sun Ts'ë, fo whose position and
power he succeeded while still .quite a youth. Aficr a long and
successful resistance fo Ts'ao Ts'ao (see Chou Yi), he sent messengers
in 217 fo sue for peace, and offered fo swear alegiance. In 219,
upon the capture and execution of Kuan Yfi, his services were
accepted by Ts'ao Ts'ao and he was ennobled as Marquis. When
Ts'ao Ts'ao died and his son Ts'ao P'ei assumed the Imperial itle,
Sun Ch'flan recognised him as his suzerain and was invested with
the Principality of Wu; but in 229 he threw off his allegiance and
pmclaimed himself firs Emperor of the Wu dynasty. Not very long
belote his death he is said to bave been ordered by an angel fo
change the year-title, and fo appoint an Emprs, both of which
orders h« obeyed. Cannsed as .
SunÊn , (T. ). Died A.D. 402. A native of Lang-
yeh in Shantung, and a dcendant of Sun Hsiu. He joined his
uncle Sun T'ai, who was regarded as a magician, in
planning revolutionary measures; and when the latter was put fo
death, he took the lead himself. Af the head of a considerable force
he captured Kuei-chi in Chehkiang and proclaimed himself
Generalissimo of the East, giving fo his followers the
44
690 A Cltinese Biogrtpbical Dictiotary
title of "hnmortals." After a long struggle, with alternating fortune,
he found himself without resources and committed suicide by
drowning himself in the sea.
1805 8un F8ng ]j (T. . ). 12rb eenV. A.D. An Imperial
physieian, who ealled himself l []ç ]i :: the Hermit of Four
Stops. He explained this fo mean Vhat when he had taken his fill
of plain food, he stopped; when he had put on en-ough plain
clothes fo keep himself warm, he sopped; when he had realised a
fait proportion of his wishes, he stopped; and that after growiug
old, free from covetousness or envy, he would also be prepared
fo stop.
ls06 Sun :Fu-t'ing (T. O ' ). A.D. 1593--1643. Gradu-
ating as cl.i shih in 1619, he rose in 1635 fo be Governor of
Sheusi, and by active measures stamped out the existing rebel
movemenV. AfVer an unsatisfactory campaign in Houan againsV Vhe
rebels there, he became Viceroy of Shautung and a part of Chihli.
The fall of Chi-nan Fu in 1639 was ruade a pretext for imprisoning
him; however in 1642 he was appoiuted Vice PresidenV of the
Board of War and hastened with the garrison of Peking fo relieve
K'ai-fëng Fu, long besieged by Li Tzfi-ch'êng. He was then moved
fo Shensi as Viceroy, and in spire of his representation Vhat ail
the tried soldiers were dead and the new recruits noV yet serviceable,
he w/s obliged fo advance against Li who soon scattered his raw
levies. WiVh great difficulty he raised fresh forces and again advanced.
Af firsV successful, he reached Vhe Ç Chia District only fo find
VhaV heavy tains had" ruade iV impossible for supplies to corne forward.
YIe therefore fell back with Vwo divisions, pursued by the rebels.
The inexperienced arVillerymen deserVed their guns and a rouf
ensued, 40,000 men being lost. Li followed up his advantage, and
in November the T'ung Pass was forced and Sun was killed,
fightiug fo Vhe last.
A Chine.e Bio.q»,aphie«l Dietion(«»'y 091
8un lffo (T. ). A.D. 242--8. Orandson of 8un
Ch'n, nd sou of 8un Ho. Euuobled s Mrquis by 8uu Hsiu,
nd per8onlly ybuh of sudiou8 nd exempll'y hbis, he was
raised o I.he çhl'one s fourh Emperor of lm Wu dynasy
age of 3. No sooner howevr was he firly establihed lu his new
position, having eonferred t.he rank of Prince on he sous of
le Emporor, hn he begn o give wy o eruely, drunkenness,
and debauchery, and utterly neglected the affairs of State. In A.D.
280 he was deposed hy the founder of the Chin dyuasty and seut
fo Lo-yaug, with the title of the Marquis Returned o his Allegiance.
His concubines and female attendant, fo the number of 5,000,
were taken iuto the conqueror's seraglio. He is ment.ioned iu
oennection with the early use of tea, which he is said o bave
offered o Wei Chao iustead of wiue. Known in history as '.
SunHO (T. ). A.D. 224--252. Third son of Su-
Ch'flan, who in 242, the two ehler sons beiug dead, appointed
him Heir Apparent. But through a palace intrigue agaiust him,
he began o lose favour with the dying Emperor and was sent fo
Ch'ang-sha in Hunan, with the title of Prince of Nan-yang. After
his father's death, Sun Hsfiu, a son of Sun Chien, carried
off his seal and ribbou of office and theu forced him o commit
suicide. When his son Sun Hao came o the throne, the latter
cano,ised his faheç as .
Sun sing-yen (T. Z). A.D. 1752--1818. A ls09
native of Kiangsu. From 1795 o 1811 he served wih distinction
in Shanuug, where his honesy was ofen distaseful to his superiol'S.
He published ediions of several Classics and opographies; he wroe
mauy classical and anfiquarian works; and he discovered he graves
of Min Sun, T'an4'ai Mieh-ming, and Tsêng Tien, hl'ee
of he disciples of Confucius.
8un siu OE (T. oe). Died A.D. 264. Sixh son of ISIO
692 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dicdona»'g
Sun Ch'flan. Ennobled in 252 as Prince of Lang-yeh, he lived for
some years afterwards at Kuei-chi in Cehking, while his yonnger
brother, Sun Ling, was Emperor. One night he dreamt that he
soared fo heaven on a dragon so huge that he conld hOt see the
end of ifs rail, and shortly afterwards Sun Liang was deposed and
he was raised fo the throue as third Emperor of the Wu dynty.
He took Sun Ch'ên as his chief adviser, but ere long
began fo suspec his loyaly and caused him o be pu o death.
He was very fond of reading and also of pheasau-shooing, in
which spor he would speud whole days from dawn o dusk. Canonised
1811 Sun K'ai-hua (T. ). Died A.D. 1893. A military
student of Huuan, who joined Pao Ch'ao's army and fought
bravely against the T'ai-p'ings and Nien fei, receiving many wounds.
He was rapidly .promoted until he became Brigade General af
Chang-chou in Fuhkien in 1866. In 1878 he saw service against
the Formosan savages, but he is best known for his repulse of the
French af Tamsui in 1884. For this he was ruade a noble of the
7th grade, and in 1886 became Commander-in-Chier in Fuhkien.
Though a military ooEcer he was exceedingly well-read, and he
was a great favourite both with natives and foreigners. Orders
bave been issued that his career is fo be recorded in the history
of the dynasty, and memorial temples are fo be erected af the scenes
of his chief exploits.
112 Sun K'ang . 4th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-yang, who
in his youth was so poor that he could hOt afford a lamp fo read
by. He therefore studied in winter by light reflected from the show,
and ultimately rose fo be a Censor.
1813 Sun Liang (T. ). Died A.D. 260. Youngest son
of Sun Ch'an, who after the disgrace of Sun Ho named him heir fo
the throne. In 252 he became Emperor, and later on appointed
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 693
) Suu Ch'ên fo be his Geueralissimo. But he soon began fo
suspect treasonable designs on the part of the la¢ter, and determined
fo put him fo death. Sun Ch'ên however-got wind of the plot,
seized the Emperor's person, and with the aid of the Ministers of
Sta relegaed him fo private liIb, with he title of Marquis of
uei-li. . i itoy .
Sun Shan . h scholar who came ou last on the list of 1814
successful graduaes. Hence the phrase "beyond Mt. Sun," as applied
fo unsuccessful candidates.
SunShên (T. ): 4th cent. A.D. A native of ls15
Chung-tu in Shansi, whose father was killed by baudits while
Governor of Ying-ch'uan in Anhui. He was then only en years
of age, and was forced fo flee for safety fo the other bank of the
Yang-tsze. Entering ocial life, he served under T'ao K'an, Yfi
Liang, and Huan Wên, accompanying he latter into Ssfich'uan.
Appoined Governor of Ch'aug-sha, the poverty of his family
drove him fo engage secretly in trade; but although this breach of
etiquette was discovered, he was hOt impeached, because of the
great esteem in which he was held. He finally rose fo be a
Supervising Censor, and died ai the age of 72. He was an arden
student, never fo be seen without a book in his hand. Author of
the and the , historical works on the
Wei and Chin dynasties, he latter of which gaiued for him the
tile of Faithful Historian. Huan Wën objected strongly
fo he passage which described too accurately his own defeat, and
threaened Sun with his resentment if if were allowed fo stand.
Sun indignantly refused fo make any change, but he text was
suequently modified wihout his knowledge.
Sun Shih (T. ). A.D. 962--1033. A native of 1816
Po-p'.ing in Shantung, who graduated as c]i shil afer
nine atempts and entered he public service, rising fo high office
694 A Chbwse Biogr«pltical Diclio»targ
under the Emperor Chên Tsung. In-1008 there was a preteuded
revdation from God in the form of a ferrer, which the Emperor
and his Court regarded with profound awe. But Sun Shih said,
' ' 9"
how then should He write a letter. Canonised as
l17 Sun Shih-i (T. "]. H. ). A.D. 1720--1796.
A native of ff Jeu-ho in Chehkiang, who as a youth was
devoted fo study and is said fo have kept off drowsiness by kuocking
his head agaiust the wall. Graduatiug as chin shi£ in 171, he was
secretary to Fu-hêng during his Burmese expedition, and in 1770
had risen fo be Treasurer of Kuangsi, when he was cashiered for
want of euergy, and orders were given fo confiscate his property.
Struck with the hct that nothing was round to confiscate, the
Emperor re-employed him, and in ]788, as Viceroy of the Two
Kuang, he in vaded Annam and replaced on the throne
bi ei-ch'i, who bad been driven out
Yaan Hui. No sooner had the Ohinese witbdrawn than another
revolution took place, and it was ultimaely decided fo leave Annam
alone. e was hen sent fo 8mch'uan fo see fo the supplies of the
army ghting in Tibet, into which country he advanced over errible
mounçains as far as Oamdo. In 179g, on the conclusion of {he
war with Nepaul, the suppression of the hite hily rebellion occupid
his las{ days. His physical powers were marvellous, and he required
hardly any sleep. e was a great collec{or of ancien{ inscptioss.
£nnobled as Duke, and canouised as .
1818 Sun-shu Ao . 8th cent. B.C. A naie of the
8rate, who hrice became Prime inister without feeling joy and
thrice sugered dismissal withou ieling resentmen, conscious that
his elevation was due o his own merit and his degradation o the
faults of others.
18D 8un 8hudan . 8rd cent. A.D. A native of
A Chinese Biog.aphical Dictionary 695
Lo-an in moderu Shantuug, who distiuguished himself by his works
on the Classics. He wrote the ] oE : "-, and is said fo ha ve
been the first fo use the spelling system, uuder which the
sound of auy character is indicated by taking the initial and final
portions of two bther characters, respectively. His personal naine
was originally Yeu; but as this was also the naine of the first
Emperor of the Chin dynasty, he was obliged fo substitu[e his
style, Shu-jan.
Bannerman, uoted for his successes agaiust the Oelots, against the
Sheusi rebels in 1675--79, and against Galdau. He rose fo be a
general, and was ennobled as Baron. Canonsed as ]Ç, and
inluded in the Temple of Worthies.
Sun Ssï-miao .) . Died A.D. 682. A native of Hua-yiian 1821
in Sheusi, who was attracted while quite a boy by the doch'iues
of Lao Tzû, and ruade himself so familiar with the writiugs of
Chuang Tziî and other authors of the kind that he was prououuced
fo be "a divine child." He received an offer of employmeut from
he Emperor Wên Ti of the Sui dynasty, which he decliued, because,
as he confided fo his friends, he was awaiting the arrival of a
Prophet fify years later. The first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty
twice summoned him fo Court, but could hot prevail upou him fo
take off]ce. He returned fo his quiet mountaiu home, and passed
his rime in gathering simples and performiug miracles. He prepared
a potion called , ], which if drunk on New Year's Day
would give immunity from pestilence; and he also made many
wonderful prophecies, all of which were duly fulfilled. Author of
the = , a aoist work, and of the --î] and
other medical treatises. Also known as ]k-
A native of =. Chin-ling in Kiangsu, said fo bave been really
(96 A Chin«sc Biographical Dictionary
the son of Su Tung-p'o, who gave his pregnant concubine in
marriage fo one ' Sun Chih. He graduated as chin shih in
A.D. 1109, and rose o be President of the Boards of Civil 0ce
and of Revenue. Differences with ¢he Ministers of the Emperor
Kao Tsung forced him fo retire into private lire, in which condition
he amused himself by farming. A collec¢ion of his writings was
published under the title of his hao as above.
lS23 Sun Ts'ê (T. ). A.D. 175-200. Eldest son of
Sun Chien, whom he succeeded and whose work he carried on.
He was a handsome young man, and was greatly admired by Yfian
Shu who gave him his father's command and advanced him as
much as possible. They separated when the latter wished fo make
himself Emperor, and Sun Ts'ê fought against him as one of the
lieutenants of Ts'ao Ts'ao. He was appointed Governor of Wu
(modern Kiangsu and pa of Chehkiang), and in 198 was invested
with the title of Marqus of Wu. He was slan af the early age
of twenty-six by the retainers of one Hsfi Kung, whom
he had put fo death. 0n his deathbed he solemnly handed over
his territorial possessions fo his brother Sun Ch'flan, who he said
was more fitted fo hold than fo acquire. Suu Ch'flan was so much
affected by his death that he could do nothing but weep, until
Chang Chao roused him by saying that he was "opening
the door and bowing in robbers." Sun Ts'ê married the famous
beauty, Ta-eh'iao, daughter of Ch'iao Kung. See
Chou Y«i. Cuonised as " .
as "SuuYat Seu," from the Cantouese pronuneiation of his hao.
Born 1866. A native of Hsiang-shÇn in Kuangtung, who
af the age of 13 aeeompanied his mother to the Hawaiian Islands
and was plaeed af the Iolam College in Honolulu, passing t the
end of 3 years fo the Oahu College. Shortly afçerwards he returned
A Chinese Biog»'««l»hic««! Dicliona'y 697
0 China and joined Queen's College in Hongkong. Anoher visi
o çhe Hawaiian Islands inerrupted his studies, and on his return
he devoted himself o his own language until the age of 21, when
he ook fo the sudy of medieine a the Croûton hospial. In,the
following year he joined he College of Medieine in Uongkong and
w here for 5 years. He hen beeame mixed up in some politieal
moement in the Kuangung province, the objee of whieh was fo
oerthrow the Manchu dynasy and narrowly eseaped arrest in Canton.
He fled o New York and henee fo London where on 11 Oct. 1896
he was seized and eonfined in çhe Chinese Legaion on a charge of
treason. Wih he assistance of a European wier he ruade his
OEse known ço he public and seeured t, he prompç inçerveuçion of
the British Goernmenç whereupon he was released. He subsequently
published an aeeount of his adventure under the title Kidnapped
in London.
$Wu or SU Tz . 6çh cent. B.C. A native 1525
of he Ch'i State, and auhor of he Art ( War. When
he was discoursing one day wih Prince o-lu of he Wu State,
he la,ter said, "I bave read your book and wan o know if you
could apply is principles o women." Suu Wu replied in the
armative, whereupon the Prince took 180 girls oui of his harem
and bade Sun Wu deal wih hem as wih troops. Accordingly he
divided hem into wo companies, and a the head of each placed
a avourie concubine of he Prince. But when the drums sounded
for drill o begin, all the girls burs oui laughing. Thereupon Sun
Wu, wihou a momen's delay, caused he wo concubines in
command o be beheaded. This a once restored order, and ulimaely
he corps was raised to a sae of grea eciency..
8un Yfi-t'ing (T. ). A.D. 1752-1834. A native 126
of Chi-ning in Shantung. He graduated as chin shih in
1775, and had risen to be Viceroy a Nanking when in 1824 a
698 A Chinese Biog'«¢pb ical Dictionary
breach in the Yellow River embankment caused his dismissal. For
a rime he was Governor of Kuangtung, where he put down the
Swatow clan-fights and tried fo stop the system of bribing pirates
fo submit. In 1802, as Governor of Kuangsi, he induced the Court
fo recognise Fu Yang, the de facto king of A nnam, and
fo allow the country fo be again called Nau-yeh. In 1816
he advised the Emperor Chia Ch'iug fo dispense with the customa U
prostrations and kotowing in the case of Lord Amherst's Mission.
Af the saine rime he assured his Majesty that without tea the
English could hot lire, and that fo prohibit ifs export from China
would soon bring England go her knees]
ç., Sg Ch'i (T. ). A.D. 918--996. A native of
Yu-chou in Chihli» who served in his youth under the Later Chin
dyuasty until Chihli was ceded fo the Kitans. Graduating as clffn s]dl,, he
drifted towards the capitul and was employed, first by the Emperor
Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty and afterwards by the
Emperor T'ai Tsung of the Sullg dynasty uuder whom he w
raised fo be Minister of ,_tate.S His flippancy and love of jest led
t.o his dismissal, but he was subsequently apointed President of
the Board of Civil Office. Cnonised as .
IS2S Sung Ch'i (T. ). A.D. 998--1061. Younger brother
of Sung Hsiang, und known as ] the Younger Sung. He
really beat his brother ai the raduates examination, but wa
placed tenth instead of first by Imperial command and in accordanoe
with the precedence of brothers. Appoiuted fo the Imperial Academy
he presented a vigorous memorial on religious worship» and proposed
fo limit the number of persons allowed fo be priests and nuns.
But his career was chiefly in the western provinces, where he
distinguished himself by his scheme of frontier defence against the
Hsia State. He worked on the New History of the T'ag Dynasty
with Ou-yang Hsiu» and the biographical section is attributed fo
A Chbwse Biographical Dictionary 699
him alone. On ifs completion in 1060, he became President of the
oa of W o.k. a ao u«,o oe N -5, a. o«
an extensive collectio of pieces in one hundred chapters; besides
which he was employed upon the compilation of the tî, a
phonetic dictionary containing over 53,000 characters and intended
fo supersede the _ I (see C£'ên P'ë,,.q-nieO. A great favourite
at Court, if is related that he was once af some Imperial festivity
when he began fo feel cold. The Emperor borde one of the ladies
of tlxe seraglio lend him a tippet, whereupon about a dozen of the
girls each offered hers. But Sung Ch'i did not ]ike fo seem fo
favour any one, and rather than offend the test coutinued fo sit and
shiver. In his will he begged the Emperor fo appoint an heir fo
his estate, and forbade his sons fo employ priests at his funeral
service. He wished that no application should be ruade for his
canonisation, or for any epitaph or posthumous houours. Chang
Faug-p'ing however obtaiued for him the epithet of .. .
8ung Chih-wên 7 OE (T. ). Died A.D. 710. A 1,29
native of Fên-chou in Shansi, whose martial appearance marked
him oui for a military career. He was appointed fo a post by the
Empress Wu Hou, but became mixed up with Chang l-chih and
was banished. Returniug without leave, he remaiaed in concealment
ai Lo-yaug uutil he succeeded in obtainiug a pardou and an
appointmeut as Archivist in the Court of State Ceremonial. After
a discreditable career he was agaiu banished for corrupt practices
and forced fo commit suicide. He was one of the most charming
poets of his day, and if is said that the Emperor Chung Tsung
was ou one occasion so pleased with his verses that he presented
the poet with his own Imperial robe .of silk.
8ung Ching :t (T. ). A.D. 662--737. A native of 1S30
]] Hsing-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih aud rose
fo be Presideut of the Board of Civil Office in 710. Under thc
700 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona'y
Emperor Ming Huaug he was again appoiuted fo high office,
becoming Minister of State in 729. Although inflexibly stern,
influence was af the saule rime so benign that he was called a
"walkiug spring." In a preface fo his collected works, P'i Jih-hsiu
said he was astouished that such charming poetry as he found
therein could be composed by a man whose "bowels were of iron
and whose henri of stone." Taking part against the T'ai-p'ing
Princess he was dismissed and sent fo the provinces, and later on
fo Canton where he iuduced the people fo exchange their inflam-
mable buts for mud and file buildings. Canonised as ,.
1831 8ung Chn (T. ). Died A.D. 76. A native of
ç Chên-p'i.g in Honan, who rose
Chiu-chiaug, a District in modern Auhui, much infested by tigers.
There his virtuous administration caused the tigers fo cross the
Yaug-tsze and seek.other fields; while in another case an enormous
flight of locusts no sooner reached his dominions thau the insec
scattered in ail directions and disappeared. Iu A.D. 58 he
transferred fo Tung-hai u Kiaugsu, but rive years later he got
into trouble and was dismissed. The people sent a deputation fo
the Emperor, petitioning for his return; and ultimately he was
agaiu employed as Governor of Ho-nei in Honau, from which post
he retired in ill-health.
ls32 Sang Hsiang (T. ). Died .D. 1064. Elder brother
of Sung Ch'i, and known as the Elder Sang. When quite
small children, the two brothers met a Tartar priest, who was mach
astonished af the appearance of the younger and declared that he
was destiued for great literary triumphs. Teu years later he met
them again, and said fo the elder, "Ah I now see that you too
wiI1 triumph with your brother." The fact was that in the intefim
Sang Hsiaug had aided some auts fo escape drowniug by placing
a piece of wood fo serve as a bridge for them, and had thus
A Chiuese Biog»'aphcal Diciona,'y 70'1
laid up a store of merit which was shortly fo stand him in
good stead. Graduating with his brother as chin shih, he rose fo
the highest offices of State, and was ennobled as Duke. Canonised
Sung F[ung (T. 'p--). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A 133
native of Ch'aug-an, who was in the public service before Wang
Mang usurped the throne, and afterwards served him as Minister
of Public Works. He became Minister of State under the Emperor
Kuang Wu Ti, and in A.D. 26 was ennobled as Marquis. His
Majesty uow wished him fo put away his wife, who was a woman
of the people, and marry a Princess; to whieh he nobly replied,
"Sire, the partner of my porridge days shall never go down from
my hall." Five years later he fell into disfavour, and was eompelled
fo retire into private life.
Sung I : . 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A Minister of the Ch'u 13
State, who when Hsiang Liang was too elated by his successes
against the Ch'ins, warned him hot fo give way fo pride. "Pride
in a commander," said he, "begets neglgence among his troops,
and defeat follows." His words were fulfilled af the battle of Ting-
t'ao (sec Chag Han), after which Prince Huai appointed him
Generalissimo of the norther army, and sent him fo the relief of
Chai-lu. For some unaccountable reason he delayed his troops no
less than forty-six days af An-yang, until af length Hsiang Chi,
who was second in command, remonstrated with him on such loss
of rime. This hot seeming fo produce any effeet, Hsiang Chi
proeeeded next day fo his tent and eut off his head, immediately
proelaiming himself Commander-in-ehief in his stead. Sung I was
niekuamed by his troops the - :£ Civilian Soldier.
Sung Jo-ehao : .. Died A.D. 825. A female seholar and 1S35
authoress of the T'ang dynasty. She was one of rive clever sisters,
all Of whom, except herself, entered the palaee of the Emperor
702 A Cl, bwse Biog»'aph ical Dictiotm»'g
Tê Tsung. Devoting her life fo study, she wrote the- : -
Analects for W'omcn and other works, and gained the title of
Female Scholar. She was posthumously honoured with the
il o A-
136 Sug Lion (T. ). A.D. 1310-1381. A native of
Chiu-hua in Chehkiang, who declined office and led a studious
lire uutil in 1367 he weut fo Nanking as tutor fo the Heir Apparent.
In 1369 he was appointed to edit the History of the Yiian Dynsty,
and he was also one of the chier framers of the " ,
a dictionary arranged under 76 rhymes. Later on he became President
of the Han-liu College, and for many years enjoyed the Emperor's
confidence. In 1380 his graudson was concerued in the conspiracy
of Hu Vei-yung, and only the Empress's entreaties saved his own
lire. He died on his way fo banishmcnt in Ssfich'uan. Canonised
l37 Sung Lo (T. Tç" H. ). A.D. 1634--1714. A
native of Honan, who entered the Body-guard af the age of 14
and rose fo be President of the Board of Civil Office. A distinguished
ant.iquariau, he published the , a series of notes on
the events of his rime, aml the , on the art and
history of poetry. He edited collections of the poems of some of
his contemporaries, and re-issued, with additions aml emendations,
the commentary of oE Shih Yfiau upon the poetry of Su
Tung-p'o, which had gone out of priut. He also wro the
, a treatise on i nk, and the ' Ç, on certain
remarkable stones discovered in Hupeh.
s:s sung Tê-i ¢ (T. OE). .D. l-ST.. .tie
of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1655.
In 1677, as President of the Censorate, he protested against the
purchase of office and the prohibition of trade with foreign countries,
and finally exhorted the Emperor hot fo study overmuch. Transferred
A Chinese Biogr«qhieal Dicliona»'y 70.q
fo the Board of War in 167, he procured the union of Sseh'uan
and Shensi uuder one Vieeroy, so as o harmonise heir eonflieing
ineress. In 1684 he beeame a Grand Seereary. I was hrough
his influence ha tire mperor K'ang Hsi suffered he women [akeu
captive during he grea rebellions o be ransomed, insead of being
handed over as prizes to Bannermen. Cauonised as '[.
Sung Tz' Tao . 4th cent. A.D. A famous bibliophile, 1839
who possessed a great many books the text of which had been
carefully verified several rimes. So many scholars came fo lire in
his neighbourhood for the convenience of borrowing important works
that house-rents went up in consequence.
Sung Wu-chi ,,. 4th cent. B.C. A magiciall, who was 1S40
supposed fo have learned the black art from some legendary
pemonage named q Hsien-mên Tzfi Kao. e is said
bave persuaded ihe Princes of Ch'i and Yen o send expeditions
search for ihe Isles of the Blesi. See Hsi Shih.
8ung Yfi . 4th cenL B.C. Nephew of the famous Ch'fi IS4I
Yfian, and like his uncle bofl a siatesman and a poet. Is one
of the autllors of the collection known as ihe Elegies
Sung Yfin . An ocial who in A.D. 518 was sen by lt2
the Empress Dowager, then Regeni of fhe Northern Wei dynasty,
India, in company wiih a priest named Hui Shêng, fo obtain
Buddhist books. He ravelled fo Kandahar, siayed two years in
Udyana, and relurned with 175 Buddhist works. See BôdMdharma.
Sung-yan »» (T. $ $). A.D. 1753-1835. A Mongol, ls43
who began life as a bit.qeslff or clerk in one of he public oces,
and rose by 1793 o be a member of ihe Grand Council. Ai fllis
rime, according fo the Chinese record, a iribute-bearing mission
arrived from ihe English (i. e. Lord Macartney's Embassy), requesiing
permission fo irade af ihe ports of Tientsin and Ningpo, and
704 A Ch i»ese Biographical Di'ctionary
asking for the grant of a small island near Chusan, and of a
small piece of ground in the neighbourhood of Canton, in order
fo establish mercantile residences, which proposais were rejected.
Sung-yii had beea specially commissioned fo act as escort on the
journey fo Pekiug. No hitch of any kind occurred, and he
was commended by Decree. Ai'ter serving as Resident in Tibet,
Governor General of Shên-Kan and also of the Two Kuang, Director
General of the Yellow River and Governor of Iii, with alternate
periods of houour and degra,lation, he was finally degraded in 1819,
in cousequence of the loss of a seal from the Board of Revenue,
which had taken place under his presidency, fo the tank of
lieutenant in a Mauchu Bauner. In 1820, o the returu of the
newly-installed Emperor Tao Kuang from Jehol accompauying his
father's coffin fo Peking, as his Majesty walked along the raised
roadway between thousands of kneeliug officiais, he suddenly stepped
aside ad sobbig aloud raied the head of Sug-yiin, whom he
had recognised among the crowd in the humble guise of a Manchu
subaltern. Sung-yiin was immediately afterwards appointed Military
Governor of Jehol; and then proceeded fo submit fo the Emperor
his wrk on Turkestan, entitled , ItJ, whieh vs published
by Imperial eommand. Until the year before his death he was
employed in various high posts. Canonised as .
1844 Ta Chi H _. 12th cent. B.C. The beautiful coucubine of Chou
Hsin, last ruler of the Shang dynasty, captured by him during an
expedition against the 9 Yu-su tribe. The wild debauchery
and extravagance into which she led ber hot unwilling toaster
ultimately brought about the ruin of his bouse, and she is described
in popular language as having been the cause of the fall of the
Shang dynasty. She was said fo bave iuvented the "roasting
A Chbese Biog»'«phical Dictioary 705
punishment," in which a crimiaal was fastened fo a hollow pillar
of copper with a tire inside. When taken prisoner by Wu Waug,
ber beauty was still so entrancing that no one could be fou,d
willing fo deal the fatal blow. Af iength T'ai Kung, the aged
couusellor of Wu Waug, stepped forward, and covering his face
with his hands, laid the enchautress low.
Ta-mo. Sec Bôdhidharma.
Ta ao . A Miuister who served under the Yellow Emperor, 1s45
B.C. 2698, and arranged the sexagenary cycle.
Ta Ti. Sec Sun Ch'flan.
Ta . Died B.C. 2197. The Great Yfi. A native of 16
Slih-niu in modern Ssftch'uall. His fmily name was (T. ),
and the naine given fo him af birth was . His father was
Kuu, and his mother, who bore him afr 14 mouths' gestation,
was Hsiu-chi. Amoug other things he is said fo have had
eam with three holes in them. When his father had failed to
drain the empire from the great flood, he was appointed by the
Emperor Shun fo undertake the work; and in B.C. 2286, four
days cher his marriage, he started upon this task, which he
eventually accomplished after nine years' toil. He wore the very
hair off his legs by his exertions, and never once eutered his
home, though he passed by the door and heard the voioe of his
infant son. For this service he w as en uobled as or ,
and in B.C. 2224 he was associated in the goverumeut with the
Emperor Shun, whom he finally succeeded in 2205 after a mourniug
of three years' duration. He became the first Emperor of the Hsia
dynasty, whence he is sometimes spoken of as .
T'a-ch'i-pu (T. ). A.D. 1816--1855. A Mauchu, 1847
who airer serving in the Imperial Guards was promoted fo be
major for bravery shown ai the defence of Ch'ang-sha agaiust the
T'ai-p'ing rebels in 1852. He thus attracted the attention of Tsëng
45
706 A C]inese Biograp]ical Dictionary
Kuo-fan, and became one of his lieutenants. For a splendid victory
af __ Hsiang-t'an he was ruade a b(turu and was appointed
Commander-in-chief in Hunan. He assisted in driving the rebels
from Yo-chou and from Wu-ch'a.ug; and was present af the siege
of Kiuliang, belote which place he died. Canonised as , .
184 Tai Chên . (T. and '[,t, ). AD. 1722-- 1777.
A native of Hui-chou in Anhui, and author of commentaries
ou Mencius and on the Great Le('ig, in which he Opposes the
intepretations of Chu Hsi. As a mere youth he declined fo accept
current literary dogmas on authority, and Inter on used his vast
stores of learning fo test the exegesis of the school of the Sungs.
In 1744 he published a work, entitled :î _), on the use of
Napier's Boues, a mechanical device for shortening the processes
of multiplication and division, superseded later on by logarithms.
In 1773 he entered the Imperial Library, and edited several works
on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote essays, notes on the
Odes, treatises on Rhymes, and issued a new edition of the
- ascribed fo Yang Hsiung.
19 Tai:Fu-ku -î (T. oE. tt. ). 12th and 13th
cent. A.D. A poet of the Southern Sung dynasty, who spent over
20 years in travelling about and visiting ramons spots. He thus
ruade great strides in the art of poetry, and latterly he was con-
sidered quite equal, in point of teclique fo Mêug ttao-jan. He is
generally known by his style.
|0 Ti :K'tl{i . (T. Ç ). Dis(1 A.D. 395. A native of
Ch«iao-kuo in Auhui, devoted fo lite'ature and music. He
studied under Fan Hsiian, whose niece became his wife. Summoued
by the Prince of Wu-ling fo give an exhibition of his skill as a
musician, he broke his lute in the messenger's face, saying "Tai An-tao
(hs lt«o) is hot a Prince's mime!" l:]e then retired fo a distant
part of Chehkiang, and occupied himselfwith questions of Ceremouial.
A C]these Biogr«p]ic«l Dictio»at'g 707
TaiLiang (T. ¢). 2ud cent. A.D. A nativeof' ]51
Shên-yang in Houan, who was au eccentric fellow and fond
of shocking public prejudices. He graduated as ]si«w lie,, but would
hot take office; and wheu afterwards he received an appoiutment,
he fled away into the mouutains. He gave his daughters only cottou
clothes and woodeu shoes for their trousseaux. On being asked who
there was fo be compared with himselI, he replied, "Like Confucius
and the Great Yfi, I walk alone."
Tai e'ing (T. ). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A uative 1852
of P'iug-yfi in Honau, who was deeply read in the Confuciau Canon,
and rose fo high office umler the Emperor Kuaug Wu Ti. On a
certain New Year's Day, wheu the great officers of State were
paying their respects, his Majesty bade them examine one anothcr
in the Canon and take precedence accordingly. The result was that
Tai P'ing pssed over the heads of some fifty of his colleagues,
and his knowledge of the Sacred Books became a household-word
af the capital.
Tai Shêng (T. ). 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. Cousin 1853
fo Tai Të, whose work on Rites he reduced fo 49 sectious. If w
know 2], , and is nowiucorporated in the Confucian
Canon as the Book of Rites.
Tai Shu-lun (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. A native 185
of Jun-chou in Kiangsu, distinguished as a poet and official
under the T'ang dynasty. For his successful administration of
Fu-chou in Kangsi he was ennobled as Baron. Under his rule
"agriculture yielded larger returns every year, and the gaols were
empty of prisoners."
TRi Tê (T. ). 1st an 2ud cent. B.C. A pupil of 155
Hou Ts'ang, who prepared a work ou Rites in 85 sections. He is
knowu as the Ehler Tai, fo distinguish him from his cousin
Tai Shêng.
708 A Chinese Biographlcal Dictionat'g
Tai Tsung. See (T'ag) Li Yï; (Ming) Chu (h'i-yï.
1856 Tai T'ung .tJ (T. tp ). 13th cent. A.D. A nati,e of
Yuug-chia in Chehkiang, who graduated as c]dn shih in 1237 and
was appoiuted fo an office in the Imperial Academy, after which
he became Governor of T'ai-chou in his native province. Then the
Mougols prevailed, and Tai T'uug, unwilling fo serve them, pleaded
ill-health and in 1275 retired into private lire. There he occupied himself
with the composition of the J( Six Scripts, an examination
iuto the origia and devel)pment of writing, which accordiug fo
some was published about A.D. 1250, but according fo others hot
until as late as the year 1319. He was over eighty af his death.
1857 T'ai Chang _. Au official employed by the Great Yii, B.C.
2205, fo measure the earth ri'oto east fo west. See Shu Hai.
1858 T'ai Ch'ang :) '. One of the Six Ministers of the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698. He iuvestigated the configuration of the earth.
IS59 T'ai Chiang :) . The virtuous wife of Tan Fu, and grand-
mother of the famous Wên Wang.
1860 T'ai ]=tung :) ,. One of the Six Ministers of the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698. He investigated the western region.
1S61 T'ai $en 5: '=" 13th cent. B.C. The mother of the great
Wên Wang. .
1862 T'ai Kung or :) î. The popular title of a high
officer of State, named --J Lii Shang (T. -- ), who broke
his sword and went into voluntary exile fo escape the tyrannous
rule of Chou Hsin, B.C. 1122. Some rime afterwards, when Wên
Waug was going out huutiug, if was foretold that his quarry would
be neither a dragon, uor a black horse, nor a figer, nor a bear,
but a great Priuce's assistant. Wên Wang met T'ai Kuug, then
eighty years of age, engaged in fishiug upon the bauks of the "
Wei, and carried him away fo be his chief counsellor. He continued
in this capacity under Wu Wang, whom he assisted fo overthrow
A Cidnese Biogt'al»]dcal Dictionar!! 71)9
the tyrant Chou Hsin. His clan naine was Chiang; hence he
is sometimes sI)oke,l of as
T'ai-p'ig g-eh . Died A.D. 713. One of 1863
the two daughters of the Emperor Chuug 'suug of the T'ang
dyuasty (see .l,-lo Kung-,'l«). She joined Li Luug-chi, the future
Empëror Ming Huaug, in the plot which placed ber brother, Li
Tan, upou the throne at the cost of ber mother's lire; but upon
the death of Li Tan she seems fo bave intrigued against lle
succession of her nephew, Li Luug-chi, and as soon as he mounted
tlle throue he caused ber to be put fo death.
T'ai Shag Yi Cho
himself by a recluse of Chung-nau in Shensi, who flourished
as a poe under the T«ang dyuasty, but whose naine is hOt known.
T'ai Ss . Wife of Wêu Waug, and mo[her of Wu Wang, 1865
fi ruler of he Chou dynas[y.
T'ai Tsu. Sec (L. Liang) Chu Wên; (L. Chou) Kuo Wei;
(Li) Yeh-lfi Cho-li-chih; (Chin a) Akuta; (8uug)Chao
K'ug-yin; (Ming) Chu Yfian-chang.
T'ai Tsung. Sec (T'ang) Li Shih-min; (Liao) Yeh-lfi Tê-kuang;
(Chin a) Wan-yen Shêng; (S.ung) Chao Huang.
T'ai Wu Ti. See Toba Tao.
Tan Died B.C. 226. Sou of Prince
. Hsi, and Heir Apparent 1S66
of the Yen Sae. Detained as a hostage in ihe Ch'in Stae, he
was told by the Prince, who was afterwards First Emperor,
he would be set free when the sky rained grain, when crows had
white heads, and horses had horns. These thigs actually coming
to pass, the young Prince effected his escape in 230 and returned
his country where he plotted he assassinafion of his enemy (sec
Chig K). The result was that the Ch'in State sent an expedition
against the Yen State, and in order fo conciliate he enemy, Prince
Hsi put his son fo death.
710 A Chinc,e Biogv«vhieal Dietion«vV
18(;7 Tan Chu 71 ï.. The unworthy son of the Emperor Yao, B.C.
2357, disinherited in order fo make room for the virtuous Shun.
He was the best player of his day af wei ch'i, a gaine said fo bave
been iuvented by his father.
B.C. 1231. The father of Chi Li, and graudfather of Wên W'ang,
founder of the Chou dynasty, tte was ruler of 1 Pin in Shensi;
but in consequence of the raids of the northern barbarians he
removed his capital t.o Ch'i, and changed the naine of his
Principality fo Chou.
1se, T'an ch'iao ¢i (T. . ). 10t.h cen. A.D. Son of ai,
official of the T'ang dynasty. He was educated for a similar career;
but the bent of his mind was towards Taoism and the black art,
and af length he devoted himself wholly fo those pursuits. Fie wore
furs in summer and rhin garments in winter, and he would often
lie about in the show and rain, fo all appearances dead. He finally
"attained," and could pass t.hrongh tire and water without harm,
having also t.he power of rendering himself invisible. Author of
the , a book on magie, which he handed over fo his
colleague î _lî Sung Ch'i-ch'in, or )t L : î, who
afterwards published if as his own.
1S70 T'an Ch'ien __. 5th cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest, who was
the bosom friend of Fau Yeh. When the latter was executed and
every one stood aloof in fear, T'an Ch'ien came forward and a his
own expense provided fitting burial for the corpse. The Emperor
Hsiao Wu Ti hearing of this, turued fo ,î, Hs/i Y/ian and
said, "You, sir, are engaged upon the annals of our dynasty;
remember fo give this incident a place."
lS71 T'an Lun (T. -- l). Died A.D. 1577. A native of
. '. ]-huang in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin .hih in 1544
and received an appointment in the Board of War. tte distinguished
A Chitese Biog»'aphical Dictiottaî'g 9"11
himself by driving the Japanese eutirely away from the coast of
Fuhkien and putting a final stop fo their incursions. He was then
sent fo Ssilch'uau fo deal with a rebellion, and finally became
President of the Board of War. Canonised as .
T'an-t'ai ieh-ming (H. ). Born B.C. 172
513. A native of Wu-ch'êng in Shautung, and a disciple of Confucius.
His extreme ugliuess, coupled with his great mental endowments,
elicited from the Master an utterance upon the fallibility of outward
appearances. He had a successful career as an official, being as
lenient towards others as he was exacting towards himself; and
he was said fo exhibit no joy when honoured, aud no auger wheu
slighted. On one occasion he was crossing the Yellow River, carrying
with him his valuable gold badge of office. The river-goal being
anxious fo become possessed of this valuable, sent two dragons
which held fast the ferry-boat. "You might get if from me by fair
meaus," cried T'an-t'ai, "but hot by foul;" and grasping the badge
in his left hand and his sword in his right, he attacked the dragons
and slew them both. Then he contemptuously flu,g the badge into
the river. Thce he threw if in, and thrice if rose fo the surface;
finally, he broke if up and went on his way. When his son was
drowned in the Yang-tsze, his ¢sciples wished fo recover the body
for burial. "No," said T'an-t'ai; "why should you spire the fishes
and turfles in order fo befriend mole-crickets and.ants" In 739 his
Sabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
T'an Tao-chi . Died A.O. 435. A native of
hsiaug in Shantung, who distinguished himself as a military com-
mander and statesman under the Chin and Liu Sung dynasties. On
one occasion he led an army against the Northern Weis, but had
retreat for waut of provisions, a tact which he concealed from
the enemy by preparing bags of sand with a little rice on the top.
For these zervices he was loaded with honours; he was ennobled
712 A Chiwse Biog,ophical Dictio»arj
as Duke, and by 494 had earned for himself the sobriquet of 1
w as such that he became an object of distrust fo Prince ,
I-k'ang, who feared that af the death of the then ailing Emperor
WêaTi he might be tempted fo throw off his allegiance. He was
arrested if was said by a forged warrant and thrown into prison,
togeflmr with several of his sons and adherents. Thereupou he flung
his cap upon the ground and cricri out "What! Would you destroy
your Gret Wall?" Iu spire of this appeal he was put fo death
wiLh all his sons; af which the Weis greatly rejoiced, s«ying, "The
Great Wall of the Sungs bas fallen!"
1574 Tang Chin b k2-- A.D. 929--978. A native of , OE Ma-i
in Shausi, who served under Tu Chuug-wei and later on rose fo
high office under the fit'st two Emi)erors of the Suug dynasty. He
was quite unlettered, and knev nothing of books. His own naine
he pronouuced H«i, and declined on auy account fo change that
pronunciation. He could hot bear fo see animals kept for mere
amusement; and fo a servant who objected fo his releasing a hawk
belonging fo the future Emperor T'ai Tsung, he said, "You carefully
rear this bird, but you make light of the people's sufferings. Such
is the usual deceit." He himself supported from his own meaus the
ruined family of his first patron.
T'ang the Completer See Ch'êng T'ang.
1875 T'ng Chieh ï (T. - ) ). Died A.D. 1068. A native of
Chiang-liug in ttupeh, who distinguished himselfby his outspokenness
as Censor. He was banished for denouuciug the Minister Wên Yen-po,
who was said fo bave obtained his position through palace intrigues;
but he was soon recalled, and Wên was cashiered. The rise of
Wang Au-shih filled him with such grief that he developed a
carbuncle on his back, and died. Canouised as .
1S76 T'ang Chin-ch'ao : lJ (T. - and j)J ]i )- A.D.
.1 Chinese Biogt.aphical Dictiotat'g 713
1772--1856. A distinguished Peking ofl]cial, who was tutor fo the
Emperors Tao Kuang and Hsien Fêng. He was au Assistant Grand
Secretary from 1839 uutil after the war with Great Britain, when
he incurred the Emperor's displeasure by advisiug t|lat Lin Tsê-hs(i
should be sent back fo Canton. Canonised as î.
T'ang Ching-sung ) ,,
Sg. 19th cent. A.D. A native of
Kuagsi, who graduated as cli slffh in 1865, and rose by 1885
fo be Taot'ai in Formosa and Treasurer in 1891. In 1894, when
war had broken out with Japan, he was appointed Assistant Defence
Commissioner under Admiral :/ I . Yang Ch'i-chên who had
previously distinguished himself in Tongking; and in October of that
year he became Acting Governor. In May 1895 the Chinese in
Formosa, refusing fo be handed over fo Japan, appointed him
President of the Formosan Republic, with Tcheng Ki-tong as
Minister for Foreigu Affairs. Seeing however that he couh| hOt
hold the island, he fled about a month later, the German gun-
vessel Iltis silencing theTamsui-ibrts wh|le a German steamer
conveyed him safely away. He proceeded to Amoy and then on to
Shanghai, and shortly afterwards was ordered fo retire.
T'ang Ch'iung )]. A ,./i jen of Kueichou: who kept his 1578
District in Sstich'uan free from the T'ai-p'ing rebels, and by his
good administration earned the nickname 2: . T'ang the
Peace-giver. In 1883 he had riseu fo be Governor of Y/innan, but
in 1885 was senteuced fo death for having returned fo his province
in the previous year instead of fighting the French. Af the end of
1886 he was sent fo assist in Ytinnan, without pay; and in 1887
he was put in charge of the Y(innau mines, with the brevet rank
of Governor.
T'ang Chii +. A ramons physiognomist of old.
1879
T'allg I-lo (T. 1 ). A.D. 1326--1395. A native of 1SSO
Hao-chou in Anhui, who joined Chu Yiian-chang in 1353 and
774 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fought for him with great success, reduciug Fuhkien in 1368 and
Ssi,ch'uan in 1371. In 1387 he was entrusted with the defence of
Chehkiang against the piratical attacks of the Japanese. A line of
fifty-nîne mntually-supporting naval stations was placed along the
seaboard, one in four of the people on the coast being trained as
a soldier, and no less than 58,000 men being devoted fo the defence
of the province. In 1388 he was recalled and enobled as Duke.
His careful humility enabled him, lmost alone of the Emperor's
old Generals, fo escape the charge of treason. Cnonised as .
lSSl T'ang Hsian-lang . 3rd and 2nd cent. B.C. Oue of
the Four Gray-heads who retired from the world towards
the close of the reigu of the First Emperor, fo emerge ouly upon
the establishment of the Han dynasty. He took the naine of
, and his colleagues wer Ts'ui Kuang, Chou Shu, and
Ch'i Li Chi.
182 T'ang Pin (T. Ltfl and ]fl. H. ). A.D.
1627--1687. A native of Sui-cho in Honau, who graduated
as cl, i, sl, i£ in 1652 and was appointed fo the Historiographer's
office. In 1656 he advocated the preparation of a history of the
Miug dynasty fo iuclude notices of the rations officers who had
distiguished themselves in resistiug the Mauchus. For this he w
violeutly attacked and dismissed fo tbe provinces, hfter filling
successfully a variety of posts, he actually became chief editor of
the Histo W of t].e ]Ti»g Dy»asty. He was theu sent as Governor
fo Nankiug, where he'iustituted a sertes of reibrms which won
ibr him the affection of the people and the fear of all the officials
from the Viceroy downwards. In 1686 he became Presideut of the
Board of Rites and proceeded fo Pekiug, fo the great grief of the
people. His rash public promise fo lay their wrongs before the
Throne led fo his retirement in the followiug year. His austefi
of life was as remarkable as his probity of character, and his frugal
A Chinese Biographic«l Diclion«ry 7t5
table gained for him the nickname of __ t , Bean-curd T'ang.
He wrote a Topography of S,d-chou, besides a large collection of
essays and some poetry, and also aided in compiling and editing
the Institutes of the dynasty. Canonised as { t-i]C., and in 1823
admitted fo the Confucian Temple.
T'ang Sai-êrh : ,. A witeh of ,î P'u-t'ai in Shantung.
0riginally a serving-maid af an inn, in 1420 she deluded vast
numbers into rising against tbe Government. Although by a pretended
offer fo surrender she lulled the Imperialist General - Liu
Shëng into earelessness and succeeded in surprising him by night,
her followers were finally dispcrsed. She herself however escaped
capture.
T'ang T'ing-shu ) ,. (T. . r-). b.D. 1822--1892. 1Sb4
Commonly known as Tong King-sing. He began lire as an assistant
in a Hongkong aucioneer's oce, was aferwards an interpreer a
the Police Court, and then for many years in the employment of
Messrs. Jardine, Maçheson and Co. After two years in Europe, he
ook a part in starting the China Merehans' Stêam Navigation
Company, the K'ai-p'ing coal-mines, and the Tientsin railway, and
was altogeher a man of enlighenmen with a real desire for
progressive measures. He held he rank of expectan Taon'ai.
r'ang ¥in : (T. -- . H. 1I ). A.D. 1470--1523.
h scholar and artist of he Ming dynasty. Author of the [
]ï5 Elements of Historl], and also of some poetry of a high ortier.
Tao Ail . Died A.D. 385. A Buddhist priest of " [_i_[ I,S6
Ch'ang-shan in Chehkiang, who belonged o a fanfily of scholars
bearing the surname Wei a. Ne was very mean-looking, but possessed
a marvellous memory, being able fo repeat any work that he had
read twice. He made his way fo the capital in Honan and became
the disciple of Fo:t'u-ch'êng; but when disorder broke out he crossed
the Yang-tsze with 400 disciples fo Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, and
7"! 6 A Chi,ese Biog-'ap]ical Dictioa»'y
there preached and corrected the errors by which the Sacred Books
were disfigured. He ultimately wcnt fo the Ch'in State (see ]çlo
Hsilly) where he died belote he couh] meet Kumarajiva who fully
reciprocated his intense desire for friendship.
18ï Tao (]hih or (]h or Ç}r. A famous brigand of tbe
Robin Hood type, contemporary with Cofucius.
1,,S Tao YIsin -' ]' A.D. 580 -651. The fourth of the Eastern
Patria'chs of Buddhism, surnamed ,lïl Ssti-ma. In 592 he
became the (lisciple of Sêug Ts'an. and nine years later was
appointed as his successor. In his zeal for religion he is said never
fo bave lain down for sixty years. In 617 he and his disciples,
by iuduciug the townsfolk fo retire the P'aj»a Paramita Sûlra,
raised the siege of Chi-chou in Shansi, the rebels being terrified
by the appearauce of immortal warriors on the battlements. In 624
he returne(1 fo l[i]- Ch'i in Hupeh, where he met the fifth Patriarch,
Hutg Jen. In 643, after thrice decliuing Imperial invitations fo
the capital, he was threatened with death if he persisted in his
refusal. Thereupon he calmly offered his neck fo the envoy; and
when this was reported fo the Emperor, he was finally left in peace.
189 Tao Kuang "- :îî. A.D. 1781-1850. The title of the reign
of (or ) î Mien-ning, second son of the Emperor Chia
Ch'ing. He succeeded in 1820, unfitted by the secluded lire he had
led to face the problems of government; and though he did his
best fo purify the Court, his natural indolence stood in the way.
of any real reform. In 1825 the Grand Canal was blocked and
tribute-rice was sent by sea. Risings in Kashgaria, Yiainan, Formosa,
and Kuangtung, cost vast sums; and in 1834 there was a deficit
of Tls. 34,000,000. The abolition of the East India Company's
privileges in China in 1834 led fo friction between the Canton
officials and the new Superintendents of Trade; and thè combined
ignorance and patriotic zeal of Lin Tsê-hsfi ultimately brought on
A Chlnese Biolraphical Dictionary 717
war with England in 1840. The collapse of China forced from her
the Nanking Treaty of 1842, by which the ports of Canton, Amoy,
Foochow, Ningpo, aud Shanghai, were opened fo foreigu trade.
The cost of this war and the payment of a substantial indemnity
fanned the discourent caused by official corruption; and secret
sodeties and pirates seized this favourable opportuuity for doiug ail
in their power fo harass the Goverument and disturb the country.
Canonised as t. 1 .
Tao Tsung. See Yeh-lii Hung-cbi.
Tao Wu Ti. See Toba Kuei
Tao Ytian - [. A Buddhist priest of Ts'ang-chon in ls90
Chihli, who in 965 A.D. set off for India. After eighteen years he
returned fo the capital, in company with au envoy from Khoten,
bearing relics and Sauscrit stras written on palm-leaves. He
obtained a private audience and was questioned as fo his jonruey,
receiving a purple robe and other rewards.
Tao ¥i/n. "- . 4th cent. A.D. The clever uiece of the famous 1891
sieh An, and daughter of Hsieh I of the Chiu dy,msty,
who when ber brother likened a snow-storm fo sait sprinkled in
the air, corrected his feeble similitude by saying if was rather fo
be compared with willow-catkins whirled by the wind. She married
Wang Ning-chih, but left him because he was such a fool.
T'aoCh'ien (T. .;.H. îaml û 1892
î). A.D. 365--427. Great-grandson of T'ao K'an. A youth
of wide readiug and great ambition, he was compelled by poverty
fo become au oKicial underliug; but after a few days he resigned
and went home, where he made himself ill by overwork in the
fields. He was subsequently appointed magistrate af P'êng-
tsë in Kiangsi, whence he is sometimes called T'ao P'êug-tsê. He
held the post however only for 83 days, objecting fo receive a superior
officer with the usual ceremouial on the ground that "he could hOt
718 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
crook the hiuges of his back for fie pecs of fice a day," such
being the regulation pay of a magistrale. e hen refired into
priate lire and occupied himself wih poery, music, and the culture
of flowers, especially chrysanhemums which are inseparably associated
wih his name. In the latter pursui he was seconded by his wffe,
who worked in he back garden while he wored in the front, near
rive willow-trees ri'oto which he oo one of his çancy names above.
His poem ou retiremen, entitled "Home Again," is considered one
of he masterpieces of he language. s persoual naine was orginally
;] Yfian-miug; he ehanged if o Ch'leu upon the accession
of the Liu Sung dynasty in A.D. 420.
lS.: T'ao Ching-chieh -. ,id ce..A.O.O. of Lhe 18
members of the Whie Lily Sociey. See Liu Gmb.
,S94 T'ao Chu ''I (T. oe . H. ). A.D. 1777--1839.
Graduated in 1802 and rose in 1823 fo be Goveruor of Anhui,
where he improved the waterways and esblished granafies. In
1825 he was transferred fo Kiangsu, a,d there sueeeeded in earrying
through the sea-trausport of tribute-riee and plaeiug if upon au
eeonomieal basis. In 1828 he dredged the Woosuug Bar. In 1830,
as Vieeroy af Nauking, he reformed the salt administration, enabling
governmen salt fo eompete with the unlieensed article. He wrote
various works, .among others an aeeount of his wande6ngs in
Sseh'uan, where he was Examiner in 1810, un(ler the fitle of
1895 T'ao Han . A native of Kiangsi, distinguished a poet
under the T'aug dynast, y. Between A.D. 713 and 742 he was a
seeond-elass seeretary in the Board of Rites, but gave up his post
fo devot himself exelusively to his aged mother. He was an arden
votary of the eult of Tao.
1896 T'ao Hug-chig L (T. H ). A.D. 451-536. h
native of Mo-ling in Kiangsu. Just before his bih his
A Chbese Biographical Diclionary 719
mother dreamt that a green dragon issued from ber bosom, and
that two angels came fo ber bouse, holding in their hands a bronze
eenser. An eccentric child from his youth upwards, af the age of
ten he got hold of the writings of Ko Huug, and forthwith began
fo "pound drugs" with a view fo discovering the secret of immor-
tality. He was haudsome, 7 ff. 4 in. in height, an omnivorous
reader, and an exellen performer on he lue. Before he reaehed
mauhood he was appointed by he Emperor Ko Ti of he Ch'i
dynasy o be uor o he Imperial princes. In A.D. 49 he resigned
his oce and reired o he mounLins, where he buil himself a
rerea and called himself he Ç Hermi of Hua-yang.
His abode ook the form of a hree-sorey ower, on he top floor
of whieh he lived himself, lodging his disciples on he middle floor,
and visiors on he floor below. Among the former was he Emperor
Wu Ti of he Ling dynasy, before he mouned he hrone; and
ar his accession in 502, he offered fo make T'ao his Minister.
The latter however would not re-enter the world. On matters of
imponce he was frequently consulted by the Emperor, iom which
he acquired the sobriquet of the Minister in the
Mountains. He passed his long life in alchemistic and similar
researches, practisiug the peculiar system of breathing which is
supposed by the Taoists fo conduce fo immortality, and trying
fo lire without food. His chief amusement was fo listen fo the
breeze blowing through the pines, fo which end he had his court-
yard thickly planted with those trees. Author of the ] , a
reafise on [he manufacture of famous swords, and also of an im-
poan work o,1 materia medica, enifled 1] . Canonised
T'ao K'an ç (T. ). A.D. 259-884. Son of a miliary 1897
o$cial stafioned in Kiangsi, who died leaving he family in grea[
pover@. One day when Fart K'uei came fo see [hem, and
7°_0 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y
the ground was eovered with show, T'ao K'an's moi.ber gore up
the sleeping-mas o provde fodder for his horse, and eu off ber
own hair and sold if in order o buy some wine. He begau life
as a pety elerk ia a Magistrae's yamên, advanciug fo the rank
of ArchivisL He çhen took his degree and wenç o Lo-yang, where
he araeçed the notice of Chaug Hua and obtaiued a pos. Under
he Emperor Yan Ti he became Governor of Wu-eb'ang and was
suceessful in crushing çhe rebel Tu T'ao, for whieh he was
highly eommended by Wang Tun. He was beaeu however by the
rebels Wang Ch'ung an $ Tu Ts'êag; and for this
he was cashiered and reduced fo the status of a private individual.
Upon Wa,g Tun's represeutations he was restored fo his rank:
and when the former broke into open rebellionhe was sent fo
oppose him, after being in vested with the title of
. Vrom this rime he was uniformly suceessful in hisundertakings,
and. was ultimately ennobled as Duke. He was an able and eaergetic
commander, and set his face against drinking and religious superstition
amoug his subordinates. With reference fo the saying attributed
the Great Yfi, vz. that we should be careful of every inch of rime
(on the suadial), he declared that if was necessary for mea of
modern rimes fo be careful even of tenths of an inch, and hOt
fo lire without being of use fo their age and tlie without leaviug
a naine to posterity. He ruade a practice of carrying a hu,dred
large bricks out of his study every morning, and of caring them
back again every evening, in order fo keep np his physical activity.
Canonised as .
lSOS 'o Ku (. ). ». oo-o70. t of
Hsin-p'iug in Shensi, whose real naine was T'ang. A
precocious child, he took service in arly life under the Chin dynsty.
In 946 Yeh-l Tê-kuang, second Emperor of the Liao dyusty,
wished fo carry him off fo the north; ,po, which T'ao Ku hid
A Chinese Biograpldcal Dictionarg
himself in a Buddhist temple aud remaiued in seclusion until the
Emperor's decease in the following year. While there he studied
astrology and predicted that "a prince would crise out of Han,"
and in 947 became a Supervising Censor under the new dynasty
of that naine. He subsequently served under the Chou and Sung
dynasties, rising fo be President of the Boards of Punishment and
Revenue. On one occasion he bade a newly-purchased waiting-maid
get some ShOW and make tea in honour of the Feast of Lanterns,
asking, somewhat pompously, "Was that the custom in your old
home?" ';Oh no," the girl replied; "they were a rough lot. They
just put up a gold-splashed awning, and had a little music and
some old wine."
T'ao Tsung-i
] (T. J ). 14th cent. A.D. A native 1S99
of ï Huang-yen in Chehkiang, who was so disgusted by
failing af his first attempt fo graduate as c]in s]i]t that he retired
into private life. There in the intervals of farming he put together
a number of miscellaueous jottings, published in 1368 under the
title of )q: . These jottings consist of notes on the overthrow
of the Mongols, and of remarks on poetry, painting, porcelain, etc.
o -ot t l , ç ,, " t $ %.a co¢io, of
extracts from all departments of literature. A man of few words
in ordinary life, he would talk for hours af a rime on archoeology
and kindred topics. In fine weather he would take a kettle of wine
with him iuto the garden, and sit there crooning over his own
poems and rubbing his hands and laughing aloud with glee.
T'ao ¥ing J __. ? 6th cent. B.C. A widow of the Lu State, 1900
who refused a second husband on the ground that she could hOt
be less faithful than the crane, in which sense she is said fo bave
coo th o.g .ow. s t i¢ ii .
T'ao Ytian-ming. Sec T'a,o Ch'ien.
Tcheng Ki-tong (T. b 13). A native of Foochow, 1901
722 A Ctdnese Biog'aphical Dictionary
who is au Expectant Colonel and Breveç Brigade General. He was
for a long rime atçached te the Chinese Embassy in Paris and
acquired an extensive knowledge of the French language. Ite was
accused of swindling some French banks out of about 200,000 ff.,
and recalled; but if is generally believed that the charge was trumped
up. Author of Les C]dwis Pebts par Eux-mêmes, C]dn-Chin and
other works.
1902 Tê-lêng-t'ai ,, .' x. Died A.D. 1809. A Mongol Bannerman,
who distinguished himself in the second Chiu-ch'uan and in the
Nepaulese wars, and also in the Formosa and Kueichou "rebellions.
He aided O-lo-têng-pao te suppress the western insurrection of 1797
te 1804. He held many high oces, and shortly before his death
was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as J: :, and included in the
Temple of Patriots.
Tê Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Kua; (W. Line)$reh-lii Ta-shih.
1903 Têng /ki (T. ::É - ). Died A.D. 263. A native of
jî Chi-yang in Houan, who was af first prevented by an impedi-
ment in his speech frein entering upou an active career, but who
afterwards did good service as a military commander by reducing
modern Ssilch'uan (see Lin C]'a) and was ennobled as Marquis by
the Empoter Shao Ti of the Wei dynasty. As a youth, he is said
never te bave seen a bill or a marsh without af once considering
the strategical value of the position. He was accused of treason by
Chung Hui and put lute a cage, frein which, upon Chung Hui's
rebellion and death, he escaped, only however te fall by the hands
of a party of soldiers sent te dispatch him. Appearing on oue
occasion before the Emperor te report his successes, he was unable,
frein his unfortunate trick of stammering, te pronounce his own
naine other than "Ai-Ai-Ai;" af which his Majesty laughed, and
asked him if there were more "Ai's" than one. "o more," he
replied, "than there are two phcenixes in the Confucian phrase
A Chinese Biographical Ditionary 723
0 pl«eni.! O. phniv!" By this retort he scored heavily, the impli-
cation beiug of course that he himself was that rare and pre-eminent
creature.
Tng Shao-liang - (T. :). A.D. 1800--1858. A
successful Imperialist general, who distinguished himself during the
T'ai-p'ing rebellion and rose fo be Communder-in-chief for Chehkiang.
He was ultimately hemmed in by the rebels, and committed suicide.
Canonised .as ..
Têng T'ing-chêng - } (T. lllj -). A.D. 1775--1846. A 1905
native of Nanking, who Was Viceroy af Canton when the great
dispute with England on the opium-question arose. Superseded by
Lin Tsê-hsii he was transferred to Foochow, and after the war
with England was banished fo Ili for a year. He rose later on to
be Governor of Shensi. Many stories are told of his acumen in
judicial matters.
Têng T'u-tzï --. A high official of the Ch'u State, who 1906
offended Sung Yii, and was lampooned by Mal as a man of evil
life. Hence the phrase î -- a dissolute fellow, a
debauchee.
Têng Yu I (T. _). Died A.D. 826. A native of 190
Hsiang-ling in Shansi, who rose o be Governor of Ho-tung. He
fdl in 812 into the power of Shih Lo and was forced fo take
office under him. So soon however as Shih Lo crossed the river
} Ssil, he fie& Some bandits robbed him of his horses and oxen,
and he was obliged to continue his flight on ibot, carrying his own
son and his nephew on his back. Ai length, feeling that he could
hot save them both, he tied his own child fo a te and proceeded
on his way with only his brother's son and his wifê. "For," said
he to the latter, "my brother is dead; and were my nephew fo
perish, there would be no one fo continue my brother's line,
whereas I may bave another son." The Emperor Yiian Ti appointed
"2 A C]dnese Biographical Dictionary
him Governor of Wu-hsing in Chehkiang, where his administration
was so mild that the people could hot bear fo part with him; and
when he was promoted fo be President of the Board of Civil Office,
they escorled him some hundred mlles on his ]ourney. He was
ennobled as Marquis, and is commonly known as £ ; but
after all he left no son.
1905 Têng Yii - (T. jp i). A.D. 1--58. A native of Hsin-yeh
in Honan, who af the age of 13, while studying af Ch'ang-an,
attached himself fo the fortunes of Lin Hsiu, and aided him fo
establish the E. Hau dynasty. For his humerons brilliant victories
over the forces of Wang Mang he was appointed Commander-in-
chier in A.D. 26, and was ennobled as Marquis. His portrait was
the first of ihe tweuty-eight portraits of generals placed by order
of the Emperor Ming Ti in the =, a special gallery for those
heroes by whose valour his line had been founded. Canonised
as )-.
1909 T'êng Yiian-fa ]. ; (T. -:). llth cent. A.D. A native
of Tung-yang in Chehkiang, whose personal name was originally
-" Fu, Yiian-fa being his style. He atached himself fo the
establishment of Fart Chung-yeu, but led a wild harum-scarum lire,
generally coming home af nighç more or less drunk. On one occasion
Fart sat up reading in the library, intending fo receive him wih
an admonition. T'êug however boldly entered the room, and enquired
with a low bow what book the great man might be reading. "The
History of the Han Dy,asty," replied the latter, gravely. "Ah!"
cried T'êug; "what sor of a fellow was the old founder?" Ai this
Fart got up and retired in confusion, remembering that an ancestor
of his, Fart Ts'êng, had advised the assassintion of that monarch.
T'êng graduated as cli shih and entered ooEcial lire. He opposed
Wang An-shih and his reforms, and became the trusted adviser of
çhe Emperor Shêu Tsung; and with some ups and downs he
A C]dtese Biographical Dictiotary 725
continued fo hold high oce under the Emperor Chë Tsng. Canonised
Ti C'illg (T. ). Died A.D. 1057. A native of p- 1',)10
Hsi-ho in Shansi, who entered upon a military career and between
1038 and 1042 fought no less than 25 battles against the rebels
under Chao Yiian-hao. He was eminently successihl partly owing
fo his great physical courage. On one occasion, with his hair flowing
loose behind him and a copper masl over his face, he vigorously
charged the enemy and struck consternation into their rauks. Fan
Chung-yen ruade a great deal of him, and gave him a copy of
Tso-ch'iu Ming's commentary on the Sprig aM A«tum Amals,
after which Ti Ch'ing devoted himself closely fo books. Between
1049 and 1054 he entirely suppressed the dangerous rebellion of
: Nnng Chih-kao in Kuangsi; but although the latter
was reported fo bave perished, Ti Ch'ing refused fo memorialise
the Throne fo that effect, on the ground of mere rumour, for his
own glorification. e was always much este.med as a general; for
he invariably shared the hardships and dangers of his men, and
was eer ready fo transfer the credit of success from himself fo
his subordinates. Canonised as :] .
Ti Hsiian. See Liu Hsiian.
Ti I. See Ssï-ma I.
Ti Jen-ehieh Z: î (T. , :i). A.D. 629--700. A native 1911
of Shansi, who became Minister under the Empress Wu tou. While
still a schoolboy, learning his lessons, one of the family servants
was injured and there was a magisterial inquiry. Everybody was
called up and readily gave evidence, except Ti, who kept aloof
poriug over his books. On the Magistrate scolding him for this
behaviour, he cried out, "I ara occupied with the ancient sages of
the Sacred Books; I bave no rime fo waste in bandying words
with a mere official." After holding rations provincial poses, in
7P-6 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
which he distinguished himself by his judicial acumen and
energetic measures against immoral establishments, he was introduced
fo the Empress Wu tion by Lai Chfin-ch'ên and soon rose fo
favour. If was through his influence that the Empress appointed
Prince Lii-ling fo be Heir Apparent, and set aside ber
own favourite, Wu San-ssit; for he pointed out that aunts bave
no place in the ancestral temple where mothers afWenshrined for
ever. On one occasion the Empress informed him that he had been
denounced, and asked if he wished to know the naine of his accuser.
"If your Majesty thinks I bave erred," he replied, "it will be my
duty to amend my conduct; if hot, so much the better for me.
I bave no desire to learn who bas accused me." He was a filial
son; and at his mother's death, white birds- in the garb of
mourning! -- came and nested around her tomb. He was ennobled
as Duke, and canonised as .
Ti Ping. See Chao Ping.
1912 T'i-ying ) The heroic daughter of Ch'un-yii I, who when
ber father was sentenced in B.C. 167 fo mutilation, threw herself
af the Emperor's feet and pointed oui that the family had no maie
issue, at the saine rime offering to become a public boudservant
in his place. Her father was pardoued.
1913 Tiao Oh'an !ï. 2nd cent. A.D. A singing-girl in the establish-
ment of Wang Yiin.. The latter is said fo hae presented ber,
ber own instigation, fo Tung Cho, and then fo bave told Lit Pu
that she had been really intended for him but that Tung Cho had
carried ber off. By this device Lii Pu was so inflamed with anger
that he readi]y consented fo carry out the murder of Tung Cho.
1914 Tien lYlu î 5=. The Goddess of Lightning, known in Taoist
books as 7 . Hsiu Wên-ying. She holds a looking-glass in ber
hand, with which she flashes a ray of light on fo the intended
victim, thus enabling the God-of Thunder fo strike. See Let Kug.
A Cdnese Biographical Dictionarg
T'ien Cha. See Yeh-lii Yen-hsi.
T'ien Ch'ang ] '. 5th cent. B.C. A noble of the
who in 481 drove Duke Chien from the throne and, when
the Duke was killed by one of T'ien Ch'ang's party, set up the
latter's younger brother in his stead, with himself as Minister. His
grandson H] T'ien Ho went a step farther. He dispossessed
the reigning Duke, and seated himself upon the throne.
T'ien Chên [[] ,. 6th cent. A.D. One of three brothers ( 1916
and _ ), who lived under the Sui dynasty. On their proposing fo
divide the family property, a Judas-tree in the court-yard split
into three, and before evening had withered away. They accepted
the omen and gave up their plan, whereupon the tree becanle
flourishing as before.
T'ien Hêng H] - 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. Cousin fo T'ien 1917
Juag. He proclaimed himself ruler of Ch'i, but so soon as Liu
Pang mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Han dynasty,
he fled with some 500 followers fo an island. The Emperor invited
him fo Court, and he accepted the invitation, taking with him
two attendants, but committed suicide on the way. Liu Pang allowed
him fo be buried with the rites due fo a Prince, and his attendants
expressed their grief in a dirge (from which the custom of dirges
ai funerals is said fo have ariseu), after which they too committed
suicide af their master's grave. And when the news of T'ien Hêng's
death reached the main body of his retainers, they likewise, one
and all,-put an end fo their lires on the spot.
T'ien Jao H] - Iinister fo Duke Ai of Lu, B.C. 494--467.
tte said that a cock bas rive excellent characteristics: -- Like a
civilian he wears a cap (comb); like a warrior he wears spurs; he
is brave in fight; he is kind fo his hens, calling them fo share
food; and he is faithful in keeping the watches of the night.
T'ien Jung H] . 3rd cent. B.C. Cousin fo T'ien Tan, upon 1919
7oE8 A Chiese Biographical Dictionary
whose defeat and death he collected the remains of the army, and
after a struggle succeeded in placing the latter's son upon the
throne of Ch'i, with himself as Minister. His refusal fo aid Hsiang
Liang against Chang Han was the indirect cause of the defeat and
death of the former. This, coupled with his usurpation of the
Princedom of : Chi-pei, so ircensed Hsiang Chi that he
organised a campaigu against him. T'leu Jung was completely
beaten and fled fo P'ing-yiian, where the people put him fo death.
1920 T'ien Ling-tzï [ k :) (T. 1' l| ). Died A.D. 893. A eunuch
of Ssch'uan, originally named Ch'ên, who had gained the
entire confidence of the Emperor Hsi Tsung of the T'ang dynasty
before that monarch ascended the throne, and was evea accustomed
fo share his sovereign's bed. He was entrusted with the sole direction
of affairs, while the young Emperor, who playfully called
"Daddy," gave himself up fo a life of pleasure. Knowing that he
had nothing fo fear, he sold important official posts fo the highest
bidder and issued commissions witbout waiting for the lmperial
sign-maaual. He used power fo gratify his personal spire, and
concealed from his toaster the disturbed state of the empire. Af
length the approach of Huang Ch'ao in 880 necessitated a flight
from the capital, and the Court took refuge, first of all af Hsing-
yiian in Shensi, and afterwards in Sstich'uan. He was then appointed
Commander-in-chier and ennobled as Duke. Upon the collapse of
the rebellion, the Emperor returned. But in 885, when clamours
for vengeance against T'ien were heard on all sides, and Li K'o-
yung was hastening up af the head of an army, the former proposed
fo the Emperor again fo take refuge af Hsing-yiian in Shensi. And
when the Emperor refused, T'ien seized his person by night and
carried him off, together with the Imperial seal. The journey was
one of considerable suffering. His Majesty was for a long rime
without food and was compelled fo sleep by the roadside with his
A Clinese Biogt'aphical Dictio»ary 729
head on Waug Chien's lap. Gradually however T'ieu's enemies
prevailed, and his influence with the Emperor declined. In 887 he
was stripped of his rank and emoluments, and banished fo_ Kuangtung.
Upon the accession of the Emperor Chao Tsung, he was allowed
fo return, chiefly through the efforts of his adopted sou Li Mao-
chën, and held office as Military Superintendent in Honan. In 893
he was executed by Waug Chien for attempted Conspiracy. "I have
been Commander-in-chier," said he fo the executiouer, hot without
dignity; "af least let me die as becomes nly rank." Thereupon he
fore a strip from his silk robe and showed the man how o strangle
him; and when the final act was completed, if was noticed that
his features had undergone no change. A few years later his itle
and honours were restored.
T'ien Tan ]]] ]'f. 3rd cent. B.C. A descendant of the old kings 1921
of Ch'i, who revolted in B.C. 209 and set himself up as sovereign
of the kingdom of Ch'i. He ruled wisely for a rime, and his
subjects prospered. Af length he led an army fo relieve the kiug
of Wei, who was hemmed in by the great Imperialist general
Chang Han. The latter, having gagged his soldiers fo prevent them
from talldng in the rauks, surprised him by a night attack, defeated
the troops of Ch'i, and left T'leu Tan dead upon the field.
Lin-tzfi in the Ch'i State (modern Shantung), who never showed
any particular ability until his country was attacked by the Yen
State under Yo I. He then advised his clansmen fo shorten the
projecting axle-trees of their carts, and cover the ends with iron;
the result being that in the flight before the conquering army
these carts got safely away. Af length only two cities, -
and I, Chi-mo, remained, in the latter of which T'ien Tan
had taken refuge and was besieged by the forces of Yen. To raise
the siege, he contrived the followiug plan. Getting 1,000 oxen,
730 A Chinese Biog.erphical Dictiona»'y
he dressed them in strips of coloured cloth, and tied sharp blades
fo their horns and well-greased bundles of rushes fo their tails. In
the middle of the night he lghted the rushes and drove the oxen
out of a number of holes he had pierced in the city walls, bacldng
them up with 5,000 armed men. The result was the complete dis-
comfiture of the enemy and the ultimate recovery of some 70 cities,
for which services T'leu Tan was ennobled as 2 :-.
1923 T'ien Ts'ung ]... A.D. 1591--1643. The year-title of the
fourth son of urhachu, who succeeded his father in 1626, though
if was only in 1635 that he called himself Emperor of China. In
1629 he pressed Pe]ing, repeatiug his incursions in 1636 and 1638.
lu 1633 he was joined by a K'ung Yu-tê, the Shautung
rebel, and from this date the commauders of captured cities began
fo join the Manchus. lu 1634 Chahar was sùbdued, and three
years later Korea was annexed. The capture of Chin-chou in
1642 completed the ruin of the Chinese power beyond the Great
Wall. In this saine year the Manchus offered peace, an offer which
the Ming Emperor was prevented from accepting, partly by the
misdirected zeal of Censors, and partly by his own despair af the
state of the empire. Canouised as -
1924 T'ien Ts'ung-tien 1 ï (T. . H. I-l J)-A.D.
16511728. A native of Yang-ch'ëng in Shansi, who
graduated as cld sMh in 1688 and after nine years' success as a
provincial Magistrate went fo Peking as a Censor. In 1725 he
became a Grand Secretary, retiring three years later with the highest
honours and a present of Tls. 5,000. He was honoured with a public
funeral, and by special Decree was included in the Temple of
Worthies. Canonised as : île.
1925 T'ien Yen-nien iJ (T. -- ). 1st cent. B.C. A nati,e
of , Yaug-liug in Shensi, who attracted the notice of Ho
Kuang and was advanced fo high office. He distinguished himself
A Chi'ese Biog»'aphical Diclionary 73t
by his bold action upon the death of the Emperor Chao Ti, by
which the Prince of OE Ch'ang-i was prevented ïrom carrying
out his design of usurpation and the Emperor ]:[sfian a Ti was
placed securely upon the throne. He was ennobled as Marquis and
became the confidential adviser of the new monarch. Later on he
was indicted for corruption by a powerful clique, and shut himself
up in his bouse, pacing up and down with his arm bared and a
drawn sword in his haud; and so soon as he heard the drums of
the lictors coming fo arrest him, he committed suicide.
T'ien Yii (T. ). 2nd and 3rd ceut. A.D. A native 1926
of : 1 Yung-nu in Chibli, who attached hinlself fo the fortunes
of Lin Pei, but afterwards served for many years under the first
two Emperors of the Wei dynasty, operating successfully against
rebels in Liao-tung and also against the Hsiung-nu. Refused leave
o retire when already an old man, he cried out that if was like
striking the watches or making the clepsydra run when the night
was already spent. He rose fo the rauk of Minister of State, aud
died af the age of 82.
T'ien Yu-yen OE -r 7th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'ang-an, 1927
who entered official lire about 652, but shortly afterwards retired
fo the mountains, together with his mother and wife who were
also of a romantic turn of mind. After a second brief spell of office
he pleaded sickness and took up his abode on Mt. Chi, near
Emperor Kao Tsung visited him, and was received by him in his
rustic clothes but with much dignity. He was ultimately persuaded
to take up his abode af Court and the Emperor wrote the following
notice fo be affixed fo his door; -- "This is the abode of the
hermit T'ien Yu-yen." He finally returned to his old haunts on
the hills.
:'in , '1.-». 7o-7s. wof vi.
732 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
Ch'êng-ssti, lieutenant under An Lu-shan. Upon the submission of
the former he was ruade Viceroy of portions of Shantung and
Chihli, and a his death in 779 T'ien Yiieh succeeded fo bis uncle
in what was practically an independent Principality. In 781 he
hrew off his allegiance and styled himself Prince of Wei; and
although his forces were defeated by Ma Sui and he was even
besieged in his capital, he managed fo hold oui and was lef in
peace until he voluntarily returned fo his allegiance in 784. te
was assassinated by his firs cousin [] T'ien Hsii.
1929 'I'imur Khatt ) . A.D. 1267--1307. Grandson of Kublai
Khan, whom he succeeded in 1294. He was an honest ruler and
energetic in promotiug the welfre of his people, until falling into
ill-health he became a prey fo flatterers and the Court was torn
aunder by ri,al aspirants fo he throne. He lboured fo improve
the administration, reforming the system of selecting officiais, curbing
the tyranny of tle great nobles, punishing bribery, and brinng
ail land owned by wealthy proprietors or by temples under taxation,
which he fixed in 1298 af 3.3 per cent. te sent special Commis-
sioners throughout the empire fo correct abuses, aud they succeeded
in 1303 in expelling 18,473 corrup officiais. Soon afterwards he
was coufined fo his bed, and ail power was engrossed by the palace
ladies or by the high officers. Korea caused some trouble; and in
1301 Heyduk renewed his inroads, but was beaten and died. An
ill-advised expedition agains a tribe in Yiiunan led fo a general
rising in that province and Kueichou, which was suppressed with
much difficuly two years later. In 1302 he favourite Ministers
were round guilty of a wholesale system of bribery, and in the
following year an attemp was ruade fo check the nepotism prevalent
a the capital by ordaining that metropolitan officiais should after
a certain terre exchange posts with provincial officiais. Many super-
fluous offices were at the saine rime abolished. Constant scarciy
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 733
caused the distillation of spirits fo be prohibited in 1301; as a
compensation, the rigour of the fishiug and huutiug laws was relaxe&
Canonised as
Ting Chieh T g, (T. and 2], ). Graduated in A.D. 1930
1781, and was the author of commentaries on the Cawn of Clta»ges
and the Book of Rites, as well as of a collection of essays.
Ting Ho-nien T (T. ). A.D. 1335--1424. A 193n
celebraed Mahomedan poe[, whose aucesors came from Cen[ral
Asia, his grandfa!her having served under Kublai Khau. His father
lived and died ai Wu-ch'ang in Hupeh; and when that city was
atacked in 1364 by he Mings, he son fled wih his moher o
Chinkiang. There she died, and for rive years he absained from
regular food; hence he is someimes spoen of as oe Ting
the Filial. Thence he proceeded to Chehkiang; bu[ from dread of
Fang Kuo-chên he wen on o Kiangsi, where he remained en years.
By his ime he emFire was once more aU peace, and he was
iuvieed fo re[urn fo Wu-ch'ang and ake office; bu amid he ruins
of his old home he couhl ouly hink of he deposed dynasy his
hmily had served so long, and gave ven o his sorrow and his
patfiotism in a collection of poems known as the .
Towards the close of his life he became a devout Buddhist, and
lived in a hut by his father's grave.
Ting Hsien-chih f . 8th cent. A.D. A native of 1932
Ch'fi-o in Kiangsu, who graduated as chi shih and was
distinguished as a poet and official under the T'ang dynasty.
Ting I T (T. ). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A native 1933
of P'ei in modern Kiangsu, who was blind of one eye. His abilities
however were of a high order, and the great Ts'ao Ts'ao, his patron,
decided fo take him as son-in-law. To this Ts'ao P'ei demurred,
on the ground that his sister might object; but Ts'ao Ts'ao roared
out that even if Ting I had no eyes af all the girl should marry
734 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
him. Later ou, when Ts'ao Ts'ao wished to make Ts'ao Chih his
heir, Ting I supported the idea, thus deeply offending Ts'ao P'ei,
who on mounting the throne tried fo force him fo commit suicide.
Ting I resisted; whereupon he was thrown into prison upon some
trifling charge, and executed.
1934 Ting Jih-ch'ang T (H. ). A.D. 1823--1882. A
native of Kuangtung, who graduated as lsiu ts'a and rose fo be
Taot'ai at Shanghai in 1865. In 1867 he was Lieutenant Governor,
and in 1868 Governor, of Kiangsu. He was af one rime Super-
iutendent of the Soochow arsenal, and in 1870 he was a Commis-
sioner for the setflement of questions arising out of the Tientsin
Massacre. In 1874 he was Naval Commissioner af Foochow, and
in 1875 he was summoned to Tientsin to assist Li Hung-chang in
the management of foreign affaire, after which he became Governor
of Fuhkien. In 1878 he was sent fo Foochow fo settle a seous
missionary difficulty in connection with some building operations
upon Wu-shih-shan, and on the completion of this
task he retired into private lire, carrying with him a spotless
reputation.
1935 Ting Ju-ch'ang T (T. ). Died 1895. Known
foreigners as "Admiral Ting." A native of Wu-hu in Anhui, who
entered the army as a private af the age of sixteen. He fought
under Li Hung-chang against the T'ai-p'ing rebels, and rose be
a colonel. In 1880 he was placed in command of a small fleet of
gunboa, and is said to bave soon learnt as much of navigation
and seamanship as was nown by his officers who had been specially
trained. In 1882 he was appointed fo the tank of Brigade General,
and in 1884 was sent to England fo bring out some new cruisers.
In 1888 he was ruade an Admiral, and in September 1894 he
fought the Japanese fleet af the mouth of the Yalu ver. After a
disastrous naval action he retired with the remnant of his fleet
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 735
Port Attirer, which he abandoned on ifs iuvestment by the Japanese,
retiring fo Wei-hai-wei. There he remained until if was fully
iuvested by the enemy, when he surrendered the place, he and
four of his officers committing suicide. "Chier amoug those who
bave died for their country," wrote Captain M'Giffin, his brave
American colleague, "is Admiral Ting Ju-ch'ang, a gallant soldier
and true gentleman. Betrayed by his countrymen, fighting against
odds, almost his last official act was fo stipulate for the lires of
his officers and men. His own he scorned fo save, well lnowiug
at his ungrateful country would prove less merciful than his
honourable foe. Biffer indeed must bave beeu the reflections of the
old wounded hero in that midnight bout, as he drank the poisoned
cup that was fo give him rest." From the fact that Wei-hai-wei
was surrendered before Admiral Ting committed suicide, the much-
coveted honour of canouisation bas been withheld.
Ting Kung -]- or Ting Ku -]-. Died B.C. 202. A 1936
geneml who served under ttsiang Chi against Liu Pang. On one
occasion he was pressing the latter closely, when Liu Pang cried
out, "Why should two worthy men imperil one another?" Thereupon,
Ting Kung retired. [Iowever when later on he went fo pay his
respects fo Liu Pang, the latter caused him fo be beheaded as a
warning fo traitors, for if was through him that ttsiang Chi had
lost the throne.
Ting Lan -]- . 1st cent. A.D. A native of Ho-nei in Honau, 1937
who on the death of his mother carved a figure of ber in wood
and continued fo wait upon if as though if were his mother in
the flesh. One day a neighbour came in fo borrow something, and
his wife consulted the figure which shook ifs head; whereupon the
neighbour in a great rage struck if over the face. When Ting
Lan came in he noticed an expression of grief on the figure's
features, and on hearing what had happened af once went off and
736 A Chinese Biog»'aphic« Dctio»ary
gave the neighbour a thrashing. This led fo a charge of assault,
but when the constables came fo arrest him, tears were seen
trickling down the face of the figure. Ting's filial piety being thus
recognised by the gods, he was hOt only acquitted, but the Emperor
eveu sent an order for his portrait.
1938 Ting Ling-wei - x . 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Liao-
tung, who studied the black art on the - Ling-hsi mountain.
Af the expiration of a thousand years he chauged himself into a
crane and flew home again, fo find, as he mournfully expressed if
in verse
City and suburb as of oid,
But hearts that loved us long s]nce cold.
1939 Ting lao-chn - . Died A.D. 1886. A native of
P'ing-yfian in Kueichou, who graduated as c£in s£i£ in 1853, and
being well-to-do devoted several years fo study. On the outbreak
of rebellion in his native province in 1856 he raised a force of
voluuteers, but was forced for want of funds fo disband them. He
then offered his services fo the Imperialist commanders in Hunan,
and was ruade Prefect of Yo-chou, which he bravely defended
against the T'ai-p']ngs. The city was ultimately taken, and he
narrowly escaped denunciation and death. Af the end of 1862, after
sering agaist the Nien fei, he became Acting Judge of Shantung,
in which province he remained for nearly a quarter of a century,
rising fo be Governor in 1867. tte successfully protected the French
missionaries af the dangerous crisis in 1870, sending his eldest son
and fifty soldiers fo lire with Bishop Cozi. He repaired the dykes
of the Yellow River well and economically, and desired fo open up
the mneral resources of Shantung. Transferred as Viceroy fo
Ssch'uan in 1881, he governed wisely and let behind him au
honourable name. Iucluded in the Temple of Worthies.
1940 Ting Ta-ch'iian T (T. -' ). Died A.D. 1263. A
A Chiese Biogt'aphical Dictiona«y 737
native of Chiukiang, remarkable for his blue face. He graduated
as chi, shih in 1238, and through his relationship fo he favoufie
concubine of the aged Emperor Li Tsung managed o obtain greaç
power, which he used o en,ch himself and yrannise over his
fellows. In 1258 he became Junior Minister, bu his greed and
his deceit in concealing from his masçer the ruth as fo he Mongol
advance led fo his degradation in 1259. In 1262 he was banished
Kueichou. Here he was falsely accused of fomenting a sing of
the aborigines, and was transferred o gsin-chou. A memorial was
theu presented by au enemy, asking çhat he might be lauded on
a desert island; and finally, as he was quiting his pos he was
pushed overboard and drowned.
Ting Tu T (T. ). A.D. 990--1053. A native of S'ai- 19il
fêug Fu in onan, who graduated as chi shih abou 1012 and
rose by 1046 fo be a Minister of Ste. He is especially known for
hs labours on he , a phoneic diconary by Lu Fa-yen.
He also eompiled uuder official vo.g he » wieh
h ever sinee been he sandard auhofiy on rhymes, he
Wars of the Ch'i,g-li Period (1041--1049), and other
imporan works. Uis graudfaher had spen a fortune on books,
declaring ha some day a seholar would arise from among his
dcendans. Canonised .
Tiug Wei T (T. ; originally ). A.D. 969-- 194
1040. A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiaugsu, who graduated as ddu
shih in 992 and entered upon an ocial career. In early life he
distinguished himself on a campaign agains he borigines of
Ssûch'uan, and by 1017 w Presidenf of he Board of Civil Oce.
If was hrough his agency ha K'ou Chun was for a second rime sen
into banishmen. K'ou Chun had previously been his patron, and
Tiug Wei had once distinguished himself by servilely wiping some
soup from he grea man's beard. He theu became a Miniser of
738 A Chitese Biogt'aphical Dictionary
State in K'ou Chun's place; but his rule was oppressive, and in
consequence of the disgraceful behaviour and execution of one of
his creatures, upon the representations of Wang Ts'êng he was
degraded. The opportunity was taken fo accuse him of witchcraft,
and he was sent into banishment and passed the remaining years
of his liie ai provincial posts. The people used fo sing some doggerel
verses clling for the restoration of K'ou Chun, and ending thus:
If the eml)i,'e's peace you prize,
Take this Ting (= hall) out of our eyes.
Was one of the Five Devils (see Wag Cl'in-jo).
,.: To-lu-o , g I (T. , ). A.D. 181-186. X Monol,
who was associated with Sëng-ko-lin-sin in repelling the T'ai-p'ing
advance upon Peking in 1852. In 1855 he was sent fo Hupeh,
and afterwards with Pao Ch'no besieged An-ch'ing. On the fall of
An-ch'ing he was appointed Tartar General ai Ching-chou, and
in 1862 he was sent as Imperial Commissioner fo clear the rebels
out of Shensi. When this work was on the point of accomplish-
ment, he was wounded af an assault upon a small ciçy, and died
of the wound. He is said fo bave been quite unable fo rend
or write, though admittedly a very skilful strategist. Canonised as
2..
. T'o-t'o (W. ). X.O. 1313-1355. Whe sonof a
promineut Mongol official, who received a command in the Imperial
Body-guard ai an early age and in 1333 was a State Councillor
and Prcsident of the Censorate. When his uncle . Po-yen
(see Tolan imur) tried fo obain supreme control in the Govern-
ment, he leagued himself with the only two loyal officials left in
the Council and in 1339 brought about the banishment of Po-yen
fo Honan. Two years luter he became a Minister of State and
reversed his uncle's policy, restoring the literary examinations and
thereby earning great popularity. In 1344 he retired in ill-health,
A Chbese Biogt.aphical Dictionat'g "739
aud was ennobled as Prince. Three years afterwards he accompanied
his father into banishment af Kan-chou in Kansuh, and on the
latter's death he was recalled fo Peking as Grand Tutor. In
1350 he again became a Minister of State, and with the help
of Chia Lu closed the long-open breach of the Yellow
River in rive months. In the following ye.ar his brother failed
against the rebel l] I "_ Lin Fu-t'ung, and T'o-t'o punished
twelve Censors who demanded his degradation. In 1352 he defeated
he rebels and capured the stronghold of gsff-chou in Kiangsu
by means of powerul ballisae. Owiug o he machinations o a
rival his campaign agaiust he rebel Chang Shih-ch'êng was iner-
rupted by a Decree sripping im of ail his digniies, and lu 1355
he was banished OEo Yfinnau where he was poisoned. In 1363 his
reputation was vindicated aud his rank and itles were resored.
He was chier editor of the History of tlte Stg Dyrasty, of the
History of the Kitan OErtars, and of the History of the C]tiu a
Tartars. The first is said fo abound in error; the second was a
tfoublesome task owing fo the destruction of ail the necessary
records; only in the third is he held fo have achieved success.
Toba Chan . Died A.D. 466. Gradson of Toba Tao, 195
whom he succeeded in 452 as fourth Emperor of the Northern
Wei dynasty. His reign was uneveutful, and the country, which
had been exhausted by the foreign wars of his predecessors; regaiued
i prosperity. Canonised as .
Toba Ho-nu t- Died A.D. 338. Successor fo Toba 1946
I-lu,'whose throne he usurped durng the confusion which prevailed
aer the death of the latter in 316.
Toba Hung . Died A.D. 476. Son of Toba Chan, 197
whom he succeeded in 466, aU the age of Lwelve, as fifth Emperor
of the Northern Wei dynasty, under the regency of the Empress
Dowager. Five years later he abdicated in favour of his son. and
740 4 Chinese Biographical Dictionary
ten years after that he was poisoned by his Empress who wished
fo keep the supreme power in ber own hands. Canonised as
1948 Tob I-l t " Died A.D. 316. A Khan of
urbaned branch of he Hsien-pi Tarars, who migraed souh-
wards and sefled in Shausi. In 310 he seized he Disric
of Tai, and in 315 proclaimed himself king. He was murdered in
he following year. The name T'o-po or Toba is explained
Earh Lord, eath being the chosen elemen of he Yellow
Emperor from whom he House of Toba claimed descen.
199 Tob Kuei . Died A.D. 09. A fugitive om he
State ou ifs partition by Fu Chien (see Toba Shil-i-chien), who
set himself up in 386 as king of the Wei State. He ruled well,
and by 391 had auuexed that part of Tai which had been given
fo ] Lin Wei-ch'ên, and had reduced the uomad tris.
By 395 he had made himself toaster of portions of Shausi and
Chihli, bu the army he sent into Houan was defeated. By 397
his rule extended ou the south-west fo the Yellow River, and
eastwards comprised about oue-half of Chihli. In 398 he proclaimed
himself Emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty. He was slain by
the son of his wife's sister, and canonised as
1950 oba Shih-i-chien ff ¢. .D. 315--376. ighfful
heir fo "Toba I-lu. During the confusion which prevailed af his
father's death he was saved by his mother, who carried him away
hidden in ber baggy trousers; and if was held fo augur well for
his future career that he did hot utter a sound fo betray himself
while in that trying situation. He succeeded fo the throne of his
father in 338, and introduced the Chinese system of administration.
In 366 he became embroiled with ] Lin Wei-ch'ên, a
Hsiung-uu in the service of Fu Chien (2), the result being that
he declared himself a vassal of t.he latter. Upon his murder by
A Chinese Biographical Dictio»a«'g
an illegitimate brocher of his heir, the Tai State was divided
by Fu Chien between Liu Wei-ch'ên and his nephew .]
:: Lin K'u-jen. Toba Kuei, the heir, escaped and founded the
Wei Sae.
Toba Ssï J. Died A.D. 424. Son of Toba Kui, whom 1951
he succeeded in 409 as second Emperor of he Northern Wei
dynasty. In 423 he buiR a wall some 600 mlles long, from î
Wuyiian in Shansi fo Ch'ih-ch'êng in Chihli, in
order fo keep out he Joujan ribe, by whose incursions
his reign had been disturbed. Canonised as
Toba Tao j . Died A.D. 452. Son of Toba Ss, whom 1952
he succeeded in 424 as third Emperor of the Northeru Wei dynasty.
In 439 he annexed the Liang a State, and reduced the Yen State
fo vassalage. Military operations were undertaken against the House
of Sung, and in 450 his forces were within measurable distance
of the Yang-tsze. Af home he promoted learning and agriculture,
and improved the administration of justice. He and his chier Minister
Ts'ui Hao were both infatuated Taoists, and believed in alchemy
and he elixir of life. He was murdered by one of his own officers,
and canonised as ] :]
Tohan Tireur . A.D. 1320--1370. Elder brother 1953
of Ile Chepe, whom he succeeded in 1333 as tenth and last Emperor
of the Yiian dynasty, being recalled from Kuangsi by Tup Timur's
widow and placed by ber upon the throne. He left the government
entirely in the hands of his Ministers Po-yen (see T'o-t'o) and
Sa-tun; and upon the death of the latter in 1335, the
sons of Yen Tireur (see Achalcpa), whose daughter he had married,
plotted together fo depose him. The plot was detected and the
conspirators punished together with their siser. Po-yen became
more powerful than ever. He suspended the public examinations
until 1340, and devoted the money fo the Imperial Body-guard
742 A Chbtese Biog'aphical Dictioary
Meanwhile the country was in a most disturbed condition. In 1336
the Chinese were forbidden fo possess arms; and in 1337 if was
se'iously proposed o slay all who bore the rive common surnames,
Li, ] Liu, Chao, Chang, and
were frequen, and in 1344 the sale of office was introduced as a
means of raising funds. The Yellow River was a constan¢ source
of trouble; and as the rebel chieftains ruade headway, Peking was
often short of rice. Sraitened for funds, in 1350 the Government
issued inconvertible paper-money, a step tha paralysed trade and
reduced the people fo barrer. The Heir Apparent tried fo depose
his father who was entirely in the hands of Buddhis priests and
eunuchs. In 1367 Chu Yfian-chang, who held the Yang-tsze valley,
içl strong enough fo send an expedition fo conquer northern China.
In 1368 Peking fell, and with if the Yan dynasty. Canonised by
the Mongols as
, but usually known as ] ,a designation
given fo him by the Miags.
Tong King-sing. See T'ang T'ing-shu.
195 Ton Chien-të . A.D. 573--621. A-successful Sbantung
rebel, who in 618 set up as king of Hsia, a title confirmed by
the Throne on his slaying Yfi-wën Hua-chi. Aided by P'ei Chfi,
he orgauised a regular goverament, and by his mild rule extended
his power over most of Shantung and parts of Chihli and Honan.
He allied himself with the Turkic nation and with Wang Shih-
ch'ung; but failing fo relieve the latr, he was routed by the T'ang
armies, captured, and beheaded.
1955 Ton ou .. (1) The Empress Ton, consol' of the Emperor
Wên Ti of the Han dynasty, B.C. 179.
(2) Also of the Emperor Chang Ti of the Han dynasty, A.D. 79.
(3) Also of the Emperor Huan Ti of the Han dynasty, A.D. 165.
(4) Also of the Emperor Kao Tsu of the T'ang dynasty, A.D. 618
(see Ton D.
A Chinese Biog»,at)hical Dictioua'g 743
TOll l$iell (T. fi ). Died A.D. 92. A great grandson 1956
of Ton Jung, and elder brother of the second Empress Ton (see
Ton Hoir), through whose influence he received a military command.
Upon the death of the Emperor in A.D. 88 he attempted fo
assassinate a protégé of the Empress, of whom he was jealous,
and for this he was confined fo the palace precincts. Fearing that
he would be put fo death --. his own father had been executed --
he volunteered fo undertake a campaign against the Turkic tïibes
the north of Mongolia who were then giving trouble. In conjunction
with ] Kêng Ping, he infiicted a severe defeat upon the
Turkic Khan af , 0-[ Chi-lo-shan. l-le pursue the flying
enemy for a thousand toiles beyond the frontier and set up a trophy
a ,t], []_[ Yen-jan-shan, were the following inscription, witten
by the famous historiau Pan Ku, was carved upon the rock: --
"0ur trained soldiery came hither on a campaign against barbarian
bordes. We chastised Turkic insolence and restored our supremacy
in this distant land. Across these vast plains they went back fo
their northern home, wbile our splendid troops set up this trophy
that the achievements of our glorious Emperor should be heard of
fen thousand generations hence." On returning fo China he was
loaded with honours and met his nephew, the young Emperor to
Ti, rather as an equal than as a subject, l-lis ambitions demeanour
alarmed the youthful sovereign, a boy of barely fourteen; and he
was accordingly deprived of his command and banished with his
kinsmen fo his feudal possessions, where he was so strictly watched
that af length he committed suicide.
TOll I ' (T. ] ). Died A.D. 582. A military commander 1957
under the N. Chou dynasty, who in 561 was ennobled as Duke
and in 562 became Commander-in-chier. He had a beautiful daughter,
who was very fond of reading ¢he Biographies of Famous Women.
In 581, when the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty claimed the
744 A Chbtese Biographical Dictionary
throne, she threw herself on the ground in an agony of despair,
saying, "Why ara I no a man that I could do something for his
Majesty?" She ultimately became the wife of Li Yiiau, firs Emperor
of the T'ang. dynasty.
1958 TOn $ung _ (T.)] ). B.C. 16- A.D. 62. A native of P'ing-
ling in Shensi, and a descendant in the seventh generation from
Tou Kuang-kuo. He served under the usurper Wang Mang until
the latter's final defeat, wheu he owned allegiance fo Lin Hsiian
and received an appointment to look after the subject nations in
the far west. Upon the fall of Liu Hsiian he sent an envoy fo
the new Emperor Kuang Wu Ti with a letter of submission and
a present of horses, in reurn for which he was ruade Governor
of Lianga-chou in moderu Kansuh and later on became )resident of
the Board of Works. In A.D. 59, the year after the accession of
the Emperor Ming Ti, a second cousin of his was executed for
misbehaviour, and he received permission to retire into private life.
Cauonised as
1959 Tou Ku (T. ). Oie« .. SS. ee.« Tou
Jung. He rose fo high military command under the Emperor Ming
Ti of the Ban dynasty, aud was entrusted with the management
of a campaign in Central Asia which the Emperor projected in
order fo rival the military exploits of his predecessor ou the throne.
Tou Ku succeeded in capturing the modern Hami, from which
point the expeditions of Pan Ch'ao were organise& Canonised as .
1960 TOn Kuang-kuo __ (T. ," :). 2nd cent. B.C. Af
four or rive years of age, in consequence of poverty, he was offered
for sale fo several families and was af length bought by a charcoal-
humer af [ î [-yang in Honan. His toaster and family perishiug
in a landslip, he consulted a soothsayer who told him that some
day he would be a Marquis, and forthwith set out for Ch'ang-an.
There he heard that the new Empress, consort of the Emperor
A Chinese Biog».aphical Dictio«arg 745
Wên Ti, had the saine surname as his own; in fact she turned
out fo be his sister, fo whom he eventually succeeded in making
himself known. He and his brother were taken into the palace
and their education was properly attended fo, and in 156 Tou
Kuang-kuo was enuobled as Marquis. Canonised as .
Ton o (T. or ). A.D. 1196--1280. A 1961
native of Fei-hsiang in Chihli, who a he end of he
Chin a dynasy reired o Ta-ming and devoed himself o sudy,
togeher wih Hsfi Hêng and Yao Shu.-Kublai Khan, while sill
a Prince, sent messengers o invite him, upou which he changed
his naine from Chieh o Mo. He was however discovered, and
impressed on Kublai Khau the necessity of sinceriy and uprighness
as the fouudaion of good governmen, ge reurned fo Ta-ming a
Sae pensioner, bu on he accession of Kublai he was summoned
o Cour and was appoined au Exposio in he Hun-lin College.
e recommended s Hêug and Shih T'ien-sê, and denounced
he self-seeking narrow policy of the niser ç Waug
Wên4'ung. He soou reired in ill-healh, bu was once more called
fo he capital on he fall of Wang Wên-'ung in 126, when he
urged he esablishmen of a sysem of national educaiou. He was
ofeu likened o Ci An; and Kublai said ha if he hear of Tou
Mo and he head of Yao Shu were uuied in oue person, le
resul would be a perfec man. anonised as .
Tou Shu-hsiang (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A 1962
native of Fu-fêng in Shensi, who was a poet and official
under the T'ang dynasty. His eight sons were also poets, and their
poems were issued under the title of OE .
Tou T'an (T. ). X.D. na-7. A corrut a
Minister uuder thë Emperor Tê Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. He
studied law in his youth, and rose fo be a Supervising Censor, a
post in which his bold remonstrances gained for him great influence.
746 A Chinese Biog'aÆhical Dictiona'y
In 789 he was called fo the Council of State, where his want of
learning af once became conspicuous. He distributed posts among
his relatives and by his inquisitorial measures ruade himself a Uerror
fo ail. After four years of power he was impeached for corruption
and banished to a petty magistraey in Kuangtung. Lu Chih, whom
he had falsely accused, tried in vain no save him ff'oto the vengeance
of the eunuchs; but they were too strong, and he was forced fo
commit suicide.
196 TOn Wu ' (T. 2 ). Died A.D. 167. Great great grandson
of Ton Jung. If was said thaU when he was born his mother gave
birth af the saine rime fo a shake, which was set free in Uhe woods.
Ai her death a shake was seen to enter the house, knock ifs head
againsU the coffin, and after shedding tears of blood, fo "3isappear
as it had corne. In 165 his eldest daughUer became Empress, and
he himself was raised no high tank as Keeper of the City Gares.
When the Emperor Ling Ti came to the Uhrone in 167 as a bo.v
of 12, Ton Wu's daughter acted as Regent, and showered furUher
favours upon ber father, ennobling him as Marquis. He then joined
in a plot against the lire of the powerful eunuch _ Ts'ao
Chieh; but the latter got wind of his intentions, seized the Empress
and the Imperial seal, and issued an order for the arrest of Tou
Wu, who thereupon committed suicide.
1965 Tou Ying
. (T. î ). Oied BC. la0. So « a cousi
of Tou Kuang-huo, broUher fo the Empress Tou Hou (1). He served
under the Emperor Ching Ti of the Han dynasty, became Com-
mander-in-chier, and was ennobled as Marquis. YIe acquired great
influence, and if was due Uo his remonstrances that Chao Tso was
put fo deah. When the Emperor Wu Ti came fo the throne the
]mperial favour was transferred fo ), T'ien Fên, who was
his ajesty's uncle, and Tou Ying round himself gradually more
and more neglected.
A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary 77
new Minister's resentment by openly defending a eolleague who
had usd insulting languag fo him; the upshot being that he was
aeeusd of having forg«l h la Empror's will and was pu o
deah.
of Yfi-yang in Chihli, who rose o the tank of Censor. He founded
numerous public schools and advanced many poor scholars, but is
chiefiy remarkable as having had rive sons, all of whom took the
highest literary honours ai the public examinations, and were known
as the Five Cassias from a line in a poem addressed o
their father by Fêng Tao.
Tsai Y (T. ). Died B.C. 480. One of the disciples 1967
of Confucius. He was fluent in speech and skilful in argument
but his character fell short of the standard of virtue established by
the Master. Confucius said of him, "In choosing a man for his
-gif of speech, I bave failed as regards Tsai Yfi." On another
occasion, finding him asleep in the daytime, Confucius observed,
"Rotten wood cannot be carved," you cannot make a silk purse
out of a sow's ear. Entering the service of the Ch'i State he became
mixed up in the revolt of Chën Hëng and Tien Ch%ng, and was
put fo death with all his family. His tabler uow stands in the
Confucian Temple.
Ts'aiCh'ên (T. tç " H. and ).A.D. 1968
1167-1230. Son of Ts'ai Yfian-ting. A native of Chien-yang in
Fuhkien. He accompanied his exiled father fo Hunan, and on the
death of the latter in 1198 he retired fo a life of seclusion and
study among the mountains. Besides teaching a large number of
disciples he Zund rime fo write the , a commeutary
upon the Cao of History, which is still the standard text-book
for students. H e also composea the , a work
based upon he famous Wriig of Lo, and dealiug wih
748 A .7bese Biog»'ephical Diclionary
numbers as factors in the universe and in the life of man. tte had
been a disciple, like his father, of Chu ttsi, and if was he who
soothed the d:ying hours of that great man. He w canonised as
, and in 143 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
1969 Ts'ai Ch'ien . Died A.D. 1809. A notorious pirate of
Fuhkien, who for many years harried the coasts of Chehkiang,
Fuhkien» Kuaugtung, and Formosa, raiding important cities and
fighting pitched battles with the Imperial Admiral Li Chang-kêng.
Owing fo the traitorous supineness of the Fuhkien authorities he
obtained fine ships and ample supplies, and he was aided until
1800 by the Annamese.
]970 Ts'i Chig of Hsfi-mên. 2nd cent. A.D. A man
of the people, in whose dwelling Wang Yan took up his abode
when he wandered eastwards fo seek a hermit's life. Under Wang's
teaching he attained fo the condition of au Immortal. See Ma Ku.
1971 Ts'ai Chin (T. ). A.D. 1046--1126. A native of
" Hsiea-yu in Fuhkien, and elder brother of Ts'ai Pien.
Graduating as c]dn shi5 in 1070, he rose fo be Prefect of K'ai-
fêng Fu. In 1085 he gained the favour of the Empress Dowager
by supporfing ber regeucy, and that of Ssfi-ma Kuang by his
skilful administration of the tory& system in his Prefecture. In 1094
he became President of the Board of Revenue and immediately
leagued himself with his brother and Chang Tun to ruin Ssfi-ma
Kuang and his party; but on the accession of the Emperor Hui
Tsung he was ordered fo the provinces as Prefect, and on his
refusal fo go he was degraded. However in 1101 he was again in
office and soon obtained control of the administration, being
appointed Lord High Chamberlain in 1107. He ruled harshly, filliug
all posts with his own men, and making oppressive changes in
the salt gabelle and coinage, while his agressive frontier policy
led fo expensive wars. He became Minister of Public Works, and
A Cttinese Biog».aphical Dictionary 749
was eunobled as Duke. He revenged himself on his opponents by
having their names, including that of Ssqma Kuang, engraved
upon a stone tabler as "traitors," and by debarring their sons from
holding office near the capital. The appearance of a cornet in 1106
led fo the destruction of the tabler and fo the nominal degradation
of Ts'ai Ching, who returned however fo power in the following
year. After a further career, varied by periods of retirement and
disgrace, in 1124 he became Minister for the fourth finie. Old and
blind, he left everything fo his son 1". T'ao, who so mismanaged
the finances that within a few months he was forced once more
fo retire. On the accession of the Emperor Ch'in Tsung he was
denounced and degraded, dying on his way fo some petty provincial
post and leaving behind him a naine execrated in history as ,[
: - Chief of the Six Traitors.
«i Ch'i. . (T. /î ). . ). .D. -- 0S. .«
A native of Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who graduated as cli s/tih
in 1484 and entered upon au official career. He rose fo be Literary
Chancellor ot Kiangsi in 1506, but his chier faine is derived from
is litr,.y cim.s. is ,or o , ],
sa exegetical work ou the Cao of Clm»ges, which is still recognised
a s,,r «-oo. lso rot 1 - ], smi
work on the Fo«r Boo]s. He was canonised as , and in
1724 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ts'ai Ch'o , (T. : I-:.). l lth cent. A.D. A native of 1973
Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who was remarkable as a youth for his
high spiit and fearless disposition. Graduating as chin shih he
distinguished himself by his opposition fo Wang. An-shih, and
subsequently rose fo high rank. In 1087 he fell into disgrace
through the misconduct of a younger brother and was banished fo
ttsin-chou in Kuangtung, whither he was accompanied by his
son P'i-pa (Guitar). They kept a very clever parrot; and
750 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
whenever the father struck a gong fo summon his son, the bird
would imitate the servants and shriek out "P'i-pa! P'i-pa!" But
the boy died, and the gong was no longer heard. One day some
one struck if by accident, and immediately the parrot's cry of
"P'i-pa!" was heard resounding through the bouse. Af this the old
man seized a pen and wrote the following lines;
The parrot calls him as of yore,.
Though Pi-pa's earthly days are o'er. ....
Together, to this distant shore,
We crossed but shall return no more l
Ere long the father Lad followed bis son; however in 1094 his
rank was restored and he was canonised as , .
1974 Ts'ai Hsiang (T. ). A.D. 1011-1066. A native
of Hsien-yu in Fuhkien, who distinished himself as poe-
and ocial under the Emperor Jen Tsung of the Sung dynasty.
He rose fo be President of the Board of Rites, and was canonised
1975 Ts'ai sin . (T. . . ). b.D. 1707--1800.
A native of Chang-p'u in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shi] in
1736 but soon retired for several years fo watt upon his aged
mother. From 1783 fo 785 he was a Grand Secretary, and much
trusted by the Emperor Ch'ien Lung. He compiled the ' ,
a digest of the teachings of famous philosophers on the cultivafion
of the intdlectual powers, and he also published a collection of
poems and essays. Ai his death the Emperor publicly recorded the
benefit that he and his brothers had gained in their youth from
Ts'ai Hsiu's teachings. Canonised as , and included in the
Temple of Worthies.
1976 Ts'ai Luan . 4h and 5th cent. A.D. Daughter of Wu Mêng.
She studied the black art under Hsiu Ying, daughter of
Ting I, who taught her father. She married a man named
A Chinese Biograpbical Dictionary 754
Wên ttsiao, and being very poor she managed fo earn
money by making copies of a dictioaary of rhymes, which she
sold. Af the epiration of tea yers, she and her husbaad went
up fo heaven on a pair of white tigers.
Ts'ai Lun ,, (T. ] j'p ). Die(l A.D. 114. A native of 1977
Kuei-yang in Kueichou, who in A.D, 75 entered the Imperial
palace and in 89 became chier eunuch under the Emperor Ho Ti.
tte was a clever fellow and anxious fo study, and whenever he
was off duty he would shut himself up for that purpose. If was
he who first substituted silk and ink for the bamboo tabler and
stylus; and he subsequeutly iuvented paper, which he ruade from
bark, tow, old linen, fish-nets, etc. For his long years of service
the Empress Dowager caused him fo be e,nobled in 114 as Marquis,
and he was also appointed Lord High Chamberlain. tte was no
favourite however with the Empress; and when his patroness, the
Empress Dowager, died, the former began fo intrigue against him.
Thereupon he formally bathed, and after solemnly adjusting his
bat and robes of State he swallowed a dose of poison.
Ts'ai lien , (T. ). A.D. 1054--1112. Graduated 19«8
with his elder brother Tsai Ching, and as son-in-law fo Wang
An-shih, was rapidly promoted. In 1086 he went on a mission fo
the Kitan Tartars, and rose by 1094 fo be a Miniser of State.
His mild humble mauner concealed a vindictive hatred of all who
disagreed with him, and on the accession of the Emperor _Hui
Tsung he was repeatedly deuounced and degraded, but ere long
he was again in high confidential office. In 1105 he objected fo
he employment of the eunuch T'ung Kuan on the frontier, and
this caused him fo be sent for a rime fo Honan; but after a few
years he was placed in command af Chêu-tung, where he
died. Cauonised as Ï.
«ai si-ya t! _ (T. . . E ) ).
752 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictio»targ
A.D. 1683--1734. The sou of - Ts'ai Pi; a noted edueationalist
of Fuhkien. Ne was for some years private seeretary fo Chang Po-
hsiug. In 1709 he graduated as chinshih, and devoted himself fo
teaehing the youth of his native province. In 1723 the Emperor
Yuug Chêng summoned him fo Peking go be tutor go the young
Princes, and he diseharged his duties so faithfully as fo reeeive a
speeial memorial notice from the aged Emperor Ch'ien Lung in
1795. He wrote on ethies, eompiled biographies, and edited poems,
his best known works being the collection of essays entitled "-"
/. , and the :: : ' -î -(î., a biographieal
collection of whieh (!bu 8hih was joint author. Canonised as .
19SO Ts'ai Shu Tu ,1. 12th cent. B.C. Younger brother of
Wu Wang. He joined in the plot fo deprive his nephew of the
throne, which was crushed by Chou Kung. Sec Ktat Shu Hsie».
19S1 Ts'ai Shun , II (T. - 'p). 1st cen. A.D. A native of An
ch'êng inHonan, ramons as one of the 24 examples of filial piety.
When he was once absent onthe hills gathering firewood, his
mother happened fo want him and bit ber finger, upon which he
felt a pain in his heart and forthwith hurried home (sec Tsêng
Ts'a,). On another occasion, after her death, there was a tire in
the village and their house was threateued. Ts'ai Shun flung himself
upon his mother's coffin and uttered loud cries fo heaven; in
consequence of which the tire skipped their bouse, while all the
neighbours' dwellings were burn go the ground. His mother had
been very much afraid of thunder, so whenever if thundered he
would rush out and weep af ber grave, af which the thunder would
cease. An official post was offered go him, but he refused if, on
the ground that he could hot leave his mother's tomb.
1982 Ts'ai Tê-chin (T: [ $). 18th cent. A.D. A scholar
who devoted his lire go the study of the Book of Rites, on which
he published the 1 f, the t , an the
A Chinese Biog'«[phical Dictionary 53
/. His own demeanour was strictly modelled upon the proprieties
as set forth in this ancient classic.
Ts'i Yell J¢ (T. ). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A daughter 195
of the statesman Ts'ai Yung, who when on ber way fo be married
fo a man named Wei Ch'ung, was carried offto the north
by a Turkic tribe and remained in captivity for twelve years. She
was ransomed by Ts'ao Ts'ao, and given a second rime in marriage
fo a captain in his army named Tung Ssfi. The latter
committed some crime for which he was sentenced fo death, but
he was pardoned on the intercession of his wife. She was specially
noted for ber skill in music.
Ts'ai Yin ». 1st cent. A.D. An envoy sent fo India by 19St
the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty in A.D. 61, to bring
bk a golden image, the-existence of which had been revealed fo
his Majesty in a dream. He was accompanied by Ch'in
Ching, Wang Tsuu, and fifteen others, and returned in
67 with the sacred writings of the Buddhists and several native
achers, including Kashiapmadanga.
Ts'aiYfian-ting (T. . H. ). A.D. 195
1135--1198. A native of Chien-yang in Fuhkien. Declining fo
enter upon a public career he spent his life over books as a friend
and fellow-worker of the great Chu Hsi. His teachings however
raised up enemies against him, and he was accused of propagating
false doctfines. He was banished fo Tao-chou in Hunan and proceeded
thither on foot, accompanied only by his son Ts'ai Ch'ên. He was
canonised as , and in 1530 his tabler was placed in the
Confncian Temple.
Ts'ai Yung (T. 0 )' A.D. 133--192. A native of 19S6
Ch'ên-liu in Honan, said fo bave been a re-incarnation of Chang
ëng, the features of the two being" so much alike. He was
distinguished as a youth for his filial piety and his love of study.
48
754 A Ch inese Biographic(i Dictiotary
Eutering public lire he rose by 170 fo be a Reviser in the department of
historiography. He was employed among other things in superiutending
the work of engraving the authorised text of the Five Classics,
which he wrote out on stone in red ink for the workmen fo eut.
In 175 he incurred the resentment of a cabal, and being accused
of magical practices was thrown into prison and condemned fo
death. This punishment was commuted fo that of having his hair
pulled out, oupled with banishment fo Kansuh. He reached î
) Wu-yiian in Inner Mongolia; but if was represented fo the
Emperor that his work on the annals of the E. Han dynasty had
been very valuable, aud in the following yea he was pardoned.
He then appears fo bave led a wanderiug lire, mostly as a refugee
in the Wu State, until the year 189 when the Emperor Ling Ti
died and Tung Cho summoned him fo take office. Ai first he
declined on the ground of sickness. Tung Cho however would hear of
no refusal and forced him fo accept office, rapidly promoting hin
fo the highest posts and trausferring him from one fo another in
an unprecedented manner. He had just been enuobled as Marquis
when Tung Cho himself fell, and for words of regret which he
thoughtlessly uttered he was once more thrown into prison where
he died in spire of great efforts fo obtain his release, tte was a
hard driuker and consumed daily an almost incredible amount of
wi,e, earning for himself the nickname of the Drunken Dragon.
YIe was an excellent musician, on one occasion fashioning a lute
out of a half-burnt firebrand, on another a flute out of a bamboo
lance-handle. See Wag Ts ' a.
1987 Ts'an Ts'ung . A descendant of the Yellow Emperor. He
became the first king of j Shu, modern Sstich'uan.
1988 Tsang Li-t'ang $ (T. -). 18th cent. hD. h
brother of Tsang Yung, and an enthusiastic student. He wrote on
the 8]uo Wê (see Hsi S]ên) and published a volume of examples
A Chi.ese Biog'apl, ical Dictio».ary 755
of filial piey, gaining a grea repuaion by his own kind reatment
of his parents whom he supported when in povery.
Tsang Lin ,T; (T. ). h native of Kiangsu who 19.9
fiourished owards the close of the 17th ceuury A.D. and disinguished
himself as a wrier upon he Classics.
Tsa,g :¢ung , ( ,). 18h ce,. A». Orndso,, o 199
Tsang Lin, and a voluminous wrier on classical subjecs.
Ts'ang (hioh :" o:. The legendary invenor" of the ar of 1991
wriing, also known as '=O. He is said o have had four eyes
and o bave aken he idea of a wrien language from the marldngs
of birds' claws upon he sand. Previous fo this, mankind had no
other sysem thau a rude mehod of knoed cords for recording
.evens or communicaing wih each oher a a distance. Upon the
achievement of his ask he sky rained grain and evil spirits mourned
by night, tte and Chii Sung are now worshipped as - $$ he
patron saints of writen characers.
Ts'ang Wu Wang. See Lin l'il.
Tsao lu _ .. B.C. 1000. The charioeer of Mu Wang, whose 1992
eigh seeds he drove on his maser's famous journey o he wes.
Ts'ao Chi-hsiang - : ]. Died A.D. 1461. A eunuch of 1993
"I,Ç Luan-chou in Chihli, who rose through Wang Chên, and in
1436 went as army inspector on campaigns against the rebels of
) ] Lu-ch'uan, [ Uriangha, and Fuhkien. In 1457
he aided Shih Hêng fo re-instate the Emperor Ying Tsung and so
obtained equal power with Shih. The two waged war against the
Censors and attacked Li Hsien and his friends, which estranged
the Emperor from them. The fall of Shih Hëng terrified Ts'ao into
plotting rebellionwith his adopted son Ts'ao .. Ch'in. The plot
was revealed just in rime, and after a night's flghting af the palace
gares their forces deserted them. Ts'ao Ch'in committed suicide,
and his father was seized and publicly disembowelled.
756 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
1994 TS'aO {3hih -'- (T. -- _ ). A.D. 192--232. Third son of
Ts'ao Ts'ao. Af ten years of age he already excelled in composition,
so nluch so tha his father thought he must be a plagiarist; but
he settled the question by producing off-hand poems on any given
theme. Hsieh Ling-yfin said in reference fo him, "If all the talent
in the world were represented by 10, Ts'ao Chih would bave 8,
I should bave 1, and the rest of mankind 1 beweeu them." There
is a story that ou oue occasion, af the bidding of his elder brother
Ts'ao P'ei who was then first Emperor of the Wei dynasty, he
composed an impromptu stanza while walking only seven steps;
and his naine and that of Ts'ao Ts'ao bave been added by courtesy
fo the list of the Seven Geniuses of the Chien-an period (sec
K(«n). He was a great favourite with his father, until he ruade a
serious mistake on a campaign against Sun Ch'flan and was
condemned fo death. Under the reign of his brother he was ennobled
as Prince, but was never allowed fo take any part in public affairs
and died of chagrin in consequence. Author of the
a work on the soumis of characters. He was cauonised as
and is sometimes known as 1-,I t-
. «o cng-tg J , (T.- î). .D.
native of Hsin-yeh in Honan, who as a youth distinguished himself
by his bohlness in the hunting-field and entered upon a military
career. After serving under the Liu Sung and Southern Ch'i dynasties,
in 502 he aided Hsiao Yen fo mount the throne as first Emperor
of the Liang dynasty, and was subsequently raised fo high office;
and for further brilliant services against the Northern Weis he
was ultimately ennobled as Duke. Canonised as :.
of Ts'ao Jui, whom he succeeded in 240 as third Empe'or of the
Wei dynasty, ttis real origin was never known, the strictest secrecy
being preserved in the palace as fo his family and antecedents.
A Chi»ese Big»'aphical Dictioa»'g 757
0n reaching manhood he sank into utter sensualism, and in 254
he was quietly deposed as unfit fo rule. He then reverted o
his title of Prince of Ch'i, which was afterwards changed fo
[ ]_. [te vas cannised as ) ]_, and is known in history
a.
Ts'ao lu-hsing . 3rd cent. A.D. A native of the 1997
Principality of Wu, who was reckoned the greates paiuter of his
day. Commissioned by Suu Ch'iian fo paint a screen he accidentally
ruade a blot on if, and then turned the blot into a fly so skilfully
that Sun Ch'iian tried fo fillip if away. le painted a picure of a
red dragon which he had seen playing ou the surface of a river;
and later on, during a rime of drought, this dragon was brought
forth and cast into the river, the result being tha rain fell immediately
in oTeat quantifies.
Ts'ao tion . Died A.D. 1079. The Empress Ts'ao, wife |99S
of the Emperor Jen Tsung of the Suug dynasty. During the
illness of the Emperor Ying Tsung, shortly after his accession,
she was appointed Regent and directed public affairs with great
wisdom, conferring with ber Ministers from behin(1 the protection
of a curtain. She strnggled o retain ber power too long, but
was ulimately forced o give if up by the unyielding firmness of
ttan Ch'i.
1 J J J
Ts'ao lsien 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A centenarian ot TM (
Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who held a literary appointment under the
Sui dynasty but declined fo serve in a like capacity under the
Emperor T'ai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, preferring a lire of
study af home. If however the Emperor met with a difficult word
or phrase in his reading, he used to send a special messenger fo
Ts'ao Hsien in order fo haie if explained. He was celebrated for
his learning, especially in the antiquities of the Chinese language,
and wrote the , a treatise on et,ymology, and other
758 A Chese Biographical Dictionary
works. He was also a most successful teacher, Li Shan being among
his pupils.
000 Ts'ao ttsiieh-ch'in . 17h cent. A.D. Reputed author
of the famous uovel known as T]e Dream of t]e Red C]amber.
2001 Ts'ao Huan (T. ). A.D. 245--302. Grandsou of
Ts'ao Ts'ao. He succeeded Ts'ao Mao in 260 as fifth and last
Emperor of the Wei dynasty, but was displaced by Ssfi-ma Yen,
founder of the Chin dynasty, who relegated him fo obscurity as
Prince of Ch'ên-liu in 265. Canouised as .
1732. Graduated in 1761, and rose to be a Reader in the Grand
Secretariat. He died of grief for he death of his mother. Author
of , ok o. th otio.of .at
phenomena in connection with the seasons, and of a collection of
impromptu verses, entiçled ] .
2003 Ts'ao gui (T. @). A.D. 205--240. Son of Ts'ao P'ei,
whom he succeeded in 227 as second Emperor of the Wei dynasty.
As a child he was dignified and intelligent, and quite won the
heart of his famous grandfather Ts'ao Ts'ao, wko declared that his
line was safe for three generations. He was kind of heart; and
once when out hunting with his father they came across a hind
with ifs fawn, and Ts'ao P'ei shot the hind and bade his son shoo
he fawn, the latter burst into tears and said that he could hot
bfing himself fo do so. He grew into a handsome man, and when
he stood up his beard touched the ground. But he stammered in
his speech and spoke litle. The country prospered though he was
no fond of the duties of government. Under his reign women were
for the first rime admitted fo official life, and several actually rose
fo high office. No women officials however bave beeu known since
the eighth century. Canonised as .
2004 Ts'ao Kuo-chiu . 9th and 10th cent. A.D. Oue of the
A Chbese Biographical Diclionarg 759
Eight Immortals of Taoism, of whom nothing is known. See C]aog-li
C l' i a n .
Ts'ao Mao - (T. ::Ë). A.D. 241--260. Grandson of 2005
T'ao P'ei. Af the age of four he was created ,
and in 254 he succeeded Ts'ao Fang as fourth Emperor of the
Wei dynasty. Known in history by the above title, and also as
-.
Ts'ao Mo or Ts'ao Kuei ']. 7th cent. B.C. A 2006
general under Duke Chuang of the Lu State, who was defeated
in three battles by the forces of the Ch'i State, the result being
surrender of territory n order fo make peace. However af the
ratification of the treaty 5etween the two States he succeeded in
ffightening Duke Huan (see Huon Kung) into restoring the lost
terry.
Ts'ao O . 2nd cent. B.C. Daughter of a magiciau who 2007
was accidentally drowned, when she was only fourteen, in the river
near Shao-hsing in Chehkiang. After wandering for seventeen
days on ifs banks, in the hope of recovering her father's corpse,
she threw herselfinto the river and put an end fo her existence.
Several days later her dead body rose fo the surface, clasping in
i arms that of ber beloved father.
Ts'ao P'ei (T. ). A.D. 188--227. Son of Ts'ao 2008
Ts'ao. On his father's death in 220 he delared himself Emperor,
and the throne was ceded fo him by the imbecile monarch Hsien
Ti who died in 234. He adopted Wei as the style of his dynasty,
and set fo work fo organise the administration, arrauging among
other things the grades of official rank. Canonised as .
Ts'ao Pin (T. ). A.D. 930--999. A native of 2009
Ling-shou in Chihli. When a year old his parents took a forecast
of his future career by placing before him a vaety of articles.
With his leff hand he clutched af a spear and shiehl, with his
760 A Chinese Biogra.phical Dictionary
right af a saerifieial vase, and shortly afterwards eaught hold of an
offieial seal. Serving for seine years under the sovereigns of
Later Chou dynasty, he transferred lais allegianee te the founder
of the Sung dynasty whose empire he materially helped te eonsolidate.
From A.D. 961 he followed the eampaigns of î î JOE Wang
Ch'flan-pin, zeeompanying him in 964 upou his expedition into
modern Ssïteh'uan aud distinguishing himself both by military skill
and by the zeal with whieh he sough for books while others were
inteut upon ordiuary plunder. In 975 he was sent o reduee Nanking,
hen held by Li Yfi; but h.e did net hurry on his operations, hoping
all the while that Li Yfi would surrender. Af length, when ail
was ready for an attaek, Ts'ao Pin pretended te fall ill.
lieutenants were in the utmos consternation and hasened te his
tent o see what was the marrer. "If only you will ail promise
me," he said, "net o slay any one unneeessaàly in the assaul
upon this eity, I shall soon be well again." The promise was
formally given; whereupon Ts'ao Pin arose frein his siek bed, and
the nex day the eity was taken without bloodshed. Ennobled as
Duke, and canonised as :i
2010 Ts'ao Shan-ts'ai - :. A famous guitar-player of the T'ang
dynasty.
eo Ts'ao Shuang (T. ft t ). De A.D. e. A scion
the Imperial ttouse of Wei, who had been au intimate friend of
the Emperor Ming Ti while the latter was Heir Apparent, and
who was subsequenly raised by his Majesty fo high office. Pezuaded
by his friends fo seek military renown, he led au expedition against
the rival House of Shu, but" was forced fo beat an ignominious retreat.
After the death of Ming Ti he gave himself up fo extravagance and
riotous living, even appropriating some of the concubines of the late
Emperor. He also mixed himself up tu some treasonable conspiracy, on
the discovery of which he was put fo death together with all his family.
A Chitese Biographical Dictio«ry
Ts'ao Ts'an (T. J'fl )" Died B.C. 190. A ,,ative of 2012
P'ei in Kiangsu. After serving as a gaol ooEcial under the Ch'in
dynasy, he joined he fortunes of his fellow-countryman, Lin Paug,
who was hen Dulçe of P'ei. Serving with him all hrough his
advent, urous career, he rose he highes oces of Sae and was
enuobled as Marquis. On the death of Hsiao Ho he o]ç he later's
place as chier Minister and con[inued his policy wih unswerving
fidelity. He positively declined consider any deviatiou from he
laws and regulations which had beeu sanctioued by his grea[
predeceor; and when any oue came fo deliberate in such a sense
Ts'ao Ts'an would ply the visitor wih wine unil he was oo druuk
fo begin he subject. Canouised as .
Ts'ao Ts'ao or Ts'ao Chi-li ,] (T. . 2013
Baby .ame ). n.O. 155--220. h native of P'ei i. moderu
Kiaugsu, whose faher was he adopted son of he chief eunuch of
the palace under the Emperor Ling Ti of the Han dynasy. In his
youçh he was fond of coursing and hawing, bu managed by he
e of weuty ake the degree of siao lie» He firs distinguished
himself in a campaign underaeu A.D. 184 agaius he Yellow
Turban rebels. He was he prime mover in a mass gaheriug of
vadous ocials who deermined o raise au army of voluueers to
figh for the Right, purge the empire geuerally, and especially
direc heir efforts towards subduing Tung Cho, then in power.
This assembly of jealous meu accomplished .nohing. Step by sep,
however, Ts'ao Ts'ao overcame many chieftaius, including LU Pu,
once Tung Cho's lieutenant, who a he instigation of Wang Yn
had become he assassin of his masser. Ts'ao Ts'ao's longes sruggle
was with Yan Shao and his sons Tan and Shang, the
later of whom fled fo he Hsiuug-nu and was the cause of au
expediiou ino the desert of Sha-mo agains ha race. In 208 he
was appoiued Miniser of Sate, and in 216 was ennobled as
762 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Prince. By degrees the supreme power passed into his hands; and
the Emperor Hsien Ti, who had relinquished one by one all Imperial
prerogatives, became a mere puppet in his hands. The Empress
') Fu Hou, who from the ranks of ber own family endeavoured
fo form a party agalnst him, was treated with the utmost severity.
This unhappy lady was cast into a dungeon, and upon ber death,
which occurred soon afterwards; Ts'ao Ts'ao's own daughter was
proclaimed Empress. Ai his death he was succeeded by his son
P'ei, who became the first Emperor of the dynasty of Wei,
and ruled over that portion of the empire now known as Shantung.
Ts'ao Ts'ao is popularly regarded as the type of a bold bad Minister,
and of a cunning unscrupulous rebel. His large armies are proverbial,
and af oue rime he is said fo bave had so many as a million of
men under arms. As an instance of the discipline which prevailêd
in his camp, if is said that he once condemned himself fo death
for having allowed his horse fo shy into a field of grain, in
accordance with his own severe regulations against any injury fo
standing crops. However in lieu of losing his head, he was persuaded
fo satisfy his sense of justice by cutting off his hair. Ai least one
generous act is recorded of him. When he dealt the final blow fo
Ytian Shao, he seized all his rival's papers, plans, etc., including
a list of many of his own ooEcers who were in correspondence
with the enemy. This list he burnt. Many marvellous stories are
told of .this wonderful man, fo be round chiefly in the History of
the Wei Dynasty and in the e ,) . In the fatal illness
which preceded his death, Ts'ao Ts'ao is said fo bave called in the
ramons physician Hua T'o, wbo declared that his augnst patient
was sufferiug from wiud in the brain, which he proposed fo get.
rid of by opening the skull under an anoesthetic. But Ts'ao Ts'ao
saw in this suggestion the treacherous design of some enemy. He
imprisoned the unfortunate doctor, who died in gaol within ten
A Chbtese Biographical Dictionarg 763
days, and shortly afterwards succumbed fo the disease. Canonised
, 1 , ,,, :i:..
Ts'ao Ts'êng (T. ). 1st cent. A.D. A native of
Chi-yin in Shantung, who rose fo be a Censor and was noted ibr
his filial piety. To save aneient records from perishing in a rime
of disorder, he built a stone vault lu whieh fo preserve hem, and
used in the sense of a large library. He is said fo have obtained
portions of the Caon of Illstor from 0u-yang Hsi, and fo bave
had following of 3,000 disciples.
s'no wn (T. . n. I,[ ). ». v6--. e01
A native of " Mien-ch'lb in Honan, who entered upon
pubfic career and rose fo be Director of Studies aU Ho-chou
in Shansi. A uthor of many eommentm-ies upon the Classics, and
of a collection of miscellaneous wfitings. Also specially notable for
his knowledge of ceremonies and ancient music. In 1860 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ts'n Lun . 8th cent. A.D. A native of Tëng-chou 016
in Honn, who rose fo be a Vice President of the Grand Council
but threw up his post nd went into retirement. Ultimately he
wandered away fo the famous Lo-fou mountain near
Cann, and was never heard of again. He was very intimate with
Li Vo, nd was pplarly knowu as .
8'ôn 8'n . A native of Ho-nei, who graduaed as 01
ci hih beween A.D. 742 and 756. He was a Ceusor uuder he
mperor Su Tsung of he T'ang dynasy and finally rose o be
Governor of Çhia-ehou. e disinguished himself as a poe, and
also by his eonributions o he reform in prosody whieh ook place
764 A C]inese Biograp],ical Dicliona»'y
Ssti-ch'êng in Kuangsi. He was a mere stripling when the
T'ai-p'ing rebe]lion broke out, yet he succeeded in maintaining a
force of militia for some years. In 1855 he was in temporary
charge of a small District in Y/innan, and in 1864 he lured the
Miao-tzti of north-eastern Y/innan fo submit, only fo massacre
them .upon submission. By 1867 he had risen fo be Treasurer for
Y/innan. In 1872, when Ta-li Fu was reduced by
Yang Yfi-k'o, Tsên demanded the life of Tu Wên-hsiu only;
but eleveu days luter he invited the chier men of the town fo a
feast, and after putting them all fo death gave the signal for a
general massacre in which 30,000 persons are said fo have been
butchered. In 1874 he became Governor of Y/innan, and in 1875
he served on the Yiiunan Commission for enquiring into the
mur(ler of Margary, a murder which some laid at his door. In
1882 he was appointed Viceroy of Yfînnan and Kueichou. In
1884-85 he was in command on the Tougkiug border, and was
ennobled. Af death he was included in the Temple of Worthies.
He was a biffer foe fo foreigners, by whom however he was hot
more detested for cruelty and uuscrupulousness than by the majority
of his own fellow-countrymen.
2019 Tsêng Chi-tsê 4 (T. ) 1. l:I. and
and ) and : ). A.D. 1837--1890. The eldest son of
Tsêng Kuo-fan. After mourning for his father and mother for two
periods of three years each, he succeeded in 1877 fo the title and
was theuceforth known fo foreigners as the "Marquis Tsêng." With
the aid of a Nuttall's dictionary and a Murray's grammar he had
meanwhile studied English fo such advantage that although uever
able fo converse with fluency he could write intelligib]y and even
ruade several attempts af versification. Later on, an article entitled
C]i»,«: T]e Slecïp «d tl, e Awe]'e»5g appeared over his signature
in an English magazine; but this was of course only "inspired"
A Ghinese Biograpldcal Dictio»arg
by the Marquis himself. In August 1878 he was appoiated Envoy
fo England and France and he started for his post in October of
the saine year. He went a great deal into society, and otherwise
showed himself fo be decidedly a member of the party of progress.
In 1880 he was further appointed Ambassador fo Russia and sub-
D[rector of the Court of Revision. In the former capacity he negotiated
the treay by which Kuldja was restored fo China» gaining great
credit on all sides for his diplomatic skill. In 1881 he became Vice
Director of the Imperial Clan Court and Vice President of the
Board of Wa. In 1885 he arraged the Opium Conven6o with
Egland, and was appointed Assistat Director of the new Admralty
Board. In 1886 h returned fo Peking and joined the Tsung-li
Yamên. In 1887 he was Vice President of he Board of Revenue
with special coutrol over the coinage department. Iu 1889 he became
Director of the Peking College and died st the capital
in the following year, fo the infinite regret of all foreigners with
whom he had ever been thrown into contact. Apart from his official
career and linguistic studies, he achieved considerable distinction as
a calligraphist, even the Emperor being anxious fo secure specimens
of his skill. He was acchstomed fo sign himself "Hereditary Marquis
K. T. Gearkhau of Tsêng," the K. T. standing for the initiais, in
southera Mandarin, of his personal naine, and Gearkhan being his
"style" expressed in Euglish sounds taken by himself from Nuttall's
dictionary.
Tsêng Kuo-ch'iian : (T. : ). H. ï ). A.D. 020
1820--1890. Younger brother of Tsêng Kuo-fan, under whom he
served against the T'ai-p'ing rebels. Graduating as ]siu ts'al, he
rose fo be Judge in Chehkiang in 1862, Governor of various
provinces, Viceroy of Shensi and Kansuh in 1881, acting Viceroy
of the Two Kuang in 1882, and in 1884 Viceroy of the Two
Kiaug. For his services against the rebels, especially af the capture
ç A Chinese Biogr«phical Dctio,ary
of An-ch'ing he was ennobled as Marquis and was honoured with
a double-eyed peacock's feather. He was a man of unblemished
integrity, and a great number of the people of Nanking went into
mourning when he died. Canonised as a_,-, and included in
the TemI01es of Patriots and Worthies. -
Tsng uo-n .. (w. tri )--/f, )-.D. 1811-
1872. A native o the : Hsiang-hsiang District in Hunan,
who graduated as 38th c]i shi] in 1838. In 1843 he was Chier
Examiner for Sstich'uan, and in 1849 Junior Vice President of the
Board of Rites. In 1851 he was Chier Examiner ofmilitary graduates.
In 1852 he was forced fo go into retirement in consequence of
the death of his mother. On reaching Hunan he found the province
suffering from invasion by the T'ai-p'ings, who were already in
10ossession of Wu-ch'ang in lupeh and of all the cities on the
banks of the Yang-tsze. In 1853 he was ordered by special Decree
fo assist the Governor of Hunan in organising a volunteer force
fo act against the rebels. After building a fleet he attacked the
enemy in 1854, but was defeated. His lieutenants, however, among
whom was included P'êng Yfi-lin, drove the rebels from Ch'ang-
sha,. and destroyed their fleet. Chasing the enemy before him,
Tsêng Kuo-fan recovered Wu-ch'ang and Han-yang, for which
services he was appointed Vice President of the Board of War. In
December of the saine year, after a g:eat victory, he laid siege fo
Kiukiang. In Jan. 1855 he was ruade a baturu and was decorated
with the yellow riding-jacket. Meanwhile the rebels had retaken
Wu-ch'ang and had burnt his fleet, which caused him fo remain
inactive for some months; but by he end of the year he had
cleared them from the Po-yang lake and had caI0tured Hu-k'ou.
In 1856 Shih Ta-k'ai ravaged Kiangsi, but was driven out in 1857
by the joint efforts of Tsêng Kuo-fan and P'êng Yfi-lin. In March
1857 his father died, and he went into mourning. In June 1858
A Chinese Btog.al)ttical Dictioarg 767
he was ordered fo take the command in Chehkiang, aud fo aid in
operatious against the rebels in the province of Fuhkien. The latter
tried fo establish themselves in Kiangsi, but were driven in 1859
into Yiunan, whence, by way of Kuangsi and Kueichou, they ruade
for Sstich'uan. Tsêng started in pursuit, but was stopped by orders
fo clear Anhui of rebels; in cousequence of which he submitted
plan for an advance on Nanldug, which was approved aud ultimately
carried out. In July 1860 he became Viceroy of the Two Kiaug,
and also Imperial War Commissioner in Kiangnan and Anhui.
After the recapture of Au-ch'ing and other places in 1861, Chehliang
was added fo the proviuces uuder his control. Y[e recommended for
the acting Governorships of Chehl¢iaug and Kiaugsu, respectively,
Tso Tsung-t'ang, who had been actively engaged in the
) relieve lïIangchow, and Li ung-chang, af that timein command
of the fleet on the Huai and the Yang-tsze. In Feb. 1862 he became
Assistant Grand Secretary, and then requested that no more favour
should be shown fo his family until Nau]¢ing was retal¢en, his
younger brother Tsêng Kuo-ch«fian having been appointed Judge
for Chehl¢iang in 1861. With An-ch'ing as his headquarters, siege
was forthwith laid fo Nanl¢ing, and the relieviug forces of
) Li Hsiuih'êug were repelled. By June 1863 the Yang-tsze
was altogether in the power of the Imperialists, and by Feb. 1864
the învestment of Nanl¢ing was complete. The city fell in July,
and Tsêng was ennobled as Marquis, besides receiving the double-
eyed peacock's feather. In May 1865 he was sent fo Shantung
take command against the Nien fei, the Mongol general Sêng-ko-
lin-sin having fallen in battle. He carried on a series of successful
operations until Aug. 1866, when on application for sick leave he
was sent back fo the Viceroyalty af Nanking aud his place was
tal¢en by Li Hung-chang. In 1867 a tenth of the Shanghai Customs'
revenue was allotted fo him for the purpose of building gunboats
"Y68 A Chtnese Biogt.aphical Dictionary
afer he European patern. In 1869 he became Viceroy of Chihli,
and devoed himself o measures of reform. In June 1870 came
the Tientsin Massacre, when he srongly advocated a seadfast policy
of peace with foreigu nations, hereby incurring he odium of the
more fanatical of he literafi. In SepL 1870 he was ransferred
back o Nanking, and n 1871 he was nominated Imperial Com-
missioner for International Trade. His wrifings, ocial and other,
bave beeu published under he editorship of Li ung-chang, and
are greafiy admired. A faith[ul and energeic servan of his country,
he lived incorruptible and died poor. As stated in he memorial by
¢ Mei Ch'i-chao, "When his wardrobe was examined fo
find some suiable garments for fle las ries, nohing new could be
discovered. very article of dress had been worn many imes; and
his may be aken as an example of his rigid economy for himself
and in all he expendimre of his fmily." çnonised as .
2022 Tsfing Ts'an (T. ). B.C. 505--487. A native of
Wu-ch'èng in the Lu State; hence he is sometimes spoken of as
Lu Ts'an. He is oue of the most ramons of he disdples of Corfucius,
and is said o bave drafed or sketched the outline of he Great
Leari,g (see K'ùg CI O. The Con of Filial Piety is also ascfibed
o his pen, he himself being one of he weny-four examples of
ha virtue, which he declared o consis in serving one's parents
when alive, burying hem a death, and worshipping ever aKerwards
af heir ombs. He further maintained tha wih the possession of
wife and children the earnesness of a pious son would be likdy
fo wane. In youh, he was weeding some melons when he acci-
denally eut he roo of a plant; upon which his father bea him
so severely hat he fainted. Confucius blamed Tsêng for hot getfing
out of he way; "for," said the Sage, "by quiefly submitting fo a
beafing like ha, you mh have caused your faher o kill you,
and what unfilial conduct could bave been worse than that" Again,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 759
when he was following Confucius as a disciple, he suddenly felt
his heurt throb; whereupon he af once took leave and went home.
"Ah!" cried his moher, when he told her of the heart-throb, "I
was louging fo sec you, so I just bit my finger." On another
occasion, he absolutely refused fo enter a village, because ifs naine
was -: Better-than-a-Mother; and later on he divorced his
wife for ser.ring up fo ber mother-in-law some badly-stewed pears.
Similarly, although his father had used him vilely, yet afer the
death of the former he could never bear fo eat a dae-plum, because
his faher had been fond of that fruit; neither in mature lire could
he ever read tha section of file Book of Rites which treats of
ceremonies for the dead wihout burstiug iuto tears af the thought
of his lost parents, tte did no prepare food more than once in
ihree days, nor did he bave new clothes oftener than once in feu
years. Ye he was always happy, tte spared he life of a crane
which haxl been wounded by a sportsman, and cured ifs injuries.
The bird flew away, only however fo return with ifs mate, each
bearing in ils lill a valuable-pearl, which they presented o Tsêng.
In 1267 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple (see Yen"
Hui), and in 1330 the epithet --1-¢ Model Sage was couferred
upon him.
Tsêng Yii , (T. . H. J). 12th cent. A.D. A 2023
distinguished poet and official of the Sung dynasty.
Tso-ch'iu lYling ) ' . Author of the famous commentary 2024
upon the SprSg and Autumn Annals, known as the Tso C]man.
He bas beeu ranked among the disciples of Coufucius, but nothiug
is really known about him. Some maintaiu that his naine was Tso
Ch'iu-ming. The balance of evidence, however, seems fo be in favour
of the double surname, tic is popularly kuown as ÇI
the Father of Prose, and in A.D. 647 his tabler was placed tu the
Confuciau Temple.
49
770 A C]tbtese Biographical Dictto»a»'g
2025 TSO $U ï . A man of the Chou dynasty, who interceded with
Prince Hsfian a, B.C. 827--781, on behalf of his friend )[ Tu
Po, condemned fo imprisonment for a remonstrance he had addressed
fo the Throne. Prince ttsfian a in a fit of anger ordered Tu Po fo
be put fo death; whereupon Tso Ju committed suicide, ather than
lire under such a ruler.
eo« Tso ssa ,, (T. 9k tç). 3rd cenG. A.D. A scho|ar nd poet
of the Chin dynasty, tte sGammered, and was so ugly GhaG when
he appeared in the streets the girls used fo spit af him as he
passe& In order fo produce good poetry, he had his house fitted
af every turn wiGh tables and materials for writing; and when any
idea occurred Go him, he would instanGly commit if fo paper. Thus
he spent ten years over a poem on the Three Kingdoms; but when
iG was finished, Chang Hua said with a sigh, "¥our compositions
will hardly find favour in Ghe presenG age." ttowever he took his
poem Go Huang-f Mi, who wrote a laudatory preface; the result
being that in a short rime there was a scarciGy of paper in Lo-
yang from Ghe number of copies required.
202 Tso Tsung-t'ang >
(T. ). .D. 181--1S85.
native of ttsiang-yin iu Hunan, who graduated as cha jen in 1832
and served under Tsêng Kuo-fan in Hu-Kuang, 1852--1854. Af the
close of 1861 he was appointed fo the command of the army in
Chehkiang, of which province he became Governor in 1862. He
fought a stubborn campaign againsG the T'ai-p'ing rebels, whom
he gradually drove out of Ghe cities. In May 1863 he became
Viceroy of Fuhkien and Chehkiang, in addition fo his Governorship.
In 1864 Haugchow was Gaken, and by October 1864 Chehkiang
was enGirely recovered from the T'ai-p'ings, for which services he
was ennobled as Earl. In July 1865 Chang-chou in Fuhkien was
Gaken; he was further entrusted wiGh Ghe command in Kiangsi
and KuangGung; and by the end of Ghe year the T'ai-p'ing rebellion
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 77t
was over. In 1866 he advocated the establishment of an arsenal af
Pagoda Anchorage; but the Nien fei and the Mahomedan rebels
were then giving great cause for anxiety, and he was transferred
fo the Viceroyalty of Shensi and Kansuh. Having driven away the
Nien fei from the neighbourhood of Hankow, he entered Shensi and
defeated them in May 1867. By August 1868 he was hot far from
Tientsin, and then succeeded in utterly routiug these rebels.
followed this np by such vigorous operations against the Mahomedans
in Shensi that by the end of June 1869 that province was completely
pacified, and by April 1870 the enemy was driven beyond-the Great
Wall. In 1871, in spire of difficulties for want of funds, and local
outbreaks aud mutinies in his rear, he invested Su-chou tu Kansuh,
and if fell in November 1873. By the end of 1874 his advance-
guard had reached Hami, and settled clown fo raise a crop, as
supplies were very uncertain. In 1875 he was appointed Imperial
Commissioner for the New Dominion (Turk¢stan) with Chin-shun
as assistant Commissioner. Difficulties in regard fo money and supplies
delayed his further progres.s for some rime, and if was hOt until
April 1876 that his main body advanced beyond the Great Wall.
By the middle of Angust Urumtsi and _ Ti-hua were recovered,
and Manas, the southern city of the rebel stronghold, was taken.
Winter stopped all operations, but next year his patience was
crowned with complete success, On the 20th April 1877
P'i-chan was taken, and six days later, Turfan. After the harvest
had been gathered, Harashar was taken on the 10th October;
K'u-chfi on the 19th; Aksu and T Wu-shih by the end of
the month; and Yarkand, Yingishar, and Kashgar by the end of
the year. Khoten fell on the 2nd January 1878. After this splendid
campaign, which may be compared with the most brilliaut efforts
of Western commanders and which in 3 years eost some 27 millions
of taels, Tso was ennobled as Marquis. In 1878 he started a woollen
772 A Chinese Biogr(phical Dictio»tary
factory af Lan-chou Fu in Kansuh, but if lasted only for
some rive or six years. In 1880 he suggested the introducçion of the
provincial system into the New Dominion. Early in 1881 he was
appoinçed Chief Superintendent of the Board of War, and on reaching
Peking he joined the Grand Counil and the Tsung-li Yamên. In
October 1881 he was transferred as Viceroy fo Nanking, and in
1884 as chief director of miliçary operations against the French fo
Foochow, where he died in September 1885, worn out by a lire
of toil a'ud warfare. His Memorials fo the Throne bave been published,
and are remarkable for directness and simplicity. He was generally
considered ço be very hostile towards foreigners, yet while in
Chehkiang he readily recommnded the employment of foreign
officers. He was included in the Temple of Patriots and in çhe
Temple of Wortbies, and was canonised as .
2028 TsO Tz'ï (T.) ). 2ud and 8rd cent. A.D. A native
of '['. Lu-chiang in Anhui, who studied the black art and
became a magician. The great Ts'ao Ts'ao was anxious fo learn his
metbods, but Tso Tz'ti told him he would bave fo be perfecfly
pure and perfectly passive before he could begin. Offended by this,
Ts'ao Ts'ao determined fo put bim o death, whereupon he straightway
disappeared through a wall. Later on he was seen in the market-
place, and Ts'ao Ts'ao's myrmidons would bave seized him bad he
hot rapidly mingled with the crowd, every man in which suddenly
became so hke him in every way that if was impossible fo tell
one from another. He was once more seen on a hill-side, when he
af once changed himself into a sheep and tan among a flock, thus
escaping detection.
2029 Tsou Han-hsïm Ç " (T. » î ). A.D. 1806--1854. A
native of Hunan, noted for his mathematical attainmeuts. He
graduated as ]slu ts'ai in 1837, and then spent several years
travelling about and editing local topographies. Af the outbreak of
A Chinesc Biographical Diclionary 773
the T'ai-p'ing rebellion he was af Nanking and enrolled himself
as a volunteer, rising fo the rank of sub-Prefect. He loerished ai
the capture of Lu-chou. When all was lost, with u sword in oue
hand and a goblet of wine in the other, he awaited the rebels;
and then rushing upon them with a wild cry succeeded in killing
several of them before he himself was cut down. He wrote notes
on several of the Classics, also essays, and a collection of poems.
Tsou Yen . 4th cent. B.C. A native of the Ch'i State, 2030
who took office under Prince Chao of the Yen State. He is
said fo have so improved the climate of a certain cold valley that
millet grew readily there ever afterwards, tte wrote on cosmogony
and the rive elements, and was very fond of discussing astrouomical
problems; hence-his sobriquet of (or
n ) . Prince
Chao treated him with great ¢onsideration, and built for him a
palace of grauite; but his successor, Prince Hui, listening fo
envious slanderers, dismissed him from oce and puç him in prison.
Af çhis, Tsou looked up ço heaven and wepç; whereupon, although
iç was midsummer, snow fell in large quantities.
TsouYi-kuei î (T. .H. A" )-A.D-1680-- 2031
1766. A native of Wu-hsi in Kiaugsu, who graduated as chin shlh
in 1727 and rose fo be a Censor. Famous as an artist, he was
o ,,to of cotin of aya .itlÇ A" "
yang in Chihli, who was so precocious that ai eight.years of age
he knew both the Odes and the Cawn of History by heart, and
people called him the 2], Little Prophet. In 528, when
the Board of Music was burnt down by the soldiery and everythiug
dtroyed, he was appointed fo superintend the construction of a
new set of instruments, a task which was completed within three
yrs. He was then raised fo high office and ennobled as Earl.
wsu w'i (T. oE). 8d d ath c,t. C.D. ,ti, 2O33
774 A Chincse Biographical Dicliot, arg
of Fan-yang in Chihli, who rose under the Emperor Yfian Ti of
the Chin dynasty fo be Governor of Yfi-ehou. In youth he preferred
military exereises fo book-learning, and beeame the intimate friend
of Lin Kun. He was plaeed in eommand of an expedition against
Shih Lo; and as he erossed the Yang-tsze, he struek the water
with an oar, saying, "If I corne baek, hot having purged my country
of ifs foes, may I flow away like this river!" ]is eampaign was
eompletely sueeessful, Shih Lo's troops being beaten in several
engagements. But the dissensions between Wang Tun and Lin Wei
caused him fo fear that his achievements would prove fruitless, and
he fell ill from mortification and died.
203i Tsu Yung /H --'ç- 8th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-yang, who
graduated as cMn s]ih about 730, and was advanced by Chang
Yfleh fo be secretary in the Board of Rites. tte is chiefly known
by his graceful poetry.
20:15 Ts'ui Hao ] (T. t ))" Died £D. 450. A statesman
and scholar, also noted for his .feminine beauty. He served under
the Emperor T'ai Wu of the N)rthern Wei dynasty, and rose by
431 fo be Minister of Instruction. In 436 he was ordered, together
with Kao Yiin, fo prepare the history of the dynasty; but his plain
speaking in reference fo the earlier rulers involved him in serious
trouble, tte was executed, and his whole family was exterminated.
ttimself an infatuated Taoist, in 446 he discovered a secret store
of arms in a Buddhist temple af Ch'ang-an; in consequence of
which-the priests were put fo death, their books and images destroyed,
and for a rime the Buddhist religion was prohibited.
2036 Ts'ui Hao t " A native of Bien-chou, who graduated as
chi, s£ih about A.D. 730 and was noted for bis love of wine and
gambling. If is related, in reference fo his skill as a poet, that
the great Li T'ai-po had intended fo write an ode on the Yellow-
Crane Pagoda af Wu-ch'ang Fu; but chancing fo read the lines
A Chi»ese Biog»'aphical Dictio»«ry 775
on this subject by Ts'ui Hao, he was so touched by their beauty
that he af once abandoned his design.
Ts'ui Hsin-ming l. 6th and 7th cen. A.D. A native 2037
of I-tu in Hupeh. He was born on the 5th of the 5th moon af
midday, and a strauge bird sang in the courtyard af the rime;
which circumstances were iuterpreted fo mean that he would distinguish
himself in literature, but hot in official lffe. In 618, when Tou
Chien-tê set np as kiug of Hsia, he was magstrate of
Yao-ch'êug in Auhui and was strongly urged fo give in his allegance
fo Tou; but he scorufully resented the idea that he would make
capital out of rebellon and af once went into seclusiou. In 632
he received an appoiutment under the T'ang dynasty, and died af
hs post. Having written a poem containing a very beautiful line,
or .ic wa xtry ou, iv, a-« . -
Shih-i, asked fo be allowed to see if. After readng if through,
the latter exclaimed that hs expectations had been disappointed,
and threw the poem iuto the river and walked away.
Ts'ui Kuang .. One of the Four Gray-heads (see T'ag 203S
Hs«,-.). e too te na-e o . .
Ts'u.i Kuang :î (T. : :). A.D. 450--523. Son of an 2039
official of the Liu Sung dynsty, who as a youth farmed by day
and studied by night. He graduated in 482, and quickly gaiued
the esteem of the Wei Emperor Hsiao Wën, who chauged his naine
from : Hsiao-po t) Kuang. Besides other offices he was
charged with the preparation of the dynastic annals, and rose by
520 fo be Minister of Instruction and Grand Tutor fo the Heir
Apparent. Author of many poems and essays. He received a public
ïnneral, and was canonised as *.
Ts'ui Kuo-yin . Died A.D. 1894. A native of Anui. 204:0
In June 1887 he was appoiuted Minister fo the United States,
Spath, and Peru, and held the post until 1893, when he was
776 A Chiesc Biog».p]dcal
impeached. In the following year he arrived in China fo defend
himself, but died before his trial came on.
2041 Ts'ui Li-chih _ (T. _ ). 8th and 9th cent. A.D.
A magistrate of Lan-t'ien in Shensi, who used fo spend most of
his rime reciting poetry nnderneath soue fine trees in his courtyard.
When any one came fo see him, he would say, "I am engaged
on official business; please excuse me."
202 Ts'ui Lieh . 2nd cent. A.D. A scholar and official of the
E. Han dynasty, who having spent a large sure of fiaoney in
purchasing the post of President of the Board of Civil Office, asked
his son Ts'ui Chfin what people said of him. "They say,"
replie¢] bis son, "tbat you stink of copper." About A.D. 190 his
son joined Yfian Shao; whereupon he was seized by Tung Cho and
thrown into prison. Af the latter's death he was released and placed
in charge of one of the gares of Ch'ang-an, where he was slain
by the soldiery af the entry of Li Ts'ui. See Fu Ch'ie.
20t3 Ts'ui Lin î )i. 8th cent. A.D. An official, who rose fo be
Minister of State. under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang
dynasty. His knowledge of affairs gave fise fo the fol|owing saying:
"About ancient rimes, ask Kao Chung-shu (a colleague);
about the present day, enquire of Ts'ui Lin." His two brothers
also held high office, and the three were known as 5 - "
2044 Ts'ui Ning _. m.-"« A.D. 718779. A descendant of a literary
family, who was attracted fo a lire of action and followed Li Pi
upon his campaign in Yiiunan as a mere soldier of fortune.
ultimately rose fo high office under the Emperor Tai Tsung of the
T'ang dynasty, but fell a victim fo intrigue. He was accused of
treason and summoned fo Court, where he was led behind a curtain
and strangled by two hired assassins.
well-known wol"k on historical antiquities.
A ChiJwse Biographical Dictionat'g 777
Ts'ui to î (T. - ). llth cent. A.D. A distinguished 20t6
l)ainter of the Sung dynasty, famous for his pictures of ducks,
geese, flowers, and bamboos. He was snmmoned fo Court by .the
Emleror Jen Tsung; and his efforts meeting with approval, he
was appointed fo the Academy of the day. He and Wu
¥fian-wu were the founders of a new school, opposed fo that of
lïluang Ch'flan and his sons.
A native of Chihli, who in 1796 was magistrate of " Lo-yfian
in Fuhkien and afterwards in the Hangchow Customs, but fell into
official disgrace. He was the author of thirty-four works, of which
the :" ,,, a critical examination of ancient history, is the
best known. He is thought fo bave combined the minute investigation
of the Han scholars with the subtle speculative genius of the Sungs.
Ts'ui Tsung-chih
. 8th cent. A.D. One of the Eight
Immortals of the Wine-cup (sec Li Po), celebrated ibr his great
beaty, ge succeeded in 719 fo the hereditary Dukedom of his father,
who had been ennobled by the Empress Wu Hou.
Ts'ui Yen l (T. ). 9th cent. A.D. A native of Wu-
ch'ëng in Shantung, noted for his filial piety. He was a very handsome
young man, but held himself aloof from intimate acquaintanceship
with any one. On being apppointed in 826 fo Kuo-chou in Honan,
he distinguished himself by the leniency of his rule, hot a single
criminal being bambooed for a whole month; whereas on his transfer
fo O-chou in Hupeh he showed himself excessively severe. He
explained this change by saying that the soil of Kuo-chou was
unfertile and the people had hard lires, while that of O-chou was
rich and the people were iuclined fo be volatile. He subsequently
rose fo be President of the Board of Rites. Canonised as .
Tsung Ch'io
$ (T. . ). ie a.D. a. ehe o
Tsung Ping, who once asked him what he would like fo do when
778 A Chinesc Biogrphical DiclionaJ'y
he grew up. "I should like" replied the boy "fo ride upon the
gale and break up the waves on distant sens." "You will break
up the family," sneered his uncle "if you do hot succeed in your
official career." Appointed Governor of Yfi-chou, he complained that
such a limited jurisdiction gave him no scope for his ability. He
subsequently rose fo high military command, and led an expedition
into Cochin China. The king of that country ruade immense efforts
fo resist him, and employed elephauts with housiugs fo the great
dismay of his troops. Thereupou Tsung Ch'io prepared a number
of imitation lions which terrified the elephants and gave him an
eaiy victory. Enormous spoils of gold and jewels were taken, of
which Tsuug appropriated hot so much as "an autumu spikelet."
He conducted several other campaigns until in 460 he broke his
leg out huuting. Ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as .
2q51 Tsung Ping
Nau-yaug in Honan who was most carefully brought up by his
mother and graduated as hsiu s'i but who firnly refused many
offers of official employment. He spent his rime waudering about,
playiug on te guitar and enjoying fine scenery, often forgetting
fo return home. In this he was secouded by his wife, who was
also of a very romautic temperament. He lived for some rime in
a but upon Mt. Hêng in Huuan; but when he began fo grow
old he returned fo civilisation, saying "I can no longer see the
hills; I must visit them in imagination from my couch.." His bouse
was hung with paintings by himself of humerons favourite haunts.
')») Tsung Shih-lin
~,., - . 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A contemporary
of the great Ts'ao Ts'ao, for whose unscrupulousness he conceived
au abiding hatred, and with whom he-steadily refused fo be ou
terres of intimacy. Wheu Ts'ao Ts'ao rose fo be Minister of State,
he approached Tsung Shih-lin with the remark that possibly now
he would no longer decline fo be friends. But the latter merely
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 779
replied, "The resistance of the tir and the pine remains what if
ever was." Hence he is spoken of as ; -
Tsung Tsô
(T. - ,). A.D. 1059--1127. A native of 2053
I-wu in Chehkiang, whose mother, the day before his birth, dreamt
that her body was illumined by a flash of lightning. A high-spirited
youth, he graduated as c£in s£ih in 1091 and entered upon an
official career. He objected fo the plan of using the Chin a Tartars
fo crush the Kitans (see Chao Chi), and declared that if would be
fraught with much trouble fo the empire. He spent his lire fighting
against the Chin a Tartars, defeating them in no less than 13 pitched
baltles; and when the two Emperors were carried off fo the north,
he devoted every energy fo secure their return. Baffied however in
all his efforts, and supplanted by unworthy men in the confidence
of the Emperor Kao Tsung, he gave way fo grief and despair. A
carbuncle laid him on his deathbed, but in his last hours he oblained
from his sorrowing generals promise that they would continue fo
fighl in the true cause. When they had left, he recited the following
lines:
To die, with ictory undecided yet! ....
This makes the hero's breast with weeping wet.
IIe ruade no reference fo his own family affairs; and on the next
day, after shouting three rimes "Cross the River!" he quiefly breuthed
his last. Greatly feared and respected, he was popularly known as
,- . He had been the first fo recognise the genius of Yo
Fei, and gave him a command which proved the foundation of a
brillianl career. Canonised as [.
Tsung Ts'ô -' 1] (T. t ). Died A.D. 495. A native of 2054
Nan-yang, who graduated as hsiu ts'ai, but was entirely possessed
with the idea of leading a hermit's lire and refused several important
posts. He finally retired fo Mi. Lu in Sstich'uan, and occupied
himself with the study of Taoism, living upon berries and clothing
780 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictioary
himself with leaves. The Marquis of J. j Yfi-fu took large
presens and wen
girls and refused o see him. Laer on he Marquis sole upon him
unawares, bu[ even [hen he refused o open his mouh. He was a
skilled paiuer, especially of his own portrait. Au,hot of he histories
of M. Lu and of Mi. Hêng lu Hunau.
o T C'i oE (w. oe ). 1 n. ». .of goo,
family, who had only one eye. He was disinguished from a conem-
porary, Tu Yeh, who happened fo have he saine "syle,"
as "One-eyed Tu. 't Objecing fo this, be caused his bats o be ruade
very small; aRer which he came fo be known as "Small-ha Tu."
He was advanced o high oce by Wang Fêug; but when he
laçr was denounced by Wang Chang, i was he who compelled
him o confess all fo he Empcror. Upon Wang Fêng's re-insatemen
he reired from oce aud spen the res of a long life in çravelling.
25i TU Chung-wei
Shih Ching4'ang, under whom he rose o high milRary command.
In 946 he was forced o submiç fo he Kitan Tarars, and in the
following year fo Liu Chih-yan, firs Emperor of he Laer Hau
dynasçy. When he laer died Tu aemped fo keep he fac a
secret; whereupou the Miuisers of Sate, fearing his desigus, caused
him fo be executed.
2057 Tu u i (T. H). Died A.D.? 86. A native of Chien-
wei in Ssfich'uan. He studied under
returned home and obtained over 1,000 pupils. Between A.D. 57
and 62 he was called fo the capital, and was employed by the
Emperor Ming Ti in his Board of War and as officer in charge
of memorials. A uthor of the , an popularly k,ow,
as Tu the Commentator.
A Chi»tese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'g 78t
famous poets, ranking even with the great Li Po, the two being
jointly spoken of as the chier poets of their age. He had indeed
such a high .opinion of his own poetry that he prescribed if as a
cure for malarial lever, gis father was a native of Hsiaug:yang
in Hupeh; but he himself was born af Tu-ling in Shensi, whence
he is often spoken of as . Ç Shao-ling or Tu Shao-ling. Of
brilliant promise in early youth, he failed fo distinguish himself af
the public examinations, and took fo poetry as a profession. He
soon af, tracted the attention of the Emperor Mifig Huang, who
bestowed upon him a position af Court. There his popularity
emboldened him fo apply for an increase of salary, which was
readily granted, the first year being paid in advance. But af that
rime (A.D. 755) occurred the revolution which drove Ming Huang
from his throne and Tu Fu into exile s from which he returned af
the accession of the Emperor Su Tsung fo undertake the dangerous
duties of Censor. The honest fulfilment of these duties brought him
eventually into disgrace with the Emperor, and he was appoiuted
Governor of a town in Shensi which was practically a sentence
of banishment. Tu Fu regarded if as such; and on arriving af his
post, formally resigned and retired fo the wilds of Sstich'uan,
where for some rime he spent a wandering lire. In spire of this,
he was appointed fo a post in connection with the grain supply;
and on his refusal of the saine, fo a more congenial post as-secretary
in the Board qf Works, in reference fo which he is sometimes
spoken of as 9 -l-'. :. This he held for six years, but finally went
back fo his old wandering lire. He persisted in going alone fo visit
certain old ruins in Hu-Kuang, where he was overtaken by an
inundation and had fo seek refuge in a deserted temple, living for
some ten days on roots. From this perilous position he was saved
by the exertions of the local magistrate, but he succumbed next
day fo the effects of eating toast beef and driuking white wine fo
782 A Chinese BiograPhical Dictionary
excess after so long a faste. He is known as ) the Elder Tu,
fo distinguish him from the poe Tu Mu.
the poe Tu Mu, by a concubine. Belote his birth Tu Mu's wife
tured the concubine ou oï doors, and the latter married an artin
of Ch'ang-lin in Hupeh. When seven years old, some one
of the family bade him lend a hand and work; fo which the child
scornfully replied hat he was no a ploughman. He graduated as
chin sSih abou 850, and subsequently rose fo be a Doctor in the
Hau-lin College. He ruade himself famous by his poetry and is
regarded as the founder of a distinct school. Also kuown as
A, sobrique eonferred b r himself in memory of
seenes of his youh.
2060 TU I oE E (T. L )- 4th cent. A.D. A type of manlr beauty.
He had a complexion like lard and eyes like black lacquer. He
rose fo high office and was ennobled as Marqus, but died young.
2061 Tu Ju-hui oE , (T. "). Died A.D. 630. A native
of Tu-ling in Shensi, distinguished as a scholar and statesman
. under the Emperor T'ai Tsung of tho T'ang dynasty. When the
latter, still Priuco of Ch'in (see Li Shih-mi), was appointed Chief
Guardian of the empire, he placed Tu flrst among the eighteen
scholars whom he brought together fo assist in promoting good
government after the troubles attending upon a change of dynasty.
In 629 he was Lord High Chamberlain, and acted as a colleague
of Fang Hsfian-ling in the direction of public affairs. Fang was
supposed fo plan, while Tu decided as fo the feasibility of each
snggestion. Hence the two are offert spoken of as . He w
ennobled as Duke,'and canonised as .
2062 Tu K'ang . ? 4th cent. B.C. A man of the Chou dynasty,
who was skilled ai making wine. He died on a yu day of the month;
consequently those days bave always been observed as sacred by disfillers.
A Chinese Biographical Diction(Yry 783
TU Li-tê _ ,, (T. j---). A.D. 1611--1691. Graduating 2063
as chin s£ih in 1643 he rose fo be a Supervising Censor and
attracted the Emperor's notice by declaring that the essentials of
goed government were reverence for Heaven imitation of lhe
ancients and love for mankind. He rose fo be President of the
Board of Punishments, and the Emperor Shun Chih said of him that
he never unlawfully took a cash from any one nor wrongfully put
a man fo death. In 1669 he became a Grand Secretary, and was
the first Chinese Grand Secretary allowed fo sit in the Emperor's
presence. Canonised as .
TuLi oE (T. tfl )" Died A.D. 47. A scholar of Mou- 2064
ling in Shensi, who was for some years kept in honourable captivity
by Wei Hsiao. In A.D. 30 he was allowed fo go fo the funeral of
his brother, and the assassin sent aer him by Wei was so struck
by his appearance that he refused fo kill him. He lived as a Censor
af the Emperor's Court, and was treated with the respect his conduct
and learning deserved. A deep student of the ancient literature,
he obtained while in captivity a copy of the
Cann of History in the ancient script, and this he studied
with Wei Hung and other scholars. In 46 he became Minister
of Works.
Tu u (T. q OE. H. )Il ). A.D. 803--852. A native 2065
of Lo-yang, who graduated as cMn sMh about 830, and rose fo
be a secretary in the Grand Council. As a poet he achieved considerable
distinction and is often spoken of as the Younger Tu, fo
distinguish him from Tu Fu.
Tu Shên-yen " (T. , ). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. 2066
A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, grandfather of the famous poet
Tu Fu. Graduating as chin shi£, he gained some distinction as a
poet and was appointed o a post af Lo-yang. There he got into
trouble and would probably bave lost his lire, but for the heroism
784 A Cldese Biog.aphical DictiotaT
of his son, a boy of 13, who slew the accuser. He ulimately became
an Archivist in the Imperial Academy»
Tu Shou-t'ien Ë [] (T. ; ). A,D. 1787--1852. A native
of Pin-chou in Shantung, who graduated as fourth cli sldl
in 1823 and served in literary and educational posts until in 1836
he became tutor fo the future Emperor Hsien Fêng, Canonised as
ï, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Tu Tsung. See Chao Ch'i.
Tu Tzfl-ch'un ,:Ë- . 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A native
of ,[/ ] Kou-shih in modern Honan. He was a distinguished
scholar,-and published an edition of the -/- Rit,cal of tle C]wu
State. In 647 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Tu Wên-hsiu ± /. Died A.D. 1872. Commoaly known as
Sultan Suleiman of the Panthays of Yiinnan. A Mahomedan of
Ta-li Fu, who had a great reputation for ability and integrity among
the Mussulmans who formed one-third of ifs population. He came
fo the rescue .of his co-religionists when in May 1856 an attempt
was made to massacre them. Chosen as their Sultan, he sent agents
rb Burmah fo buy arms and munitions of war; and secure in the
natural fortress of Ta-li, he was soon toaster of all western Yfinnan
up to the frontier of Burmah. In 1863 he repulsed with henry loss
two armies sent agains hi,n from the provinial capital; and rive
years later, on the invasion of Ma Hsien becoming a tout, he laid
siege fo Ytinnan Fu, until famine and disease forced him to retire.
The end of the T'ai-p'iu rebellion set free the whole resources of
the empire against him, and he remained inactive while the
Imperialists leisurely a¢lvanced westwar¢l. In 1871 he tried vainly,
by sendi,g his son, Prince Hassan, to obtain nid from England;
and the followig year saw the enemy af the gares of Ta-li. The
treacherous surrender of ifs Lower Barrier followed, and after many
vain sorties a promise of peace was obtained at the price of Tu's
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 785
head and au euormous indemnity. On Jan. 15, 1873, his family
having all committed suicide, the Sultan passed for the last rime
through the crowded streets of Ta-li on his way fo the camp of
Ts'ên Yfi-ying. He arrived there seuseless, having taken poison
before setting forth, ttis corpse was beheaded aud his head was
forwarded fo Y(innan Fu and thence in a jar of honey fo
Peking. His dying request fo the Imperialist general was "Spare
the people !"
Tu Yu ) (T. " . ). Died A.D. 812. A native of Wa.-nien 20;O
in Shensi, who rose fo be Presideut of t.he Board of Works. Author
of the - ft,, an elaborae treatise on the constitution, divided
int,) eight sections under Poliical Economy, Examinaions and
Degrees, Governmen Offices, Rites, Music, Military Discipline,
Geography, and National Defences. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised
Tu Yï ) . A descendant of the Yellow Emperor, who ruled 20ïl
under the Chou dynasty over the region now known as Sstlch'uan
and was locally styled : î Waug Ti. His territory having been
overwhelmed by a flood, he owed the recovery of the dry land to the
exerions of a pers(nage named Pieh Ling, who cut a
passage through the Wu mountaius and drained off the water. This
passage is now known as the famons Wu Gorge on the Yang-tsze,
and is 700 li in length. Tu Y(i a once resigned the throne fo his
deliverer and went into retirement, where he prosecuted his studies
with such success tha he was finally changed into a goatsucker
or nightjar.
Tu ¥ ) (T. .î )). bD. 222--284. A native of Tu-ling 2072
in Shensi, who inherited the itle of Marquis and rose o high
office under the first Emperor of the Chin dynastff. Yang lïIu on
his deathbed recommended hat he shonld be employed in his own
stead in the subjugation of the Wh dynasty, a task which he carrled
50
786 A Chinese Bio9raphical Dictonary
out wih complexe success. ence he is sometimes known as
of resources and always ready. He was a deep studen, especially
of Tso-ch'iu Ming's commentary fo he Sprlng and Autumn Annals.
On one occasion he was telling the Emperor ha Wang
Chi had the "horse disease," and hat Ho Ch«iao had the "money
disease." "And wha disease bave youT' asked he Emperor. "Oh,
I bave fle Tso-ch'iu's Commenary disease," he replied. Canonised
o7a T'u-an K . 6rb cent. B.C. A Minister under Duke
hing of he Chin Sae, who plo/ed he extermination of
the family of Chao Ts'ui. After the slaughter of ail the male
desceudans had been accomplished, he wife of Chao So,
son of Chao Tun, gave birh a son; on hearing which T'u-an
Ku af once sent o final the child, which had meanwhile been
carried away to a place of safeçy. Then a faihful servan of the
y, .,.( .-. C'.-i., i« ie o.
the hills with anoher child, while Ch'êng Ying, an accom-
plice, informed T'u-an Ku where /he supposed orphan of he bouse
of Chao was lying hiddeu. Kung-sun Ch'u-chiu and /he child were
accordingly slain, bu he real heir escaped, and was named
Chao Wu; and when he grew up he avenged he wrongs of
his family by slaying T'u-an Ku and exerminafing his race. Upon
this story is based the famou tragedy known as g E
and parfly translated by Julien under the fifle of L'Orphelb de
la Chine.
2074 T'U Çhfi . Died B.C. 218. A geueral employed by he
First Emperor, and appointed first Governor of Nan-hai or modern
Kuangtung. He was killed in battle against the aborigines, who
routed his troops with great slaughter.
2075 T'u-êrh-ko . A.D. 1595--1645. Eighth son of O--t,
A Chinese Biogcaphical Dictionarg 787
and famed as a daring and successfu| warrior against the Ming
armies. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as , .
T'll-f Li-lu-ku . [] ) ). Died A.D. 401. Brother and 2076
successor fo T'u-fa Wu-ku. le saved Tuan Yeh from LU Tsuan,
and routed Lii Lung whom he aferwards aided against Chti-ch'fi
Mêng-hsfin.
T'u-fa Nu-t'an t. " Died A.D. 414. Brother fo T'u-fa 2077.
Li-lu-ku. By tendering his allegiance fo the Later Ch'in State, he
obtained the Governorship of what had been the Later Liang a State;
and in 408, after defeating the forces of Yao Hsing, he proclaimed
himself king of the S. Liaug a State. In 411 he was himself defeated
by the N. Liang a State; and in 414 the W. Ch'ins, taking advantage
of a rebellion, annexed his territory and put him fo death.
'« w- t » Z. ie ». OS.. Cie o te
Hsien-pi, a Turkic tribe which settled in Kansuh. In 394 he was
appointed by Lfi Kuang fo be Viceroy of.I-chou in Ssfich'uan and
was eunobled as a Prince. In 397 he proclaimed himself king of
the S. Liaug a State, with the title of : ::., and defeatefl the
forces of Lii Kuang, adding new territory fo his dominions.
T'u-bai (T. Y'I'I). Died A.D. 1681. A Mauchu, who 2079
rapidly rose from the position of clerk fo be a Minister of State. He
was employed in revising the statures and also in preparing the
dynastic aunals. In 1672 he became Presideut of the Board of
Revenue. In 1675 he aided in suppressing the Ch'aha rebellion,
and in 1676 he succeeded in repressing an outbreak in Shensi, for
which he was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as , and in
1724 as ,', -.
T'u-li . A.D. 1600-1646. Son of Fei-ying-tung. He was 2080
greatly distinguished for valour in the war with the Mings and in
the invasion of China and pursuit of Li Tzfi-ch'êng. Ennobled as
Duke, and canonised as J .
788 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
2051 Tuan (h'êng-shih J (T. t ). Died A.D. 863. A
scholar and official of the T'ang dynasty. He rose fo be a sab-
Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship, and was the author
of the Ç , a well-known miscellany ou the sights and
wonders of the ancient capital Lo-yang.
20S2 Tuan Hsiu-shih (T. ). Died A.D. 783. h native of Ch'ien-yaug in Shensi, who threw aside books
and adopted a military career. After successful campaigns against
Au Lu-shan and later ou against the Turfans he rose by 779 fo
be Presideut of theBoard of Rites and was ennobled as Prince;
but in the following year his opposition to the proposal of Yang
Yea fo fortify Yan-chou in Shensi caused him fo be dismissed.
In 783 Chu Tz', thinkiug that Tuan must be disappointed and
disaffected, invited him fo join in his rebellion. Tuan feigned com-
pliance, and at au interview he ruade au heroic attempt brain
the rebel with a heavy ivory tabler. He was overpowered and slain.
The Emperor recognised his patriotism, and he was canonised as
2083 Tuanmu Tz'fi (T. ). Born B.C. 520. One
of the foremost among the disciples of Confucius, o whom he
showed extreme devotion and among whose Four Friends he is
reckoned. Confucius spoke approvingly of the quickness displayed
by this disciple in appreciating his teachings, and declared that
with such a man he could speak freely on the Odes. He was in
attendance upon the Sage af the rime of his death; and af the
end of the period during which a number of the other disciples
mourned near the Master's tomb, he remained for 8 years longer.
From a passage in the Aalects if is inferred that he-occupied
himself with trade; hence the phrase is used of a
livelihood earned in commercial pursuits. But he appears fo bave
held office as magistrate af Hsin-yang; and on one occasion
A Chinese Biograp]ical Dictioary 789
undertook a diplomatic mission by which the Lu State was saved
from destruction at the hands of T'ien Ch'ang. Posthumously euuobled
Tuan-sun Shih î j (T. -- t). One of the disciples
of Confucius, classed amoug the Four Frieuds of the Master.
Tuan Tsung. Sec Chao Shih.
Tuan Wên-ch'ang I (T. ,- ). Died A.D. 835. A 2055
protégé of the powerful Wei Kao, who rose fo be President of the
Board of War and was ennobled as Duke. Fie was remarlable for
his love of good cookery, and "Fiall for the Refinement of Pearls"
was inscribed above his kitchen door. Over a hundred maid-servants
were employed in preparing his meals, nine of whom were entrusted
with general management and the secret of the recipes. Fie wrote
a cookery-book in fifty chapers, popularly known as ,Ç 2
Tuan Yoh ï. Died A.D. 401. Governor of ) Chien-
k'ang in Kiangsu, who in 97 fouuded the N. Liang a Sae in Kansuh,
wi¢h Chii-ch'ii Mêng-hsiin as his Chaucellor. In 398 he took the
fifle of king, and three years la,er he was murdered by Mêug-hsiin.
Tuan ¥fi-ts'ai - (T. : and '). A.D.
1735--1815. A native of î Chin-t'an in Kiangsu. Fie graduaed
as cldi jet in 1760 and served as Magistrate in Kueichou and
Sstich'uan unfil 1781 when he refired on f, he plea of ill-healh.
He was a profound scholar and a voluminous writer, bu he one
work by which he is kuown is an editiou of the ,Sfi«o Vé under
h il of oe .
Tung 2kn-yït j : -. A worthy of old, who because he was 2088
of a sluggish disposition always carried about wih him a bow-string,
o stimulate him towards ha rapidif.y of action which the string
may be said fo symbolise. Fie became involved in political troubles
and sacrificed himself for the good of his State by committing suicide.
790 A Cldtese Biograpldcal Dictiotary
A metropolitan official under the Ming dynasty, and a celebrated
calligraphist. Inventor of the style of writing known as --.
2090 Tung-ch'ing-fu ' . Died b.D. 1748. Son of Tung-kuo-
wei. He rose fo be Viceroy of rations provinces and in 1745 he
became a Grand Secretary. Ie was cashiered in 1747 for falsely
o,.ti, t «at a,( «et o t,a ci« o« î
Ta-chien-lu in Sstich'uan, and in the following year he was ordered
fo commit suicide.
2091 TtlIlg Co _ (T. jO ). Died A.D. 192. A native of
Lin-t'iao in modern Kansuh. As a youth he travelled among
the Tanguts and other border tribes, where he ruade many fi'iends.
Some of these following him home, in ortier fo entertain them he
slew his farm oxen. This proof of affection so touched their hearts
that on their return these friends sent him a thousand head of
cattle as a present. He was s]illed in milit.ary exercises and knew
something of the art of war. His first distinction was gained in an
attack on P'ing-chou in modern Chihli. The reward for this service,
consisting of 9000 rolls of silk, he distributed among his comrades.
Later on, for failure in his operations against the Yellow Turbans,
he was disgraced; but when Han Sui rebelled he was
recalled, and by his successes soon obtained restoration fo favour.
He was then sent against the turbulent border tribes, whom he
overcame rather by strategy than by hard fighting. When Ho Chin,
uncle of the Heir Apparent, together with Yiian Shao and others,
determined fo interfere in the succession, they invited Tuug Cho
to the capital; but belote he could arrive Ho Chin had falleu a
victim fo the revenge of the eunuchs, who in ihe confusion carried
off the youthful Emperor. Tung Cho was partly instrumental in
restoring the latter fo his throne; but soon after, when mutual
jealousies had left him toaster of the situatibn, he deposed the boy-
A Chbese Biographical Dictio»a»'y 791
Emperor HsieI" Ti and set up the still more youthful Prince of
î Ch'êu-liu under the style of Hsien Ti. After this, his cruelty
and arrogance exceeded all bounds. He went fo Court booted and
armed; he did hot use his personal naine when addressing the
Emperor; he ruade officers of high rank kneel to him, while he
himself did hot deign fo return their salures. On one occasion he
sent his soldiers fo a village af the rime of the spring gathering,
slew all the men and gave the women fo his soldiers. In A.D. 190
he burnt the capital, Lo-yang, with all ifs palaces and temples,
and removed the Emperor fo Ch'ang-au. His tyranny was so complete
that men were terrified into silence, only venturing fo exchange
glauces as they passed along the street. He destroyed the bronze
images, usiug the metal fo coin debased casl, He built for his
clansmen the city of Mei-wu, said to be an exact counterpa
of the capital. At length Wang Yiin and others succeeded in
persuading Tung Cho's trusty lieutenant Lii Pu fo join them, and
this last assassinated him in the palace. His corpse was cast out
and exposed fo the worst indignities in the market-place.
ung Chung-sh t$ (-î ). n cent. .C.
native of Kuang-chou, who was such an eager student that he
drew down his blind and foi three years nëver looked out into the
gaiden. Undei the Emperor Ching Ti he became a Doctor of the
Academy of Learning, and taught a large number of pupils. Under
the Emperor Wu Ti he was appointed Minister ai Chiang-tu, the
modern Yang-chou in Kiangsu, fo the Emperor's brother, the
Prince of I, but he did hot hold the post long. He then
wrote a book on extraordinary phenomena, which was shown by
a jealous rival fo the Emperor. The Emperor submitted if fo a
conclave of scholars; and one of them, a disciple of Tung's, hot
knowing that the work was from his masteiis pen, denounced it
as foolish. Tung was condemned fo death, but was pardoned and
792 A Chbese Biograp]ic«l Dictio»m'y
afterwards became Minister fo the Prince of ] Chiao-hsi. is
naine is associaed wih the Spri,g d Autum Anals, o which
e aevotea his lire. H e ws the author of the , and
other works on this his favourite study. In 1330 his tabler was
placed in the Confucian Temple.
2093 T,ng-fang So (T. t)" Born 160 B.C. A native
of P'ing-yfian in Shanung. In B.C. 138 an Impefial proclamation
was issued, calling for men of Fars o assis in he governmen
of he empire, and in resFonse hereo Tung-fang So sen in an
apFlicaiion which closed with the following words: --- "I ara now
weny4wo years of age. I ara nine fee hree inches in heighi.
My eyes are like swinging Fearls, my eeh like a row of shells.
I ara as brave as Mêng Pên, as FromF as Ch'ing Chi, as pure
as Pao Shu-ya, and as devoed as Wei Shêng. I consider myself fi
o be a high officer of Sae; and wih my lire in my hand I awai
your Majesy's reFly." He received an aFFoinmen and ere long
was Fromoed o be Censor, aer which he was uFon he mos
infimae erms with he Emperor, amusing his Majesy wih humorous
sallies and earning for himself he sobrique of he Wii.
On one occasion he drank off some elixir of immorality which
belonged o he Emperor, and he laer in a rage ordered him o
be Fu o death. Bu Tung-fang So smiled and said, "If he dixir
was gemline, your Majesy can do me no barre; if i w no,
wha harm bave I doue?" Legend bas been busy wih his naine.
His moher is said fo bave been a widow, who became pregnan
by a miraculous conception and removed from ber home o give
birh o ber child a a place farher o he easward; hence e
naine Tung-fang. The boy himself was said o be he incarnation
of he plane Venus, and o bave aFpeared on earh in Frevious
births as Fêng Hou, Wu Ch'êug Tzfi, Lao Tzfi, and Fan Ll. Besides
his he was credied wiih divine wisdom and suFernaural Fowers,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 793
and is said fo bave thrice stolen from Itsi Wang Mu the famous
peaches of immortality which ripen only once in 3,000 years. Later
on he fell into disfavour and vented his feelings in essays on the
wilfulness of princes. He also wrote poetry; and a work on the
supernatural, entitled 1 ,, bas been attributed fo his pen.
Tun Fêng
would take no fees but ruade each rich patient who he cured plant
rive apricot-trees and each poor patient plant one. In a few years
he had a fiae orchard; and when the fruit was ripe he exchanged
with his neighbours a measure of apricots against a measure of
grain, leaving if fo the honour of each only fo take the right
amount. One mean fellow who carried off more than his due was
af once pursued by a figer, and spilt so many apricots on the way
that by the rime he reached home he had only a fair equivalent
for his grain.
Tung F6g-ts'ai (T. ). Died A.D. 1677. A 2095
disfinguished provincial administrator, who re-organised Kuangsi,
Ssoch'uan, Honan, and Kueichou in the early years of Manchu
rule. Canonise« as
Ug . 6h and 7th cent. B.C. A Grand Astrologer 2096
of he Chan Sae, whose fearless en,ries in he public annals excited
çhe admiration of Confucius.
Fu-yang in Chehkiang, who graduaçed as chin shi& in 1763
and soon araced he Emperor's notice by his skill as a poe and
an arfis and by his learning. In 1779 he enered the Grand Council,
and in 1790 he became
and included in the Templ of Worhies.
ung Kuo-eh'i f (T. ). A.D. 1620-- 1660. Grand 2098
nephew of Tung Yang-hsing. He did good service in reducing
794 A Chbese Biographical Dictioary
Chehkiang fo order in the early days of Manchu ru|e, and also captured
Chêng Chih-lung and defeated his son Koxinga.
2099 Tung-kuo-kang [. Died A.D. 1690. Son of Tung-t'u-lai.
He was employed by the Emperor K'ang Hsi fo fix the boundary
between China and Russia, and in 1679 he and : So-o-t'u,
a Chamberlain, met the Russian en voy : , F eodor Golovin
af Nertchinsk and agreed that the rivers Argun and Gerbitza should
form the frontier. Was killed by a gunshot in 1690, during the
expedition against Galdan, the Kalmuck chieftain. Canonised as
210{ Tung-kuo-w{i ' ,. Died A.D. 1719. Brotber of Tung-
kuo-kang. He revealed the conspiracy of Wu San-kuei's son in 167,
and in 1682 rose fo be a Minister of State. In 1689, on his daughter
becoming Empress, he was ennobled as Duke. Next year he shared
in the expedition against Galdan and was degra'ded for remissness,
but subsequently recovered his position. Later on he incurred the
Emperor's wrath by heading a joint memorial advising the substitution
of a younger son for the Heir Apparent who was suffering from
mania. Canonised as
2101 Tung Shih . J. The virtuous wife of Chia Chih-yen of the
T'ang dynasty. When he was banished, he adised ber fo marry
some one else; but she bound up ber hair into a knot, and swore
fo him that only he should ever again unloose if. Returning after
a lapse of thirty years, he round the knot untouched.
2102 Tung-t'u-lai ',g . bD. 1606- 1658. A Manchu, who played
a distinguished part in the conquest of China. In 1648 he was
appointed Commander-in-chier in the south, and drove the Mings
out of Hunan and defeated them in Kuangsi. By special permission
his father retained his original Manchu nationality, though Tung
Yang-hsing's branch of the family were reckoned Chinese Bannermen.
Ennobled as Viscount, and canonised as _ .
A Chinese Bio9».««pbical Dictiona»'y 795
Tung Yang-chia $ I (T. ). 17th cent. A.D. Cousin 2103
of Tung Yang-hsing. He accompanied the invading army of Manchus,
and as acting Viceroy of the Two Kuang took Canton by stratagem
and skilfully overthrew the various Ming leaders. In 1647, being
¥iceroy and also Governor of Kuangtung, he successfully defended
Canton with only 100 soldiers and he local volunteers against a
large pirate force, and also against a desperate attack by the
adherents of the Mings. He was subsequent]y slain by his lieutenant
Li Ch'ëng-tung, wo had joined the Mings because he
was dissatisfied with his advancement.
Tung Yang-hsing ' .. Died A.D. 1647. A native of 2104
Liao-hmg, who removed te Fu-shun in Shingking and became chier
trader and a leading man there. Imprisoned on account of his
Manchu leanings, he fled te the Emperor T'ai Tsu who enuobled
him, gave him a princess te wife, and appointed him head of the
Chinese Bannermen. In 1631 he was entrusted with the forging of
cannon, and as commander of the Manchu artillery did good service
until his death. Cnonised as )
Tung Y(ian-su î . . 9th cent. A.P. A magician af the 2105
Court of the Emperor Hsiiau a Tsung of the T'ang dynasty.
Tung Yung . 2nd cent. A.D. A native of - Kan- 210(i
ch'êng in Hupeh and one of the 24 examples of filial piety. When
his father died, there was no money te pay for funeral expenses.
Accordingly he borrowed the necessary amount upon condition that
if he couhl net repay if he would become the bondsman of his
creditor. On returning frein the funeral he met a young lady Who
asked him te marry ber, and they went together te his creditor te
arrange about the debt. The latter said he would require.300 pieces
of silk; whereupon the young lady set te work, and within a
month she had completed the tale. Then she turned te Tung Yung
and said, "I am the " Spinning Damsel (« Lyroe). God sent
796 A Chbese Biograpitic! Dictioa»'y
me fo help you as a reward for your filial piety." With that she
soared up fo heaven and disappeared, and the naine of the place
was thenceforward changed fo .
T'ung Chih J . A.D. 1856-1875. The title of the reign
of _ Tsai-shun, only son of the Emperor Hsien Fêng. He
succeeded his father in 1861, under the regency of the two Empresses
Dovager who were ably" assisted by his uncle, Prince Kung. The
title af first adopted for his reign was " )t; if was changed
after the successful coup d'dtat which seated him firmly upon the
throne (see I(ug, Price). The T'ai-p'ing rebellion was finally
suppressed in 1864 (see Tsê»g Kuo-f«). If was followed by a rising
of mounted bamlitti, known as Nien fei, who after doing much
mischief in more thon one province.of the north, and even threatening
the capital, were af length dispersed. Meanwhile the Maritime
Customs had beea organised under the management of foreigners,
and had proved successful. Not so an attempt fo purchase a ready-
ruade fleet, known as the Lay-Osborn flotilla, for which China was
quite nable fo pay and which Great Britain obligingly took off her
hands. In 1868 the former sent ber first mission fo foreign countries.
If was headed by Mr. Burligame, late Americau Minister af Peking,
and ifs object was to show that China would be ready af an early
date for western civilisation. As a commentary upon this text, the
year 1870 brought with if the Tientsin Massacre, in which many
Catholic sisters and other foreigaers lost their lires (see Clt'ug
Ho and Ch'én Kuo-jui). In 1872 the Emperor was married fo a
young Manchu lady, named A-lu-tê. In 1873 the foreign Ministers
werè received in audience, and the great Panthay rebellion in
Ytinnan, which had lasted eighteen years, was brought fo an end
vith the tragic death of Tu Wên-hsiu. In 1874 the Japanese
landed a force upon the island of Formosa, in order fo puuish the
savages -- China having declared herself incapable of doing so --
A Chbese Biograplical Dictionary 797
for the murder of shipwrecked Japanese subjects. The force was
ultimately withdrawn, upon payment by China of an indemnity of
Tls. 500,000. Durng the saine year the disgraceful coolie-trade
from Macao was finally stopped. The Emperor died, without issue,
on the 13th Jam/ary 1875, and was shortly afterwards followed fo
the grave by his young wife, around whose rate hang uot altogether
groundless-suspicions of foul play. Canonised as
T'ung Kuan :
: . Died A.D. 1126. A fine-loo]ilg and crafty {'
eunuch, who won the favour of Ts'ai Ching and rose in 1108 fo
be Cmmandant af îî Fêng-ning. After the disgrace of his
patron, with whom he had quarrelled, he was placed in supreme
command on the western froutier and was appointed Governor of
several provinces. He caused the war with Hsia, the reslts of
which he coucealed, and later on induced 1/is sovereign fo enter
into the league with China which overthrew the Liao State. In
1123, having failed fo take Peking unaided, he bought if by great
concessions, only fo final if emptied of wealth and inhabitants: In
1125 he was ennobled as Prince, and sent as envoy fo the encroaching
Chins a. The utter collapse of the Imperial armies before the Tartar
hordes, and his own precipitate flight, led fo his disgrace. He was
slain on the way fo his place of banishment and his head was
sent fo the capital.
T'ug Ts'an . Born b.D. 923. A native of
ning in Fuhkien. He was alive and vigorous when the Emperor
Jeu Tsung of the Sung dynasty came fo the throne in 1023, and
was appointed by his Majesty fo high office as a reward for his
virtuous lire.
TupTireur ] , . A.D. 1304-1332. Second son of 2110
Kaisun, and brother fo Hosila whom he succeeded in 1329 as eighth
Emperor of the Yiian dynasty and whose death he was accused of
compassing. He reposed full confidence in Yen Tireur (see
798 tl Chi»ese Biog.raphical Dictio'nary
and allowed him fo put fo death all rivals who ventured fo cross
his path. He wasted large sums upon a new Buddhist temple af
Nanking and appointed a priest fo the post of Imperial Preceptor.
In 1329 new Istitutes were issued, and in 1330 the parents of
Confucius and the Sa. s chief disciples were ennobled. Aboginal
outbreaks in Hunan aml Yfinnan gave some trouble, while lamines
and other national calamities were hOt infrequent. Canonised as
2111 Tzfi Ch'ing æ" A ramons physiognomist of old, noted for
having pronounced upon the features of Confucius.
2112 Tû Ku sien . The naine gien fo a female deity,
worshipped on the 15th day of the 1st moon as the $0 Goddess
of Latrines, and also ai other times by young girls, of whom she
is the patron. The ceremony of "inviting the presence" is performed
by laying a suit of girls' clothing upon a chair and making
obeisauce belote if, and is occasionally practised t the present day.
Tzû Yeh, See Liu Yeh.
211: Tz Ying . Died B.C. 206. A son of Fu Su, who afr
the murder of the Second Emperor af the instigation of the eunuch
Chao Kao, was proclaimed by the latter kiug of Chin, thus
relinquishing the universal dominion which had been claimed by
his grandfather. Findng out that Chao Kao had only elevated him
fo the throne as a temporary measure, eing all the rime in cor-
respondence with Liu Pang as fo the partition of the Ch'in territoT
between themselves, he seized an early opportunity fo bave Chao
Kao assassinated, and soon afterwards tendered his own submsion
fo Liu Pang. A few days later he was himself murdered by Hsiang Chi.
2114 Tz'- an - tn - y- k'ang- chqng- chao- ho - chuang- ching
Huang T'ai Hou
. A.D. 1835--1881. The Etern Empress Dowager, actual wife
of the Emperor Hsien Fêng. She was associated in the Regency
with the stronger-miuded Western Empress but played no real part
A Chinese Bio.qraphical Dictionary 799
in the politics of ber day. Much respected for ber womanly virtues,
Tz'ï ei Ç. A famous warrior of the Chou dynasty. 2115
T'-hsi- tuan-yu- k'ang-hsi-chao-y-chuang-ch'êng-shou- 2116
kung-ch'in-hsien-ch'ung-hsi Huang T'ai Hou 8
A.D. 1835. The Western Empress Dowager, mother of the Emperor
T'ung Chih, secondary wife of the Emperor Hsien Fêng and aunt
by marriage of the Emperor Kang Hs. On the death of Hsien
Fêng af Jehol in 1861, eight members of the extreme anti-foreigu
party claimed fo bave been appoiuted Regents for the boy-Emperor.
She espoused the cause of Prince Kung who was in Peking negotiating
with the English and French, and with the aid of Prince Ch'un
the reactionary leaders were seized and either put fo death or
allowed fo commit suicide. She and the Easteru Empress, aided by
Prince Kung, administered the government uutil T'ung Chih ascended
the throne, and on his death they put Kuang Hsfi on the throne
thout waiting for the birth of the posthumous child of T'ung
Chih. In 1887 she consented fo continue fo advise KuangHs, now
of age, and in March 1889 she relinquished the administration fo
him, though she has by no means ceased fo be an important factor
in State councils.
Vo
Vadjramati. See Chin Kang Chih.
Wan Ail Ç (T. -). Died A.D. 1488. A native of
Mei-chou in Sstich'uan, who graduated as chin shih in 1448 and
obtained rapid promotion through the friendship of the adopted son
2117
800 .4 C]inese Biograp]ical Dictionary
of the eunuch 2î Ch'êng Ch'ang. Attaching himself fo the
low-born but powerful concubine Wan, Whose nephew he
professed fo be, his influence became paramount; and when in 1471
a cornet af last terrified the weak Emperor ito giving audience,
he broke up the conference by crying out, "Long life fo his
Majesty!" and so earned the contemptuous nickname of Minister
Long-Life. l:Iis twenty years of power were disgraced by jobbery
and corruption, for which posterity has noted traces of Divine
vengeance in the early extinction of his line by the premature
deaths of his son and only grandson. Canonised as [ J.
211S Wan Ching [ , (T. :- and £ ). A.D. 1660--1743.
Son of Wan Ssi:i-ta. Graduated in 1703, and eutered the Han-lin
College. Became Literary Chancellor in Kueichou, but was disgraced
and reduced fo poverty, in which he supported himself by selling
specimens of calligraphy in the li style. He was a profound student
of metaphysics and history. He wrote the J, a history
of China under the Mings, complet'ed his father's work on the
Sprig ad Atum, and also a work by his cousin, Wan Yen,
on the historical notabilia of the Ming dynasty.
2119 Wan Êrh Ç. 7th and 8th cent. A.D. Daughter of an official
named Sh.ang-kuan. During pregnancy the mother dreamt
that a giant appeared and handed fo ber a large steel-yard, saying,
"With this you will weigh the empire." A month after the child
was born she playfu.lly said fo if, "Is if you who are going fo
weigh the empire?" fo which the little Wan Erh replied with an
affirmative guggle. When she grew up she was round fo bave great
beauty, and was taken into the harem of the Emperor Chung Tsung
of the T'ang dynasty; and in 708 she was raised fo the rak of
the Lady , Chao Jung, and took a considerable share in the
administration. One evening, when feasting with the Emperor, she
decided which was the best of a number of impromptu poems
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionm'g 801
composed for ber amusement, by throwing them from a lofty balcony.
Ail fell fluttering fo the ground except two, by Sung Chih-wên
and Shên Ch'flan-ch'i; but after a while that by the latter poet
went fo joinothose down below. Sung's poem was found fo end
with the two following lines:
Al,, grieve hot that the moon bas dimmed ber light;
Her place is taken by the Pearl of Night!
alluding of course fo the presence of Chao Jung.
Wan Kuang-t'ai . (T. 7-f. H. î J ). Graduated 1,
in A.D. 1736. Author of the ooE Ï , a work containiug
details of families mentioned in the History of the N. Wei I)I/nasty,
and of a collection of poems published under the title of ; :)
Wan Pao-ch'ang . ". 6th cent. A.D. A famous musician, 121
whose skill was such that after a bauquet he would often delight the
maests by playing with his chopsticks upon the dishes and bowls in
which their food had bee n served. A uthor of the .
-I)" A.D. 1632--1683. A native '»'»
of Cehkiaug, disinguished as a eritjc and writer on classicaI and
histoHcal subjeets. His edition of the Spin.q tTnd Autumn Imals
was unforunately destroyed by tire. He set fo work fo replace the
manuscript, and had ruade great progress with the work when he
died. If was completed by his son, Wan Ching.
Wan Ssï-t'ung _ ) (T. ' ). A.D. 1642--1702. A "2123
native of Chehkiang, of precocious talent, who devoted his energies
fo the study of history, especially that of the Ming dynasty. In
1679 he was employed in Peking as a private assistant on the
hisrical commission. Every point was submitted fo him, his
marvellous memory supplying exact references. He was the owner
of a large library, and wrote several historical aud biographical
.. a ow.o i pupi s , 5 I1 OE ,
51
802 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
and af his death they informally canonised him as i, .
2124 Wall XrOll - (T. --. H. $). 18th cent. A.D.
Cousin o Wan Ching. W known from his youth upwards as a
diligent student of ancient literature. Assisted in thç preparation
of the Histow of the Mig Dynasty.
2125 Wan-yen sfin . Died A.D. 1224. Eldest grandson
of Wan-yen P'ou. He succeeded Wan-yen Yn-chi in 1213 as
eighth Emperor of the Chin a dynasty. His reign was marked by
rebellion in Shantung and by Mongol attacks from the north.
PeKing was several rimes besieged, and ultimately all the terriry
north of the Yellow River from Shantung fo the Passes had fallen
into the hands of the enemy. Canonised as .
126 Wan-yen Kung
.. Died A.D. 1209. Grandson of
Wan-yen P'ou, whom he succeeded in 1190 as sixth Emperor
of the Chin a dynasty. A well-meaning youth, he soon ok
drink and loose living, and left the government fo women and
eunuchs. The consequence was that the Mngols encroached upon
the north, while the House of Sung was emboldened fo atck
ifs ancient enemy, now reduced fo a policy of defence. Canonised
2127 Wan-yen Liang
) . Died A.D. 1161. Grandson of Akuta,
and fourth Emperor of the Chin a dynasty, fo the throne of which
he succeeded in 1149 upon murdering Wan-yen Tan. For twelve
years he ruled from Peking as his capital, and af length in 1161
organised a great attack upon the Sung empire; but failing fo cross
the Yang-tsze, he was assassinated by his own generals. Known
in history as - î.
128 Wan-yon l'ou
-g . Died A.D. 1190. Brother fo Wan-
yen Liang, whom he succeeded in 1161 as fifth Emperor of the
Chin a dynasty. Of an exceptionally gentle disposition, his reign was
marked by a mildness which gained for him the sobriquet of "the
A Chinese Biographicl Dictionary 803
Litfle Yao-and-Shun." He was neglectful however of his frontier
defences, and thus left a legacy of much annoyance fo his successors.
Canonised as [
>-.
Wan-yen Shêng . Died A.D. 1134. BroCher of Akuta, 2129
whom he succeeded in 1123 as second Emperor of the Chin a dynasty.
His reign was one long struggle with the House of Sung, resulting
in considerable accession of territory fo the Chins a. In 1126 the
caçital now K'ai-fêng Fu in Honan, was twice besieged; on the
firsç occasion for 33 days, when a heavy ransom was exacted and
some territory was ceded; on the second occasion for 40 days,
when i fell and was given up fo pillage. In 1127 the Sung
Emperor Ch'in Tsung was carried away fo the north, and Chang
Pang-ch'ang was set up. In 1129 the Emperor Kao Tsung
forced fo more his capital fo Hangchow; but that too fell, all
Shantung, Honan, and Kiangnan, having been previously overrun
by the vicrious Chins a. Canonsed as
Wan-yen Shou-hs
. Died A.D. 1234. Third son 2130
of Wan-yen Hsfin, whom he succeeded in 1224 as ninth Emperor
of the Chin a dynasty. Failing fo negotiate peace with the Mongols
he was besieged in the city of K'ai-fëng Fu in Honan. Escaping
om this he shut himself up in the modern Ju-ning Fu;
and there, after an heroic defence, he committed suicide. He entrusted
the Imperial regalia fo Ch'êng-lin, one of his generals,
sometimes called , who was slain af the assault on the
citMel by the allied forces of Mongols aud Chiuese. Canonised as
(or )
Wan-yen Tan . Died A.D. 1149. Ehlest grandson of 2131
Akuta and third Emperor of the Chin a dynasty, fo the throne of
which he succeeded in 1134. In 1137 peace negotiations were opened
with the House of Sung, and in 1139 Shensi and Honan were
restored fo the latter. The rest of his reign was marked by calamities
80 A Chbwse Bioyraphical Dictionary
nd rebellious, unfil lengh he was slain by Wa-ye Liang.
Cnonised 8s
Wan-yen Yfin-chi
. Son of Wan-yen P'ou and
unele fo Wan-yen Kung, whom he sueeeeded in A.D. 1209 as
sevenh Emperor of he Çhin a dynasy. During his shor reign he
Mongols wice laid siege o Peking, and much land remained
untilled owing ço a generl feeliug of iusecuriy. In 1213 he was
deposed by Wan-yen Hsfin, and was shorfly afferwards ssassinaed.
Known in hisçory s .
broçher of Wang An-shih. Afer f«iling several rimes for his degree,
he gave up eompefing and spen three years mourning by his
moher's grave. In 1068 he reeeived a degree by an a& of Imperial
graee, and was appoined Direeor of 8udies o he eir Apparen
a he western capital. A he expiration of his erm of oee he
wen ço Çour, and in eonsequenee of his relafionship o he grea
Innovaor he was honoured wih an audience. The dispraging
remarks whieh he ruade on his broher's poliey displeased he
Emperor, who however gave him an appoinmen in he Imperial
Librry. While he western capital he had been a greaç deal
oo fond of lieençiousness and debauehery, in eonsequenee of whieh
Wang An-shih had advised him, in the words of Çonfueius, fo
avoid he "music of Çhêng;" ço whieh Wang An-kuo reored by
advising his brother o beware of "smar-ongued flaerers." Upon
çhe fall of Wang An-shih, he aaehed himself ço the forunes of
eashiered.
Wang An-shih (T. . H. $ ). A.D. 1021--
1086. A native of Lin-ch'uan in Kiangsi, and son of a secreary in
one of he Boards. He was a keen sLudenL, and in composition h
.1 Chiwse Bioff'ctphic«,l Dictiou,'y 805
pen seemed :o fly over the paper. Some of llis early wrifings attraeted
he attention of Tsêng Kung, who showed hem :o Ou-yang
Hsiu, by whom hey were highly praised. Graduating as chln »hih
he was drafed into provincial employ and beeame Magistrale of
the [ Yin District; in Chehkiang, where he devoted himself to
improving the embankmens and generally beering the condition
of the people, for whieh he was reeommended to the Throne by
Wên Yen-po. In 1060 he was appoined o one of the highest;
oees in eonneetion with the administration of justiee and was
subsequenly invited to Court by the Emperor Ying Tsung, bu did
hOt proeeed. Ou he aeees,sion of :he Emperor Shên Tsnng in 1068
he beeame Prefee of Chiang-ning, and short.ly af:erwards was
appointed Expositor in he Han-lin College. In 1069 he was
ppoint;ed State Couueillor. He beeame at once the eonfidential
adviser of t;he Emperor, and entered upon a series of startling
reforms, said to be based upon certain new and more eorree
iuterpretations of-portions of he Classies, whieh bave giveu him
a unique posit;ion in the annals of China. The chier of these were:
(I) ] ¢ ç. A system under which local produce was no longer
fo be forwarded o the capital for sale on behalf of the Imperial
exchequer possibly for mach less han its marke value and
consequenfly a a loss fo the forwarding locality. (2) ç.
/k sysem of Stae advances to cultivators of laud on the securiy
of growing crops. (3) OE ] ç. A system of tithing for miliary
purposes, uuder which every family having more thau two males
ws bound o supply one to serve as a soldier. (4) ' ç. A
system under which mouey payments were substiuted for he old-
fashioned forced labour. (5) . A sysem under which
ddpts for barering and hypothecatiug goods and property were
established all over he empire. (6) , . A system for
guarauteeing a supply of cavalry-borses in case of need every
805 A C],iucse Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y
family being compelled fo keep a horse which was supplied, together
with ifs food, by the governe.t. (7) j; I] J . A
system under which land was remeasured and the incidence of
taxation was more equitably distributed. In addition fo the above
leading measures of reform, Wang abolished all restrictions upon
tho export of copper, the result being that even the common copper
cash were melted down and ruade into articles for sale and exportation.
A panic ensued, which Wang met by simply doubling the value
of each cash. All through his career he had been opposed by eminent
adversaries, such as Su Hsfiu and his two more famous sons, and
by Han Ch'i and SsO-ma Kuang, by the latter of whom he w
ultimately superseded. Towards the end of Shên Tsung's reign he
tçll into disfavour and was banished fo Nanking as Governor (see
Chêng Hsieh) aud though re-instated ere many months had passed
he retired into private life shortly afterwards fo die but hot
before he had seen the whole of his policy reversed. As a man,
he was distinguished by his frugality and his obstinacy. He wore
dirty clothes and did hOt even wash his face, for which Su Hsfin
denounced him as a beast. He was so cocksure of all his own
views that he would never adroit tho possibility of being wrong
Minister. As a student, "I bave boen," said he, "an omnivorous
reader of books of all kinds, even, for example, of andeut medical
and bonical works. I bave moreover dipped into eatises on
aiculture and on needlework, all of which I bave found very
profible in aiding me fo seize the great scheme of the Canon
itsel£" He attempted fo reform the examination system requiring
from the candidate hOt so much graces of style as a wide acquainnce
with practical subjects. "Accordingly," says one Chinese writer,
"even the pupils ai village schools threw away their text-books of
rhetoric, and began fo study primers of history, geography, and
A Chinese Biog»'(«phical Dictio»a»'y 807
political economy." He was the author of the -- , a work on
the written characters, with special reference fo those which are
formed by the combination of two or more, the meanings of which
taken together determine the meaning of the compound character.
In 1104 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple, but about
one hundred and forty years later if was removed. Canonised as .
Wung (3bang î. (T. ftp .). 1st cent. B.C. An official of 213
the Han dynasty, who was so poor in early lire that he and his
wife had to sleep with only straw for bed-clothes. He rose fo be
a Censor, and under the Emperor Ch'êng Ti, B.C. 32--6, he became
Governor of the Metropolitan District. Although originally brough
forward by Wang Fêng, he was now opposed fo that statesman;
and on the occasion of an eclipse, he impeached him for malpractices
and demanded his execution. His wife remonstrated with him on
this ambitious step, reminding him of the days when straw had
served them for bed-clothes, but in vain. The Emperor, however,
could hot part with Wang Fêng. Wang Chang was denounced as a
traitor, and thrown into prison, where he died.
Wang (3h'ang î B (original personal naine ). Died 2136
A.D. 939. Eldest son of Waug Lin, whom he succeeded in 935 as
fourth ruler of the Min Principality. In 937 he sent tribute
fo tho reiguing House of Chin, and in return was formally invested
as Prince of Min. In the following year he raised fo share his
hrono the slave-girl who had been the indirect cause of his father's
death. He was a firm believer in Taoism, and besides appointing
i . Ch'ên Shou-yiian fo the office of 'Tope" (see Chag
Tao-lig), he kept a magician in constant attendance and consulted
a golden image of Lao Tzti on all importan questions. A slight
fo i. ienC'ung-y, on of is genrais, caused e
latter o set the palace on tire. Wang Ch'ang fled with his family
aud passed the night in the open, whither they were pursued by
808 A Chbcse Bio.q.aphical Dicliona»'y
order of his uncle and successor, Yen Hsi» and were all put fo
death. Canonised as )
>-.
2137 Wang Ch'ang (T. . H. and
). A.D. 17241806. Known even in early youth as a prodigy
of learnig, he graduated as clJn shih in 1753 and rose by 1768
fo the post of Senior Secretary in a Board. He was then cashiered
for revealing official secrets and sent with O-kuei fo Burmah. Up
fo 1776 he served in the west as military secretary against the
rebels in Chin-ch'un, and gradually rose until in 1787 he came
fo Peking as Vice President of the Board of Punishments, whence
he is offert sçoken of as 4 " Ha ving had fo sell all his
goods in order fo make his aecounts balance when in charge of the
eopper administration in Yfinnan (on whieh he wrote a eomprehensive
work), he lived afer his retirement in 1793 upon the eharity of
friends. He was said fo be equally profieient in classieal, critieal,
and poetieal seholarship, and equally skilled whether in literary
researeh, in military strategy or in civil government. He was a
deep metaphysician and had a following of some two thousand
disciples. He was employed in ediing various Topographies and
Imperial eompiltions, besides being himself the author of many
volumes of essays, poetry , and historieal studies, among whieh may
be menioned the , a collection of inscriptions ff'oto
the earliest rimes down fo the 13th century.
2138 Wag Ch'g-ling N (T. ). 8th cent. A.D. A
native of Chiang-ning, who graduated as c]dn shil, and distinguished
himself as a poet. He was employed for some rime af the capital,
but fell into disfa,our, aM was finany sent fo g Lung-p'iao
in Hunan. When An Lu-shan broke into rebellion, he returned fo
his native place, where he was slain by the Censor N
Lfi Ch'iu-hsiao. The latter hen eaught by g Chang Hao,
pleaded hard that his life should be spared, on the grouud that
A C]dese Biog»'aphical Dictiott«t'g 809
there would be no one left fo nourish his aged parents. "And who
is left," enquired Chang ttao, sternly, "fo nourish the aged parents
of Wang Ch'ang-ling?" From the naine of his birthplace he is
sometimes called Wang Chiang-ning.
Wang Chên î . Died A.D. 1449. A native of , Yfi-chou 2139
in Chihli, and a pupil af the palace school for eunuchs established
by the Emperor Hsfian a Tsung in 1426. He was attached fo the
person of the Heir Apparent, and wheu the latter succeeded fo
the throne ho adopted Wang's advice fo conceal his inexperience
by being very strict with his Ministers, who were thus driven fo
buy Wang's good offices. The prohibition agains eunuchs holding
ofl]cial posts (see Chu Yan-chag) was still enforced; and so
long as the Empress Dowager and the three Yangs were active,
Waug feared fo bid for power. But in 1442 only Yang P'u was
left in office, and he was old and worn. Wang's ambition now
had full scope. He set the Emperor fo build palaces and temples;
and being desirous of militry faine he brought on the )î )!
Lu-ch'uan war and stirred up trouble in the south-west, his opponents
belng sent fo prison and even executed without confirmation of the
sentence by the Emperor, while office was openly sold or obtained
by obsequiousness fo the all-powerful eunuch, whom eveu Princes
addressed as " , Venerable Father. In 1449, having worked
up a quarrel with the Oirads, he took the Emperor on an expedition
against their chier OE Yeh-hsien. The whole army was
overwhelmed on ifs ferrent, and Wang was s|ain by the routed
soldiery. His vast wealth was confiscated, and his family exterminated.
In 1457 his honours were restored, and a shrine was erected fo his
memory by Imperlal command.
Wang Chên î (T. lJ-[). A.D. 1824--1857. A ramons 210
Imperialist leader, who started as a volunteer captain of trainbands.
He aided considerably in cleaïing the T'ai-p'ing rebels from Hunan,
8t0 A Chbwse Biographical Diclionary
Hupeh, and Kiangsi, and was popularly known fo the enemy as
"Tiger Wang." Canonised as :
m wan ch'ng (w. ). .D. ea-al.
of Shansi, who distinguished himself by his youthful talents and was
favourably noticed by Wang Yen. About the year 301 he w
driven by the prevailing anarchy fo the south, but soon afterwards
became Governor of Tung-hai in Kiangsu. Resigning this post belote
very long, he quietly ruade his way, in spite of the dangers of the
road, fo the modern Nanking, where he accepd office under the
Emperor Yfian Ti and aided in consolidating the E. Chin dynty.
See ng Hsi-chih.
2142 Wang Chi (T. tfl)" Died A.D. 261. A native of
Ch'fi-ch'êng in Shantung, who being left an orphan was
most carefully brought up by an uncle. He rose to high office
under Ts'ao P'ei, first Emperor of the Wei dynasty, whose excessive
leanings towards Buddhism he did hOt hesitate fo censure pointing
out that water which enabled ships fo float was also an instrument
of their destruction. He opposed the innovations of Wang Su in
the interpretation of the Cnon of Chages and also in State ceremonial,
the result being that he was compelled fo take a provincial post.
But he came again to the frout and was ennobled as Marquis by the
Emperor Shao Ti. Aughor of the , a work on the political
needs of the day. Canonised as .
2143 WangChi or (T. ). 6th and 7th cent.
A.D. A native of Lung-mên in Shansi, who as a youth was of a
wild and unconventional disposition. He objected to perform the
ordinary ceremonial of greetings, and refused fo take any part in
family condolences or congratulations. He obtained an appointment
in the Imperial Library, but disliked the restraint of Court and
was moreover always getting drunk. The country too was in confusion
from the rebellion of Li Yfian, founder of the T'ang dynasty; and
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 811
when Wang Chi was impeaehed ho retired into private lire and
amused himself by keeping pouRry and growing millet, from
la¢¢er of whieh he produeed an ardent spirit. He visied ghe Tung-
kao moungain, and wroge a book in which ho dubbed himself
oe the Philosopher of Tung-kao. Under the T'angs he beeame
Probagioner in he Han-lin College, bu drunkenness once more
og ao i a11.. wa a .o.a aa
m ff , from his greag eapacity for liquor. e foreol4
his own deagh, and wrote his own epigaph, iu whieh ho alluded
fo his fondness for wine and his eonsequeng loss of oee. Au¢hor
of many beauiful poems, and of a shor ski enifled
Note on Drunk-lad.
Wang Ci . A seholar of the Sung dynas¢y, fo whom is 1tt
aseribed he firs application oftg sh«i o housebuilding (see
P'o). The theory of he interaetion of the rive elements bas also
en eredied fo him.
Wang Chi
in Chihli who wrote some famous verses on "God is going fo use
Confueius as a bell o rouse mankind," whieh gained for him the
sobrique of
Wagg Çh'i (T. ). llth cent. A.D. A native of 21t6
Ch'ëng-u in Sseh«uan who graduaed as chin shih and was appoined
Arehivist a Chiang-tu in Kiangsu. There he distinguished himself
by a memorial fo he Emperor on Stae affairs, and was aken
ino façour. And shorfly aferwards, when af a bauquet his Majesty
eall upon he high oNeials for a poem, Wang Ch'i's verses were
he only ones whieh reeeived he Imperial approval. Sen as envoy
fo he Kian Tarars he reurned home invalided; he Emperor
however faneied he was shamming, and dismissed him a provincial
poet. e ulimately rose fo be Vice President of the Board of Rites.
Is ehiefly known as a poei.
8'2 A Chbcse Biog».«tl,hical Dicliota»'y
47 wag chi 3 ï (T. 7k 1). A ative of Ho-cu.g i.
Shansi, who graduated as cli sldlt in 890 and rose fo be a secretary
in the Board of Rites. He was a distinguished poet, and gave
ilf t oiqt of .
14, Wang Ch'iang (commonly known as ]] : Chao Ch/in).
1st cent. B.C. A lady in the seraglio of the Emperor Y(ian Ti of
the Han dynasty, who was bestowed in B.C. 33 upon the Khan
of the Hsiung-nu as a mark of Imperial regard. The following is
the popular version of this story: The Emperor Yfian Ti had
so may concubines that he did hOt kuow them by sight. He
therefore commissioned a painter, uamed Mao Yen-shou, fo paint
all their portraits; and in order fo secure pleasiug likenesses, the
ladies bribed the painter. (hao Chfin, however, the beauty of the
harem, refused fo do so; of course with disastrous results fo ber
own portrait. Later on when if became necessary fo present a
bride fo the great Turkic chieftain, Chao Chfin was selected as
the ¢ictim because of ber ugliness! The Emperor saw ber only
when it was too late, and af once feI1 violently in love with ber,
actually sending a camel laden with gold fo negotiate her repurchase.
But the Khan refused fo part with his treasure. She became his
queen, with the title of "J] Hu Niug. Af her death, which
occurred a few years afterwards, he also refused fo allow her body
fo be taken back fo China for burial. The mouud over her grave
remaited always green, even when the country around was devoid
of vegetation. Another accouut says that the Khau invaded China
in order fo possess himself of Chao Chiin, whose portrait had beeu
shown fo him with that object, and that Chao Chfin flung herself
into the Amoor, rather than be carried farther towards the wild
barbarian steppes.
2149 Wang Ch'iao . 1st cent. A.D. A native of lqo-tung in
Shansi, who became Magistrate of the Shê District in Honan.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 813
As he used fo corne egularly fo Court, but had no chariot or
horses, the Emperor Ming Ti instricted the Grand Astrologer fo
find out how he managed fo travel such a long distance. The
Astrologer discovered çhat Wang rode upon a pair of wild-ducks,
which bore him rapidly through the air. Accordingly he lay in
wait and threw a net over the birds; but when he went fo seize
them, he Ibund only a pair of ocial shoes which had been presented
Wang by çhe Emperor. One day Wang suddenly announced çhat
God had sent for him, and aIer duly bathing, he lay down in a
jade coffin and died.
w ci . (T. A- n. 'Iç d ). ()
A.D. 1724--1805. A native of Hau-ch'êng in Shensi, who
.graduated first af the Palace examination in 1760, and rose rapidly
fo be a Minister of State and chier tutor fo the Princes in 1785.
In his retiremeut he corresponded with the Emperor Chia Ch'ing.
uthor of two collections of essays, ençitled and
']ç . Canonised as , and included in the Temple
of Worhies.
Wang Chien . 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C. A famous general 2i51
who served under çhe Firsç Emperor. In B.C. 286 he beieged and
captured çhe ciy of Yfi-yii in he Chao Sçae, and by 229
he had compleely reduced he whole çerriory of Chao. He was
hen employed againsç he Yen Sae, and subsequenfly led 600,000
men againsç he Ching Saçe, in boh cases with great success.
He slew he Ching general
Hsiang Yen, father of Hsiang
Liang, and wihin a year o6k prisoner Fu Ch'u, Prince
of Ching. By çhe year 221 he had succeeded in subjugaing he
vafious Sates, which his masser consolidaed info tire empire of China.
Wang Chien (T. ). A.D. 452--489. A native of 2152
Lin-i in Shanhmg, whose fher f Wang Sêng-ch'o fll
a vicaire o poliical intrigues. He was broughç up by his uncle
814 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
tO Wang Sëng-ch'ien, and after taking his father's title
of Marquis was introduced te the notice of the Emperor Ming Ti
of the Sung dynasty. The latter was much taken with him, and
gave him a princess in marriage and appointed him te office. He
subsequently served in various capacities under the first Emperor
of the S. Ch'i dynasty. Ho catalogued the Imperial Library, and
the education of the Heir Apparent and other Princes was entrusted
te him. The organisation of the civil administration of the S. Ch'i
dynasty was also his work, and he was a great authority on eiquette
a oy. to o 4" -il, or o
the mourning garb of ancient and modern rimes, and also of essays,
etc. Ennobled as Dnke, and canonised as .
2153 Wang Chien . (T. p 7/). 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A
native of Ying-chou in Anhui, who graduated as c£in ddh in A.D.
775. Between 827 and 835 he was Governor of [ Shên-chou in
ttonan; but by his sharp criticism he offended an Imperial clansman,
and his official career was abruptly cut short. Distinguished as a
poet, he was the author of he ' J - "', and was on terres
of friendship with Han Y/i and Chang Chi.
2155 Wang Chien (T. ). Died A.D. 918. A native of
Wu-yang in Honan, who after a youth spent in smuggling
and robbery was adopted by a eunuch under the Emperor Hsi
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. Subsequently, as a reward for the
recapture of several places in Ssfich'uan, he was mme Prince of
Shu, after which he threw off his allegiance and maintained his
independence until his death. Canonised as the Emperor $$ :
jî of the Earlier Shu State, with the temple
nme of $.
2155 Wang Chih [ ï. 4th cent. A.D. A native of ïa Ch'/i-chou
in Chehkiang, who was one day cutting wood on the hills when
he came te a cave, within which two boys were playing af wel ch'l. "
A Chiese Biographical Dictionary 815
He threw down his axe and watched their game, and one of the
boys gave him something like a date-stone fo eat, which preveuted
him from feeling hungry or thirsty. Af length one of them said,
"You bave been here some rime; you had better go home." So he
stooped fo pick up his axe, but the handle had mouldered into
dust; and when he got home, he round that all his friends and
kinsmen were dead, for he had been absent several hundred years.
Thereupon he returned fo the hills, and lived as a Taoist recluse,
subsequently attaining fo immortality.
Wan (hih î ï (T. and , ). 10th and 11th 2156
cent. A.D. A scholar and official of the Sung dynasty. After studyiug
under Yang I, he graduated as ddn ddh, and entered upon a
public career. He served in various important provincial posts, and
earned a wide reputation for justice and probity. On one occasion
he rebuked the Governor of Soochow for rejoicing that he had
captured some hundred coiners of cas£; "for these men" said he,
"will be donc fo death. Is if in accordance with the principles of
a humane administration fo rejoice over that?" When Fan Chung-
yen was banished he alone of all the officials at Court went fo
sec him off. If was pointed out fo him that this was a dangerous
proceeding, and that he might fall under suspicion of "being one
of Fan's party. "Fan Chung-yen," he replied, "is of all men in
the empire the most worthy. I date hOt raise my face fo his. Were
he fo regard me as one of his party, I should be honoured indeed."
To hear him discourse on antiquity was said fo be like reading a
famous passage by )-' .; Li Tao-y(ian in his commentary fo
the ], Water Classic, where "every drop of spittle turns
fo pearls."
Wang (3hih '.] . 15th cent. A.D. Oneof the Yao 2157
aborigines of Kuaugtung, who gained favour as a eunuch in the
household of the Imperial concubine Wan. In 1477 he was
816 A Chbese Biographical Dictio»,arg
placed af the head of the [ )- Western Office, a dep'artment
intended fo watch the doings of the regular administration. He
behaved with such arrogance that the Emperor was forced by
remoustrauces fo close the Office, and he returned fo his palace
duties. The Office was soo re-opened uuder him, and his chief
opponents were dismissed. In 1479 he went on a mission fo inspect
the froutier, and ruade a show of intending fo lead an expedition
fo the west. Two years later he was appointed Brigade General af
Ta-t'uug in Shansi; but from this date his power declined, and
presently the Western Office was abolishëd and he was disgraced
(see lVang . Yieh).
2158 Wang Chin î , (T. [1). Died A.D. 781. çounger brother
of Waug Wei, and also gifted with great abilities whieh seeured
his advaueement fo high office. He was a firm believer in Buddhism,
and his faith inereased with age. If was he who eonverted the
Emperor Tai Tsuug and instigated his Majesty fo waste sueh vast
sums of mouey ou the Buddhist priests and nuns who overran the
palaee. He was however round guilty of bribery and corruption,
and senteueed fo death; whieh punishmeut the Emperor, in pity.
for his great age, eommuted fo bauishmeut fo i Kua-ehou in
Chehkiaug, where he died.
2159 Wang Chin-pao î (T.., :). A.D. 1625--1685.
Distinguished as a general in the repression of the rebelliou of Wu
San-kuei. Canouised as a, , and included in the Temple of
Worthies.
2160 Wang Ch'in-jo , (T.) ). Died A.D. 1024. A
native oi ) Hsiu-yfi in Kiaugsi. His grandfather was an
official af Wu-ch'ang in Hupeh af the rime of an inundation, and
the family were obliged fo seek refuge in the ramons Yellow-Stork
Pagoda. One night a man in Hau-yang, on the opposite side of the
river, uoticed a bright light haugiug about the pagoda; and on that
A Chincse Biogretphical Dictionarg
night Wang Ch'in-jo was born. Graduating as chin s]dh he entered
upon a public career and for his services against the Kitan Tartars
in 1004 was rapidly promoted fo high posts, tte quarrelled with
K'ou Chuu, and succeeded in bringing about that statesman's
downfall. He also came even fo blows and in the Emperor's
influence and openly twitted him with his physical defects. For
Wang was very short of stature and had a huge tumour on his
neck, from which he was known as the Goitre Miuister. In 1005
he was associated with Yang I on the commission which produced
the hisfical encyclopoedia known as the . He, and
Ting Wei, Lin T'ê, Ch'ên P'êng-nien, and ]
Liu Ch'êng-kuei, were known as the Five Devils. Canonised
as OE . See Wang Tan.
Wan Chin . (T. tç )- Died A.D. 83. Disti,gushed 2161
in youh as a suden, especially of the Canon of Cltanges, he
subsequenly devoted his aenfion o mahemafics and asronomy.
He was employed in he Public Works depamen, and rose in
70 be a Censor.
Wang Ching-wên . Died A.D. 472. A nafive of Lin-i 21fi2
in Shanung, who became a grea favourite with he Emperor Wên
Ti of he Sung dynasy, and whose siser married his Majesy's
eleventh son, afterwards the Emperor Ming Ti. Under the laer
he rose o high rank, and in 465 became Presiden of he Board
of Civil OoEce. He was ennobled as Marquis and appoined Governor
of Yang-chou. Bu the Heir Apparen and his brohers were quine
small children and he Emperor began o doubt if the succession
was secure o his family. Among others Wang Ching-wên fell
under suspicion. He a once resigned his pos and soon aKerwards
was ken iii, a which juncure he received orders o commit
icide. I was evening, and he was playing chess with a friend.
52
818 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona»'y
After having read the Inaperial naandate, he finished his ganae and
put the board away. A bowl of poison was brought fo him; and
then turning fo his friend he remarked jestingly, "I ana afraid I
cannot ask you fo join nae!" and quietly drained the bowl.
163 Wang Ch'iian t . (T. ). 5th and 6th cent. A.D.
Elder brother fo Wang Hsi. He was a handsome youth, and married
a daughter of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty. His
abilities were hot equal fo those of his brother, but he excelled
in filial piety; and when his mother was ill he became so emaciated
as fo be unrecognisable, while af ber death he wept so bitterly
that he seriously i»jued his health. He and Wang Hsi were known
as ghe Sade BroCher and ghe Golden Friend.
264 Wang Chun-chh (T. ). Dira b.D. a. h
greag grandson of Wang Piao-chih, who rose o high oce under
the first and second Emperors of the Sang dy,asty: He distinguished
himself by a deep knowledge of Court ceremonial, and was said
possess many valuable family documents on the subject, which he
kept in a famous "black box." Although held in esteem by some
of his contemporaries, who declared that "with two or three such
men as Wang Chun-chih the empire would be ai peace," he never
succeeded in guining the confidence of the public.
2165 Wang Chung '] (T. ). A.D. 1743--1794. A native
of Kiangsu, who began lire as a servant in a village school. There
he picked up the beginning of an education, which he supplemented
by borrowing books from a bookseller. Although his scholarship
soon attracted attention, he never entered upon an official career.
He was the author of several classical commentaries and antiquarian
works, in the fornaer of which he declared himself a follower of
the Han scholars. He was a strong opponent of Buddhism, Taoism,
and of all religions superstition.
2166 Wang Ch'ung (T. ). A.D. 27--97. A native of
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 819
Shang-yfi in Chehkiang, who studied under Pan Piao, proving
himself an apt but eccentric pupil. If is recorded that he used fo
siroll about the market-place, readiug the books he was too poor
fo buy, his memory being so retenfive that a sngle perusal was
sufficent fo fix the contents of a volume. After a short spell of
official lire, he refired dissatisfied fo his home and there composed
his great work, the , in which he tilts agaiust the errors
of the day and even criticises ffeely the doctrines of Confucius and
Mencius. Once more he entered upon a public career, and once
more threw up his appointment. Then a friend recommended him
the Emperor Chang Ti; but ere he could take up the post
which was bestowed upon him, he fell ill and died. He is ranked
as a heterodox thinker. He showed that the soul could neither exist
ar death as a spirit nor. exercse any influence upon the living.
When the body decomposes, the soul, a phenomenon inseparable
fmm vility, perishes with if. He further argued that if the souls
of human beings were immortal, those of auimals would be immortal
likewise; and that space itself would hOt suffice fo contain the
counfle shades of the men and creatures of all rime.
Wang êng . Died B.C. 26. Maternal uncle fo the Emperor 2167
Ch'ëng Ti of the Han dynasty. His advance fo power caused great
dscontent, and nearly led fo his own overthrow (see Wang Chang
and Tu Ch'in); and his tenure of office was chiefly dstinguished
WangFu q (T. ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of 216S
' Lin-ching in Kansuh, who distinguished himself in youth by
his learning and ambition, and became intimate with Ma Jung,
Chang Hêng, and other celebrities of the day. He was too honest
and straighfforward fo take office under the existing r6gime, and
spent his life in seclusion. He wrote a book on the vices of the
age, whieh he published anonymously as i E,,ag, b «
820 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
Hermit; and thus he himself came fo be spoken of as The Hermit.
2169 Wang u '] (T. A and ). 18th cent. A.D.A
coutempora U of Chiang Yuug, who was taught the elements of
4assical learning by his mother af the same rime that poor cir-
cumstances compelled him fo earn his living in menial employment.
He became a profound student of philosophy, and wrote on tbe
Classics and on music, besides publishing volumes of poems and essays.
2170 Wan Fu-chih (T. .H. ).A.D. 1627-
1679. A native of Hunan, who fled from the invading Manchus
iuto Kuangsi. Returning fo his native province he remained for
some rime in hiding, af length settling on the hills near Hêng-
yang, where he spent the remainder of his lire. He wrote volumi-
nous commentaries upon the Classics, besides works on the Shuo
Wën, history, Lao Tzfi, Chuaug Tzfi, and essays and poems. Forty
years after his death his manuscripts were shown fo the high autho-
rities, and his commentaries on the Cawns of History and Poetry,
and on the Sprin an Autumn, were included in the Imperial
Library. His collected writiugs were first published in 1840, and
were republished by Tsêng Kuo-ch'fian in 1863.
217l Wang Ho (T. ). lstand 2ndcent. B.C. ACensor
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Hau dynasty. Beiug sent fo put
down brigandage in Shautung, his extreme clemency involved him
in serious trouble. A report was sent fo the Throne that he had
killed and beheaded only so many thousand stones, and he w
forced fo resign. In B.C. 80 he retired fo Yfian-ch'ëng in
the saine province, where he lived much esteemed by the people.
Duke Chien said, "When the Sha-lu mountan collapsed (B.C.
645), the Grand Augur predicted that 645 years later hol women
would abound in this part of the country; but now that Wang Ho
bas corne fo lire amongst us ere the remaining 80 years bave
elapsed the whole empire will abound in good womeu."
A Chbese Biogmtphical Dict;.on«wy 821
Wan Hsi ]î , (T. ). A.D. 400-534. BroCher fo Wang 2172
Ch'flan. is mother was a princess, and af seven or eight years
of age he accompanied ber fo the palace, where he aracted he
notice of the Emperor Wu Ti by his precociy, having already
injured his righ eye by over-sudy. La,er on he was placed upon
he establishment of the Heir Apparent, and by he ime he was
24 he had risen o fle highes oces of Sae. e hen declared
tha rue happiness was hot fo be round in the gratification of
ambition, and that hi honours had rather been thrust upon him
han soughç by himselL He accordingly reired ino privae lire.
Canonised as ,.
1628--1703. Graduaed as cMn ddh in 1647, and from his knowledge
of Manchu rose rapidly unil in 1660 both he and his faher were
Presidens of the Board of Ries. ge drafed the will of he Emperor
Shun Chih, and was consuled on all questions by he four Regens
(see So-n O. In 1666 he became President of the Censorae, and
proesed against he growing independence of he hree Feudatories
Wu San-kuei, Këng Ching-chung and Shang K'o-hsi. As Presideut
of he Board of War in 1673, he insigaed he execution of the
son of Wu San-kuei, a sep which drove he faher o despair. He
was he firs Chinese fo be admited in 1676 o what became he
Grand Council. Çanonised as , and admitted ino he Temple
of Worhies.
Wang Hsi-chih OE (T. '). A.D. 321--379. A 217
nephew of Wang Tao (see Clt'i Ch'le,O, whose cleverness araced
he noice of Chou I. In his youh he was a diligen suden of
e Classics and of hisory, and rose to be a Brigade General; hence
he is ofçen me.ioned as . Bu i is for his marvellous
skill wigh ghe pen ghag he is now remembered, his writing in
li scfipg being "lighg as floaging clouds, vigorous as a sarfled
899 A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg
dragon." tte is said fo bave invented the modern clerkly style; and
on one occasion he ruade a copy of the Tao Tê C]dng for a Taois
priest, receiving in return the present of a flock of rre geese. He
was the father of seven sons, two of whom, Wang Hui-chih aud
Wang Hsien-chih, rose fo distinction. One of his chief delights w
fo play with his grandchildren, whom he used fo carry about and
stuff with sweets. He and Wang Ch'êng and Wang Yfieh were
kow th = '.
2175 WangHsiang (T. {). A.D. 185--269. A native
of Lin-i in Shantung, distinguished as one of the 24 examples oI
filial piety. His stepmother was extremely fond of fresh fish; and
once when owing fo a frost there was none fo be got from the
pond, he went and laid himself down naked on the ice in order
fo thaw a hole. The ice opened, and out jumped two beautiful
carp which he carried home in triumph. And fo this day, whenever
that pond freezes, the silhouette of a man can be distinctly traced
on the ice. He was appointed fo a magistracy by Lfi Ch'ien,
who gave him a wonderful sword which he said would lead i
owner, if deserving, fo success. He ultimately rose fo high office
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty and was ennobled
as Duke. Canonised as .
2176 Wang Hsien-chih (T. ). A.D. 344--388. Son
of Wang Hsi-ehih, and like his father famous as a ealligraphist
and a seholar. He used fo visit the great Hsieh An, who predied
his eelebrity. "Suecessful men are generally sparing of their wos,"
he said; "and Wang Hsien-ehih does hot talk mueh." He was a
a 1
great reader and had a large library. As he eoud hot earry if
about with him, he had miniature copies made,whieh he paeked in
On one occasion robbers broke into the study where he was sleeping.
"Gentlemen" said he, point.ing fo a square of felt earpet used by
A .CMnese Biographical Dictionary 83
teachers "that rug is an heirloom in my family. I should feel
obliged if you would leave if." e ws employed fo some im
h depmen of hioiogphy. Canonised s .
Wang Hsiu (T. '/). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A 2177
naïve of Ying-ling in Shantung. At the death of his
mother, which occurred on the Mulberry and Sugar-cane Festival,
he was only seven years old; yet he wept bitterly for a whole year,
so that on the anniversary of the festival the neighbours decided o
forego ghe usual ceremonies. Between 190 and 193 he served under
K'ung Jung, and on more than one occasion saved his life. YUan
Shao appointed him fo a magistracy; and later on he served under
Ts'ao Ts'ao and Ts'ao P'ei, both of whom entrusted fo him important
posts. Af the taking of Nan-p'i in 205 his bouse was
bmken into, but nothing was round save books.
wang H-ing (T. . . 2). .D.
16411725. Graduated as chin shih in 1676, and rose by 1718 fo
be a Grand Secretary. On the 60th anniversary of his graduation as
]en, he became senior tutor fo the Heir Apparent. He styled himself
A, from a complimentary poem given o him by the
Emperor a year before his death. Author of a collection of essays
Wang Hsfian . 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar who retired o 2179
the mountains and lived as a hermit, declining on two occasions
o take office. Finally, the Emperor Ching Ti visited him af his
retreat, and ennobled him as Marquis. Hence the name of
Marquis Hill.
,. A.D. 386
Wang Hsan-mo (T. ) --467. A 2180
native of T'ai-yan in Shansi, who took office under.the Emperor
Wu Ti of the Sung dynasty, and fought for Liu CAna, afterwards the
Emperor siao Wu Ti, against his brother Liu Shao. His success
against the rebels won him a title but his concealment of booty
824 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
led fo his temporary degradation. As Governor of Yung-chou he
introduced many reforms, but his severity gave fise fo the saying,
"The eyebrows of Hstian-mo never relax." He was summoned fo
the capital by the Emperor, who nicknamed him ;î' the Old
Rogue. In 466 he aided in the suppression of the southern rebelliou
against the Emperor Ming Ti, who ruade him Governor of Chiang-
chou and loaded him with honours. Canouised as î.
2181 Wang Hsiian-ts'ê =. :î. 7th cent. A.D. An official sent
in 646 ou an embassy fo the king of Kauyâkubdja. He only arrived
however in the year 655, just as the king died; and being dismissed
by a usurper named ]" , [ )]. A-lo-na-shun he retreated into
Tibet, where he succeeded in raising au army. He then attacked
the usurper, and took him prisoner; and after capturing several
other petty kings and carrying off a vast amouu of booty, he
returned in 661 fo China fo lay his captives and loot af the'fee
of the Emperor. He appears fo have ruade a previous expedition
into India in 643, on which occasion he measured the abode of
Vimalakîrti af Vâishli; and finding if fo be ten feet square he called
if a j , a terre now applied fo a Buddhist abbot.
2182 Wang Hu ï (T. . -). Died A.D. 1008. A native of
Ta-ming in Chihli, whose literary compositions early attracted the
notice of Sang Wei-han. Entering the public service, he rose fo be
Vice President of the Board of War. tte had three sons, and before
his door he plauted three ]uai (Sop]wra japonica, L.) trees, in
token that they would all rise fo be-Ministers of State. Hence the
family was kuown as the . J. See Wang Tan.
2183 Wllg ]:tli or (T. ). A.D. 1632--1720.
A native of Chehkiang, and a left-handed painter, popularly known
as - ., who could place upon a fan landscape fo a distance
of about 3,000 mlles! He was also famous for his pictures of priests,
and for his figures of men and auimals.
A Chitese Biographical Dictionary 825
Wang Hui-chih t î OE (T. oe ])). Died A.D. 388. Son 218
of Wang Hsi-chih the calligraphist. He lived in retirement, surrounding
himself with bamboos, for which he had a great fondness. "How
can I pass a day," said he, "without this gentleman?"- alluding
fo the bamboo, which is now offert spoken of as "this gentleman." On
one occasion he went in the ShOW fo visit a friend, numed =
Tai Ta-k'uei; but on reaching the door he turned round and went home
again. Being asked the explanation of this behaviour, he replied, "I
started full of spirits; when they were exhausted, I came back."
A.D. 1723. Graduating as second c£in shih in 1673, he rose fo be
President of the Censorate in 1687, but in 1689 he was denounced
by Kuo Hsiu for jobbery and was dismissed. In 1694 he was
summoned fo Peking for literary work, and soon rose fo be President
of a Board. His share in the attempt of [ [ O-ling-o in
1709 fo alter the succession fo the throne caused his further dismissal;
but in 1715, on completion of his biographies for the History of
the Mig Dyasty, he was again recalled. Author of a collection of
essays etc. entitled J ] .
famous calligraphist of the 17th cent. A.D. Author of the J ,
a collection of notes on miscellaneous subjects, ancient and modern.
Wan «en-yii î (T. ). A.D. 880--956. A native 2187
of T'ien-shui in Kansuh, who as a youth amused himself
with horses and dogs, and neglected his books. Only af the age of
twenty-five did he begin fo study in earnest. He dreamt that he
was cut open and his viscera washed with water from Kiangsi,
after which his literary powers were much increased and he became
distinguished as a poet. He served under several Emperors of the
Five Dynasties, finally becoming President of the Board of War
under the first Emperor of the Later ]:[an dynasty.
826 -A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
2188 Wang Juug =]::. j (T. ). A.D. 235--306. A native of
Lin-i in Shantung, and brother fo Wang Yen. lqe was a clever
child, and could look af the sun without being dazzled. When only
seven years old he refused fo join his companions in eating some
plums from a roadside tree. "They must be biffer," he said scorn-
fully, "or they would hOt bave been left there." AU fieen he was
on terres of friendship with Yfian Chi, although the latter was
twenty years his senior, and was ranked with him as one of the
Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove (see Hsiang Hsiu). He rose
fo be President of the Board of Civil Office, and instituted a system
under which the administrative powers of men were tested before
they were actually appointed fo office. Later on he got into trouble
and was cashiered, but was re-instated by the Emperor Hui .
He died af a provincial post in Honan. His meanness and parsimony
were proverbial. He even caused the stones of a rare species of
plum, which he had in his orchard, fo be bored through belote
being sent fo market for sale, lest some one might try fo raise
the saine kind and so spoil his monopoly. He and Ho Ch'iao being
in mourning for their paren af the saine rime, the latter wept
bitterly but still managed fo perform all the proper ceremonies,
while he himself lay in bed and became reduced fo a skeleton.
"Wan Ju,g," said l {ç Lin Chung-hsiung fo the Emperor
Wu Ti, "is the one fo be commiserated. Ho Ch'iao's is the filial
piey of life; Vang Jung's is he filial piety of death." Canonised
189 Wg K'i a] (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. Brother-in-law
fo the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty. He was a wild young
man, and yet he did good service in the field and was ennobled
as Duke. He was fond of display, and his fivalry with the powefful
Shih Ch'ung nltimately brought him ingo trouble. He was impeached,
and would bave suffered bu for the intervention of the Emperor.
A Cldnese Biogt'aphical Dictioa'g 827
After this his arrogance and vile conduct knew no bounds. Canonised
as the Blackguard.
T'ai-yiian in Shansi, who spent his youth in roaming about, and
reached the age of 20 without learning fo read. Then he set fo
work, and with the aid of a powerful memory soon became a
proficieut scholar and learnt in addition something of the art of
war. In 585 he vanquished a Libationer of çhe Imperial Academy
in an argument held belote the Emperor on the Classic of Filial
Piety, and was ruade a Doctor of the Academy. Later on he lost
office, and was forced fo serve for several years ou the southern
frontier, ge encouraged Fv Liang, Prince of Han, in his rebellions
designs; and on the defeat of the latter by Yang Su he sought
refuge in flight, accompanied by his son. Af lëngth, driven fo
extremities, he committed suicide and his body was buried in a
cave. The son, after wandering for some days without food, fell
into the hands of the enemy, gis father's body was recovered and
publicly decapitated, and the head was exhibited aL the gares of
T'ai-yiian. Atthor of the _ , , a çreatise on the /ïve
Classics, and of some miscellanies, the manuscripts of which
disoeppeared in the confusion of the rimes.
wanu n E (- tri)- at cen. A». Sonof Wan
Yiiu, and elder brother of ) the Empress Ting, consort of
the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti. ge was a very handsome and able
young man, with such a good opinion of his own talents tha he
declined a secretaryship in the Grand Council on the ground
he would be nothing less than a Minister of State. ge was compared
by one fo a spray of willow in spl'ing, and atracted much attention
by roaming about in snowy weaiher civered from head o foot
with a robe of swans'-down, ge subsequently rose o high tank,
and was responsibl for the death of Wang Kuo-pao; hot long
88 .4 çhinese Biographiea! ctionary
after which he himself fell a victim fo political intrigue and was
put fo death. His character was aferwards cleared by Huan t[siian»
and he was canonised as a_- j-
A.D. 1079--1154. A native of Tê-hsing in Kiangsi, who
gained considerable distinction as a poet.
2193 Wang Kuo-pao î 1 ï. 4th cent. A.D. Son of Wang T'an-
chih, and son-in-law fo Hsieh An. te was a very wild fellow, and
a source of much anxiety fo his father-in-law. A cousin of his was
concubine fo Sstl-ma Tao-tztl, Prince of Kuei-chi; and this led
a close intimacy between the two young men and fo the ultimate
appointmeut of Wang Kuo-pao fo high office, with disastrous results
fo the Priucipality. Ai length Wang was impeached, nominally for
dressing in women's clothes and other irregularities; and through
the influence of Wang Kung, then in power, he was forced fo
commit suicide.
2194 Wang Lai '_: (T. 7t_j _ ). A distinguished mathematician of
the 18th cent. A.D., familiar with the systems both of China and
of Europe. t{e ws also a deep student of the Classics. Hs
£î, a treatise on rigonometry, was published in 1802.
219 Wang Lang ]î ]l (T. ,, ). Died A.D. 228. A native of
Tung-hai in Kiangsu, who for his knowledge of the Classics received
an appointment as seeretary o a Board, and later on atraeed he
notice of the last Emperor of the tan dynasty and as invested
with high military eommand. He suffered however a severe defea
af the hands of Sun Ts'ê, and finally entered the service of Ts'ao
Ts'ao. Under the first two Emperors of the Wei dynasty he was
raised o the highest offices, and was ennobled as Marquis. He
published ediions of the ,Sprig and Autumn Amals, of the Caon
of Filial Piety, and other works. Canonised as )ï. See Chung Yu.
2196 Walag Lialag ;. A famous charioteer of old.
A Chitwse Biograpdcal Dictionarg 829
T'ai-yiian in Shansi, who studied under Ch'ên Shih and acquired
a great reputation for probity. People came from far and near fo
refer their disputes fo him, and many were so affected even by
the sight of his bouse in the distance that they agreed o some
compromise there and then. One man, who had been caught stealing
an ox, offered fo surfer any punishment so long as his disgrace was
kept from the knowledge of Wang Lieh; and when the latter heard
of this he sent the culprit a present of a piece of cloth thereby
completing his reformation.
Wang Lin ; (T. -- ). bD. 526--573. A native of °193
Shan-yang in Chehkiang, whose sisters were in the Imperial harem.
He took a prominent part in crushing Hou Ching in 552, and
was appointed Governor of Hsianga-chou in Hunan, where he was
very popular. Wang Sêng-pien, fearing he would rebel with his
10,000 ex-banditti, summoned him fo Chiang-ling in Hupeh, but
his men compelled the authorities to restore him fo his post. The
Emperor however soon sent him fo Cantou, whence he was recalled
in 554 fo defend the capital agaiust the Weis. On arriving af Ch'ang-
sha he heard of his sovereign's death, and in 555 he rose in Hunau
against the new Ch'ên dynasty, setting up a Prince of the Liang
House whom the Ch'i State had released. After some successes his
fleet was badly beaten near Wuhu, owing fo a sudden change of
wind, and in 560 he and his protégé took refuge in Ch'i. Fie was
ennobled as Prince by that State and led ifs armies against Ch'ên,
until in 573 he was taken, after a stubborn defence, af Pa-ling in
Hunan and put fo death, the noise ruade by those who mourned
his rate being loud as rolling thunder. Canonised as a.,
Wang Lin :. $. Died A.D. 935. Second son of Wang Shên- 2199
chih. After the assassination of his brother Wang Yen-han, he
succeeded fo the throne as third ruler of the Min Principality.
830 A Chinese Biog'cphical DictioTary
Belote very long Wang Yen-ping rebelled, but in 931 he took him
prisoner and put him fo death. He then applied fo be named Minister
of Stae under the T'ang dynasty; and when this was refused, he
threw off all allegiance and styled himself Emperor. Two of his
sons quarrelling over the possession of one of his slave-girls, the
elder, Wang Ch'ang, determined fo kill the other. In the confusion
which ensued upon this attempt, Wang Lin himself was mortally
wounded, and one of his own women, pitying his sufferings, put
him out of his agony. Though a cruel and immoral man, he was
a very devout believer in Buddhism. Canonised as î.
2200 Wang Ling ::]î . Died B.C. 184. P, native of P'ei in Kiangsu,
who, af the rime of the struggle between Lin Pang and tsiang
Chi, raised a body of troops fo the number of several thousand.
Thereupon ttsiang Chi seized Wang's mother in the hope of securing
ber son's aid; but the old lady af once solved the diificulty by
falling upon a sword and putting an end fo ber lire. Wang Ling
was subsequently ennobled as Marquis and advanced fo high oifice;
however, on the death of the Emperor tui Ti he offended the
Empress Lfi tou by opposing ber wishes in regard fo the succession,
and retired into private lire.
°201 Wang Ling-yen '. 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A famous
musician who fiourished under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui
dynasty. One day he was waked from sleep by a new tune played
by his son. Starting up in great alarm, he dec]ared that the dying
away of the kung note ( C) indicated the final departure
of his Majesty, who was in fact assassinated immediately afterwards.
202 Wang Lun :]î (T. ]] -). Died A.D. 1144. A native of
the : Shên District in Shantung. His family was poor, and he
had no means of advancement; in consequence of which he took
fo a roving lire and soon acquired a swashbuckler reputation, offert
breaking the law but always managing fo escape the penalty. In
A Chiese Biog'aphical Dictio»ta»'y 831
1126, when the capital was threatened (see Chao Chi) and the
populace in confusion, he rushed inio the Emperor's presence and
volunteered fo quell the disturbance. His Majesty took a sheet of
paper, and on the spot appointed him Vice President of the Board
of War; and a-rmed with this authority he succeeded in fulfilling
his promise. He was sent afterwards on several occasions as envoy
fo the Chin a Tartars; in 1138, fo bring back the remains of the
two Emperors who had been carried into captivity; and again in
1140, when the Tartars had repudiated the treaty and were violating
Chinese territory. The Chin a Emperor wished Wang Lun fo take
service under him; but the latter proudly replied that he was an
envoy and hot a renegade. Several efforts were ruade fo coerce
him, and af leng¢h orders were given fo bave him strangled. Wang
bribed the messengers fo wait awhile; and then dressing himself in
his bat and robes, he ruade obeisance towards the south and sub-
mitil fo his rate. His body was afterwards given up fo his son,
and he vs canonised as OE .
wang Mang 3 (T. ). B.c. 33--A.D. 23. A nphe
of the consort of the Emperor Yiian Ti of the Han dynasty, and
commonly known as "the Usurper." Through the influence of his
aunt he was appointed fo high oftice, and ennobled in B.C. 16 as
Marquis. In B.C. 6 he became President of-the Board of War, but
got into trouble over the accession of the Emperor Ai Ti, and
resigned. He was soon restored fo favour, and together with the
Empress Dowager arranged in A.D. 1 the succession of the Emperor
P'ing Ti, who was only nine years old. Five years later he married
his daughter fo this boy, and thus raised ber fo the tank of Empress,
he himself being further ennobled as Duke. In A.D. 6, upon the
death of the Emperor P'ing Ti, whom he is said fo bave poisoned,
he placed upou the throne the two-year-old great-grandson of the
Emperor Hsiian Ti, who is known in history as Y-- Ju
832 A Chitese Biograpdcal Diclioary
Tzti Ying, and he himself took the post of Regent. Three years
later he set aside this child, giving him the title of
and proclaimed himself Emperor uuder the style of )
a prolonged contest with Liu ttsiu and other insurgençs, in which
his troops were repeatedly defeated, he was af length driven from
power. The army of Kêng Shih entered Chang-an in triumæh ,
and Wang Mang was killed in a revolt of his own troops, ttis
head was cut off by a man named )5 Tu Wu, and forwarded
fo the victor.
2204 Wang lgêng :. (T. 7. ). .D. 325--375. h native of
Chi in Shançuug, who was a poor basket-seller, but of a
martial disposition and fond of reading works on military subjects.
He retired into seclusion on the Hua-yin mountains in Shensi, and
when Huan Wên passed through with his army, he visiçed him,
dressed in rough serge clothes; and all the rime they were discussing
the affairs of the age, he sat there quietly cracking lice. Refusing
fo accompany the general ou his campaign, he subsequently accepçed
an invitation from Fu Chien (2), who was said fo bave been as
overjoyed af securiug his services as Lin Pei was when he secured
the aid of Chu-lo Liang. He remained for many years the trusted
adviser of the latter potentate, holding under him the highest offices
of State. When he fell sick, Fu Chien went in person fo visit
him, and asked his advice as fo the future. Wang Mêng begged
him, almost with his last breath, fo cease from hostilities against
the House of Chin, and fo the neglect of this advice bas been
attributed the disastrous downfall which ensued. He was deeply
lamented by Fu Chien, who cried out in his grief, "If Goal wanted
me fo give peace fo all within the six points of the compass, why
did He rob me of Wang Mêng?" Canonised as
2205 Wang Ming-shêng =. P, ). (T. P. H. ). h.[).
.4 çhinese Biographical Dictionarg 833
1720--1798. A native of Kiangsu, distinguished as a poet, and a
writer on classical and historical subjects. He served from 1754
fo 1769 in the Grand Secretariat, but then retired and spent the
rest of his lire in strict selusion af Soochow. His cyclopoedia,
entitled , may be ranked as a considerable literary
ue, a-, i -V 4: c«c,, ,
Dynastlc Histories is also mach admired. Was popularly known as
Wang 51ing-chih [î Ô . 4th cent. A.D. Son of Waug 2206
Hsi-chih, and husband of Tao Yiin. He showed some talent as
a calligraphist, but appears to bave beeu a woythless fellow and
was deserted by his wife. When Kuei-chi Was attacked by Suu
Êu he refused fo make any defence, and after spending some
rime in prayer he declared that the gods would fight against
the rebels. The result was that the city was takeu, and he was
put fo death.
wang Pa E (T. l tç). 1st cen. B.C. and 1st cent. A.D.
An oflàcial under the last Emperors of the W. Han dynasty, who,
when Wang Mang usurped the throne, thre< up his appointment
and retired into seclusion. In the early years of the reign of the
Emperor Kuaug Wu he again entered public lire, but after a short
rime he pleaded sickness and resigned. He became a hermit, and
lived in a rush but fo the end of his long life.
Wang Ia [î (T. : ffi ). Died A.D. 58. A native of
Ying-yang in Anhui, who, when Lin Hsiu passed through
the District, raised a volunteer force and joiued his standard. On
one occasion, when Lin Hsiu's army was retreating before Waug
Lang, he pretended that the river ahead of them was frozen
hard, and thus eucouraged the troops fo press ou. Tradition bas
embroidered this story by addiug that the army passed over on the
ice, which became unsafe immediately after they had crossed.
53
834 A C]ti»ese Biogr«p]tical Dictiona'g
Upon the elevaion of Lin Hsiu fo the throne he received a high
military post and in 38 he was finally ennobled as Marquis. Later
on he was employed against the [[siung-nu with whom he fought
many bloody battles.
2209 Wang la î . 6th cent. A.D. An alchemist of the Liang
dynasty, vho took ulo his al)ode in modern Fuhkien. During a very
severe famine he used fo male quantifies of gold, with which he
bought rice for distribution amongst the poor.
,o wan i ] (. J). ». 996_9t. native of Sa,-
yang in Kiangsu contemporary with Chung Hui. I-Ie was a great
sudent, and wrote a commentary on the Caon of C]«tges and
auother on the OEao Té Cltig then known as Lao Tzït. Af the
early age of 24, he had risen fo De secretary in a Board.
°ll Wang liao-chih î OE (T. ï ). Died b.D. 377. h loyal
satesman under the Emloeror Chien Wên of the Chin dynasty, and
a steadfast opponent of the great ttuan Wên. By the rime he was
twenty, his beard and whislers were white, from which he was
popularly known as î ] . If ,as he who secured the accession
of the Emperor I-Isiao Wu, and he acted "subsequently as joint
Ministe.r of State with ttsieh An. The latter declared that he knew
no one of equal capacity in dealing with the difl]cult questions of
State. Canonised as .
21 Wang 1o î (T. - ). A.D. 648--676. A native of
Chianga-chou in Shansi. tIe was a most precocious schoIar, already
composing af the age of six while af nine he had studied the
History of the Han Dyctsty by Yen Shih-ku and had pointed ou
hot a few defects. Af sixteen he took his degree. His talents soon
attracted the attention of the Emperor, and he was empIoyed in
preparing the dynastic annale; but he incurred his Majesty's
displeasure by a satire upon the cock-fighting loropensities of the
Imperial princes. Dismissed from office he took refuge in Ssïtch'uan,
A C1Hnese Biog»'aphical Dtcttona»'g 835
and filled up his leisure by composing many beautiful poems. He
never meditated on these beforehand, but after having prepared a
quartity of ink ready for use, he would drink himself tipsy and
lie down with his face covered up. Ou waking he would seize làis
peu and write off .verses, uot a word in which needed fo be
changed; whence he acquired the sobriquet of ,.. Belly-Draft,
meaning that his drafts were all done in his head. And he received
so many presents of valuable silks for writing odes etc., that if
was said "he spun with his mind." Luter ou he got into trouble
by killing a slave, and was condemned fo death, but escaped
through a geueral pardon. He was drowned when on his way fo
visit his father who had beeu banished fo modern Cochin China
upon the disgrace of his son. Three of his brothers, two of whom
were possessed of exceptional abilities and were known with himself
as the Tree of Three Pearls, were all put fo death for political
disaffection. Is rauked as one of the Four Heroes of the T'ang
dynasty (see Yag Ch'iung).
wa o (w..) ). Died .D. S. native o«
Yang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as clin slih in 785 and rose
fo be Minister of State. While still unknown fo faine he went one
day fo the ) Mu-lan monastery af Yang-chou, and dined in
the refectory with the priests. The latter took u dislike fo him,
and as soon as they had swallowed the meal gave a signal on a
big bell, ai which he was lef alone. Taking a pen (see Wei Yeh),
he wrote upo the wall
The meal is o'er: each "long robe" seeks his cell,
Fleeing the shamefaced guest at sound of bell.
Thirty years afterwards, on revisiting the monastery, he fouud his
verses carefully covered up, whereupon he wrote beneath
Lines which for years through dust were scarcely seen
Are now protected by a silken screen!
836 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
A native of Chehkiang. tIe was in youth eager for military ïame;
hence the sobriquet : which he bestowed upon himself, referring
fo the low whistling of the great martial hero, Chu-ko Liang, when
he li,ed alone in his mountain but. But finally he settled down fo
a literary lire, and became a prolific writer of commentaries upon
the Classics. I:Ie was canonised as ,-, and in 1724 his tabler
was placed in the Confucian Temple.
2215 WaIlg P'Oll î (T. '- .î). 3rd cent. A.D. A man of the
Chin dynasty, whose father, Wang I, was beheaded for
remonstrating with Ssil-ma Chao and attributing fo him a defeat
inflicted by the troops of Wu. From that day forth Wang P'ou
would never sit facing the west, in token of his withdrawal of
allegiauce from the House of Chin. I:Ie lived in retirement, taking
pupils; and used fo lean against a pine-tree near the grave fo give
vent fo his grief, uutil his tears caused the tree fo decay. I:Iis
mother was always very much afraid of thunder; accordingly, after
her death, whenever if thundered he would run out fo ber grave
and cry out, "I ara near you !" On reading the Odes he would always
weep when he came fo the passage, "0 my father and my mother,
how toilsome was my birth fo you!" Hs pupils always skipped the
Ode, referring fo the death of parents, for fear of awakening
his grief. He is ranked as one of the twenty-four examples of
filial piety.
2216 Wang P'u î . (T. ). A.D. 922--982.. A native of
Ping-chou in Chihli, who graduated as cld shih in 948 and was
appointed fo the Imperial Library. He was a fine scholar and a
great collector of books, and rose fo be Minister of State under
the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty. He was
subsequently promoted fo high office under the trst two Emperors
of the Sung dynasty, being ennobled in 976 as Duke. He was
A Chbicsc Biogral,hical Diclionc, rg 837
noted for his filial piety, and would wait on his father, a pey
ocer, at,feasts. Canonised as .
Wang Sông-pion (T. ). Died A.D. 555. The 221
sou of a high military ocial, who had risen fo be Prefec a
Hsin-s'ai in Honan when Hou Ching revoled. Taking he field,
he stubbornly defended Pa-ling in Hunan aud so broke he rebel's
power. Honours were showered upon him, and in 55 he became
Cmmander-in-chief. He acceped fle Prince known as Chêng-yang
Hou, o the exclusion of he Emperor Ching Ti. This vacillaing
policy was disapproved of by Ch'ên Pa-hsien, who surprised and
put him o death, hus removing a dangerous riwl.
Wang Shang (T. ). 1st cent. B.C. A native of 2218
Li-wu in Chihli, who inherited a Marquisate from his
father and rose fo high office under the Emperor Ch'êng Ti of
the Han dynasty. He was 8 feet in height, and of such martial
appearance as fo strike terror into the heart of the Khan of the
gsiung-nu, who had corne fo Court. On one occasion there was a
wild report of a great flood which was fo overwhelm the empire;
whereupon Wang Fêng advised the Empress Dowager and the
Emperor fo get on board ship af once. But Wang Shang declared
tt the story was only idle gossip, and as such turned out fo be
the case, Wang Fêng was puç to shame. Wang Shaug then became
an object of jealousy fo Wang Fêng, who after failing fo establish
a trivial charge, seized on the occurrence of an eclipse of the sun
fo impeach him for disloyalty. His seal and insiguia of oce were
ken from him, af which he was so chagrined that he vomited
blood for three days and died. Canonised as .
Wang Shên-chih (T. ). b.D. 862--925. 219
.ti, « .i i. o.. wo i. S ucde is
brother, an ex-chieftain of banditti, as Governor of Fuhkien. He
was noted for his handsome appearance, his prominent nose and
838 A Chbese Biogvaphical Dictiotzat'g
square mouth; and he usually rode a white horse, from which he
collapsed, the firs Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty ennobled
him as Prince of Min, nominally as a reward for his excellent
administration, in consequence of which the - : ': Kan-t'ang
Channel is said fo have been miraculously opened ai the mouth
of the Min river. He continued however to send annual tribute fo
Yang Hsing-mi. Canonised as , ,, and afterwards, by his son
2220 Wang Shih-chêng ï]î J Ë. (T. . H. ). A.D.
1526--1593. A native of i: T'ai-ts'ang in Kianu, who
graduated as cldn shih in 1547 and entered the public service.
espoused the cause of the patriot Yang Chi-shêng, sending him
medicines while in pson and burying his body after execution.
This brought bim into disfavour with Yen Sung; and upon the
unsuccessful military operations of his father, :=.'1 Wang
if was af Yen Sung's instigation that the latter was impeached and
in 1560 put fo death. Through the entreaties of himself and his
brother, his father's rank was in 1567 posthumously restored fo
him; but he was disgusted with official lire, and wished fo have
done with if. He was however persuaded fo take off]ce, and rose
fo high rank under the Emperor Shên Tsung. He was ultimately
promoted fo be President of the Board of Punishments, but his
appointment was opposed on the ground that he had previously
been cashiered over some paltry business, and he retired on the
plea of ill-health.
2,1 Wang Shih-chêng î 7 )... (T...' J:. H. Pû and ,
)î IJ-I A)" A.D. 1634--1711. Graduated as «lin sldh in 1658,
and by 1699 had risen fo be President of the Board of Punishments.
In 1704 he was cashiered, but in 1710 his tank was restored. He
was a great traveller, being sent several rimes on Imperial sacrit]cial
A C]ti»ese Biographical Dictioa»'y 839
missions; and his careful observations while thus employed supplied
both subjects and local colouring for his poems, which were issued
uuder the title of ï, :. His best known work
.î, which was repriuted as lute as 1894. His
which is a geueral literary miscellany, is perhaps more interestiug
fo foreigners, contaiuing as if does references fo the preseutation
of tribute by western nations. Besides these, he published many
notes of travel and biography, and also an editioa of the poets of
thè T'ang dynasty. In social lire he was noted for his love of wine
and good company. Canonised as .
Wang Shih-ch'ung î : ) (T. î iii)-Died A.D. 621. 222.2
Son of a native of Turkestan, who adopted the naine of his mother's
second husband. He entered the public service through the Body-
Guard and in 605 became Vice President of the Board of Revenue.
Eutrusted with the defence of the capital against Li Mi, he struggled
bravely in spire of several defeats. In 618, feariug the jealousy of
the courtiers, he seized the capital and assumed sole control of the
government, iuflictiug a severe defeat on Li Mi whose army was
exhausted by ifs pursuit of Yii-wên Hua-chi. In the following year
he compelled his sovereign fo abdicate in his favour, and set up
the Principality of i.[ Chêng; but in 621 he was attacked by Li
Shih-min, and being unable either fo resist or fo obtain assistance
from Tou Chien-tê, he prepared fo surrender, when he was slain
by an officer whose father he had executed.
Wang Shih-lu ::]:î. (T. -- . H. [ ). Died A.D. 2223
1672. Brother of Wang Shih-chêng. Graduated in 1659, and was
dismissed from the public service in 1663. Famous as an historical
cl*itic and an antiquarian. He wrote the /î J ], a treatise
on what women should learn, being the appendix fo a projected
wor] on the writings of female authors.
Wan snou-jen t! . f: (T. tri .
80 A Chi»cse Biograp]ical Diclio»a»'g
1472--1528. A native of Yii-yao in Chehkiang, who graduated as
«]ti sMh in 1499 and entered upon a public career. But he soon
incurred the displesure of the then powerfal ] Liu Chin,
and was actually bambooed nd dismissed fo a pety office in
Kueichou. There he set fo work fo civilise the savages until the
death of Lit Chin in 1510, whea he was recalled and appoiated
fo several high posts. In 1519 he subdued an insurrection in Kiangsi
(see C£'ê Hao), and in 1527 he conducted a successful campaign
against the wild tribes of Kuangsi, for which services he was ruade
President of the Board of War and ennobled as Earl. The envy
aud malice of rivals, coupled with ill-health, caused him fo resign,
but he died belote he reached home. He achieved considerable
distinction as a speculative philosopher, and his literary remains,
iacluding poems, essays etc., havc been published under the tifle
of . H e was caaonised as , and in 1584 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
2225 Wang Shu . The fabled charioteer of the moon.
2226 Wang Shu (T.
). A.D. 1416--1508. A native of
San-yfian in Shensi, who graduated as cMn sMh in 1448
and rose fo the highest offices of State. His career however was
a chequered one. His protests against the outrages of eunuch com-
missions, which were sent. out fo obtain flowers, animals, and
ratifies for the palace, and against the favour shown fo Buddhism,
coupled with his defence of innocent, ooEcials, gained him a great
naine, expressed in the popular saying that "the two capitals bave
a dozen Boards but only one Wang Shu." In 1486 the Emperor,
backed by Wang's numerous and influential foes, ordered him fo
retire; but in 1488 the new monarch Hsiao Tsung recalled him as
President of the Board of Civil Office. Lit Chi, fearing him as a
rival, secretly checked his schemes of reform; the Emperor however,
in spire of his strong remonstrance against the employment of
A Chbtese Biog»'a»hical Diclio»t«».g 841
eunuchs, kept him in" office until 1493, when he was denounced
for wro:ngful selection of officials and rebuked for ]ove of notoriety.
He is said fo hure habitually eaten enough for two men, even up
fo his death, which came upon him as he was sittiag alone in
his chair. He, P'ëng Shao, and Ho Ch'iao-hsin, are known
w s (T. oe $). D .D. . So o« W,
Lang. He rose fo high office under the Wei dynasty aud was
distiaguished as a profound scholar. Besides editiag his father's
work on the Canon of Cltanges, he wrote and published many
volumes of classical commentaries. He is also said fo hure fouad
house of a descendant of the Sage, and fo bave published if in
A.D. 240; but the generally received opinion among scho]ars is
that he wrote the work himself. Canonised as .
Wng Su (T. ). A.D. 464--501. A native of Lin-i 2228
in Shantung, whose father was Chamber]ain under Hsiao Tsê,
second Emperor of the Southera Ch'i dynasty, and was put fo
death in 491. He fled fo the Northern Wei Court, and the Emperor
Hsiao Wên Ti, compassionating his misfortune and finding him fo
be a man of parts, appointed him fo a high military command,
in which capacity he did good service, finally taking alive
Hsiao I, e]der brother of Hsiao Tsê, and Li Shu-hsien,
and causing them fo be executed. For these services he was ennobled
as Marquis and advanced fo be Gpvernor of Yang-chou. He is noted
for his love for koumiss, of which, he told the Emperor, tea is
only fit fo be the slave. Canonised as .
Wng-sun Chia . A native of the Ch'i State, who 229
served with Prince Min on his campaign against '] Nao
Ch'ih of the Ch'u State. When the Prince was ]ost, he returned
home; but his mother said, "If you went out in the morning and
842 A C]ti»cse Biog»'ap]tical Dictoa»'y
came back in the evening, I used fo watch for you af the house-
door; and if you went out in the evening and did hot return, I
used fo watch for you af the village gare. But now that you do
hot know where the Prince is, why do you corne back?" Wang
forthwith set off in pursuit of ao Ch'ih, slew him, and set Prince
Min's son on his father's throne.
2230 Wang Tan :. (T. - )). b.O. 957--1017. Son of Wang
Hu. He graduated as clin shih in 980 and rose fo be a Minister
of State, though hot actual|y a model of probity. On one occasion,
when Wang Ch'in-jo was urging the Emperor fo perform the great
sacrifices fo heaven and earth, if was very important fo secure
Wang's acquiescence. Accordingly, as soon as he had signified a
conditional approval, the Emperor invited him fo a feast, and on
his departure presented him with several bottles, sayiug, "This is
a very fine kind of wine; take if and divide if amongst your family."
On opening the bott.les, he round them full of pearls. Re kept
the pearls, and ruade no opposition fo the sacrifices. Re was ennobled
as Duke, and canonised as ] I-::..
2231 Wang T'an-shih :. ]: (T. ] ) ). 4th cent. A.D. An
official who rose fo h.igh office under the Emperor Chien Wên of
the Chin dynasty. He served under Huan Wên; and upoa the
death of the Emperor in A.D. 373 he became joint guardian,
together with Hsieh An, of the young Emperor Hsiao Wu. He
had once occasion fo repl"ove Hsieh An for tolerating sounds of
music and singing during the period of mourning, contrary fo
Confucian principles, tte himself was very fond of wei ch'i, and is
said fo bave originated the phrase - , "talking with the hand,"
as applied fo that gaine. Late in lire he took up with a Buddhist
priest and had long conversations upon a future lire., ifs rewards
and punishments. If was finally agreed between them that whoever -
should die first was fo return fo the world and enlighten the
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictio»«»'y 843
surçiçor. About a year afterwards the priest suddenly appeared
before him and said, "I have laely died. The joys and sorrows
of the next world are realities. Hasen fo repent, that you may
pass ino the ranks of the blesL" With these words the priest
vanished, and ere long Wang had followed him o the grave.
Canonised as .
wag wao -. (T.) g/. ; g). D« .D. 0. ee:
A native of Lin-i in Shantung. tte was a precocious youth, and
if was said of him af fourteen years of age that he was the stuff
of which leaders are ruade. He attached himself fo the fortunes of
the Prince of Lang-yeh, and materially aided in placing his friend
and toaster on the throne as the Emperor Yfian Ti of the E.
Chin dynasty. The latter ruade him his chief Minister, and even
invited him, in the presence of all the Court, fo share the
Imperial dais, an offer which Wang Tao modestly and wisely
declined. When the empire was af peace he turned his euergies
towards education of the people, and round in the Emperor a
willing coadjutor. But Liu Wei was gradually supplant.ing him in
the confidence of his toaster; and when his cousin, Wang Tan,
broke into rebellion, Liu proposed that all the Wang family
should be put fo death. Old friendship however prevailed, and the
Emperor actually dispatched Wang Tao fo aid in chastising his
refractory relative. He was one of the guardians of the young
Emperor Ming Ti, who succeeded fo the throne in A.D. 317 and
who always treated him with the utmost deference. His personality
was one fo inspire confidence, and he was popularly known as
. "Our father's younger brother." In the early days of
Yfian Ti's reign, before his power was consolidated, _ ;. ttuan
I, the father of Huan Wên, is reported fo bave said, "I bave
just seen Kuan I-wu (meaning Wang Tao), and I bave no further
anxiety." Hence he is sometimes spoken of as Y_ : the
854 A Clti»ese Biog»'«phical Dictioa'y
I-wu of the Left Bank, i.e. of the Yang-tsze. On one occasion,
about the saine date, the treasury was all but exhausted. There
was nothing in if but several thousand pieces of a very coarse
cloth. Wang Tao and a few other leading men took fo wearing
clothes made of this stuff, the result being that it became very
fashionable and the treasury store was disposed of ai a large profit.
Canouised as :J.
2233 wang Tê-yung î ,, . A.D. 979 - 1058. The son of a frontier
official, who served under his father and distiuguishêd himself upon
the battle-field ai the early age of seventeen. He subsequently rose
fo high military tank, and was employed against the Kitau Tartars
who stood in the greatest dread of his prowess. On one occasion,
instead of killing a Kitan .spy, he held a grand review, and after
having exhibited the perfect discipline of his troops, sent the spy
back to report fo the enemy who immediately sued for peace. Later
in lire he became a Minister of State and seuior tutor to the Heir
Apparent. tte was remarkable for his black face, especially since
from his neck downwards his skin was quite fait; hence he came
fo be known as Black Wang the Minister. In 1264, on the occasion
of the :Emperor's birthday, a certain î _ Ch'ien Yiian-chieh
was among the ooEcials present. The Kitan envoy pointed towards
him and said fo the interpreter, "Has Blaçk Wang the Minister
come to lire again?" (see Yin Chi-lun). He was ennobled as Duke,
and cauoniseO as :.
223 Wang T'ing-chên 'l[ (T. ) ). Died A.D. 1828. A
native of Shan-yang in Kiangsu, who graduated as second cMn s£i]
in 1789 and soon earned a wide reputation for uprightness. Ee
was one of the tutors of the Emperor Tao Kuang; and in 1822
his Majesty publicly acknowledged the vast beîefit he had derîved
from his teaching, appointed him an Assistant Grand Secretary, and
ai his death paid his family a personal visit of coudolence. Author
A Çhinese Biographical Dictionarg
Wang T8'an î (T. ). A.D. 177--217. A native of
Kao-p'iug in Kiaugsu, who s a mere youh was said o
bave asonished Tung Gho by his powers; so much so hag on one
occasion ghe laer ran ou o mee him wih his shoes on he wroug
way, in his hurry o welcome he clever boy. He araced he
notice of Ts'ai Yung, who ackuowledged his supefioriy, and received
an appoinmen in he pMace, bu was prevened from aking
up by he disurbances which prevailed. He hen sough refuge
wih Liu Piao, and ou he deh of he laer prevailed upou his
son o joiu Ts'ao Ts'ao. or his Ts'ao Ts'ao gave him a high pos
and ennobled him as arquis. He was a man of wide learniug and
rauked as oue of he Seven 8cholrs of he Cien-an period (see
Hs as). A brillian poe, he wroe a large work on he ar,
eufifled N " His bes kuowu poem is he
whieh eonains he fiue passage,
A lovely land .... I could hot bear,
If not mine own, to linger flmre.
Tê-hsing in Kiangsi, who graduaed as cMz ddh and disfinguished
himself by his eongraLulaLory ode on he accession to power of he
Emperor Hui Tsung. Prom Lhis rime his lierary repuafion iuereased,
and he aud Nu Shên came fo be known as the
Two Jewels of the east baak of the ver. He held vaous high
appointments, and in 1131 was employed in reforming the calendar;
however in 1133 he fell a victim fo political intrigue and was
chiered.
Wng Ts'êng (T. ). Died A.D. 1038. A native 237
of I-tu in Shantun, who distinguished himself by takiug the first
place af each of the public examinations. A ffiend was congratulating
846 A Chbese Biographical Dictionary
him, saying, "bTow you are provid.ed for;" but Wang replied,
"My ambition is hot limited fo food and clothiug." When the
great Yaug I saw his pietry he said, 'This man wi|l be of some
use." By the accession of the Emperor Jen Tsung in 1023 he had
risen fo be Presiden of the Board of Rites; and he used his
influence fo prevent the Empress Dowager, known as .| ), from
iuterfering in the government, urging ber fo yield the direction
of affairs fo ber son. She became af once his biffer enemy; and
when the costly palace built by the [ate Emperor was buru fo
the ground and all ifs treasures destroyed, she took advautage of
this calamity to get him dismissed fo the provinces. By 1034 he
was once more restored fo high favour, and in 1035 was appoiuted
Lord Chamberlain and eunobled as Duke. In the winter of 1038
a meteor fell into his bedchamber. His terrified servants rushed fo
tell him. "A month hence," said he, "you will understand." It was
a presage of death. Canonisêd as
2238 Wang Tun (T. p). Died A.D. 324. A cousin of
Wang Tao, and son-in-law of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty, tte was for a rime Governor of Ch'ing-chou in
Shantung; and later on, as Governor of Yang-chou in Kiaugsu,
he crushed !î ttua Chih and other rebels. In 317 he became
Commander-in-chief and Governor of Chiang-chou in Hupeh, after
which he aspired fo be sole Minister. The Emperor Yiian Ti, fearing
his ambition, sought the help of .| Ç Liu Wei; whereupon
Wang Tun, after vaiuly attempting fo compass his rival's assassinæ
ation, threw off his allegiance and began to pillage far and wide,
holding his own with ease against the Imperial armies. On the
accession of Ming Ti in 323 he was recalled fo Court, loaded with
honours, and again appointed Governor of Yang-chou. This only
ruade him still more haughty and overbearing. He built a splendid
palace and increased his revenues by the illegal seizure of land.
A C]tinese Biographic«l Dictionary 847
When he fell iii the Emperor sent Waug Tao and Yii Liang fo
chastise him. Too weak fo take the field in person, Wang Tun
set his elder brother af the head of 30,000 troops; but they were
routed af ) Yiieh-ch'êng in Chehkiang, and his other forces
were beaten before anking (sec IVên Ch'iao). His own death put
an end fo the struggle, for his brother and son fled af once into
ttupeh where they both met their end by drowning. His own tomb
was opened and the head was struck off the corpse. If is said of him
that whenever he got drunk he used fo take au iron sceptre and beat
rime upon an earthenware spittoon, singing, "The old steed is in the
stable, yet in spirit he is still good for a thousand li; the warrior's
life is drawing fo a close, yet his courage is still undaunted." By
the rime the song was finished the spittoon was in pieces.
Wan T'ung ::[î _ (T. t' ). A.D. 583--616. Elder brother 2239
of Wang Chi. In his youth he was such an ardent student that
for six years he never took off his clothes. Af the age of nineteen
he proposed twelve "plans fo secure tranquillity" fo the empire;
and when these were hot accepted he retired fo a retreat in the
country, whither crowds of disciples flocked fo hear his teachings.
Yang Su ruade him an offer of official employment, but this was
proudly declined. Of his works, only the - survives. Some
o
of his sayings are still quoted; e.g. that in a country where there
are no pardons the penalties must be just, and in one where the
taxes are heavy wealth is sure fo decrease, tic was canonised by
his «ollowem. as F -, and in1530 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Wang T.û-ch'iao t oe . 6th cent. B.C. Eldest son of king 2240
Ling of the Chou dynasty. He studied the black a for 30
years under a magician named _2 Jî Fou-ch'iu Kung. One
day he sent a message fo his family fo say that on the 7th of
the 7th moon he would appear fo them; and on the appoiuted
848 A Chi»ese Biographical Dictio»ary
day he was seen riding through the air on a white crane, with
which he ascended fo heaven and became an Immortal. Also known
Wang Wei [î , (T. u- 14. ] )l ). A.D. 699--759. A
native of T'ai-yfian in Shansi, who graduated as chin s/6h in 721.
He became ramons both as a poet and a physician, and in these
capacities attracted the notice of the Emperor Hsfian Tsung, who
ruade him an Assistant Minister. Hence he is oen spoken of as
. He was subsequently carried off fo Lo-yang by the
rebel An Lu-shan, who declared he wished fo see what sort of an
animal a poet was. There he remained, forced fo act as Censor,
until the death of his captor, when he was af first impl'isoned but
afterwards re-appointed by tbe Emperor Su Tsung. This result was
chiefly due fo the influence of his brother Wang Chin, who held
high office and offered fo sacrifice his own career fo save his brother.
He retired however ere long into seclusion and ended his days
weaving the exquisite poems which bave immortalised him, amid
the joys of the country and the repose of a scholar's lif% and
with the consolations offered by the relion of Buddha in which
he was a firm believer. Losing his wife when he was only 31, he
did hot marry again, but lived alone for the last thirty years; and
when his mother dîed, he turned his ramons retreat after which
he is sometimes called (as above), into a Buddhist monastery, and
near by he himself lies buried.
WangWên-chih ' (T. . H. ). A.D.
1730--1802. A native of Kianu, who begaa lire as a boatman
and is said fo bave used a punt-pole ruade of iroa. He graduated
as third chin shih in 1770, and served for a time as Prefect of
Lin-an. He accompaaied a fend on a mission fo Loochoo, and
specimens of his handwriting are said o be still treasured there.
He wrote the ; , a criticism of specimens of writing
A CId»ese Biograpbical Dictionary 849
and painting, ancient and modern. His poems also are much admired.
ge was devoted fo music and spent large sums upon singers.
Wang Wn-hsiung :[ oE (T. ). Died A.D. 1800.
A native of Yfi-p'ing in Kueîcho, who rose ri'oto the
ranks, owing fo his valour in the Burmese and second Chin-ch'uan
wars, fo be Commander-in-chier in Shensi. He was engaged from
1796 uatil his death in fightîng the insurgents of Hupeh, Ssch'uan,
Kaasuh, and Shensi. Af length, surrounded by a vastly superior
fome, he was overwhelmed and slain. In the following year the
rebel leader who had defeated him was himself captured, wherepou
the Emperor directed that the head of the latter should be struck
off and sent fo the tomb of Wang Wên-hsiung in Kueichou, as
an expiatory offering fo his loyal spirit, ge was included in the
Temple of Worthies, and cuonised as .
Wang Yao-ch'ën (T. tfl )" A.D. 1001--1056. 2244
A statesman and scholar of the Sung dynasty, who graduated as
first chln shih and after distiuguishing himself during the rebelliou
of Chao Yfian-hao in 1034, rose fo be President of the Board of
Civil Office. Canonised as , ehanged in 1080 fo
a reward for having supported the claires of the Emperor Ying Tsung.
Wan Yen (T. . H. ). A.D. 256-311. 2245
Brother fo Wang Jung. His great abilities attracted the notice
of Shan T'ao, and Wang Jung declared fo the Emperor Wu Ti of
the Chin dynasty that only among the men of old was his peer
be found. He was famous as a brilliant talker, especially on
Taoism; and in conversation he used fo wave a yak's rail set in a
jade handle, as if were fo guide the herd. As Magistrate of
Yfian-ch'êng in Chihli; he practised with great success the laissez-falre
policy taught by Lao Tzfi. From his habit of making unauthorised
emendations in the Taoist classics, he was popularly said fo bave
"orpiment in his mouth," meaning that he did hOt wait fo smear
54
850 A Chinese Biographical Dictioary
if ou the paper as usual of old when any eorreetiou had fo be
ruade in a writen document, lqe was so disgused wih his wife's
awriee ha he even refused to-uer he word "money;" and when
she srewed casl, around his bed so as o bloek he way, he ealled
ou o he servan o ke away '%his filhy suff." Afer rising fo
be Governor of Honan, he reired on he plea of ill-healh. Ler
on he held high miliry eommand under he Prince of Ch'êng-u,
bu wns ulfimaely defeaed aud pu o deah by Shih Lo.
22t6 Wang Yen (T. " ). A.D. 854-925. Eleven«h son
of Wang Chien, whom he succeeded in 918 as second sovereign
of the Eadier Shu State. He had a square-shaped face, with a large
mouth; his hands hung below his kuees, and his ears were enormous.
He neglected his duties, aud gave hinlself up, together with his
Ministers fo sensual indulgence. Threatened by the army of the
Later T'ang dynasty, he surrendered, but was put fo death. Known
in history as .
'24ï Wan Yen-chan (T. oe ). A.D. 862-922. A
native of . Shou-ch'ang in Chehkiang, who rose under the
second Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty fo be Governor of')
T'an-chou. He was a very powerful and courageous man. He could
ruu barefoot over brambles for a hundred paces. He could ride ai
full gallop, brandishing an iron spear which another man could hot
even lift; hence he received the sobriquet of Wang of
the Irou Spear. In the struggle for empire with the Later Chins
which now raged, .the latter took T'an-chou and captured Wang's
wife and children. They were carfied away fo T'ai-yfian in Shansi
aud treated with great consideration, and a messenger was dispatched
fo invite Waug fo joia them. To this he replied by beheading the
messenger who attempted fo ramper with his loyalty. Shortly afterwards
he was impeached and retired into private life. He was sent for again
in 922 when the Chins had created a panic by their successes,
A Chbese Biographical Dictio»ary 8
,nd promised the Emperor that in three days he would make them
"laugh the other side of their mouth," a promise which he succeeded
la keeping. He was however defeated by the first Emperor of the
Later T%ng dynasty, aad being impeached by his second in command
for making light of the enemy, again went into retirement. From
this he was once more summoned fo oppose the T'angs: and after
a desperate conflict, he was a second rime defeated. He was severe]y
ch'i; his horse fe]l under him, and he was taken prisoner. The
Emperor, admiring his bravery, sent Li Ssfi-yian, his successor on
the throne, fo conciliate the fallen hero; but Wang received him
with curses and revilings, calliag him by his Turkic naine, whereupon
he was put fo death.
Wang ¥on-chêng
he succeeded in 944 as sixth and ]ast ruler of the Min Principa]ity.
Shortly after the accession of the latter in 939, when Governor of
Chien-chou, he had occasiou to write fo him and reproach him for
his cruelty and licentiousness. This caused a breach between the
two, and Wang Yen-hsi sent an army fo chastise him. This army
was however put fo the rouf, and Wang Yen-chêng shook off his
allegiance and proclaimed himself king of Yin. In 945 he
surrendered fo Li Ching of the Southern T'ang State, and was
sent fo Nanking with the title of
Wang Yen-han . (T. - ). Died A.D. 927. Eldest 22t9
son of Wang Shên-chih, whom he succeeded in 925 as second ruler
of the Min Principality, subsequent]y proc]aiming himself an
indeiendent king. He was a ta]l young fe]low, with a skin "as
white as jade," and he had a very ugly wife. Accordingly he
selected a number of beautiful concubines, but of these no less
than 87 died in one year, evidently the victims of his jealous wife.
Af length she fell ill, nd was so frightened by the ghosts of the
852 A Chincsc Bioqrapbical J9ictionary
dead girls that she too died. He himself was assassinated by his
owu brother Wang Lin, acting in concert with Wang Yen-ping,
an adopted son of Vang Shên-chih, who was Governor of Chien-
chou, and left his post on purpose fo share in the bloody deed.
Wang Yen-hsi .. Died A.D. 944. Youngest son of
Wang Shên-chih. In 939 he succeeded his nephew Wang Ch'ang
as fifth ruler of the Min Principality, and sent tribute fo the
House of Chiu. He disgusted his subjects by his cruelty and im-
morality, and was af length assassinated by : Lien
Ch'ung-yu (see "Wang Ch'ag), whose leurs had been aroused by
the wife of Wang Yen-hsi, jealous of a favourite concubine and
anxious fo get rid of ber husbaud and set ber son on the throne.
Canonised as )î,$ >-.
Wang Yen-ping . Died A.D. 931. The adopted son
of Wang 8hê,-ehih, his real ,,ame being f- _ Chou Yen-
shên. ge was blind of one eye, and was familiarly known as the
One-eyed Dragou. When Governor of Chien-chou he aided Wang
Lin in gettiug rid of Wang Yen-lmn, and on his departure after
the deed was doue he advised the former fo behave himself and
hOt make if necessary for him fo return. Luter on he threw off
his allegiance, but was defeated and captured by stratagem, Wang
Lin's general treacherously exhibiting a white flag in token of
surrender. "You see," sid Waug Lin in mockery, "that I cannot
have been behaving myself," and immediately ordered him off fo
execution. His rate was attributed fo the murder in his early days
of a harmless Buddhist priest, who had been born .again into the
world under the guise of Wang Lin. Canonised as ] j
2252 Wang Yin-chih
I 1 (T. 'fi ). 18th and
19th cent.
A.D. Graduated third af the Palace Examination of 1799, and
rose fo be President of the Board of Rites. He and his father,
A Citbtese Biogr«tpiic«d Dictio¢wg 85"5
î »«% . Wang Nieusun, are notable for having recognised the
frequent use in the Classics aud ancient writngs of characters
mployed for others on the strength of similari{y of sound, and
for having advocated recourse fo the Han as well as the Sung
commentators in order fo elucidate the canonical texts. Canonised
Wang ¥iug-lin (T. ' ). A.D." 1223--1296. A 2253
native of the Ningpo Prefecture in Chehkiang. Af nine years of
age he possessed a good knowledge of the Classics, and in 1241
he oa'aduated as cMn s]d]. After holding several posts, he was
summoned by the Emperor in 1256 fo examine the papers of the
candidates for the final degree. Upon completion of this task, his
Majesty, who looked over the essays, was so struck by that of the
seventh man on the list that he wished fo place him first. Wang
reconsidered his decision, and readily admitted the justice of the
Emperor's suggestion; and when the name of the Senior Vrangler
was read out, if was that of Wën T'ien-hsiang. Later on he got
into trouble from using too great freedom of speech, especially in
conuection with the appearauce of a cornet in 1264. He rose however
under the Emperor Tu Tsung fo be President of the Board of
Rites retiring, disheartened, in 1276. A voluminous writer, he
produced over 20 works on classical and educational subjects. The
Inost important of these is an extensive and valuable encyclopoedia,
known as the . The authorship of the -- oe , Trimetri«al
Classic, a famous primer for schoolboys, has also been attributed
fo him, but this claire has been disputed. Some maintain that the
book was written by "} Liang Ying-shêng of the Ming
dynasty, inasmuch as a copy was discovered bearing his naine
as the author and containing a preface by J Fu Kuang-tsë.
In this there are 8 lines hot found in other editions, and 19
dynasties instead of 17 only.
854 A Chinese Biogvaphical Dictiona»'y
e54 wan :e-oh'n (T. . ). Died A.D. 1001.
The son of a railler aL Chfi-yeh in Shantung. While only
9 years of age he attracted the notice of the scholar and staçesman
Pi Shih-an, and was edueated with the latter's children.
On one occasion his patron inscribed on a vase a line for which
none of the scholars of the neighbourhood had been able fo compose
a suitable antithesis, riz:
A parrot a]though if talks, is hot equal to a phcenix.
No sooner however did little Wang sec if than he wrote underneah,
A spider, although if spins, is hot equal to a silkworm.
Fie graduated as chin shiI in 988 and subsequently filled many
high 10osts in which he distinfished himself by boldness and freedom
of speech.
1758. A native of Fisiu-ning in Anhui, who graduated as
chin shih in 1724, and twenty years Inter was a Minister of the
Grand Council, drafting all the Decrees issued during çhe war in
Chin-ch'uan and also copying out the Emperor's poems. His writing
was so much admired by Ch'ien Lung that he had specimens of
his calligraphy cut on stone tablets and published under the title
Temple of Worthies. Sec Chag C]ao.
92'56 WIlg YiiI1 (T. :î ). 2n cent. A.D. Brother of
Ma Ku, and like his sister skilled in the black art. As an astrologer
he gained some reputation under the Emperor Y[uan Ti of the
Han dynasty, and rose fo high official tank. Three days after death
his COrlOse disappeared. Sec Ts'ai Cldg.
e» wan :an (T. . . i ). a.D. 20--1S.
A native of Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as an euthusiastic
student of ancient literature. He served in the Boards of Punishment
A Clbese .Biog»'aphical Diclio»at'y 855
and War, and was for a short rime employed upon the History
of the Mig Dy,asty. His works are entitled , ff'oto
the sobriquet by which he was populariy known.
Wang Yfian-chao (T. ). A painter who couhl 2258
paint fans hanging upon walls so skilfully that strangers would
offert try fo take them down. "
Wang Yeh ,[ (T. ). Ehlest son of Wang Tao, 2259
whom he predeceased. He was a very clever youth, and quite a
match for the latter la wei ch'i, which they used fo play together.
He was carefully brought up, and the servants had orders from the
thrifty father hot fo let him know that even rotten fruit was ever
thrown away. Canonised as ,. See Wag Hsi-chih.
Wang Yfieh (T. ). A.D. 1424--1498. A native 22{i0
of Honan, who graduated in 1451 and rose by 1471 fo be General
Superintendent of the West, his chier care being the powerful
freebooters of Ho-t'ao. Ia 1474 he threw up his post in
disgust ai the poor rewards bestowed on himself and his officers.
Returning fo Court, he allied himself with Wang Chih, and so
obtained charge of the Board of War. In 1480 he and his ally
were sent fo repel fresh incursions on the western frontier, and
for successes in that and the next two years he was ennobled as
Earl; but in 1483 Wang Chih fell, and Wang Yfieh was cashiered
and placed under restraint. He was re-instated by the Emperor Hsiao
Tsung, but in 1494 charges of injustice compelled him fo retire.
In 1497 he was placed in charge of the north-west, and upon the
fall of his eunuch ally Li Kuang, he was again denounced and
died af Kan-chou. Cauonised as .
Wang Yfin (T. ). Died A.D. 193. A native of 2261
T'ai-yfian in Shansi, who attracted the notice of Kuo T'ai, the
two becoming fast frends. Af nineteen years of age he already
held a responsible official position, and in 184 bec ,'e Governor of
856 A Cldnese Biogra»ldc(,l Dictio»arg
Yii-chou. Fie then ineurred the animosity of the eunueh Chang
Jang in eonneeion with the Yellow Turban rebels with whom
Chang was said fo be in collusion, and he was foreed fo flee for
safety into eoneealmenL and fo live under an assumed naine. Upon
Lhe accession of the Emperor Hsien Ti in 190 he returned and
was restored fo high oee, but disgusted with the ourageous
behaviour of Tung Cho he prevailed upon Lfi Pu (see Tiao Clt'av)
fo assassinate him. The result was that Tung Cho's pary, headed
by Li Ts'ui, broke into open rebellion, and Wang Yfin
was eaptured and put fo death together with all his family.
2262 Wang Yiin (T. ). A.D. 330--384. An official of
the Chin dynasty, who first distinguished himself as Governor of
Wu-hsing, where during a severe famine he boldly spent public
funds in relieving the starving poor before he had received authority
fo do so. "While I ara waiting,"..he said, "the people will perish;
and there is no discredit in being punished for a righteous act."
For this he was prompfly cashiered; however ou the petition of
the gentry of the district he received another appointment.
daughter then became consort of the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti, aad
in order fo escape suspicion he insisted on being sent fo a provindal
post. He had always been a hard drinker, and heuceforth was very
seldom sober; yet in spire of this failing he was always extremely
popular.
2263 Wei Chao . 8th cent. A.D. A scholar of the T'ang dynasty,
who when he graduated as chi, s£i/, inscribed his naine on the
Goose Pagoda af Ch'fi-chiang iu Kuangtung, a
custom which afterwards became universal. He rose fo be a secretary
in the Grand Council, but fell under the displeasure of Yfian Tsai.
Upon the death of the latter in 777 he was appointed Vice President
in the Board of Civil Office.
26 Wei Chêng,. (T. ). A.D. 581--643. A native of
A Chi»ese Biog»'tphical Diclh»«wy 857
fl]] Ch'fi-ch'êng in Chihli, who was lefl an orphan ai an early
age and devoled himself with such zeal fo literature thal he soon
took a foremost place among the scholars of his day. Joining the
forlunes of Li Y(ian, he greatly distinguished himself as a general;
and when the former mounted the throne as first Emperor of tbe
T'ang dynasty, Wei Chêng became his trusted counsellor. On the
abdication of the father he continued in the service of the son,
who accepted his reproofs with marvellous equanimity. He seemed
to possess the art of making censure seem ialaÇable, and the Emperor
declared that his very remonslrances savoured of flaltery. In 626
he joined the Council of State. He was appoinled President of the
Commission for drawing up the History of the Sui Dynasty, and
in addition fo this he was a poet of no mean order. He was ennobled
as Duke, and his portrait was one of the twenty-four in the
J q gallery founded by the second Emperor of the T'ang dynasty.
Ai his death his widow declined a public funeral as confrary fo
his known views, and he was buried simply. The Emperor said,
"You may use copper as a mirror for the person; you may use
the past as a mirror for politics; and you may use man as a
mirror fo guide one's judgment in ordinary affaire. These three
mirrors I ave always carefully cherished; but now that Wei Chêng
is gone, I bave lost one of them." Canonised as
Wei Chieh î, (T. - ). A.D. 286-312. Son of Wei
Huan, and popularly known as î ) The Jewel. Ai the age of rive
he was so beautiful that when he went fo market in a goat-carriage
the people all thought he vas a supernatural being. After many
rimes refusing fo take office he ai length joined the establishment
of the Heir Apparent, but during the political troubles which ensued
(see Ssï-ma C],ih) he fled with his family fo Nanking. The populace,
who had heard of his great beauty, crowded round him in such
numbers that he was positively "seen fo death."
858 A Chinese Biographical l)ictiota»'g
2266 Wei Chien _ : (T. oe ï ). 8th cent. A.D. A native of Wan-
nien in Shensi, who mar'ied a relative of Li Lin-lu and h'ough
the influence of that powerful Minister rose fo be President of the
Boa'd ot Punishments. Li howeve" soon became jealous of his
influence af Court, and round means fo accuse him of conspiring
o set he teù" Appa'ent on the throne; upon whîch he was first
banished, and then a Censor was sen fo pu him fo death.
native of Shan-yang in Shansi, who attached himselï fo
the fortunes of Li Shih-min afterwards second Emperor of the
T'ang dynasty, te aided in crushiug Wang Shih-ch'ung and other
'ebels; and on one occasion saved his chief's lire by jumping on
his horse and transfixing with his lance the rebël leader
Shan ]siung-hsin, who was on he poin of slaying the future
monarch. YIe su.bsequently served agains the Turldc tibes, and
rose o high 'an], being finally ennobled as Dule. By some he is
said fo bave been a blacksmith lu early lire, and is still worshipped
as the God of Blacksmihs. Cauonised as n.- . See Ch'in
P'iug-yang, origi,ally named ,[ Chêng. tis sister,-- Tza-fu,
was a singing-girl in the establishment of he P'incess of P'-ing-
yaug, sister o the Empe'or; and if was while listening fo ber
singiug that his Majësty was capivated by ber "glossy hair and
gleaming eeth." She was aken ino he Imperial seraglio, and
ber brothe" was raised in B.C. 139 o he 'anl: o Grand Chamberlain.
tIe was subsequenly ennobled as Marquis, and employed in high
military commands, gaining distinction in no less than seven campaigns
agains the siung-nu. In B.C. 119, after tle suïcide of Li Kuang,
he was appointed Presiden of the Board of War, jointly with
Ch'ii-ping. Canonised as
2269 Wei (huang _ -î. A miser of the 10th cent. A.D., who was
A Chbese Biog»'aphica 1 Dictioa»'y 859
se stingy that he even counted the grains of rice for his dinner
and weighed the firewood for cooking them.
Wei Chuug-hsien .. . Died A.D. 1627. A native of .2270
_ Su-ning in Chihli, of profiigate character, who ruade himself
a eunuch and changed his naine te " ., Li Chin-chung.
Entering the palace he managed by bibery te get into the service
of the mother of thWfuture Emperor tsi Tsung, and became the
paramour of that weak monarch's wet-nurse, K'o Shih. The pair
gained the Emperor's affection te an extraordinary degree, and
Wei, an ignorant brute, was the real ruler of China during the
reign of tsi Tsung. tte always took care te present memorials and
other State papers when his Majesty was engrossed in carpentry,
and the Emperor would pretend te know all about the question
and te]l Wei te deal with if. Aided by unworthy Censors, he
ga'adually drove all loyal men frein office, and put his opponents
te cruel and ignominious deaths. te persuaded tsi Tsung te enrol
a division of eunuch troops, ten thousand strong, armed with
muskets; while by causing the Empress te bave a miscarriage, his
paramour cleared his way te the throne. Many officials espoused his
cause, and the infatuated sovereign never wearied of loadiug him
with favours. In 1626 temples were erected te him in ail the
provinces except Fuhkien, his image received Imperial honours,
and he was styled ==- bine Thousand Years, i. e. only one
thousand less than the Emperor himself. All successes were ascribed
te his influence, a Grand Secretary declaring that his virtue had
actually caused the appearance of a "unicorn" in Shantung. In
1627 he was likened in a memorial te Confucius, and if was decreed
that he should be worshipped with the Sage in the Imperial Academy.
His hopes were overthrown by the death of Hsi Tsung, whose
successor promptly dismissed him. He hanged himself te escape
trial, and his corpse was disembowelled. His paramour was executed,
860 A Chincsc Biogve[phical Diclionary
and in 1629 nearly 300 persons were convicted and sentenced fo
varying penalties for being connected with his schemes.
2271 Wei lu-jen A (T. ). Died A.D. 140. The wife
5f Li Chfi, Governor of Ju-yin. She was famous
as a calligraphist in the li style.
2272 Wei Hou . Died A.D. 711. Consort of the Emperor Chuug
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, whom she poisoned in A.D. 710. She
ruade an attempt fo seize the throne, but was opposed by the young
Prince who afterwards ruled as the Emperor Ming Huang. Her
ibrces were defeated, and she and many of ber adherents were put
fo death.
: woi mi $ (T. h . . ). .D. let--S0.
founder of a school of philosophy and history, known as the
, and composed of a few frie,ds who retired fo a hill refuge
near Ningpo during the troubles af the close of the Ming dynasty.
In 1663 he wandered along the Yang-tsze and the Huai, seeking
the acquaintance of noted scholars. In 1678 he was compelled fo
take office, but was soon allowed fo retire and died two years luter,
his wife starving herself fo death thirteen days afterwards. He wrote
H , a diary, and some essays.
22ï Wei Hsiang-shu (T. or ). A.D. 1616--
1686. A native of Yfi-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chiez
shih in 1646 and was appointed o the Censorate. In 1654 he was
degraded with the rest of the Censors for failure fo report the
misdeeds of the Grand Secretary Ch'ên Ming-hsia, but
was shortly afterwards re-instated. In 1659 ]le refired fo attend
upon his aged mother, and for 18 years devoted himself fo the
study of philosophy. In 1672 he returned o office and in 1678
he was appointed President of the Censorate, a post which he kept af
his own request until he retired in ill-health in 1684, aKer a
A Chinese Biog»'al)hical Diclionarg 86i
lire houestly speut in promoting reforms for the good of his
country. When first called fo office he was loth fo uudertake ifs
responsibilities, feariu.g that his salary would be insuflàcient. His
wife's brother allowed him one tael a day, and ou that sure he
mauagel fo lire. Even in his later years ofrank and power, simplicity
and ecouomy prevailed withiu his bouse, lïIe is ranked as the greatest
of the Upright Oticials of the present dynasty. çanonised
Wei Hsiao . Died A.D. 88. A native of Ch'êng-chi in 2275
Kansuh, who rose in A.D. 28 against the usurper Wang Mang. In
a short rime he was af the head of a vast force, and established
himself in Sheusi and Kansuh. The Emperor Kuang Wu Ti induced
him fo break with Kung-sun Shu in A.D. 28; but a year later he
evaded an order fo reduce Ssttch'uan, although his eldest son was
then a hostage af Court. In A.D. 30 he opeuly rebelled; however
meeting with small success he threw in his lot witb Kuug-suu Shu,
wh0 ennobled him as Prince. hl A.D. 32 the Emperor proceeded
against him in person, and he fled west fo 11 Kung-ch'ang
Fu where he was besieged. The Sstich'uan forces raised the siege,
and Wei dogged the retreat of the Han army. Soon afterwards
he died. His son Chuu surreudered, and was carried fo the
capital.. In A.D. 34 he too tried fo escape fo the Turkic tribes,
but was captured and put fo death.
wei a, (T. t ). 3r, c¢. X.D. a ,ti¢ o
An-i in Shausi, who rose fo high oflqce under the Emperor Hui Ti
of the Chiu dynasty. When the latter was Heir Apparent, he was
looked upon as a young man of small promise. Wei Huau however
held a different opinion; and one day, when tipsy, he fell down
on his knees before the Prince and essayed fo speak his mind. All
he could mauage was fo stroke the couch with his hand and say,
"If is a pity your Highness is sitting lere." The Prince saw the
862 A C]iese Biograp]ical Dictioa,'y
poin bu ook no noice merely telling Wei ttuan tha he was
very drunk indeed. Wei subsequently fell a vicaire o palace intrigues
and he wrah of he Empress . Chia Itou, who hated his
probiy and uprighness and he was put fo death together with
niue members of his family.. Canonised as ).
2277 Wei l:Iung (T. l "[ )" ls cenL A.D. A native of Tung-
bai in Kiangsu who became a devoed sudent of ancien literaure
especially of Mao Ch'aug's ex of he Odes for which he wrote a
preface. Ite also composed a reatise on he ancien ttan ceremonial
and conributed generally fo he revival of classical sudies, tte rose
fo be a Privy Councillor under he Emperor Kuang Wu Ti.
A.D. 1616--1686. A native of Chihli who graduated as cMn shih
in 1646 and served for fourteen years in he Censorae rising in
1660 o be Presiden of the Board of Civil Office. tte persuaded
he Emperor Shun Chih no o confine Governorships fo Manchus,
and inroduced many oher important reforms. He planned he
sraegy by which the rebels and partisans of he Ming dynasy in
Sstich'uan and Kuangsi were reduced o submission, ttowever shorly
afer he accession of he Emperor K'ang Itsi his enemies succeeded
in ousting him ri-oto he good graces of his Majesy, and in 1671
he retired into privae lire, making if a rule never fo allude fo
politics. He was he author of various works on governmen,
metaphysics, and the Classics, and edited new editions of he grea
co.or. C..i I-
2279 Wei Jan . Died B.Ct.? 265. A scion of the reigning
House of Ch'u, who served he Ch'in State and played a leading
iart in he aggressive policy which culminated later on in he
riumph of he Firi Emieror. ttis policy of reachery and force
received a check in 298, bi rive years later he defeated Wei and
ttan, and in 290 and 289 annexed much of their territory; and
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'g 863
if was then that Prince Chao Hsiang, the son of his half-sister,
af his instigation adopted the title of Western Emperor.
In 278 two new provinces in Hupeh and northern Hmlan were
earved out of Ch'u, and in 275 the new capital of Wei, the modern
K'ai-fëng Fu, whieh was almost all if had left, was besieged. Rieher
than his toaster, he kept all strangers out of Ch'in lest he himself
should be superseded, and he and his sister the Dowager ruled the
o
country. For forty years he wielded almost supreme power, but his
successfnl career was cut short in 266 by a decree of banishment
fo i Jang in Honan, of which he had behn ruade Marquis in
291; and soou afterwards he died of mortification af being supplanted
by Fan Chii.
wei ao _ (T. ). A.D. 7a5--S05. A ntive of e2S«
Wan-nien in Shensi, who distinguished himself by his resistance fo
Chu Tz'ti and subsequently rose fo be Commander-in-chier. In 785
a ;oi-( o 1, at-i.-a. g _ Ca,g
Yen-shang, who had previously treated him with coutempt, of the
Governorship of modern Sstich'uan. tte travelled thither under the
,a of t '] a- o, o-a ao,i( s ugy
relative when he exhibited his Imperial credentials. He ruled Ssfich'uan
with a firm hand for twenty-one years, constantly af war with the
Turfan tribes, of whom he is said fo bave killed in battle 480,000,
as well as 1500 generals, besides beheading over 5000 prisoners
and capturing some 20,000,000 head of cattle and sheep and 6,000,000
arms and miscellaneous articles, tte was ennobled as Prince, and
canonised as ].
Wei K'o . 6th cent. B.C. A commander of the Chin State, 2281
whose father had in early years besought him always fo take care
of a favourite concubine. In his last moments however the dying
man begged Wei K'o fo bury the girl alive with him, a request
which his son disregarded on the ground that the first injunction
864 A C]bese Biogt'aphical Dictio»zarg
was given when his father's intellect was clear, the second when
already dulled by approaching dissolution. Some rime afterwards,
being engaged in battle with the Ch'ins, he defeated them utterly
and took prisoner 5 [ Tu Hui, the strong man of Ch'in, thanks
fo an old man who appeared on the field and twisted the stalks
of grass in such a way as fo impede the latter's movements. This
old man afterwads appeared fo Wei K'o in a dream and said,
"I ara the father of the concubine whom you saved from a dreadful
death, and thus I bave rewarded you!"
222 Wei KU . A man of the T'ang dynasty, said fo bave seen
the old man of the moon sitting under-a tree and turning over
the leaves of the book in which all marriages are registered af the
birth of one of the predestined cbuple. He also saw the bag con-
taining the invisible red silk thread by which their feet are tied
together. The old man declared that Wei Ku would mmTy the ill-
favoured infant daughter of a certain woman who sold vegetables,
whereupon Wei hired au assassin fo kill the child. The ruffian
missed his aire, and only succeeded in inflicting severe blow over
the eyebrow. Fourteen years later Wei married a beautiful girl who
wore a gold plate over one eyebrow, and on ma](ing enquiries he
discovered that she was no other than the child whose union with
him had been so strangely foretold.
2283 Wei Liao .. ,. 4rb cent. B.C. A native of the Wei State,
who studied under Kuei-ku Tzti, and wrote a work on the art
of war.
2284 Wei Liao-wêng i E (T. .. H. [_[] ). A.D. 1178--
1237. A native of , rJî P'u-chiang in Sstich'uan, whose real
naine was Kao, which was changed fo Wei upon his adoption
by a man of that naine. He graduated as c]tin sMh in 1199, and
after a chequered career rose in 1231 fo be President of the Board
of Rites, though owing fo Court intrigues he was sent fo serve in
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona»'y 865
Fuhkien, where he died. Famous as a teacher of the Confucianism
of Chu Hsi, he was the author of the , ,an exegetical
work on the Ni»e Classics. He was canonised as , and in
1724 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Wei Lii . 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A clever musician, of 2285
Turkic descent, who had been brought up in China. He secured
the protection of Li Yen-nien, and was recommended by him as a
suitable envoy fo the Hsiung-nu. On his return he round that his
patron had fallen into trouble; and fearing fo perish with him,
he fled fo the Hsiung-nu and tendered his alleance. The latter
received him with open arms and created him Prince of --
Ting-ling. See Su Wt.
Wei 1'o . 2a cent. B.C. Son of an eminent musician 2286
under the First Emperor. Wishing fo obtain an introduction fo
Ts'ao Ts'an, he daily swept the door in front of his secretaries'
quarters, until at length one of the latter, struck by his strange
behaviour, introduced him fo the great man who af once gave
him a post.
Wei Po-yang î (T. . H. ]: - ). 2n cent. 2287
A.D. A Taoist philosopher and alchemist. In A.D. 121 he was
summoned fo Court, but refused the invitation, being, as he described
himself, "a lowly man, living simply, and with no love for power
.,n glory." Reputed auhor of the (see ,eSS), wic is
professedly a commentary upon the Cano oj" Chages, but is in reality
a treatise upon the concoction of pills of immortality. He is said fo
bave ultimately succeeded in compounding such pills, and fo bave
admiuistered one by way of experiment fo a do, which af once
fell down dead. He then swallowed one himself, with the saine
result; whereupon his elder brother, with firm faith in the drug
and undismayed by what he saw before him, swallowed a third
pill. He too fell down dead, and this shook the confidence of the
55
866 I Chbtese Biog»'aphical Diction«t»'y
younger brother who went off fo make arrangements for burying
the bodies. But by the rime he returned the trio had recovered,
and were straightway enrolled among the ranks of the Immortals.
288 Wei Po-yang ;. A native of Kiangsu, who flourished
as a scholar and writer under the Sung dynasty. He was the author
of the , a treatise on abstruse points in the Classics,
consisting mostly however of forced interpretations calculated fo
pronlote heteroox» and aso of the
Wei-shao Wang. See Wan-yen Yiin-chi.
22S9 Wei Shêng (T. ). Died A.D. 1164. A native of
î Su-ch'ien in Kiangsu, who was of a military turn of mind
and enlisted in the army as an archer. In 1161, while stationed ai
Shan-yang, he raised a body of some 300 volunteers, and recaptured
the city of Hai-chou which had recently been taken by the
Chin a Tartars. He pacified the inhabitants of the surrounding districts,
and by judiciously remitting taxes and releasing prisoners he so
far gained public confidence that ere long he had an army of several
thousand men. With these he inflicted a severe defeat upon the
Tartars, for which he was duly rewarded by the Emperor and
appointed Governor of Hai-chou. In 1164 he resisted by force a
treacherous attempt of the Tartars fo pass troops through his
territory; but his men ran short of arrows, and in the confusion
he himself was struck by a hostile shaft and killed. He is said fo
have been the first general fo bave used gunpowder in warfare.
His powder however seems fo bave been nothing more than a kind
of Greek tire. Canonised as
290 Wei-shêng Kao î : or Wei Shêng 2=. 6th cent.
B.C. A young man of the Lu State, noted for his fidelity. He
agreed fo meet a girl under the a Lan Bridge ai Ch'ang-an,
but the girl did hot keep ber appointment. He continued however
fo wait for ber in spire of the fact that the river was rapidly
A Chinese Biog.r«phical Dictionary 867
rising; and sooner than quit his post, he finally clasped a pillar
and perished in the waters.
native of Ch'fi-yang in Chihli, who is chiefly known by
his History of t]te Vei Dyasty and some miscellaneous writings.-
£s aa official he was too quarrelsome, and as a man, too fond of
pleasure. Yet he ultimately rose fo high honours, and is ranked
with Wên Tzfi-shêng and Hsiug Shao as the N = Three
Ale Men of the Northern Dynasties. Canonised as
Wei 8hu (T. ). Died A.D. 290. A native of t 2292
Jen-ch'ëng in Shantung, who was brought up by his maternal aunt.
When the latter was building a house, the geomancer she employed
said, "This house will surely produce a worthy nephew." Thereupon
Wei Shu cried out, "I will miffster fo the reputation of this family!"
Graduating as hsiao lie he rose fo notice under the Emperor
Ti of the Wei dyaasty, who used fo follow him with his eyes as
he left the Imperial presence and say, "Wei Shu has a dignified
bearing; he will be a leader of men." Under the Emperor Wu Ti
of the çhin dynasty he actually became a Minister of State, but
rigned in consequence of many porteurs followed by national
calamities, and was ennobled as Viscount. He had a daughter,
named Hua-ts'un, who studied the black a. One day she
is said fo have swallowed some purifying drugs, and fo have gone
stmight up fo heaven in broad daylight. Canonised as
Wei Shu . 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native of Wan-nien 2293
in Shensi, who graduated as c]dn s]i]t and rose fo be a Historiographer
under the Emperor Ming Huaug of the T'ang dynasty. He and his
four brothers were called by Chang Yfieh the finest trees in the
fores of humanity. When the rebellion of An Lu-shan broke ou,
he fled fo the mountains, carrying with him the State annals. He
fell however into the hands of the rebels and was compelled fo
868 A Chmese Biographical Dictionary
take office under them. Later ou he was seized by an Imperialist
official and thrown into prison, where he star.ved bimself fo death.
His character was subsequently cleared, and posthumous honours
were accorded fo him. tte revised Wu Chln s history of the early
portion of the T'aug dynasty, and wrote the j ) -, a
description of the two capitals, Ch'ang-an and Lo-yang.
2294 Wei Tzïl j--. 12th cent. B.C. The Viscount of Wei. tte was
a kinsman of the iufamous Chou Hsin, whose cruelty and extravagance
so disgusted him that he retired from Court and fiually quitted the
kiugdom.
o.m Wei Wu-chi
~ .... , ,t. 3rd cent. B.C. Prince Wu-chi of the
Wei State, otherwise known as '. With over 3,000 retainers
af his beck and call, he was remarkable for his gentleness and
humanity. On one occasion when he had thoughtlessly allowed a
hawk fo kill a pigeou which had sought refuge under his table,
he set fo work and caught some 300 hawks. Then drawing his
sword he said fo the birds, "Which of you is the guilty one?" The
culprit bowed ifs head; whereupon he af once slew if and let the
others go.
Wei Wu. See Ts'ao Ts'ao.
2296 Wei Yang . Died B.C. 338. An il|egitimate scion of the
ruling family of the Wei a State, whose real naine was
Kung-sun Yang. He entered the service of the Wei State, and
became assistant fo the Minister ]]_oE > J Kung-shu Tso, who
was so struck by his ability that on his deathbed he conjured king
ttui either fo appoint this young man fo the place he was
about fo vacate or fo kill him, lest his talents might be employed
fo the advantage of some other State. King Hui neglected this
advice, and about B.C. 350 Wei Yang entered the service of Duke
: ttsiao, ruler of the Ch'in State. tte began by inspiring his
new toaster with ambition, showing him that Imperial dignity was
A Chinese Biographical Dictioary 869
within his reach. He then set fo work fo reform the civil and
military administrations, as the sole means by which such dreams
of aggrandisement could be realised. He drew up a severe code of
laws, but before publishing if he resorted fo the following device
in order fo secure the confidence of the people. He issued a notice
that any one who could carry a certain wooden pole from the
market-place fo one of the city gares would receive ten ounces of
silver. This offer was increased from ten fo fifty; and af length a
man came forth and performed the feat» and fo the astonishment
of all received the promised reward. Then the laws were promulgated,
and enforced with such impartiality that even the guardian and the
tutor of the Heir Apparent were both punished with branding for
failing fo keep their young charge in the paths of duty and decorum.
The patriarchal system, under which sons brought their wives fo
lire under the parental roof, was abolished. The old agrarian
,,tio, .. , by hih e,ey q.e or
land was divided into nine portions, one of which was given to
each of eight families who joined in tilling the ninth for the public
treasury, are said fo bave been then abrogated, and the Ç
regulations, under which individual ownership obtained, were
put in their place. The tithing system was introduced, and also
many other important reforms. The capital was transferred from
Yung fo Hsien-yang. Af first Wei Yang met with much opposition;
but in the end his reforms prevailed, and if was popularly said
that under his rule the people of Ch'in became so virtuous as hOt
even fo pick up articles found lying in the streets. In B.C. 340
Wei Yang seized the opportunity of a defeat of the Wei State by
the ¢ombined forces of Han and Ch'i fo organise an expedition
against the former, now in a crippled condition. Even thus he did
hot meet ifs for'ces in fair fight, but first treacherously seized
- J Kung-tzti Ang, the enemy's commander, and then let loose
870 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Diclio»ar!!
his soldiery upon a defenceless foe. The upshot was that ]ring t/ni
was compelled te cede te Chin a large slice of territory, and Wei
Yang was ennohled ai Prince of ï Shang. Hence he is often
spoken of as ï : and as Shang Yang. In B.C. 338 .Duke ttsiao
died, and was succeeded by that tteir Apparent whose sensibility
had heen wounded by the indignities put upon his guardian and
his tutor. Wei Yang felt that he was in danger and fled te Wei,
but the people of that State would have nothing te de with him
and drove him back te Ch'in. If was on this occasion that he was
refused shelter in an inn, because, as the innkeeper pointed out,
in accordance with his own laws, he had net provided himself
with a passport, tte then took refuge in his fief and offered armed
resistance; but was speedily overpowered and killed, and his whole
family exterminated.
2297 Wei Yao _. ] (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Ytin-
yang in Chehkiang, whose personal naine was originally i Chao.
In 252 he became Grand Historiographer, and was employed upon
the dynastic history, and in 264, when Sun Hao mounted the
throne, he was ennobled as Marquis. The latter wished that an
Imperial biography should be written of his father, Sun Ho; but
Wei Yao pointed out that as he had never actually sat upon the
throne, his biography must appear in the history under his naine
and net under hiæ canonisation. This led te a rupture beçween
them, and the Emperor soon round means te accuse Wei Yao of
disloyalty. He was thrown into prison, and in spire of the inter-
cession of friends was put te death. He was a fine scholar. He
enlarged the :î of Liu Chên, and published an edition of the
Cano of Fili«l Piety.
egs wi :h (T. tç )). i«d .D. 0. native of
[ï Shan-chou in ttonan, who became a recluse, living in a straw
but and calling himself . _ 2 ±. He passed his rime in
A Cttinese Biographical Dictionarg 871
singing, playing the guitar, writing and reciting poetry. The Emperor
T'ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty summoned him fo Court, but he
would hot go; so his Majesty sent a painter fo paint a portrait
of him with his surroundings. When however the painter's arrival
was announced, he hsti]y picked up his guitar d fled out of the
back-door. On one occasion, when trvelling with K'ou Chun, the
pair of them scribbled some wrses upon the wll of n inn. Stopping
once gin ai the saine inn, he round K'ou Chun's verses protected
by green gauze screen, while his own were covered with cobw«bs
(sec Wag Po). A courtesan stepped forward and wiped off the
dus with her red robe, whereupon he cried out,
O'er lack of screen I need not triche,
Thus honoured by a fait one's sleee.
In 1008 he received au official appointment; but he ain declined,
saying, "The place of the wild deer is hOt in the throng of the
audmnce-chamber.
Wei Ying-wu . 8th cent. A.D. A nativ of Ch'ang-an 2299
in Shensi. In early lire he was a soldier in the body-guard f the
Emperor Ming Huant; but art.er a course of study, he entered uæon
a civil career. He filled several important posts and finally rose go
be Governor of Sooehow, whenee he is offert s¢yled Il'l"
A man of pure and lofty disposition, his poetry was likened fo
that of T'ao Ch'ien, "simple in expression, pregnant with meamn,
and the two are often spoken of together as
magistrate in the provinces. He wrote the , a descriptive
account of the military operations of this dynasty, and also the
, a record of foreign nations, founded on the nos
of Lin Tsê-hsi.
Wên Ch'ang . The God of Literature, said fo bave been 2301
orinally a man named Chang Ya, who lived under the
872 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
T'ang dynasty and took up his abode af " Tzti-t'ung in Sstich'uan.
He was very handsome, and a brilliant writer. ]:[e became Superintendent
of Education, and succeeded so well that he received an appointment
in the Board of Rites, but declined the office and disappeared.
2302 Wên Chêng-ming (T. t tP H. ,). A.D.
1470--1559. A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu. As a boy he
was dull-witted, but his intellect developed rapidly as he approached
manhood. He studied composition uuder Wu K'uan, calli-
graphy under . . Li Ying-chêng, and painting under Shên
Chou. He ultimately rose fo be a member of the Han-lin College,
and was employed upon the annals of the reign of the Emperor
Wu Tsung, 1506--1522. He retired comparatively early from public
lire, and died af the great age of 90, leaving a family of eight sons.
Wên Ch'êng Ti. See Toba Chïn.
2303 Wên Ch'iao (T. :) ). A.D. 288--329. A native of
T'ai-y(ian in Shansi, distinguished in early youth by his skill in
literary composition and by his filial piety. His uncle by marriage,
who vas a general, sent him on a mission fo the capital, the
present Nanking, where he attracted the notice of the leading
statesmen. After serving with success against Shih Lo, leaving part
of his sleeve in the hand of his mother who tried to stop him, he
aided in the establishment of the E. Chin dynasty and stood in
high favour with the Emperor Y(iau Ti. In A.D. 318 he was
attached to the tutorial staff of the Heir Apparent. In 322 he
boldly forbade his pupil to take the field against Wang Tun, himself
exiosing later on the treasonable designs of the latter and defeating
the rebel attack on Nanking in 324, for which he was ennobled
as Duke. On the Emperor's death he was appointed one of the
Regents, and in 326 he was Governor of Chiang-chou in Hupeh,
with headquarters af Wu-ch'ang. Two years later, in conjunction
with T'no K'an, he drove Su Ch(in from Nanking, which he had
A Chinese Biogr«pical Dictioary 873
captured by surprise the year belote. He declined however fo risk
eutering into rivalry with Wang Tao over the central administration
and returned fo his post. Tradition. says that he lighted a rhinoceros
horn, and by ifs glare succeeded in descrying the water-bogies and
other monsters in a river, shortly after which he was taken suddenly
ill and died. Canonised as
Wên-hsiang -[. Died A.D. 1875. A Manchu, who in 1861 230
was Senior Vice President of the Board of Revenue. He was then
appointed fo the newly-formed Tsung-li Yamên, a department for
the regulation of intercourse with Western nations. In 1865--66
he dealt successfully with the mounted brigands of Fêng-t'ien, and
in 1872 he became a Grand Secretary and member of the Grand
Council. He was very mild-mannered and dignified, and a great
favourite with foreigners.
Wên ttsiian Ti. See Kao Yang.
Wên Kung. See Kao Wei.
Wên Ti. See (ttan) Lin ttêng; (Wei) Ts'ao l'ei; (E. Sang)
Lin I-lung; (Ch'ên) Ch'ên Ch'ien; (W. Wei)Yiian lao-chii;
(Sui) Yang Chien.
Wên T'i-jen :E (T. : ]). Died A.D. 1638. A native .2305
of , Wu-ch'êng in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin sltih
in 1598 and had risen fo be President of the Board of Rites when
the last Ming Emperor succeeded fo the throne. A deep schemer,
he so far won the suspicious Emperor's confidence that, in spire of
frequent denunciations, he became a Grand Secretary in 1630. So
soon as he was secure of his position he ruthlessly persecuted his
enemies, always workiug through others and never leaving any
tangible proofs of his action. He kept his post, although unable fo
suggest any mode of coping with the Manchus or rebels, conteuting
himself with pressing the scheme of forced subscriptions by which
oticials and rich men were mulcted. Af last in 1637 the Emperor
874A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
discovered his duplicity through a eunuch, and allowed himto retire.
Canonised as ,.
2306 Wên T'ien-hsiang ç ) (T. and . H. ).
A.D. 1236--1283. A native of Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who graduated
as first chi shih in 1256 (see Iag Ybg-lb 0 and entered upon
a public career. He attracted attention in 1260 by memorialising
the Emperor Li Tsug fo behead Tung Snng-ch'ên,
who had advised his Majesty fo leave the capital, then af Hangchow,
and flee before the advance of the victorious Mongols; and he followed
this up by denouncing Chia Ss-tao for his cowardly advice in the
saine direction. In 1275 he was af Kan-chou in Kiangsi, when
orders were issued for the levy of troops fo make a further attempt
fo arrest the ride of invasion. His army, partly composed of aborigines
from the frontier of Kueichou, was cut fo pieces; and he was ordered
fo abandon Soochow, whither he had been sent in the inlm, and
fo repair fo the capil fo ke measures for its defence. Thence he
was sent as envoy fo Bayan, the Mongol general, who ruade him
prisoner and sent him off fo Peking. He managed however fo escape
on the way, and fled fo Wênchow. Another levy of troops in Kiangsi
was followed by a crnshing defea from ' Li Hê,g af
sing-kuo, when almosç ail his family fell ino the hands of he
vicor. He himself got clear off and reached Kuangung in safety.
In 1278 he was ennobled as Duke and raised anoher army, but
the fates were against him. An epidemic broke ou amongst he
soldiers, of which his own moher and one son died, and he was
agn defeaed and capured a Wu-p'o-ling. On being
aken fo he n of Chang Hung-fan, his conqueror, he was
ordered fo prostrate himself; bui he firmly refused, and Chang met
him on erms of host and gues. e was hen taken o Yai-shan,
he last rerea of he las representafive of he grea Sung dynasy,
but refused fo write and advise capitulation. In 1279 he was conveyed
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 875
fo Pekmg, on which journey he passed eight days without eating.
Every effort was ruade fo induce him fo own allegiance fo the
Mongol Emperor, but wi.thout succêss. Ho was kept in prison for
three years. "My dungeon," he wrote, "is lighted by the will-o'-
the-wisp alone: no breath of spring cheers the murky solitude in
which I dwell." Ai length he was summoned into the presence of
Knblai Khan, who said fo him, "What is if you want?" "By the
grace of the Sung Emperor," he replied, "I became his Majesty's
Minister. I cannot serve two masters. I only ask fo die." Accordingly
he was executed, meeting his death with composure and making a
final obeisance southwards as though his own sovereign was still
reigning in his own capital. He was canonised as ], and
in 1843 his tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Wên Tsung. See Li ttan.
Wên Tzfi-shêng L-- (T. ). A.D. 495--? 550. A 2307
native of T'ai-yiian in Shansi, and descendant of Wên Ch'iao. In
516 he was oe of twenty-four chosen fo be Censors out of eight
hundred competitors, and in 533 he became Reader and Equerry
fo the tteir Apparent. About 550 he was suspected of treason by
the founder of the Northern Ch'i dynasty and thrown into prison,
where he was kept without food until he killed himself by swallowing
a part of his bedding. He left only some essays, but is ranked as
one of the Three Able Men of the Torthern Dynasties (see Wei
S]wu); and these essays are said fo bave been found by an envoy
fo the Turkic tribes ai the bedside of one of the Turkic chieftains. 2308
Wên Wang E- B.C. 1231--1135. The title of canonisation
under which is known Ch'ang, Duke of Chou, otherwise called
' the Chief of the West, the father of Wu Wang, first
sovereign of the Chou dynasty. He was hereditary ruler of the
Principality of I Ch'i in modern Shensi, and a wise and virtuous
man. He had a face like a dragon and eyebrows like a figer, ttis
876 A Chinese Biogrp]ical Diclionary
breast bore four nipples. In B.C. 1144 he was denounced by )
Hu, the Marquis of Ch'ung, fo the Emperor Chou Hsin, as
dangerous fo the throne; and he was seized and thrown into prison at
_. Yu-li in modern Honan. There he passed two years, occupying
himself upon the Cawn of C]ages. Af length the Emperor, yielding
fo the entreaties of the people, backed up by the present of a
beautifal concubine and some fine horses, set him at liberty and
commissioned him to make war upon the frontier tribes. To his
dying day he never ceasëd fo remonstrate against the cruelty and
corruption of the age, and his naine is still regarded as one of the
most glorious in the annals of the empire.
native of ï ) Chieh-hsiu in Kîangsi, who graduated as c£i shil
and entered the public service. A clever boy, he is said on one
occasion when he had droiped his ball into a well fo have raised
the level of the water by rowing in a number of stones. He first
distinguished himself by the energy with which he crushed the
rebellion of | Wang Tsê, after which he was rapidly promoted
and ultimately became Minister of State, a position which he filled,
with some temporary checks (see T'»g C]del), for a period of
fifty years. He was on terres of intimacy with all the leading men
of his rime, and formed a kind of club in which age took precedence
over tank, and fo which all the notabilities of Lo-yang were eager
fo belong, t]e was ennobled as Du.ke, and canonised as a, .
2:]10 Wêng Chung-ju p (or ). A native of "J Wei-chou
in Kansuh and a poor scholar under the T'ang dynasty, who was
suddenly enriched by a rainfall of gold.
:ll Wêng ttsin-ts'un ' I ; (T. --.. tt. î ). A.D.
17931862. A native of * Ch'ang-shou in Kiangsu, who
graduated as c]i s]i] in 1822 and filled various literary and
educational posts. In 1837 he was appointed tutor fo the six sons
A Chinese Biogpaphical Dictionarg 877
of the EmpCÜr Tao Kuang, but soon retired fo watt upon his
aged mother. Returning fo office in 1847, he rose in 1856 fo be
Chancellor of the Han-lin College and a Grand Secretary. Canonised
as , and included in the Temple of Worthies.
native of Shou-ch'ang in Chehkiang, who graduated as
chin shih about 1250. He then retired into private life, and occupied
himself with teaching and writing. Author of the
a work on the Spri,.q and A«tumn A,nals; also of Lhe
W6ng T'ung-ho . A native of Kiangsu, who graduated 313
as first cldn shih iu 1856 aud lu 1872 ws
Grand Council. He ws tutor fo the Emperor, nd supposed o
advoete reetioury mesures. Chneellor of the Hn-lin College
in 1881, he joiued the Grand Council in 1882, but ws removed
from it with loss of rank in 1894. In November of the sme yer
he ws directed o ssist Prince Kung in orgnising the rmies of
the Imperial Prefecture; nd being lreMy President of the Bord
of Revenue, he w gin MmittM fo the Grand Council. In 1895
he bec,me President of the Pekiug College.
Wôg I (. ). A ntive of Ch'ung-n 31
in Fuhkien, who flourished s seholar under the Sung dynsty
and ws devoted Mherent of the school of Chu Hsi. He ws
specilly lerned in the Spbg and Autumn Annals, nd in philosophy.
Wostorn Royal othor, Tho. See si Wng u.
it Empror, The. See Kung-sn Shu.
Wo-jen . A Manchu, who in 1861 ws Grand 8eeretary 815
nd one of the first members of the Tsung-li Ymên. He ws notorious
for his blind htred of foreigners, declring in secret memoril fo
878 A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictiona»'y
the Throne that he longed fo eat their flesh and sleep on their slSns.
). A.D. 1247--1331. A native of Ch'ung-jen in
Kiangsi. An eager student ri'oto his youth upwaMs he failed however
fo gain the chin sltih degree. Later on his editions of the Classics
were brought o the notice of Kublai Khan, and he was recommended
for ocial employment. After filling various literary posts he rose
by 1321 fo be a secreta W in the Han-lin College, but in a few
years he resigned and returned fo his home where he lived in a
tbatched cottage. A uthor of th« " , a work on the
Canon of History, and similar studies on other portions of the
Classics; also of editions, with commeatafies, of the Tao Të
and Chuang Tz. e was canonised as , and in 1443 his
tabler was placed in the Confucian Temple.
2317 W Chêg-ehih (T. . H. ). A.D.
1618--1691. A native of Han-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as
cMn sMh in 1648 and entered the public service. In 1660 he became
President of the Censorate and earned universal gratitude by stopping
the proposed erection of barracks for Baunermen throughout China.
At the end of 1681 he w Grand Secretary, the first from
Kuang under this dynasty. He aided in the compilation of the
I,,stltutes and General Topograpl, y of Chi,,a. Canonised as .
2318 Wu Ch'êng-ssfi . Died A.D. 698. The nephew ana
favourite of the Empress Wu ou» who raised him fo high ooEce
but later on oo offence aU his arrogance and cancelled his àppoint-
ments. He subsequently intrigued o be made Heir Apparent and
failing in his design, died of mortification.
Wu Ch'êng Ti. See Kao Chan.
2319 Wu Çh'ëng Tz . The reputed tutor of the Emperor
Yao, B.C. 2357.
2320 Wu Chi ,. Died B.C. 244. Youngest son of Prince Chao
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 879
of the Wei State, and one of the [ Four Heroes who banded
together fo resist the growing power of the Ch'in State. In B.C.
258 he was in communal of the army of Wei, under the title of
Prince of Hsin-ling; and proceeding fo the relief of
l-Ian-tan, capital of the Chao State, which was then besieged by
the Ch'ins, defeated their ramons general î Wang Ho and
raised the siege. In B.C. 247 he took command of the armies of
the rive allied States and inflicted a crushing defeat upon
Mêng Ao, another of the generals of çh'in, pursuing him as far
as he Han-ku pass. While he lived, the power of the
Ch'ins was completely held in check, although in his later years
he retired from public lire in disgust and gave himself up fo wild
debauchery. He is sometimes spoken of as --. See C£u Hai.
WU Ch'i 9' .E." Died B.C. 381. A native of the Wei a State, 2321
who in early lire was a pupil under Tsêng Ts'an, but the philosopher
conceived a dislike for him and banished him from his presence.
Proceeding fo the Lu State he studied the art of war, and soon
gained great proficiency therein; and when hostilities broke out
betweeu Lu and Ch'i, he was anxious fo take command of the
army of the former State. The prince however hesitated fo appoint
him, because his wife was a native of Ch'i; wherenpon Wu Ch'i
af once put ber fo death in token of his loyalty, and entered upon
what proved fo be a most successful campaign. Luter on he entered
the service of the Wei State, and for some rime enjoyed the favour
of the Marquis 1 Wu. On one occasion, while navigating the
West River, the latter remarked upon the splendid natural defences
of that region; fo which Wu Ch'i replied that the virtue of ifs
nfler is a still greater safeguard fo a State than a frontier of
inaccessible cliffs. Finally, in B.C. 387, having fallen into disfavour
and believing his lire fo be in danger, he entered the service of
the Ch'u State, where he became Chancellor, and occupied himself
880 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in organising the administration. By the unsparing severity with
which he abolished all abuses, he marie himself many foes among
the chief familles. A conspiracy was formed against him, and he
was killed. Although pitilessly severe, he gained the affections of his
troops by sharing every hardship with them. He was the author of a
treatise on the military art, which is still highly esteemed, and in
reference fo which he is also known as 9' "-" In popular pictures he
is represented holding in one hand by the hair a bleeding female head.
e.e w c'i- (. i ". n. - ). Die¢
A.D. 1846. A native of [ Ku-shih in Honan, who graduated
as chin sMh in 1817 and rose fo high office, being Governor of
Shansi just previous fo his death. Chiefly "known as an eminent
best drawings in whieh were by his own hand.
2323 Wu Chiang-hsien ç f]]j. The lovely favourite of the Emperor
Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty, A.D. 605--617, who declared that ber
beauty could even satisfy hunger.
2a2 wu chi«h (T. Og). .D. 109-119. famous
military commander under the Sung dynasty. As a youth he showed
great determination combined with much ambition; and entering
the military service, he soon distinguished himself by his exploits
against the Hsia and Chin a Tartars. On one occasion he is said fo
bave ridden 100 mlles in a single night, hastening fo the relief of
a threatened town; and on arrival he first sent a basket of oranges
fo the Tartar commander, with his compliments, and then fell upon
the enemy and routed them utterly, tte entirely frnstrated ail atempts
on the part of the Chins a fo gain possession of modern Sstich'uan,
and was himself ultimately appointed Governor of that territory,
but died ou the way thither. Canonised as Ç.
2325 Wu Chih 7 (T. : - ). 13th cent. A.D. A famous artis[
in Indian ink pupil of Chao Mêng-chien.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 881
wu Chih-i ff (T. ' ). A ,ote schoar, who ouris,e(
about A.D. 1679. te devoted himself chiefly fo chronology, and
superintended that department in the compilation of the History
of tle Mi»g Dyasty. He wrote a history of the en small Principalities
which existed between the end of the T'ang and the beginning of
the Sung dynasties, besides various other classical and histo'ical
works.
Wu {3hing . Died A.D. 742. A native of Pien-chou in ?,327
Honan, who distinguished himself as a Censor and also by strict
adherence fo truth in his history of the early portion of the T'ang
dynasty, so that he was called the modern Tung Hu. His boldness
got him into trouble, and he was banished; but before his death
he w as once more filling a high post. A uthor of the
a work ou the principles of government.
Wu Fart _ (T. 1| ). Died A.D. 226. A native of Shang-yi 238
in Chehkiang, who studied mathematics and became known in his
District as a good weather-prophet. From this he went on fo prophesy
about things in general, and finally attachêd himself fo the staff
of Sun Ch'flan, who at first treated him with great consideration
but quarrelled with him because he would hot foretell the date of
his (Sun Ch'tian's) death. He ruade some vague prophecy about
there beiug "a princely vapour fo the south of the river," and
when Sun Ch'flan was proclaimed Prince of Wu, he declared that
this was the fulfilment of his words. He was soon afterwards ennobled
as Marquis, but again fell into disfavour, chiefly because he was
unable fo flatter the pride and ambition of his toaster.
w i . t (w. I
---1-< )" 14th cent. A.D. A native of Foochow, 2329
who distinguished himself as a scholar af the close of the Yiian
dynasty, but owing to the disturbed state of the country refrained
from entering official life. He was employed under the Mings in
the department of Historiography, and attracted much attention by
56
882 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
his opposition fo Buddhism and all heterodox doctrines. He declared
that the people af large should not be allowed fo possess, or
booksellers fo sell, any works other than those in the Confucian
Canon. His own writings were published under the title of
2330 WuHan (T. ). Died A.D. 44. A native of Nan-
yang in Honau, who began life as a village beadle and subsequently
became a horse-dealer. He attached himself o the fortunes of Liu
Hsiu; and wheu the latter mouuted the throne as first Emperor
of the Eastern Hau dynasty, he received a high appointment. Af
the head of well-organised armies he aided the Emperor in putting
down rebellion on ail sides. He was employed against Wei Hsiao;
and in 37, together with Ts'ên P'êng, who was assassinated,
he brought about the downfall of the White Emperor (see Kug-
s«n Sh O. Operations against the Hsiung-nu and against rebels in
Ssach'uan kept him busy almost fo the very close of his hfe.
Canonised as oe.
2331 Wu Hou . A.D. 625--705. The Empress Wu. Her naine
wa (or ) Wu Chao, an she sprang om humble
parents, bu a the age of welve she was aken iuo he harem
of Li Shih-mia, second Emperor of he T'ang dynasy. Upou his
Majesy's deah in ô40 she reired o a Buddhis nunnery and ook
he vows. Thenee she was brough baek o he palaee by he
Empress Oonsor of Li çhih, son of Li Shih-min, who had herself
been supplaned in ber husband's affections by a eoneubine named
siao 8bu. Wu Chao was o undermine he favourie's
influence; and this she easily sueeeeded in doing, being a very
elever as well as a very beauiful woman. Raised in 54 o he
tank of { Çhao I, she hen se o work ¢o ge fid of he
mpress. By srangling ber own baby girl and laying he blame
on he Empress, she so worked uçon he Emperor ha in ô55
A C]dwse Biog'aphical .Diclio»ary 883
the Empress was deposed and she was put in ber place. Finding
however that the Emperor still visited the ex-Empress in ber
seclusion, she caused the latter's hands and feet fo be cut off; and
the speedy death of ber victim released ber from auy further anxiety
on that score. From that, time she gained a complete ascendency
over the Emperor and was always present, behind acurtaia, ai
councils and audiences. In 674 she called herself the Divine
Empress, and in 675 the Emperor Kao Tsung was very near
abdicatiug in ber favour. In 6S4, shortly after his Majesty's death,
she displaced his successor and really ruled the empire, the nominal
monarch whom she set up being relegated fo a separate palace,
with the title of Prince of .Lu-liug. In a few months she openly
assumed control of the government, and for a rime was very harsh
and despotic. In 688 two of the Princes rebelled, and this gave
her an excuse for putting mauy of the Imperial kindred fo death.
In 690 she changed the dynastic title fo Chou, styling herself
$ - God Almighty, and appoiuting the deposed Emperor's
brother her heir, with the surname Wu instead of Ll. Gradually
she fell uader the influence of favourites, such as the priest Huai
I, whose place was afterwards filled by ) _ Shën N an-ch'iu,
Chang I-chih, and Chaug Ch'ang-tsuag. The treasonable designs
of the last two led fo a couspiracy, and in 705, as the Empress
lay ill, she was forced fo abdicate in favour of Li Hsiea, whom
she had deposed some twenty years before. She retired with the
title of ] '-_ _ _ îî, from which she is often spoken of
as Wu Tsê T'ien. In her later years she had become more than
ever arrogant and overbearing. No one was allowed fo say that
the Empress was fair as a lily or lovely as a rose, but that the
lily was fair or the rose lovely as ber Majesty. She tried fo spread
the belief that she was the Supreme Beiag by iorcing flowers arti-
ficially and then in the presence of her courtiers ordering them fo
884 A Chinese BiogralMdcal Dictionary
bloom. On one occasion she ordered some peonies fo bloom; and
when they did hot instantly obey, she caused every peony in the
capital fo be pulled up and burnt, and prohibited the cultivation
of peonies ever afterwards. In spire of this side of ber character
she ruled with a firm hand, securing peace af home and overawing
the troublesome frontier tribes; and in the confusion of the ensuing
reign ber once dreaded naine was often mentioned with regret.
2332 Wu Hsi-ch'i . (T. ). ntive of Chehkiang,
who flourished as a poet during the 18th cent. A.D. His works
are contai,ed in the A .
2333 Wu Hsiung-kuang (T. and 4)oE ). b.D.
1750--1833. A native of Cha9-wên in Kiangsu, wha began
his career as a chi jen, and under the protection of the Grand
Secretary O-kuei got on so well that in 1797 he was for six months
a Minister of the Grand Council. After this he held high offices
in rations provinces untfl in 1808 he was banished for a year fo
Ili for lettiug three English men-of-war under Admiral Drury lie
af Whampoa for three months. The test of his lire was spent in
retirement, where he produced three works entitled ] ,
, and , recording many miscellaneous
items of interesting information.
Wu Hsfi. See Ng Choy.
233t Wu Huo , . A strong man or "Samson," who ved in
the feudal age. He died of a broken arm, caused by lifting a
sacrificial tripod.
2335 Wu I . A Prince of the Yin State, who is said fo
whenever fortune went against him in battle, he used fo flog and
treat with every indignity. He was subsequently struck by lightning
and died.
eaa« wu »o oe , . .. o-st. .t o oy, o
A Chinese Biographical Dictionarg 885
went fo Cautoa la his youth aad rose fo be seaior member of the
"houg merchants" or iatermediaries under the old system between
the Chiaese officials aad foreiga traders. He amassed a fortune
estimated af about ç 4,000,000; aud this in spire of large sums
contribud fo Government enterprses, such as the war in Turkestaa
and the repair of the public dikes arouad Canton. He was much
esteemed by all foreigners, fo whom he was popularly knowa as
"Howqua." His house aml grouads still form oae of the sights well
worth the attention of the tout,st, aad his personal name survives
]n E-wo, the Chinese style of Messrs. Jardine Matheson's hong.
Wu Kang ]]. A magiciaa of old, who for some offence agaiast 2337
the gods was banished fo the moon and coademaed fo hew down
the cassia which grows there. But this is aa mpossible task, as
every cut closes up again af once.
Wu K'ung ,[ . Born A.D. 730. A Buddhist priest, whose 233S
naine in the world had been Ch'ê Fêag-ch'ao. He was
born af Hsiaag-i in Shensi, and in 751 he was attached
fo the retinue of the eunuch Chang T'ao-kuang, who
w accredited fo the Court of the king of Chi-pin, in
response fo an invitation from the latter fo the Emperor of China
enter into friendly alliance. He proceeded as far as Gandhâra,
where is the easten capital of Chi-in and the summer residence
of the king; and there, when the object of the embassy was
aoeomplished, he fell ill and was unable fo return home. As soon
as his health began fo improve, he ruade a vow to dedicate his
life fo Buddha; and subsequently took the vows, and receved the
religious naine of ,¢ Dharmadâ«u, ranslaed ino Chinese
by , He then ellt no less than forty years wandering
through the countries of Central Asia and India, learning Sanskrit
and collecting books and relics. Af length he returned fo China,
by land as he hafl gone, fo find the trees af his parents' grave
886 A Cidnese Biographical Dictio».arg
already grown fo maturity; and he spent the test of his life
translating the sûtras he had brought back with him and advancing
the cause of the religion of Buddha.
2339 Wu l,in (T. ). Died A.D. 1167. Younger brother of
Wu Chieh, whose exploits against the Chin Tartars he rivalled if
hot eclipsed, defeating the enemy ia mauy bloody battles. He was
eunobled s Prince, and canonised as ].
2340 Wu êng . 4th and 5th cent. A.D. A aative of Yfi-chang
iu Kiangsu, and one of the 24 examples of filial piety. In summer
he would never drive away the mosqitoes from himself, lest they
should go and bite his parents. Af the age of 40 he studied the
black art uuder Ting I (see Ts'al Lu), and was able fo cross a
river without a boat by simply waviug a white feather fart over if.
The Governor of Chiang-chou falling ill, he sent for Wu Mêng fo
consult him about his health; but the latter declared that his powem
were exhausted, and set fo work fo get his own con ready. Within
ten days he died. For some rime his body retained a life-like appearance,
and then vanished. Canonised as ï* oe] A"
28/1 Wu P'êng . A physician in the service of the Emperor
Yao, B.C. 2357.
23tz.Wu San-kuei (T. ). Died A.D. 1678. A
native of the provincë of Lho-tung, employed during the closing
years of the Ming dynasty as a commander of the forces eagaged
in resisting the invasions of the Manchu Tartars. In A.D. 1643,
whilst af he head of his troops af a point near the frontier,
he received intelligence of the capture of Peking by the rebel Li
Tza-ch'êng, and of the suicide of the Emperor. The next thing
he heard was that Li Tza-ch'êng had put fo deatb his father
Wu Hsiang and taken possession of his favourite concubiue.
Then Wu San-kuei tendered his allegiance fo the Manchu sovereign
upon the four following conditions: (1) No Chinese women
A Chinese Bio9.aphical Dictionarg 887
were fo be taken into the Imperial seraglio. (2) The chuag yian
or trienuial "Senior Wrangler" was never fo be a Mauchu. (3)
The Chiuese were fo adopt the Manchu dress, queue etc., for lire
only, but were fo be allowed fo be buried in Miug costume. (4)
Chinese women were hot fo adopt the Mauchu dress nor fo cease
fo compress their feet. The result of this more was the recapture
of Peldng and the establishment of the present dynasty of Manchu
Tartars. Wu San-kuei himself was loaded with honours, and was
decorated with a triple-eyed peacock-feather (see Li Hu»g-ch«g).
In 1653 the Emperor Shun Chih gave his sister, the fourteenth
daughter of T'ai Tsuug, in marriage fo ,. v.
[k Wu Ying-hsiung,
a son of Wu San-kuei. In 1659 he was appointed one of the --" -
Three Feudatory Princes, with the title of :; ï Pacificator of
the West, his rule extending over Yiinnan and Sstich'uan. After
many years of this semi-independent vassalage, during which period
he reduced the whole of western China fo submission and carried
his arms even across the Burmese frontier, Wu San-kuei showed
signs of an intention fo establish a wholly independent sovereignty.
In 1674 he threw off his allegiance (see Kan Wên-hu), and af
the saine rime incited fo rebellion the other Feudatory Princes in
Kuangtuug and Fuhkien. His resources however were unequal fo
the struggle, the issue of which was soon determined, partly by
his death in 1678 and partly by the powerful artillery lnanufactured
for the Imperial forces by the Jesuit missionaries, who were then
in high favour af Court. The city of Yiinnan Fu was taken by
assault in 1681, and Wu Shih-fan, a son of Wu San-kuei,
perished by his own hand. His corpse was mutilated and taken fo
Peking, by Imperial order. The chier adviser of the rebels, )
Li Kuaug-shên, was executed, together with many others.
WU San-ssï : . Died A.D. 707. Nephew of the Empress 234:3
Wu Hou, whose favour he obtained by his quickness in catching
888 A Chi»ese Biogt.apltic«l Dictiotta»'g
every hint of ber wishes. [[e was ultimately ennobled as Prince,
and but for the opposition o Ti Jen-chieh, would bave been named
Heir Apparent. When the Emperor Chung Tsung regained the
throne in 705, he was ruade Minister of Justice through
influence of the Empress
_ Wei, whose paramour he was; and
he soon became all-powerful, even contriving the death of the rive
loyal men to whom the Emperor owed his re-instatement. Ai last
the tteir /kpparent, fearing fo be disilaced, slew him and his son.
tte was canonised as _., but the Emperor Jui Tsung caused
his tomb to be opened and his corpse fo be flung out.
2344 Wu Shih-yfi ) , (T. ] 0J)-Died AD. 1733. Editor
of ihe poetry of the four dynasiies, Sung, Chin, Yiian, and Ming,
and ramons for his immense learning. He took his degree in 1676,
and rose fo be President of the Board of Rites. Canouised as *.
:» Wu s , i (T. ). .D. V4V-100.. ,ati,e of
î Tan-yang in Kiangsu, who distiuguished himself while quite
a youth by hs ]iterary ability and attracted the notice of [[an
ttsi-tsai. For a long rime he was unable fo secure a post in
public service, and endured great poverty; but ai length he was
placed upon the commissions which produced the ramons encyclopoedia
2 . , and the : . tte also published the
, [iî4, which formed t.he basis of the well-known and more modern
repertory the ,., [', and was employed upon the annals
of the reign of T'ai Tsung, second Emperor of the Sung dynasty.
236 Wu-sun Kung Cu , î. 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. T]le
Princess of Wu-sun, whose personal name was :. She was
related fo the Emperor Wu Ti of the FIan dynasty, and was bestowed
in marriage upon K'un-mo, the aged Prince of Wu-sun,
a Turkic State in Central Asia, as the price of his alliance with
China against the [[siung-nu. After ber husband's death she was
taken in marriage by his grandson. At length-in B.C. 51 she was
" A Chi»tese Biogt'aphical Dictionary 889
allowed fo return fo China, that she might lay he/" bones in her
native land. She is said fo bave introduced the four-stringed "balloon"
guitar, known as the p'i p'a.
A native of Soochow in Kiangsu, who graduated as c£in sM£ in
1868 and became a member of the Han-lin College. Ira, 1877 he
was sent fo assist Yen Ching-miag i,t relieving the famine-stricken
parts of Shansi. In 1878 he joined Tso Tsung-t'ang and served in
the north-west, returning later on fo Peking. In 1884 he went fo
Korea as Commissioner, upon the occasion of the revolution af
SSul. After serving as Governor of Kuangtung he became Director
General of the Yellow River, and by 1889 succeeded in closing the
great breach of Chêng-chou. He was then appointed Governor
of Huaan, and tried fo introduce the telegraph but in vain. In
1894 he was ordered fo Tientsin fo assist Li Hung-chang against
the Japanese; lais efforts however were hot rewarded with success,
and he bas since been living in retirement. He is said fo be an
enlightened man and well-disposed towards Europeans.
Wu T'ai-po ï +. 13th cent. B.C. Ehlest son of Tan Fu, 23-1:
Duke of Chou. He and his second brother l Chung Yung
being set aside by their father, who wished fo nmke the third son,
Chi Li, his heir, the two departed iuto the wilderness rather than
interfere with the plans of their sire. They settled af ;
Mei-li in modern Kiangsu, and there their descendants were found
some two centuries later by Wu Wang, the founder of the Chou
dynasty.
Wu Tao-yian 91 ' î (T. - ). 8th cent. A.D. One of 2349
the most famous artists of China, and founder of the Japanese school
of painting. He was named =: -_ the Prince of Painters
of all generations. The Emperor Hsfian Tsung raised him from a
petty post in Shantung fo a place near his person, and appointed
890 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
him te be Imperial Artist-iu-chief. Fils style was original, and he
drew figures of men and animals spirits and demons, bouses and
reliage, with equal success.
Wu Ti. See (Han) Liu (Jh'ê; (Chin) Ssfi-ma Yen; (E. Sung)
Liu Yït; (Ch'i) ttsiao Tsê; (Liang) ttsiao Yen; (Ch'ên) Ch'ên
Pa-hsien; (N. Chou) Yït-wên Yung.
2350 Wu Tien J/, (T. fi ). Died A.D. 1705..4 native of
Shansi, who graduated as cl, il, shih in 1659 and rose by 1694 te
be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang. His successful administration was rewarded
with the Presidency of the Censorate in 1696 and in 1698 he
became a Grand Secretary, because, as the Emperor K'ang [[si
remarked, even those whom he had denounced praised his purity
and thoroughness. He was a toaster of precedent and routine, and
very useful te the Emperor. [[is most ramons saying was that however
provincial posts might vary in climate aud quality, the love of wealth
and the love of lire were round in the people of all alike, and te
act in sympathy with these instincts constituted a good otIicer.
Canonised as î, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
2351 Wu Ting []r (T..j ). Graduated as cldi je,, in 1744,
and served in the Grand Secretariat. He wrote chiefly on the Canon
of Cl, a,,ye, publishing the : ll and the |.j
--, the latter being a collection of the views of ten seholars of the
8ung, ¥fian, and Ning dynasties.
Wu T'ing-fang. See Ng Choy.
Wu Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Yen; (Ming) Chu Hou-chao.
,)'») Wu Tsung-yïtan
.~,.,. . (T. fil, OE). 10th cent. A.D. A
native of [ ) Po-p'o in Honan, who rose te great distinction
as a paiuter. [[e was however au extremely slow worker, and on
one occasion when he carried a completed picture te a purchaser
who had ordered if, he round that the latter had already been dead
for seine rime.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
WU Wang :i :î.. B.C. 1169-- 1116. The title uder wich
Fa, son of Wên Wang and first sovereign of the Chou dynasty,
was canonised and is lnown in history. Carrying on the operations
of his father, in B.C. 1122 he assembled a vast army and utterly
routed the forces of Chou Hsin af m - Mëng-chin in Honan.
The dynasty of Shang was thus brought fo a close, and the conqueror
placed himse]f upon the throne.
A.D. 1791--1854. A native of I-chêng in Kiangsu, who
in 1841 was member of a Commission entrusted with the defence
of Fuhkien against the British. In 1851 he was Viceroy in Yfinnan
and put the province into a state of defence against the T'ai-p'ings,
maintaining good order until transferred in 1853 fo Wu-ch'ang.
There, after successfully standing a siege, through the intrigues of
the Governor, whom he had prevented from fleeing, he received
orders from Peking fo recapture Huang-chou; and he was actually
driven by the tauuts of the Governor fo attempt fo do so with only
some 7000 ill-equipped troops. He was surrounded by overwhelming
numbers of the rebels, and committed suicide. Canonised as
Wu Yang jî. A famous physician of autiquity, said fo hure 2355
been able fo raise the dead.
Wll rll ï (T. : ). 2,d cent. A.D. Sou of a Governor 2:356
of Nan-hai in Kuangtung. When twelve years of age his father
wished fo prepare an editiou of the Classics, but he pointed out the
risk of meddling tu matters outside offlcial duties; whereupon the
former patted him on the head and said, "Our family is hot likely
fo surfer for want of brains." Af twenty he was left peuni|ess;
however he would accept no aid, and supported himself by miudiug
pigs. By and by he graduated and entered upon an offlcial career,
distnguishing himself by his justice and integrity, tte served under
892 A Ghinese Biog.raphical Dictionary
Liang Chi, but lost his favour by warmly espousug he cause of
Li Ku. Upon being dismissed fo a mimporta pos, he rered
from oce and died a the age of niaey-eight.
2357 Wu Yfi (T. ). Died A.D. 1155. A native of Chien-an
in Fuhkieu, who graduated as chin shih in 1124 and entered the
publie service. He was the author of the ,an exegetieal
work on he A,ale«ts of Coufueius; of the ff, a h'eatise
on the sou,,ds ana orthorat,hy of the Od«s, ami also of he
in whieh he aemped o restore the original sounds to.the eharaers
in aneieu poetry. The la,ter was adoped by Chu Hsi as guide fo
he souuds of rhyming eharaeers in his ediiou of the Odes.
:la8 WuYfian o WuYfin (T. ).Sthand6th
B.C. A native of he Ch'u Se, whose father and elder brother
were pu fo death by - Prince P'ing. He himse]f fled o the
Wu State. On his way hither he stopped by a river o drink and
asked a maiden for sometng o eaU. She gave m food and hen
disappeared in the waer. Later on, when he had ruade a position
for himself, Wu Yfiau came baek and hrew some gold pieee ino
the river as pyment fo his mysrious benefaetress. Reaehiug
Wu Sae he ook service under Prince Liao, whom he urged
fo an expediion agains Ch'n. Meauwhile he young Prince
Kuang slew Prince Liao, and ook he throne, under he tifle of
Prince Ho-lu (see Chuan Clin). He and Wu Yfian proeeeded
ataek" Ch'u and drove ino exile he hen reigning Prince
Chao, who had sueeeeded Wu Yfian's old euemy, Prince P'ing.
The laer's grave was opened and his eorpse was publiely flogged.
The Ch'in Sae then came fo he reseue and the army of Wu
reired. The nex sep was fo attaek he Yfieh Sae; bu Prince
Ho-lu's roops were badly beaten a the battle of Ku-su,
and he himself was wounded in the figer, of whieh wound
died. He was sueeeeded by Pu Ch'ai who beeame somewhat esrauged
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y 893
from Wu Yiian; but vhen his new favourite denouaced the old
Minister, he sent the latter a handsomely-carved sword. With this
weapon Wu Yiian committed suicide. Fu Ch'ai was exceediugly
angry, and caused his body fo be put in a leathern sack and thrown
into the river, by the banks of which the people raised a shriae
fo his memory.
Wu Yiian-yii ï (T. L). llth cent. A.D. An artist 2359
and colourist of the Sung dynasty, pupil of Ts'ui Po. He excelled in
fiowers, birds, and landscape. Late in lire he used fo sign pictures
by his pupils, and pass them off as his ovn.
Yakoob (Mahomed) - ;. A.D. 1820--1877. Commonly 2360
knowu as Yakoob Beg. The om de guerre of An Chi-yen,
son of the Kazi of Kurama in Khokand. He called himself
t, and was also kuown as 1] . H e beganlire as a
lieutenant of Buzurg Khan, son of the ramons Jehangir, Kojeh of
Khokand, and he held Ak Musj]d from 1847 uutil 1853 when he
was driven out by the Russians. In 1860 he was appoiuted Governor
of Kurama, but had fo flee for a rime fo Bokhara, owing fo a
couspiracy against the ruler of Khokand in which he engage& Af
the end of 1864 he was sent as Commander-in-chier with Buzurg
K]aan fo attempt fo recover the sovereignty of Kashgar, which had
thrown off the Chinese yoke. Buzurg proved fo be a worthless
debauchee and was deposed in 1866, and in spire of the opposition
of the Dunganis and Kirghiz, Yakoob became ruler of Kashgar,
of which country he proclaimed himself Khan in 1874. He professed
himself the champion of Islam, and received from the Ameer of
Bokhara the title of Atalil Ghazi, or Champion Father. His strict
enforcemeut of the Koran and the henry taxes which he was compelled
fo levy made him unpopular, although himself an example of strict
894A Chinese Biog'ap]ical Dictionary
frugality. Fie entered into treaties of commerce with Great Britain
and Russia, but failed fo obtain their support against China. Fie
died, or was murdered, while vainly trying fo repel the advance of
Tso Tsung-t'ang's lieuten,nts. Iffis son, -" :î, known as )|,
l or Kuli Beg, and Buzurg Khan's son, both claimed he
throne. The latter being defeated af Aksu fled into Russian tenitory,
while the former had soon fo take refuge in Tashkend. Four of
Yakoob's sons and two of his grandsous fell into the hands of the
Chinese. One son was beheaded, one grandson died, and the rest
were seutenced fo be castrated and sent as slaves fo the soldiers
on the Amoor.
2361 Yng Oh'ng-chiin ]. A licentiate of Hunan, who
fought against the T'ai-p'ing rebels and had risen in 1874 fo be
Governor of Chehkiang but was dismissed in 1877 for making an
improper recommendation. In the following year he was sent fo
assist Tso Tsung-t'ang in the north-west, and gradually rose again
fo high office. In 1884 he was sent fo assist in the defence of
Fuhkien, succeeding Tso Tsung-t'ang as Vicero i af Foochow in
1885. Three years later he was transferred fo Kansuh, and in
November 1895 he was ordered fo retire on account of the Mahomedan
rising.
2362 Yang (hên î f (T. '{ ). Died A.D. 124. A native of
Fiua-yin in Shensi, who taught as many as a thousand disciples,
and came fo be called the Confucius of the West. On one occasion
when a stork had flown past with three eels in ifs beak, a disciple
said fo him, "That, sir, is a presage of your rise fo a high post."
Yielding fo repeated requests, he came forth from his retirement
af the age of 50 and entered upon a public career. Appointed fo
be Governor of ; Tung-lai in Shantung, he passed through
OE Ch'ang-i, where an old fliend named î i Wang Mi,
about fo become his subordinate, was then Magistrate. Wang called
A Chinese Biogratghical Dictiona'g 895
upon him in he evening, with the usual present of money fo a superior.
"Surely," said Yang Chên, "though your old friend bas hot forgotten
you, you bave forgotten your old friend." "If is dark," replied Wang,
"and no one will know." "Not know?" cried Yang Chên; "why,
Heaven will know, Earth will know, you will know, and I shall kow."
And from hat circumstance the ancestral hall of the Yang family
is fo this day called the Hall of the Four Knows. In A.D. 120 he.
was placed af the head of the Civil Office. In 121 the Empress
- Têng died, and his influence began fo wane. The fostermother,
î : Wang Shêng by name, of the Emperor An Ti, and ber
licentious daughter f Po Jung, indulged in such unseemly
behaviour that Yang Chên felt himself compelled to interfere, thereby
incurring the bitter hatred of the palace eunuchs. This feeling was
intensified by a memorial from Yang Chên, presented in consequence
of an earthquake, which of course he regarded as a Divine warning.
The climax was reached when a former disciple of Yang Chên
submitted an open condemnation of the doings at Court. He was
af once thrown into prison, and Yang Chên, who tl'ied fo save
him, was himself deprived of his seals of office and told to return
fo his provincial post. He went only as far as the little kiosque fo
the west of the city, known as Evening Rays, and there he drank
off a cup of poison and brought his career fo a close. He would
receive no bribes. He laid up no store for his descendants. When
a friend remonstrated with him on leaving nothing to his sons and
grandsons, he replied, "If posterity, shall speak of me as an incorrup
ofcial, will that be nothing?"
Yang Ch'êng (T. : .. ). 2nd cent. B.C. A Governr of 2363
Tao-chou in Hunan under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty.
The Emperor having a fancy for a certain race of dwarfs found
in the Tao-chou region, several hundreds of their youths were required
every year as tribute. Parents and children were thus separated and
896 A Chinese Bio'aphical Dictionary
much nfisery ensued, until Yang addressed a touching remonstrance
fo the Emperor and the practice was discontinue& The people of
Tao-chou erected emples in honour of their benefactor, and in
later rimes his etigy came fo be worshipped all over the empire
as the ï God of Happiness and Prosperiy.
2364 Yang Ch'6n Ç# (T.
). A.D. 735-805. A native of
Pei-p'ing in Chihli, who obtained a place as underling in
a college where he was able fo read the books by stealth. In six
years he was an accomplished scholar, and then graduating as cldn
s£i] he refired with his brother fo the mountains, wbere they appear
fo bave had ouly one suit of clothes between them. They also both
ruade a vow never fo marry. After some rime the faine of Yang
Ch'êug's teachings reached the ears of Li Pi, who recommended
him fo the Emperor. He was appointed Ceusor, and filled the post
for eight years without giving the slightest cause for displeasure..
He then incurred the hatred of the powerful favourite P'ei Yen-
ling by espousing the cause of some of his victims, and would bave
fallen himself but for the intercession of the Heir Apparent. Af
the saine rime he prevented the appointment of P'ei as Minister of
State by declaring openly that he would appear af Court weeping
and dressed i mourning clothes. Shortly afterwards he fell into
disfavour, and was sent as Governor fo Tao-chou in Hunan. While
there, a famine occurred and no taxes were forthcoming. The
authorities pressed Yang Ch'êug for remittances, but he refused fo
press he people. He even threw, himself into prison and slept on
a plauk bed; and when a Commissioner was sent down fo look into
the marrer, he had disappeared.
2365 Yang Chi (T. ). 14th cent. A.D. A native of
Kiangsu, who held rations appointmeuts in the public service, and
af length, aRer a chequered career, rose fo be Treasurer in Shausi.
There ha was impeached ou some trivial pretext and condemued
A hSese Biographical Dictiotary 89
fo penal servitude. His poetry attracted the notice of Yaag Wei-
chêng, and is considered fo be of the highest order. He himself
was ranked with Kao Ch'i, J Chang Yfi, and
Hsfi Pên, as one of the Four Heroes of Kiangsu. Author of the
native of Jung-ch'êng in Chihli, who was set by his mother fo
herd cattle, and only af the age of 13 began fo attend school. He
graduated as c£in s]ih in 1547 and was attached fo a Board af
Nanking. For his bold opposition fo the dangerous if hOt treacherous
policy of Ch'ou Luan, who wished fo establish a horse-market af
the frontier, by which China was fo be supplied with a tine breed
of Tartar horses, he was degraded fo be Gaol Warden af
Ti-tao in Kansuh. On the fall of Ch'ou Luan he was again promoted;
but his denunciation of Yen Sung brought him to prison, and after
three years fo execution. His wife addressed fo the Throne a powerful
memorial, asking for his pardon, which was withheld from the
Emperor by Yen Sung. "But if," she added, "my husband's crime
is of too deep a dye, I humbly beg that my head may pay the
penalty, and that I may be permitted fo die for him. Then, from
the far-off land of spirits, myself brandishing spear and shield, I
will lead forth au army of tierce hobgoblins fo do battle tu your
Majesty's behalf, and thus make some return for this act of lmperial
grace." Canonised as a, -
Yang Chien î (T. [ ). A.D. 540--605. A descendant 2367
of the famous Yang Chên. His father, Yang a.. Chung, who
died in 568, rose under the Wei and Chou ynasties fo be
Duke of Sui. In 576 Yang Chien began fo be an object of
suspicion fo the Emperor Wu Ti, and lay for a while in hiding.
The next Emperor, Hsfian Ti, a mere debauchee, appointed him
Minister; and on his death in 580, Yang styled himself Chancellor
57
898 A Chinese Biographical Dictîonary
and established himself in the tteir Apparent's palace. Through
his daughter, who had married the Emperor Hsiian Ti, he
mauaged fo persuade the youthful sovereign, Ching Ti, ri resign
the throne fo him, and proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Sui
dyuasty. In 589 he annexed the Ch'ên territory, taking care
employ ifs existing officials. In 600, acting upon the counsels of
the Empress and Yang Su, he set aside his eldest son, who was Heir
Apparent, and nominated his second son t)succeed him. The latter is
said fo have slain the rightful heir forthwith, in order fo prevent
his re-instatement. In spire of wholesale slaughter of the House
of Chou and treacherous behaviour fo relatives and friends, he was
hot altogether a bad ruler, tte lighteued the burden of taxes, codified
the crimiual law, instituted the tithing system, opened public libraries,
and set an example of simplicity and economy in food and dress.
During his reign the population is said fo have doubled, reaching
a total of nearly nine millions. Cauonised as Pî, with the
temple name of
2368 Yang Chien f j (T. tt. H. ) ). 12th and 13th
cent. A.D. A poet and official of the Sung dynasty, some rime a
disciple of Lu Chiu-yiian. Af the recommendation of Chu Hsi he
was appointed magistrate ai ;: Lo-p'ing; and when summoned
thence fo the Imperial Academy, the people escorted him on the
way, calling 'him ; Father Yang. He rose fo be a secretary
in the Board of Works, retiring in 1225.
2369 Yang Ch'iung f ]. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Hua-yiu in
the province of Shensi. Entering the public service, he rose fo be
a Director of the department charged with the tuition of the Heir
Apparent. But he was mixed up in the rebellion of Hsii Ching-yeh,
and degraded fo a petty post. He afterwards became magistrate
]i Ying-ch'uan in Chehkiang, where he distinguished himself
by his cruelty. Was famous as a poet, and together with Wang Po,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 899
Lo Pin-wang, and Lu Chao-lin, formed the band known as the
Four Heroes of the T'ang dynasty.
Yang Chu :. 4th cent. B.C. A philosopher mentioned by 23î0
Mencius and Chung Tzt. He founded a school of ethical egoisn,
as oposed fo the extreme altruism of Mo Ti. Accordiug to Mencius
he would hot bave parted with one hair of his body to save the
whole world, whereas Mo Ti under such circumstances would bave
soerificed all. Book VII of he spurious work known as l]
(sec Lieh Yfi-k'ou) is devoted to his sayings, and he is even represented
holding a conversation with Lao Tza. He bas been confused
with another personage, also mentioned by Chuang Tz, named
Yang Jung, whose syle was Tz-ch, and who
was conemporary wih Lao Tz.
Ysg Çhfi-y - (T. ). 8h and 9h cenL 2371
A.D. A native of P'u-chou in Shansi, who graduaed as cMn
8hilt abou A.D. 790 and in 830 was Superiuendeu of Instruc-
tion a Ho-chuug in Shansi. He gained considerable repuaion as
a oet.
Yan Chun-no , (T. ). 17th an I8th cent. 2372
A.D. Son of.Yang Yung-chien, and author of the collection of poems
cl .
Yang Hsi-fu (T. . H. $). A.D. 1701-- 2373
1769. Graduated as chin shi] in 1727, and rose by 1757 to be
Director General of the Grain-Transport, a post which he filled
a book on the grain-ransport system; of a commentary on the
Fou Books; of a record of virtuous wives; and of a collection of
eays. Canonised as .
Yang Hsiang . One of the 24 examples of filial piety, 237
said to have lived under the Han dynasty. When he was only
foureen years of age his father was attacked by a figer, whereupon
900 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
he af once flung himself upon the beast and by the sacrifice of his
own lift enabled his father fo escape.
2375 Yan Hsin ç ) (T. ). Died A.D. 432. A native of
Nan-ch'êng in Shantung, who served ai intervals under the Chin
and Sung dynasties and rose fo be Governor of Hsin-an. He was
remarkable for his skill as a calligraphist; and in the Il style
he was declared by Shên Yo fo surpass even Wang Hsien-chih.
2376 Yang Hsing-mi (T. ). Died A.D. 907. An
official of the T'ang dynasty, who for his services against the rebel
$ Pi Shih-to received in 902 the title of Prince of Wu.
He never actually established his independence, but was canonised
as , first sovereign of the Vu State.
2377 Yang Hsiu fS (T. ). 2. ml 3rd cent. A.D. Great
great grandson of Yaug Chên, and a very precocious boy. On ont
occasion, when 9 years of age, a genfleman named K'ung (= Peacock)
came fo call on his father who happened o be out. Seeing some
arbutus-fruit (= Ya»g) lying ou the table, the visitor jokingly
remarked, "I presume that is a member of your family;" fo which
the boy af once replied, "I never heard that the peacock was a
member of your family" He subsequenfly became secretary o the
great Ts'ao Ts'ao, who grew suspicions of his talents and caused
him fo be put fo death. If was fo him that Chang Sung,
when sent by ] Liu Chang fo Ts'ao Ts'ao and asked how
many men like himself there were in Shu, made his memorable
reply. "Of men like me," cried Chang Sung, "there are carflos
and peck-measurefuls innumerable
37s Yang Hsiu-ching . One of the leading spirits of the
T'M-p'ing rebdlion, o whose milita U genius much of the eafiy
success of the movement was due. Known as the Easrn
Prince, he professed o be the mouth-piece of God the
Father, and offert rebuked Hung Hsiu-ch'fian and sometimes even
A Chinese Biographic«¢l Dictionary 901
beat him. After the capture of Nauking by the T'ai-p'ings he
established himself in the Viceroy's yamên and lived in great state.
In August 1856 he was detected in a seditious movement against
the Heavenly King and was slain, and his body is said fo bave
been eaten.
Yang Hsiung (T. - î). B.C. 53--A.D. 18. A native 2379
of Ch'ëng-tu in Ssfich'uan, who as a child was fond of learning
but given o straying from the beaten track and readng whatever
he could lay his hands upon. He stammered in his speech, and
consequently gave much rime o meditation. In poetry he ruade
Ssfi-ma Hsiang-ju his model, and ere long was considered o be quite
the equal of his toaster. He attracte4 the notice of the Emperor
Ch'êng Ti, and received a post af Court, from which he is sometimes
spoken of as ç. Later onhe accepted office under W ang
Maug, the Usurper, for which he is severely blamed in history,
Chu Hsi stigmatising him as "Mang's Minister." On one occasion
he aeafly lost his life by throwing himself out of window fo escape
aest on a charge for which a son of Liu Hsin, who had been a
pupil of his, was put to death. He propouaded an ethical criterion
occupying a middle place between those insisted upon by Mencius
aad Hsn K'uang, teachiag that the nature of man af birth is
neither good nor evil, but a mixture of both, and that development
in either directioa depends wholly upon environment. In glorification
of ghe Ca,o,, of Cha,,ges h e wroge ghe , and o emphasise
the value of he Confucian Aalects he produced the , boh
beween A.D. 1 and 6. On complexion of this las, his most famous
work, a wealhy merchan of the province was so sruck by is
excellence hat he offered o give 100,000 cash if his name should
merely be mentioned in it. But Yang answered wigh scorn that a
stag in a pen or an ox in a cage would no be more on of place
than he name of a man, with nothing but money fo recommend
902 A Chinese Biograp]dcal Dictionary
him, in the sacred pages of a book. Liu Hsin however sneeringly
suggested that posterity would use if fo cover pickle-jars. Yang
a|so wrote the ]1 ., a philo|ogical work; the .j, a poem
in imitation-of Ch'(i Y(ian's well-known elegy; and also treatises
on acupuncture and music. The --, a comparative vocabulary
of words aud phrases used in different parts of the empire, bas
been attributed fo him, but on very insufficient, if hot actually
mistaken grounds. See Hug l[ai.
2380 YaIlg l-ls(i _ (T. l). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
P'ing-yang in Shansi, who received an official appointment in
recognition of the services of his forefathers for sevea generations.
He rose fo be a General, but got iuto trouble over some palace
intrigue, and was thrown into prison. Ten years later he was
again tu office, and on the rebellion of Chao Tz'ti in 186
he became Governor of Nan-yang. Belote taking up his appoint-
ment, he visited the city in the disguise of a poor scholar, with
only oae attendant, and familiarised himself with the feelings of
the people. He then proceeded fo dismiss all corrupt officials ad
generally reform the administration; and ere long, in conjunction
with the Governor of Ching-chou, he had captured and beheaded
Chao Tz'ti. He dressed in ragged clothes, are coarse food, and used
a miserable equipage. On one occasion some one brought him a
present of fresh fish, which he accepted and hung up; and later
on, when a further supply was offered, he caused the previous lot
fo be produced, fo show that he was hOt in want of auy more.
In 189 the Emperor Ling Ti would bave appointed him fo a high
post, but when the official came fo collect the usual fees, Yang
Hsii brought out one wadded robe, which he said was all the
property he owaed. The Emperor took umbrage af this, and
nominated him fo an inferior position. Just then however he died,
aged 48.
A Chinese Biograplical Dictioary 903
Yang ttsian-kan . Died A.D. 613. Son of Yang Su. 2381
tte was one of the first fo revolt against the Emperor Yang Ti,
but his attempt ai insurrection was quickly suppressed and he perished
wih the defeat of his forces.
rlllg lC[u J . 6th cent. B.C. Charioteer fo : Chi Huan,
the chief of one of the three leading familles in the Lu State. In
505 he rebelled against his toaster, and for some rime he]d
prisoner. Confucius refused fo see him; but they afterwards met
accidentally, and Confucius was persuaded by him fo take office.
He failed in his ambitious designs and was ultimately compelled fo
flee fo the Chin State.
Yang Hu - I (T. » -). Died A.D. 278. A native of Na,- 2383
ch'êng in Shantung, grandson of Ts'ai Yung and twin brother
the Empress Consort of the founder of the Chin dynasty. Af the
age of rive he bade his wet-nurse go and fetch a bracelet from
the mulberry-orchard of a neighbouring Mrs. Li. "That bracelet,"
cried Mrs. Li, "was lost by my dead son!" From which if was
inferred that Yang had been ber son in a previous birth. He rose
fo high office, first of all under Sstl-ma Chao, and afterwards under
Sstl-ma Yen. When on a great campaign against the Wu kingdom,
he used fo go about wîth a loose girdle and dressed in light furs,
attended by only a very small body-guard; hence he received the
sobriquet of the î Gentlemanly General. For his immense
services he was ennobled as Marquis, and when he died ail the
shops were closed and the sounds of lamentation were heard in
neighbouriug kingdom of Wu. The people of Ching-chou put up a
memorial stone on Mt. Ill Hsien, af the sight of which so many
persons wept that Tu Yii called if the : Tabler of Tears.
Yang Hui-chih OE (T. {Ip î)). A.D. 921--1000. A 238t
native of P'u-ch'êng in Shensi, who graduated as c]i s]iil in 958
and rose under the first two Emperors of the Sung dynasty fo the
904 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
highest offices of State. He was intensely fond of poetry, and would
recite fo his friends for hours-t0gether; and af his death he left
behind hinl a small collection of verses of his own composition.
2385 YangHung (T.
). Died A.D. 1451. A native of
Liu-ho in Kiangsu who distiuguished himself as a military
commander and in 1448 was eunob[ed as Earl. He then fell into
disgrace over the capture of the Emperor (see Cltu Clt'i-cl, ên and
was thrown iuto prison. From this he was released fo defend the
capital, and after an overwhelming victory over the rebels he
was restored fo favour and ennobled as Marquis. Canonised as
2386 YangI (T. .H. $ ). 9thcent. A.D. Anative
of
Tou-chou in Kuangsi, employed as an official asronomer
and geomaucer under the Emperor Hsi Tsung of tle T'ang dynasty.
In 880, when Huang Ch'ao attacked the Court, he stole the secret
cabbala inscribed on tablets of jade which belonged fo the Imperial
Treasury, and lnade off with them, leading thereafter a wandering
lire. He was the founder of the Kiangsi school of geomancy, and
is said fo bave marked 15 days in the year, known as ,
as exceptioually unlucky.
3s v I t (T. ). .D. Oa--00. .t o e'.
ch'êng in Shensi. Just before his birth his father dreamt that a
T aoist priest, named ' X, came make a call; and
when the litle boy was born, he was found o be covered with
hair over a foo long, which however disappeared wihin a month.
For some years he could no speak; until a lengh being one day
carried up o he top of a pagoda, he burs ou with he following
well-known lines :
Upon this rail pagoda's peak
My hands can nigh the stars enclose;
I dare hot raise my voice to spk,
For fear of startling God's repose.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 905
Af seven years of age he was highly skilled in composition, and
able fo converse upon serious subjects. Af eleven, the Emperor
sent for him fo Court. He graduated as «]dn shih, and ultimately
rose fo be a sub-Chancellor of he Han-lin College and was employed
in preparing he dynastic annals. Bu he. fell ino disfavour for
refusing fo draf a Decree seting up the new Empress of the Emperor
Chêa Tsung; and his rivais, Ch'ên P'êng-nien and Wang Ch'in-jo
secured his dismissal. By 1018 he had again risen o be Vice President
of he Board of Works. Foreseeing an early deah, he sough o
escape he ineviable by giving himself he cognomen above, which
means lengh of years. His uumerous miscellaueous writings are
mosly fo be round in he wo collections eniled an J]]
t. Canonised as . See K'ou C/m,.
Yang I-ch'ing (T. $ ). Died A.D. 1530. A native 2388
of Pa-ling in Hunan, who graduaed as chin slil in 1472 an rose
by 1502 fo be Vice President of the Censorae. Appointed Governor
of Shensi, he defended the fronier so well hat in 1507 he received
supreme command of the Kansuh and Shensi armies. His plan of
an additional wall, and of fortifying certain points, was approved,
and funds were issued; bu the hostility of Liu Chin forced him
o retire, and he was prosecuted for wasing public money and
thrown into prison. Three years la, er, while in command agains
he rebel Pri.ce of Anhu, he conpired with the eunuh
Chang Yung, and he wo effected Liu Chin's ovehrow.
He ultimately rose fo be President of he Board of Civil OoEce,
but his opposition o Chang Ts'ung brough abou his downfall,
and he was degraded for acceping money from the younger
brother of Chang Yung in return for writing the epitaph of the
latter who had been dead for some years. Shame and mortification
developed an abscess in his back, and he died declaring in his las
memorial ha his naine had been so defiled hat he could hot res
906 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
even in the tomb. In a few years his tank was restored, and he
was ultimately canonised as .
2389 Yang Ju . A Chinese Baunerman, who was a Taot'ai in
Kiangsu in 1888, ai Wênchow in 1891, and the following year
ai Wuhu, whence he was sent as Minister to Washington in 1893.
He was Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship in 1895, and
is now Vice President of the Imperial Clan Court.
390 Yang Ju-shih (T. ,). 9th cent. b.D. An
official of the T'ang dynasty,-who in his youth succeeded in car-
rying off the prize af a poetical competition against the famous
poets Yfian Chên aud Po Ch(i-i. After graduating as cMn
he rose by 836 fo be Vice President in the Board of War, and
was President of the Board of Punishments ai his death.
2391 Yang Jung (T. ). .D. 1371-- 1440. A native of
Chien-au in Fuhkien, who graduated as c]in s]i£ in 1400, and
gained great reputation as a scholar and official. H]s personal naine
was originally - Tzti-jung, and he is known as
Eastern Yang (see Ya»g P'u). He stoploed the Emperor Yung Lo
upon his entry iuto Nanking in 1402, and persuaded him fo begin
with a v.isit fo his father's grave, tte occupied a position of consi-
derable confidence under that monarch, whom he accompanied uloon
his last expeditiou and whose death he concealed until his successor
was seated upon the throne. He continued fo enjoy the Imperial
favour until the fise of the eunuch Wang Chên deprived him of
all real power. Canonised as .
2392 Yang-ku-li ; l]. b.D. 1578--1644. The son of a chiefiain
o te ï. '-ê-'o tr, oe e e e.¢
when only fourteeu years of age by killing the mnrderer with his
own hand. He entered upon a military career, and fought against
the troops of the Mings with signal success. In 1627 he went on
the campaign against Korea; and again in 1644, when he was
A C]dese Biographical Dictioarg 907
killed by a gunshot wound while pursuing the flying enemy into
the mountains. He had married an Imperial princess, and was
posthumous]y ennobled as î-
Yang Kuang }f (2'. [ ). A.D. 580--618. Second son 2393
of Yang Chien, first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, whom he is said
fo bave assassinated, as well as his elder brother. Succeeding fo
the throne in 605, he forthwith gave himself up fo extravagance
and debauchery, spending vast sums over his palace and pleasure-
grounds af the new capital, Chiang-tu or modern Yang-chou. For
his pxogress thither he levied from all officiais above a certain tank
a quota of ornamental "dragon-boats," the whole forming a line
of vessels nearly one hundred toiles in length. The trees in his
park were supplied in winter with silken leaves and flowers, and
birds were almost exterminated fo provide a sufficient supply of
down for his cushions. He is said fo bave prohibited women from
wearing veils in public, substituting a turban for the more modest
custom hitherto in vogue. In 607 he visited the northern frontier,
and held an assembly of the chiefs of Central Asia, building af
frightful sacrifice of life another Great Wall from Yii-lin
Fu in Shensi fo the Tzil river in Ta-t'ung Fu, Shansi. He
entered into trading relations with the Turkic tribes, and spent
large sums upon embassies. In 608 he built a new palace af Fên-
chou in Shansi, and in 609 made an unsuccessful campaign against
the Turkic tribes. From 611 fo 614 he indulged in unsuccessful
invasions of Korea; and the consequent pressure upon the people
led fo risings in Shantung, Chihli, Honan, and other provinces. In
615, while on a progress, he was besieged af pli Yen-mên
in Shansi for no less than a month by the Turkie Khan. In 617
as many as seven usurpers had established themselves af various
points; yet all the rime the Emperor was content fo lire in shameless
debauchery af his capital. The future founder of the T'ang dynasty
908 A Clinese Biograptical Dictionary
set up Yu, Prince of Tai, (known in history as
a grandson of Yang Chien, in Shansi, and carrled all belote him.
Hsiao Hsien became undisputed toaster from the East River fo the
western borders of Kuangtung, and of Hupeh, and the Yellow
River defile, and from Han-yang in lJupeh fo Cochin China. In
618 Yang Kuang was assassinated by Yfi-wên Hua-chi, and was
succeeded by his grandson J. T'ung, Prince of Yfieh (known in
history as : ), a mere puppet in the hands of Wang Shih-
ch'ung, by whom he was poisoned in he following year. The
Prince of Tai bdicated af the saine rime in favour of Li Yfian,
and died soon after. In spire of his otherwise disreputble character,
Yang Kuang prided himself UlgOn his literary attainments. He set
one hundred scholars fo work editing a collection of classical,
medical, and other treatises; aud if was under his reign, n A.D. 606,
/flat the examination for «Id sldl instituted. Canonised
was
as
39/4 Yang Kuei-fei î/-[. Died ..D. 756. The daughter of an
official n.ea Vng sfian-yn ç. ), wo had een
President of the Board of War under the Emlgeror Jui Tsung, and
had been ennobled as Duke. tter personal naine was Yfi-
huan. In 735 she became concubine fo Prince Shou, eighteenth
son of the Emlgeror Ming Huang; and three years later, upon the
death of the reigning favourite, she passed into the harem of the
father. She was surpassingly lovely, and specially noted as being
the only fat lady among China's hisorical beauties. Her influence
soon became paramount. She herself received the title of
cousin, Yang Kuo-chung, a drunken gambler, was raised fo high
office and ennobled with the title of his father; and ber three
sisters, who were also taken ]nto the Imperial harem, received the
titles of the Ladies î
Ch'in Kuo, respectively. In 745 she was raised fo the rank of
A Chinese Biographical Dlctio-na»'y 909
Kuei-fei, and if is under this title that she is usually known. After
an unparalleled career of luxury and extravagance, she fled with
the Court in 756 af the approach of the rebel An Lu-shan. But
on reaching ,1 , Ma-wei the soldiery rose in revolt, and
demanded vengeance on the family of Yang. The Emperor was
forced fo order the eunuch Kao Li-shih fo strangle his idolised
concubine (some say she was hanged on pear-tree), while her
cousin, Yang Kuo-chung, and ber sister, the Lady Ch'in Kuo,
pefished af the hands of the troops.
Yag Kug-i $ (T. ). A.D. 1225--1294. A 2395
native of Fêng-yfian in Sheusi, who was obliged fo toil
for his living, with ouly spare moments for education. He succeeded
however in acquiriug a profound knowledge of the Canon of Clm»ges
and Book of Rites. In 1270 he and Hsfi Hêng were summoned fo
Court, but he excused himself on the score of illness until the
Heir Apparent began his studies. In 1275 he carried a measure by
which only men of good character and well-read in the Classics
were allowed fo be nominated for the public examinations. In 1279
he was transferred fo the Historical Department and was ordered
fo report e'caleudar.
Yo-hg ,,. Died A.D. 756. Cousin fo ]an 23
Kuei-fei. His youth was spent in riotous living; but after his cousin's
fise fo power he managed fo secure a share of the Imperial favour,
and was for a long rime a person of great influence at. Court. He
w of course an object of flattery fo all the courtiers, except fo
one, Chang Huan, who said, "Men lean on Yang Kuo-
chung as though he were Mt. T'ai, but I regard him as a mountain
of ice." Aer risiug fo high office and being enuobled as Duke,
he was slain af the general massacre of the Yang family. His naine
was originally Yang Chao; the designation "Kuo-chung" was
bdstowed upon him by the Emperor.
940 A Cdnese Biographical Dictîonary
2397 Yang of Lu, Duke . h personage mentioned by ttuai
an Tzti. Beiug engaged in a bloody battle with the army of the
Hau a State, and fearing lest evening should close in and interfere
with his victory, he raised his spear and shoot if af the declining
sun, which straightway went backwards in the sky fo the extent
of three zodiacal signs, lA similar story is told of one
398 Yang Lung-yen ;î. îi.'. Died A.D. 920. Brother fo Yang
Wu, and his successor in 908 as third sovereign of the Wu
State, the territories of which he increased by the annexation of
Kiangsi.
2399 Yang lging-shih : (T. and ). A.D.
1660--1736. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as c£in shih in
1691 and rose by 1726 fo be Viceroy of Yiin-Kuei. In 1728 he
was impeached and sentenced fo death, but was pardoned lest the
people, who loved him, should rebel..4t the end of his lire he
was recalled fo Peking as tutor fo the Imperial Princes. He wrote
on the Cano of C]ages and on the Odes. Canonised as
and included in the Temple of Worthies.
2400 Yang lao i. 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. Father of Yang Chên.
He lived in retirement and occupied himself with teaching, and
when in A.D. 7 he was summoned fo take office he fled away and
hid himself. Later on, the Emperor Kuang Wu would gladly bave
ruade use of his services. He died however of old age before he
could start for the post fo which he had been appointed. He was
a man of an eminently humane disposition. On one occasion he
rescued a wounded bird which was attacted by ants, and after
nursing if fo recovery allowed if fo fly away. The saine evening
the bird returned, and taking the form of a youth in yellow garments,
presented him with four jade bracelets, saying, "Take care of these;
they will cause four generations of your descendants fo be pure
and Slotless as themselves." This prophecy was fulfilled in the
A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictîona»'y 914
lires of Yang Chên, Yang Ping, Yang Tz'ti, and. Yang
t Piao.
Yang 1'o l' (T. ). 10th cent. A.D. A native of 201
Kuan-ch'êng in Honan, who distinguished himself as a
poet and received an offer of a post from the Emperor T'ai Tsung
of the Sung dynasty. He declined this however, and lived in retire-
ment with wine and books until summoned fo Court by the Emperor
Chên Tsung in 998. "Did any one give you any verses ai parting?"
asked his Majesty. "My wife," replied Yang, "gave me the following
stanza:
Don't liquor too deep, and vhat is worse,
Don't fuddle your brains with making verse;
For now you're to be a Mandarin
'Tis the last I shall see of m old man's skinI
Ai this the Emperor laughed and gave him a handsome present.
He used fo ride about upon an ox, and called himself
. His works were publishe under the tit]e of
Yang P'u . Brother fo Yang Lung-yen and his successor
in A.D. 920 as fourth and lt sovereign of the Wu State.
927 he assumed the Imperial title, but in 936 he abdicated in
favour of Hsfi Chih-kao.
Yang e'u i (T. ). A.D. 1372--1446. A native of 203
Shih-shou in Hupeh. Graduating as cMn s£ih, he was for
me time attached fo the establishment of the Heir Apparent,
until forced fo go into mourning for his father. In 1414 he got
in serious trouble by failing fo meet the Emperor af an appointed
time, and was thrown into pson. There he remained for ten
yeam, l of which he passed in close application fo literary studies;
af length, upon the accession of the Emperor Jen Tsung, he was
released and appointed o the Han-lin College. He ulfimately rose
fo high office and was much respecd, especially for his calm and
92 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictionary
dignified demeanour, ht the saine rime he was so humble that
when entering the palace he would creep along by the wall, hot
deeming himself worthy occupy he middle of the road. Wih
he fise however of he eunuch Wang Chên in 1440, his influence
began o wane. He was known as
distinguish him from Yang Jung and Yang Y, who are together
known as the Thïee Yangs. Canonised as
2404 Yng Shên ,[ (T. (. H. ). A.D. 1488--1529.
Son of Yang T'ing-ho, and a native of Hsin-tu in Ssfich'uan. He
graduated first on the list af the Palace examination in 1511, and
was appointed fo the Han-lin College. His official career was somehat
chequered. In 1524 he strenuously opposed the appointment of Kuei 0
and Chang Ts'ung fo the Han-lin College, and when the Emperor
would hot listen fo him, he wept and howled so loudly that he
was heard all over the pa.lace. For this he was thrown into prison
and eventually banished to Yung-ch'ag in Yfinnan where
he died. He w an accomplished scholar and author, hisbestknown
works being the ,a collection of miscellaneous writings,
which is really a compressed edition of a much more extensive
production an the
ten he had composed verses, and af eleven had projected a work
on ancient battle-fields. He was especially versed in astronomy
ceremonial, and hisory. During his later years he led a lire of
apparent dissipation, in order fo avert the Emperor's suspicions.
Caoi(l a
2t05 Yng Shih (T. 0 " H. ). A.D. 1053--1135.
A native of
sltlh in 1077, but declined o take oce and enrolled himself as a
disciple under Ch'êng Hao, who was then af Ying-ch'ang
in Honan. On the death of the latter, he joined the still more
famous brother Ch«êng I, af Lo-yang, and remained with him until
A Chinese Biogr«phical Dictionary 9t3
1087, behaving towards him with the utmost deference. On one
occasion, when the Master had dozed off, Yang Shih would hot
wake him, but remained standing af the door so long that a
foot (some say three feet) of ShOW fell in the inerval before the
sleeper awaked. After that he held several appoiutments as Magistrate,
and his administration was uniformly successful. He was au opponent
of Wang An-shih, and if was through his denuuciation that Waug's
tabler was removed from the Couru«Jan Temple. The pe«ce arrange«
with the Chin a Tartars in 1126 caused him fo resign the important
posts fo which he had been appointe«, and he retired into private
life fo continue awhile the course of study and teaching which had
always been his chief sol«ce and enjoyment. Canonise« as ,
in 1495 his tabler was place« in the Couru«Jan Temple.
Yang Shou-chih (T. OE ). 18th cent. A.D. Gra, dson 2406
of Yang Yung-chien, and author of the collection of poems style«
Yang Ssfi-ch'ang (T. ). A.D. 1588--16tl. 207
Gratin«ring in 1610, he came into notice when Peking was besieged
in 1629, and rose fo be President of the Board of War in 1637. He
promptly set about reformiug the military administration, suggesting
an elaborate and expensive plan of campaign against the rebels.
U.fontly, h copt tt i. miung W-
fs'an, Governor of Fuhkien, who had doue much towards suppressing
piracy, and he urged pe«ce with the Man«bus. The repeated ill-
success of Hsiung Wên-ts'an roused the Emperor's suspicion, and
Yang had fo take the field in persou. Finding the Emperor deaf
fo his defence of Hsiung, Yaug appointe« Tso Liang-
yfi fo be Commander-in-chief, and in 1640 Chang Hsien-chung was
dven into Ssach'uan and reduced fo great strKits. But the Imperialist
generals proved incompetent, and he was allowed fo break out and
ravage Ssfich'uan af will, posting in Chungking a counter proclamation
58
914 A Chinese Biographical Dictiouary
fo Yang's offer of a reward for his head. In 1641 Yang collected
a fleet af Yiiu-yang fo cut off his retreat eastward, but Chang
evaded him and by treachery succeeded in entering his headquarters
af Hsiang-yang in Hupeh. Before Yang had got farther than "
Sha-shih, Lo-yang had fallen, and out of sheer mortification he
starved himself fo death. No penalty was recorded against him, but
Chang Hsien-chung, on taking Wu-ling, burnt his coffin.
208 Yang Su (T. 1 ). Died A.D. 606. Son of a Magistrate
of Fên-chou in Shausi uuder the Northern Chou dynasty. In 571
he earned the approval of the Emperor Wu Ti by a skilfully written
draft for a proclamation. His Majesty rdmarked that with diligence
he would compass both wealth and faine; fo which Yang Su replied
that he desired neither, tte rose fo take a prominent part in the
political and military movements which placed Yang Chien upon
the throne, and iu his service conducted numerous campaignsagainst
frontier kingdoms and infernal opponents, for which he was ennobled
as Dtrke. When the latter lay upon his death-bed, Yang Su ingratiated
himself with the son, Yang Kuang, by a timely hiut respecting
his father's condition, and was rewarded on that prince's accession
fo the throne by continuance of his high functions, ttis influence
however with the new Emperor was of short duration; and finding
himself neglected and in danger of degradation, he pined fo death
in the following year. tte was distinguished by scholarly attainments
and a love of study; yet according fo the historians he made his
way by scheming and truckling, and shares in the disgrace of
placing such a monarch as Yang Kuang upon the throne. See Lo-
ch'ag Kug Clou.
1689. Graduated as cMn s£ih in 1652, and went as Magistrate fo
] i Tung-ming in Shantung, a district lately laid waste by
the Yellow River. In three years he restored if fo prosperity, and
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 915
a]so gained over a notable bandit who had been doing much mischief.
For his services he was ruade an Inspecting Censor for Ssûch'uan
whereupon he foretold in a memorial the rebellion of Wu San-kuei.
No action was taken however and Wu San-kuei even succeeded
in getting his appoiutment as Taot'ai in Ssïmh'uan caucelled. On
this he retired fo his home in disgust for ten years, tte then became
Taot'ai of the Yiiu-hsiang Circuit in Huæeh , and earned
fi'esh faine by opening fo navigation a stream near ê, Ku-
ch'ëng, and so enabling the grain-junks fo avoid the revolted
districts of Shautung while relieving the people of his own Circuit
ri'oto the burden of carrying the rice overland. As Governor of
Anhui in 1687 he saved many lires duriug a famine by throwing
open the public granaries before the Emperor's assent had reached
him. Transferred fo ttupeh, then in a state of constant alarm on
account of rebel bands he calmed the public mind by leaving the
gares of the provincial city wide open on the night of the Feast
of Lanterns. On his death-bed he indited a last memorial in behalf
of some overtaxed districts.
Yang Ta-hung (T. ). A native of .. _ 2410
Ying-shan in ttupeh, who graduated as cMn s£i£ in 1607 and
distinguished himself by his imieachment of the eunuch Wei
Chung-hsien.
Yang Ti. See Yang Kuang.
rang T'ing-ho } (T. ï ). A.D. 1459--1529. A 2411
native of Hsiu-tu in Ssûch'uan, who graduated as c]in s]ih in 1478,
before his own father, tte rose by 1507 fo be a Minister of State
and tried hard fo induce the Emperor fo give up his hunting tours
and attend fo duty. Failing fo check the power of the eunuchs,
he repeatedly applied fo retire, but was hot allowed fo go until
1519 when he refuseçl fo draft the Emperor's appointmet of himself
as Commander-in-Chier against the rebel -¢ Chên Hao (see
96 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Chimg Pi). In the following year, having been summoned by the
dying monarch, he secured the succession of the Emperor Shih
Tsung, being for forty days in charge of the government pending
the new sovereign's arrival. He promptly disbanded the useless
armies, dismisseda host of priests, packed off a Portuguese envoy,
and introduced the strictest economy, ttis opposition fo the new
Emperor's desire fo bestow und-ue honours on his parents lost him
the Imperial favour, although by persistence he carried his point.
In 1524 he retired because he could hot stop the appointment of
eunuch superintendents fo silk factories, and in 1528 he was cashiered.
In 1567 his honours were restored, and he was canonised as ,.
412 rang Ts'un-chung : =[ (T. ] '). Died A.D. 1166.
A native of the Kuo District in Shansi, whose personal naine
oeas origina|ly =[ I-chmg. He was very precocious, aud
possessed of unusua| physical strength, which perhalos decided him fo
devote his talents fo the art of war. In 1125 he gathered together
a considerable force and did gÇÇd service against various rebels
who were just then giiing a great deal of trouble. For this he
was promoted fo high rank; and when in 1140 he succeeded in
inflicting a severe defeat upon the Chin a Tartars, who had broken
their treaty, he was further loaded with honours, being ultimately
ennobled in 1161 as Prince. Canonised as : :.
2413 Yang Tsung-jen
t: (T.) g). .D. 16V--75.
Entering the public service as a student of the Imperial Academy,
he rose by 1722 fo be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang. t]ere he introduced
many reforms, and also established a system of relief for the poor.
He encouraged agriculture by unofficial tours during which he
distributed rewards out of his own pocket. Canonised as " î,
and included in the Temple of Worthies.
21 Yang Wan-li := (T. ;). A.D. 1124--1206. A
native of Chi-shui in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1154,
A Chinese Biog»'aplical Dictioary 917
and rose fo be keeper of the Imperial Library. lï[e lost favour at
Court by opposing an issue of iron cash in Kiangnan, and was
relegated for a rime fo a provincial post. lï[e was a poet of repute,
and also wrote the -, a commentary on the Caon of C]atges.
]ï[e was known as î, from a terre applied fo him by
the Emperor Kuang Tsung. Canonsed as .
Yang Wei-ohêllg , (T. ç). 14th cent. A.D. A 2t15
native of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in
1327 and served for a short rime as magistrate. ]ï[is disposition
was unsuited however fo a public career, and he retired fo Shanghai
where he built himself a "hanging garden" and amused himself by
entertaining friends and playing upon an iron flute. His poetry,
mostly composed under the inspiration of deep potations, was much
esteemed. In 139 the Emperor lï[ung Wu summoned him fo Court.
«'What!" cl'ied he, "should an old woman of 80 get ready a second
t ç,
rousseau. He was kindly treated, and after 120 days was allowed
fo return home.
Yang Wu . Died A.D. 908. Eldest son of Yang Hsing-mi, 216
and his successor in 907 as second sovereign of the Wu State. He
soon gave himself up fo a lire of debauchery, in consequence of
which the Minister î lï[si Wên caused him fo be assassinated,
and placed his brother upon the throne.
Yang Yen (T. !). Died A.D. 781. A native of 2t17
T'ien-hsing in Shensi, whose father Yang Po had
been an ooEcial, popularly knowu as . 2-.. lï[e was noted
for his splendid beard and eyebrows,.as well as for a spirited
disposition; and after the death of his father he received an appoint-
ment in the public service. Becoming a protégé of Yfian Tsai, when
the latter fell he was banished fo a petty post in lï[unan, from
which he was recalled af the accession of the Emperor Tê Tsung
in 779, and rose fo share with Lu Ch'i the full control of the
918 A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictioa'y
administration. The latter became jea|ous of his superior ablities
and influence, and af length round his opportunity in the exposure
of Yang Yen's son for bribery and corruption. Yaug Yen was
banished fo Kuangtung, but before he reached his destination he
was allowed fo commit suicide. During his short term of office he
attempted, but without success, fo introduce a new system of providing
.revenues for the State. The old-fashioued laud-tax, and payment in
kind upon produce, together with the corvée system of forced labour,
were to be done away with, and a half-yearly money-tax was to
be substituted in lieu of all these. Some rime after death his honours
were restored to him, and he was canonised as )/rï"
l:[ua-yin in Shensi, who showed great signs of ability even belote
he could speak, and was playfully lnown as the "])rince of Ch'in."
At six years of age he read history; af eleven he knew the Odes
and the Cann of CILa»ges, and could enjoy the Tso CIuan. "This
child," cried an elder cousin, "has hot shed his colt's teeth, yet
he is already the Bucephalus of our familyl" Af fifteen he was
ennobled as Baron for military services, and at eighteen he was
holding a high post. From this rime his career was chequered with
the ups and downs of political lire. Af one moment he was hiding
for fear of his life lu a Buddhist monastery, whither he had gone
under au assumed naine, after leaving his bat and clothes by the
bank of a river. He rose under the first Emperor of the Northern
Ch'i dynasty fo be Minister of State and President of the Board of
Civil Office, and in 559 he was ennobled as Prince. te was put
fo death by the Emperor tsiao Chao Ti.
24:19 srang sring-ehït j ). Died A.D. 1766. A high official
under the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, who after successfully filling many
important posts and rising fo be Grand Secretary in 1764, in
consequence of his failure against the rebels in Yiinnan, was cashiered,
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 919
had all his property confiscated, and was ordered fo commit suicide.
A native of T'ai-ho in Kiangsi, whence he is sometimes spoken of
Western Yang (sec Yag P'u), who received through
iueres an appoiumen as Compiler in he Han-lin College. Subse-
quenfly, when hë Board of Civil Oce held an examinarion of
scholars, he came ou a he head of he lis. He rose o high oce
in he Stae, and i was solely hrough his firmness ha he boy-
Emperor Ying Tsung came peaeeably o he hrone. He was employed
upon [he armais of several reigns, and also upon the commission
whieh produeed he ,a collection of memorials
by famous Minisers of ail ages. He eompiled he
a catalogue of [he Imperial Library, and was generally known as
one of he greaest scholars of his age. His las yeam were clouded
by he misbehaviour of his son, who was finally impeached and
dismissed he public service. He is beter known by his syle, as
Yang Shih-eh'i. Canonised as
Yang Yu-chi
w so skilful a arehery ha he eould pieree a willow-leaf from
a distance of 100 paees and do i[ 100 rimes in succession. There
was a grea ape in Ch'u, and he prince ordered Yang o shoo it.
Searcely had he ben his bow ere he ape elung o he ree howling.
Yang Yfi-ch'un (T. ). A.D. 1760-1838. A 222
native of Chungking in Ssfich'uan, who for various military services
was appointed Commander-in-chief of Kansuh. In 1805 he was
banished fo Ili for his too lenient treatment of the
shan mutineers, who had been driven fo revolt by having their
rations of salt and rice reduced fo maize. Three years later he was
restored fo office as Brigade-General in Kansuh; and in 1827, after
the irruption of Jehangir into Turkestan, he received the title of
Marquis and was appointed Viceroy of Shen-Kan, as a special
920 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
exception fo the rule which forbids the transfer Of Chinese as opposed
fo Manchus from high military fo high civl rank. Of extraordinary
valour, he was never wounded. In private lire he was austere, and
fo his sons severe, thrashing his eldest for loose living when the
latter was already a Prefect. Canonised as a.. 1, and included
in the Temple of Worthies.
223 Yang Yfin ,1 (T. ). 1st cent. B.C. An ooEcial who
received high oce for having given the first warning of the rebdlious
intrigues of the Ho family (see Ho ua). He was however unfitted
for public life, aud was soon dismissed from his post. He then
took fo luxurious living, and ruade such a display of his wealth
that on the occasion of an eclipse of the suu he was denounced
for extravagance and pride, and was put fo death as a disorderly
character.
224 YangYung-chien (T. and ). A.D.
16311704. A native of Hangchow, who graduated as chb s£i£
in 1655 and rose fo be Vice President of the Censorate and of the
Board of War. After four years' retirement to watt on his aged
mother, he was sent o the Yellow Rier, whence he retired
from his labours. He was also for a rime Goernor of Kueichou,
where he did much fo restore orderly government. He published
two collections of memorials, and one of miscellanies.
2425 Yang Yung-po (or ) îfi. 2,d cent. A.D. A man
of the E. Hau dynasty. Impelled by charitable motives he supplied
gruel for nothing fo all thirsty travellers who had fo cross a steep
mountain near his home. He carried on this practice for 8 years,
when one day a stranger who had been drinkiug gave him a pint
measure full of cabbage-seed, telling him fo plant it in his field,
whereby he would obtain some fine jade and a good wife. AKer
haing done this, Yang was desirous of taking fo wife a renowned
beauty, whose mother, Hs Shih, demanded as the price
A Chinese Biograplical Dictiona»'y 92t
of her consent two bracelets of white jade. Yang went and dug
in his field, and was rewarded by the discovery of rive such pairs.
His union was thereupon happily accomplished, ttence cornes the
phrase J 11] "to cultivate a jade fiehl," figuratively used of
a happy marriage, and from this legend the District of
Yfi-t'ien in Chihli is said fo take its naine. The saine story is told
of a man named Lin, from whom the illustrions Lin Tsê-hsU is
sd fo bave traced his descent, with unimportant differences of
detail. The fiehl is said fo have been an indigo-field, and the
District named after the story is OE Lan-t'ien in Shensi.
Yao . Died B.C. 2258. The fumons legendary Emperor, whose 226
hume, coupled with that of Shun, is suggestive of China's Golden
Age. His surname @as Chi, and his personal name
Fang-hsfin. He is said by some o bave been the son of the Emperor
Ti K'u, who in vested him with the Prucipality of
T'ao, whence he subsequently moved to T'ang, from which
two localities he obtained the name of . Another account
makes him the son of a virn, who produced him according fo
the prophecy of a red dragon aer a gestation of fourteen months,
with eyebrows of eight different colours. He ascended the throne
in B.C. 2357, and after a glorious reign, variously estimated at
70 and 98 years, he set aside his worthless son Tan Chu and
abdicated infa vour of Shun. Ne vs cauonised as N ' an
is also known as and .
YaO Ch'a (T. {O )" A.D. 533--606. A native of Wu- 227
k%ng in Chehking. Distinguished in youth by filial piety, he rose
emiuence as a scholar and undertook o write the History of
£e Lia,g Dyasty, A.D. 502-557. This work was completed by
his son, Yao Chieu, with some slight help from Wei Chêng, as
also was his Hîstory of t£e C£'ên Dy,sy, A.D. 557--589, towrs
which he hd done little more than collect materials. He sered as
922 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Magistrate of his native place under the Liang dynasty, and rose
fo be Vice President of the Council under the Ch'ên dynasty; and
in 589 the founder of the Sui dynasty gave him a post in which
he could work upon the histories above mentioned, declaring belote
all the Court that there was no other such scholar in the empire.
In 593 his father died, and he inherited the title of Duke. lIe
thereupon retired fo a Buddhist temple aU Chung-shan in
Kuangsi, where as a boy he had taken the vows. In his will he
openly confessed his belief in the Buddhist faitl, tte had always lived
on priestly rare, and his body had become extraordinarily emaciated.
242S Yao Ch'ang , -t (T. 7, ï ). A.D. 330--393. Twenty-fourth
son of Yao I-chung. On the death of Yao Hsiang, he submitted
fo Fu Chien (2) and served as Governor of rations Districts. He
led the Liazg-chou division when Fu Chien raided Cbin, and being
defeated by Mu-jung Hung after the roui of Fu Chien, fled fo
» q M-mu i. . Co. y t ï i-ou o
fo be head of their league, he assumed in 384 the titles of Gene-
ralissimo and Khan. Two years later he took Ch'ang-an, and set
up the Later Ch'in dynasty. Canonised as [ î.
1623--1683. A native of Chehkiang, who after a stormy youth
enlisted in the Bordered Red Chinese Banner and in 1663 passed
first ai the first c/ii jen examination of Bannermen. He was sent
as Magistrate fo Hsiang-shan in Kuangtung. His seven
predecessors all lay in the prison for failure to collect the full quota
of revenue. He coolly took them out, feasted them royally, and
sent them 'home, reporting that the Tls. 170,000 due had been
paid, and so getting the reputation of being a millionaire. Before
his fraud was discovered, he was denounced for having secret dealings
by stratagem, and only saved his head through the aid of Shang
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 923
K'o-hsi. ttis traducers, the Viceroy and the Governor, committed
suicide; but he too was turned adrift at the age of fifty. The
rebellion of the Feudatories enabled him to renew his career, and
having visited all alone and unarmed the wavering Kêng Ching-
chung and induced him fo surrender, he was for this and many
acts of valour appointed Viceroy of Fuhkien in 1678, to oppose
the invasion of Chêng Chin. Besieged with only 5,000 men in
Chang-chou, he beat off his 100,000 assailants by a sudden sortie
during a thick fog, and steadily advancing, drove the Formosans
to their island in 1680. For this he was ennobled and appointed
President of the Board of War. In 1682 the death of Chêng Chin,
who left a boy-successor, offered an opportunity to recover Formosa;
but disputes with Shih Lang delayed operations until 1683 when
Chêng K'o-shuang submitted, his brave general Liu Kuo-hsfian
having been alienated from him by the wiles of Yao Ch'i-shêng.
The latter is said to bave been seven feet in height, and fo have
possessed enormous strength, tic married his wife on account of
ber great muscularity, and their one son was strong enough fo
stop a runaway horse! Author of a collection of essays, etc. entitled
Yao Chien (T. ,, ). Died A.D. 643. A native of 2430
Wan-nien in Shensi, and son of Yao Ch'a. tic served under
the Prince of Kuei-chi; and subsequently, under the Sui dynasty,
as Reader fo the Prince of Tai, he alone of the staff remained
in attendance when the capital was stormed by the army of the
T'angs. He was one of the eighteen men of learning gathered
around him by the Prince of Ch'in in A.D. 621 (sec Li Sldh-mi,).
tic afterwards held the post of Chamberlain, and was entrusted
with the eomp]etion of the histories of the Liang and Ch'ên dynasties
begun by his father. Ennobled as Baron, and eanonised as .
He is better known by his style, as Yao Ssfi-lien.
924 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
chou in ttonan, who was somewhat boisterous as a youth bat gradually
settled down fo regular study. Entering the public service he attracted
the notice of the Empress Wu Hou by his vigorous resistance fo
the Kitan Tartars, and was soon raised fo high office, tte became
however an objec of dislike fo Chang I-chih, who maligned him
io the Empress; and he was dismissed fo the provinces until Chang
and his brother had been executed. When ordered fo return fo the
capital, the people clung weeping around his horse's head, cu off
his slir'ups, and too away his hip, in order o prevent his
departure. He subsequently rose fo be President of the Board of
War under the Emperor Miug Huang. Canonised as .
t3 Yao siang (T. ). b.D. 331--357. Fih so ad
successor of Yao I-chung. Af seveneen he was 8ft. 55. in height,
and hs hands hung be]ow his knees. is military bearing and
mental qualifications endeared him fo he people, ai whose instance
he assumed the titles of Generalissimo and Khan, and in 355 occupied
sfi-ch'ang in Honan. He was defeated by uan Wên (see
Yit Hao), and in 356 was driven Pei-ch' in Shansi.
Moving westward, he was slain by Fu Chien (2) af the ba¢fle of
San-yfian in Sheusi. Canonised by Yao Ch'ang as .
2433 Yao Hsing (T. ). A.D. 366-416. Eldest son of
Yao Ch'ang, fo whom he fled from the Court of Fu Chien. He
assumed the title of Emperor of the Later Ch'in dynasty in 394,
but in 399 reduced himself to king, on account of eclipses
and calamities. He ruled well and wisely for 21 years, adding all
north of the Han and the Huai, Western Ch'in until 407, and the
three Lianga States to his terriry. Ca,onised as
243 Yao Hung (T. ). A.D. 388-417. Eldest son of
Yao Hsing, of excellent disposition but with no political ability.
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 925
In 416 he mounted the throne as third Emperor of the Later Ch'in
dynasty, but submitted soon after fo the army of the Chiu Emperor
under Liu Yfi. His death a the hands of the executioner brought
his line fo au end.
Yao I-ohung :, -- '. A.D. 280-352. A member of a Tibetan 2435
tribe in eastern Kansuh, and son of the Warden of the Barbarian
Marches of the Wei kingdom. In 312 he moved with his tribe from
Kansuh fo )ï ) Yfi-mei in Sstich'uan, and took the title of
Superintendent of his tribe. For services against the rebels
Liang Tu and . Jan Min, he was ruade Superintendent of
the Six Barbarian Tribes, and received the military command of
the _]: Chiaug-huai regiou in Honan. He was ennobled as
Khan and also as Duke. Yao Ch'ang, one of his forty-two sons,
on founding the Later Ch'in dynasty canonised him as _ -
A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who af the age of fourteeu
became a Buddhist priest, his naine la religion being Tao
Yen. An eager student, he worked for a time uuder a Taoist magician
and learnt how fo render himself invisible and pass finscathed
through tire. When during the reign of the Emperor ttung Wu a
call was made for learned priests fo be attached fo the Board of
Rites, Tao Yen refused fo go. Ite occupied himself with writing
poetry, somewhat fo the scandal of his abbot who pointed out fo
him that this was hOt Buddhism. Af the death of the Empress
Kao, the Emperor ordered that each of the princes, together with
an eminent priest, should say masses for the repose of ber soul.
Thus Tao Yen was introduced fo Prince Yen, whom he afterwards
perstmded fo throw off his allegiance and mount the throne as the
Emperor Yung Lo. As a result he was of course promoted fo high
office, and Yung Lo wished him fo let his hair grow; but he refused
926 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fo do this, neither would he lire in the palace assigned fo him,
continuing in private the life of' a Buddhist priest. In 1406 he
became Junior Preceptor fo the tteir hpparent, and during the
Emperor's absence from the capital he was entrusted with the entire
guardianship of the young prince. He resumed his lay surname
Yao, and the Emperor bestowed upon him the personal naine of
Kuang-hsiao, by which he is now known. He was on the commission
of scholars who produced the gigantic encyclopoedia of the Ming
dynasty (see Chu Ti). Af his death the Emperor was so deeply
affected that for two days he could transact no public business.
His son, adopted by a whim as the writer of an elegant sign hanging
outside a wine-sbop, was provided with a good post, and he himself
was ca.onised as ZïTV î-
2437 Yao llai , J (T. and ). A.D. 1730--1815.
Graduated in 1763, and served iu the Pekiug Boards until 1774.
He passed the test of his lire as head of various colleges, and
earned a great reputation as a teacher. He was a vigorous defender
of Ch'êng I and of Chu Hsi, and bitterly opposed fo the rage for
mathematical and scientific studies. He published editions of Lao
Tzti and" of Chuang Tzti, and collections of ancient writings and
poetry. He was himself the author of commentaries on the IVie
Classlcs, of essays, of poems, and of the îî ) Topograplty
of Kiag-ning.
2438 Yao lliang ' ¢. 10th cent. A.D. The beautiful concubine of
Li Yii. She is said fo bave worn shoes which made ber feet look
like the new moon, and fo this bas been traced the custom of
cramping women's feet.
2439 Yao Shu , (T. ). A.D. 1204--1280. A native of
Liu-ch'êng in Kuangsi, who was captured by the Mongols
in 1233 af the surrender of K'ai-fêng Fu, aud deserting the cause
of the Chiu a Tartars, won the favour of Ogotai Khan. In 1235 he
A Chinese Biographical Dictiona'y 927
accompanied the Mongol army of invasion, and captured Chao
Fu, f'om whom he learnt the doctrines if the Sung scholars. Placed
as secretary fo the Go'ernor of Peking in 1241, he soon retired
in disgust af official corruption. In his home af the Su-
mên bill in Honan he built a temple fo Confucius and fo the six
Sung philosophers, p'inted the Classics, and enciuraged learning.
On the accession of Maugu in 1251 Kublai Khan, who was then
Viceriy of the territory south of Gobi, invited him fo his Court
and treated him with honour. In 1252 he accompanied Kublai on
his expedition against the independent kingdom of Ta-li (modern
Yiinnan), and took occasion fo point out how mercfful had been
the victories of Ts'ao Pin. "What Ts'ao Pin did," cried Kublai,
"I can do!" The result was that banners inscribed with the words
No Slaug]ter.were distributed among the troops, and public confi-
dence was restored. In 1263 he became Minister of State, and in
1273 he procured the appoiutment of Ç . An-t'ung and Bayan
fo command the armies invading Sung. In 1274 he caused whipping,
branding, and other excessive punishments fo be abolished, showing
much mercy fo the defeated Chînese. Canouised as .
Yao Wên-jan :L (T. ' ). Died A.D. 1678. Graduated 24t0
as chb shih in 1643, and in 1646 became a Supervising Censor.
ge successfully ad'ocated many reforms, and could address remon-
strahces fo the Emperor with a freedom allowed fo no other officer.
By 1676 he had risen fo be President of the Board of Punishments,
af which post he died of overwork. Author of a treatise ou law,
and of a collection of poems and essays characterised by simplicity
and earnestness. Canonised as *1, and in 1730 admitted into
the Temple of Worthies.
Yao Wên-t'ien :L [] (T. ). A.D. 1757--1827. A 241
native of Kuei-an in Chehkiang, who gained the first
place ai the Palace Examination in 1799 and was rapidly promoted
928 A Chinese Biograpbical Dictionarg
fo be President of the Board of Rites. As an ofllcial, he urged the
inconvenience of frequent changes in the high provincial posts, the
need for giving adequate salaries fo magistrates, and the hardships
of criminal procedure. As an author, he produced the ,
, two works on the Shuo Wên, and a collection of essays
enifled OE . As an astrologer, he foçeld the
Li,l-ch'ing rebellion and the war of 1842. C==ia .
Yeh a-hsi _=. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'u-
chou in Chehkiang, who acquired great reputation as a magician
under he Emperor Ming Huang, and is said bave persoually
conducted his Majesty fo the moon. Not fo be confounded with
Yeh Fa- shan, anoher magician who was patrnised by the
Emperor Kao Tsung some fify years previously.
2443 Yeh Fang-ai (T. $. H. ). Died A.D.
1682. Graduated as third cin shih in 1659, and atracted the
Emperor's notice by his honest representations on public affairs.
He rose to be Vice President of the Board of Rites in 1680.
Co.sa s .
24 Yeh Hsiang-kao (T. ). A.D. 1558--1627.
Graduating as cMn s£i]t in 1583, he rose by 1607 fo be Minister
of State. He failed fo rouse the Emperor Shên Tsung fo a prier
sense of his duties, but succeeded in driving his fief the Prince
of Fu, son of the favourite concubine Chêng, and so
preventing any risk of a disputed succession. Retiriug in 1614, he
was forced to resume the post in 1621; and though he was able
for a rime fo save many good men from the vengeance of Wei
Chung-hsien, he was finally dfiven from oce by the eunuchs in
245 Yeh-lfi Cho-li-chih . Died A.D. 926. A chieftain
A Chinese Biographical Dictîonary 9'29
of the Kitan Tartars, who was known as " OE . O-pao-chi.
Towards the close of the 9th century he succeeded in uniting the.
: ]1, Nfi-chên and other Tartar tribes of the north and south;
and in 907, emboldened by the rivalry between Chu Wên and Li
K'o-yung, he proclaimed himself Emperor under the title I..
Canonised as /], founder of the Liao dynasty.
Yeh-lii Ch'u-ts'ai ] ] (T. -. H. 2446
::). A.D. 1190--1244. A descendant in the eighth generation of
a prince of the House of Liao. ttis father, who held office under
the Chin a Tartars, died when he was three years old, and he was
bmught up by his mother, reading widely in all branches of
literature, especially in astronomy and mathematics. In 1214 he
was Governor of Peking, aud when that city was taken by the
forces of Genghis Khan, he was summoned into the presence of
the conqueror. He was 8 ff. in height, with a splendid beard and
a voice like thunder. "You are a Kitan," said Genghis; "I sent my
generals fo take vengeance upon your enemies, the Chinsa. '' "My
father and I," replied he, "have both served the Chinsa; how can
they be my enemies?" He was thereupon attached fo the staff of
Genghis, who conferred upon him the sobriquet of Wurtusahala =
Long-Beard. In 1219 he accompanied his toaster into western Asia
on his successful campaign against Persia, an account of which he
published under the title of .. In 1220 he reformed the
calendar, and in 1224 he set out with Genghis fo conquer India.
Af a pass on the Karatag mountains they fell in with a strange
green animal like a deer, with a single horn and a horse's tail,
and able fo speak several languages. "This," said Yeh-lfi, "is the
î cMo tuan. If is sent by God fo warn us fo retire;" and
Genghis retired forthwith. Upon the latter's death he secured the
accession of Ogotai, and became his trusted counsellor, venturing
even fo remonstrate with him upon his indulgence in drink. When
59
030 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
paper-money was issued in 1236, if was due fo his wise advice that
the issue was limited fo I00,000 ounces of silver. He encouraged
literature, and caused the representative of Confucius in the 51st
generation fo be sought out and ennobled, ttis influence was always
on the side of mercy, and he did his best fo prevent excessive
bloodshed. After the death of Ogotai (q. v.) he did hot hesitate fo
censure the Empress fo ber face for ber abuse of power, eventually
dying, some said, of a broken heart. Posthumously ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as - ï.
Grandson of Yeh-lfi Ch'u-fs'ai. Af the age of 9 he could compose
poetry, and when only 12 accompanied his father Yeh-lii , Chu
into modern Ssfich'uan on au expedition with the Emperor Mangu.
Af the death of the latter, father and son proceeded fo Shensi;
and when Arik-buga (see Kublai Khan) revolted, the father fied
fo offer his services fo the elder brother. Yeh-lii Hsi-liang and his
mother were promptly seized by e Kondukai, and carried
off fo Kan-chou in Kansuh. When Kondukai was killed in battle,
he fell into the power of ,lJ Karabuka, who released
him; and then he ruade his way, through great hardships, fo Urumtsi,
and on fo Manass and Emil. After wide wanderings in Central Asia
he af length joined Kublai Khan af Xanadu, and rose fo be President
of the Board of Civil Office. In 1281 he was compelled by a disease
of the foot fo retire into prîvate life. In 1310 he was appoiuted
Doctor in the ]Jan-lin College. The family property had all disappeared
during his long absence, nothing remaining but the portraits of
his famous grandfather and father. ]Je himself was a martyr fo
ill-health; and yet he remained a close student almost fo his last
days. ]Jis miscellaueous writings, including an accourir ofhistravels,
were published under the title of '1 î t"
°448 Yeh-lii Itsien ] 1 :. A.D. 948--983. Son of Yeh-lti Ytian,
.4 Chinese B-iog»'aphîcal D'ctio(»'y 93t
and cousin once removed fo Yeh-lii Kuug, whom he succeeded in 968
as fifth Emperor of the Liao dynasty. In 974 he sent a mission of
congratulation fo the House of Sung, but in 979 and 980 armed
raids were ruade upon the Sung territory. Canonised as
Yeh-lfi g-chi . Died A.D. 1101. Son of Yeh-lfi
Tsung-chên, whom he succeeded lu 1055 as eigbth Emperor of the
Li dynasty. He cultivated feudship with the House of Sung,
aud received a portrait of the Emperor Jen Tsung. In 1066 the
dymstic style of Liao was resumed (see (Yeh-li Luug-hsit). Canouised
Yeh-lfi Kug . Died A.D. 968. Son of Yeh-l Tê-
kuang and cousin o Yeh-l Yfian, whom he succeeded in 951 as
fourth Emperor of the Liao dynasty. He was killed, while druuk
by his cool Canonised as
Yeh-l Lung-hs . A.D. 972--1031. Son ofYeh-l 251
Hsien, whom he succeeded in 983 as sixth Emperor of the Liao
dynasty. Being only 12 ai his accession he left the government in
the hands of his mother, who restored the terre "Kitan" as the
dynastic title and by an unsuccessful raid into Sung tertory lost
some 30,000 tents. Iu 986 Ts'ao Pin invaded the Liao country,
but pushed on too far from his base and was severely beaten. The
war coutinued with varying success uutil 1005, when trading marts
were opened aud a subsidy promised by the Suug Emperor.
1008 tbe young Emperor canonised his rive predecessors, and
1009 he took over the teins of government from his mother, who
died a month afterwards. He was a weak mouarch, and in 1012
lost hall his army in an attack upon northern Korea. Canonised
as _ '-
A.D. 1098--1135. A member of the Imperial family of the Liao
dynasty. He graduated in 1114, and is sometimes called Yeh-lii
932 A Chinese Biogrophical Dictionary
; î: Lin-ya, from the Liao name of the ian-]in College. He
followed Yeh-lfi Yen-hsi after the collapse of the Liao dynasty,
but fearing for his lire ai the hands of that monarch he fled by
night with 200 horsemen. Maing his way westward he gathered
a large force ai K'o*tun, passed through the Ouigour
country and fought hs way Samarcand, where he won a great
battle. After resting there 90 days he pushed on fo Kirman, and
assuming the Imperial title built his capital ai ,
Hu-ssfi-han-to. Canonised as first Emperor of the Western
Liao dynasty.
2453 Yeh-lfi Tê-kuang . Died A.D. 947. Seoend son of
Yeh-lfi Cho-li-ehih, whom he sueeeeded in 926. In 937 he proelaimed
himself Emperor of [he Liao dynasty. e a[[aeked [he La[er Chins
when they tried fo throw off the Tartar yoke (sec Shih Ch'ung-kuei),
and took their capital, but was ultimately forced by Liu Chih-yfian
fo retreat. Canouised as
2454 Yeh-lfi Tsung-chên
. A.D. 1013--1055. Eighth
son of Yeh-lfi Lung-hsfi, whom he succeeded in 1031 as seventh
Emperor of the Liao dynasty. Though a weak debauchee, he was
a devout Buddhist and appointed priests fo the highest offices of
State. In 1042, upou the revolt of Chao Yfian-hao, the annual
subsdy agreed fo in 1005 was increased; and in 1049--50 the
the Kitan Tartars fought with some success on behalf of the Sung
dynasty. Canonised as
Yeh-lfi Hung-chi, whom he succeeded in ll01 as ninth a
Emperor of the L]ao dynasty. He was a wild youth, with a great
fondness for the chase. In 1122 he was driven from Peking by
the Nfi-chêa Tartars, who had been encouraged by the
House of Sung in their revolt (sec uta), and took refuge with
his sons in the mountains on his northern frontier. n attempt
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary 933
was ruade fo keep the dynasty from collapse; but in 1125 Yeh-lfi
Yen-hsi was captured and sent off, with the title of .. î,
of the Kitans, known as fl, migrated westward and founded
the Western Liao dynasty (see Yelt-lii Ta-shi£). Known in history
Tê-kuang, whom he succeeded in 947 as third Emperor of the
Liao dynasty. His reign was spent in hostility with the rulers of "
China, and in aiding the establishment of the Northern Hau State.
hfter a short period of power he was murdered fo make way for
his cousin. Canonised as [ -
--.
X/oh Lung-li -. (H. ',, ; ). 13th cent. A.D. A native 2457
of Chia-hsing in Chehkiang, who graduated as (.ldn shih in 1247
and rose fo be a Privy Councillor. He was the author of the _
-- History of t]le Kita Tartars which though greatly founded
on hearsay is still of considerable value. See Yf-wên l]lou-clao.
:¢e ig-sn g (T. î ). ». 1807-1860.
native of Han-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as rhin shih in
1835 and after three years' service in the Han-lin College went as
Prefect fo Shensi. In 1841 he was Judge in Y/innan, and in 1842
distinguished himself by keeping the Hupeh rebels under Chung
Jen-chieh out of Kiangsi. By 1846 he had risen fo be Treasurer
af Canton, and Governor in 1848. There he earned considerable
notoriety by his stringent measures against the T'ai-p'ing rebels,
of whom he is said fo bave put fo death, first and last, no fewer
than seventy lhousand. He threw every possible obstacle in the
way of foreign trade, refusing fo meet the British representatives
af Hongkorg, until af length the affair of the lorcha Arrow brought
matters fo a crisis and resulted in the bombardment and capture
of Canton in December 1857. The Viceroy, kuown fo foreigners
934 A Chine.e Biog'aphical Dictionary
as "Commissiouer Yeh," ruade an attempt fo escape in disguise;
but his flight was somewhat hindered by his gross and bulky form,
and he was ignominiously captured by a blue-jacket who held on
stoutly fo the great man's queue. He was then placed on board
H. M. S. I.fletvible and sent away fo Calcutta, attended by Mr.
(uow Sir Chaloner) Alabaster as interpreter. There he led a lisfless
lire until his death, not cari,g even fo read; for as he himself
explained, he "already knew by heurt all that there was worth
rea(,m. If is interesting fo note that Li Yiian-tu bas omitted his
naine from his collection of eminent meu of the present dyuasty.
24'59 Yeh Shih (T. I-[:. [l| an = . 1=[. :) ,(ï,). A.D.
1150--1223. A native of Yung-chia in Chehkiang, who graduated
second on the list of chi s]i] and soon distinguished himself
by defending Chu Hsi on his impeachment by ; Li P'iao.
In 1194 he took part in the plot fo supersede the Emperor Kuaug
Tsuug, and upon the accession of Ning Tsung in 1195 he was
associated with , Chao Ju-yii in the government. In 1206
and following years he succeeded in checkiug the invadiug forces
of the Chin a Tartars; and by a system of military settlements in
the valleys of the Yang-tsze and Huai rivers, the latter of which
he fortified with a chain of towers 100 mlles long, he restored
confidence and induced the people fo return fo their homes, ttis
connection with ttan Ni-chou caused him, on the murder of ihe
latter in 1207, fo be impeached and dismissed from office. Canonised
Yellow Emperor, The. See luang Ti.
2460 Yen/kn-chih ) . 8th cent. A.D. A Magistrate under
the T'ang dynasty, noted for his severity. On one occasion the
Emloeror was giving a grand banquet, fo last three days. The
people however swarmed around in such crowds, and ruade such
a noise, that the musicians could hot play. Coustables raiued blows
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 935
upon them in vain; af length the eunuch Kao Li-sh]h suggested
Yen An-chih. When the latter appeared, he simply ruade a mark
on the ground with his hand, saying that any one who overstepped
that mark during three days would be put fo death. This had the
desired effect.
x/en Cn-ch'ing (T. OE )..C.D. 709-785. A 2461
native of Wan-nien in Shensi, and descendant of Yen Shih-ku,
who graduated as c]tin slih about 730. He soon rose fo high office,
although much disliked by the powerful Yang Kuo-chung; and he
distinguished himself, when Governor of P'ing-y(ian in Shantung,
by joining his cousin Yen Kao-ch'ing in opposing the progress of
the rebel An Lu-sban. After a chequered career, in which he was
now President of a Board, now banished fo some petty post, and
anon ennobled as Duke, he was finally sent inhis old age by Lu
Ch'i, who owed him a grudge, fo win over the recalcitrant Li
Hsi-lieh. While on this mission, Li Hsi-lieh's brother was put fo
death for his association with Chu Tz'u's revolt; and this act,
coupled with the approach of the Imperial troops, so enraged Li
Hsi-lieh that he forthwith caused Yen fo be strangled by his
eunuchs. One of Yen's sons carried back his father's body; and tho
Emperor, overwhelmed with sorrow, hOt only appointed the dead
man fo high posthumous tank, but even suspended all Court functions
for rive days. Yen's character was firm and uncompromising. "Save
in the interests of truth and justice, no thought ever budded within
his mind." A story is told that when acting as Censor in Shansi
he set af liberty a number of persons who had been unjustly
confined; whereupon rain, which had been long prayed for in vain,
fell upon the parched fields. He was the author of the I ''
", and was also celebrated as a calligraphist. Canonised as .
X/en Chi . 5th cent. B.C. A concubine of Duke Wên of '2462
the Chêng State, who dreamt that an angel gave ber an epidendrum
936 A Chinese Biograptical Dictlonary
flower (signifying «de.) which was fo be her son. Shortly afterwards
the Duke himself gave ber such a flower, and she bore him a child
who became Duke i Mu and was named Epidendrum from
the circumstance, o
2463 Yen Chih-t'ui }¢ OE (T. ). A.D. 531--595. A native
of Lin-i in Shantung, who rose fo high office under the first Emperor
of the Northern Ch'i dynasty and continued in active service until
the early years of the Sui dynasty. He published a collection of essays,
a work on the education of a family entitled } ]ll, and
also the - and the f : _, two philological treatises,
besides aiding Lu Fa-yeu in the preparation of his grea.t work.
24:64: Yen Ching-ming ] iï. A.D. 1816--1892. A native of the
] Chao District in Shensi, who graduated as clin shil in 1851
and entered the Han-lin College. He rose fo be Governor of Shantung,
and in 1877 was appointed Imperial Commissioner fo visit the
famine-stricken districts of Shansi. In 1882 he became President of
the Board of Revenue, and exposed the scandalousjobbery connected
with the supply of copper from Ytinnan. Two years later he joined
the Tsung-li Yamên, and in January 1886 he was appointed Grand
Secretary. His health breaking down he was forced fo retire in 1888,
receiving the title of Junior Guardian of the tteir Apparent.
2465 ren l=Iui } 1 (T. - -). B.C. 514-483. The favourite
disciple of Confucius, and the sou of } , Yen Wu-yu who
had also sat under the Master. He used fo listen with what appeared
fo be stolid indifference fo the teachings of Confucius, but then he
would go away and strive fo put into practice the principles he
had learnt. The historian, Ssti-ma Ch'ien, attributes his splendid
reputation chiefly fo his close connection with the Sage, likening
him quaintly to a fly which travels far and fast by clinging fo the
rail of a courser. Af twenty-nine his hair turned grey. Under the
T'ang dynsty he was e, nobled as N -&, and in 1330 he
A Ch5tese Biographical Dictionarg 937
received the title of 1, by which he is still known. His tabler
stands in the Coufucian Temple "along with those of Mencius, Tsêng
Ts'an, and K'ung Chi, the Four Associates of the Master.
1704. A native of T'ai-yfian in Shansi, who distinguished himself
as a bold critic of the Sung school of Confucian interpretation. He
also devoted considerable rime and labour fo impugning the authenticity
of much in the Canon of History. He wrote on the topography and
biography of the Classics, poems, an appedix fo theH "
of Ku Chiang, and other critical works. He never held office, but
af the close of his life he was invited to Court and was received
with great honours.
Yen Kao-ch'ing : (T. ): ). A.D. 692- 756. A native 24:67
of Wan-nien in Shensi, who in consequence of his father's services
received an official post. Upon the recommendation of An Lu-shan
he was appointed Governor of Ch'ang-shan in Chihli, and
when his patron rebelled he was pressed fo join in the risiug. But
he devoted all his energies fo the Imperial cause, and in concert
with his cousin Yen Chên-ch'ing inflicted severe losses upon the
rebel troops. Af length he was besieged by An Lu-shan's lieutenant,
Shih Ssil-ming, and when food and water failed he was compelled
fo surrender. Yet although a little son was butchered before his
eyes, he refused fo give up his allegiance; and when he was taken
before An Lu-shan he retorted the charge of ingratitude, and asked
who if was that had raised his captor from the position of a Turkic
shepberd fo tank and power. In his fury An Lu-shan caused him
fo be tied fo a post and pieces of his flesh fo be cut off and thrust
into his mouth. Still he would hot yield, continuing fo curse the
rebes until finally they cut out his tongue Canonised as , -.
Yen Kuang/ î (T. - -). A friend in youth of the Emperor 2t68
Kuang Wu of the Han dynasty. When the latter came fo the throne
938 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in A.D. 25, he sent fo summon Yen Kuang fo Court; but Yen
Kuang preferred a lire in the country, devoted to fishing and agriculture.
On one occasion when the old friends met, the Emperor insisted
on their sleeping together; and during the night Yen Kuang put
his foot on his Majesty's stomach. Next morning the Grand Astrologer
reported that a strange star had been seen occupying the Imperial
o
place; at which the Emperor laughed and said, "It's only my old
friend Yen Tztt-ling, with whom I was sleeping last night."
2469 Yen Li-pôn eî ] y_. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'ang-an,
who rose fo be President of the Board of Works. tte is chiefly
known as a painter, having been emp]oyed by the second Emperor
of the T'ang dynasty fo paint the portraits of the eighteen scholars
who foude the collee popuarly know as Y'l boe o the Blet. Canonise as .
2470 Yen Po [ . Son of the legendary Emperor know as j
-: Kao Hsin Shih, B.C.-2436, and Minister of Fire under
the Emperor Yao.
2471 Yen Shih [$. 10th cent. B.C. An artificer wo vas presened
fo Mu Wang of the Chou dynasty when tbat Prince was on a tour
of inspection, and offered fo give an exhibition of his skill. On
the following day he arrived, followed by au automaton which could
sing and dance. During the performance the automaton began to
wink af the ladies of the harem, whereupon Mu Wang would bave
put Yen Shih o death; but the latter immediately cut open the
figure, and showed that it was made (f nothing but wood, paint, etc.
24:72 Yen Shih-ku $ (T. ï). A.D. 579--645. A native of
Wan-nien in Shensi, who distinguished himself in early youth by
his devotion to books, and on the recommendation of . , Li Kang
received an appointment in the public service. His compositions
soon attracted the notice of Hsieh Tao-hêng, who had been a friend
of his grandfather, Yen Chih-t'ui; and the former used fo go over
A ChSese Biogvaphical Dictionary 939
them with him, making suggestions for improvement. But in the
collapse of the Sui dynasty he lest his post, and was forced te
returu te Ch'ang-an and support himself by teaching. YIe received
however a fresh appointment under the first Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty, and under the second was promoted te high office and
eunobled as Baron. He was then employed upon a recension of the
Classics, and also upon a new and annotated edition of the I:tistory
of rite ttan Dynasty, for which purpose he was installed as ]¢eeper
of the Imperial Library; but his exegesis in the former case caused
dissatisfaction, and he was ordered te a provincial post. Although
nomiually re-instated belote this degradation tool effect, his ambition
was se far wouuded that he ceased te be the saine man. "He lived
henceforth a retired and simple lire, his patent of nobility being
raised te Viscount. In 645 he accompanied a military expedition
against the Liao Tartars, and died on the road. Cauonised as m.'.
Yen Shtl (T. [ »-). A.D. 984--1046. A native of Lin- 2473
ch'uan in Kiaugsi, who af seven yoars of age was already able te
compose. In 1004 he was reported te the Throne as a "Divine Boy,"
and his Majesty caused him te compete agaiust over a thousand
chin sli]. He came out of the ordeal triumphantly, and received
an honorary degree. After a somewhat chequered career in the
public service he died as President of the Board of War and Grand
Secretary. Author of seine fine poetry. Canonised as î 1.
Yen Shu Tzï .-]X-. 4th cent. B.C. A man of the Lu 247
State, who lived alone. One night, a neighbour's bouse was blown
dovn, and a girl took refuge with him. Accordingly he sat up
until dawn, holding a lighted candle in his hand.
Yell Sullg ) (T. t-l). Died A.D. 1568. A native of 2475
: Fên-i in Kiangsi, who graduated as cMn shih in 1505 and
rose by 1528 te be President of the Boards of Rites and Civil
Office ai Nauking. He quarrelled with Hsia Yen over the revision
940 A Chinese Biog'aphical Dictiona»'y
of he History of tlte Stng Dyasty, and soon succeeded in displacing
him. La,er on lsia Yen was restored fo fuvour and ruade use of
his position fo bring grave charges against Yen Shih-fan,
the one-eyed, bull-necked son of his rival, subsequently executed
and commonly known as ;. Father and son saved themselves
by an abject appeal for mercy, and belote very long, through the
machinations of the former, Hsia Yen perished af he hands of the
executioner. Then followed a period of power, the scandalous abuse
of which causcd Yen Sung fo be ]nown as the chier of the Six
Wicled Ministers of the Ming dyuasy. Finally even the Emperor
wearied of him, and in 1562, af the instance of l]sii Chieh» he
was dismissed and his property confiscated. If was popularly asserted
hat the Emperor sent him a handsome silver bowl with which fo
go about and collecL altos, but that no one would either give him
anything oi venture to purchase the bowl, so tha he died of
starvation while still in the possession of wealth.
2476 îreI TsllI (T. ). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A ntive
of Lin-chiung in Ssilch'uan, who followed the trade of astrologer
and fortune-relier af Ch'êng-t.u. As soon as he had talen 400 cash he
would shu up shop and devote himself fo the Canon of Clanges. For
a rime the celebrated philosopher Yang lsiung studied under him. A
wealthy man of the ueighbourhood offered him money with a view
fo an oicial career; but Yen Tsun declined, saying, "Material wealth
means intellectual poverty; for my soul fo lire, my body must die."
grandson of Yen Shu. Yie graduated as clin s]il, and rose fo be
a Supervising Censor. Yie was a biffer opponen of the peace
proposais of Ch'in Kuei. The latter seul a hint fo him that he
would do well fo be less virulent; bu Yen replied, "Ginger and
cinnamon get hotter with age." towever ultimaely he round him-
self obliged fo apply for a provincial post.
A Chitese Biogt'aphical Dictionarg 941
Yen T.ï 1| -. One of the 24 examples of filial piety, said fo 2478
bave lived under the Chou dynasty. When bis parents wished for
some doe's milk, he clothed himself in a deerskin, and was thus
enabled fo mix with a herd of deer and obtain the desired draught.
Yen Wu i :i (T. )). A.D. 726--765. A native of Hua- 2479
yin in Shensi, who as a child of eight killed his father's favourite
concubine by hitting her on the head with a heavy hammer while
asleep. His father thought he did if in play; but Yen Wu declared
that "a high official ought.not fo show favour fo a concubine and
put fo shame the mother of his son." In 756 he accompanied the
Emperor Hsiian Tsung in his flight fo Ssilch'uan, and subsequently
held many high posts. For maling a road fo the Imperial mausolea,
while acting as Governor in the capital, he was ennobled as Duke.
He acted as patron fo Tu Fu,. the poet, whom from pure eccen-
tricity of character he several rimes threatened fo kill; and he was
also on terres of great intimacy with Yiian Tsai.
:en :en t (T. - "i))- Born about B.C. 510. O-e of the tSO
disciples of Confucius. He entered public life and became Governor
of Wu-ch'êng in modern Shantung, where he tried fo re-organise
society by instructing the ieople in music and ceremonial. Under
the T'ang dynasty he was ennobled as : , and under the
Sung dynasty as 9 ]_. IIis tabler stands in the Confucian
Temple among the "Twelve Wise Men."
Yen Yen-chih OE (T. _ g). A.D. 384-456. A native °81
of Lin-i in modern Shantung. Left an orphan in early youth, with
scant means of subsistence, he devoted himself fo study and soon
gained considerable reputation as an essay-writer and a poet (see
Hsieh Li,g-yi). He held various high appointments under the first
four Emperors of the Sung dynasty, but his sharp tongue and an
over-fondness for wine were always landing him in trouble, tturt
af the promotion of others over his head, he conducted himself in
942 A Chinese Biographical Dictîona»'y
such a way that he was ordered fo Yung-chia in Chehkiang as
Governor; whereupon he produced his famous lampoon, entitled
: This was bitterly resented by the persons attacked; however
the Emperor Wên Ti shielded him from any serious consequences.
This Emperor was always sending for Yen fo corne fo Court, but
he was general]y too drunk fo attend, on one occasion, when he
was sufficienfly sober, his Majesty was questioning him as fo the
talents of his four sons. "The eldest, named Ch'flan," he
replied, "bas iuherited my haudwriting; the second, lJ Ts'ê, my
style; the third, Huan, my sense of duty; and the fourth,
[ Yao, my love for wine." "And which of them," enquired the
Emperor, "bas got your wildness?" "Ah," replied Yen, "ut one
of them equals me in that." tte was actually known as .
Wild Yen, chiefly from his habit of speaking too unguardedly on
all subjects. In 454 he became a Director of the Imperial Banqueting
Court, and af his death was canonised as --.
of -- : ttsia-p'ei in Kiangsu, and son of a Minister of State.
He studied law, and became a Censor. On the accession of the
Emperor Hsiian a Ti in B.C. 73 he denounced the treasonable designs
of the Minister T'ien Yen-nien, and when his complaiut was dismissed
he placarded the palace gares. For this he was condemned fo death,
but fled and lay in hiding uutil a general pardon, tte was then
appointed Magish'ate af P'ing-ling in Shensi, but was cashiered for
putting innocent people fo death. After serving with success against
the Tibetan tribes of the west he was appointed Governor of i
Cho-chfin in Chihli, and then of ttonan, where his short stature and
ferocious disposition gained him the nickname of tri the Butcher.
If was said that the blood which flowed from his prison reached fo a
distance of several ll. tte was ulimate]y executed on the accusation
of an official who committed suicide fo call attention fo his wrongs.
A Chinese Blographical Dictlonarg 943
Y«n Ying (T. tç)- Died B.C. 493. An ocial of
the Ch'i State, noted for his thrifty habits of lire. Ai meals, he
would hot eat of two kinds of meat, neither would he allow his
womenfolk fo wear silk. A small shoulder of pork sufficed for his
ancestral sacrifices, and one fox-skin robe lasted him for thirty
years, tte is credited with the following ruse, by which he got rid
of the three rival Ministers who stood most in the way of his own
advancement. He persuaded the Duke of Ch'i fo offer two peaches
fo those of "his couusellors who should show that they had the best
claims. At first only two of the rivais came forward, and each
received and aie oue of the coveted peaches. Then the third rival
presented himself and soou proved that his merits were really greater,
whereupon the two slew themselves from mortification. The survivor,
indignant that such men should have been sacrificed for the sake
of peaches, promptly committed suicide.
Yesun Tireur OE , ) . A.D. 1293--1328. Nephew of
Tireur Khan. He was placed upon the throue in 1323, by the
conspirators who slew Sotpala, as the sixth Emperor of the Yiian
dynasty; but directly he felt his position secure he put fo death
the ringleaders and banished others fo the frontier. His reign was
marked by famine, earthquakes, inundations, and constant plagues
of locusts. He was as ardent a Buddhist as his predecessors, and
gave grants of land fo temples; however he forbade Central Asian
priests fo use the courier-horses, a practice which had caused much
injury fo the administration and hardship fo the people. He was
hOt canonised, but is known in history from his year-title as
Yin Chi-fu -. 9th cent. B.C. A military commander 2485
under king Hsiian a of the Chou dynasty. Having married a second
wife, at ber instigation he turned his son Yi. tri - Po-ch'i oui
of doors. The son wandered about the mountains, giving vent fo
944 A Chinese Biographical Dictfonary
his sorrow in a poem called "Over the Hoar-frost," until one day
his lamentations reached the car of the king who was out hunt-
ing with Yin Chi-fu. "That is the lainent of some filial heart,"
said the monarch; but when Yin Chi-lu sent fo recall his
son, the latter had already been changed iuto a goatsucker. There-
upon he put thë wife fo death. Two of the Odes are attributed
fo his pen.
Ling-i in Honan, who rose under the Emperor T'ai Tsung of the
Sung dynasty fo high military command. He inflicted a great defeat
on the Kitan Tartars af the Hs river, and as much dreaded by
them, being known from his dark complexion .s tho
Black-faced Prince (sec Wang Tê-yung). In 994, when Li
Chi-lung was sent fo punish the wild tribes of Kansuh, he was
appointe(l Commander-in-chief in Ho-hsi. Two years later he was
recalled fo the capital, but died on the way.
Yin-chi-shan $ (T. . H. ). A.D. 1696--
1771. A Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Bauner, who graduated
as cldn shih in 1723 and held office for one terre as Viceroy of
Yn-Kuei, for three terms as Viceroy of Shen-Kan, and for four
terres as Viceroy af Nauking. He effected several important ad-
ministrative changes, such as stationing a Taot'ai af Shanghai and
the Judge af Soochow in 1729, uniting Kuaugsi under one Viceroyalty
with Kuangtung in 1733, and giving Ssfich'uan a separate Viceroy
in 1749. His power of work was prodigious, and he was always
entrusted with cases which had puzzled all other Ministers. In the
Two Kiang, where he spent some thirty years altogether, he was
immensely popular, owing in great measure fo his habit of consulting
his subordinates on all local questions, and fo his care in judicial
matters. From 1764 he was a Grand Secretary, besides holding
other high posts. He was ranked by the Emperor Ch'ien Lung
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 945
among his î. Five Administrators. Canonised as î,
and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Yin Chu I-, (T. l]ili ,). A.D. 1001--1046. A native of 2488
Honan, famous like his brother Yin "j, Yiian (T. -- i: ), for
profound classical learning. He. graduated as cMn shih, and after
some service in the provinces was called fo the Supervisorate of
Instruction. His defence of Fan Chung-yen involved him in disgrace,
and he shared later in the failure of Han Ch'i agaiust Chao Yfian-
hao. l=[e was disgraced in 1045 for misapplication of public moueys.
Yin ttao ) (T. -), ). Died A.D. 356. A native of : 2489
Ch'ang-p'ing in Honau, who rose fo high military command. He
became however an object of distrust fo Huan Wên; and when he
failed fo grapple with the rebellion of Yao ttsiaug, Huau Wên
impeached him for incompetence, and he was cashiered. He took
his punishment without complaint, except that he spent his days
in writiug with his finger in the air the four words I I ']==
Oh! Oh! strange busiess! Later on he received from Huan Wên
the offer of an appointment, which af first he was iuclined fo
accept; however after much shilly-shallying he finally sent back a
blank envelope, and thus put an end fo his official career. See
Ku Yieh-clih.
¥in ttsi ï __. ,n official af the Han-ku pass in Honan, °4:90
who one day noticed the approach of a purple vapour. He immediately
recognised the adveut of some divine being; and shortly afterwards
Lao Tzti arrived on his way fo the west, and handed fo him the
text of the Tao Tê Cling. Sometimes called ] --.
¥in ttsien !-). 1st cent. B.C. An official of the Han dynasty, 24:91
who rose under the Emperor Ch'êug Ti fo be Grand Historiographer.
He assisted Liu Hsin in revising the Classics, especially the Spring
a,d Auturnn Amctls and Tso-ch'iu Ming's commentary. He also
classified the books which the Emperor caused to be brought together
6O
946 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
from all parts of the empire. Is said fo have been also distinguished
as a physician.
2t92 ¥in Hsien ) (T. "
. ). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. Father
of Yin Hao, and Governor of Yfi-chag in Kiangsi. He tsed fo
throw all the letters he wrote into the river, saying "I mus take
my chance whether they sink or swim. If is hOt my place fo be
2t9: ¥in ttua,-hsing ) (T. ). Died A.D. 1710. £ military officer during the reigu of the Emperor K'ang Hsi, who
distiagtished himself in the relief of the great Kansuh and Shensi
famine of 1687--1692, and in the war against the Oelots, 1696--7.
49t ¥in ttui-i '-- (T. :î -H. _ )...D. 1690--1748.
A native of |. Po-yeh in Chihli, who graduated in 1723 and
rose by 1744 fo be Governor of Honan. He was appointed Vice
President of a Board, but died before the news reached him. ge
wrote the Topograply of Yag-clou, and the - :[:
Mirrors for Sovereig,s, Miisters, Sc£ol¢rs, a,d Wome,,
besides rations works on the Classics, a collection of poems, and
a biography of his mother. He was especially distinguishe.d for his
zeal in advaucing the teachings of Chu Hsi and in furthering the
progress of education.
2t95 ¥in Shun Ç (T. ) and :î. Il. fl û). A.D.
10711142. A native of Lo-yang in Hoaan. He studied under
Ch'ëng I, but decliued fo compete for the ch jen degree because"
the subject chosen for essay had reference fo the slaughter of offi-
cials during-the period 1086--1094. Ile therefore devoted his lire
fo study and teaching, in spire of an Imperial summons fo he
capital in 1126. In l127the Tartars took Lo-yaug; his wife and
one child were k]lled, and he himself escaped with difficulty. He
is actually said fo have been killed and fo have corne fo life
again. On being pressed fo take service with Liu Yfi he fled fo
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 947
Sstich'uan where he remained un/il 1136, ai leng/h consenting fo
lend his aid fo _the Imperial government. Bu he was dissatisfied
wih he conduct of public affaire by Ch'in Kuei and practically
ok very little par in the administration, reiring altogether in
1140. He was he allOr of he ,
on he Aalect, o Çonfueius, nd of oher miseellaueous wriings.
He was eanonised as , nd in 174 his able was plaeed
onfueian Temple.
Yin Ti. 8ee iu hih-n.
of Ku-ug in Kansuh, who rose o high oee under
Emperor Wu Ti of he Liaug dynas. He w exremely diry,
and would onl wash his fee once ever few ears, deelaring ha
he eould no afford he loss of so mueh propery. Dispatehed o
oppose Hou hing, he suffered a severe defea, whieh he aributed
having wiee washed his fee no long before.
Ying u . Died B.Ç. lô. A miliar adventurer, who
eafl life had been brauded upon he face for some crime, and
was known in eonsequeuee as Çh'iug Pu. He was sen
wih oher criminels fo work a he mausoleum of he irs Emperor,
where he ruade friends wih M1 he bold spiris of he place, and
in B.Ç. 0fl managed o effee his eseape. He hen urned budi
and joind çh'6n h6ng, whose daugher he mrried, and aferwards
served under Hsiaug Liaug and Hsiang Oi, he laer of whom
ennobled him s Prince. LaLer on, he rnsferred his allegianee o
he House of Han; bu ere long he beeame involved in sediious
movemenLs, and was pu o deth.
). Died A.D.
Su-nan in Honan, who disinguished himself by his learniug and
w appointed in 189 to be Governor of T'ai-shan in
Shantung. There he got into trouble over the murder of a high
948 A Chiuese Biographical Dictionary
official within his territory, and fled fo Yfian Shao who readily
gave him an appointment. He devoted himself chiefly fo regulating
popular manners and customs, arranging the ceremonial of Court
functions, and fixing the grades of official rank. Author of the
f , in which he «rea«s of Che above subjec«s.
Ying Tsung. See (Sung) hao Shu; (Ming) Çhu h'i-chên.
2199 Ying Yang (T. ). Died A.D. 236. A native of
Ju-nan, who distinguished himself as a poet and became a Minister
uuder Ts'ao Ts'ao. His advancemeut in life had been checked by
the rebellion of Tung Cho, a theme which he dwelt upon in Hs
poem entitled , ,, which may be interpreted as "regret that a
Bucephalus should stand idle." See Hsa Kan.
Ying-yang Wang. See Lin I-fu.
2500 Yo Chung-eh'i T. . H. ). A.D. 1686--
1754. A native of Lin-t'ao in Kansuh, who was a soldier
from his early youh. In 1719--20 he distinguished himself iu the
expediion ino Tibe, and from hat ime o 1732 was almos
always engaged in warfare, firs as Commander-in-chier in Ss[mh'uan
and in Kansuh, and later on as Viceroy of he two western provinces.
In 1724 he was ennobled as Duke for his expedition fo Turkesan,
on which occasion he penetraed as far as he , Sang-lo Sea.
In 1782 he was sripped of his rank and senenced fo death for mis-
management, and was actually imprisoned unil 1737, when he retired
and lived the life of a country genleman near Ch'êng-tu in Ss[tch'uan.
A serious fising in Chin-ch'uan in 1748 led fo his re-appoinmen
as Commander-in-chier in Ssïmh'uan, and on ifs suppression he
received many marks of favour, his portrai being pained by a
foreign artis a the Cou of Ch'ien Lung. After three more
years of border warfare, he died while on his way fo fight the
rebels of Tien-chiang in Ss[ch'uan. Author of two collec-
tions of songs, entifled and . Canonised
A Chinese Biogt'aphical Dictionary 949
as , and included in the Temple of Worthies. See C]tao-]tui.
¥oei (T. ]). A.D. 1103--114l. A native of 2501
Ç T'ang-yin in Honan. A his birth a huge bird flew over he
bouse and screamed; hence his personal naine. His father wen
wifhout food in order fo feed he hungry; and if any one encroached
upon his land, he would cut off he piece and present if fo
him. Yo Fei himself was a quie lad, of few w6rds; he divided the
hours of his youth between practising ahletic exercises and reading
the Tso C]tuan and Sun Wu's Art of War. e studied archery under
Chou T'ung, and could draw a bow of three hundred catties
and a crossbow of eight piculs. In the early days of the Tartar
troubles, he raised a troop of rive huudred horsemen, and defeated a
force of more than one hundred thousaud under the Wu-shu
(chieftain), explained by some fo be the Heir Apparent of the Tartars.
He then served as lieutenant under Chang ChOu, and for
his services lu inducing a formidable leader of brigands fo submit
fo Imperial authority was raised fo the rank of general. In the
following years he recovered a large extent of territory rom the
hands o various insurgent leaders, and in 1136 sought permission
tomake an attempt hpon the Chinese provinces then held by the
Tarar invaders, but af the advice of Ch'in Kuei the Imperal sanction
was withheld. Finding Yo Fei's patriotic devotion an insuperable
obstacle fo he peace negotiations upon which he was bent, Ch'in
Kuei ai length procured his de-adation, and shortly afterwards
concocted an accusation of treasonable intentions against him and
hs son Yo Yfin. In spire of he fact that Yo Fei bared his
back and showed he eharaeters . N Lval o /,«
imprinted thereon, both were committed fo prison. They had hOt
been two months in confinement when Ch'in Kuei resolved to rid
himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order
for the execution of Yo Fei, which was forthwith carried into
950 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
effect; whereupon he immediately reported that Yo Fei had died
in prison. This act has been attended by the undying execration
of historians and of the Chinese people, by whom the naine of
Ch'in Kuei is now popularly used for a spittoon. Yo Fei was a
filial son, and for three days after the death of his mother would
neither eat nor drink. He kept no concubines. To some one who
asked him when peace would prevail in the empire, he replied,
"When civil officiais are no longer greedy of money, aad military
officials uo loager fear death." His soldiers were so well disciplined
that even if taken by surprise there was never the slightest panic.
Hcnce the saying: "'Tis easy fo more a mountain, but difficult fo
more the soldiers of Yo Fei." In 1162 the Emperor Hsiao Tsung
restored his honours, and gave proper burial fo his remains. A
shrine was put up fo his memory, and he was designated , ,
the Loyal Hero. In 1179 he was canonised as :Ï "
2502 lro I = .. 3rd cent. B.C. An official of the Wei State, who
on being sent on a mission fo the Yen State eutered into the
service of the latter, and by organising a confederacy of several
other States, enabled the Yen State fo inflict a crushing defeat
upon the Ch'i State. For this he was ennobled as Prince; but on
the death of the Prince of Yen, fearing the enmity of the late
Heir Apparent, he fled fo the Chao State where he was also ennobled
as Prince and where he ultimately died.
2503 Yo Kuang (T. ). Died A.D. 304. A native of
Y(i-yang, who was left an orl0han af an early age. Patronised
by Wang Jung and Chia Ch'ung he entered upon an official career,
and by 297 he had risen fo be Governor of Honan. He subsequently
became President of the Board of Civil Office and Lord High
Chamberlain, but died of mortification, in consequeace of a slanderous
report concerning his daughter, a concubine of the Prince of Ch'êng-tu.
A good scholar, he was remarkable for coml01ete freedom .from
A Chinese Biographicai Dictiona»'y 95t
superstition, being under the conviction that all strange phenomena
were open to simple and natural explanations. On one occasion he
had a bbw hanging up in the room where he was giving a banquet
fo some friends. A guest, who saw the reflection of the bow in
his wine, thought he. had swallowed a Shake, and on his return
home became seriously ill. Yo Kuang invited him fo corne again
fo the bouse, aud showed him that his shake was au illusion caused
by the bow; whereupon he straightway recovered.
Yo Yang 2_. Father of Yo I. When travelling as a student 250
he felt a longing to see his wife, and returned home. His wife
t6ok a knife and approached the wéb af which she had been working,
and poiuted out how the cloth grew from single threads fo inches,
and from inches to yards. "And if you," she added, "halt in the
career of study which is to perfect you as a man, 'ris the saine
as if I were to cut the unfinished web from this loom." Theretpon
he went back fo his studies and stayed away for seven years, while
his wife supported her mother-in-law by spinning.
Yu Chan j:. 3rd cent. B.C. A dwarfandjester, who flourished 2505
at the Courts of the First and Second Emperors.
Yu Chu. See Achakpa.
:ru «o f (T. ç ç f). o. bout .C. 0. 0
0ne of the disciples of Confucius. Upon the death of the Master,
his likeness to Confucius caused all the disciples, except Tsêng Ts'an,
to make him their chief. But shortly afterwards, being unable to
explain how if was that Confucius could predict the birth of rive
sons to a certain childless old man, he was compelled to resign
the position. He was killed in battle during an invasion of his
native State of Lu by the forces of the Wu State about B.C. 450.
Under the T'ang dynasty he was ennobled as ', and under
the Sung dynasty as [ j; and in A.D. 730 his tabler was
placed in the Coufucian Temple.
952 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Wu-hsi in modern Kiangsu. He graduated as cldn s]d]t in 1148,
and rose o be a Supervising Censor under the Emperor Kuang
Tsung. But cares of office were too much for him, and brought
on a disease of which he died. He was uoted as the possessor of
one of the most extensive private libraries ever known in China.
Canonised as .
2508 YU T'ung t (T. A, changedto and 'l)"
A.D. 16181704. A native of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who entered
upon an official career, but was soon cashiered for having caused
a Bannerman o be bambooed. His plays attracted the attention of
the Emperor, who had them set fo music for the Imperial troupe;
and in 1678 he was recalled and employed in the historical depa-
ment. Three years luter he retired, and devoted himself fo lirature.
He was the author of miscellaneous writings, especially poems,
among which may be mentioned the Ç , embodying
what as then known of foreign nations. He wrote under the wm
2509 YU Ch'ang-ch'êng (T. )[ ). A native of Cheh-
kiang, who graduated in A.D. 1712. He was the compiler of the
] , a collection of one hundred and twenty writers on the
arts; and also of the , a literary miscellany.
2510 YO cu'ng-lung ff (T. ]). A.D. 1617--1684. A
uaive of Yung-ning in 8hansi. AlLer seven ears as magistrale
a Lo-eh'êng in Kuangsi, a pesilençial spo whieh he
ransformed b good governmen, bfinging even the Yao bar-
barians o live on friendl erms with he people, he was rans-
ferred in lôT o Huang-ehou in Hupeh. Hupeh was af tMs ime
oveun by bands of rebels; and Yfl round himself, wih uo roops
a hand, mena¢ed from hree differen quarers a once. Enrolliug
a few housnd voluneers he pu himself on he offenskve, and b
A Cldtese Biographical Dictionary 953
reckless bravery, aided by the devotion of his people, succeeded in
gaining a great victory. His reputation won over many of the
rebels, especially as he burnt without lookilg af if their list of
names which fell into his hands. In 1678 he was appointed Judge
in Fuhkien atd induced the provincial authorities fo pardon the
beaten followers of Kêng Ching-chung. In 1680 he became Governor,
and distinguished himself by ransoming women and children enslaved
by the Manchu soldiers during the conquest of Clehkiang. In 1681
he was appoiuted Viceroy of Chihli, and forthwith devoted all his
eergies fo improving the condition of the people. Rain fell in
aswer fo his prayers atd t.riple ears grew upon the stalks of
grain. In 1682 he was appointed Viceroy af Nanking, where his
arrival soon put all the ooEcials on their best behaviour. Indeed,
as he was known fo go about in disguise, every strange greybeard
was treated with extra respect. Fie worked day and night, and
though extremely fond of wiue» was almost a total abstainer. He
founded the College af Nanking. Accused by the Vice
President of the Censorate of being in his dotage and under the
influence of his servants, he was retained af his post by special
Decree, and in 1684 was appointed acting Viceroy of Kiaugsu and
Anhui in addition fo his own duties. On the 1st of June he passed
quietly away as he was sitting upright in his chair. Fie did hot
allow his family to lire in his yamên, and the ooEcials who took
an inventory of his effects found only a few cotton quilts and a
little rice and salt. In rimes of scarcity he lived on bran porridge,
which he shared with his subordinates; and on one occasion he is
said fo have punished his son for daring fo buy him a fowl.
Canonised as île.
Xr {3bi t. 3rd cent. B.C. Wife of the farnous Hsiang Chi. 2511
Seeing that ber husbaud neglected his chances and tan great risks
for ber sake, she committed suicide. Ever afterwards Fisiang Chi
954 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
carried about ber skull with him, fixed fo the saddle on which
he rode.
251 Yik Ch'ien =- (T. ). A.D. 1398--1457. A nati,e of
Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, ho graduated as chi sih in 1421 and
rose fo be President of the Board of War and Commander-in-chief
under the Emperor Tai Tsung of the Ming dynasty. He was the
only officiel who kept his wits about him in the panic which ensued
upon the capture of the Emperor Ying Tsung by the Mongols (see
Cire C]'i-chên), and he fina]ly drove the enemy beyond the Great
Wall. Satisfied with the existing state of affairs, he refused fo
take active steps fo recover e ]ost Emperor. Consequenfly, upon
the restoration of the latter, his enemies, headed by
Hsfi Yu-chên, took occasion fo impeach him and he was condemned
fo die by the lingering process as a traitor. Su%sequently canonised
»1: v c'i-lou (T. . t t et. .D.
A native of Hsia-yeh in Honan, who was one of the 24 examples
of filial piety. Oaly ten days after his appointment fo an offidal
post he threw if up in order fo return home and tend his sick
father. His devotioa was unbounded, and he used fo turn nighfly
towards the noh and pray that he might be allowed fo die in
his father's stead. He subsequently rose fo high rank in the public
service.
2514 yfi Chih-ning ,, (T. ). A.D. 588--665. A native
of Kao-ling in Shensi, who was a magistrate in Shantung
af the close of the Sui dynasty. Throwing up his appointment he
joined the standard of Li Yfian, and rose fo high office under him
and his son the second Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. The Heir
Apparent of the latter, having conceived a dislike fo him in conse-
quence of his remonstrances, employed two assassins fo take his
life; but the two ruffians, on beholding their wise and virtuous
A Chinese Biographical Dictotavy 955
victim peacefully sleeping in his humble abode, were unable fo
execute their task. He fell into disfavour over the elevation of the
Empress Wu Hou (see Ch'u Sui-Ha»g), and was dismissed to the
provinces where he died. He was a member of the Imperial Hall
of Study (see Yi 8]ti[-a), and had a large share in the oe section
of the History of t]e Sui Dynasty. Eauobled as Duke, and canonised
as A"
Yil C'ing _. 3rd cent. B.C. The title of a politician af 2515
the Court of Prince : J Hsiao Ch'êng of the Chao State, who
for his services was invested with the fief of Yfi. Author of a
political work entitled .
Yil Ch'il . Au astrouomer under the Yellow Emperor, 2516
B.C. 2698.
Yil Ch'iieh (T. ,î or 1). A.D. 1302--1357. 517
A native of :i J Wu-wei in Kansuh, who was left au orphan
aud supported his mother by takiug pupils. He graduated as cMn
shih in 1333, and held office as a sub-Prefect and Compiler in the
Han-lin College. In 1353 he was placed in charge of .Au-ch'ing,
which he defended against the various rebel hordes until 1357,
eaclosing arable laud within a strong rampart protected by a mont
filled fom the river. In that year a comlined assault af last overcame
his heroic defence, aud wheu all was lost he committed suicide,
his wife and children having thrown themselves into a well. The
rebels accorded his body a public funeral, and he was canonised as
Yil 'I1 ) (T. 'tp 'jJ). A.D. 164-233. A native of Yii- 2518
yao in Chehkiaug. tte was serviug mder Wang Lang when Sun
Ts'ê was campaigniug in Chehkiang and advised the former fo
yield; but his advice was hot listened fo, and Wang Lang suffered
a severe defeaL Y/i Fan escorted him o a place of safety, and
theu returned and was re-instated in office by Sun Ts'ê. He continued
956 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
fo serve under Sun Ch'ian, but offended him both by his over-
fi'ee remonstrances and by his drunken habits; and on one occasion,
when tipsy," he was so offensive that Sun Ch'flan laid his hand on s
sword and but for the interposition of ] Liu Chi would bave
slain him on the spot. About 223 he was banished fo Chiao-
chou in modern Kuangtng, and there he remained until his death,
occupying himself chiefly with literary pumuits. Besides classical
commentaries, he wrote the Comm«,,«m«nts of Lao
Tz, and published an edition of the Caon of Filial Piety.
he people, who lived a he close of ]le 18fb cent. A.D., and
devoed his lire o sudy. His field of work covered he Classics,
Buddhism, Taoism, and ancien records general]y. A lengh his
sigh failed, and he was compelled o pass a whole year in a dark
room. He visied Pekiug and became acquained wih he leading
scholars of e day. La,er on, when he had altogeher los his sigh,
he gained his living by oral eaching. He was a voluminous wrier
on he Classics and ou hisory.
2520 Y si (T. ). 6h cen A.D. Anative of Hsin
y eh inHonn. A uthor of the ] W, much admired by Tu
Fu, who speaks of his poe[ry as "pure and fresh." He held a high
miliary appoinmen as commauder of cavalry.
251 Yfi siung . 13th cent. B.C. A philosopher wo flourished
under Wên Wang, aud is said to bave wrien a work on governmen,
.or k.o.n ..
na (. ). ni,( ». 16. ,i,, « Wu-
p'ing in Honan, noed in youh for his devofion owards his grand-
moher. In 110 he disfinguished himself by his spiried advice for
opposing he Tibean ribes, who were hen causing much rouble,
and ere long he became Magistrale a Chao-ko. There he
deal mos successfully wih he enemy, and was ransferred o be
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 957
Governor of Wu-tu in Sheusi. Being besieged in that city by an
overwhelming force, he adopted the following well-known stage
device. He caused his army fo file out of the eastern gare and
return by the western gare, where they rapidly effected a change
of clothes, and continuing fo pass out by the easteru gare produced
the effect of a large army. The enemy drew off, and with the
of au ambush were subsequently defeated with great slaughter. He
afterwards rose fo high office, but lu 126 he got into trouble
with the eunuch - [ Chaug Fang, whose corrupt practices he
opposed; and af length he presented himself af Court in chains,
saying that he could no longer serve with such a colleague. The
latter went in tears fo the Emperor, and Yii Hsfi was dismissed,
but on the petition of friends he was shortly afterwards re-instated.
Trinity of modern Taoism (see Lao Tzîz and Lin Ling-su). He was
originally a magician, named Chang, who raced another magician,
named Liu, up fo heaven, both mounted on dragons, and won.
Sometimes spoke, of as .
: CT. . Die« .D. . other fo
who employed him, though hot an offieial, fo lead body of men
armed with stones against the rebel Su Chfin. Upon the defeat
which ensued, the two fled together. He subsequently rose fo high
military command uuder the Emperor K'aug Ti. He gained some
reputation as a calligraphist, although contemporary with the famous
Wang ttsi-chih, and was very angry because the latter's style was
preferred fo his own, declaring that the chicken was neglected for
the duck. Canonised as --.
¥ii gang î . 5th and 6th cent. B.C. A man of the Chin State, 2525
in the service of Earl : Chih. When Viscount = Hsiang of
the Chao State slew his toaster, and having lacquered his skull
used if as a goblet, Yii Jang vowed revenge. Changing his name
958 .4 Chinese Biographical Dictionary
he gained admission fo the palace and ruade an attempt fo assassînate
the Viscount, but was caught in the act. The Viscount generously
forgave him; whereupon he blackened himself until he was unrecog-
nisable even by his wife, swallowed charcoal fo make himself vomir,
and disguised as a beggar again lay in wait for his victim in the
market-place. Again he was caught, and this rime he implored the
Viscount fo let him ease his conscience by af any rate passing his
sword through the Viscount's coat. The latter assented. A coat was
handed to him, through which he tan his dagger; and then turning
the point upon himself, he put an end fo his lire.
2526 Yii Liang ) (T. : ). Died A.D. 340. A man of the
Chin dynasty, who rose fo high office under the Emperor Y/ian
Ti (see Niu Jui), and whose sister was married fo the tteir Apparent,
afterwards the Emperor Ming Ti. When the latter came fo the
throne, and the rebellion of Wang Tun broke out, Y/i Liang was
placed in command of a division of the Imperial army, and aided
in restoriug peace. [te always showed great devotion fo the Emperor's
person, and was associated with Wang Tao in the government.
When under the next reign Su Ch/in rebelled, he failed fo lead
his army fo victory, and was beaten before Nanking and forced fo
flee from the field. The Emperor pardoned him, and appointed him
Governor of Y/i-chou; and before long he had succeeded, in con-
junction with T'ao K'an, in suppressing the insurrection of -
Kuo Mo. Canonised as ).
Yii-lin Wang. See lsi,o Chao-yeh.
2527 Yi Li î. Younger brother of Shu Yfi (1).
e52s Yii Shih-chi )ï [ (T. [). Died A.D. ôlS. Elder
brother of Y/i Shih-nan. Possessed of great learning and ability,
and skilled in writing the li and "grass" scripts, he rose fo high
office under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. Finding his
counsels disregarded by that monarch, and fearing fo lose his life
A Chinese Biographical Dictiotary 959
like other advisers of unpleasant reforms, he turned flatterer and
concealed the inpending ruin from his sovereign. He af once became
first favourite, and amassed vast sums by the sale of office, until
af length he perished with his toaster af the hands of Yii-wên
Hua-chi and his fellow-conspirators.
Yii Shih-nan _ (T. ' ). A.D. 558--638. A native .'25'29
of Yii-yao in Chehkiang, who served under the Ch'ên dynasty and
afterwards under the Emperor Yaug Ti of the Sui dynasty. His
sense of honour prevented him from obtaining the same share of
favour as his brother, Yii Shih-chi, with whom he had studied for
10 years under Ku Yeh-waug. Failing fo save his brother's lire,
he was then forced fo serve for a rime under Tou Chien-tê, and
Ultimately joined the Emperor T'ai Tsung, who was then Prince
of Ch'in, and became his trusted adviser. He was appoiuted Presideut
of the Imperial Hall of Study, a kind of Academy of the most
brilliant literati of the day, nomination fo which was familiarly
spoken of as "joiuing the Immortals." If is recorded that on oue
occasion, when desired by his Majesty fo transcribe the text of the
J] fS Biogr«phies of E, ni,,ent Wom«n upon a screen, having
no copy of the work af hand, he wrote the whole off from memory
wihout a single mistake. On another occasion when the Emperor
was about fo start on a tour of inspection, some official submitted
that if would be well fo pack up the Imperial Library. "Oh no!"
cried his Majesty, "Yti Shih-nan is my walking uote-book!" The
Emperor was accustomed fo declare that he possessed rive surpassing
qualifications: virtuous conduct, loyalty and straightforwarduess,
profound learning, a polished style, and an elegant handwriting.
Canonised as .
xrii Ta-yu ï)ç (T. ,tû, - i). Died A.D. 1573. A native 2530
of Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who in youth was fond of study but
more so of sword-exercise. His family was poor, and he began life
960 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
as a petty military official. In 1535 he ventured fo address some
remarks on piracy fo his commanding officer, who caused him to
be bambooed and deprived of his post. In 1542, through the influence
of Mao Po-wên, he managed fo obtain another post,
and soon distiuguished himself by his bravery in numerous engage-
ments with pirates. In 1552 and for many years afterwards, his
hands were fully occupied with the raids of the Japanese upon the
coast of Chehkiang. Sometimes he would win a brilliaut vicry
and be loaded with honours. Anon he would surfer a repulse and
all his honours would be taken trom him. He seems fo have achieved
hi$ greatest successes about 1561, by means o a single-
wheel chariot, an engine of some kind which destroyed the enemy
wholesale. He died ai his post, and was canonised as .
of Tung-hai in Kiangsu, who studied law under his father and
rose o high magiserial office. He distinguished himself by his grea
leniency, always giving the benefi of he doub, and by he minute
care with which he invesgaed each case. In B.C. 51 he became
Minîser of Sae, and in 48 was ennobled as Marquis. National
calamiies ensued, and in 43 he crops failed; whereupon fearing
impeachmen, he resigned his office and his Marquisate and retired
ino privae life dying a few years la,er a au advanced age.
Canouised as .
2532 Yfi T'ung (T. ). 4th cent. A.D. ephew fo Y
Liang, and a military official uuder the Chin dynasty. Having lost
his son, he dreamt that he was dividng a pear with somebody.
He interpreted this o mean separation (division) from his son;
but a friend explained that you must divide a pear fo find the
seeds (or son), and shortly afterwards he recovered the missing lad.
2533 Y-wên Chao . A.D. 542-.557. Third son of Yfi-
wên T'ai, and first Emperor of the Northern Chou dynasty (see
A Chiese Biog».aphical Dictîona»'y
Yïan Pao-clti). tte was soon removed by the Regent Yii-wên
aud ¥fi-wên YU was put in his place. Cauonised as
of Yfi-wên T'ai, whom he served faithfully for some years and by
whom he was in 557 appointed Regent and guardian of his young
sous. After putting two of the latter fo death (see Yi-wê
and Yi-wê Yi't), he established Yii-wên Yung as third Emperor
of the Northern Chou dynasty. All power fell into his hauds, and
he had a way of giving his decision first aml hearing the arguments
afterwards. His sous were greedy, and indulged in all linds of
peculation, gis bouse was more closely guarded thau even the
palace itself. Af length, his yoke becomlng intolerable, the young
Emperor summoned him, and asked him fo reprove the Empress
Dowager for ber habits of drinking, producing af the same rime
some wine as proof of ber delinquencies. This Yfi-wên Hu af ouce
proceeded fo do; and while he was occupied in lectnring ber Majesty,
the Emperor suddenly hit him a heavy blow from behind çith a
jade sceptre and felled him fo the ground. His body was carried
ont and decapitated, and his sons were put fo death.
Yii-wên Hua-chi . Died A.D. 618. A worthless 2535
favourite of the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty, .who plotted
against his toaster, and caused him fo be assassinated in 618,
together with many Ministers and members of the Imperial family.
He then set out from Yang-chou for Shansi, the native province
of the soldiers of the Bodyguard, taking with him much treasure,
and many women, gis men soon wearied of the long land journey;
but he crushed their iucipient mutiny, and though pursued and
several rimes defeated by Li Mi, succeeded in reaching the district
of Wei in modern Chihli with 20,000 men. Here he set himself
up as Emperor of î: Hsfi, and stood a siege by the troops of
the new T'ang dynasty. A robber chief, covetous of his vast
:62 A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictionary
treasures, betrayed the city fo Tou Chien-tê, and he was captured
and executed with lais two sons.
wo according fo the prefaoe of the N'm" oe Histo of the
Chi Tartars was the ahthor of that work, which ho presend fo
the Throne in 1234, having joined the Southern Sungs and obtained
an ocial post. Judging from infernal evidence, if is more probable
that the book is really from the hand of Yeh Lung-li.
2537 Yfi-wên T'ai (T. ). A.D. 506--557. A native
of )1 Wu-ch'u. i. S.i, a.d d««..t of the i«ti.
of a Turkic tribe who called himself Y-wên (explained as )
Sovereign by Divine Right; hence the surname. He rose fo Mgh
oce under the Emperor Hsiao Wu of the Northern Wei dynty
(see ]an Hsiu), upon whose death he founded the Western Wei
dynasty (see iiat Pao-chii), followed by the Northern Chou dynasty,
of which his own son Y-wên Cho was first Emperor. Canonised
e3s va-.va T . Die« .D. 0. e lf-othe," t
Y-wên Cho, whom he succeeded in 557 as second Emperor of
the Northern Chou dynasty. After a brief reigu he fell a victim
fo the fears of the Regent Y-wên Hu, who iuserted poiso in his
food; and auother brother, Yfi-wên Yung, took his place. Canonised
S
2539 Y-wên Yung . A.D. 542-578. Brother fo Yfi-wên
Yfi, whom he succeeded in 560 as third Emperor of the Northern
Chou dynasty. He concea]ed his intentions until 567, when he slew
the Regent Y-wên Hu, who had killed his two brothers and
predecessors, and assumed the reins of government. In 574 he
suppressed both Buddhism and Taoism. In 577 he annexed the
Northern Ch'i State (see Kao Chan), and extended his empire from
Shensi eastward fo the sea, and southward fo the Yang-tsze. He
A Chinese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y 963
was succeeded by his son, known in history as _ /î, who after
about a year of cruelty and debauchery abdicated in favour of his
own son; and the latter, known in history as //î, resigned
the throne in 581 fo Yang Chien, founder of the Sui dynasty.
Y-w. Yug w ¢,,o,,i( , 1 .
lrii xriin-wên f ]- (T. -). A.D. 1110-1174. A 2540
native of Jen-shou in Ssilch'uan, who graduated as cMn
shih in 1153 and entered the public service. As long as Ch'in Kuei
was alive no Ssilch'uan man had much chance of advancement,
but after his death Y/i received a post in the Imperial Library,
from which he was transferred fo the Board of Rites. There he
warned the Emperor that the Chin a Tartars were about fo violate
their treaty, and recommended a general council fo concert measures
of defence. In 1160 he took the field and inflicted a severe defeat
upon the enemy af Ts'ai-shih in Anhui, after which he managed
fo hold them in check uutil, under the Emperor Hsiao Tsung,
his advice was set aside and a new policy adopted. He becalne
President of the Board of War, and finally Viceroy of Sstich'uan.
Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as , --:.
"/flan An (T. nli ). Died A.D. 92. A native of Ju- 254:1
yang in Honan. In A.D. 71 he became Governor of ï Ch'u-
chin, and signalised his entry into office by releasing some four
hundred innocent persons who had been imprisoned the year before
on accourir of the treason of : Mo, Prince of Ch'n. Fronl 72
fo 83 he was Governor of Honan; and in 85, as Governor of :i
Wu-wei in Kansuh, he succeeded in keeping af peace with
the aboriginal tribes. Rising fo high office he led the opposition
against Tou Hsien, brother fo the Empress, but his wise counsels
were set aside for those of the eunuch Chêng Chung.
lriian Chan Ç) 1 (T. -- = ). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. A great- 25t2
nephew of Ytiau Chi. He was exceedingly pure and simple-miuded,
964 A Chinese Biographicrd Dictionary
and round his chier pleasure in playing the guitar. About the year
310 he was secretary in the establishment of the Helr Apparent.
He held the belief that there are no such things as bogies, and
was one day arguing the point rather warmly with a stranger, when
the latter jumped up in a rage and cried out "I ara a bogy myself!"
The stranger then assumed a hideous shape and finally vanished.
Yiian Chan was greatly upset by this, and died within the yr.
253 Yfian Chên (T. ). A.D. 779--831. A native of
Ho-nan Fu who was able fo compose af nine years of age, and
af fifteen was already holding an official post. In 806 he came
out first at a public competition, and received the post of Super-
vising Censor. After some ups and downs, including dismissal fo
a petty post for having corne o blows with a personal enemy, he
was apponted secretary in the Imperial Banqueting Court. His
beautiful poetry had gained him the friendsh]p of Po Chfi-i and
other influential persons who interested themselves in his behalf. It
was known as the Yfian Ho syle, Yfian Ho beiug
the year-tifle from 806 fo 821; and under the Emperor Mu Tsung
the ladies of the Imperial seraglio were never weary of repeating
the poems which had gained for their writer the distinction of a
special school. Yfian Chên rose fo the highes offices of State, dying,
af the close of a career chequered by failure and disgrace, as Governor
of Wu-ch'ang in Hupeh. Among other works he was author of tbe
, a story which f.r.ished the groundwork Of the
2544 Yfian Chi Ç (T.
). A.D. 210--263. A native of
Y-shih in Honau. His youth was a strange mixture of wild-
ness and hard study. Sometimes he would wander away on the
hills and forget fo return, and ai length corne back crying bitterly;
af other rimes he would shut himself up with his books and see
no one for months. The age was unsuited for steadiness and
A Chbese Biographic«l Dictiotary .965
perseverance, and accordingly he gave himself up fo drinking and
revelry, ge rose fo high military office under the Empëror Wên
Ti of the Wei dynasty, and then exchanged his post for one where
he had heard there was a better cook! He was a model of filial
piety and when his mot.ber died he welot so violently that he
brought up several pints of blood. Yet when : Chi Hsi went
fo condole with him, he showed only the whites of his eyes (i. e.
paid no attention fo him); while Chi Hsi's brother, who carried
along with him a jar of wine and a guitar, was welcomed with
the pupils. A neighbouring tavern-keeper had a pretty wife, and
Yiian Chi wouId go there and drink until he felI down insensible
on the floor. He was a skilled poet, though much of his work was
too hastily done. He is specially known for his ç j, a
poem dealing with the calamities of his day. le also wrote the
. A -, a work composed after an interview with the
hermit ) Sun Têng. He was a fine musician, and ruade the
best j chêtg (a kind of harpsichord), his instruments being the
"Strads" of China. He was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo
Grove (see Hsiang Hsiu).
Yfian Chuang. See Hsfian Tsang.
Yiian Fu (T. ). b.D. 278326. Son of Yian 2545
t]sien. He was very poor as a youth, but a]ways kept a single
cash in his purse fo guard against being wholly put fo shame as
a pauper. His mother was a Turkic woman, and he himself began
lire as a cavalry-soldier. Twice he w«s impeached for drunkenness,
and twice the Emperor Yiian Ti pardoned him. He rose fo be
President of the Board of Civil Office, and was ennobled as Marquis.
In 326 he thought if advisable fo leave the capital, anticipating
trouble from the family of the Empress Dowager, then in power.
He was appointed fo high military command in the provinces ,.but
died on the way thither.
966 A Ch51ese Biographical Dictionary
A nativ of the Yin District in Chehkiaug. As a child he was
quiet and sedate, and would gaze all day into a basin of water
placed near him by his wet-nurse. Af night he would lie awake
for hours. He graduated as c£in sldh, and eutered upon an official
career as Magistrate af ] Chiang-yin in Kiauu. He ultimately
rose fo be Vice Presideut of the Board of Rites; but got iuto
trouble by opposing the peace-policy of Shih Mi-yfian, and retired
iuto private lire. He was the auhor ofthe ,
au exegetical work on the O(les, and of a collection of miscellaneous
writi)gs. He was cauonised as , and in 1868 his tabler was
placed in the Confucian Temple.
5t7 Yfian Usien (T. ,,). Boru B.C. 516. A native of
the Sug Sate, and one of he disciples of Confucius, under whom
he held oce in he Lu Sae. Upon he deah of the aser he
wen iuo reiremeu and lived like a hermit, amusing himself wih
sudy and playing upon he guiar. On oue occasion his former
colleague, Tuan-mu Tz, came wih a-chario and four horses
call. Yan Hsien went o receive him, wearing a mulberry-bark
haï, leaning ou a horn saff, ou a elbow, and in an old pair
of shoes; so ha Tuan-mu cried ou, "Wha is he mar? Are
you iii?" "To bave no money is o be poor," replied Yan; "
learn wha is righ and no o do i, ha is o be iii. I ara poor,
no iii." Whereupon Tuan-mu reired in confusion.
2548 Yfian Hsien Ç (T. ). 3rd cent. A.D. Nephew of
Yfian Chi, and also one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
(see Hsia Hsiu). In his youth he was a wild harum-scarum fellow,
nobody knowing what would be his next escapade. He and his
uucle, both poverty-stricken, lived ou one side of the road, while
a wealthier branch of the family lived on the other side. On the
7th of the 7th moon the latter put out all their grand fur robes
A Chiuese Bigt'aphiced Dictio»ary 967
and fine clothes fo air, as is customary on that day; whereupon
Yfan Hsien o his side fÇrked up a pair of the short breeches,
called calf-nose drawers, worn by the common coolies, explaining
to a frieud that he was a victim fo the tyranny of custom. He
was a fine performer on the guitar, and understood the theory of
music. He found fault with Hsfiu Hsfi's arrangement of the octave,
declaring that the intervals were incorrect; for which Hsiin Hsfi
avenged himself by gettiug Yfiau Hsien sent away as Governor of
: Shih-p'ing in Shensi. The discovery shortly afterwards of
the measurements of the Chou dynasty showed that Yiian Hsien
was rigbt, the length of each of ttsiin Hsii's pitch-pipes being out
by a millet-grain.
Ytian Hsiu ) . Died A.D. 534. A grandson of Yiian Tza-yu, 25:9
set upon the throne in 532 as tenth Emperor of the Northern Wei
dynasty ly Kao Huan, who had vanquished the : f Erh
Chu-jung party and had poisoned their puppet sovereign. In 534
Y(i-wên T'ai, Governor of Yung-chou in modern Shensi, persuaded
the Emperor fo more fo Ch'ang-an; whereulaon Kao Huan rebelled,
and established the Eastern Wei dynasty. Yiian Hsiu was soon
poisoned by Yii-wên T'ai, who then set up Yiian Pao-chii as first
sovereign of the Western Wei dynasty. Canonised as
YtiaI1 tttlIlg [ (T. -'). 2nd cent. A.D. A recluse, 250
who in his. youth had practised mortification of the body, and on
his father's death nearly killed himself by the hardships he under-
went alongside of the grave. He firmly declined fo take office, and
in 166, when "associations of frieuds" began fo give trouble fo
the government, he shut himself up in a mud but where he remained
without seeing any one for 18 years. His sons used fo corne and
bow fo him through the closed door.
Ytian ttung ; (T. t{)" A.D. 328--376. A scholar 2551
and official under the Chin dynasty. He was left an orphan in
968 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
straitened circumstances, and had fo support himself in a humble
capacity, ttis literary abilities however soon attracted attention, and
he was placed upou the establishment of Huan Wêu. There he
nearly iuvolved himself lu serious trouble by alluding in his poetry
fo the policy and acts of his patron in terres which savoured of
ceusure. T'ao K'au too fell uuder his lash, for which he was called
fo account by the latter's sou. ttsieh An was warmly attached fo
him, and a great admirer of his genius, tte rose fo be Vice
Presideut of the Board of Rites and Governor of Tung-yang in
Chehkiaug, aud was regarded as one of the foremost men of
letters of the day. Author of the ȕ A,,nals of llse Eastern
Ha, Dynasty. tte is sometimes called Yfiau ) Hu, the latter
word having apparently been his "style" in youth.
2552 ¥iian Itung-yen î - .. Died A.D. 499. Son of Toba Hung,
whom he succeeded in 471 as sixth Emperor of the Northern Wei
dyuasty. He changed his family naine fo Yfian, tried fo introduce
the Chinese ]auguage and dress, forbade marriage between persons
of the saine surname, reformed the systems of land-tenure and civil
administratiou, and removed the capital from 2 P'ing-ch'êng
in Shansi fo Lo-yang in ttonau. A man of learning and an ardent
Confuciauist, he ennobled the Sage in 495 as "- tte died
4W "
of mortification after a crushing defeat by the Southern Ch'i dyuasty
(see Hsiao Tao-ch'ê,g), leaving instructions for the Empress fo
kill herself. Canonised as I--J ]1 :s
2553 Yïmn I . Died A.D. 528. Son of Yfian K'o, whom he
succeeded in 515 as eighth Emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty.
His mother acted as Regent for the youthful monarch until 520,
when a paramour of hers was slain and she herself was imprisoned
by the Chamberlain .î OE Ytian I. Meauhile the people were
discontented with the imposition of a poll-tax of one csh on every
person going fo market, and territory was slipping away. In 525
A Chiese Biog»'aphical Dictiona»'y 969
the Empress came back fo power; and three years later, flnding
that ber son was growiug impatient under restraiut, she caused
him fo be poisoned, and set up ,.J Chao, the three-year-old Prince
of Lin-t'ao, together wth whom she w as shortly afterwards
drowned. Canonised as
Yfian K'o *]. Died A.D. 515. Son of Yan Hung-yen, 2554
whom he succeeded in 499 as seventh Emperor of the Northern
Wei dynasty. He was a mere youh when he came fo the throne,
and lef all power fo favourites, especally fo his father-in-law
Kao Chao, ho abused his confidence. Famines and fioods marked
hs reig, notwithstandug whch his mlitary operafions were
successful and learning flourished. He patronised Buddhsm, and
there were no less than 13,000 temples within the boundaries of
hs empire. Canonsed as
Yfian Ku . 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A native of modern 2555
Shantung, whose edifion of the Odes, now lost, brought him fo the
notice of the Emperor Ching Ti. The Empress Dowager was very
fond of the alleged wrtings of Lao Tzfi, and consulted him on the
subject. "How can your Majesty like such stuff as that?" cried
Yan Ku; whereupon the Empress Dowager was extremely angry,
and ordered him fo be put iuto a sty and lashed fo a pig. The
Emperor disapproved and secretly supplied Yan Ku with a knife
with which he struck the pig fo the heart, to the great conster-
nation of the Empress Dowager. He was subsequenfly raised o an
honourable post, and lived to over 90 years of age.
Yfian Kung (T. . H. ). A.D. 1335--1410. 2556
A famous physiognomist, whose work on the science, $
, is sfill wdely read. Sec Lin Chuan.
Yfian ei (T. . H. ). A.D. 1715--1797. 2557
A native of Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, who af the age of nine
was inspred with a great love for poetry and soon became an
970 A Chbese Biog».aphical Dictio»ary
adept af the art. Graduating in 1739, he was shortly afterwards
sent fo Kiangnan, and presently became magistrate af Nanking,
where he greatly distinguished himself by the vigour and justice
of his administration. A serious i]lness kept him for some rime
uuemployed; and whcn on recovery he was sent iuto Shansi, he
mauaged fo quarrel with the Viceroy. Af the early age of 40 he
retired from the official arena end led a lire of lettered ease in his
beautiful garden af :Nanking, from which he obtained the sobriquet
o I ) . ni o r til u a a,,¢ a«-,i«, ni
letters, which bave been published under the title of ,| :" [_1_[ ,
are extremely witty and amusing and are also models of style. He
omo¢ a fmous ookry-ook, k,,ow.a I , wi
amply entitlcs him fo be regarded as the Brillat-Savarin of China.
2558 Xriian lYling-shan (T. j ). Died A.D. 1321. A
native of Ch'ing-ho in Chihli, descended from the old Toba family. Of
exceptional precocity as a child, he distiuguished himselfboth with
his sword and pen, and rose fo be a Doctor in the Han-lin College
and President of the Board of Rites. He was employed upon the
biographies of .several of the Emperors, and was also known as a
writer of essays. Canonised as ).
2559 Yilan Pao-chil ; . Died A.D. 551. A grandson of Yiian
Hung-yen. He was seç up by Yii-wên T'ai in 535 as first Emperor
of the Western Wei dynasty (see ]a Hsiw), and remained a
mere pupi)et in the hands of his Minister, who really tried fo rule
the country well. He was succeeded by his. son, known in history
as î, or î ,., but the latter was deposed after a brief
reign by Yfi-wên T'ai, who in 553 set up Kuo, Prince of
Ch'i, known in history as : î. The latter resumed the sur-
naine of Toba. In 557 he abdicated in favour of Yii-wên Chiio,
son of Yii-wên T'a, fouuder of the Northern Chou dynasty. Yiian
Pao-chi was cauonised as î.
A Chinese Biog'«phical Dictiottary 97
Yiian Shan-ohien ; . b.D. 524-551. A grandson of 2.560
Y/ian Huug-yen, set up by Kao Huan as Emperor of the Eastern
Wei dynasty after the flight of Yiian Hsiu. Fie married a daughter
of e Imperial House of Liaug, and fixed his capital af the modern
K'ai-fêng Fu in Honau. He remained a mere puppet in the hauds
of Kao F[uan uutil the latter's death in 547, and then fell under
the dominion of Kao Fiuan's son, _ Kao Ch'êng, who was
assassinated in 549. In 550 he abdicated in favour of another of
Kao F[uan's sous, Kao Yang, who fouuded the Northern'Ch'i dyuasty.
Canouised as 2
Yïlan Shao (T. 7 Tf). Died A.O. 202. A native of 2561
Ju-yaug in Fionan, of good family and a fine handsome fellow
with a great capacity for makiug friends. In his youth he was very
intimate with Ts'ao P'ei, the sou of Ts'ao Ts'ao who ultimately
succeeded fo his father's power aud is known uuder the title of Wên
Ti. He was appoiuted by Ho Chin fo a military command, and in
190 eugaged in the unsuccessful plot against the euuuchs, in which
Ho Chin lost his life. After this he retired fo Chi-chou, and
was elected President of the League against Tung Cho. Peace was
however made between them, and Yiian was appoiuted Governor
of Po-hai in Shautuug. There he called himself General,
and in A.D. 200, after a period of doubtful friendship, openly
declared himself against Ts'ao Ts'ao. In the struggle which ensued
Ts'ao Ts'ao easily vanquished, and sometimes captured, the lieu-
tenants sent against him; until af leugth Yiian Shao, almost af the
end of his resources, was taken ill and died. He had entertained
the most ambitious designs, fo further which he sent his sous fo
various posts; but his iudecision" prevented any scheme from pros-
pering. Fie is said fo bave been calm and diguified, but suspicious
and revengeful. His ]ast years were further embittered by the quarrels
of his three sons, due fo an unwise attempt fo set aside the elder
972 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in favour of the second. The family was finally exterminated by
Ts'ao Ts'ao. See C]ag Ja,g.
2562 Yiian Shih-k'ai : )L (T. ). From A.D. 1884 until
1893 Chinese Resident af SSul, where he gained some distinction
by his energetic action during the disturbances which occurred.
was then placed af the head of the Tientsin foreign-drilled force, and
in 1894 was appointed Chier of the Military Secretariat in Manchuria.
After the war with Japan, he lived in retirement in ttonan until
1895, when he was again sent fo Tientsin and appointed Civil Com-
mandant of the forces organised under German drill-instructors.
2563 Yiian Shu (T. ). Died A.D. 199. Younger brother
of Yiian Shao. In his youth he gained a reputation by his bold
spirit, and after graduating as ]si«o lien was appointed fo high
military command by Tung Cho. Fearing however for his lire he
fled and was joined by Sun Chien, who had just slain the Governor
of Nan-yang; and through the influence of Lin Piao he was
appointed fo this post. Then began a sertes of political intrigues
with his brother: which ended in a rupture between them. Mean-
while his administration went from bad fo worse. Robbery and
corruption prevailed, and the people suffered severely. In 197 he
threw off his allegiance, and dispatched an envoy fo Lit Pu asking
for the latter's daughter in marriage for his son. LU Pu seized the
envoy, whereupon Yiian Shu sent troops fo chastise him. Af this,
Ts'ao Ts'ao took the field against him, and Yiian Shu found him-
self unable fo resist. He abdicated in favour of his brother Shao,
and atteml0ted fo flee northwards, but he was intercepted by Lin
Pet acting under Ts'ao Ts'ao's orders. Flinging himself upon a
couch, he cried out in despair, "Have I corne fo this pass?" and
forthwith broke a blood-vessel and died.
256 Yiian Shu , j (T. -;). A.D. 408--453. A native of
Yang-hsia in Honan, who held various important offices
A Chiaese Biographical Dictionary 973
and whose Memorials on public affairs attracted much attention.
gis undoubted ability was marred by a foudness for boasting. He
was slain by the l:[eir Apparent, for whom he acted as Master of
the Horse, while vainly trying fo keep him from assassinating the
Emperor Wên Ti. Canonised as ,,
Yiian Tan :; (T. ). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native
of " Ch'ang-shau in Chehkiang, who graduated as cltin slih
and distinguished himself by his scholarship, attracting the notice
of Ti Jen-chieh. For his Anals of tle House of Toba he
received the offer of a provincial Governorship, but ecused himself
on the ground that he was a mere studeut. His disinclination for
legal studies also prevented him from accepting a post in the Grand
Court of Revision. He accordingly became tutor fo the Heir Apparent
and was ennobled as Duke. He assisted the Emperor Ming l:Iuang
in editing the Classic of Filial Piety and aided in preparing the
dynastic armais, dying af the age of 77. He is beter known by
his style, as Yiian Hsing-ch'ung.
Yiian Tê-hsiu î , (T. ). Died A.D. 754. A native 2566
of Honan, whose father died when he was a child. Devoted fo his
mother he would hot leave ber even fo compete for his degree, but
carried ber with. him fo the capital ou his back. He refused fo
marry while his mother was alive; and when his brother's wife died
and there were no funds fo provide a wet-nurse for ber baby boy,
he took the child and suckled if himself uutil if was able fo swallow
artificial food. After graduating as c]in slih and filling some minor
posts, he became magistrate af , Lu-shan in Honan. He
was much loved by the people for his simple habits. He had no
walls around his property, and used no bolts nor keys. In a rime
of famine, he would go whole days witbout eating, solacing himself
by playing on his lute. Af his death he left nothing behind him
but his wooden pillow, his sandals, a bamboo basket, anti a gourd.
97 A Chinese Biog»,aphical Dictionary
"Merely fo gaze upou his countenance," said " Fang Kuan,
"is enough fo put an end fo all longings for wealth and faine."
He was enouised by his frieuds as OE .
Yan Ti. See (Han) Liu Shih; (Wei) Ts'ao Huan; (Chin)
Niu Jui; (Liang) Hsia.o I.
2567 Yfian T'ien-kang . Died A.D. 627. A native of
Ch'ëng-tu in Ssfich'uan, who was employed under the Sui dynty
in the Salt Department. After the establishment of the T'ang
dynasty he found his way fo Lo-yang, and attracted much attention
by his powers as a physiognomist and prophet. In 627 he w
summoned fo Court, aud is said fo have seen the mother of the
future Empress Wu Hou and fo bave predicted for ber a remarkable
child. A nurse then brought in a baby which she said was a boy.
"Ah" cried Yfian, "this child has the eyes of a dragon and the
neck of a phoenix. If if was a girl, she Would mount the Imperial
throue." If was the future Empress Wu Hou herself. He was then
asked fo take office, but declined on the plea that his span of life
wo, oo or. To im, i.o.,.tio.wit 7 i
Shun-fêng the Grand Astrologer, is attributed the popular and
uri . o.ro¢y, ow, . i i,
bave drawn the pictures while Ifi provided the letterpress, neither
seeing the work of the other. His son Yan K'o-shih
inherited his skill. When the Eml)eror placed a rat in a box and
bade his magicians guess what was inside, all said if was a rat.
"Say rather rats" cried he; "for though one went in four will
corne out." On openiug the box if was found that the original rat
had given birth fo three little ones.
2568 Yfian Tsai (T. ). Died .D. 777. A native of
Ch'i-shan in Shensi. His surname was originally Ching;
if was chauged by his father fo that of a favourite concubine of
the Prince of Ts'ao. Left an orphan he devoted himself
A Chi»tese Biographical Dictio»mry 975
study; and when in 742 the candidates af the public examiuation
were-tested in their kuowledge of Taoist philosophers, he came out
high in tbe list and entered upon a public career. He was advanced
in office by Miao Chin-ch'ing, chiefly on accoun of
his in,image acquaiuauce wih he philosoplly of Lao Tz and
Chuang Tzfi. This gave grea offeuce o Li K'uei, who said
conempuously ha Yfian had he head of a cive and he
eyes of a ra. He ulimaely go mixed up in poliical intrigues,
and was compelled o commi suicide; bu lu 784 his tank was
restored, and he was cauouised as . He i said o bave possessed
a curions purple curaiu, ruade of some silken maerial obained
by divers from he souh seas. Any one inside he curaiu fel quine
warm in winer and quine cool in summer.
Yan Tz-yE . Died A.D. 530. A grandson of Toba 2569
Hung, se npon he hrone in 528 as ninh Emperor ofhe Norheru
Wei dynasy by the Tarar Erh Chu-jung in opposition
o he nominee of he Empress Dowager (see Yiian I). He married
the daugher of Erll Chu-jung, she having been a concubine of his
predecessor, and after a brief and roubled reign was srangled by
his wife's uncle, who vainly ried to esablisll a successor. Canonised
Yan Wêng-chung . 3rd cenL B.C. A famous warrior 2570
under the «'Firs Emperor." Af his death, a saue of him was
ereced beside his grave; hence sone saues a graves bave been
called Wêg-cug.
Yfian Yang (T.
). Died B.C. 148. A native of the Sïl
Ch'u State, whose father had been a bandit. He attracted the notice
of the Emperor Wën Ti of the Hau dynasty, and was soou admitted
fo terres of gret familiarity. His remonstrances however ruade
permanent resideuce af Court impossible for him, and he was sent
fo be Miuister fo the feudal Prince of Wu. His opposition fo Ch'ao
976 A Chinese Biograpbical Dictioary
Ts'o caused him fo be much hated by the latter; and when the
Emperor Ching Ti came fo the throne, and Ch'ao Ts'o was appointed
Censor, he caused Y/Jan Yang fo be accused of receiving bribes
from the Prince of Wu. Y/Jan Yang was cashiered; but upon the
revolt of the feudal States, which took place in 155, he obtained
an audience of the Emperor and declared that the whole blame
rested with Ch'ao Ts'o and that if he was beheaded the soldiers of
Wu would lay down their arms. As soon as Ch'ao Ts'o had been
put t) death he returned fo Wu, but declining fo accede fo the
wishes of the Prince he round his own lire in danger and fled.
Later on he incurred the enmity of the Prince of Liang, who wished
fo be nominated heir fo the throne, and perished by the hand of
an assassin.
Yfian Yfi Ç (T. ). Died A.D. 212. A native of Ch'ên-
lin in Uonan, who studied under Ts'ai Yung and subsequently
filled high office uuder Ts'ao Ts'ao, most of whose public documents
were draRed by him. He was also widely known as a poet, and
is classed among the seven scholars of the Chien-an period (sec
Hsa Ka O.
Yn Yn (T. . H. ). A.D. 1764--1849.
An official of high distinction, and a generous and eulightened
patron of literature. He graduated as chan shih in 1789, and ok
a high place in the Hau-lin competition. The Emperor Ch'leu Lung
was so struck with his talents that he exclaimed, "Who would
have thought that after passing my 80th year I should find another
such man as this once" He theu held mauy high ooEces in succession,
including the post of Governor of Chehkiang, in which he operated
vigorously against the Annamese pirates and Tsai Ch'ien, established
the tithing system, colleges., schools, soup-kitchens, etc., besides
devoting himself fo the preservation of ancient monuments. In 1807,
after a pefiod of mourning, he returned fo Chehkiang and by great
A Cliese Biog'aphical Dictioa'y 977
exertions quelled the pirates who had been successful af Foochow
and in Formosa. In 1809 he was degraded te the mere tank of
lïIan-lin scholar because he failed te detect abuses on the part of the
Literary Chancelier. In 1812 he was appoiuted Director General ofthe
Grain-Transport, and in this capacity he suppressed an attempt
af revolt headed by one -î [ Chu Mao-li, who falsely gave
himself out as a descendant of the Miug Emperors. In 1814 he
became Governor of Kiangsi, aud there managed te cope successfully
with the dreaded secret association known as he Heaven and Earth
Society. In 1816 he was promoted te ho Viceroy of the Two Knang,
and carried out mauy important schemes. He built the forts af the
Macao Passage and af Tiger Island, and fortified the approaches te
the West River, besides rebuilding several of the gate-towers of
Canton. He was also much occupied with questions relating o
foreign trade. He drew attention te the wily and treacherous character
of the English, proposed striugent measures against file use of
opium, and recommended that a tight hand should"SL'-k.ç.pt over
the Houg-merchants and the Barbarian merchants alike. A case of
homicide having occurred on board the foreign ships af Whampoa,
he insisted that the Hong-merchants should produce the gui,lty
person, which led fo the merchant responsible cutting his throat
in despair. In 1822 the English man-of-war which acted as convoy
fo trading-ships caused the death of two Chinese. Yiian called upon
the "head soldier" fo deliver up the culprits, which only resulted
in the general suspension of trade. Protests ensued on the part of
native merchants; and these, coupled with loss of revenue, finally
induced Yian to accede to the prayer of the "head soldier" tobe
allowed fo re-open communications. In 1827 he became Governor
General of Y(innan, and distiuguished himself in his dealiugs with
the frontier tribes. In 1838 he retired, and in 1846 he celebrated
the 60th anniversary of his ch je degree. He was a voluminous
62
978 A Chinese Biog,aphical Dictionarg
writer on the Classics, astronomy, archoeology, etc., and various
important collections were produced under his paçronage. Among
these may be menioned the , eonaining upwrds
of 180 separa works, and h A ,a biographical diciona
of famous mahematieians of ail ages, including Euelid, Newton,
and Ricei he Jsuit Father. He also published a Topography of
Kuangtung, speeimens of he compositions of more than 5000 poe[s
of Kiangsi, a lis of some 60 works omied from he Catalogue of
the Imperlal ibrary (see Ch'ien ung), and a large collection of
inscriptions on bells and vases, entitled
2574 Yfieh or Fu Yuëh . 14h eenç. B.C. hsageofanfiquiy,
who was so poor ba when he roads had been desroyed by a flood
and a «an« of eonviets was se o repair hem, he aeually hired
himself ou o work in heir sead so as fo earn his daily food.
His existence was revealed in a dream fo he Emperor
Wu Ting of the Yin dynasy, and hat monareh eireulad a por[rai[
of him hroughout he empire. He was ulimately diseovered among
the conviens, and raised fo the pos of Prime Miniser.
25;5 Yn ua Fu-jen A- dghe of nsi Wg M.
She is said fo haun he peaks of he Wu mountains in Sseh'uan,
and o bave appeared o he Grea Yfi while he was engaged in
draining the empire.
276 Yfin Shou-p'ing ,[g (T. ). A.D. 1633--1690. h
eelebraed landseape painter, native of Chehkiang. He was also
known as a minor poeL Is ofen spoken of as .
2577 Yung Chêng . A.D. 1677--1735. The tile of he reign
of Yin or $ çfin-ehên, he fourth son of he Empor
K'ang Hsi, whom he sueeeeded in 1722. His firs ac was o tender
harmless by degradaion or eonfinemen sueh of his brohers .as
had contended for he succession. The fac ha some of his opponen
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 979
we'e Christians urned him agains that religion, and all Catholic
missionaries were henceforward obliged o lire either af Peking or
ai Macao. In 1732 he thought of expelling them, but finding ha
hey inculcaed filial obedience he left them alone, merely prohibiting
fi'esh recruits from coming o China. Ter'ible fioods and a great
earhquake in PelSng in 1730 were met by liberal relief measm'es,
and the Emperor proved just and public-spi'ited and anxious for
his people's welfare. He was averse fo war, and did hot car'y on
his father's vigorous policy in Central Asia; nevertheless by 1730
the Chinese rule extended fo he Laos border, and the Shan States
paid tribute, lïIe was a man of letters, and completed some of his
faher's undertald,gs. Canonised as [ - -
Yung Ch'ih --. 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C. A geueral who 2578
served under Liu Paug and helped fo place him on the throne.
lïIe aferwards became discontented and seditious, in common with
other generals who fancied hemselves neglected by the fiew Emperor.
Accordingly, by the advice of Chang Liang, as being the most
dangerous of all he was ennobled as Marquis, and he disconten
was a once allayed.
Yung Lo. See Chu Ti.
YuIlg Ts'uII :. l lth cent. A.D. A native of 2. ],î Ch'flan- 2579
chiao in Anhui, who distinguished himself by his scholarship, but
declined fo enter official lire. He lived in the southern suburb of
the capital, and hence acqured the naine of /-:,.
INDEX
TO L1TERARY NAMES SOBRIQUETS CANONISATIONS AND PERSONS VHOSE
NAMES ARE ONLY MENTIONED I1 THE BODY OF THE WORK.
/k (see 0).
j" ,[ 1012
,, : : 1o
,, [ 2232
,, ] 1172, 2013
,, 2893
1666
,,
. 1918
" 2531
,, 236
2141 ..
2070
247
102 :
1613 li
1815
1
1922
1768
,, ï 724
,, 50, 1850
g 1605
,, 827
,, : 2439
,, ]]ÇOE 269
646
1176
j ) 1108
$ 1066
248
, , =[5 2446
29
2508
780
_ 949
,, ' 242
,, :j. 1909
86
,, .z 2396
,, ][ 2501
,,
,, Ç 2522
,, 2138
,, 74
,, 139
,, 994
982
36
,, . 533
,, 36
,, " 1660
,,
,, î] 1233
,, 902
,, 2377
,, 79
,, 286
,, 118
,, 2301
,,
,, 78
,, 2365
,, 2388
1132
,, 1753, 2305.
, 193
,, 2214
,, 286, 443, 608
,, 2039, 2532
,, 989
,, 1494
Chanff--Chdn
,, [ 2342
,, "3," - É lS
,, ' 324
,, 600
,, 2259
,, 641
,, " 1180, 1390
,, 1792
,, 632
,, 1766
,, 1560
,, 2148
,, 2080
,, ( 2331
,, 1048
,, OE o
,, .o,s,oo,
2320, 2358
:, 1359
,, Ç 210
189
,,
,, 158
,, -'-" 490
,, . 148
,, oo,
628, 2459
,, 145
,, Ol 13os
,, 1652
,, 144
,, 2073
,,
,, 184
,, 2380
,, 2073
666, 2329
oo
OE o
£ oo
,, 987
oo
, 1899, 2172, 2259
,, 79
,, OE
., d 1571
,, :: 1175
,, 1481
,, ---- 2124
,, ---': î 1748
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381
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1733
1246
1686
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511
664
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817
379
so9
121
1853
1852
1267
303
75
] 609
865
1975
2406
438
,, 665
,, 63
,, î 1516
t0tt
oe 1753
,, 2143
,, - 533
,, ,60,
,, i.__ 1ttt
,,
,, N o
,, OE
. 30
,,
,, 183
,, 608
,, 1605
,, 36
,, Ç 797
22
,, J;) 198
,, î '2-0, 105
,, _ 2362
,, 1965
,, l 9o
,, t037
,, . 2,233
,, j 9487
,, 9o71
,, 330
,, 533
,, 702
,, ]__OE 610
,, 2013
,, 2013
,, 796, 1685
373
,, i75
. 547
$ o
69
,, 343
,, 52l
,, 802
2150
,, )-[î 2215
316, 6, 507, 58,
970, I0, 593,
959, 3
,, 38, 895, 07,
.,, 96
,, 553
,, .., 30,139,134,953,
761, 1163, t664,
1754, t830, 9964,
9991, 9490, 2469
,, 461, 535, 551,
772, 1192, 1253,
t343, 1369, i756,
1882, 196t, 1968,
1978, 9021, 9067,
9930, 9937, 9306,
2316, 9446
,, lE x 85
,, 88, I0, 1282,
1415, 1583, 22
1983
,, 78
,, . 993
,, 763
,, i 857
,, _ 873, 1444, t985,
2354, 2414
,, 675, 860, 1208,
1234, 1495, 1575,
2507
,, ) 244, 1237, 1979
,, / 757, 814
,, 1715,1817,2173,
2284, 2405
», 735, 138t,1584,
1843
,, 1562
,, 1700
,, : 1046, 1059
,, 1745
,, î 407, 682, 1249,
1384, 1972
,, = 1753
,, , 702
,, . 37,100,122,208.
420, 584, 597, 618,
822,943,t 259,139'2_,
1592, 1632, 1743,
1785, 2244, 2305,
1013
2411, 2444, 246t
,, _ 237, 372, 1387
2317, 2441
,, 139, t6!, 379:
590,955,1015,1110,
1737, 2027, 2079,
2388
,, 1976
,, "160,1789,t836,
O0
,, 039
,, 239
,, 728, 892, 1911
,, OE 06
,, 564, 727, 086,
1474, t569, 577.
894, 278
,, 67, 76
,,
,, 810
,, 407
,, 2410
,, 217, 2526
,, 602
,, '1 , E, o,
1291, 1588, t685,
: , , 6,
2387
,, 224, 228, 292,
390, 595, 819,1140,
1217, 1611, 1690,
975, 2097, 2178
,, 817,
,, 683
,, 23, 173, 371,
1660, 2391, 243,
2558
,, 897
,, 374, 0, 784,
1283, 1453, 467,
,, 1800
,, 2306
,, 1305
,, 527
,, ,, 440
,, 248, 342, 546,
2, 862, 1696
,, 532
,, 301, 410, 2573
,, 1798
,, 365
950, 961, 1224, ,, 50,640,779,798,
2204
,, Ç 2324
(or ) 2331
,, .7 2047
,, 68, 2376
,, 1910, 2385, 20
,, f 1730
,, 953
,, 1170,1610,20oe
,, 304
,, 812, 18
,, 1120
,, 1198
,, 68
, ll62, 2501
, 792
,, ç «3:, o3
2251
,, 361
» 109
EE 259
,, 909
» 1522
TOE -o.
,, - J
,, . 342
» 2367
» 2368
,, 755
,, ]6
, 2400
» 2400
» 776
,, 2400
lVu-- ]'en
Ii 2018
,, IOE s
¢2 o
,, 2292
,, 590
» 5t7
. 169
,, 980
.1 778
,, 839
OE 835, 1711, 2139
,, i 6o
, J t171
o7
,, : 745
10t5
,, 1362, t829
,, :i t855
» t755
,, I. - 8
,, . 1342
,, : 2481
» 1225
,, 349, 398
» 97
960
,, 1767
,, 2059
,, " °-197
,, Ï 2503
,, 45t, 1302
,, 648, 988
,, [ 497
,, 597
,, 429
,, 548
,, fl 2495
,, 922
i '2005
,, i 2180
,, ) -1306
,, , 2'289
,, -1378
,, 281
,, 009
,, 2481 .
7aa
702
,, 660
,, 24'2
,, * 1027
» 1304
,, : 9'26
,, alO
,,
» "1854
,, I
» 869
, 1696
» 836
,, 384
» 496
o
,, )11
439
,, 369
484
'2_388
99`2
"1314
750, 00
"i) -1964
,, -1456
, )t, '2'26
» "157'2
- -1437
1631
-1989
-1083
4'27
-1934
1935
-1212
-1235
`2054
570
`265
`257
443
I07
-1456
1679
î699
-1792
`287
2397
Yi'-- YiZeh
t0t 7
= 839
» 6'2.9
I- 7o
690
102, 66t, 988, 1908
2175, 2188
,, 530
,, 4971, 2487
,, 52
,, 2032
,, 4056
,, 185, 4564
,, 270
,, 2254
-- 304
,,
,, 801
,, '1 2003
,, " 243, 20"28
,, 1259
,, - 2395
,, 2494
,, t380
1832, 2473
837, 1763, t 764
246
83O
44
2553
2072
2050
153
763, 932
9526
5O2
1233
1892
'1209
2220
'1359, 1549
10|, 2208
627
375
'1'154
:1425, 16'15
4|9
2089
578
281
2164
1807
45
. ) 1»78
,, 846, 2434
,, î '1557, 1692
,, ¢c
,, 1564
,, 1077, 2572
oo
,, 1817
,, 1054
» 2031
,, 137
I«8
,, Ç 78
,,
,, 355
018
,, :} 813
,, _ 2573
» é 1583
1629
35 1
1384
t072
29
386
1534
9
75
,,
,, 1458
,, ) 1931
,, [] 579
,, 47
,, o
,, 237
,, 596, 5
CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA
Page 6. Insert "Bashpa. See N °. 1596."
N °. 26. For ': ] etc." read " j ] Wu-chiang in Anhui." Add after
Academy "alld secretary in the Board of Works whence he is some-
tim spoken of as ."
,, 27. For "Sth cent." read "Tth ami 8th cent."
,' « « "( T )."
,, 78. Add "Died A. D. t42."
,, 85. Fol- read .
, 42. Correct last sentence by N *. 4332.
,, 122. Fol" read
, 127. Add "Born t837. Spial Envoy to the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in
1897."
Page 55, 2nd line ff'oto foot. For "Chu" read "Chao."
N% 08. For read .
Page 88. Add "Ch¢én Chi-Vung. See Tchng Ki-tong."
N *. 240. After 6th Wonderful Ptan add "See Mao-tun."
, 242, line 6 fi'om foot. For "Ch¢in '' read "Chën."
, 267. Add "Known to the Portuguese as Iquon."
, 273. For "Chêng Hsieh" read "Chêng Chieh."
, 292. , "4799" read "779."
K ang.
, 293. ,, "Chi Kang '' read "Hsi ¢ "
E97. ,, " Chi Shao" read " Hsi Shao."
,, 302. ,, " Ch¢i '' read "Ç Ch¢ih. '' Substitute "(T. o,:
)." Reaa .
305. Wang Hsi-chih was nephew to Wang Tao.
34t. Also known as ..
324. ,, ,, ,, . B. C. 499--168.
No. 336, 24t1. Insert
4020 Cor»'ige»da et Addenda
N °. 364,
,, 398.
,, 426.
,, 458.
,, 483.
,, 511.
,, 514.
Page 210
NoB. 539,
N °. 541.
4th line ri'oto foot. For "1723" read "1793."
Substitute "B. C. 77--37."
For "152" read "143," and for ". D." read "B. C."
,, "younger" read "cirier."
,, "1399" read "1398."
After "Livadia" add "in 1878."
After "Wu Ti" add "in B. C. 138."
Add "Dharmadàtu. Sec Wu Kung, ''
544. For "TsCî, ng '' read "Tsêng."
For "444" read "401." For "attacked -- W6n", substitute "offended
the Emperor by his bold remonstrances." It was fear of Ssfi-ma Wén
(--- Huan Wën) which had kept him fi'om taking office until se late.
,, 554. For "Snngans" read "Sungars."
Page '22'2. lnsert ":Fang La _.' . 12th cent. A. D. A native of
Ch¢ing-cFi in Chehkiang, who devoted bimself te the black art. In
1120 he headed a rising of the people which grew te serious dimens-
ion, called himself ]_,and took as his year-title. At
length the Emperor Hui Tsung was alarmed, and sent against him
a large force under TCung Kuan, the result being that he and ail his
iamilv were captnred."
N °. 588. For "1688" read "1668."
,, 597. For "1402" read "1042."
N °. 608. Substitute "Died B. C. 33."
,, 664. For "Hsiin Ch¢ing '' (his sobriquet) read "Hsiln K-uang."
629. Before ",'il Yu" inse,'t -.
,, 630. For "A. D." read "B. C."
Page 269. Insert "ttowqua. Sec N °. 2336."
, 27i, last line. For "chiao" read "hsiao."
N °. 718.
,, 722.
,, 726.
,, 727.
For "¥ounger" read "Elder."
Substitute "A. D. 574--647."
Substitute "Died A. D. 73."
Add that he wasa $ Divine Child, noted fo," his poetry, and
oftenspoken of as [ [2-
,, 744. For ]Ç ,'ead . Add 'CHe rose to high office under the Emperor
Ming Ti of the S. Chai dynasty, and refused out of gratitude to take
part in the deposition of Hsiao Pao-chilan, whereupon he was thrown
into prison and died there. Known as | /z-"
,, 770. Substitute "Died A. D. 684."
,, 777. For "Liu Chbn" read "Liu Chêng."
Page 313. Fo," "Yii W6n-yung" read "Yii-wèn Yung."
°. so. V or r.d _.
Co»'rgeuda et Addenda t021
N °. 803. For "6th cent." read "7th cent."
,, 841. After "B. C." inse:t "Ruled."
,, 844. For "Tan" read "TCan. ''
,, s. «« "Otn on o ."
Page 355, line 4. For "Kao Chih" read "Chu Kao-ehih."
N% 935. Add "A native of Hsin-tsCai in Honan, who rose to high
rank under Wang Tao. After the death of his father, his jealous
mother buried a .late favourite concubine alive in the family ault.
Ten years later, when the mother died and the ault was opened,
the girl was round to be still living. Authm" of the Annls
of the Chin Dynasly."
Page 360, line 9. For "Gradus etc." read "a Concordance to literature"
N% 952. Stone Nation Tashkend.
For "762" read "763;" for "Kueichou" read "Honan."
Ao l, nown a .
Add "Died 897."
For "Chins" read "Chins. ''
Substitute "B. C. 67A. D. l."
For "36" read "37."
Substitute "Died B. C. 44."
For "see KCung ChCi '' read "see KCmg Mu-chfn."
For "977" read "979."
For "69" ead "700."
Insert "Le Boo o" Lew Buah. See Lfi Wèn-ehing."
and 1209. For "T¢ê '' read "Tê."
Add "His real name was Chi. He was adopted by a man
named Li. His wife's maiden naine was also Li, and
conse-
For «15" read "119;" for "tN" read "19."
For «Kuei" read "K«uei. ''
Insert "Li Shih-ehèn (T. . H. N N)"
6th cent. A. D. A native of Chai-chou in Hupeh, who devoted
himself to the study ot medicine and completed in 4578, after 26
years' labour, the hmous Mate'ia Medica known as the
For N read .
For "806" read "846."
For "98" read "985."
His personal name was . Hsi-chung was his
style.
» 956.
,, 980.
,, 991.
,, 1020.
,1021.
,, 1027.
,, 1033.
,, t037.
,, t044.
,, 1058.
,, 1064.
Page 418.
Nos. t t 4t
N °. 118.
,, 1159.
,, 1164.
Page 460.
N °. 1211.
,, 122t.
,, 1244.
,, 1255.
|022 Corrigenda et Addenda
N °. 1293. For "style" read "fancy name."
,, 1324. Add "Died 1897."
,, 1339. For cA. D. 218" read "A. D. 208."
Page 578. ]nsert "Moi Shèng (T. ). Died B. C. ]40. A native
of Huai-yin in Kiangsu, who entered official lil but resigned fi'om
ill-health. He attained great distinction as a poet, and is said to
bave originated the tive-chal'acter mette."
N °. t59. Before Mèng-hsn insert Ch-chfi.
,, i590. Aftev "Empress" insevt "of the tribe
Page 808, line !. Belote "Wang" insert "Yen-hsi."
,, 873. "Wên Kung" ( ) : Kao Wei; see Ko Chn.
N% 2238. For "Hna Chih" read "Itua I."
N os. 2295, 2320. Combine these under 2320.
,, 24S5, 2491. For read .
By the same Author"
,A C/zhzese-English Dictionarj,, ryl 4 to , pp. XLVI and 45
Slrange Stories from a Chinese Studio, 2 vols. cr. 8vo.
Ceins of C]tingse Literature
Iistoric China and other S]«etches
Chuanff Tz.ï, -- 2][ystic, 2][oralist, and Social Reformer
Çhbtese Sketches
Chinese without a Teach', 3 rd edition
Record of the tuddhistic It'nffdonts
Glossary of Reference ou the Far East, 2nd edition
Remains of Lao Tzï
Syno3#tical Studies in C]zDtese C/zaracter
Iandbook of t]te Swatow Dialect
From Swatow to Canton Overland
Dictionary of Colloquial [dioms
San Tzïe Chinff and Cien Tzïe lVën, metrically translated
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