Chiroptera of the Great Smoky Mountains: Bibliography with Indexes by Species and Major Subject Areas

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CHIROPTERA OF THE

GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS:

BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES BY SPECIES

AND MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS

RESEARCH/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT REPORT SER-56

Vu.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

SOUTHEAST REGION

UPLANDS FIELD RESEARCH LABORATORY
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
TWIN CREEKS AREA
CATLINBURG, TENNESSEE 37738

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CHIROPTERA OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS:
BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES BY SPECIES
AND MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS

Research/Resources Management Report SER-56

by

Alan Rabinowitz
Graduate Program in Ecology

University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee 37916

January 1982

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Southeast Regional Office

Natural Science and Research Division

75 Spring Street, S.W.

Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Rabinowitz, Alan. 1982. Chiroptera of the Great Smoky Mountains:
Bibliography with Indexes by Species and Major Subject Areas.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,
Research/Resources Management Report SER-56. 24 pp.

ABSTRACT
Of the 40 species of bats known to occur within the United States,
15 occur within Tennessee and/or North Carolina and 10 species occur within
the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This bibliography was an attempt
to document much of the literature concerning bat research and species
occurrence in the park and surrounding southeastern states. The bibliography
cites approximately 235 books, theses, journal articles, and pieces of
correspondence; these cover 117 years, from 1864 to 1981, and are primarily
ecological in nature. The majority of the literature was obtained from major
scientific journals and from the files and library facilities of the author,
the University of Tennessee, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. In addition
to the bibliography, two indexes were constructed to allow the reader a quick
and efficient means of locating references for particular bat species and/or
major subject areas.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the Great Smoky Mountains Natural History
Association for its support of the work reported here. The present
report is one of a series of bibliographies being developed for the biota,
soils, geology, and environment of Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
The need for such a series was first expressed by a committee made up of
representatives from the Interpretation and Resources Management Divsions
of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Uplands Field Research
Laboratory. Peter White of Uplands Laboratory supervised the project.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

INTRODUCTION 1

METHODS A

TAXONOMIC CHANGES 5

BIBLIOGRAPHY 6

INDEX OF BAT SPECIES 21

INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Bat species that occur within the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park and the states of

Tennessee and North Carolina 2

2 Major books of reference concerning bats 3

I

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2012 with funding from

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http://www.archive.org/details/chiropteraofgreaOOrabi

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 40 species of bats are known to occur in the United
States (Barbour and Davis 1969, Mohr 197 6). Of these, 15 (38 percent)
occur in Tennessee and/or North Carolina and 10 (25 percent) occur in Great
Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) (Table 1). Despite this fact, very
little research has been conducted on bats in the southeastern United States.
Although the primary objective of this bibliography was to document the
literature concerning bat research in GRSM and the surrounding southeastern
states, it became necessary to broaden the scope of the project. Many
species of bats, like birds, can undergo seasonal migrations. Banded
individuals of species such as the Little Brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and
the Indiana bat (M. sodalis) have been recaptured 290 to 300 miles away from
their original capture points (Barbour and Davis 1969). Therefore, when
dealing with the ecology of such animals, it became necessary to consider
the literature of each species from a broad geographic range. Finally, some
books (Table 2) were included in the bibliography because they were considered
to be important to the overall topic of bat ecology.

Due to the plethora of literature concerning most temperate bat species,
it would be incorrect to assume that this bibliography is complete for any of
those species. In order to maintain some constraints on the size of the
bibliography, most of the literature that has been included is ecological in
nature. Literature concerning laboratory-oriented research in areas such as
cytology and genetics, for example, was sharply curtailed although not
completely eliminated. Furthermore, a sufficient number of general and review
papers have been incorporated so that one may obtain additional references
by using these general references.

Table 1. Bat species that occur within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
and the states of Tennessee and North Carolina.

SPECIES

GRSM

TENN

N. CAROLINA

Eptesicus fuscus - Big Brown Bat

Lasionycteris noctivagans - Silver-Haired Bat

Lasiurus borealis - Red Bat

Lasiurus cinereus - Hoary Bat

Lasiurus seminolus - Seminole Bat

Myotis austroriparius - Southeastern Bat

Myotis grisescens - Gray Bat^

Myotis keenii - Keens Bat

Myotis leibii - Least Bat

Myotis lucifugus - Little Brown Bat

Myotis sodalis - Indiana Bat^

Nycticeius humeral is - Evening Bat

Pipistrellus subf lavus - Tri-Colored Bat

Plecotus raf inesquii - Southern Big-Eared Bat

Tsarida brasiliensis - Mexican Free-Tailed Bat->

x

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X

Never officially collected in GRSM but most likely occurs there.
Federally endangered species

3Deemed in need of management by the State of Tennessee and of special concern
by the Tennessee Heritage Program

Federally endangered species

Recent documented range expansion into N. Carolina (Lee and Marsh, 1978)

Table 2. Major books uf reference concerning bats,

BATS by G. M. Allen. Dover Publications, New York. 1967. 368 pp.

BIOLOGY OF BATS by W. A. Wimsatt, Academic Press, London. 1970.

THE LIVES OF BATS by D. W. Yalden and P. A. Morris. Quadrangle/The New York
Times Book Co. 1975. 247 pp.

ABOUT BATS: A CHIROPTERAN SYMPOSIUM edited by B. H. Slaughter and D. W. Walton.
Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. 1970. 339 pp.

LISTENING IN THE DARK by D. R. Griffin. Dover Publications, New York. 1974.
413 pp.

THE WORLD OF THE BAT by C. E. Mohr . J. B. Lippincott Co., New York. 1976.
162 pp.

BATS OF AMERICA by R. W. Barbour and W. H. Davis. University Press Kentucky.
1969. 286 pp.

THE WORLD OF BATS by A. Novick and N. Leen. Holt, Rinehart, New York. 1970.

Our basic approach in constructing the bibliography and the two indexes
was historical in nature. Many of the early, classic papers, which are still
relevant today, are included, along with the most recent and more
sophisticated research. Thus, the bibliography cites approximately 235 books,
theses, journal articles, and pieces of correspondence; these cover 117 years,
from 1864 to 1981.

METHODS

Much of the literature in this bibliography came from the files of the
author. In addition, the library facilities of the University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, and the Tennessee Valley Authority were also used. Records of
bat species found within GRSM were obtained from the mammal collection at the
University of Tennessee Zoology Department, from Linzey and Linzey (1971), and
from the author's personal files.

The major journals that were reviewed for bat literature included
Wildlife Review, Journal of Wildlife Management, Journal of Mammalogy, Ecology,
and Bat Research News. Other journals that occasionally contained relevant
articles included Journal of Wildlife Diseases, American Naturalist, American
Journal of Anatomy, Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal of Behavioral
and Ecological Sociobiology, and Journal of Morphology.

The bibliography was arranged alphabetically by author. This was the
easiest and quickest method and is standard practice for most major journals.
In addition to the bibliography, two indexes were constructed to give the
reader a quick and efficient means of locating references for particular bat
species and /or major subject areas. The references within each index are also
arranged alphabetically by author for each bat species end subject area. Thus,
the most efficient use of this bibliography would be to go directly to the

indexes for the particular bat species and subject area that is being
investigated. The references which are found in both places would be the
most worthwhile to initially locate in the bibliography.

TAXONOMIC CHANGES

There are several taxonomic changes that may be confusing within the
bibliography. The Southern Big-eared bat (Plecotus raf inesquii) was previously
known as Corynorhinus raf inesquii, the Least bat (Myotis leibii) was once
Myotis subulatus, and the Mexican Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
was once Tadarida mexicana.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BATS IN THE REGION OF GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK

Allan, P. F. 19*+7 • Blue jay attacks red bats. J. Mammal. 28:180.
Allen, G. M. 19^0. Bats. Harvard University Press. 368 pp.

Allen, H. lQ6h. Monograph of bats of North America. Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. 165.

Allen, H. 1893. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U.S.
Natl. Mus . U3 .

Baker, W. W. , S. G. Marshall, and V. B. Baker. 1968. Autumn fat deposition
in the evening bat (Nycticeius huraeralis). J. Mammal. 1+9:31^-317.

Baker, W. W. 1967- Myotis leibii leibii in Georgia. J. Mammal. ^8:lU2.

Barbour, R. W. , and W. H. Davis. 1969- Bats of America. University Press
Kentucky, Lexington. 286 pp.

Barbour, R. W. , and W. H. Davis. 197*+. Mammals of Kentucky. University
Press Kentucky, Lexington. 322 pp.

Barbour, R. W. , W. H. Davis, and M. D. Hassell. 1966. The need of vision
in homing by Myotis sodalis. J. Mammal. 1+7:356-357.

Barclay, R. M. R. , and D. W. Thomas. 1979- Copulation call of Myotis
lucifugus: a discrete situation-specific communication signal.
J. Mammal. 60:632-63*+.

Barclay, R. M. R. , D. W. Thomas, and M. B. Fenton. 198O. Comparison of
methods used for controlling bats in buildings. J. Wildl. Manage.
UU: 502-506.

Barclay, R. M. R. , M. B. Fenton, and D. W. Thomas. 1979. Social behavior
of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. II. Vocal communication.
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6:137-l1+6.

Barkalow, F. S., Jr., and D. A. Adams. 1955- The seminole bat, Lasiurus
seminolus, in North Carolina. J. Mammal. 36:^53-^5^.

Barkalow, F. S. , Jr., and J. B. Funderberg, Jr. i960. Probable breeding
and additional records of the seminole bat in North Carolina.
J. Mammal, kl: 391+-395.

Barr, T. C, Jr. 1961. Caves of Tennessee. Tennessee Dept. of Conservation
and Commerce, Div. of Geology, Bull. No. 6k . 567 pp.

Barr, T. C. , Jr., and R. M. Norton. 1965- Predation on cave bats by the
pilot black snake. J. Mammal. U6:672.

Beer, J. R. 1953. The screech owl as a predator on the big brown bat.
J. Mammal. 3U:38U.

Beer, J. R. 195!+. A record of a hoary bat from a cave. J. Mammal. 35: ll6.

Beer, J. R. 1955. Survival and movements of banded big brown bats. J.
Mammal. 36:2U2-2U8.

Beer, J. R. 1956. A record of a silver-haired bat in a cave. J. Mammal.
37:282.

Beer, J. R. , and A. G. Richards. 1956. Hibernation of the big brown bat.
J. Mammal. 37:31-Ul.

Belvood, J. J. 1979- Feeding ecology of an Indiana bat community with
emphasis on the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Master's
Thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville.

Belwood, J. J., and M. B. Fenton. 1976. Variation in the diet of Myotis

lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) . Can. J. Zool. 15: I67U-1678 .

Bishop, S. C. 19^7. Curious behavior of a hoary bat. J. Mammal. 28:
293-29U.

Bole, B. P. , Jr. 19^3. Myotis austroriparius (Rhoades) in Tennessee. J.
Mammal. 2U:U03.

Brimiey, C. S. 1905- A descriptive catalog of the mammals of North
Carolina, exclusive of the Cetacea. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc .
21:1-32.

Buchler, E. R. 1975- Food transit in My ot i s lucifugus. J. Mammal. 56:
252-255.

Buchler, E. R. 1976. Prey selection by Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera:
Vespertilionidae). Am. Nat. 110:619-628.

Buchler, E. R. 1980. The development of flight, foraging, and echolocation
in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus ) . Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
6:211-218.

Cagle, F. R. , and L. Cockrum. 19^3. Notes on a summer colony of Myotis
lucifugus lucifugus. J. Mammal. 2U : I+7U-U92 .

Cahalane, V. H. 19^8. The status of mammals in the U.S. National Park
system. J. Mammal. 29:2^7-259-

Caire, W. , R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and R. ClawsQn. 1979- Notes on the
ecology of Myotis keenii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in eastern
Missouri. Am. Midi. Nat. 102:UoU-U07-

Carter, T. D. 1950. On the migration of the red bat, Lasiurus borealis
borealis. J. Mammal. 31:3^9-350.

Christian, J. J. 1956. The natural history of a summer-aggregation of the
big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Am. Midi. Nat. 55:66-95-

Clark, D. R. 1978. Uptake of dietary PCB by pregnant big brown bats

(Eptesicus fuscus) and their fetuses. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
19: 707-71^-

Clark, D. R. 1981. Death in bats from DDE, DDT or Dieldrin: Diagnosis via
residues in carcass fat. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 26:367-37*+.

Clark, D. R. , T. H. Kunz, and T. E. Kaiser. 1978. Insecticides applied to
a nursery colony of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal
concentrations in brain tissues. J. Mammal. 59:8U-91.

Clark, D. R. , R. K. LaVal, and D. M. Swineford. 1978. Dieldrin-induced
mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens).
Science 199:1357-1359-

Clark, D. R. , Jr., R. K. LaVal, and A. J. Krynitsky. 1980. Dieldrin and
heptachlor residues in dead gray bats, Franklin County, Missouri;
1976 versus 1977. Pesticides Monitoring J. 13:137-l1+0.

Clawson, R. L. , R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and W. Caire. 1980. Clustering
behavior of hibernating Myotis sodalis in Missouri. J. Mammal. 6l:
2U5-253.

Cockrum, E. L. 1970. Insecticides and guano bats. Ecology 51:761-762.

Coleman, R. H. 1950. The status of Lasiurus borealis seminolus. J. Mammal,
31:190-192.

Constantine, D. G. 1958. Ecological observations on lasiurine bats in
Georgia. J. Mammal. 39:6U-70.

Constantine, D. G. 1967. Rabies transmission by air in bat caves. U.S.
Public Health Service Publ. l6l7.

Constantine, D. G. 1979a. An updated list of rabies-infected bats in North
America. J. Wildl. Dis. 15:3^7-3^9.

Constantine, D. G. 1979b. Bat rabies and bat management. Bull. Soc .
Vector Ecol. U:l-9.

Cope, J. B. , and S. R. Humphrey. 1967. Homing experiments with the evening
bat Hycticeius humeralis. J. Mammal. U8:136.

Cope, J. B., and S. R. Humphrey. 1972. Reproduction of the bats Myotis
keenii and Pipistrellus subflavus in Indiana. Bat Res. News 13:9-10.

Cope, J. B. , and S. R. Humphrey. 1977. Spring and autumn swarming behavior
in the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. J. Mammal. 58:93-95-

Cope, J. B. , K. Koontz, and E. Churchaell. 196l. Notes on homing of two
species of bats, Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus. Proc .
Indiana Acad. Sci. 70:270-27^.

Dalquest, W. W. 19*+7- Notes on the natural history of the bat Corynorhinus
rafinesquii in California. J. Mammal. 28:17-30.

Davis, R. 1966. Homing performance and homing ability in bats. Ecol.
Monogr. 36:201-237.

Davis, R. , and E. L. Cockrum. 1963- Bridges utilized as day-roosts by
bats. J. Mammal. UU: i+28-U30.

Davis, W. H. 1955. Myotis subulatus leibii in unusual situations. J.
Mammal. 35:63-80.

Davis, W. H. 1957- The status of the seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus
Rhoads). Proc. Biol. Sue. Washington 70:l8l.

Davis, W. H. 1959a. Taxonomy of the eastern pipistrelle. J. Mammal. U0:
521-531.

Davis, W. H. 1959b. Disproportionate sex ratios in hibernating bats.
J. Mammal. U0:l6-19.

Davis, W. H. 196Ua. Winter awakening patterns in the bats Myotis lucifugus
and Pipistrellus subflavus. J. Mammal. 1+5:61+5-6^7.

Davis, W. H. 196Ub. Fall swarming of bats at Dixon Cave, Kentucky. Bull.
Nat. SpeleoL 26:82.

Davis, W. H. 1966. Population dynamics of the bat, Pipistrellus subflavus.
J. Mammal. U7: 383-396.

Davis, W. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1965. The use of vision in flight by the
bat, Myotis sodalis. Am. Midi. Nat. Ik: ^97-^99.

Davis, W. H. , and J. W. Hardin. 1967. Homing in Lasionycteris noctivagans.
J. Mammal. U8:323.

Davis, W. H. , and W. Z. Lidicker, Jr. 1956. Winter range of the red bat,
Lasiurus borealis. J. Mammal. 37:280-281.

Davis, W. H. , and R. E. Mumford. 1962. Ecological notes on the bat
Pipistrellus subflavus. Am. Midi. Nat. 68: 29^-298 .

Davis, W. H., and 0. Reite. 1967. Responses of bats from temperate regions
to changes in ambient temperature. Biol. Bull. 132:320-328.

Davis, W. H., R. W. Barbour, and M. D. Hassell. 1968. Colonial behavior of
Eptesicus fuscus. J. Mammal. U9:UU-50.

Davis, W. H. , M. D. Hassell, and C. L. Rippy. 1965. Maternity colonies of
the bat Myotis 1. lucifugus in Kentucky. Am. Midi. Nat. 73:l6l-l65.

DeBlase, A. F. , and J. B. Cope. 1967 . An Indiana bat impaled on barbed
wire. Am. Midi. Nat. 77:238.

DeBlase, A. F., S. R. Humphrey, and K. S. Drury. 1965. Cave flooding and
mortality in bats in Wind Cave, Kentucky. J. Mammal. U6:96.

10

Dowries, W. L. , Jr. 196U. Unusual roosting behavior in red bats. J.
Mammal. l*5:lU3-lM.

Downing, S. C. 196l. Sharp-shinned hawk preys on red bat. J. Mammal.
1+2:5^0.

Dymond, J. R. 1936. Life history notes and growth studies on the little
brown bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus. Can. Field Nat. 50:lll+-ll6.

Easterla, D. A. 1967 • Black rat snake preys upon gray Myotis and winter
observations of red bats. Am. Midi. Nat. 77:527-528.

Easterla, D. A., and L. C. Watkins. 1969. Pregnant Myotis sodalis in
northwestern Missouri. J. Mammal. 50:372-373.

Easterla, D. A., and L. C. Watkins. 1970. Breeding of Lasionycteris

noctivagans and Nycticeius humeralis in southeastern Iowa. Am. Midi.
Nat. 8U:25U-255.

Elder, W. H. , and W. J. Gunier. 1978. Sex ratios and seasonal movements

of gray bats (Myotis grisescens) in southwestern Missouri and adjacent
states. Am. Midi. Nat. 99: 1+63-1+72.

Engel, J. M. 1976. The Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis, a bibliography. U.S.
Fish and Wildl. Serv. , Spec. Sci. Rep. 196*"! IT pp.

Fenton, M. B. 1977. Variation in the social calls of little brown bats.
Can. J. Zool. 55:1151-1157.

Fenton, M. B. , and J. H. Fullard. 1981. Moth hearing and the feeding
strategies of bats. Am. Scientist 69:268-275.

Fenton, M. B., J. J. Belwood, J. H. Follard, and T. H. Kunz. 1976. Responses
of Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) to calls of
conspecifics and to other sounds. Can. J. Zool. 5^+ : 1UU3— lUU8 .

Findley, J. S. 195U. Tree roosting of the eastern pipistrelle. J. Mammal.
35:U33.

Findley, J. S. 1976. The structure of bat communities. Am. Nat. 110:129-139.

Findley, J. S. , and C. Jones. 1961+. Seasonal distribution of the hoary bat.
J. Mammal. 1+5:1+61-1+70.

Folk, G. E. , Jr. 19I+O. Shift of population among hibernating bats. J.
Mammal. 21:306-315-

Gates, W. H. I9I+I. A few notes on the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis.
J. Mammal. 22:53-56.

Geluso, K. N., J. S. Altenbach, and D. E. Wilson. 1976. Bat mortality:
pesticide poisoning and migratory stress. Science 19I+: 18U-186.

11

Glass, B. P. 1966. Some notes on reproduction in the red "bat, Lasiurus
borealis. Proc . Oklahoma Acad. Sci . h6:k0-kl.

Goehring, H. H. 195*+. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus, Myotis keenii, and
Eptesicus fuse us fuscus hibernating in a storm sever in central
Minnesota. J. Mammal. 35: U3U-U35 .

Goodpaster, W. , and D. F. Hoffmeister. 1950. Bats as prey for mink in a
Kentucky cave. J. Mammal. 31:*+57«

Goodpaster, W. , and D. F. Hoffmeister. 1952. Notes on the mammals of
western Tennessee. J. Mammal. 33:362-371.

Gould, E. 1971. Studies of maternal-infant communication and development
of vocalizations in the bats Myotis and Eptesicus. Commun. Behav.
Biol. 5:263-313.

Gould, E. 1975. Neonatal vocalizations in bats of eight genera. J. Mammal.
56:15-29.

Graves, F. F., Jr. 1969. A survey of the Chiroptera of West Tennessee.
Thesis, Memphis State Univ., Memphis. 71 pp.

Graves, F. F., and M. J. Harvey. 197*+. Distribution of Chiroptera in
western Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 1+9:106-109.

Greenhall, A. M. 1973. Indiana bat: A cave-dweller in trouble. Natl. Parks
and Conserv. Mag. *+7:lU-17.

Greenhall, A. M., and J. L. Paradise 1968. Bats and bat handing. Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Resource Puhl. 72. U.S. Government
Printing Office. *+7 pp.

Griffin, D. R. 1958. Listening in the dark. Yale University Press, New
Haven, Conn. *+13 pp.

Griffin, D. R. , and H. B. Hitchcock. 1965 . Probable 2*+-year longevity
records for Myotis lucifugus. J. Mammal. U6: 332 .

Guilday, J. E. , H. W. Hamilton, E. Anderson, and P. W. Parmalee. 1978. The
Baker Bluff Cave deposit, Tennessee and the late Pleistocene faunal
gradient. Bull. Carnegie Mus . Nat. Hist. 11. 67 pp.

Gunier, W. J., and W. H. Elder. 1971. Experimental homing of gray bats to
a maternity colony in a Missouri barn. Am. Midi. Nat. 86:502-506.

Gunnier, W. J., and W. H. Elder. 1972. New records of Myotis leibii from
Missouri. Am. Midland Nat. 89:1+89-1+90.

Guthrie, M. J. 1933- Notes on the seasonal movements and habits of some cave
bats. J. Mammal. lU:l-19-

Hall, J. S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic study of the Indiana bat,
Myotis sodalis. Reading Public Mus. Art Gallery Sci. Publ. 12:1-68.

12

Hall, J. S. 1963. Notes on Plecotus raf inesquii in Central Kentucky.
J. Mammal, kk: 119-120.

Hall, J. S. 196U. Bat hibernation in the Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky.
Bull. Nat. Speleol. Soc. 26:71-72.

Hall, J. S. 1972. The status of Myotis sodalis. The West Virginia Dep.
Nat. Re sour. , Elkins. 5 PP«

Hall, J. S., and C. H. Blewett . I96U. Bat remains in owl pellets from
Missouri. J. Mammal. U5:303-30U.

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

INDEX OF BAT SPECIES THAT OCCUR WITHIN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
AND THE STATES OF TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA

THE BIG BROWN BAT
Eptesicus fuscus
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Beer (1955)

Beer & Richards (1956)
Christian (1956)
Clark (1978)
Cope et al. (1961)
Davis et al. (1968)
Goehring (1954)
Hall & Davis (1958)
Hamilton (1933)
Krutzsch (1950)
Kunz (1974)
Phillips (1966)

THE SILVER-HAIRED BAT
Lasionycteris noctivagans
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Beer (1956)
Davis & Hardin (1967)
Easterlea & Watkins (1970)
Izor (1979)
Krutzsch (1966)
Reith (1980)

THE RED BAT

Lasiurus borealis

Allan (1947)

Barbour & Davis (1969)

Carter (1950)

Coleman (1950)

Constantine (1958)

Davis & Lidicker (1956)

Downes (1964)

Easterla (1967)

Glass (1966)

Hamilton & Stalling (1972)

Johnson (1932)

LaVal & LaVal (1979)

Mackiewicz & Backus (1956)

Quay & Miller (1955)

THE HOARY BAT
Lasiurus cinereus
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Beer (1954)
Bishop (1947)
Constantine (1958)
Findley & Jones (1964)
Iwen (1958)

Mackiewicz & Backus (1956)
Nero (1958)
Vaughan (1953)
Zinn & Baker (197 9)

THE SEMINOLE BAT
Lasiurus seminolus
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Constantine (1958)
Hamilton (1943)
Barkalow & Adams (1955)
Barkalow & Funderberg (1960)
Coleman (1950)
Davis (1957)
Jennings (1958)
Sherman (1935)

THE SOUTHEASTERN MYOTIS BAT
Myotis austroriparius
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Bole (1943)
LaVal (1970)
Rice (1957)
Rippy (1965)
Sherman (1930)

THE GRAY BAT

Myotis grisescens

Barbour & Davis (1969)

Clark et al. (1978,1980)

Easterla (1967)

Elder & Gunier (1978)

Gunier & Elder (1971)

Hall & Wilson (1966)

Harvey (197 6)

Kennedy & Best (1972)

Krulin & Sealander (1972)

LaVal et al. (1977)

Miller (1939)

Mohr (1932)

Thillips & Hays (1978)

Rabinowitz (1978)

Rabinowitz & Tuttle (1980)

Saugey (1978)

Tuttle (1975,1976 a & b,

1979 a & b)
Tuttle & Stevenson (1977)

KEEN'S BAT
Myotis keenii
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Caire et al. (197 9)
Cope & Humphrey (1972)
Goehring (1954)

THE LEAST BAT

Myotis leibii

Barbour & Davis (1969)

Baker (1967)

Davis (1955)

Gunier & Elder (1972)

Krutzsch (1966)

Neuhauser (1971)

Schwartz (1954)

Tuttle (1964)

22

THE LITTLE BROWN BAT

My otis lucifugus

Barbour & Davis (1969)

Barclay & Thomas (1979)

Barclay et al. (1979)

Buchler (1975, 1976, 1980)

Cagle & Cockrum (I9U3)

Clark et al. ( 1978b)

Cope et al. (1961)

Davis (196U)

Davis et al. (1965)

Dymond (1936)

Fenton (1977)

Fenton et al. (1976)

Griffin & Hitchcock (1965)

Humphrey (1966)

Humphrey & Cope (1976)

Hurst & Wiebers (1967,1968)

Jegla (1963)

Keen & Hitchcock (1980)

Krutzsch (1961)

Kunz et al. (1977)

Leffler et al. (1979)

Martin & Stehn (1977)

Martin & Fenton (1978)

McManus (197*0

Miller (1939)

Procter & Studier (1970)

Rauch & Hayward (1970)

Reeder (1939)

Roth (1957)

Stones & Wiebers (1965)

Thomas et al. (1979)

Wimsatt (19UU, i960)

THE EASTERN PIPISTRELLE BAT

Pipistrellus subflavus
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Cope & Humphrey (1972)
Davis (1959a, 196Ua, 1966)
Davis & Mumford (1962)
Findley (195*0
Goehring (195*0
Humphrey et al. ( 1977b)
Lane (19U6)

O'Farrell & Miller (1972)
Ploskey & Sealander (1979)
Rabinowitz (l98l)

THE INDIANA BAT
Myotis sodalis
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Baker et al. (1966)
Belwood (1979)
Belwood & Fenton (1976)
Clawson et al. (1980)
Cope & Humphrey (1977)
Davis & Barbour (1965)
DeBlase et al. (1967)
Easterla & Watkins (1969)
Engel (1976)
Greenhall (1973)
Hall (1962, 1972)
Hardin (1967)
Hardin & Hassell (1970)
Humphrey et al . ( 1977a)
Humphrey (1975-letter , 1978)
Humphrey & Cope (1977)
LaVal et al. (1977)
Mohr (1932)
Rabinowitz (1979 a&b)
Richter et al. (1978)
Rippy (1965)

THE EVENING BAT
Nycticeius humeral is
Baker et al. (1968)
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Cope & Humphrey (1967)
Easterla & Watkins (1970)
Gates (19U1)
Jones (1967)

THE EASTERN BIG-EARED BAT

Plecotus rafinesquii

Barbour & Davis (1969)

Dalaquest (19^7)

Hall (1963)

Hoffmesiter & Goodpaster

(1962)
Pearson et al. (1952)

THE MEXICAN FREE-TAILED BAT
Tadarida brasiliensis
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Lee & Marsh (1978)
Jennings (1958)
Krutzsch (1955)
Ross (1961)
Schwartz (1955)
Sherman (1937)
Twente (1956)

23

INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS CONCERNING BATS

ACTIVITY: Harkin 1967, Hassel 1967, LaVal et al. 1977, Mumford and Whittaker
1975, Reith 1980, Stones and Wiebers 1965.

CAVES: Barr 196l, Lawhon 1969, Tuttle 1972 - letter.

COMMUNICATION: Barclay and Thomas 1979; Barclay et al. 1979; Fenton 1977 i
Fenton et al. 1976; Gould 1971, 1975; Martin and Fenton 1978;
O'Farrell and Miller 1972.

ECHOLOCATION: Buchler 198O, Griffin 1958.

FLIGHT: Buchler 1980, Davis and Barbour 1965, Herreid and Davis 1966,

Humphrey 1966, Kennedy and Best 1972, Thomas and Suthers 1972.

FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS: Belwood 1979, Belwood and Fenton 1976; Buchler

1975, 1976, 1980 ; Fenton and Fullard 198I; Hamilton 1933; LaVal et
al. 1977; Rabinowitz 1978; Ross 196l, 1967; Sherman 1935; Webster
and Griffin 1962.

FOSSIL REMAINS: Guilday et al. 1978, Jegla 1963, Jegla and Hall 1962.

GRSM: Humphrey 1965 - letter; Linzey & Linzey 1968, 1971; Neuhauser 1971;

Rabinowitz 1979a & b; Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1979; Tuttle 1972 -
letter.

HIBERNATION: Beer and Richards 1956, Clawson et al. 1980, Davis 196Ub,
Folk 19^0, Goehring 1951*, Hall 196U, Hardin 1967, Hardin and
Hassell 1970, Humphrey 1978, Menaker 196U , Mohr 1953, Rabinowitz
1981, Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1979.

HISTOPLASMOSIS: Hoff and Bigler 1981.

HOMING AND MOVEMENTS: Barbour et al. 1966, Beer 1955, Carter 1950, Cope and

Humphrey 1967, Cope et al. 196l, Davis 1966, Elder and Gunier 1978,
Gunier and Elder 1971, Guthrie 1933, Hall and Davis 1958, Hall and
Wilson 1966, Harvey 1976, Leffler et al. 1979, Tuttle and
Stevenson 1977.

MANAGEMENT: Barclay 1980; Humphrey 1978; Ladlow and Fenton 1971 ; LaVal and
LaVal 1980 ; Racey 1970; Tuttle 1977, 1979a.

PESTICIDES: Clark 1978, 198l; Clark et al. 1978a & b, 1980; Cockrum 1970;
Geluso 1976; Kunz et al. 1977.

PHYSIOLOGY: Herreid and Schmidt-Nielson 1966; Hook 1951; Hurst and Wiebers
1967, 1968; Krulin and Sealander 1972; Martin and Stehn 1977;
Ploskey and Sealander 1979; Stones and Wiebers 1965, Thomas and
Suthers 1972.

24

PREDATORS: Allan 19^7, Barr and Norton 1965, Beer 1953, Downing 196l,

Easter la 1967, Goodpaster and Hoffmeister 1950, Hall and Blewett
196U, Silver 1928, Sperry 1933.

RABIES: Constant ine 1967, 1979a & b, Kaplan and Koprowski 1980.

REPRODUCTION: Cope and Humphrey 1972; Easterla and Watkins 1970; Glass 1966;
Hamilton and Stalling 1972; Kunz 191k; Lane 19^6; LaVal and
LaVal 1979; Miller 1939; Nero 1958; Pearson et al. 1952; Reeder
1939; Sherman 1930, 1937; Thomas et al. 1979; Wimsatt 19M+, 19^5,
I960, 1966.

SEX RATIOS: Davis 1959, Elder and Gunier 1978, Tinkle and Milstead i960.

SUMMER COLONIES: Cagle and Cockrum 19^3, Christian 1956, Davis et al. 1965,

Humphrey et al. 1977a & b, Krutzsch 196l, Laidlow and Fenton 1971,
Rabinowitz and Tuttle 1980.

SURVIVAL AND MORTALITY: Beer 1955, Deblase et al. 1965, Geluso 1976,

Herreid 1967, Keen and Hitchcock 1980, Kunz 191 h, Kunz et al.
1977, Tuttle 1976b, Tuttle and Stevenson 1977-

SWARMING: Cope- and Humphrey 1977, Davis 196Ub.

THERMOREGULATION: Davis and Reite 1967; Henshaw and Folk 1966; Herreid and
Schmidt-Hi elson 1966; Hock 1951; Hurst and Wiebers 1967, 1968;
McManus 197^; Rabinowitz 198l; Stones and Wiebers 1965; Twente
and Twente 196U.

As the Nation's
Department of the In
our nationally owned
This includes foster
water resources, pro
ing the environment
parks and historical
ment of life through
assesses our energy
assure that their de
all our people. The
bi 1 i ty for Ameri can
people who 1 i ve in i
stration.

principal conservation agency, the
terior has responsibility for most of

public lands and natural resources,
ing the wisest use of our land and
tecting our fish and wildlife, preserv-
and cultural value of our national

places, and providing for the enjoy-

outdoor recreation. The Department
and mineral resources and works to
velopment is in the best interests of

Department also has a major responsi-
Indian reservation communities and for
sland territories under U.S. admini-