Chinese Prisoners of War in Korea Renounce Communism and March to Freedom, Seoul

the 7tl

In C o nine no ration of
Anniversary of + vx Day

CHI! IS 1 PRISCBiIRS OF // i.R Ij KORKxi

i iiioui cj ret o isi a>'l) karch to frakdom

By i'-’ c. fay ..un-yir. - fu

Counself r ox* Amfcass'j of the 'lenuBlio of China

C07T h TS

Chanter One POWs Renounce Co - run! sm

Jisoosition of ?OWs
I n d i an Village
''.dx lanat ion" Site
Rules o.- " lanat ion"

. r ain-washinv
Sc- -cal ea eutral lots
Jate of Release
Aiding TO is Struggle

Chanter Two They i' arch to .sreeaom

Inaian Decision
Breeden Day
Eo '.e-cc :inr
- ree ari.j tillage
._,du c a on and ?e-settlo ent
Six "i . i canoe of Ho .;o- co ..in *

Runrint-ed January 23? 19dl
Seoul, Korea

I

CHAPTER ONE

POWs Renounce Communism

Knowing what communism on tlm. ^ -9 mainland really

is and having been compelled to ioi . o-called ''volunteers”

in Korea, the Ilf. ,700 Chinese anti -cor: run! st non-repatriates
have rejected communism at the risk of their own lives.

a miniature (12"xo”) Chinese national

Pledging their loyalty to Free China, the Chinese POWs
have anti- communist slogans and pictures tattooed on their
arms and bodies and have presented to President Chi ang Kai-shek

an -r colored with blood,

petitions bearing their ringer- prints in blood
to the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations
Command . In a torch rally simultaneously held in all Chinese
compounds in the Indian Village immediately after 12:00 p.m.
on December 23, 1933? they displayed 1}. Chinese characters
"anti -communist and anti -Russian” which could be seen miles
away in the night.

Disposition of POWs

For nearly t -o years the disposition of the POWs had
been the main issue of discussion between the communists and
the United Nations Command.* The UN representative had insisted
on the principle of voluntary repatriation and the Reds had
demanded that all POWs be forcibly repatriated. However, the
Armistice Agree 'em was finally signed by the UN Chief Delegate,
Lieutenant Gene *al William K. Harrison, and the communist
Delegate, Nan II, on July 27? 1953 at Panmunjorn. Concerning
the deadlocked issue on tk disposition of POWs, there are 9
long Paragraphs (71-59) under Article III of the Armistice
Agreement. The highlights of this Article are as follows:

Each side, UN and the communist, shall release all those
POWs who have not been directly repatriated during the first
60 days from its military control and from its custody and hand
them over to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission (NNRC)
for disposition in accordance with the provisions in the "Terms
of Reference for NNRC."

According to fw annex, the NNRC, to which Sweden,
Switzerland, Poland, Oiec oslovakia, and India shall be re-
quested each to appoint a member, shall b ^ established to take
custody in Korea of those non- repatriated "nui- communis t POWs.
The NNRC shall have its headquarters within the Demilitarized
Zone in the vicinity of Panmun jom. Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of
the "Terns of Reference for NNRC,” sufficient armed forces,
permittee: to carry only police-type snail arms, and other
operating personnel required shall be provided exclusively by
India. The representative of In^-ia shall be the umpire In
accordance with the previsions of Article 132 of the Geneva
Convention adopted in August 193-9 and also bo Chairman of the

I.' TRfl

The representatives from, each of the ctbo-- f ,ur Powers

shall be allowed staff assistants in equal r: w
50 each, and the total number of personnel 1 c.
Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and India

235.

w»t to exceed

W O LtOa ^

not exceed

Th.e Government of the Republic of Korea b- . .. wrongly

oppcs^ - to the landing of Indian troops in Korea: . -ritory. Tc

placate Korea ., both sides of the belligerents agreed in the
Armistice Agreement, that the camp for the non- r opatr i at e d anti-

1

communist PONs shall bo sot up in the Demilitarized Zone in
the vicinity of p anmunjom. paragraph 5 of the "Terms of
Reference for ITRC1’ specified that the locations designated
for the custody of the non-repatriated PONs shall be taken
over completely by the armed forces of 'rndia(,

A 6 -man advance party of tho 1 . . .roops , headed by

Brigadier General p. shati a, flew inao tho Seoul airport on
August 31 and almost immediately took off for Munsan in a
helicopter. On Sop tomb or 1 the first contingent of the Indian
trocos mere airlifted from Inchon by helicopters to the muddy-
red, '..ill- top compounds in she Korean noU.tr al zone.

The tent- city, then known as the Indian Village, mush-
roomed out of no -men > 3 land near the shell-rubbled village of
Tong j an, 6 miles southwest of fanmunjori. The Indian Village
lies within the UK Section of the I i lit ary Demarcation Zone
south of the Demilitarized Line. Tc the east of the Indian
Village, heavy military forces of the 11 Command are disposed.
Around the comp in -oho Demilitarized Zone American colic o arc
responsible for its security, and .along the military Demarcation
Lin^ military patrols run back and forth to watch for any
emergency that might occur.

Indian Village

In order to acco no date the Ik, 700 Chinese and 8,000
north Korean anti- com unist PONs, the American army engineers
built the tent-city for the custody of the said PONs to be taken
ovm by the :IHC. Altogether there are six big enclosures,
within which p3 co pounds are separately constructed. L ch
co rpound provides enough soace to -cco lodate about pOO norsons.
hi Hit to ten p.. ••sons live I a one tent. The Chinese PONs live in
3e compounds and th '• erth Koreans live in 16 compounds .

larly reports indicated that the anti- corn unist Chinese
and forth Korean fO :s Were strongly oooosed to being transferred
to tho custody of Indian troons, and to being subjected to brain-
washing while in the custody ox the Indian troops as arevidod in
the Ar . li stic o -*gr o eiaent .

On August 2, 195>3> President
to the PONs, assuring then th t Nr
fight for their fro; ’ tV- rough th

o- voluntary rep at:;-.. a. This a

to the Chinese POl's . . mm ad cast
tho UIC. In his .eC a Pr .si den

united rations is she v: in its d
of the orinciplo Ox volant ary r.ma
you may eventually r gain ynur f r e
be patient and co oner ate with the
He further told the. that ho would,
to the fulfilment of tlx principle
the United 'rations'* and nro :isod t]
to come to Taiwan in Nro e China. “ ;
the PONs to be eat lent and to cone
questionable whether it would have

Chi ang Kai-shek sent a message
je China would continue to
^ onforc ;...ont of tho ‘epLncipie
rar.ted message was distributed
threv :a th , radio network of
t Cl.:', a*' g s aid, "I believe the
esiro t j Goo the eni'or cement
triatior. ox the PC ns. So that
dom, it is necessary th at you
H O for tlx next few months.'*
"pay close ocrsonal attention
of voluntary repatriation by
aat they would "bo oerii.itted
rad not President Chi .mg mavis oc
orate with the II rC, it is
been possible to make them

i iio v c into the Demilitarized Zone under the custody oi the Indian
;u ards wither t b lo cashed.

On So eteloxr 8, 1 ,;p3 the non-ror) atri itos be
the Demilitarized Zone. They were loaded by sh:
Island for Inchon and from there they wore out o
for tho LI holding cam is it ] un s in before being o.l:
the custody of th.. I IRC. On Sootomber 11 tho v a: nr
Chinese anti- communist P0'v3 onto red the newly built

to x.ove into
^ of Cheju
; .ins headed
l.v .rod into
and of ll|, 700
tent- city

3

in the Demilitarized Zone. They wore undershirts stamped with
the Chinos o rational “Blue 3 ky and vhitc Sun1’ flag. having
Republic of China flays, they wore all in high spirits. Coon
discovering the or os one o of communist soldiors and newspapermen
who wore pooping through the barbed wire, som.o defiant Chinese
PO'v's who could not contain their 1 shook their fists and

shouted n death to tho communists." . _ . rrlod rocks and cursed

the communist observers. One angry Chi:: of: e .anti- cor. ion is t POb
suddenly slugged a Bed Chinese interpreter . Others shouted,

•’he will go back to the Chinese mainland and kill Fao and crvmh
the stooges ane running dogs of Russia. be are do ton dned to
go to Taiwan to join the anti-coi munist camp."

"hxplan ation" Site

Bofor^ the "explanations'' began, the ii C and the feds
wrangled over f .cilities th .t each had provided for the other
explanation te a is . The UB 0 had to provided enou gh s pa.ee to
facilit ,t„ the "explanation"' by th co.ir .unists to 22 , 5>00 anti-
cor munis t POBes nd the co-.-i; lunists had to iu^nish the facilities
for the ex. kg i ‘h. on to dpi Allied and Perth Korean PO.'S.

By the end of Sopte xp, vriori c an .. rg.nuurs, under tho
supervision of th.o Indian Custndi .n Fore . , h as out up 16 largo
tents v/hich could hold at least 2y PO* s on ore side of a
barricade md 2$ "exm! in ;rs " and obs rv era on tho other.

But tho co i purists had constructed only 5 s:. all huts, 9 by 15
feet each, for the explanations to the b'W,rican, British, and
South Korean solBiors who r fused to go hone. In a letter of
September 2?> I .'.3 3 to the 'BBC, 'rig .da or Kncr .1 a. L. :Baat 1 on ,
Heed of the UB Beoatri .tion 3roup, r. jeetod the con jurist con-
structed sites, pointing out that tho i .cilities were .,nt. roly
ursatisf actory in point of design, location and layout.

fhe If C d / anded that the rk -provided facilities be moved
to a near location sine ; the one chosen by the co.e.unists was
too clos , to the co jpounds occupied by the balky PO’vs. On

tho oth '".and,
addition to th
October 12, the
corn slot ;d 20 oi
' B BC that th., r
October 21. T hoy r T
Ik and tho ridiculo1

tln Be s demanded the IffC to sot up, in
IS tents alre ady built, 28 more tents. By
American engineers, working double quick, had
the 32 11 explanation." tents ...nd informed the

mining t sots would

shed not later than

however, rushed to co mpletion on October
began on October Ip.

an-’

ashy

for n .explanation"

According to f irugraph 8 of the "Ter. s of Reference for
ibBC, 11 tks BFBC, '’alter having r Ceivod and taken into custody
all those PO *7s ... , V~ ,11 immediately make arrangements so
that within 90 days (3 at wb.-r 2p to Dec labor 23* lf5 3 inclusive)
aft r th, afRC t f : ,s over th custody, the nations to which the
PO 7s b long shall have fr do and facilities to send r pre-
sent it i vos to the location wi n each ?0 vs ire in custo dy to
explain to .ill the POb's d m nding mon these nations their
rights 9 no to inform them of any matter r. 1 iting to their re-
turn to their homeland, particularly of t air full rr . , dom to
return home to lead a peaceful life." 'The uu : ' f such

mxolain ,rs sh 11 not exc eo s .vm per thousand . . all

•explanations and interviews shall be conduct, « . a presence

cf - representative of e ach number ration of thw m rod a
■\or sentativo from, tile detaining s i •• e .

Irticle 3 under Section I " hmr al“ of the ; - of Be-

f -r.,nco for Fi RC" states, ‘To force or threat oi r .« rc > shall
b.; us,d against th PO vs ... and no violence to taeir persons
or affront to their dignity or self-respect shall be permit t

in any manner 1’or any purpose whatsoever. 11 This principle
was ruitorit. d in Articles 1 and 2 under Section I "General
Provisions” of the detailed rules covering interviews and
"explanations " to anti- communist POWs as published on
September 30, 1953 by the NNRC .

According to Article 8, b unc . avion III "Explanation”
of the "Terms of Reference for NNRC, " the NNRC was entrusted
to determine the hours for "explanation" in accordance with
Article 53 of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment
of POWs . The HIT H C later announced that the work of "explana-
tion" shall be carried out each day of the week, except Sundays,
from 07:30 a.m. to 16:30 p.ra. , with a lunch interval of one
hour .

After the announcement of the 23-point rules covering
interviews and "explanations" on September 30, Allied officers
charged that the NNRC rules for "explanation" Were inimical to
the UN principle of voluntary repatriation. Article 8 in the
NNRC rules r^ ids, "Several explanations and interviews to the
same group of POWs or the sajrie individual prisoner are per-
missible within the tin, or sedb^d in Article 8 of the "Terms
of Reference of MPEG." ...s t:,e rules recuiro that all prisoners
attend individual rep eated inter vi wc, the allied officers
pointed out that the regulations appir.ntly followed the
communist line and virtually ignored th. ; desire of the UNC for
guarantors against R^d intimidation t aeries . Disregarding the
UNC protest, Lieutenant General K. S, Thinayya, Indian Chairman
of the NNRC, flatly turned down the UNC demand on the ground
that the rules Were drafted and unanimously approved by the
5- nation NNRC.

Brain- was hi ng

The 90-day period for brain- washing should have begun
on September 25* 1953# but the work, owing to various reasons,
was delayed. Upon the request of the NNRC on October 13# the
communists started to practise their brain-wishing tactics on
the anti -communist PONs on Thursday, October 15, 1953# at 2:0
p.ra.

While 300
’explanation"

For the first day of "explanation," 96 communist
"explainers" were assigned to r.u • et the anti- Com:, ..uni st POWs
at the rate of approxi. .at ly 300 persons a day.

Chinese anti -communist POWs shuffled toward thn
tents, their compatriots were ban
shouting "Death to Mao Tse-tung."

"I need no explanation. I as ns
the anti- communist comp. " During
communist POWs ridiculed, cursed.

ix planners

.n

'J-W

Staff Correspondent from Kor
inci dent'1 .

First, one clover
whore ho saw on,, of the
on a small wooden table,

upon

J ePS

oxam ,r .

The ” oxpl liner " almo s t

Another P0W, carrying a Chi
lay and White Sun," entered the "
top of his voico the anti -communist
Mainland and Wipe Out the Commun
ignored what the communist "exol

igin

C

\-o

p ans

and

C JlI "bo Cj.lIS

and

K

!oi

O, 1 f

o e x

tile

10 Ws s hout e d.

olv

vJ

p -u
Q L e

go to

Taiwan

to join

; th

.O

i!

eA ’ '

lan at

ion, " th

.e anti-

and

insu

ltod

the co inn

uni st

KOI

t

ed by

the

Central

News

• ”

were

s eve

ral inte

resting

l *■ ;n

,t

.ring

tile

" exp 1 ana

.tion" tent

Si

X

a lain

or z "

r a: ting

his elbows

.ho

t

able

aw:, ig

from cho

"ox-

■ fe

1

1 fin

t or

, T'aCe

•

.neS

0

nat i

oe,al

_ .CO

a. O X

II PI t -i

jD-LUG

exol

ainti

on" t

;ir;g at the

st

s

n p rr 11

Fight

•> 'J

the

st

3

audit

3 "

E

v,tely

A vo • .
..i tie

r

" had

to s

J./ lx X

m.

5

k third P07, slar-ining his i’cot or the chair and banging
his fist on the table, cursed the co a unist ''explainor1’ in
the r.ost insulting laiagu ago .

Still another o ole- looking bey, with his arr:s folded
inside his slu-eVos in the tynic.al Cl ' w .y, gladly accented

the invit .tier to sit down and list .. . v; mtively to the

co; -.: -unist "oxolainer. " then he was .shed whether he would
li’ a, to go bo. cl.: to led China, l Ivj 3 udde.nly whipped out a stick
fror: his sleeve and whacked at the head af the cora.unist "ox-
plainer" before the Indi an guards could intervene.

One PCI s id, h have lost confidence in the aialnland

an;-

he w .

l w

nt

freeQO

. an d

I

know-

the 1

aws in

T-a

iw

an

* 3 T* C'

hui 1

.n rig

lit s

0

I

choc 3

0 to

CP '3
O

to f-

ia wan.

iih

s ai

U.

to

the

c a

. .unist

ii

X

-,1

in e r "

that

ho a

7eVOr

s all

at mi

gilt

b

a./ j

the

isl

and of

T a

1

wan

shone

like

sun

casta

: . i t s

or

il

li

once

ov .

r th -

1 : 3, i

n

”1 p

d and

tile F

'1 ~r*

h. ,st.

host of the PC. .? lied t the "wml a t i •• n" tents covered
their oar 3 with t a ,ir a a. ...wa r -fur a t sit and listen.

stood with

a c

+■

O e/ i ae

c • unist

:nl liners . "

So. ..e said, when asked to ; baca h . t s e their -ar ents,
''lay parents were kill.: bn you m ■ unists, Russian running
dogs, I I an go in , t •• a aw a. Und -r tha, 1 ; •• dor ship of Pre-
sident Chi nog n.ni-shek. We shall fi aht back to the :■ .ainl'-nd
and liquidate co. aounis . "

,cc rdi'ig t the statistics 'published b:~ the : 1 RC °n
r 'Vo: :ber 16, 195.3? 94-2 Chinese PObs had und.org ::e the process
oi " .xa lan ati n" an October lp and 17 mo ave- ber Ij. and 5?

1 i

51?

vn cl

.L. -

u

hat

2l± r.

ut

f th

is to

t

.1

h ad ch

nged t

a

eir

- ,inds .

"1- ~

t as

1 ,t

w

as

Dec ,

•■•b er

1 t
j- / ?

the

c

)

u :oists

asked

t

he

HI 1C for

ii

x ala

n t i

a"

a »-* -j “•*

• .J> :

tc

the

h ind-

-.•)

ick

■ 1 CO

wound 7

T)

. O

3.

In

thr

e e d

■V

s ■

- Je C

■ be

r 21

t a 2

3

, 1

953 -

theg CO

] ,

Pie

ted the

ox

-l an

at a-

n

" tc

74-2

Chi

n e S V

PO bs

e f

whon.

92 chos

vJ

t

return

to

C O j.

. .uni

3

1

" T - T
x.:A tv w

ver.

the

tot a

1

is

1 e S S

than 5.

i?

p e

r cent

of

the

Chi

3 O

h.iti

- co: .

. uni

st PO

j

G t

h ,t la a

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the

br

ain-

17 ash

I:

ng.

it

i s c

n 1;

.0003

v.,r

C-Ilt

)f the

t

. t a

1 of the-

14-

?700

PO 7

3

S

o-c-.l

1

1

C Cl

1 lu

c~f

al

acts

' /hen

t

he In

Cii .

n

, - ■vj :>

t

We

nt

t .

j . r«

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tile

See

V. e

x t ■ 1 ee

sum

that

t

he bn

^ 3

b

: ] h 1

d

in

th

pop;

s UP

i

r

au

IPS

S,

W IS Jll

the

pe ace

#

Tile

T-»o .]

i

an r-

.

cl 1

.red

t

7 t

the

;,T ■ i

ul

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t ct the

ht oi

b

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■j 0

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t

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1 J T

1 - ■

n

OCT

sn

Wei’S

crit

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d

the II

7 C

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cti

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.3

th.

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»

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the

n

■eutr al

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in

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e CL

th

at

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p t t ho-

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of 3 e

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19

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0

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hen the

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st ' no

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t use

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t

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s tr

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7-'s

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hewev

r

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h t

t

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In

n

trn 0 ns

b ,.d

mala

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O

d bef

re

their

p ai vi

1

in

Kr r

cj

_

Chinese

Q* * .

unist

c»

O

is in

t ;r

~y

ret or s

o

The

S W

so

-cal

1

w a.

1 ’ -

ters

wore trained under the supervision of the Cha-
in Inch a uva instruction from Peiping. C a a a
nrot.rs, they infiltrated into the

T-

air isos

, .? V~

:us-

t )di

Fore- t 1 w rk as c-: aiunist so:

The Indians gradually adopted Censures, int n:t-i . r ally
or unintentionally, which Were -advantage vs to the cm. unists.
For one thing, t’- Indians confiscated two radios brought by

the PODS to

the

In-’ i a

n V

ilia

(? y

o •

. i.

op

ar ..

ntl;

to hi

ackout

nei:

s r or

the

PC i

s fre

1

t

he

fr-.

The if'

HC,

under

the

I.. a

dersh

i

P

ol

the

Lieut

n ant

Dene

ral K.

n

o .

Thi

1 y. o -

• " <x o

.. a

u ■ . .

th.

f \v r

able t

••• th

.e c >i ■

uni

sts

leSOIi

t

1.

U'C.

First

, the In di

an s

o ->r

iitt .

z

J. .. . -

Wl tile

3 S the

tr'-

.nsf .>r

of

the

.nt i-

c

>■

,b-b\ -

let

cue to

■7.y. 3

.mr n

dly, t

_j .- ^

circulat

'

■l

c

lob b v .

r c ait

ining sirs

•* r>_

C ) it

ed th

■>*>

~y

ts

t )

Chine

3 e ?0 .

s .

Thir .11

9

the

r'f HC

t

^ -

nt ....

d t

haol

JO. .tie

n" i

ncludi

VO

*J z>

nr o

• - sals

i

; -a

d •. j

by

an 1 r

adi. .

is ti.

j/ W

nt on,

the Co

n-luct

th

T

. v-/

ire , ir jor ' .ocisiom
ir tests fr ... the
:,t : b servers t

j_ n i >n :

she eked th.

free

w >rl . On

Oct '

her 1,

in ctu

oiling

ri

■ t t such

, .,1

if

by

a to

ur c

f Cz ich

and

Polish

i r s O e

c ti

on o

•7*

lie

rs, the

In

! n

rj

tr

ns f

it ill;

s hr t

onj ]' r

rth B" ore a

r>

t

i- c

. unist

P0

’ J Cl

nd

W'. un

led

3 other

T.

o o _L

n an ‘ t

her ri

<-:t,

t-'W

Ch:

n sc r

r

ill

od

and

3 wounded

n Oct

her 2

. Ir y

lie

illy

th

^ letter

In

ci d

..nt

occurr d

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Glith

birth

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unist

po -r

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OUT? 1.

;• ■

er due

ed tr

t"

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trl 'ted

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ter

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invest

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he it was

ia-

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•% 4- ■? . *n

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au

estion t

he

P0 .

Q

The

Hie

g il scr

Ox o 3. .

d r s

• ... 4,

000

Chi

n

?0 's on

Do

cc. a

ber

31 s

13 3 3

b" ' t"'

J- 1 J L J.

,.n Ou s

t o .-■> i in.

Fo

rc

i

n f

h absence

r f

' • o

..rs

•'i tbe

‘ "HO,

r or

s nt ti v-

f

t

■

...ix

U. C and

th '

33?

eSS,

has

been

r ■'ill ’ T

c n

1( ; mod.

b' - th

;r,ol

- - '

r j. .. kj.. l

in a

•

The

Indi

r Cu s t

• ' i an

Fore

cl li

th-t

135

Chin. so

?0

TdS

h' '

chosen t r turn t • c"- iris".. This act! n er th.. vrt >f
the Indi .n Oust dim F re ; is f 1 ^;r:.nt vi l'tjxn f the
"Terrs x Icfc.renco x r ,..10." In a st .t .rot issue..'. m January
2, lv54, For ;i,yr rinistur fe-mgo K. C. 2hh n mt.J out that

t h In 13. • m t r •'-•os in
thh.r betrayal
in the., beginning on I. th
ir istic . Igr , o on
screening was t.v ;n
thre.it -.mi t take
t ' - c r ... jn the ?,n t j. - c

1-e £ -e ll.

cr_ec t -ii-

is “in "shown

.e trust which

j- -

le Ud C o i l ol ic... in then

their i r - g

3°

. ,'f thv i.r in I Hit cry

The re act i

n

in If r_r to th - illegal

re vi lent.

• ;v.

j.

a Hw public -f Iv r.i

eti -:i ay inst

tv

t Indi ens unless tf.ey c.e

.. unist PO.s.

Do te 'I 1 .jloe.se

■’Th;:. bitter winter will sc on mass :.n 1 soring

n it;

■ jay

r \i :1 f;.-

i . Chi an g Kfv-shdr or Dm ib-r 17 p 1^33 in a

stirring radio sicech te th. anti-coirrurist Chi

further til" th..; r Ob's, "In Free Chino.,
w r sunshine or., awaiting to welcmc
'i Free da. ,i. "

u ie v. x

you, who

KTJs . She

..•J. ::g in .1

tie S' .h i

-iCC'r in:
.».• .l n ^ •-x.ij _• '-v.. • .

: to Paragraph 11 of the llihrr.s •••!* H e . for

t the irrcisticc Igro .....rt, the C • .is si n shall
.eel ire the- relief fr >a the ?0r; st tus to civil! m st: tus of
any ?0 s wh. h o/e not exercise 1 their right tx be r . vatriated
an for whore no -ther liso sitirn his b .on ~gro .. " to by the
Political Confer one •• within 120 a*- s aft ..r the Co lesion has

7

assume 1 their custody. In view of the fact th t the Political
Conference has failed to t ko place bef • - ro January 22, 1954?
it is clean that no agree' Us position • f such PO is has been
reached 'in . that they should bo restore ■ t: their civilian

status .

.t his or ss c mfor nc.

m

19>3? Secretary -. f 3t t , Jahn P sto.1 Dull

. n on f evarabar 17.

itice provisions or., cl.

.loci a:

The

*11 prisoners who have

not eba

h as

b ,

_.n

->-5a

giv

en

*L» li.'

ir

J .

u ir

y 22,

he 1

a

t t

h t

the

ir

y. r .

e e •.

r--'U s

t b

v>

ele

the

or

v^li

a. in

S pc

ci a

i u

ni t

a a

a’ a s

s

■p.

lib

ert

IvjS

f «i

•

oil

■ .wi;

the

bn

it..

'v_L

eO.itri ti n, an " t a vhc* i no tli or disposition
eed t by th.. Political Conference, sh .11 be
fr. .. ... :..f ter 120 ays. This peri- . on Is n

1954* -even if nr political C< m .ruoco has bc,,n
tin, the prisoners n that ate shoul receive

s t at a.,', er.t eiiph --.sizing t

in ni

t civil! an s t ■ - 1 u s b} ‘ J - nu
; .Ik t c nvene the E r an

t the POhs
ry 22, 1954 hiring
'1: tic al Ci ni\,r..nco.

ai n

inv

orthur I'l . Dean cunclai. .

it

vici ‘us assault n hue. an rights, human sairit .n-:l

1954

1 1 n s
rldr t

GeP.e r .1
t ke UP

■ ini -i th , lr v e ’ll... eii t ,f India that
soi bly r..c nvv.no n ]?ebru iry 9,

U he VhC

n quest! n, the

Indian Chair- van -i the r"’RC, Lieutenant G-an..r .1 II. 3. Thir.iayya,

.n

.v.asive c n c ’ n in g t h . , - die' u 1

.1,.

f tie. PO s

at 00:01 an J mu .ay 21? 1 . 54* The 11 RC sent n Dec- „ her 28,

1933

request t

the j". C an .1 th c -'-..a. unists ashing whether

tho U!-TC on 1 the Re Is wi

t i rec n.si h.r the r ,le

-t . fix<

in tho -mist ice ygro-orient. T a this request, kn^r .il Jolin

lull.

nito-

ns C

an

ce.ph't' call'' stated, th" t

the PO'Vs waul be free 1 at one seem 1 after ai .night on January
22, 1954* Sine the co uiunists are opp' se-.l t- tho r , lease of
the mis mors, the ' IRC pay have t- d.cile wa it t- >• after
...ii '-night u J mu ary 22. Since the !"'-'RC will c-e.ase t functi n
after 39 l".ys i 11 ;wing the t . rain vti n -f the "oxpl-n ati n"
peri.- Lieutenant 1- moral T, s. Thi nyya is r. n rtel. t: ba.vo
sail th . t d mu 11 h ve t : rele so 11 the n -n-r.. a atri ates .

Urging the In :• ns t aos-rve th.. t . n s 1 the amistico
igreeaieiit, the Chin .s. anti-c - -unist PObs put • n a a l ustra-
tion -n J--.nu -ry 7? 1954 vr--thin the x.msd- fi In li an tillage

an 1

st

'V

-

hunger

stri

p J ■ n

cm J

anu

.ry

5

i c bii
? — / j-\-

b;-; U

P that tl;

rude

p!

ans

t

o -aseic

■i h-

?0 ' .' 3 t

t -le 'j

c ann >

t

wait u"

mil

y light

thv/y

wi

11

ba-

gu i ' e

1 out

t t : ar Is

1 ->uN

a

o j -j

p ^ r , •

rs

.Ir i

unted ,.n

u. iry 8. It was als- re .-■ rtel
.... US 0 tli _r y in Korea had.

.rch out t fr. eJ.o-i... If
n t he ■ rning ,f Janu. ry 23,
the r -uth by se re hi x gluts ..nd
hills .1 tag the r ute t -> freed

^ riJ.

.dding PO'.-s r Struggle

-s •. ■ arly as m Oct -ber o, 1953 General H .rk :i . Clark
led ,r . ' that the bvi us and taurd choice of the C incse

ant j - c wounist ?0 :s is t g t T iwin.1’ Ho pointed cut
that 11 there is nothing in the ohms < f Reference which prevents
th , s e P0:/s wh r fuse r -p tri iti n t c. i ana m f r- : j going to
Iiiwii. ,j It is lately disci sod by inf r a urc , that the
visit of General J. hn a. Hull, United h ti nr J . under, and
thor .istinguisho.l vnric m guests t Taiwc.r, ' in alize J

plans f r shipping the inti- cor : unist Ppi/s t ww China.

8

\

*ith the purpose ox' aidin'; the Chinese anti-co i. "unist
jtC'7 s, tho dr a China Do .aittee ion -idan.; Anti-coi luuist
Chinos e PObs in Korea, co,-. )3?isf - f :|)i ' civic bodies in '
Taiwan, st -• pod a bio rail; o c . . 10,000 is o l.e in

i:\ioei on October 7 to protest ■ • ■ at the brutal acts ox*

the Indian Custodian iorco vixen Chi esc ahti-co. -lurist
PCls war, Iliad b the Indian troops. Tho Co-ainittoo and
its ...o- :bor units have cent- a Dually cabled their views in
su hi rt ox the P0 ;s to the United 1 tions, the President
oi the United states, the President oi th dooubl: c of
Korea, an I t no United ations Co jieind, asdina; then to
a- here to the -rinciolo p.t voluntary ron ■'trintj on.

of or ,

f

y

; Chi

m

°nti

- co

■ munis

t

PC;

x v. . th

WvPv

t r ans

f erred

to the

T

rull

Li

'/ill

a

s

■»

C! ' "a

t at avc

s

iro;, .

civic

b a j

os in

h;, x C

hi'

‘h 'h

h

V 3_ S .*

t ,

t

O'-

Oho ju

Is

1 - n d

and a

*,o • r? . ya

tod

t '.n

it

h a

S_ j_

0

s . 0

n

)o

c

, • - "h y

r r.

3j Ian

p

Or.

J. ..,;n

■' Liu

5

Chiir.

:.n

Oi

X.

C

a

ry\ ^ ..
t J

no

■ ' V. .

? % , 1

Cro

S3, t o

r' y

th iV

Wj th

r are

° ont

atives

oi

v a

o

: ( us

Cl

vi

c

bo

ics

in .ir

Chi

na, tp' Ve "

in

n "0

- •' "7

b

aop v',

a a

•1 :-t

a

th

0

1 n

svii

o . jnt

oi

co

i ort

o d r

lx of

itc-is

in

34

asuro

a

nt

tons

';’.C 'US

■:.y

t

coid.'’1

n it

OotteP

th In

da

an

Vi

1

•• '■ ■ _> ■> 3

“G

b.

■ f

had to

hand

ov

re t

' j ir

if t?

thr u

c

i- s
Q

A

r j

an

d ■

0

Or os

r~l

to

the

lad

•an i ,

Ores

s f o r

ale L: v

O'**, r

h

Last to hither

Only in the coldest days of the year
do peoole see that the pine and the cypress
■are the last tress to wither.

- The Confucian Analects -

9

CHAPTER TWO

THEY MARCH TO FREEDOM

Having rejected communism in favor of freedon at the risk of
their lives, the former Chinese pri'sov' '-*3 of war in Korea have
written a glorious page of history, rive days after they had
marched out of the Indian Village, the ex- POWs landed on the soil
of Free China. With unwavering determination, they have won the
victory of their struggle with the communists. ‘‘It is a great
blow to the cormiunists, “ the Few York Times said editorially,

■'for it means that the communist oligarchs can never again be
certain of their hold over subjects who now know that they can
find freedom in the Free World.

Indian Decision

Paragraph 11 under Article IV ''Disposition of POWs" of the
■'Terms of Reference for the Heutral Rations Repatriation Commis-
sion (FNRC ) " provides that "the I IRC shall declare the relief
from the POW status to civilian status of any PC is who have not
exercised their right to be repatriated and for whom no othca?
disposition has been agreed to by the Political Conference within
120 days after the IRC has assumed their custody." As the
Political Conference on Korea has failed to take place before
January 22, lRui-!-* it should be generally accented that no other
agreement regarding the disposition of such POWs exists. There-
fore, the POWs should be im ediately given their civilian status
in place of their POWs status.

•/hen the United Fations Command insisted that the POWs be
released on January 23, 1954 according to the Armistice Agreement
and the co m .unists stubbornly de landed that more ti. e be given
for further ' ,xol nation, " Lieutenant General K. 3. Tliiw.ayya,
Chairman ol the FFRO, declared on January lip that the 22,000-odd
Chinese and Forth Korean POWs in the neutral zone would be turned
back respectively to the united Rations Command and the communists
on January 20. The Indian Chairman said, "The Indian Custodian
Force wonts to wash its hands ox the job because it cannot oro-
oerly declare that it is able to carry out all the armistice terras
and release the prisoners as civilians or the agreed deadline -
January 2R." He further tied a string to his announcement by
warning that it would be illegal for the UFC and the com unists
to free the POWs after they had been returned to them. The Indian
Custodian Force would turn back the men as prisoners, not as
civilians. In so doing, the Indian Chair 'an oluced u con the UFC
the burden of determining unilaterally whether the POWs might be
role a s e d an d p r mi 1 1 e d tv,o co :: . : u. lists to c 1 e.i n t ha t the UT 0
action was illegal.

On January 16, ion oral John h. Hull, Commander of the United

announced that he would ignore the Indian warning
lease the anti- covmnunis t POWs as civ: lians on January

iv ^ said, 1 1 1 shall

Fat ions Fo r cos,
an d • ;cu 1 d

23. In a letter to General Thinayya, General hull said,
accent the anti- communist POWs to be turned over on January 20,
The United rations Command will honor its obligation to treat
they as being fully entitled to their freedom as civilians on
Jar v. ary 23.'' In sun port of General Hull’s ar.no t n cement , Henry
Sir dam, Press Officer of the U.S. State Depart

in m shington.

said, that the United States still insisted that ..11 unreontriated
POWs in Korea be returned to civilian status at xaiu-.nm ht of
January 22.

10

Freedom Day

Anticipating the release of the Chinese PC 's in Korea, the
Chinese Government and civic bodies sent two missions to Korea.

function of the one led by Major Gonc^
Finis try of Defense was to receive •
other, which was composed by Huang he
the Legislative Yuan, Chi on 3ze-liang,

Lai I ling- tang of
China the PO':'Ts;

— s u, Vice President
President of the Taiwan

vers: ty and Fang Chih, Secretary Gen
Jo-Mittee for Aiding the Anti-cov rcunist
took upon itself to extend to the PC is
Free China unon their release.

.oral of the Free China
Chinese POWs in Korea
the good wisbes from.

*

At 08 : ep a,,i. on January 20, the Chinese and Forth Korean PDFs
marched to their freedom. In long columns, the freed neople poured
out of the neutral zo.n to the south along a barbed-wire lane,
having the ‘'Blue Shy and ,hitc Sun'* flag o_ the republic of China
and singing anti- cow .unist songs, the Chinese P0 s regained their
freedom. This triui.i hnnt da; cli axed thoi:-» three-year battle
against being returned to the control of co nmu nisei.

is soon as he lei t the neutral zone, one Chinese boy said,

"he did not sloe. a all night because wo vea. afraid that the co-i-
iunists would attach us md lore., us beck. Ah were determined to
."he in the compound rather than to go north."

For the roc out ion and train snort at ion oi the freed ?07s, the
ul C had made careful and thorough planning. As o arly as January
16, a tent city, na.ud As cor: City, was erected. Asco : City lies
about four hours by true” fro:, the loading -.ant south of the
Indian Village. The freed neople were required to w ..Ik about
one and a half ...lies to the loading point fro a where they wore
transported to isco. . City in 30 tru ck- convoys .

A huge decorate . steel arch marked the watrarce of As con City
’o the truck- convoys of the released Chines... PC vs arrived at
- iinute intorv ils, After having received Co h .in equie ent aid
laving their First .leal outside the barb-wir^ co apound, they wore
:ahon to Inchon to board the waiting LSTs.

Bach LST carried fro,: Glo to 1 , 0 lip en. The first of the Ip
LSTs sailed fro . Inchon for K, clung it 0e:0p a. an on January 21
and the last .it p:4.> p, . On. hundred an Forty two sic .: and
wound o il persons arc f 1ot u to Taiwan by U.3 . military tr 'assorts.

bhen the anti-co. muni t C. an so w
on the hi dn sc as, the united tions
aid-night on January 22, declared the
and lorth Korean PC s civilians.

e r e s a i 1 1 n g for Fr e o Chi nu.

Co ...land, t one second after
fr uh an t i - c or i .u n i s t Chin e s e

In a si . ale cwr.mony
Bight h Army Kea&qu rters
Taylor and i ijor General
cialize the h in " -over of
to Free China.

at Ip : 00 n.'w. . or J mu ary 23 in the U.3.
in Korea, Lieutenant General Maxwell
Lai I i n > t an g si gn o d do cuine nt s to offi-
tho Id, 220 Fro. d Chinese iron the Ul.'C

In observance of the " Anti- co .£ uniat Fr D . , •*

China, factory sirens whistled, church and t...r:pl - "* 1
lirnlanes «: rorned cloud 3 of leaflets, doves of n ac
■oaring circles. At 10; 00 : ,u. in the morning oi J

in Free

y* ' Ti O'

-11.' p 3

in

W 23, over

5

000 -wo ;lo j aimed the square in front of the TeJaa .
- y tribute to the loyal sons of Free China who ha
torod their civilian status. The huge rally decif
■>y 23 (one- two -throe ) "Anti-co anunist Freedom D
1 a ,t . d ev ory year .

C. -c. Hall
a. at been
. c i lake
to be

11

Home Coming

Upon the arrival of the Chinese Anti- communist ex-POWs,
the residents in Tainei virtually went wild with joy.
Thousands of jubilant people jammed the streets to welcome
the patriots. do v eminent official0, v '.sines smen as well as
p j0pie from all walks of life rushv.^. me into the streets
to Have a glimpse of their returning fellow countrymen.

Through their own choice, the Chinese ex-FOWs were sent
bach to Taiwan by the United rations Command. A barrage of
fire-crackers and de.;fening cheers greeted the home-coming
boys. Led by 00 lice motor- cycles , bicycle riders from the
Youth Anti-cov.iuunist and rational Salvation Corps, and
military bands on trucks, the truck- convoys could hardly
move along the road. people fought to shake hands with the
returnees .

These boys seemed in high spirits. Some ot them
exchanged words with the on- lookers while others, moved by
the warmth of tk welcome accorded them, failed to hold
back their tears.

The lp grey LSf s of the U.S. navy carried llj.,073 ex-POVs
to the misty port of Keelung, where so ;e 10,000 people braved
the rain to welcome them. Large quant ies of gifts were
showered on them. Tung Chung- chien, a. native of Kunming,
was the first to set foot on the soil of free China.

"I aril too harpy to find anything to say, ,! the mark slender
returnee said.

In si .ole but solemn ceremonies at the port of ‘eelun.g,
the returnees 'were greeted, by re -resent at ives of t • 0 Central
}overn lent and the Provincial Government and 01 ficials of
the Keelung I unicioality. In appreciation of the warmth of
the welcome, one representative of the returnees sail, " hen
we carried on the struggle against co unis wo had nothing
to depend upon except our will power and deter, ination.
ivory one of us had been pro 'ared to sacrifice our lives at
any time for our cause. ... Joining the anti-co .unis t
camp in Taiwan, we shall double our effort to recover the
China mainland, md liquidate co •r-iunism. "

Freedom Village

Before the \r ! 7 \1 of the ex- P0Tvs, the L'xecutivo Yuan
ordered the cstabl: eh ent of an ''mmlo; ant Advisory Bureau5'
to take overall charge of the reception, education and the
re- settlement of the returnees. In a ok, t ion to this Bureau,
a Co wiittoe, composed of Premier Chen Chong and other cabinet
ranking notables, has been organized to consider end discuss
problems relating to the returnees.

Throe army camps at Strawberry Ville, Big Lake, and
Lower Lake in the district of Peach Orchard, about one hour
by train to the south of Taipei, have been set up to accom-
modate the returnees. These camps, neat mid clean, arc newly
built. The returnees are well-fed and are -reviled with
recreational facilities .

In addition to providing their needs, th. ^v.r:i ent
pays each person UT a month to cover their personal
expense .

The first week in the Freedom Villages was given to
relaxation and recreation. Stage shows and concerts were
staged to entertain the boys. Sports equipment, playing cards.

12

etc, were present to then by various business and cultural
groups in Taiwan.

To cover the ho me- coming of the ex-POf s, 17 foreign
corresnondents , including Hebert Scia'-re of the International
i: ews Service, Lee liartin of the U.3. and world deport,

Hyoichi Anano of the iainichi Shimbun, arrived In Taioei at
9 a.n. on January 29. iree to interview the returnees, they
were deeoly touched b the stories told by the ex-POJs about
their lives under the rule of communism.

On January 31» renresentatives of the Kuomintang Central
Co -r.it tee, the Women's Inti- Aggress ion League, and the Chinese
Harmonica association visited and entertained the loyal returnees
at the three Freedom Villages. The renresentatives of the
> uonmntang Central Corirnittee, headed by Secretary General
Chang Chi-yun, were warmly greeted by the returnees and regaled
with nusic olayed on their hone-made instruments . Addressing
the returnees, I r. Chang commended them for the unflinching
spirit and boundless courage which they had shown uring their
long period oi confinement. He urged- then to maintain this
unflagging devotion to their country and to contribute their
share towards the recovery of the mainland. To show their
gratitude .for the concern shown b, the 7uo,.iintang renresentatives,
the loyal returnees offered hr. Chang a banner dyed in blood
as a symbol ox their love for their country.

The next day, Jovernor 0. K. Yui led a group ox more than
50 high provincial ofxicials to visit the loyal sons of China.

They brought wit them a vast quantity oi ares exits for the
returnees, such as fish, nor", wire and cigarettes.

On February 3? which happened to be the lunar new year,

120 renresentatives o . the returnees naid their respects to
President Chi an g Kai-shek. The President told them that their
return to Free China was life a family union. On the eve of
the lunar new year, General Kwei Yung- ching brought to the
nat riots on behali of the President lorey gifts wrapped in red
envelopes. The sick and wounded received ;o re 'than others.

.education and Ho- settlement

The llj., 000-odd fori or POV/s from Korea, divided into 120
groups, began on February 6 their 12- we eh orientation and. voca-
tional training courses. The o sowing ccr_ ony , which included
oath- taking and signing pledges to fight for the anti- communist
cause, was nresided over by high ranking officials of the
mmsloyncat Advisory Luroau. The education program is directed
tow rds the following. (1) Jo familiarize the returnees with
the progress that has been brought about in Taiwan, (2) To .sake
then understand the current world situation, (3) To acquaint them
with the strength of the armed forces of Free Chino., (i|) To
study th - ways and means of liquidating communism and recovering
the mainland, (p) To increase their fundamental knowledge, and
(6) To assist thorn to fulfill their duties tow rds their country.

The curriculum inc udes the following: (1) Livelihood
Education, (2) Fundamental Knowledge, (3) Intern. Lions.1 Situation,
(4-) Communist Activities, (5) 13u sic and. Shorts, f^) Theories
ox the rational devolution, (7) Hocroationnl Acti .* ties, and
(8) Visits. Upon completion oT the 12 -wo ok tr g course,

the returnees were given free choice to ent ^ w lk of
life in Free China.

13

It w.as th o established policy ol the government that while
none of the r turnecs would be conscripted, volunteers who desired
to join the armed forces • were welcomed. The average ago
of the returnees is 27. They - wore given the opportunity
to engage in agricultural and industrial! production. "The
Clovoanment, " said Premier Chon Cheng, 1 do its best to assist

thorn In finding jobs of tod r own choice. They should also
recognize the hardship now facing the Chinese people in Taiwan
and should share th life of the neople here. They should also
sun port the national policy recovering the mainland to the best
of their individual ability.'*

Significance of Horne- coming

The principle of voluntary repatriation is something now.

The., successful implementation of the nrinci )le oi voluntary reoa-
triatj on has o 3oned a now chapter of International Law.

fully aw-ar ■ of the significance of the principle oi voluntary
repatriation, th. communists fought with might and main on the
battlefield and at the conference table to prevent its successful
implementation. The termination of th tx-POes not to go back
to communist control represents, in th;. vords of r loader of
the io public of Korea, “the .ost re sound! n.g ideological defeat
of communis a in its history." Hung L n-yu, Secretary 3- ,n oral
of the Chinese ; ti n .1 Assembly, pointed out that "the return
of th ex-POVs from Korea represents a .oral victory of freedom
o v o r e n s 1 av erne n t . "

The ho ac -coming of the ox-POHs also servos to underscore
the fact that the communist punnet regime in Peiping does not
enjoy the support of ^coolo . .expressing his welcome and concern
for tho returnees. President Chiang Kai-shek, in a state iont
issued on tlx. eve o their arrival in free China, s '.id, ‘'aero
the -ooplo on the mainland given the s mo chance, they, too,
would not hesitate to fight for their freedom in the heroic manner
•as has been demonstrated by these compatriots." The return
ox tho ox- 10 ms •gives hone to all oooolo und r communist oppres-
sion. They now know that they can find freedom in tho free World.

Punishments vs. Rules of Propriety
If you guide the people by political means
and make them behave with punishments, they will try
to evade your orders and be without any sense of honor.
If you guide the people by moral means and ,.ake them
behave with rules of r ooriety, they will full

sense of honor and walk in the right path.

■acts -

The Confucian A’