The chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the two continuations;

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BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER'S

CHRONICLE.

■

CHRONICLE
rLORENCE OF WOBCESTI

WITH THE TWO CONTINUATIONS

4K2TAX8 op ENGLISH HISTORY, FROM THE DEPARTURE
Q-g THE ROMANS TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD "

TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN,

B» THOMAS FORESTER, A.M.

LONDON:

G. BOHH, TORE STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

HDCGCUV,

fflt

Br

1655. W\

* ; i i ** r

i. .

'.! -KARY
•V OF

Haj-V,' '•■;

rTi(/. i

tfRJ. LI 1 1 h' UAVLi; ROSS
JUNL28, 1938

HARVARD *'

UNIVERSITY
Llt^AilY
MAY 10 1974

LONDON:

PETTER AND GALPTN, PRINTERS, PLATH0D8E TARD,

ADJOINING THE MTDIE8'f OFFICE.

-7

f*

(j->

X

PREFACE.

Thk Chronicle of Flofe ** as s

to English aistorjr, with two ■ *
period from the depart* n ? &

the twenty-third year of toe . 01 u*<n > i. « '^96. it
is founded on an earii • ' c "s

Scotus, one of the many ± 10

41 Island of Saints," beti un j < ,p «

Marianus entered the J 01

Cologne about the year K two y a raras v
drew into complete secli n at Fulda, and removed in iOoy,
still as a recluse, to Mencz, where he ended his days ; his
death being variously assigned to the years 1083 or 1086.
This long seclusion afforded him leisure for composing a
Chronicle, extending from the creation of the world to the
close of his own life; but which is of comparatively little
interest to ourselves, as even the latter portion of it relates
almost entirely to the German empire or the Popedom, and
contains only a few short references to events connected with
this island.

Florence has preserved these, in making the work of
Marianus the basis of his own Chronicle. The rest of his
materials for the earlier period of English history are chiefly
supplied by Bede, the Saxon Chronicle, the Lives of Saints,
and Asser's Life of Alfred j1 of the latter of which he gives

1 Florence copied Asser so literally that he has twice adopted
expressions employed by the former, which might lead us to sup-
pose that the chronicler had personally examined the positions on
which two of the battles he describes were fought. See pp. 63 and 70
of the present volume.

BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER'S

CHRONICLE.

BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY.

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER'S

CHRONICLE.

? •

THE

CHRONICLE

OF

.FLORENCE OF WORCESTER,

-4 //

WITH THE TWO CONTINUATIONS;

COMPRISING

ANNALS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, FROM THE DEPARTURE
OF THE ROMANS TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD I.

TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN,

WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS,

By THOMAS FOKESTEK, A.M.

LONDON :
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

MDCCCLIV.

1055. \\<\

Ha.-.v; - ; •.;;• V- •.! .KARY

T.{.:. 7i... ;: ..•, OF
. tfKo. li 1 1 if ;;/vvl;; U06S
JUNt 28, 1938

HARVARD r

UNIVERSITY
LIl^'A^Y
MAV 10 1974

LONDON:
PETTEB AND GALFTN, PRINT EBS, PLAYHOUSE YARD,

ADJOINING THE "TIMES" OFFICE.

r

*7

ft

*■>

x

PREFACE.

The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, so far as it relates
to English history, with its two Continuations, embraces the
period from the departure of the Romans in the year 446, to
the twenty-third year of the reign of Edward I. in 1295. It
is founded on an earlier Chronicle, compiled by Mar i anus
Scotus, one of the many learned Irishmen sent forth from the
" Island of Saints," between the sixth and eleventh centuries.
Mar i anus entered the Irish monastery of St. Martin at
Cologne about the year 1056 ; two years afterwards he with-
drew into complete seclusion at Fulda, and removed in 1059,
still as a recluse, to Mentz, where he ended his days ; his
death being variously assigned to the years 1083 or 1086.
This long seclusion afforded him leisure for composing a
Chronicle, extending from the creation of the world to the
close of his own life; but which is of comparatively little
interest to ourselves, as even the latter portion of it relates
almost entirely to the German empire or the Popedom, and
contains only a few short references to events connected with
this island.

Florence has preserved these, in making the work of
Marianus the basis of his own Chronicle. The rest of his
materials for the earlier period of English history are chiefly
supplied by Bede, the Saxon Chronicle, the Lives of Saints,
and Asser's Life of Alfred j1 of the latter of which he gives

1 Florence copied Asser so literally that he has twice adopted
expressions employed by the former, which might lead us to sup-
pose that the chronicler had personally examined the positions on
which two of the battles he describes were fought. See pp. 63 and 70
of the present volume.

almost an exact transcript, carrying t ! i o .series of events
[own to the year 888. He then reverts to the Saxor
Chronicle, which continues to be his main resource until lit
approaches his own times; not, however, exclusively, for
during one period he has scarcely extracted any thing fron
it, and in treating of events of later times, especially thus
of the reign of Edward the Confessor, his narrative i
much mure circumstantial than any to be found in th
existing manuscripts of that record. Florence has ala
largely collected from other sources, and selected his material*
with groat fidelity, industry, and judgment. He is therefore
justly ranked nest to Bede, and the compilers of the Saxon
Chronicle, anion;: the authorities for early Kuidish history, auo
even on the ground which they travel together, his work, fa
from being superseded, forma a valuable supplement to
them,

"On the nones [the 7th] of July, 1118, died Florence
the monk of Worcester, whose acute observation and inde-
fatigable industry have rendered this Chronicle of Chronicles
preeminent," Such is the brief record, inserted by John,
who was also a monk of Worcester, in his continuation c"
le Chronicle, which supplies nearly all the information w
Dssess respecting our eminent annalist. Orderieus Vital!,
ideed, who flourished about the same period, notices the
Chronicle, but in terms which have occasioned some per-
plexity to the editors of Florence. The passage, certainly,
contains no less than two grave errors; but, allowing
for these, there appears less difficulty than has been
supposed in reconciling it with the probable state of the
facts.

Ordericus informs us that during his visit to England,
met with a work at Worcester, of whieli he gives the follow
ing account ; — " John of Worcester, a native of England, ;
a monk of Worcester, a man of venerable character and grea
learning, in the additions which he has made to the chronicles
of Marianus Scot us, has gathered faithful accounts of kin|
William, and of the events which occurred in his reign, am
in those of his sons, William Rufus and king Henry, to the
present day," Then, after a very exact account of the chro-
nicle of Marianus, lie says: — ."John of Worcester, who fol
lowed, recorded the events of nearly a century, and, by order

PREFACE. Vll

of the venerable Wulfstan, bishop rind monk, appended his
continuation to the chronicle of Marianus, succinctly relating
many things worthy of observation in the histories of the
Romans [the popedom], the French, Germans, and other
nations."1

In this passage, Ordericus incorrectly describes the " con-
tinuation of the chronicle of Marianus," which he saw at Wor-
cester, as recording the events of nearly a century, while, as
it will presently appear, it could only have embraced a period
of about thirty-four years. He has also committed the more
serious error of attributing the work to a person whose
share, if any, in it was very small, suffering the name of Flo-
rence, the real author, to escape his observation. This has
led Mr. Thorpe to suggest, " that during Wulfstan's lifetime,
and while Florence was engaged on his work, the labours
of John were bestowed on the original Chronicle of Marianus,
and that the manuscript containing those labours is no longer
known to exist."8 But the theory of bishop Wulfstan's
distribution of the task between the two monks of
Worcester, and of John's being employed on the original
chronicle of Marianus, is, it should seem, sufficiently refuted
by John's express statement already quoted, that it was
" Florence's knowledge and industry which raised- the Chro-
nicle of Chronicles," meaning clearly the whole work, to
its pitch of pre-eminence; and it would still leave us
in the same dilemma as to Ordericus's omission of any
reference to the labours of Florence, whatever they may
have been.

The learned editor proceeds to inquire, " Can any part
of any copy of the Chronicle of Marianus Scotus, embodying
Florence of Worcester, be pointed out as answering the de-
scription given by Orderic of the labours of the monk John?"
The reply is, that the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester,
in the existing manuscripts, embodying Marianus Scotus, to
reverse the phrase, does precisely answer the description
given by Ordericus, as far as regards its general character,
with the exception of the two errors into which he has fallen.

1 Ordericus Vitalis, b. iii. c. 15 ; pp. 493, 494, in Bonn's edition.
3 Preface to the English Historical Society's edition of Florence,
d. iv.

viii PREFACE.

There is sufficient ground for inferring that Floren
commenced his work at the instance of bishop Wulfst
and we find his additions to, and " continuation "
Miuiiiiiiis, comprising events, both domestic and t'nivkn,
the specific periods corresponding with the description
Orderieus, namely, the reign of William and hia twf
sons ; although the Norman historian has unaccountably repro*
tented that period as extending in round numbers to
hundred years.

The misapprehension of the passage of Orderieus appear
to have arisen from connecting two paragraphs which have n«
such connection in the pages of the Norman monk. I
fifteenth Chapter of his third Book, Orderieus gives a shot
account of some authors who had written of the times of kinj
William and his two sons; and he mentions first, William of
Poitiers, and Guy, bishop of Amiens. He then proceeds,"
the next paragraph, to describe the labours of Marianua, ai
the monk of Worcester, whom ho calls John ; but without
any further reference to those of William of Poitiers and
Guy of Amicus. Mr. Thorpe, however, reads the passage of
Orderieus differently. He says : "After due praise bestowed

on those works he then goes on to say, that a monk

of Worcester, named John, faithfully extracted from William
of Poitiers, and Guy of Amiens, that which he added to the
Chronicles of Marianus Scotus concerning William the Con-
queror and his sons," &c. It may be doubted whether either
of the two monks of Worcester ever saw the works of th*
French authors here referred to, and, probably, there are no
parts of the Chronicle which can be traced to them ; but
the words here printed in Italics are not contained in Orde-
rieus, and we venture to think that the passage will not bear
the turn they give it.1 If this view be correct, the ground*
on which the genuineness of Florence's work is questioned
will be so far narrowed.

A little attention to dates will put the matter in a clear
light. Jt appears from internal evidence that Orderieus, a
monk of fit, Evroult, in Normandy, commenced his own great
work some time before the year 1123, perhaps about 1120.
He seems to have made no great progress when he undertook

PRB7ACB. IX

iey to England for the purpose, it may be supposed, of
ing materials for the English annals, which are closely
oven with those of Normandy during the latter portion

history. He informs us that he spent five weeks at
ind, in the time of abbot Geoffrey ;* and as we find in
►urse of his work that this abbot died on the 5th June,
; we are able to fix within limits sufficiently accurate
e present purpose the period of Ordericus s journey
gland, during which he made the visit to Worcester.
) Wulfstan was raised to that see in 1062, but as Mari-
timself carried on his Chronicle to 1083, it must have
ubsequently to the latter year that the bishop employed
ice in the labour of amplifying and continuing it. Wulf-
lied in 1095, but Florence survived till June, 1117, so
lere was ample time between the death of Marianus and
n, a period of upwards of thirty-four years, for a recluse

industry and intelligence to have completed the task.
Icus himself only lived to 1141 or 1142, so that it is
iible that he could have seen a Continuation containing
ents of a century after the death of Marianus, that is,
ling to the year 1183 ; far in the reign of the third,
1 of the second, Henry,
iters standing thus, and Ordericus coming to Wor-

according to these calculations, some three or four
after the death of Florence, he would find the Chro-
)f Marianus in the state in which he describes it, as aug-
d and carried forward to the reign of Henry I. It

naturally be in the hands of the monk John, who
nployed in further continuing it ; and there being, as

i Scoti chronicis adjecit, de r^ege Gulielmo, et de rebus quae sub
sub filiis ejus Gulielmo Rufo et Henrico, usque hodie con-
it, honeste deprompsit." In the editions, both of Duchesne and
nete d* Histoire de France, the passage forms the commence-
>f a new paragraph, and, as the words in his evidently apply to
'onicle of Marianus, and cannot well be referred to deprompsit,
is nothing in the sentence to connect the latter word with
n of Poitiers, and Guy of Amiens. M. Dubois, the French
tor of " Ordericus," thus reads it : " Jean de Worcester . .
i parle convenablement, dans les additions aux chroniques de
tais Marien, tant du roi Guillaume que des evenements qui sont
sous lui, et sous ses fils Guillaume le Rous et Henri, jusqu'a

irs."

a B. iv. c. 16. 3 B. xiii.

:

appears from the manuscripts, no break in the annals c
quent on the change of authors, wo can only suppose, «
Sir. I'ctrie, that these circumstances led him to ascribe
merit of the whole work to the surviving continuato
Ma.ria.uus, with whom lie conversed ; or that,
having tailed liim, or his notes being imperfect, lie confusi
the name of John, his personal acquaintance, with that (
Florence, when ho gnt back to Normandy and resumed h
own labours. However this may be, tin.- statement .if (lid
rleus, possibly originating in a slip of his memory, or his pe
can hardly be allowed to cast a shadow of doubt c
genuineness of [lie t.'lironicle, us being the work of Florenc
when it is weighed airuiiist the direct testimony of his broth
monk of the same house, writing on the spot, and immediate
after ins death,1

This view of the case disarms the criticism that the e
tinuator, John of Worcester, "is hardly identical with
other monk of the same name and place spoken of by Ordfl*
ricus Vitalia;"* to say nothing of the improbability of the
being two such persons engaged in the work at nearly t
same period.

With respect to the authorship of the first Continu*
tion — independently of what may be gathered from
careful examination of the passage in Ordericus, — the
is internal evidence that it was compiled by a monk
Worcester named John, who was eotemporary with the cvei
which he records. One of these circumstances is sulhcien
indicated by an entry under the year 1038, in which the w
says,

That ho was eotemporary with the occurrences which lie
lates, appears incidentally from his mode, of speaking of 1 "
Stephen, where he says: "He was, uay is, at the pre

1 M. Le Prevest, the learned editor of the Ordericus pu'uli
by the French Historical Society, says hi his note on the pas
jn dispute :— '' i'loreiit de Worcester, el nun pas J win, a continue
cli M) nil lie1 Je sen ilevaiic'u-r J'3Iarianus"|, nun pas pi'mlanl |ui'. i'
sicole inais du IOS3 a HIT, en y ajoutant heaucoup dfl fails "-'-*■
l'histoire li'Anglcterrt1." - Tome ii. p. 160.

* Preface tu the E. H. Society's edition of Florence, p. vi:

PBEFACB. zi

_* moment, desirous of peace;" and he mentions Henry de
^ Blois, bishop of Winchester,1 and Milo, earl of Hereford,2 as
i; living characters from whom he had received certain informa-
"' tion; whence we also learn that he had access to the
highest sources of intelligence. The most striking passage
,!" in the volume is, perhaps, that in which he paints, as an eye-
witness, the fearful scenes which occurred during an assault
i on Worcester by the partisans of the empress Maud, when an
i infuriated rabble burst into the' abbey church whilst he and
" the rest of the monks were chanting primes in the choir.8
i" Indeed, like his predecessor Florence, he is naturally more
diffuse and circumstantial than other chroniclers respecting
i p occurrences connected with Worcestershire, the neighbouring
" I counties, and the borders of Wales.

The first Continuation of Florence brings the annals down

( to the close of the year 1141, the period of Stephen's cap-

thi ^vity, after losing the battle of Lincoln. As several of the

v| manuscripts, however, terminate with the year 1131, it "has

h J teen supposed that the history of the last ten years was the

r £ work of another cotemporary writer ; but so far from there

j being internal evidence of any such change, the entry in which

[ John, the monk of Worcester, introduces his own name, was

inserted as late as 1138. While, therefore, there is no reason

. i J to doubt that the original Chronicle is the genuine pro-

, f duction of Florence, the authorship of the first Continu-

4 ation may be safely ascribed to John, the monk of Worcester,

■ The work of continuation appears to have been now sus-

■ pended, and the interval between the years 1141 and 1152,
; when Henry II. ascended the throne, is filled up in one of the
; best manuscripts by a transcript from the History of Henry of

he i*j Huntingdon. The scene of labour was then shifted from
Worcester to Bury St. Edmund's, as appears from the fre-
quent entries of occurrences connected with that locality
j inserted in the second Continuation, which was compiled by
>lisM JqJjjj <je Baxter, a monk of Bury. Like most other chronicles,
* ^ his work begins with the creation ; but it is only from the
s d'li year 1 152, where the continuation of Florence commences,
itifst

1 a.d. 1134 and 1137 ; pp. 249 and 253 of the present vol.
2 a.d. 1140 j p. 282, ih. * a.d. 1139 ; pp. 270, 271.

fl who was probably his disciple, and on whom his mantle
^y worthily fell.

that it is of any value. De Taster carries on the
through the reigns of Henry IT., Richard I., and John, to th*
year 1205, the forty-ninth of Henry III., in which the battli
of Evesham was fought.

The remainder of the second Continuation appears to hav*
been also the work of a monk of Bury, from its constant r»i
ference to matters connected with that town and abbey.
These notices, more or less dispersed throughout this portion
of the Chronicle, are not without interest, particularly iron
the light they throw ou the exactions levied by the Norman
kings on the religious houses, a subject on which the writers
appear to have been very sensitive. Much curious informa-
tion is also furnished on the general taxation of the kingdom,
and monetary affairs of the time. The history is carried
on through the latter years of the reign of Henry III., until
nearly the close of that of Edward I.; where it terminates
abruptly in the year 1295.

This second Continuation of the Chronicle, which is no*
for the first time presented to the English reader, has been
translated from the text of the Historical Society's edition,
printed from a manuscript, once the property of lor!
William Howard,1 and now belonging to the College of Arms.
The Society's text has also been used in translating the
Chronicle and the first Continuation ; its basis being a valu-
able Manuscript in the library of the C. C. College, Oxford,
which appears to have formerly belonged to the abbey of
Worcester.

The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with its first Con-
tinuation, was originally published in 1392, by lord William
Howard, from two manuscripts then in his possession, and
now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, and was
reprinted at Frankfort, in 1601, with Matthew of West-
minster.

Prefixed to all the copies, are lists of the popes from St.
Peter to Honorius II,, who died in 1130; of the seventy
disciples ; of the Jewish high-priests, both before and after
the captivity; and of the archbishops and bishops of tho
several English sees, from the time of St. Augustine to that rf

' Lord William Howard was the? third son of Thomas, duke of
Norfolk, warden of the Scottish marches} tho "Belted Will" '
Walter Scott's Lay of tbe List iliastrel.

PREFACE. Xlll

irchbishop Theobald. These are followed by genealogies of
he Anglo-Saxon kings, with short accounts of the origin
ind limits of the several kingdoms of the Heptarchy, and
their division into bishoprics. The list of the popes is found
in Marianus ; the others were probably added by Florence,
as they occur in all the manuscripts. Translations of all the
lists connected with English history are appended to the
present edition.

T.F.
6tt October, 1854.

THE CHRONICLE

OJ

PLOEENCE OF WOECESTEE.

[a.l. 446.] Thb Britons, being unable to endure the in-
cursions of the Picts and Scots, sent messengers to Rome,
imploring aid against their enemies, and promising submission
for themselves. A legion, dispatched to their aid without
loss of time, slaughtered vast numbers of the enemy and
drove the rest beyond the borders of Britain. The Romans
then, on the point of being withdrawn, recommended th
Britons to build a wall across the island between the two
seas, for their own defence; but as they had no one of
efficient skill to direct such works, more turf than stone was
used in the construction, and the labour spent on it was
thrown away. No sooner were the Romans departed, than
the enemy, landing in boats, levelled, trampled down, and
swept off, whatever came in their way, as if they were reaping
corn ripe for the harvest. Again the Romans, listening to
the prayers of the Britons, flew to their succour, and having
defeated the enemy, forced them to recross the straits ; and
then, in conjunction with the Britons, instead of the former
earthen rampart, constructed a solid wall of stone, from frith
to frith, between the towns which had been built there as a
security against hostile inroads. They also erected watch-
towers, at intervals, along the south coast, commanding views
of the sea, as the enemy threatened them also in that quarter.

[iQ—iiO.

2 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 446-

Tbe Romans then bid the Britons farewell, telling themthey
should not again return.

No sooner, however, were the Roman troops withdrawn,
than the Seots and Picts again issued from the north, and,
expelling the natives, occupied Ihe whole island as far as the
wall. Nor did they stop there ; for slaying, driving off, or
taking prisoners, those who were stationed to guard the wall,
the fierce ravagcrs broke through it in places, and even,
swept off an immense booty from within its line of defence.
In consequence, a laerymose epistle, full of complaints, was
addressed to a man in high authority at Rome, _3ilius, then
consul for the third time, in the twenty-third year of the
emperor Theodosius, imploring succour, which was not
granted.

Meanwhile, a severe famine, which was ■
tressed the fugitive Britons, compelling s
deliver themselves up to their enemiei
sheltering themselves in the mountains, c
made an obstinate resistance. The Scots r
own country, intending to return shortly; the Picts occupied
the remotest part of the island; where they then first, and for
over afterwards, settled. The famine already mentioned was
succeeded by a very abundant harvest; with plenty came
excess and recklessness ; then followed a deadly pestilence;
and, to crown all, a still severer inllietion at the hands of th»
Angles, new enemies, who, by the unanimous counsels of th»
Britons, under tbeir king Vortigern, were invited to coma
over to defend the country ; instead of which, they invaded
and subdued it. In consequence, during the reign of tha
emperor Morcian, people of* the race of the Saxons or Angle*
crossed over to Britain in three long ships, and were followed
by a stronger force, when the news of their prosperous voyagB
reached home. These, uniting with the first body, in tha
first instance expelled the enemy they were summoned K>
encounter, and then, turning their arms against their allies,
overran with fire and sword nearly the whole island from east
to west, that is. the central districts, on the false pretenoS
that the Britons had not given them adequate subsidies fo*
fighting their unities.

[a.d. 447—449.]

ery general, dis-
me of them to
while others,
,ves, and woods,'
! treated to their

s

11-

AJ>. 450-473.] ARRIVAL OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 5

[a.d. 450.] According to Bede,1 the Anglo-Saxons landed
in Britain from three long ships in the reign of the Em-
peror Marcian; the people who came over belonging to
three of the most powerful tribes in Germany, that is to say,
the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. The Kentish-men and the
inhabitants of the Isle of Wight derive their origin from
the Jutes ; those of Sussex, Middlesex, and Wessex from the
Saxons; and the East- Angles, the Mid- Angles, the Mercians,
and the whole Northumbrian race, with the rest of the
English population, are descended from the Angles, that is,
they sprung from the c6untry called Angle. It is reported
that two brothers, Hengist and Horsa, were their first chiefs.
They were the sons of Victigils, whose father was Witta, the
son of Vecta, the son of Woden ; from which stock the royal
line of many provinces derived its origin.

>.d. 451—454.]

a.d. 455.] ^Hengist and Horsa fought against Vortigern,
king of the Britons, at a place called iEgcles-threp [Ayles-
ford], and, although Horsa was slain in the battle, Hengist
gained the victory, and after these events reigned jointly with
his son CEsc.

a.d. 456/

a.d. 457.] Hengist and CEsc engaged in battle with the
Britons at a place called Creccanford [Cray ford] and put four
thousand of them to the sword ; the rest of the Britons then
abandoned Kent, and fled to London in great terror.

>.d. 458 — 464.]

a.d. 465.] Hengist and (Esc fought against the Britons
near Wippedesfleote, [Ebbsfleet,] which means the place
where Wipped crossed the water. They slew twelve chiefs
of the enemy's army, with many others, while on their side
only one thane, whose name was Wipped, fell in the battle.

a.d. 466—472.]

a.d. 473.] Hengist and CEsc fought with the Britons for

1 j&qcles. Hist. b. i. c. 15, where Bede assigns the year 449 (it should
be 450) for the commencement of the Emperor Marcian' s reign of
seven years, during which he fixes the sera of the arrival of the Anglo-
Saxon tribes in Britain. The Saxon Chronicle agrees with this
statement of Bede, who, however, incidentally referring to this event
in other parts of his history, places it about the year 446 or 417.

B 2

4 IXOItENCE OF WOKC2STCH. [a.D. 47-1—507.

the fourth time, and, gaining the victory, took spoils without
number ; in which battle the Britons fled before the Angles
as they would from fire.

[a.d. 474—476.]

[aj>. 477.] iElla and his three sons, Cymen, Wencing,
and Cissa, came to Britain in three ships, from which they
landed at a place called Cymenes-ora, and there slew many
of tlia Britons, and drove the rest into the forest called
Andredes-leuge.1

[a.d. 478—484.]

[a.d. 485.] iElla, fighting the Briton3 near Mearcrede*
human, that is Mom-credo's Brook, slew numbers of them
and put the rest to flight,

[a.d. 480, 487.]

[a.d. 488.] Hengist. haying governed the kingdom of
Kent with the greatest vigour during thirty-four years, ended
his life. His son tEsc succeeded to the throne, and reigned
twenty-four years.

[a.d. 489, 490.]

[a.d. 491.] St. Patrick, Archbishop of Ireland, made %
blessed end, aged one hundred and twenty-two years. iEll*»
with his son Cissa, stormed Andredes-ceaater,' after a long
siege, and put all the inhabitants to the sword, from the>
eldest to the youngest.

[a.d. 492 — 194.]

[a.d. 495.] This year, two chiefs, namely, Cerdic and hi»
eon Cynric, crossed over to Britain with five ships, and.
landing at a place called Cerdices-ora [Yarmouth ?], fought
the Britons the same day, and having defeated them put
them to flight.

[a.d. 496—500.]

[a.d. 501.] Port, and his two sons Byda and Ma^gla*
arrived in Britain, with two ships, at a place called Ports-
mouth, and slow a British youth of very high rank, besides
many others.

[ajj. 50*2—507.]

1 Keynor in Seised, nsnr West Wi'lorins. The forest of Andrei.,
now the Weald of Susses and Kent. See Henry of Hnntuigda^B
BisL, pp. 41, 133, Bnha'i Jnli//. Lib.

1 Pevensey ! Cf, Henry of Huutiagdon, p. 15.

A.D. 508 — 544.] KINGDOM 09 WESSBX FOUNDED, 5

[a.d. 508.] Cerdic and his son Cynric slew Natanleod,
king of the Britons, and five thousand men, with the edge
of the sword ; from that king all the country as far as Cer-
dices-ford l derived its name of Natanleod.

>.d. 509—513.]

'ad. 514.] The West-Saxons, sailing to Britain with three
ships, landed at Cerdices-ora. -Their chiefs, Stuf and Wihtgar,
were Cerdic's nephews. Shortly afterwards they engaged in
battle with the Britons, some of whom they slew, and put
the rest to flight.

a.d. 515—518.]

a.d. 519.] Cerdic and Cynric began to reign [in Wessex],
and the same year they fought and conquered the Britons at
Cerdices-ford.

>.d. 520.]

a.d 521.] St. Bridget, the Scottish nun, died in Ireland.

>.D. 522—526.]

a.d. 527.] Cerdic and Cynric, for the fourth time, fought
with the Britons at Cerdices-leage.

[a.d. 528, 529.]

[a.d. 580.] Cerdic and Cynric conquered the Isle of
Wight, which they gave to their nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar;
a few men were slain in Wihtgara-birig, [Carisbrook Castle],

a.d. 531—583.]

a.d. 554.] Cerdic, the first king of the West-Saxons,
departed this life ; and his son Cynric was, after his death,
sole king for twenty-six years.

>.d. 535—537.]

"a.d. 538.] There was an eclipse of the sun on the
fourteenth of the calends of March (16th February), from
the first to the third hour.

[a.d. 539.]

[a.d. 540.] There was an eclipse of the sun on the
twelfth of the calends of July, (20th June,) and the stais
were visible about half-an-hour before the third hour of
the day.

>.d. 541—543.]

a.d. 544.] Wihtgar, the nephew of Cerdic, king of the

1 Cliarford, in Hampshire.

(! FLOEEKCE OF WOBCESTER. [A.D. 545- -Oi'S.

W^st- Saxons died, and was buried at Will tgara-bi rig, that is,
Wibtgai's town.

[a.d. 546, 546.]

[a.d. 547.] Ida began to rule in the province of the Bep
nicians, anil reigned twelve years. He bad six sous bom d
bis queens, Adda, Balric, Theodric, (Ethelric, Theodhere,
and Osmar ; and six by concubines, Oec, Alric, Ecci,
Oswald, Sogor, and Sogether; from whom descended thj
royal line of the Northumbrians. Ida was son of Eoppa,
■who was son of Esa, who was son of Ingui, who was Bon ol
Angenwit, who was son of Aloe, who was son of Benoc, who
was son of Brand, who was son of Bealdeag, who was sofl
of Woden, who was son of Frithelaf, who was son ol
Frithulf, who was son of Fiun, who was son of Godulf, who
was son of Geata.

[A.D. 54tt— 561.]

[a.d. 552.] Cynric, king of the West- Saxons, fought with
the Britons, and routed thein at a place called Seares-byrig :
bis father was Cerdic, who was the son of Elesa, who was
son of Eslo, who was son of Gewis, who was son of Wig, who
was son of Freawine, who was son of Freothegar, who was son
of Brand, who was son of Bealdeag, who was son of Wodea

[a.d. 553—555.]

[a.d. 550.] Cynric and Ceaulin fought a battle against
the Britons at Bo ran-! iv rig, end defeated them.

[a.d. 557, 55R.] j-Ella begun to reign in the province oi
Deira, and governed it with the utmost vigour for nearly
thirty years. [Gregory I. observing some English youths
offered for sale in the Forum at Rome, said, in allusion to the
name of this province*; " Alleluiah ! ' the praise of God thfl
Creator ought to he sung in those parts."] Meanwhile, when
iElla was living, the following kings reigned in Bernicia:
Adda, the eldest son of Ida, seven years; Clappa, five;
Theodulf, one; Theodulf, seven; and lEthelric, two years.
On jElla's death, and lus son Edwin being driven from the
throne, (Ethelric reigned five years over both provinces.
jElla was the son of Iffa, whose father was Wuscfiea, the

1 Not in allusion to the name of tlie prnvinco, but lo that of tlii
king -Ella. That of tlie province iras plajed upou diflurently, "it
irt," Jic. Cf. BeJe Eed. Hist, b. ii., c. 1.

vAD. 560 — 584 J WARS WITH THE BRITONS. 7

Bon of Wilgils, the son of Westorwalcna, the son of Seomel,
the son of Swearta, the son of Seafugel, the son of Seabald,
the son of Siggeot, the son of Swebdeag, the son of Siggar,
the son of Weagdeag, the son of Woden.

[a.d. 560.] Ceaulin, the son of Cynric, succeeding to the
kingdom of the West-Saxons, reigned thirty-three years.

[a.d. 561.] Ethelbert, king of Kent, began to reign, and,
according to Bede, he reigned fifty-six years.

a.d. 562 — 564.]

[a.d. 565.] Columba, priest and abbot, came out of
Ireland into Britain, and during the reign of Bride, the most
powerful king of the Picts, converted the northern Picts to
the faith of Christ ; in consequence, he received from them a
grant of the island of Hii, for the purpose of building a
monastery.

a.d. 566—567.]

a.d. 568.] Ethelbert, king of Kent, while he was engaged
in a war with Ceaulin, king of the West-Saxons, and his
son Cutha, was driven back by them into Kent, his two
ealdormen, Oslaf and Cnebba, being slain at Wibbandune
[Wimbledon].

[a.d. 569—570.]

a.d. 571.] Cuthulf, the brother of king Ceaulin, fought
with the Britons at Bedford, and gaining the victory took
from them four royal vills, namely, Liganburh, [Leighton or
Lenbury,] Eglesburh, [Aylesbury,] Bensingtun, [Benson,]
and Egnesham, [Eynsham,] and he died the same year.

>.d. 572—576.]

a.d. 577.] Ceaulin, king of the West-Saxons, and his
son Cuthwine fought with the Britons at a place called
Deorham, l and slaying their three kings, Coinmeail, Con-
didan, and Farinmoeil, with many of their people, took their
three cities, Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath.

a.d. 578—583.]

a.d. 584.] Ceaulin, king of the West-Saxons, and his
son Cutha, fought with the Britons at a place called Fethan-
leah,2 in which battle Cutha fell, fighting bravely where

1 Dirham, in Gloucestershire.

2 Fretherne, Gloucestershire. Cf. Henry of Huntingdon (b. iv.) for
a more circumstantial account of this battle.

5 — 59?.

Ceaulii

OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 58i

the throng was thickest. Notwithstanding this,

gained the victory, and taking much booty, seized on many

of their rills.

[a.d. 585—587.]

[a.i>. 588.] jEUa, king of Deira, died in the thirtieth
year of his reign, and after him (Etheliic, the son of Ida;
reigned five years over both provinces.

[a.d. 589.] The holy father Columban came to Burgundy
from Ireland, the island of saints, with St. Gall, and other
tried disciples, and there, by permission of king Theodoric,
huilt the monastery of Luxeuil. Driven thence by Brunhilde,
he went to Germany, where he left St. Gall, but he himself
crossed into Italy, where he founded the monastery of Bobbio,
and became the parent of many convents of monks.

[a.d. 590.]

[a.d. 591.] Ceol, the son of Cuthwulf, brother of king
Ceaulin, began to reign, and he reigned over the West-Saxons
five years.

[a.d. GQ2.] A battle was fought at a place called Wodnea-
beorh, [Wansborough '?] that is, Woden's Mount, in which
there was a great slaughter, and Ceaulin was driven from
his kingdom in the thirty-third year of his reign.

[a.d. 593.] Ceaulin, Cwichelm, and Crida perished.
(Ethelric, king of Northumbria died ; upon which his sob
(Ethelfrhh assumed tho reins of government and held them
twenty-four years. He had seven sons, Eanfrith, Oswald,
Oslaf, Oswin, Oswy, Offa, Oswudu, aDd Oslac, with one
daughter nimii'cl (Ebbe.

[a.d. 594, 595.]

[a.d. 596.] In the 147th year after the. arrival of the
English in Britain, the 14th indiction, pope Gregory, by
divine inspiration, sent Augustine the servant of God, with
several other devout monks in his company, to preach the
word of God to the English nation.

[a.d, 597.] According to Bede, the aforesaid teachers
arrived in Britain this year, and converted Ethelbert, king of
Kent, to the faith of Christ in the thirty-fifth year of his
reign. The king did net long defer the grant of an episcopal
see to his teacher Augustine, in his metropolis of Canterbury,
and, with royal assistance, he restored a church which ha<_

JU>. 598-604.] ceolwtjlp, king of wbbbbx. 9

been formerly erected there by the exertions of the faithful
among the Romans, and consecrated under the name St
Saviour's. Ceolwulf, son of Cutha, king Ceaulin's brother,
succeeding to the kingdom of the West- Saxons, governed it
fourteen years ; during which he was continually engaged in
wars, either with the Angles or the Britons, the Scots or the
Picts. Ceolwulf was the son of Cutha, who was son of
Cynric, son of Cerdic
[a.d. 598, 599.]

a.d. 600.] St. Ive the apostolical doctor, and a really
inspired messenger from heaven and eminent bishop, de-
parted to the Lord. His origin was in Persia, where he
rose like the star in the east, but his course was divinely
directed to the western regions in Britain.

[a.d. 601.] Gregory writing to Augustine, in the nine-
teenth year of Maurice, the fourth indiction, decreed that
the bishops of London and York, receiving the pallium
from the apostolical see, should be metropolitans in the same
manner [as the archbishops of Canterbury].
a.d. 602.]

[a.d. 603.] Ethelfrith, a king of great bravery and am-
bitious of renown, crushed the Britons more than any of the
English chiefs who preceded him ; and exterminating or
subjugating the native inhabitants, he either settled vast
tracts of their territories with people of English race, or
made the Britons tributaries to them. Boused by these
proceedings, Aedan, king of the Scots, marched against him
at the head of a vast aimy, but being defeated, few only
accompanied his flight. Ethelfrith gained this battle at a
place called Degsastan [Dalston?], in the eleventh year of
his reign, and the first of the emperor Phocas. Assembling
an army, a long time afterwards, at Chester, which the
Britons call Carlegion, in execution of Divine justice, and as
St. Augustine, the archbishop, had predicted,1 he first slew
twelve hundred British priests, who had joined the army to
offer prayers on their behalf, and then exterminated the re-
mainder of this impious armament.
[a.d. 604.] Augustine consecrated Mellitus and Justus

1 Eccles. Hurt., ii. 2. Cf. Sax. Chron., a*d. 607.

10 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 60^

bishops : of whom Mellitus was to preach in the province
the East-Saxons, who having received the word of truth
from his instructions, with their king Sehert, king Etheh
bert's nephew, Ethelbert, himself, erected the church of St,
Paul the apostle, in London, Sebert's metropolis. Justus
was consecrated by Augustine, as bishop of Rochester, which
the English cull Hrovecenster. Having also consecrated the
priest Lawrence as archbishop, to supply his own place,
Augustine shortly afterwards, on Tuesday the seventh of tho
calends of June (26th May), was translated to the heavenly
kingdom,

[a.d. 605.] Pope St. Gregory, the apostle of the English.
and the honour of Rome, after having most gloriously
governed the see of the Roman and apostolic church for
thirteen years, six months, and ten days, was translated to
an eternal seat in the kingdom of heaven, on Friday the
fourth of the idea (the 12th) of March.

[ad. 606.]

[a.d. 607.] Ceolwulf, king of the West-Saxons, mada
war against the East-Saxons.

[a.d. 608—610.]

[a.d. 611.] King Ceolwulf died, and was succeeded by
Cytiegils, bis brother Ceol's son. He reigned thirty- two
years, being son of Ceol, who was son of Cutha, son of
Cynric, son of Cerdic.

[a-d. 612,613.]

[a.d. 614.] Cynegils and his son Cuichelm, marched an
army n^ninst the Britons at Beanduno [Hampton?], and
rnjin^in^ them in battle slew two thousand and forty -six of
their number.

[a.d. 615.]

[a.d. 616.] Ethelbert, liing of Kent, who was son of
Irmi'Yiric, wtiose father was Octa, the son of Oric. sumamed
Oisc, who was son of Hsngist, ascended to the realms ot
heavenly bliss, on the twenty-fourth of February, in th6
fifty-sixth year of his reign, being the twenty-first after h*
was converted to the faith. His son Eadbald succeeding
him not only refused to embrace Christianity, but took to
wife the widow of bis father. Redwald, kiiig of the East-
Angles, slew Etheli'ritb, king of Deira and Bernicia in ■

A.B. 617—625.] ANGLO-SAXON BISHOPS. 11

battle fought near the river Idle.1 Edwin succeeded him,
according to a prediction he had received, and expelled the
seven sons of Ethelfrith. Sebert, king of the East-Saxons,
being removed to the heavenly kingdom, left his three sons,
who persisted in heathenism, heirs of his kingdom in this
world. They immediately made open profession of idolatry,
and drove Mellitus, bishop of London, out of their territory.
Mellitus retired into Kent, and after consulting La\* rence, the
archbishop, withdrew into Gaul, accompanied by Justus,
bishop of Rochester. However, the kings who had driven
from their presence the herald of truth, were not long per-
mitted to devote themselves to the worship of >demons ; for
having engaged in an expedition against the Gewissae, they
all fell in a battle, as well as their troops. Lawrence being
on the point of following Mellitus and Justus in their
secession, that very night, Peter, prince of the Apostles,
appeared to him and severely scourged him. In the morning,
he repaired to king Eadbald, and exhibited to him the
extent of the lacerations the stripes had made. On seeing
this, the king was much terrified, and prohibiting all ido-
latrous worship under the penalty of a curse, and repudi-
ating his incestuous marriage, embraced the Christian faith,
and, sending to France, recalled Mellitus and Justus.
[a.d. 617—620.]

a.d. 621.] St. Lawrence, archbishop, departed to the
'Lord, during the reign of Eadbald, on the fourth of the
nones (the 2nd) of February. He was succeeded by Mellitus,
the bishop of London, who became the third archbishop of
Canterbury from Augustine. Cedd, the brother of Ceadda,
succeeded Mellitus in the see of London.2

a.d. 522—624.]

a.d. 625.] Mellitus, the archbishop, having governed the
church five years, died on the eighth of the calends of May
(24th April), in the reign of Eadbald. He was succeeded

1 Near Retford, in Nottinghamshire. Cf. Henry of Huntingdon,
h. Hi. and Bede's Eccl. Hist. b. 12, who place this battle in 620 ; the
Sax. Chron. R. Wendover in the Flores Hist, in 617. For the " oracle"
here alluded to, see the romantic legend of Edwine in Bede, b.ii., c.12

2 The date should have been 619. Cf. Bede's Eccl. Hist., ii. 7, and
the Saxon Chron.

12 FLORENCE OF WOKCESTEB. [i.D. 626—628.

by Justus, bishop of Rochester, who consecrated Romanus
bishop in his stead.'

[a.d. 890.] Paulinus, a man beloved by God, who had
been sent by St. Gregory with the rest to preach in England,
and in course of time became the third bishop of Rochester,
having been consecrated by Justus to become archbishop of
the Northumbrian people, mas sent to Edwin, king of thst
nation, in attendance on his bride, king Ethelbert's daughter,
by king Eadbald the maiden's brother.

[a.d. 637.] An assassin named Eomer, sent by Cuichelm
king of the West-Saxons, presented himself at the court of
king Edwin on Easter Sunday, and drawing a dagger from
under his garment attempted to stab the lung. The blow
was intercepted by Lilla, one of Edwin's most devoted
attendants, who protected him by interposing bis own
person, but the assassin pranged his weapon with such force
that the king was wounded through the body of hie thane,
who was killed on the spot. On the night of the same
Easter-day the queen bore Edwin a daughter, who was the
first of the Northumbrian race baptised by bishop Paulinus,
and received the name of Eanfled.

Penda succeeded to the kingdom of Mercia in the fiftieth
year of his age, and governed it thirty years. He was the
son of Wibha, the eon of Crida, the son of Cynewald, the
son of Onebba, the son of Icel, the son of Gomer, the son of
Augengeat, the eon of Offa, the son of Wermund, the son
of Wightleag, the son of Waga, the son of Wothelgeat, the
son of Woden.

[A.n. 628.] In the sixteenth year of the emperor Herac-
lius, the fifteenth induction, Edwin the most illustrious king
of the English in Britain, who reigned over the nation to
the north of the H umber, received with his people the word
of salvation at the preaching of Paulinus, the bishop sent
from Kent by archbishop Justus, This occurred in the
eleventh year of his reign, and about t«-o hundred and thirty
years,' more or less, alter the English tribes arrived in
Britain. The king himself founded the episcopal see of

JD. 629-634.]. EDWIN, KING OF NORTHUMBRIA. 13

fork in favour of Paulinus. His temporal power increased
q token of his embracing the faith and inheriting the
leavenly kingdom, as he, first of the English princes, reduced
he whole of Britain, except Kent, under his dominion.

At this time, pope Honorius wrote a letter confuting the
trror of the Quarto-decimans respecting the observance of
Saster, which had originated among the Scots ; John also,
vho succeeded Severinus' successor, disputed the same matter
frith them. For, before he was elected pope, he wrote to
:hem on this Easter question, as well as concerning the
Pelagian heresy, which had revived among them.

Cynegils, and his son Cuichelm, the kings of the West-
Saxons, fought a battle near Cirencester, with Penda king of
the Mercians, and, peace being made and ratified, withdrew
their troops.

>.d. 629—631.]

a.d. 632.] Eorpwald, son of king Redwald, son of
Tytel, son of Uffa, by the persuasion of king Edwin,
abandoned his idolatrous superstition, and embraced the
Christian faith and sacraments with all his people ; but he
was slain by a pagan named Ricbert.

[a.d. 633.] The illustrious king Edwin, having glori-
ously reigned seventeen years over both nations, Britons as
well as English, was killed on the fourth of the ides (the
12th) of October, in the forty-eighth year of his age, by
Penda, the heathen king of Mercia, a prince of distin-
guished bravery, and Cedwal king of the Britons, a still
more savage heathen, in a pitched battle severely contested
on the plain of Heathfield. Affairs in Northumbria being
thus thrown into confusion, Paulinus, taking with him queen
Ethelburga, returned to Kent by sea, and was received with
honour by Honorius the archbishop and Eadbald the king.

[a.d. 634.] Cedwal, king of the Britons, having first
slain king Osric, king Edwin's cousin, with all his army, after-
wards put to death Eanfrith, son of king Ethelfrith, who had
some to him to sue for peace. On his death, his brother
Oswald advanced with his army, which, though small in
numbers, was strong in the faith of Christ, and slaughtered
the impious British chief with his immense army, which he
roasted nothing could withstand. Oswald then assumed the

14

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.D. (

;. <m.

government of both kingdoms, and, in the course of tinn
received the submission of nil the nations and provinces c
Britain. At that time the people of Wesscx, under the'
king Cynegils, embraced the Christian Faith, the word beinj
preached to them by bishop Birinus. St. Wilfrid v

[a.d. 635.] King Oswald applied to the elders of 1
Scots to send him bishops. Aidau was sent; by whom, a
the most illustrious and hr.ly king Oswald himself, the churc
of Christ was first founded and established in the provin
of Bernicia. Birinus was sent by pope Honorius
in England, and under his teaching of the gospel in Wesse
king Cynegils ;md his suljects became believers-; then
victorious king Oswald was bis sponsor at. the baptismal fon
From these kings the same bishop received Dorchester fi
the seat of his bishopric.

[a.d. 636.] Sigebert, brother of Eorpwald. king of tha
East-Angles, a prince in all respects most Christian and most
learned, early in his reign took measures for causing hi*
whole province to partake of the faith and sacraments.
Bishop Feliv, a native of Burgundy, who had become very
intimate with Sigebert, king of the East-Angles, while ho
was an exile in France, encouraged his designs, and accom-
panying him to England after Eorpwald's death, was ap-
pointed by him bishop of the East-Angles, and having
converted that province to the faith of Christ, and procured
an episcopal see to he founded, in the city of Dun with, pre*
sided for seventeen years over that nation.

At that time a most holy man, named Fursey, came from
Ireland to East-Anglia, and being received with honour by
the aforesaid king, preached there the word of life, and con-
verting many of the unbelievers to Christ, afterwards built a
noble monastery. Meanwhile, the king having given up tha
administration of affairs, and entrusted them to his cousin
Ecgric, retired to the monastery he had founded, and receiv-
ing the tonsure, was for a long time enlisted in the servie*
of the King Eternal. But when Pen da, the heathen king
of Mercia, made war against the East-Angles, he was drawn,
from the convent against his will, and, being reluctantly led
to battle with only a staff in his band, he was slain as well
as king Ecgrig. Anna, son of Eui succeeded to the throne.

A.D. 637 — 645.] ANGLO-SAXON KINGS, 15

Cuichelm, the son of king Cynegils, was baptised by bishop
Birinus, in the city of Dorchester, and died the same year.

[a.d. 637, 638.]

[a.d. 639.] Bishop Birinus baptised Cuthred, the son of
king Cuichelm, in the city of Dorchester, and received him
from the font of regeneration.

[a.d. 640.] Eadbald, king of Kent, departed this life in
the twenty-fifth year of his reign, leaving the government of
his kingdom to his son Erconberht. He was the first of the
English kings who ordered the idols to be forsaken and de-
stroyed throughout his whole kingdom, and at the same time
he commanded the fast of forty days to be observed. His
daughter, Ercongote, by his queen St. Sexburg, was a virgin
endowed with sublime virtues.

a.d. 641.]

a.d. 642.] The most Christian king Oswald, the nephew
of king Edwin, and son of king Ethelfrith, a prince who was
always humble, gracious, and liberal to pilgrims and the
poor, was slain in the thirty-eighth year of his age, and the
ninth of his reign, by Penda, the heathen king of Mercia, in
a great battle fought at a place called Maserfeld.

[a.d. 643.] His brother Oswy, a young man about thirty
years of age, shortly afterwards succeeded to his kingdom,
and maintained himself in it by incessant struggles for
twenty-eight years. Cenwalch, son of Cynegils, succeeded
the same year to the kingdom of Wessex, which he held
twenty-one years. He built the church at Winchester, in
which is the bishop's seat.

, [a.d. 644.] Paulinus, formerly bishop of York, but then
of Rochester, departed to the Lord on the sixth of the ides
(the 10th) of October. He had been a bishop eighteen years,
two months, and twenty-one days. Honorius, the archbishop,
the successor of Justus, ordained Ithamar bishop of Rochester
in the place of Paulinus.

[a.d. 645.] Cenwalch, king of Wessex, being attacked
by Penda, king of the Mercians, for having divorced his sister,
was dethroned, and took refuge with Anna, king of East-
Anglia. Likewise this same year king Oswin, son of Osric,
cousin-german to Edwin, — a prince of graceful aspect, tall in
stature, courteous and affable, of gentle manners, liberal to

„.g.„ ,.

16 FLORENCE OP WOKCESTEH. AJ>. 641

all, the humblest of kings, awl generally belovt

reign in the province of Deira, and governed it seven yttn.

[a.d. 646.] King Ceuwalch was baptised in East-Angtta,
by Bishop Felix.

[a.d. 6+7.] Felix, the first bishop of the East-Anglei
died; in whose place archbishop Honorius consecrated his
deacon, Thomas ; who also departing this life, after being
bishop five years, was succeeded by Boniface.

[a.d. 648.] King Cenwalch returned from East-Anglia to
Wessex, and the same year made a large grant of lands to bii
nephew Cuthred, son of king Cuickelm.

[a.d. 049.]

[a.d. 660.] Bishop Egilbert, a native of France, was
appointed to the see of Wessex by king Cenwalch, after tba
death of Birinus, and exercised episcopal authority in that
province for many years.

[a.d. 651.] St. Cuthhert entered the monastery of Mail-
roBe, being admitted by Eiita, the most reverend abbot of
that chiiTch. Oswin king of Deira, a man of the deepest
humility and eminent, piety, was slain in a detestable manner
on the thirteenth of the calends of September IHOth August),
at the command of king Oswy, by his ealdorman Ethelwin ;
having been treacherously betrayed by earl Hunwald, m
whom he confided as a devoted friend. He was succeeded
by Ethel wold, son of king Oswald. After the murder of
king Oswin, bishop Aidan departed to the realms of bliss on
the Becond of the calends of September (August 31st).
Cuthbert, an excellent young man. beheld his soul carried to
heaven by angels. Finan was raised to the bishopric in bis
place, being consecrated and sent by the Scots.

[A.». 652.]

[a.d. 653.J Benedict, surnamed Biscop, a thane of king
Oswin, aud an Englishman of noble birth, quitted his
home and kindred, Ins; possessions and native country, for
the love of Christ, at the age of twenty-five years, and be-
taking himself to Rome, came back advanced in learning.
Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury, departed this life on
the second of the calends of October (30th September). HS-
was succeeded in the see, at the expiration of a year and six
months, by Deusdedit the sixth archbishop from Augustine,

A.D.894.] WARS WITH THE BAKES. 81

part of his army, and leaving part at home, as was his wont,
while some were stationed as garrisons in the castles and eities,
marched in all haste for Kent; where he pitched his camp
between the two Pagan armies on a spot which was naturally
strong, being surrounded on all sides by water, flowing with
strong eddies, with high rocky banks and overhanging woods ;
so that if the enemy took the field for the purpose of plunder-
ing or fighting, he could give them battle without delay.
They, however, went about plundering in bands, which were
sometimes on horseback, sometimes on foot, resorting for their
prey to those districts which they ascertained were not
occupied by the king's troops. But not only some of the
royal army, but those who were in the towns, fell on them by
surprise, night and day, with much slaughter, and so harassed
them, that, abandoning Kent after again ravaging it, they
all in a body broke up from their quarters, for they had gone
out together to pillage when they first sat down in these parts.
But this time they swept off a more valuable booty, and
resolved on crossing the river Thames with it into Essex,
and there meet their fleet, which they had sent forward.
But the king's army getting before them, gave them battle
near Farnham, and, putting them to flight, recovered the
booty and took the horses which they had brought from
beyond sea. Crossing the Thames where there were no
guards, they took refuge in an island surrounded by the
windings of the river Colne, in which they were blockaded,
until provisions failed in the king's army, and the time came at
which they were to be disbanded, and another come to relieve
them. Those troops, therefore, returned home, and king
Alfred bringing up the other half of his army in all haste, the
Pagans, in consequence of their king being so severely
wounded that they could not remove him, held their ground.
While, however, king Alfred was on his march to attack the
enemy, news was brought that the Pagans of Northumbria
and East-Anglia had collected a fleet of two hundred ships,1
part of which, to the number of one hundred, had sailed round
the south coast of England, and another division consisting of
forty ships, had steered for the northern coast of Devonshire to

1 An error probably for 140, as we may judge from what follows ;
and see Saxon Chronicle under the year 894.

a

82 FLQET5NCE OF WORCESTER. [a.B. 8!

lay siege to some castle there, while the former besieged Exe
with a powerful force. Wheu the king heard this, lie was I
alarmed at the enemy's bold raano?uvres, though he was n
indignaut that his people should be at the mercy of 1
ljt>.sioaina armivs. Colloeting, therefore, all his cavalry wi
out loss of time, lie rode to Exeter, leaving a small force
oppose the enemy he was previously m:in:hing against. T
force proceeding to London, and Uiiu* joined by the cirize
and those who had come to their aid from the west of Englu
marched to ISenrleet; for they heard that a large detachmi
of the army stationed at Appledore had concentrated iti
there with king Hiesten, who, advancing with his force fr
Milton, bad constructed a fortified camp in that position ; 1
in the meantime, they hoard he had again gone on a piedat<
expedition. This king had a short time before made pe
with king Alfred, and siven several hostages, and allowed
two sons to be regenerated in the laver of baptism, as k
Alfred desired ; one of them being held at the font by
khig himself, the Other by the illustrious ealdornian Ether
But on his arrival at Benfleet, King Hiesten quickly fortify
bis eninp, began immediately to ravage the borders of
kingdom of his son's god-father. A severe battle was tht
fore fought with the Pagans, and the Christians put them
flight at the first unset, destroyed their works, mid seizing
all they could find carried it oft', with their wives and cliiidr
tb London. Some of their ships they broke up, others t!
burnt, and conducted the rest either to London or .Roches1
They also took Hapten's wife and two sons before be retun
to Benfleet from plundering ; and these they carried to k
Alfred, but he did them no harm, because, as we said befi
one of the boys was his own godson, and the other £ there
but renewing the peace, and taking hostages, not only resto
Hiesten his wife and sons, as he requested, but gave hit
large sum of money.

Afterwards the king went to Exeter, at the earnest entro
of his people there; and the Pagans, terrified at his comi
retire! to their ships, and then returning to their old quarti
began to ravage the country near Chichester, in the provi
of the South-Saxons. But they were driven off from the 1
by the townsmen, great numbers of them having been kil
and wounded, and many of their ships were taken. Me

aj). 894, 895.] wars with the daxes. 83

while, the Pagan army being expelled by the Christians from
Benfleet, as we mentioned, went to a town called in Saxon
Sceobyrig (Shoebury), and there built for themselves a strong
fortress. Many of the Pagans from East-Anglia and North-
unibria having joined them, they pillaged first the banks of
the Thames and then those of the Severn. The noble
earldormen Ethered, Athehn, and Athelnoth, and others of
the king's thanes to whom he had committed the custody of
the forts, towns, and cities, not only on the eastern side of the
Parret, but also westward of Selwood, and not only on the
north but also on the south of the Thames, resenting their
fierce irruptions, assembled a considerable force against the
enemy, the Welsh, who dwelt on the banks of the Severn,
coming to their aid. These troops being united, they marched
in pursuit of the enemy and came up with them at Buttington,
on the banks of the Severn, and immediately laid siege to the
fortress into which they had retired, from both sides of the river.
After the lapse of many weeks, some of the Pagans died of
hunger ; others, having devoured their horses, broke out of
their fortress and attacked the enemy's division stationed on
the other side of the river ; but vast numbers of the Pagans
were slain in this engagement, and the rest taking to flight,
the Christians remained masters of the field of death. In this
battle, Ordeah, a noble of the highest rank, and many of the
king's thanes felL The Pagans who fled having retreated to
Essex and reached their fortresses and ships, on the approach
of winter they again gathered a large army out of East-Anglia
and Xorthumbria, and giving their wives, their wealth, and
their ships, in charge to the settlers in East-Anglia, left their
fortresses, and making a forced march, took possession of the
city of the Legions, called in Latin Legeceaster (Chester),
which was at that time deserted ; arriving there before the
troops of king Alfred and Ethered the sub-king, who were in
pursuit, could overtake them. However, they cut oft" and
slew some of them, rescuing some of the cattle and sheep they
had seized while foraging, and besieged the city for two days,
burning part of the crops of corn and giving the rest to their
horses. These events took place in the course of a year after
the Pagans came from the coast of France to the mouth of the
river Limene.

[a.d. 895.] The oft-mentioned Saxon army, having no

g2

84 FLOIIESCE OF WOKCESTEIt. [a.d. 800, 897.

means of subsistence, as the Christians had taken everything
from them, made an irruption into the territories of the North-
Britons, and ravaging them far and wide swept off an immense
body. Not daring to return by way of Mcrcia, for fear of .
the Mercians, they went first through Northumbria and the
country of the Mid-Angles, ami having rejoined their wives
and sliips in East-Anglia, betook themselves to a httle island
in the sea called Theresig (Mersey), on the eastern coast of
Essex. The same year, the same party drew their ships up the
river Thames, and afterwards up the river Lea, and began to
build themselves a fort near that river, twenty miles from
London.

f A.D. 896.] In the summer time, great part of the citizens
of London, assisted by numbers from the neighbouring places,
endeavoured to demolish the fortress which the Pagans had
made for themselves ; but they met with a stout resistance,
and the Christians were compelled to draw oft', after four of
king Alfred's thanes were slain. The king himself, in the
autumn, pitched his camp not far from the city, in order to
prevent the Pagans from carrying off the crops of the country
people. One day, as he rode along the river-bank, he con-
sidered where he could obstruct the channel so as to prevent
the Danes from getting their ships out ; and without delay
ordered a dam to be made from both sides across the bed of
the river. The Pagans finding this, again placed their wive*
in security in East-Angba, and abandoning their ships, inadei
forced march on foot as far as a place called Quattbryege, and
having built for themselves a fortress, passed the winter there.
Meanwhile, the Londoners brought some of their ships to
London and broke up the rest.

[jy.d. 897.] In the summer season, part of the Pagan army
which had wintered at Quattbryege went into East-Anglia and
the other parts as far as Northumbria. Home remained there,
but others procured ships and crossed over to the river Seine
already mentioned. Oh ! with what constant attacks, with
what grievous sufferings, in what a dreadful and lamenUM
manner, was the whole ■<( England harassed, not only by tha
Danes, who had settled in various parts of' it before that time,
but also by these (rosing) children of Satan. Much more ■ i m!
it, suffer for three years by a murrain among the cattle, and*
mortality among the nobility, many of whom, the

Site king*

A.D. 898 — 901.] DEATH OF KING ALFRED. 85

principal officers especially, died during that period. Among
these were Sutihulf, bishop of Rochester, Ealhrard, bishop of
Dorchester, Ceolmund, ealdorman of Kent, Beorhttwlf, ealdor-
man of Essex, Eadulf, the king's reeve in Sussex, Beornwulf,
the vice-reeve of Winchester, Ecgwulf, the king's horse-thane,
and many others ; but these were of the highest rank. In this
same year, the army of Pagans who were settled in East-
Anglia and Northumbria grievously harassed the territory of
the West-Saxons, making piratical descents and pillaging along
the coast, principally in long, swift ships, which they had built
some years before. To oppose these, king Alfred caused ships
to be constructed twice as long, swifter, loftier, and better
trimmed, so that they might be more than a match in action
for the enemy's navy. On sending them to sea, the king's
orders were that they should take as many prisoners as they
could, and kill such of the enemy as they could not take alive.
The result was that in the same year twenty ships of the Danish
pirates were taken ; and of the crews, some were slain, and
others brought alive to the king and hung on the gallows.1

^a.d. 898, 899.]

*a.d. 900.] Healhstan, bishop of London, died, and was
succeeded by Theodred. Eardulf, bishop of Lindisfarne, died,
to whom succeeded the pious CutharcL

[a.d. 901.] Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, son of the
most religious king Ethelwulf, after a reign of twenty-nine
years and six months, died on Wednesday the fifth of the
calends of November [28th October], in the fourth indiction.2
He was buried at Winchester in the New Minster, where he
waits his being clothed with a blissful immortality, and par-
taking the glory of the resurrection of the just. That renowned,
warlike, and victorious king was the zealous guardian of the
widows and fatherless, orphans, and the poor. He was a
perfect master of Saxon poetry, fondly loved by his own

1 At Winchester, as the Saxon Chron. adds. It contains a much
more circumstantial account of these naval affairs than that given by
Florence ; and Henry of Huntingdon adds some further details. See
pp. 365, 366, of Saxon Chron. in Antiq. Lib. ; and pp. 160, 161, of
H. of Huntingdon, ibid.

* April, 871 — October 901, which gives thirty instead of twenty-nine
years for the reign of Alfred. The Saxon Chron. limits it to twenty-
eight years and a half, and, instead of the fifth, has the seventh of the
calends of November, or 26th October.

I

I

Bfi FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 90

subjects, most affable and generous to all tlie world, endowi
witli prudence, fortitude, justice, and temperance, he was
model of patience under his inveterate disease, acute u
hyartial in the administration of justice, and vigilant in
devout in the service of God His son Edward, surnau*
the Elder, who succeeded to the throne, was inferior fo 1
lather in learning, but surpassed him in diiriiity, might, :«
grandeur. For, as it will be clearly shown in what follows, 1
extended the frontiers of his kingdom far beyond its limits
his father's reign, built many cities and towns, and raisi
others from their ruins, wrested from the power of the Dan
all Essex, East-Anglia, Sorthmt'ibria, and several districts
Meroia, which had been lung in their hands, and after tl
death of his sister Ethehieda,' took possession of the whole
Mercia and retained it in his own hands: he also rediiw
to subjection the. king of the Scots, the Cumbrians, and tl
■Sirathclyde and Western Britons : and many kings and chit
he defeated and slew. He had Athelstan, his first-born si
by a woman of very noble birth, named Egwina : : I
fQeen Edgiva also bore him three sous, Edwin, Edmund, an
Edred, a daughter named Edberga. a most devout virgin, an
three other daughters. One of these was married to Oth
emperor of the Romans, the eighty-ninth in sueeessiot
another to Charles, king of the Western -E ranks, who:
aunt, the daughter of the emperor Charles, was the wife i
Ethclwulf, king of Wessex; Sihtric, king of Northumbri
married the third daughter. The etheling Ethel wold, eoues
german of king Edward, seized a royal vill ealled TweoxebeaJ
without the licence of the king or his "witan;" he ;,)-■
took another ealled Winburne, and strengthened it with gaW
and bolt*. It was there that, as we have mentioned befor
St. Cuthburg, sister of king Ina, founded a monastery of nun
On hearing of this outrage, king Edward assembled an am;
and encamped at a place near Winburne, called Baddanbyri
(Badbury). The king lost no time in summoning tf

' Jiiii-ljlerlri ; proper names commencing with ". I" til el," ore gnu
rally mitten ".Eirel" in the test of Florence of Worcester, a coiW]
tion to be found also in the Saxon Chronicle.

! M aim esbui}* describes lier as of humble birth, " opilionis flli*

a shepherd's daughter; Anth[. Lib., p. 13(1. where a

is given of Athelstan 's birth.

6

AJ>. 902 — 905.] EDWARD THE ELDER, 87

etheling to evacuate the place ; bat he refused, saying that he
would live or die there. But these were idle words, for,
terrified at the number of the king's army, he made his
escape by night, and hastening into Northumbria entreated
the Danes to accept him as a comrade, allowing him to join
their company as such, and not as a commander. However,
they shortly afterwards raised him to the throne. King Athel-
stan was severely mortified at Ethelwold's escape, and com-
manded instant pursuit to be made, but finding it impossible
to overtake him, he arrested the nun whom the etheling
had married without his permission and that of the bishops,
and caused her to be taken back to her convent at Winburne.

Ju>. 902.]

]a.d. 903.] Athuh* a very brave ealdorman, the brother of
queen Elswitha, king Edward's mother, died this year; as
also Yirgilius, a venerable Scotch abbot ; likewise Grimbald,
the priest, a man of great sanctity and one of king Alfred's
masters, ascended to the bliss of the heavenly kingdom.

[a.d. 904.] The Kentish men fought against a numerous
band of Danish pirates at a place called Holme, and remained
victors. The etheling Ethelwold returned to England from
foreign parts, with a large fleet of ships which he had either
bought or collected in East-AngHa.

[aj>. 905.] There was an eclipse of the moon. The
etheling Ethelwold prevailed on the Danes who inhabited East-
Anglia, by the promise of a large share of the booty, to join
in a predatory irruption on the borders of Mercia. On their
consenting, they quickly burst into the Mercian territory under
their king Erie, in union with Ethelwold, and, eager for
plunder, carried fire and sword through the country, penetrating
as far as Creccanford (Cricklade), where they crossed the river
Thames, and traversing the wood called in the Saxon tongue
Bradene, seized the surrounding vills, plundering everything
they could lay their hands on. Being now loaded with rich
booty, they hurried homeward in triumph ; but in vain, for the
invincible king Edward pursued them with such troops as he
could get together in haste, and laid waste their lands situate be-
tween the boundary territory of St. Edmund the king, and the
river Ouse. When about to draw off his army from the work
of devastation, he ordered the whole to retire in a body ; but
the Kentish men remained behind in spite of the order. The

FLOHENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. i

king sent (no less than) seven messages to them, eomm
them to retreat ; but tin v. having nn iipprehension of ai
persisted in their enterprise in blind security. The 1
learning this, quickly assembled in a body and tell i
Kentish men; and a severe battle ensued, in which r
perished on both sides. On that of the Kentish men n
slain Siwulf, the caMunnan, anil liis son Hoherht, Sigelm
ealdorman, Edwold, the king's thane, abbot Kennlt', and n
others. On the side of the Danes were slain Eric their k
the ethellng Ethelwold, who bad been elected king, ant
many more ' than fell on the side of the Eugiiah ; but
remained masters (if the field of death. The devout handi
Christ, queen Elswitha, king Edward's mother, and the ft
ress of a monastery for nuns at Winchester, departed this It

[aj>. 906.] A comet-star was seen. The Pagan *
out of East-Anglia and Norton mhria, Boding that king Edl
was invincible, made peaee with Itiln at a ]dace called i:
English tongue Yttiugaford.3

[A.». 907.]

[a.d. 908.] The city called in the British tongue I
gion, and in the Saxon, L.. 'get-east re (Chester), was rcbui
order of Etliered, the eaidnriiian. and Ethelfleda.

[a.d. 909.] Denulf. bishop of Winchester, died.

[a.d. 910.] St. Frithestan succeeded to the bishc
vacant by the death of Denulf. The bones of Si
king and martyr, were translated from Bardney t
The Danes having broken the peace recently conclude
invincible king Edward sent an army of West-Saxons
Mercians into Nortlnnnbria, which having accomphY
march, laid waste the country for nearly forty days
intermission, put nuinliers of the Danes to the s
brought back a crowd of captives and immense booty, i

1 The Shiqd Chronicle enumerates among these. Ysop the Iwld, su
Oskjtel the hold. In our notes on Henry of Huntingdon, who calk
them Aim, we remarked that ■' hold " was probably a Danish title of
rank ; but it escaped our notice that the word, as suggested by Dt-
Thorpe in a note to the K, II, Society's edition of Florence is probably
derived from the Scandinavian ; hollar, a udaller, or holder of land
on a free and privileged tenure still existing in Norway.

1 The Saion Chron. giies her death in 0113.

3 Supposed to be either Irford, near Christclmreh, i

. or Ictford in

A.D. 911 913.] THE WAR IN MERCIA. 89

pelling their kings, however reluctantly, to renew with king
Edward the peace they had broken.

[a.i>. 911. J A glorious battle was fought between the
English and Danes at a place called Teotanhele,1 in the province
of Stafford, the English gaining the victory. The same year
the victorious king Edward collected a hundred ships, and
embarking in them chosen troops, gave them orders to meet
him in Kent, whither he intended to go by land. Meanwhile,
the Danish settlers in Northumbria again breaking the peace
they had made, and rejecting the terms of accommodation
which king Edward and his witan proposed, audaciously
ravaged the lands of the Mercians, thinking, indeed, that their
naval power was so superior that they could go where they
pleased without encountering an enemy. The king being
informed of this irruption, sent the West-Saxon troops united
with those of Mercia to drive them out, who overtook them
as they were returning from the country they had ravaged, on
a plain called in English Wodnesfield, and slew their two
kings Eowils and Halfdene, king Hinguar's brothers, with two
of their earls, Ochter and Scurf, nine of their principal nobles,2
and many thousand men besides; and putting the rest to*
flight, recovered all the spoil. Ethelfleda, the lady of the
Mercians, built the town of Bramsbury.

[a.d. 912.] Ethered, ealdorman and " patrician," lord and
sub-king of the Mercians, a man of distinguished excellence,
and not deficient in deeds of worth, died this year; after
his' decease his wife Ethelfleda, king Alfred's daughter,3 ruled
with firmness the kingdom of Mercia, save only London and Ox-
ford, which her cousin king Edward retained in his own hands.

[a.d. 913.] Ethelfleda, lady of the Mercians, came with an
army on the second of the nones [the 6th] of May to a place
called Scoergate, and built a fortress there; marching from
thence she built another at a place called Bricge (Bridgnorth),

1 Tettenhall, near Wolverhampton.

2 Among these, the Sax. Chron. enumerates Othulf the holdy
Nenering the hold, Anlaf (Olaf) the Black, Thurforth the hold, Osferth
Flytte, Euthferth the hold, and Ogmund the hold. See the note in the
preceding page.

3 See Henry of Huntingdon's History, and the notes, pp. 166, 167,
168, in Bohn's Antiq. Lib., respecting this spirited princess, to whose
memory Florence of Worcester also has done more justice than most
of the Chroniclers.

90 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 914, 915

on the western bank of llie river Thames. About the feast c
St. Martin [11th November], a city was buili by order c
king Edward, between tlie Memera, Ficcea and Lyge (Lea), t
the north of Hertford.

[a.d. 914.] After Easter [17th April] a Pagan army froi
Northampton and Leicester came plundering into the provinc
of Oxford and slew great numbers of people in the royal vii
of Hoekeraetune (Hoekerton), and many other villa. Short!;
after they returned home anotlier expediton was eqnippec
consisting of horsemen, and dispatched in the province <,
Hertford, towards Ligetun (Leightou?); but the people of th
country Hocked together to oppose tbcm, and slaying many «
them and putting the rest to flight, took some of their horse
and most of their arms, recovering also the booty they ha
collected. After Rogation .lavs [l'3rd May], king Edwar
detached part of his troops to build a town on the south aid
of the river Lea, and, marching the rest into Essr\, pitched hi
camp at Maldienne (Maiden ?). He took up Ins quarters ther
whde a town was building at Witharo, which was afterward
fortified ; and a great portion of the inhabitants who wei
■entliralled by the Pagans submitted themselves to him, wit
all they possessed. In tlie early part of the summer, Ethel
fleda, tlie lady of the Mercians, led her people to Tamworti
and by God's help rebuilt that town ; from thence she wen
to Stafford, and built or threw up a fort on the north bank <
the river Sowe. The i'ulknving winter was exceedingly loo
and severe. Athehn, bishop of Wells, being promoted to th
archbishopric of Canterbury, was succeeded by Wulfhelm.

[a.d. 915.] On the death of Werefeith, bishop of th
Hwiccas, a man of deep learning and piety, ho was succeede
by Ethelhuu, abbot of Berkeley.1 In the beginning <
summer, Ethelflcda, lady of the Mercians, built the town ealle
Eddesbury, and at the close of autnnm another called Wai
wick. The Pagan pirates, who nearly nineteen years befot
had crossed over to France, returned to England from th
province called Lydwiccuiu (Brittany), under two chief:
Ochter and Hroald (Tliorold ?), and sailing round the coast t

1 Florence of Worcester is natimilly
the bishops of the Hwiceins, but in tlie list gi
work, the immediate wmlwl at YVYvelerth
Ethdhun.

A.D. 915.] WAR IN THE WE8T. 91

Wessex and Cornwall at length entered the mouth of the
river Severn. Without any loss of time they fell upon the
country of the Northern Britons, and carried off almost every
thing they could find on the banks of the river. Having laid
hands on Cymelgeac, a British bishop, on a plain called
Yrcenefeld, they dragged him, with no little joy, to their
ships. King Edward redeemed him shortly afterwards for
forty pounds of silver. Before long, the whole army landed,
and made for the plain before mentioned, in search of plunder ;
but the men of Hereford and Gloucester, with numerous
bands from the neighbouring towns, suddenly fell on them,
and a battle was fought in which Hroald, one of the enemy's
chiefs, and the brother of Ochter, the other chief, and great
part of the army were slain. The rest fled, and were driven
by the Christians into an enclosure, where they were beset
until they delivered hostages for their departure as quickly as
possible from king Edward's dominions. The king, therefore,
stationed detachments of his army in suitable positions on the
south side of the Severn, from Cornwall to the mouth of the
river Avon, to prevent the pirates from ravaging those districts.
But leaving their ships on the shore, they prowled by night about
the country, plundering it to the eastward of Weced (Watchet),
and another time at a place called Porlock. However, on
both occasions, the king's troops slew all of them except such
as made a disgraceful retreat to their ships. The latter, dis-
pirited by their defeat, took refuge in an island called Reoric,1
where they harboured till many of them perished from hunger,
and, driven by necessity, the survivors sailed first to Deomed,1
and afterward in the autumn to Ireland. After these occur-
rences, the invincible king Edward marched his army to
Buckingham, where he halted thirty days, causing forts to be
built on both banks of the river Ouse ; and, in consequence,
Turketil, one of the Danish chiefs, and all of the better sort
from Bedford and many from Northampton were compelled
to submit to the king.3 On the death of Cuthard, bishop of
Lindisfarne, he was succeeded by TilrecL

1 The Flat-Holms in the Bristol Channel.

2 Demetia, Dyvet ; the district of South Wales, about Milford Haven,
from whence is the nearest passage to the south of Ireland.

3 Saxon Chronicle, where these transactions of the year 915 are
assigned to 918.

92 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 911

[a.D. 91(i.] The victorious king Edward went to B
before the foa.it of St. Martin [1.1th November], which
and its inhabitants .suhinirto.il to him. He remained
thirty days, anil caused a town to lie built on the soul
of the river Ouse. After Christinas, Etheltteda, lady
Mercians, built two towns, ('yrichirig (Cherbury), and
byrig; she also built a third, Runootan (Runcorn),
that feast.

[a.d. 917.] The victorious king Edward went as
Maldon before the feast of the Nativity of St. John the B
and rebuilt the town, placing a guard of soldiers in it-
he left it. The same year Turketil, the ehief alreadj
tioned, went over to France with all his band, king E
approving and furthering the expedition. The ver
abbot Egbert was unjustly slain on the sixth of the cale
July. Three nights afterwards Etliclfleila, the lady ■
Mercians, sent an army into the territory of the Briti
take the castle at Brycenanmere (Brecknock); and 1
stormed it, they carried the wife of the British king t
to Mereia, and thirty-four men with her. Rollo, th
duke of Normandy died, and was succeeded bv h;
William.

[a.D. 918.] By king Edward's command, the city
Towcester was built before Easter, and another after 1
about the Rogations at Wigmore. After the feast i
Nativity of St. John the Baptist, the Pagans of Northa
and "Leicester, in violation of the peace, marched to Tow
and assaulted it during a whole day, endeavouring to
it ; but the defenders of the place making a stout resi
from within, and their neighbours hastening to their reli
Pagans all took to flight. They afterwards made night t
in the province of Buckingham on those who were orl
guard, carrying away men as well as cattle, and butchered
of the inhabitants between Birnwood and Aylesbury. .
same time, the army of the Pagans who had. colonised
Anglia and Huntingdon abandoned their fortress at Hu
don, and built themselves one which was stronger at a
called Wigingauiere : thinking, forsooth, that hostihtiis
that quarter wotdd enable them to recover the lauds
had been wrested from them. They then issued fo
mlt Bedford; but as soon as their approach was

assault Be

JLD. 918.] THE BANES WORSTED. 93

tained, those who had the guard of the town went out to
engage them, and, battle being joined, the enemy were defeated
and put to flight with great loss. After a short interval the
Pagans again assembled in a body from East-Anglia, Essex,
and Mercia, and marched to a town called Wigingamere,1
which they assaulted for a whole day; and those within
defended it manfully, and the enemy drew off; and as they
retreated swept off a vast booty. After this, in the same
summer, the people assembled in great numbers from the
nearest towns and districts under king Edward's dominion,
and laid siege to Tempsford — assaulted, stormed, burnt, and
destroyed it, putting to the sword the king of the Pagans,
with their general Toglear and his son, earl Mannan, and his
brother, and all who made any defence ; the rest they took
prisoners, and carried off all they could find.

From that time the power of the Danes gradually de-
creased, while that of the English was daily augmented. Upon
the calends [the 1st] of August, Ethelfleda, lady of the
Mercians, took Derby by assault, and became mistress of
that district ; but four of her most trusty thanes were slain,
bravely fighting, at the city gate. In the following autumn,
a great multitude of people from Kent, Surrey, Essex, and
the neighbouring towns and districts, assembled together, and
marched in a body to Colchester, and laying siege to the
place sat down before it until they took it. They slew all who
were in it, except a few who escaped, and plundered all it
contained. The Danes of East-Anglia, much incensed at
this loss, were bent on revenge, and, joined by some pirates,
whom they had taken into their pay, hastened to Maldon,
which they besieged until the people of the neighbourhood
came to the relief of the English; upon which the Danes
gave up the siege and drew off. The English, seeing this,
pursued them with great impetuosity, slew many thousands of
the pirates and the others, and routed the rest. Shortly
afterwards, the invincible king Edward put himself at the
head of an expedition from Wessex to Passanham, and re-
mained there while Towcester was being fortified by a wall of
stone built round it. In consequence, the Danish earl Thur-

1 Supposed to be Wayraere Castle, on a small island near Bishop's
Stortford.

9i FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 918, 919,

ferth, finding that he could no longer resist the kind's vigour,
submitted to Edward, with the citizens of Northampton and —
the people of tliat neighbourhood, both Danish and English. ._
After this the king returned home arid despatched another m
army to Huntingdon, with orders to repair and rebuild the
place and leave a garrison in it. This being accomplished,
all the people of that prnvuuv who had survived: the c-rueltiei
of the Danes, rejoicinc to shake oli' their yoke, sought peace
and protection from the kivi«\ and olieivd him their allegiance.
After a few days' interval, the long assembled the army <d
Wesser, and inarching to Colchester, repaired the walls of tie
town, and stationed in it a garrison of hired soldiers. Mean-
while, many of the English in East-Anglia and Essex, who
had been enslaved to the brut:il Danes more than thirty yean,
joyfully submitted to king Edward ; and even the Danish
colonists of East-Anglia came to him and swore that tfefjj
woidd in future do nothing to his prejudice, either by sea <X
laud. The army from Cambridge also came and chose him
for their lord and patron ; confirming their submission by
oaths as he required.

[a.d. 919.] In the beginning of this year, Etbelfleila, lady
of the Mercians, got poaeeaaios of Leicester, peaceably, and
nearly all die Danes belonging to the place .submitted to her.
The Danes also who predominated at York, engaged, some on
their word, aud others on oath, to submit to her will and
pleasure in all tilings. After Rogations [.31st May], to*
victorious king Edward the Elder led his army to Stamford,
and built a strong castle on the south bank of the river
Wcllaud, and not only the Danes who held the fort on the
north bank of that river, but all who were connected with the
place, paid him homage. While the king was thus employed,
that is to say, on the nineteenth of the calends of July, hu
abter, Ethekieda, lady of the Mercians, a woman of incom-
parable prudence, and eminent for her just and virtuous life,
died,' eight years after the sole government of the Mercians
fell to her, during which she had ruled them with firmness and
equity. She left Elfwina, her only daughter by Ethcred the

1 Henry of Huntingdon states tliat Ethelaeda died
twelve days hafore the feast of St. John [lStli June^, j
ing with two MSS. of tbe Sus.^n Chron. ; another
fw !>■:■; as the date. See p. 163 in Antif. Lib.

AJ>. 920—923.] DEATH 0F ETHELTLEDA. 95

sub-king,1 habeas to her territories : her body was carried to
Gloucester and honourably buried in the church of St. Peter.
A* soon as the intelligence of his sister's death reached the
long, he hurried to Tamworth and reduced it to submission.
Then moving his army to Nottingham, which was given up to
him, he erdared it to be repaired, and settled in it a united
body of Danes and English. In course of time he received
the submission, first, of all the Mercians and Danish inhabitants
of Meroia, and afterwards of three British kings, Howel,
Qyttwic, and Juthal, with their subjects.

(a.d. 920.] 2hx the ti of autumn, the invincible king
Edward proceeded to The 1 and built a town there, leaving
some of the bravest of 1 soldiers as a garrison. He also
sent troops into Northumb with orders to repair the town
of Manchester, and static good soldiers there. After

that, he deprived his me© carwma of all her authority in the
kingdom of Mercia, and ca her to be conducted to Wessex.

(a.i>. 921.] The invin * king Edward the Elder went to
Nottingham with a body ot troops before the feast of the
Nativity of St. John the Baptist, and erected a town on the
southern bank of the river Trent, opposite to the town standing
on the other bank, and gave orders for building a strong
bridge to connect the two towns. Thence he proceeded with
his force to Beadecanwella (Bakewell), and having built a
town close by, placed some stout soldiers in it. At that time
the king of the Boots, with all his people, Begnald, king of the
Danes, with the English and Danes of Northumbria, and the
king of the Strathclyde Britons, with his subjects, chose king
Edward the Elder for their father and lord, and made a firm
alliance with him.

[aj>. 922.] Ethelward, the etheling, king Edward's brother,
died on the seventeenth of the calends of November [16th Octo-
ber], and was carried to Winchester and buried there. Ethelhun,
bishop of the Hwiccas, died, and was succeeded by Wilferth.

[aj>. 923.]

1 She is called Elgiva by Roger of Wendover, who describes her,
with Florence, as the only daughter of Ethered and Ethelfleda, and
gives a curious reason for her being so. E. Wendov, in Antiq. Lib.
vol. i., p. 242.

* See the Saxon Ohron. as to the dates of the events of this and
the four following years.

06 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 924 — 93]

[a.d. 924.] Edward the Elder, the invincible king <
England, whu ivigned gloriously over all the people of Britaii
whether English, Scotch, Cumbrians, Danes, or Welsh, aft*
many great achievements, departed this life at the royal vi
called Feamduu (Earringdon), in (lie fifteenth indietion, in
the twenty-tour tli of hn reign, leaving the government to hi
son Athelatan. His body was carried to Winchester, ani
interred in the New Minster with royal pomp. His soi
Alfward died shortly afterwards at Oxford, and was burie
with his father. Athenian's accession was inaugurated a
Oiiigestone, which signifies the King's town ; and lie wa
crowned with due ceremony by Athclm, archbishop of Can
terbury. The resolute Dunstan, a native of Wessex, was i
boy in his time.

[a.d. 92.5.] The valiant and glorious king Athelstan gan
his siater in marriage, with great pomp and magnificence, ti
iSiliti-ii-. king of the Northumbrians, who was of Danish origin

[a.D. 926.] Fiery lights in the northern part of the heaven
were visible throughout the whole of England. Shortly after
ward, Sihtric, king of Northumbria, departed this lite, aw
king Athelstan expelled iMilhferth his son and successor, wit
united the kingdom to the others which were under hi
imperial sway, fur he defeated in battle and put to flight a!
the kings throughout Albion; for instance, Howe], king of thi
West Britons (the Welsh!, ami afterwards Constantine, kinf
of the Scots, and Wuei- (Owen) king of the Wenti (q. Gwent)
He also expelled Aldied, the sun of Eadulf, from his roya
town called by the English Jiebhanbyrig ( Bam borough). Al
these, finding that they eould no longer resist his power, suel
for peace, and assembling at a place called Eamot, on thi
fourth of the ides [the 12th] of July, ratified by their oath:
a. solemn treaty.

[a.d. 927.]

[a.D. 928.] Tilred, bishop of Lindisfarne, died, and wv
succeeded by Withred. On the death of Tunberht, bisho]
of Lichfield, Mile succeeded.

[a.d. 929.] Wilferth, bishop of the Hwiccias, died, an<
was succeeded by Kinewold.

[a.d. 930.]

[a.d. 931.] Eadulf, bishop of Devon, died, and was ban*
at Crediton.

4.B. 932 — 938.] ATHELSTAN. 97

[a.d. 932.] Frithestan, bishop of Winchester, a man of
eminent piety, continued to reside at Winchester after the
pious Byrnstan was bishop in his stead. St. Frithestan sang
mass daily for the repose of the souls of the departed, and at
night went round the cemeteries, chanting psalms for their
relief. On one occasion, when he was thus employed, and
had concluded the service with the words, " May they rest
in peace ! " he heard, as it were, countless hosts uttering from
the graves the response, " Amen."

^a.d. 933.] St. Frithestan died.

[a.d. 934.] Athelstan, the valiant king of England led
an expedition into Scotland, consisting of a powerful fleet
and a large body of cavalry, Constantine, king of the Scots,
having broken the peace that he had made. King Athelstan
ravaged great part of the country, and Constantine was
compelled to give him his son as an hostage, with fitting
presents ; and peace having been restored, the English king
returned to Wessex. St. Byrnstan, bishop of Winchester,
died the same year.

[a.d. 935.] The holy monk Elphege, surnamed The Bald,
a kinsman of St. Dunstan, was appointed to the bishopric of
Winchester.

[aj>. 936.]

[aj>. 937.] Otho, the nineteenth emperor of the Romans,
reigned thirty-six years and ten months. Athelstan, king of
England, gave him one of his sisters in marriage.

[a.d. 938.] Anlaf [Olaf], the Pagan king of Ireland
and many other isles, at the instigation of his father-in-law
Constantine, king of the Scots, entered the mouth of the
Humber with a powerful fleet. King Athelstan, and his
brother Edmund the etheling, encountered him at the head of
their army at a place called Brunanburgh, and the battle, in
which five tributary kings and seven earls were slain, having
lasted from daybreak until evening, and been more sanguinary
than any that was ever fought before in England, the con-
querors retired in triumph, having driven the kings Anlaf
and Constantine to their ships; who, overwhelmed with
sorrow at the destruction of their army, returned to their
own countries with very few followers.

1 See the Saxon Chronicle, and Henry of Huntingdon's History, for
details of this celebrated battle.

H

93 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 939 — 944.

[A.D. 939.]

[a.d. 940.] Atlielstan, the brave and glorious king of
England, departed this life at Gloucester, on Wednesday
the sixth of the calends of November [27th October], in Ife
fourteenth indiution and the sixteenth year of his reign. He
was carried to Maidulph (Mahnesbury), and buried there with
great honours ; his brother Edmund succeeded to the throne"
in the eighteenth year of hia age.

[a.d. 941.] The Northumbrians, faitldess to tiic allegiance
they owed to Edmund, the great king of England, elected
Olaf, a king of the Northmen, to be their own king. The
same year Alfred, bishop of Sherborne, died.

[a.d. 942.] Edmund, the great king of England, wrested
the "Five Burghs,"1 namely, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby,
Leicester, and Stamford, out of the hands of the Danes, and
brought the whole of Memo, under his dominion. He estab-
lished his supremacy and acquired this glory by calling to hi]
counsels Duustan, the servant of God, who, besides other
offices of dignity to which he was advanced, was abl>ot of
Glastonbury, where he had 1x;en brought up. William, duke
of Normandy, the son of Bollo, was slain on the sixteenth of
the calends of January [1.7th October] : he was succeeded by
his son Richard.

[a.d. 943.1 At the moment when St. Elfgiva, the queen of
king Edmund the Great, was giving birth to a son, St. Dunstan,
the abbot, heard voices on high, singing thus : " Peace shall
be to the English church in the time of the child who is now
born and of our own Dunstan." This year the king of
England received king Olaf, already mentioned, from the
sacred laver of regeneration, and made him a royal gift ; and
soon afterwards he presented KegnaUl, king of Northumbm,
to the bishop in the office of confirmation, adopting him tor
hia son.

[a.d. 944.] Edmund, the great king of England, expelled
the two kings of Northumbria — namely, Olaf. son of Sihtric,
and Eegnald, son of Guthfertlt, and took that kingdom into

1 Quiiique civtiates. These " five hnrghs," as they were called, weta
sir-'iicly (..I'titied, distinguished for their importance, commerce, and
wealth ; and formed, as it were, a little separate Danish s'
heart of England, from the time of king Alfred. See
Danes in Emjland, p. 91.

A.D. 945 — 951.] EDMUND — EDRED. 99

his own hands. Withred, bishop of Lmdisfarne, died, and
was succeeded by Uhtric; on whose decease Sexhelm was
ordained to supply his place ; and he too dying a few months
afterwards, Aldred was consecrated in his stead.

[a.d. 945.] Edmund, the great king of England, laid waste
Cumberland, and gave it to Malcolm, fcmg of the Scots, under
fealty and military service, by sea and land.

[a.d. 946.] On the feast of St. Augustine, the doctor of
the English, being Tuesday, the seventh of the calends of
June [26th May], in the fourth indiction, Edmund, the great
king of England, was stabbed to death at the royal vill called
Pucklechurch, by Leof, a ruffianly thief, while attempting to
defend his steward from being murdered by the robber. The
king thus perished after a reign of five years and seven months :
his body was carried to Glastonbury and buried by St. Dunstaa
the abbot. Edred, his brother and next heir, immediately suc-
ceeded him in due course, and was crowned at Kingston by
St. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, on Sunday the seventeenth
©f the calends of September [16th August]. King Edred
reduced the entire kingdom of Northumbria to allegiance, as
his brother had done before, and the Scots swore fealty to hun.
a.d. 947, 948.]

a.d. 949.] St. Wulfetan, archbishop of York, and all the
great men of Northumbria, swore fealty to Edred, the illus-
trious king of England, at the vill called Taddens-clyff
(Tadcaster), but they soon broke it, and made one Eric, of
Danish extraction, their king.

[a.d. 950.] On the revolt of the Northumbrians, Edred,
king of England, laid waste the whole of Northumbria ; and,
in the course of this devastation, the monastery of Kipon,
founded by St. Wilfrid, was burnt to the ground. While,
however, the king was retiring, a body of troops sallied forth
from York and made great havoc on the rear of his army, at
a place called Chesterford. The king was so nettled at this
affront, that he was on the point of counter-marching
his force and utterly devastating the whole country, when
the Northumbrians, alarmed at the news, deposed Eric whom
they had elected king, satisfying the king's honour by humble
submission, and compensating his losses by their offerings, it
costing them a large sum of money to appease his anger.

[a.d. 95L] St. Elphege, bishop of Winchester, surnamed

h2

100 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [_A.D. 932 — 036.

the Bald, who had received St. Dunstau's [■ruff^Um as a monk,
and raised him to the order of priesthood, departed this life,
and was suaveded in tin; bishopric by Alfsin.

[a.d. 952.] Edred, the renowned king of England, closely
imprisoned Wulfstan, un-h bishop of York, at Juthanbyrig, on
certain charges frequently preferred against him. He also
ordered several of the inhabitants of Thetfurd to bo executed,
as a punishment for their cruel murder of abbot Aldelm.

[a.d. 953.] Ethelgar, bishop of Crediton, departed in
Christ in the twenty-first year after he was appointed to the
see, and was buried at Crediton. By the advice of St. Dun-
stan, the abbot, the venerable Alfwold was made bishop in

[a.d. 954.] Wulfstan, archbishop of York, was released
from prison, but his episcopal functions were transferred to
Dorchester.

[a.d. 955.] Edred, the illustrious king of England, fell
sick in the tenth year of his reign, so that his life was despaired
of; upon which a messenger was dispatched with urgent speed
to summon Dunstan, the king's confessor. The holy abbot
was hastening to the palace, and had accomplished half his
journey when he heard these words distinctly uttered by »
voice from above, " King Edred now rests in peace." At this
sound, the horse on which he was riding, struck with awe at
the angel's voice, fell to the earth lifeless, hut St. Dunstan
received no injury. The king's corpse was carried to Win-
chester, and interred by abbot Dunstan himself in the New
Minster with the highest honours. Edwy, the etheling, his
nephew, as being son of king Edward by St. Elfgiva, hi*
queen, succeeded him in his sole and imperial government,
and was crowned the same year at Kingston by Odo, arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The same year died Lewis, king of
the Western Franks, son of king Charles by a daughter of
Edward the Elder, king of England. Liutolf also, son of the
emperor Otho by another daughter of the same king Edward-
died this year, and was buried in the choir of the Abbey oC
St. Alban. at Mentz.

[a.D. 956.] St. Dunstan, the abbot, on his being cited
to judgment by Edred, king of England, crossed the sea,
and being honourably received by Arnulf, a man of royal
descent, had lodgings assigned him in the abbey of Blandin

A.D. 957 — 959.] EDWY AND EDGAR. 101

(St. Peter's, at Ghent). Wulfstan, archbishop of York, died
on the seventh of the calends of January [26th Pec], and
was buried at Oundle. Oskytel, a reverend man, succeeded
him.

[ a.d. 957.] The people of Mercia and Northumbria threw
off their allegiance to Edwy king of England, disgusted at
the folly of his government, and elected his cousin, the
etheling Edgar, king. So the kingdom was divided between
the two kings in such manner that the river Thames formed
the boundary of their respective dominions. It was not long
before Edgar, king of Mercia, recalled St. Dunstan, the
abbot, with honour and distinction. In the course of a short
time afterwards, Coenwald, the pastor of the church of
Worcester, a man of deep humility and also a monk, died*
and St. Dunstan, the abbot, was promoted to the vacant
bishopric, and consecrated by Odo, archbishop of Canterbury*
In the year following, Edgar king of Mercia entrusted him
with the government of the church of London, on the death
of its pious pastor.

[a.d. 958.] Alfsi, bishop of Dorchester, died: he was
succeeded by Byrhthelm, a mild, modest, humble, and benevo-
lent man. St. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, separated
Edwy king of Wessex and Elgiva, either because, as report
says, she was of near kin to him, or he was enamoured of her
instead of his wife. In the same year, the archbishop, a man
eminent for his talent, worth, and virtues, and gifted with
a prophetic spirit, departed this life and was borne on angel's
wings to paradise. He was succeeded by JSlfsige, bishop of
Winchester, and Byrhthelm, the fifth bishop of Wells, was
translated to the see of Winchester in Alfsin's place.

[a.d. 959.] iElfsige, archbishop of Canterbury, on his jour-
ney to Borne to obtain the pallium was frozen to death in the ice
and snow whilst crossing the Alps. Edwy, king of Wessex,
died, after a reign of four years, and was buried at Winchester
in the New Minster. His brother Edgar, king of Mercia, then
in the sixteenth year of his age, was chosen to succeed him by
the unanimous voice of the Anglo-Britons, in the 510th year
from the arrival of the Angles in Britain, and the 263rd year
after St. Augustine and his companions landed in England: and
the divided kingdoms were thus re-united. Byrhthelm, bishop
of the people of Somerset (of Wells) was elected to the

102 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER, [ijt. 959, 960.

archbishopric of Can tori airy, hut it. being the general opinion
that lie was little ipialified for so hiL'h a dignity, he returned
to tbe church be had lately quitted. Thereupon, St. Dunstan,
nephew by the brother's side of archbishop Athein, and abbot
of Glastonbury and afterwards bishop of Worcester and
London, was by divini? grace and advice of the council chosen
to he primate and patriarch of the metropolis of Eugiand.

Taught by his prudent counsels, and those of other men
of wisdom, Edgar, king of England, put down wickedness in
all quarters, severely punished the rebellious, cherished the
just and humble, restored find enriched the ruined houses of
God, and clearing the abodes of the clergy of all that wu
light and tiitling, assembled troops of monks and nuns to the
glory of the great Creator, ostablishing them in more than
forty monasteries built by Ids command. Ail these he honoured
as brethren, and loved as dear children, admonishing with hit
own month the pastors he set over them, to eihort their flocks
to live according to the monastic rule and without reproach,
and so be well-pleasing in all things to Christ and his saints.
He was discreet, mild, humble, kind, liberal, merciful, power-
ful in arms, and warlike ; defending royally the rights of his
kingdom by military force. Ho taught the people to give ready
submission to their lords, and the lords to rule the people witi
justice. He enacted good laws, and his reign was most
peaceful. He neither provoked war in any quarter, nor va
compelled to engage in it by any provocation ; but, by God's
aid, he guarded the frontiers of his kingdom with prudence
courage, justice, and moderation. In his wrath he was fierce
as a lion against his enemies; so that not only the princes and
lords of the islands held him in awe, but the kings of many
nations were either struck with terror and alarm by the reports
of his wisdom and might, or loved, honoured, and extolled him
for his munificence. The emperor Otho the First, who had
married his aunt, sent hiin splendid presents, and concluded »
treaty of lasting peace with him.

[a.d, 960.] St. Dunstan went to Home in the third indie-
tion, and having received the pallium from pope Jolm, returned
to his own country by a peaceful journey. After the lapse of
a few months he went to court, and appealing to the king's
red and humbly requested lum to raise to the see
of Worcester St, Oswald, nephew of his predecessor Odo, »

G

aj>. 961— 969.] kkub. 103

devout, meek, and humble monk, of whose growth in the fear
of God, and the virtues of a holy life, he was fully satisfied.
King Edgar having granted this request, St. Oswald was
consecrated and enthroned as bishop by St Dunstan himself.
On the death of Guthard, bishop of Selsey, Alfred succeeded.

>d. 961, 962.]

aj>. 963.] St. Ethelwold, a venerable abbot who had
been brought up by St. Dunstan, succeeded to the bishopric
of Winchester on the death of Byrhthelm ; and the same year,
by the king's command, he expelled the clergy, and established
monks in the Old Minster. Being the king's principal coun-
sellor, he strongly advised him to expel clerks (secular canons)
from the monasteries, and give orders for their being replaced
by monks and nuns.

[aj>. 964.] Edgar the Pacific, long of England, married
Elfihrith the daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, and
widow of Ethelwold, the illustrious ealdorman of East-Anglia,
by whom he had two sons, Edmund and Ethelred. He had
also by his first wife Ethelfleda the Fair, surnamed Eneda,
daughter of the ealdorman Ordmar, a son named Edward,
afterwards king and martyr ; and by St. Wulfrith a daughter
named Edgitha, a virgin devoted to God. In the same year,
the king settled monks in the New Minster, and at Middleton,
and appointed Ethelgar Abbot of the former, and Cyneward of
the latter.

>j>. 965, 966.]

a.d. 967.] Edgar the Pacific, king of England, placed
nuns in the monastery at Bumsey, founded by Ins grandfather
Edward the Elder, king of England, and appointed St. Mserwyn
to be their abbess.

[a.d. 968.] Edgar the Pacific, king of England, sent
Sideman, a devout man, to govern the monks at Exeter, with
the rank of abbet On the death of Aldred, bishop of
Lindisfarne, he was succeeded by Alfsy.

[a.d. 969.] Edgar the Pacific, king of England, com-
manded St. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, and St.
Oswald and St. Ethelwold, bishops of Worcester and Win-
chester, to expel the clerks and settle monks in the larger
monasteries of Mercia. Thereupon St. Oswald, in compliance
with the king's wishes, expelled from the monastery the clergy
of the church of Worcester who refused to become monks :

104 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 970 973.

but on their complying, as he tells us, in the present year, he ".
accepted their monastic vows, and appointed Wynsin, a monk j
of Rumsey, a man of deep piety, their abbot, instead of a dean.

[A.D, 970.] The relies of St. S within, the venerable bishop,
after having been buried one hundred and ten years, were
disinterred on Friday, the ides [the 15th] of July, in the
thirteenth indiction, by the venerable bishop St. Ethelwold,
and Elfstau ami Ethelgiir, abbots of Glastonbury and the New
Minster, anil deposited with the utmost reverence in the
church of the apostles Peter and Paul (at Winchester). The
same year Oswulf, bishop of Wilton, died, and was buried at
Wilton t the venerable Alfgar vras ordained in his stead.

[a.D. 971.] The etheling Edmund, king Edgar's won, died,
and was honourably buried in the monastery at Rumsey.
The same year Alphege, ealdorman of Hampshire, died) and
was buried at Glastonbury. Soon afterwards Ordgar, ealdor-
man of Devon, king Edgar's father-in-law, died, and was
buried at Exeter.

[a.d. 972.] Edgar the Pacific, king of England, caused the
church of the New .Minster, lie^an bv bis father, and completed
by himself, to bo consecrated with great ceremony. The same
year Alfwold, bishop of Devon, departed this life hi the nine-
teenth year of his episcopacy. and w:is buried at Orediton. On
the death of OskyteL. archbishop ■ if York, his kinsman St. Oswald,
liishopot' Worcester, was elected hissuccessor in the archbishopric.

[a.d. 973.] [Stephen became the one hundred and thirty-
fourth pope];1 from him St. Oswald received the pallium.
Kdgar the Pacific, king of Hi inland, being then in the thirtieth
year of his age, received the l>enedietion of the bishop
S S. Dtinstan and Oswald, and all the other bishops •'-
England, and was crowned and anointed as king with gnat
pomp and ceremony at the city of Aeamann (Bath ?) in the
first indiction, and on the fifth of the ides [the 11th] of May,
King Whitsunday. Shortly afterwards, he sailed round the
north coast of Britain with a Urge fleet and landed at Chester.
He was met, as he had given orders, by eight tributary kings,'

' This should bo Benedict VI., A.n. D72— 0T4.

! The Salon Chron. and Heory of Huntingdon count only sis
of tfiese tributary kings. Of the last five here mentioned, two »i*
supposed to have been princes of N. Wales, one of S. Wales, one rf
Oalway, and one of Westmoreland.

>. 974, 975.] edgab. 105

nely, Kenneth, king of the Scots, Malcolm, king of the
mbrians, Maecus (Magnus), king of several isles, and five
lers, named Dufhal, Siferth, Huwal (Howel ?), Jacob, and
chil, who swore fealty and bound themselves to military
vice by land and sea. Attended by them, king Edgar one
y went on board a boat, and while they plied the oars, he
>k the helm, and steered skilfully down the course of the
er Dee, and followed by his whole retinue of earls and
bles pursued the voyage from the palace to the monastery

St. John the Baptist. Having paid his devotions there, he
turned to the palace with the same pomp. He is reported
have said to his nobles as he entered the gates, that any
ccessor of his might truly boast of being king of England
len he should receive such honours, with so many kings
ing him homage. Bryhthelm, bishop of Somerset, died,
d was buried at Wells. He was succeeded by Cyneward,
bot of Middleton.

[a.d. 974.] This year there was a violent earthquake
rough the whole of England. Eberger, archbishop of
Dlogne, gave the abbey of St. Martin at Cologne to the Scots
r ever. Minborin, a Scot, was the first abbot.

[a.d. 975.] Bang Edgar the Pacific, imperial monarch of
ie English world, the flower and glory of a race of kings,
>t less famous among the English than Romulus among the
omans, Cyrus among the Persians, Alexander among the
Macedonians, Arsaces among the Parthians, or Charles the
reat among the Franks — after accomplishing all his under-
kings in a manner worthy of a king, departed this life on
hursday the eighth of the ides [the 8th] of July, and the
drd indiction, in the thirty-second year of his age, the nine-
tenth of his reign in Mercia and Northumbria, and the six-
«nth of his reign over all England ; leaving his son Edward
ar to his crown and virtues. His body was carried to
lastonbury and buried with royal pomp. During his life
3 formed a fleet of 3,600 stout ships, and after Easter, every
sar, he used to collect a squadron of 1,200 ships on each of
ie eastern, western, and northern coasts of the island ; and
ake sail with the eastern squadron until it fell in with the
estern, which then put about and sailed to the eastward,
hile the western squadron sailed northward till it met with
e northern, which, in turn, sailed to the west. Thus, the

106 FLORESCEOF WORCESTER, [jLD. 975 — 9JZ

wbole island was circumnavigated every summer, and iiwse
lii'M <'.\[>i'ilitii>ns served at onee for the defence of the realm
against foreigners, anil to accustom himself and his people
to warlike exercises. In the winter and spring he used M
make progresses through all the provinces of England, md
enquire diligently whether the laws of the land and his owm
ordinances were obeyed, so that the poor might not sufi*
wrong and be oppressed by the powerful. By the former of
these practices he encouraged a daring spirit, by the other tin
due administration of justice anion? his su I fleets, and in balk
consulted the interests of liis states and kingdom. Thus hit
enemies on every side were tilled with awe. and the k>vc <*"
those who owed him allegiance was secured. At his dead
the whole kingdom fell into a state of disturbance, and the
season of giadness which peace established in his time wt»
exchanged for one of universal tribulation. For, blinded by
presents of value, Elfhere,1 the ealdorman of Mereia. and
many other nobles, expelled the monks from the monasteries
in wliieh they had been settled by king Edgar the Pacific, and
introduced clerks with their wives. But this madness was
opposed by sonic conscientious men. such as Ethelwine, ed-
dorman of Eaet-Anglia, a friend of Hod, his brother Athwold,
and the religious ealdorman Brihtnoth, who met together aid
declared that they could not permit the monks who possessed
all the religion of the kingdom to bo driven out of it : they
therefore assembled troops and defended the monasteries of
the Eastern-Angles with great spirit. While these event)
were occurring, there was a great dispute among the noble)
respecting the election of a kin?; for some chose the king'*
son Edward, and others his brother Ethelred. In consequent
of this, the archbishops Dunstan and Oswald, with their
suffragans, and manv abbots and eaMonnen, met in a body and
chose Edward, as his father had directed ; and after his election
the new king was crow-nod and anointed. Cynewnrd. hisk.'j' 'A
Somerset, died. A eometr-star was seen in the time of autumn.

[a.d. 976.] England was visited with a severe famine.
In this year the great earl Oslac was expelled from England.

[a.d. 977.] A verv numerous synod was held at a rill
called Kyrtling in East-Anglia; at another synod which nas

D. 978 — 982.] EDWABD — ETHELRED. 107

forwards held at Calne, a royal vill, the whole witan of
ngland there assembled, except St. Dunstan, fell from an
pper chamber : some were killed on the spot, and some barely
leaped with their lives. A third synod was held at Ames-
nry. Sideman, bishop of Devon, died.

[a.3>. 978.] Edward, king of England, was foully murdered
; Corvesgeate (Corfe), at the instigations of his step-mother,
ueen Elffchrhha, and was buried at Wareham without royal
amp. His brother Ethelred, the illustrious etheling, a youth
f graceful manners, handsome countenance, and fine person,
as on the Sunday after Easter, the eighteenth of the calends
f May [14th April] in the sixth indiction, crowned and
msecrated king by archbishops Dunstan and Oswald, and ten
ishops, at Kingston. Elfwold, bishop of Dorchester, died,
ad was buried at Sherborne. A meteor was seen all over
Ingland at midnight, which was sometimes the colour of
lood, and at other times fiery; it afterwards formed rays of
ght of various colours, and disappeared about day-break.

[aj>. 979.] Elfhere, ealdorman of Mercia, cameto Wareham
rith a crowd of people, and caused the holy body of the pre-
ious king and martyr Edward to be disinterred: when it was
nwrapped it was discovered to be sound and free from all decay
r corruption, and they washed it and clothed it afresh, and
arried it to Shaftesbury and entombed it with due honours.

[a.d. 980. J Ethelgar, the venerable abbot of the New
ftinster, was made bishop of Selsey on the sixth of the nones
the 2nd] of May. The same year, Southampton was laid in
uins by Danish pirates, and nearly all the citizens were either
oassacred or carried away captives. Shortly afterwards, the
ame party laid waste the isle of Thanet. The same year, the
iountry about Chester was ravaged by Norwegian pirates.

[ajo. 981.] The monastery of St. Petroo the confessor, in
Cornwall, was rifled by the same pirates, who in the preceding
rear laid Southampton in ruins, and who afterwards pillaged
he coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. Elfstan, bishop of
RTilton, died, and was succeeded by Sigeric1 Wulfstan, dean
>f Glastonbury, a man eminent for piety, died.

[a .d. 982.] Three pirate ships came to the coast of Dorset,

1 There is some confusion in the succession of the bishops of Wilton :
?ee the list at the end of Florence of Worcester's Chronicle, and
William of Malmesbury de Pontit Lib. ii.

108 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.U. 983 — I'SS.

and the pirates ravaged Portland. London was destroyed
by fire. Erlu'lmar. ealdiinuan of Hampshire, and Edwin,
ealdorman of Wessux, died: the one wan buried at Abingdon,
and the other in tin; New Minster at Winchester. Herel
abbess of Shaftesbury, and Ulfwin, abbess of Warcham,
parted this life. The same year, the emperor Otho II. hai
gone to Greece, fell in with an army of Sanieens. engaged
a plundering expedition airuin^t tin- Christians, and, givi
them battle, gained the victory after great carnage on both
sides. As he was returning home, Otho, the son of his brother
Liutolf, son of the emperor Otho I., by a daughter of Edi
the Elder, king of Enghmd, died.

[a.d. 983.] Elfhcre, ealdorman of Mercia, a kinsman
Edgar, king of England, died, and was succeeded in his offiee
by his son Alfric.

[a.d. 984.) St. Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, departed
this life, hi the second indiction, on the calends [the 1st] of
August, and was succeeded by Eijthege, abbot of Bath. H*
hail assumed the monastic habit in the abbey of Deerhurst.

[a.d. 985.] The venerable monk Edwin was appointed
abbot of the monastery of Abingdon. On the death of
Cvneward, bishop of Wells, he was succeeded hv abbot Sigar.
' [a.d. 986.] Ethelred, king of England laid siege to
Rochester on account of some quarrel, but finding the diffi-
culty of reducing it, ravaged the lands of St. Andrew the
apostle. Alfric. ealdorman of Mercin, son and successor of
Elfhere, was banished from England.1

Minborin, the Scotch abbot, died in the abbey of St
Martin, at Cologne, on Sunday the fifteenth of the calends of
August [18th July]. Killiii succeeded him.

[a.d. 987.] This year5 two diseases unknown to the
English in past ages, viz., a fever among men, and a murrain
among cattle called in the English language "the skit,' Mid
which may be described in latin as a flux of the bowels, sorely
troubled the whole of England, and raged in every part of it
beyond description, causing great mortality among the people
and the universal loss of cattle.

[a.d. 988.] Watchet was pillaged by Danish pirates, and
they even slew the governor of Devon, whose name «u-

1 According to tl

i, G6B.

>. 989 — 992.] TRIBUTE TO THE DANES. 109

tCfoda, and the most valiant thane Strenwold, and several
i others ; but more of the Danes were killed, and the English
remained masters of the field of death. St. Dunstan, the
archbishop, died on Saturday the fourteenth of the calends of
June [19th May] in the first indiction ; and was succeeded
by Ethelgar, who had been appointed the first abbot of the
New Minster by St. Ethelwold bishop of Winchester, and was
afterwards bishop of the South-Saxons (of Selsey).

"a.d. 989.]

|a.d. 990.] Sigeric, bishop of Wilton, succeeded Ethelgar,
archbishop of Canterbury. He expelled the clerks of Canter-
bury, and introduced monks. On the death of Alfsy, bishop
of Lindisfarne, he was succeeded by Aldhun.

[a.d. 991.] This year, the Danes under the command of
Justin and Guthmund, son of Steitan, laid Ipswich in ruins.
Byrhtnoth, the intrepid ealdorman of Essex, fought a battle
against them near Maldon ; but after great slaughter on both
sides, the Danes' fortune was in the ascendant. In the same
year, by the advice of Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury, and
the ealdormen Ethelward and Alfric, a tribute was given to
the Danes for the first time ; ten thousand pounds being paid
to them in consideration of their desisting from the constant
pillage, burnings, and homicides which they practiced all
along the coast, and of their concluding a settled peace. St.
Oswald the archbishop, by divine aid, and encouraged by
the support of Esowy, bishop of Lincoln, on Tuesday the
sixth of the ides [the 8th] of November, consecrated the
monastery of Bumsey, which he and Ethelwine, ealdorman of
East-Anglia, the friend of God, had built.

[a.d. 992.] St. Oswald, the archbishop, departed this life
and soared to the blissful kingdom of heaven, in the fifth
indiction, on Monday the second of the calends of March
[29th February], and was interred in the church of St. Mary
at Worcester, which he had built from the foundations. He
was succeeded by Aldulph, the venerable abbot of Peter-
borough, in whose stead Kenulf was appointed abbot. Shortly
after the death of St. Oswald, Ethelwine the ealdorman of
famous memory, and the friend of God, departed this life.
He was younger than his brothers Ethelwold, Alfwold, and
Ethelsine : but he excelled them in meekness, piety, goodness,
and justice ; and, being a man of the highest worth and

110 FLORENCE OR WORCESTER. [i.D. <

purity, was, we may be permitted to believe, admitted
the citizens of Paradise. His corpse was conveyed with er<
pomp to fiumsey, and interred there by St. Elphege, bisb
of Winchester. By order of Ethelred king of England, at)
consulting his nobles, the strongest-built ships from every pi
of England were assembled at London ; and the king ma
urns them with a chosen body of troops, gave the command
Alrric, already mentioned, and Thored, both ealdormcn, wi
Elfstan, bishop of Wilton, and bishop Esowy, with directions
to blockade the Danish force in some port, and compel it to
surrender. But ealdorman Alirie sent a private message (A
the enemy, advising them to be on their guard, and take on
that they were not taken by surprize, and surrounded by lb*
king's fleet The ealdorman himself, a singular esample at
wickedness, in the night preceding the day which tin? English
had fixed far bravely engaging the Dimes, clandestinely joined
the Danes with his whole force, and lost no time in making 1
disgraceful retreat with them. As soon as the king's
discovered this, it sailed in pursuit of the fugitives
ship only was soon taken, and after all the crew were dis-
patched, given up to pillage. The B'est of the fleet which
was making its escape was accidentally met by the ships rf
the Londoners and East-Anelians, and a battle was fought ia
which many thousands of the Danes felL Ealdonni
own ship with its armed crew was captured by the
Alrric himself escaping with great difliculty.

[a.d. 993.] This year the aforesaid Danish army took
Bamborough by storm, and carried oft' all that was f
in store there. They then directed their course to the
Huiuber, and, burning many vills, and butchering many people,
took much booty in Liudsey and Northumbria. The pro-
vincials hastily assembled to oppose them; but at the moment
of attack, their leaders Frana, Erithogist, and Godwin, beinsr
Danes by the father's side, betrayed their followers and *»»•
the signal for flight. The same year Alfgar, the son of Alfrie,
the ealdorman, before-mentioned, was deprived of sight by
command of king Ethelred.

[a.d. 9»4.] Anlaf (Olaf) kingof Norway1 and Sweyn king
of Denmark arrived in London witli ninety-foor gallies on tki

d from fllioul A.D. 335 to 1000

.

A.B. 994, 995.] BATAGES OF THB BANKS. Ill

day of the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September], and soon
afterwards made an attempt to break down the walls and burn
the city ; bat by the aid of God and his mother Mary, the
enemy was repulsed with considerable loss, Roused to fury
tad despair, they forthwith drew off from the place, and in
the first instance overran the coasts of Essex and Kent, and
afterwards Sussex and the province of Hants, burning
the villages, laying waste the lands, putting numbers of
people to death by fire* and swordr without regard to sex,
and sweeping off an immense booty. At last, seizing horses,
they rode wildly through many provinces, and slaughtered the
whole population with savage cruelty, sparing neither the
women nor children of tender age. Then king Ethelred, by
the advice of his nobles, sent envoys to them with a promise
of tribute and regular pay if they would entirely desist from
their barbarities. Consenting to the king's proposal, they
returned to their ships, and, assembling their whole force at
Southampton, wintered there. Their pay was defrayed by
Wessex; but the tribute, amounting to sixteen thousand
pounds, was levied throughout all England.

Meanwhile, Elphege, bishop of Winchester, and the noble
ealdorman Ethelward, went to king Olaf by order of king
Ethelred, and having given hostages, conducted him with
honour to the royal vill of Andover where the king was
residing. The king treated him with great distinction, and
eausing him to be confirmed by the bishop, adopted him as his
m, and made him a royal present. He, on his part, promised
king Ethelred that he would never again invade England ; and
afterwards returning to his fleet, sailed for his own kingdom
at the beginning of summer, and faithfully kept his promise.

[a.d. 996V] A comet was seen. Alfric, a monk of Glaston-
bury and bishop of Wilton, succeeded Sigeric, archbishop of
Canterbury, and Brightwold succeeded Alfric at Wilton.
tindisfarne-Ii is the name of an island commonly called
Halig-Ealond (Holy Island). It is surrounded by the sea,
but at the ebb of the tide it may be approached dry-shod
every day. In this island was the episcopal see of Cuthbert
and his predecessors and successors for a long period. At the
time [a.d. 875] when Hinguar and Hubba ravaged England,
Eardulf, who was then bishop of Lindisfarne, and the clergy
attached to his church, took the uncorrupted body of St.

113 PLORBNCB OF W0RCE8TEK. [a.D. 996 — 99S

Cuthbort, and quitting the island on account of the crueltie
of the barbarians, wandered aliout with the body of St. Cuthber
for souio years, not having any settled abode, until at last tin
episcopal see was fixed at Cuuegaceastre (CheBter-le-Straaj
in the time of Alfred, king of England. After the lapse ul
many years, in the reign of Ethelred, king of England) tin
holy body was brought to Durham, in consequence of a divine
revelation, and the seat of the bishopric was fixed there. Foe
this reason the holy Bede places the original see at Lind*
farne; for in his time Durham was unknown. The bishop
see was transferred to Durham in the year of our Lord 995.

[a.d. 996.] Alfric, archbishop of Canterbury, was con-
secrated.

[a.d. 997.] Tho Danish array which had remained in
England sailing round the coast of W esses, entered the mouth
of the river Severn, and at one time ravaged North, (South ?)
Wales, at another Cornwall, and then Wat diet in I.Kvi',
burning many vills and making great slaughter of the inhabi-
tants. Sailing round Pcnwith-Steoi't (the Land's-End) oa
their return, they entered with their ships the mouth of the
river Taiuar, which divides Devon and Cornwall, and carried
fire and sword as far as Lydford, meeting with no resistance.
They burnt besides the monastery of Ordulf, the ealdormin
of Devon, called Tavistock, and, returning to tlieir ships
loaded with immense booty, wintered there.

[a.d. 998.] The array of Pagans, already mentioned,
landed at the mouth of the river Froine, and laid waste the
greatest part of Dorsetshire. It then made frequent descent!
on the Isle of Wight, and back again to Dorsetshire, intent •*
plunder, as usual ; and when it lay in the Isle of Wight il
gathered its means of subsistence from Sussex and Hampshire.
An army was several times assembled in oppose these ravigtS)
but as often as they were on the eve of battle, the Englist
were checked by some treachery or misadventure, ami the)
turned their hacks and left the enemies masters of the field.

[a.D. 999.] The often-mentioned army of Pagans i
the mouth of the river Thames and went up the Sled way W
Rochester, and in a few days entrenched themselves round it
The Kentish men assentbled in a body to repulse them, aW
fought a sharp battle with them, but after great slaughter":
both sides, the Danes remained masters of tho field o"

>.d. 1000—1002.] ethblbbd's wabs. 113

[a.d. 1000.] This year the Danish fleet, already mentioned,
ailed over to Normandy. King Ethelred ravaged nearly the
rhole territory of the Cumbrians. He gave orders to his
leet to sail round North Wales and meet him at a place
ppointed ; but it was prevented by strong winds : it, however,
aid waste the island of Mona.

[aj>. 1001.] The body of St. Ive, the archbishop, was
liscovered. The aforesaid army of Pagans sailing back from
Normandy to England entered the mouth of the river Exe,
ind shortly afterwards marched to besiege Exeter. But when
hey attempted to make a breach in the walls they were
epulsed by the citizens, who vigorously defended the place,
["hereupon, greatly exasperated, they overran Devonshire,
nirning the villages, laying waste the fields, and butchering
he inhabitants, in their usual manner. Thereupon, the people
>f Devon and Somerset assembled at a place called Penho,
mt the English, not being able to resist the numbers of the
)anes with their small force of soldiers, were routed with
»reat slaughter, and the Danes got the victory. Then, having
:upplied themselves with horses, they did more mischief than
)efore through nearly all Devon, and returned to their ships
rith immense booty. Thence they made for the Isle of
itfight, and meeting with no opposition, plundered as usual
here, sometimes in Hampshire, sometimes in Dorsetshire,
ittacking the inhabitants and burning the vills with such fury,
;hat neither the fleet dared to engage them by sea nor the
irmy by land, to the king's deep sorrow, and the unspeakable
listress of his people.

[a.d. 1002.] Ethelred, king of England, having held
counsel with the great men of his kingdom, thought it expe-
lient to make a treaty with the Danes, hiring them with
»oney, and paying them tribute to cease their ravages and
keep the peace. Leofsy, the ealdorman, who was sent to them
with this proposal, urged them to accept the terms. They lent
I favourable ear to his message, and granted his request, fixing
the amount of tribute for which they would keep the peace.
Shortly afterwards twenty-four thousand pounds were paid to
them. Meanwhile, the said ealdorman Leofsy slew jEfic, a
aoble, and the king's high-reeve, at which the king was so
incensed that he banished him from the country. The same
year king Ethelred married Emma, who is called by the Saxons

I

114 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [,\.D, 1002,

Elfgiva, daughter of Richard 1., duke of Normandy. A
archbishop of York, having assembled lii.-i suffragan bit
abbots, priests, monks, and men of religion, on Wednt
tlie seventeenth day of the calends of May [15th Apri
tlie twenty-fifth year of the reign of Ethclred, king of Eng
the fifteenth indiethm, disentombed tlie relies of St. ft
the archbishop, and dt'po.*ited them with great ceremoiii
shrine which he had caused to be prepared. He himself
shortly afterwards, tliat is, on tlie second of tlie nones [the
of May, and was buried in the church of St. Mai
Worcester : lie was succeeded by abbot Wulfstau. The
year king Erhelred gave orders for the massacre of a!
Danes of every age and both sexes, in consequence of
having conspired to deprive liim and his nobles of the
nijil kingdom and reduce the whole of England under
dominion.

[a.D. 1003.] In this year, through the contrivance, i
gence, or treachery of Hugh, a Norman count,1 queen Ec
steward of Devon, ttweyn, king of Denmark, took Exeti
storm, and levelling the wall from the eastern to the we
gate, retired to Ins ships loaded with booty. After this,
he was ravaging Wiltshire, a large body of the men of I
and Wilts assembled and marched boldly against the a
to give them battle; but when tlie two armies came in
of each other, Elfrie, the ealdorniaii already mentioned,
was then in command of the English, immediately resort
his ..dd devices, and ieigidng sickness. U'gan to vomit, d eel
that he was so ill that he could not tight the enemy.
troops perceiving his inactivity and cowardice, marched
in great sorrow, without, joining 1 aitle; as it is said in th
proverb: "when the general fails, the army quails."1 S
observing that the Enulish I'aiteivd, led his forces to thi
of Wilton, which he plundered and burnt. In this lm
he burnt Searebury (Sai-uni), and then returned to his sh

Kilitiu, a Scot, and abbot of the Scottish monastery a
Martin, died on the nineteenth of the calends of January [
December]. Helias. a Se.it. succeeded him.

Sweyn, king of Denmark, landed from his fleet at Nor

1 The Saion Chron. sails Hugh "a French cbnrl."
In tho Sa.t. Chroti. two rhyming rerses. See tlie note to He:

al-i.s Hist., .u.!<.:. /.■'... p l-.'..

- lull
Hunting!

>. 1005, 1006.] WARS WITH THE BANES. 115

rich he pillaged and burnt. Then Ulfkytel, the resolute
Ldorman of East-Angha, being taken by surprise, and having
> time to assemble troops against the enemy, held council
th the East- Anglian nobles and made peace with the king.
it he broke the treaty three weeks afterwards, and landing
i forces secretly, assaulted Thetford, which he pillaged, and
fcer remaining there one night set it on fire at daybreak.
a hearing this Ulfkytel ordered some of the country people

destroy the enemy's ships ; but they either did not venture,

neglected, to obey his orders. Meanwhile he got his troops
gether as quietly and quickly as he could, and led them
;ainst the enemy. Meeting them with an inferior force as
ey were retreating to their ships, a hard-fought battle ensued,

which some of the East-Anglian nobles fell; and after
■eat slaughter on both sides, the Danes escaped with extreme
fficulty. Indeed, if the East-Anglians had been in full force
Ley would never have got back to their ships ; for they con-
ssed themselves that they had never sustained so fierce and
>termined an attack as that of the ealdorman Ulfkytel.

[ a.d. 1005.] This year England was visited with a severe
id general famine, in consequence of which the Danish king
weyn withdrew to Denmark — to return shortly afterwards,
to the death of Alwine, bishop of Wells, he was succeeded
y Living, also called Athelstan.

[a.d. 1006.] Alfric, archbishop of Canterbury, died, and
ras succeeded by Alphege, bishop of Winchester, to which see
[enulf, abbot of Peterborough, was preferred.

King Ethelred stripped Wulfgeat, son of Leofsy, his princ-
ipal favourite, of his estates and honours, on account of his
inrighteous judgments and arrogant deeds. The crafty and
reacherous Edric Streon insidiously plotting against the noble
aldorman jEhhelm, prepared a great entertainment at Shrews*
wry, to which he invited him. iEhhelm accepting the invita-
ion was welcomed by Edric Streon as his intimate friend ;
wt on the third or fourth day of the feast, he took him to hunt
a a wood where he had laid an ambuscade ; and when all
vere engaged in the chace, a ruffian of Shrewsbury called
jtodwin Port-Hund, which signifies the town's hound, who had
seen long before bribed by the profuse gifts and promises of
Edric to commit the crime, suddenly sprung from his ambush
and basely assassinated the ealdorman jElfhelm. A short ti

116 FLOREKCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1006, 1(

afterwards, his sons Wulfheag and Ufgeat wore, by 1
Ethelred's orders, deprived of sight at Corshain, whore he
then residing. Kenulf, bishop of Winchester, died, and
succeeded by Ethel wold.

In the month of July following, an immense army of Da
came over to England, and landing at the port of tSaiidw
destroyed with tire and sword all that stood in their way, i
pillaged to a vast extent both in Kent and Sussex. In c
sequence, king Ethehvd collected an army in Mercia I
Wessex, and resolved to give them battle with great vigo
but they were little disposed to meet him openly in the fii
but made frequent expeditions for pillage in various quart
and then retreated to rln-ir .-hips aeronling lo their usual tact
In this way they harassed the English army during the wfc
autumn ; but when it was disbanded on the approach of winl
the Danes crossed over to the Isle of Wight with their enonrn
booty and sojourned there until the feast of our Lord's Naiivi
at which, as the king was then in Shropshire, they went throi
Hampshire into Berkshire, and burnt Heading. WalliuL'fo
Cholaey, and many villages. Moving from thence and erossi
Ashdowu, they readied C'wichelmcs-lawe (Ouekamsley-Hi
Returning by another road they found the people of i
country drawn up in battle array near Kormet, and immeiliat
attacked then i and put them to flight: they then retire'':
their ships with the plunder they had taken.

[a.D. 1007.] In this year Ethelred, king of England, w
the consent of his witan. sent envoys to the Danes with ord
to notify to them that he would supply them with provlsii
and pay them tribute, on condition of their desisting fii
pillage and milking and keeping a durable peace. They agrc
to his terms, and thenceforth the whole of England provid
them with subsistence and paid them a tribute of thirty-!
thousand pounds. The same year the king made the befoi
mentioned Edric, sou of Ethclric, ealdormau of Mercia ; he n
a man, indeed, of low origin, hut his smooth tongue gain
him wealth anil high rank, and, gifted with a subtle gen:
and persuasive eloquence, lie surpassed al! his contomporar
in malice and perfidy, as well as in pride and cruelty. I
brothers were Rrihiric. Eifric, Goda, Ethelwine, Ethelwai

i Ethebnere, the father of Wulfnoth, who was the father
" i, ealdorman of Weasox.

*D. 1008, 1009.] ETHELRED FITS OUT A FLEET. 117

[a.d. 1008.] Ethelred, king of England, ordered ships to
>e diligently built in all the ports, making every three hundred
ind. ten hides throughout England furnish one ship, and every
line a breast-plate and a helmet. When these ships were
•eady, he put on board chosen troops, with supplies of pro-
visions, and assembled the fleet at Sandwich to guard the
;oasts of the kingdom from foreign invasions. At that time,
>r a little before, Brihtric, brother of the traitorous ealdorman
Edric Streon, a supple, ambitious, and proud man, falsely
iccused to the king Wulfhoth his ealdorman in Sussex, who
immediately fled to avoid being arrested; and collecting
twenty ships, made frequent descents and plundered the sea-
coast. But when it was notified to the fleet that whoever
would might easily take him, Brihtric went in pursuit of him
with eighty ships. For a while he had a favourable voyage,
but a violent storm suddenly arose which tossed and shattered
his ships and wrecked them on the shore, and Wulnoth burnt
them soon afterwards. On hearing this, the king with his
ealdormen and nobles returned home ; but the fleet by his
orders proceeded to London ; and the vast toil of the whole
nation was thus thrown away.

[a.d. 1009.] Thurkill, a Danish jarl, came over to
England with his fleet; and afterwards, in the month of
August, another immense fleet of Danes, under the command of
Heming and Eglaf, touching at the Isle of Thanet, speedily
joined the other fleet. Both then sailed to the port of Sand-
wich, where the troops landed, and proceeding to attack
Canterbury, tried to storm the place ; but the citizens with
the people of East-Kent quickly sued for peace, and obtained
it on payment of three thousand pounds. The Danes went
back to their ships and directed their course to the Isle of
Wight ; then, according to their custom, they made piratical
descents on the coast of Sussex and Hampshire and burned
several vills. Thereupon king Ethelred collected troops from
all parts of England, and stationed them in districts lying
near the sea to check these irruptions ; but, notwithstanding,
they did not desist from plundering wherever the locality per-
mitted. On one occasion, when they had been pillaging further
inland than usual, and were on their return laden with booty,
the king took possession, with many thousand armed men, of
the road they had to pass in their way to their ships ; and as

118 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1009, 10!

his whole army was asseml ded, resolved either to conquer
die. But the traitorous caM^i'man I'ldric Stroon, liis son-in-b
(for he had married his daughter Elgithaj, used every effi
by insidious and perplexing counsels to prevent a battle ai
persuade the king, fur that time, to let the enemy pass. L
policy prevailed, and like a traitor to his country, he rescu
the Danes from the hands of die English, Mid suflored them
escape. Drawing off their forces they with great joy regain
their ships. After [his, wlie.il the feast of St. Martin [11
November] was past, they sailed for Kent, and selecting tin
winter quarters near the river Thames, forcibly obtained tin
supplies from Essex and other provinces on both banks oft.
river. They also frequently attacked the city of London u
endeavoured to storm it, but the citizens repulsed them wi
severe loss. On the death of Oshi'iht, bishop of Seisey, he w
succeeded by Jillmar.

[a.d. 1010.] The before-mentioned army of Danes sidli
from their ships in the month of January, and traversing ti
wood called Cliiltern. marched to Oxford, which they plunder)
and burned, pillaging the country on both sides the riv
Thames as they returned to (heirships. Receiving iutHligcri
that forces were assembled at London ready to attack th«
part of the army which was descending the right bank of tl
river crossed it at a place called Staines, when both divisioi
being united, they marched through Surrey, loaded with boot
ami regained their ships, which they refitted during Leu
while they were stationed in Kent, After Easter [the 9i
April] they sailed to East- Auglia, and landing near Ipswii
marched to a place called Kingmere, where they knew th
Ultliytel the ealdorman had posted his troops. They fungi
a desperate battle with him on the third of the mini's [the till
of May,1 but when the light was the thickest the East-Angliai
gave way, Thurkytel, surnamed Myren-Heafod,1 a Danish jw
being the first to flee. The Cambridge men stood the
ground a long time, fighting manfully; but. they were at la
defeated and forced to retreat. In this battle fell At.hclstai
the king's son-in-law. Oswv, a noble iliaue. and his son, Wulfri
son of Leot'wine, Edwy, brother of Elt'rie. bcl'orc-ineii[i..ni'
with many other noble thanes, and immeuso numbers of tli

1 Oa Ascanskn day [18th May], Sax. Cbron. s The "Antb««d."

-AJ>. 1010, 1011.] XRXBUTE PAU> SO THE DANES. 119

common people. The Danes, remaining masters of the field of
death, obtained possession of East-Anglia, and, mounted on
horseback, scoured the whole province during three months,
plundering, burning vills, and butchering men and beasts,
without cessation ; in the fens also they did the same, and
afterwards pillaged and burnt Thetford and Cambridge.

After all this they returned to the river Thames, the infantry
embarking in ships, the cavalry proceeding on horseback. In
a few days they went on another plundering expedition, taking
the direct road to Oxfordshire, which they first ravaged, and
then Buckinghamshire, .Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire, burn-
ing vills and butchering men and animals, and afterwards
retreating to their ships with much plunder. After this,
about Hie feast of $t. Andrew the apostle [30th November],
they burned Northampton and as much of the surrounding
country as they pleased, and then crossing the river Thames,
went into Wessex, and having set fire to Caningamersce
(Keynsham?) and the greatest part of Wiltshire, they, as usual,
returned to their ships about Christmas.

[Am. 1011.] East-Anglia, Essex, Middlesex, Hertfordshire,
Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire,
half of Huntingdonshire, and a great part of Northamptonshire,
and, en the south side of the river Thames, Kent, Surrey,
Sussex, Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Berkshire, having been
ruined -with fire and sword by the before-mentioned army of
Danes, Ethelred, king of England, and his witan1 sent envoys
to them sueing for peace, and offering them pay and tribute if
they would desist from their ravages. Having received the
message, they accepted the proposals, but as the event showed,
not without guile and subterfuge; for although they were
plentifully supplied with provisions, and the tribute they
demanded was paid, they continued to scour the country in
bands, laying waste the vills, spoiling some of the wretched
inhabitants of their goods, and killing others. At length,
between the feast of the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September]
and that of St. Michael, they dug a trench round Canterbury,
and laid siege to it. On the twentieth day of the siege,
through the treachery of the archdeacon JSlmar, whose life
St. Elphege had formerly saved, one quarter of the city was

1 (C

The witan, both clergy and laity*" Sax. Chron,

120 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1011, 10

set on fire, the army entered, and the place was taken ; so
of the townsmen were put to the sword, others perished in i
names, many were thrown headlong From the walls, some wi
hung by their private parts till they expired; matrons wi
dragged by their lisiii- rhronsh the streets of the city, and tli
east into the fire anil burnt to death ; infants, torn from th
mothers' breasts, were caught on the point of spears or crusli
in pieces under the wheels of waggons.

Meanwhile, Alphege, the archbishop, was seized, and bei
loaded with fetters was imprisoned and tortured in varit
ways. ^Clmar, the abbot of St, Augustine's monastery, t
permitted to depart; (iodwm, bishop of Rochester, was ma
prisoner, as well as Leofruua, abbess of St. Mildred,' Alfr
the king's reeve, with the monks and canons, and vast numh
of the people of both sexes. Then Christ's Church was ph
dcred and burnt, and the whole male population, including (
monks, women anil children being excepted, were decimal'
nine were put to death, and every tenth person suffel
to live. The numbers who perished in this decimation wl
four monks and eight hundred of the laity. When the peo|
had been thus slaughtered, and the city pillaged and burnt
the ground, Alphege, the archbishop, was brought out
letters and dragged along, severely wounded, to the ships; th
he was again thrust into prison, where he underwent gri
sufferings during seven months. Meanwhile, the wrath of G
raged furiously against that blood-thirsty people, and t'
thousand of them perished from excruciating pains in I
bowels ; the rest being attacked in a similar manner wi
admonished by the faithful to make satiafcetiou to the art
bishop ; but they deferred it, and the mortality stili continui
carrying them oft* by tens and twenties, and sometimes mon

[a.d. 1012.] Edrie. Streou, the traitorous eaddonnan, a
the great lords of the realm, of both estates,11 assembled
London before Easter [13th April], and remained therein
the tribute of forty -eight thousand pounds promised to I
Danes was paid. Meanwhile, on the Holy Saturday, wli
our Lord rested in the grave [l'tth April], the Danes ofti-i
to Alphege. the archbishop, his life and liberty on payment
three thousand pounds, but he refusing such terms, they put

1 la tie isle of Thanct. [ Sax. Chron. ; r/yni primates. Flurcn;

AJD. 1012, 1013.] MURDER OF ST. ALPHEGE. 121

his execution until the next Saturday. When it arrived, their
fury was greatly inflamed against him, and having intoxicated
themselves by deep draughts of wine, and being incensed at
his having forbidden any ransom to be paid for his liberation,
they brought him forth from his dungeon and dragged him to
their husting.1 Presently they started up, felled him to the
ground with the backs of their battle-axes, and showered on
him stones, bones, and ox-skulls. At length one of them,
whose name was Thrum, a man he had confirmed only the day
before, with compassionate impiety, split his head with an ax£
and he instantly fell asleep in the Lord, on the thirteenth of
the calends of May [19th April], and his triumphant spirit
ascended to heaven. His corpse was carried to London on the
day following, and being received by the citizens with deep
reverence, was interred in St. Paul's church by Ednoth, bishop
of Lincoln,2 and Alfhun, bishop of London. After these events,
the tribute being paid and the peace ratified by oaths, the
Danish fleet, which had before kept together, dispersed far and
wide ; but forty-five of the ships remained with the king, the
crews swearing fealty to him, and engaging to defend England
against foreigners, on condition that he supplied them with
food and raiment.

[a.d. 1013.] Living was preferred to the archbishopric of
Canterbury. In the month of July, Sweyn, king of Denmark,
sailed with a powerful fleet to the port of Sandwich, and
having remained there a few days departed, and, sailing round
East-Anglia, entered the mouth of the river Humber ; thence
he went up the river Trent to Gainsborough, where he
encamped. Earl Uhtred, with his Northumbrians and men of
Iandsey, in the first instance, and afterwards the inhabitants
of the Five Burghs, and, before long, the whole population
north of the Watling Street, that is, the road which the sons
of king Weatla made across England from the eastern to the
western sea, offered him submission; and peace being ratified

1 Saxon Ohron. The huts-thing was the popular assembly, as well
as the court of judicature, of the Northmen — Florence uses the word
concilium. ^ ,

2 Of Dorchester. The see was not removed to Lincoln until about
the year 1035 ; but Florence generally uses the latter title. See the
account of the translation in Henry of Huntingdon's pp. 219 and
304, Antiq. Lib.

122 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1013.

with him. delivered hostages and swore fealty to him : upon
which lie commanded them to supply his army with hern's and
provisions. All this being accomplished, he committed lite
.ships atid hostages to the care of his son Canute, and select-
ing an auxiliary force from his new subjects, nndertoolc an
expedition against the East-Mercians; and having pas-rd (!„■
Watling Street, published an order to his troops to the effect
that they should lay waste the fields, burn the villages, plunder
the churches, slay without mercy all the men who fell inlo
their hands, reserving the women to satisfy their lusts, and, in
short, do all the mischief thev could. His men doing as they
were ordered, and revelling in all kind; of brutality, lie came
to Oxford, and getting possession of it sooner than he expected,
took hostages and pushed forward to Winchester. On his
arrival there, the citizens panic-struck at his enormous cruelty,
at once made peace with him, and gave him such hostages as
he chose to demand. These bang delivered, lie moved hi*
army towards London, but many of his troops wore drowned
in lite river Thames, because they never thought of looking
for a bridge or a ford. Having ranched London, he tried
various ways of taking it. either by stratagem or by assault!
but Ethelred, king of England, with the citizens, supported
by Thiirkill, the Danish jarl, wo often mentioned, who was then
in the city with him, stoutly defended the walls and drove him
off. After this repulse, he first marched to Wallingford, and
then to Bath, pillaging and destroying as usual all that fell in
Jus way. There he sat down for a time to refresh his army;
and Ethelmar, ealdorraon of Devonshire, with the western-
thanes, came to him and made their peaoe, delivering hostages.
Having accomplished all this according to his wishes, and
returned to his fleet, he was hailed and acknowledged king by
all the people of England ; if, indeed, he can be called a king,
who acted in almost all things as a Tyrant. Even the citizens iif
London sent him hostages and made peace with him, for they
were apprehensive that his fury towards them was raised to such
a pitch, that he would not only confiscate all their property,
but either have their eyes torn out, or cause their hands ur
feet to be amputated. Finding things in this state, king
'Ethelred sent his queen, Emma of Normandy, to her brother
Richard II., earl (duke) of .Normandy, together with lib k
Edward and Alfred, attended by their tutor Alfhun, I 'L~

ill his 1 ■

..IK 1013, 1014.] DEATH OF 8WEYN. 123

xmdon, and Elfsy, abbot of Peterborough. He himself re-
named for a time with the Danish fleet, which then lay in the
iver Thames, at a place called Greenwich, and afterwards
ailed to the Isle of Wight, where he celebrated the feast of
he Nativity. After Christmas, he sailed over to Normandy,
nd was received with due honour by earl Richard. Mean-
while, the tyrant Sweyn gave orders that his fleet should be
►rofusely supplied, and that an almost insupportable tribute
hould be levied. Earl Thurkill issued the same orders with
espect to his fleet which lay at Greenwich. Besides all this,
K>th of them made excursions to plunder as often as they
hose, and committed great enormities.

[a.d. 1014.] The tyrant Sweyn, in addition to his endless
nd cruel atrocities both in England and other countries, filled
ip the measure of his damnation by daring to exact an
normous tribute from the town where rests the uncorrupt
*ody of the precious martyr Edmund ; a thing which no one
ad dared to do since the time the town was given to the
hurch of that saint. He frequently threatened, that if the
ribute were not speedily paid, he would burn the town and
a inhabitants, level to the ground the church of the martyr,
nd inflict various tortures on the clergy. Moreover, he often
isparaged the martyr's merits, presuming to say that there
f&s no sanctity attached to him ; but thus setting no bounds
o his frowardness, divine vengeance did not suffer the
lasphemer to continue in existence. Towards evening of the
ay on which he had held a general Thing-Court at Gains-
orough, repeating his threats while surrounded by throngs of
)anes, he alone of the crowd saw St. Edmund coming towards
im with a threatening aspect. Struck with terror at this
pectacle, he began to shout with great vehemence : " Help,
omrades, help! lo, St. Edmund is at hand to slay me."
Vhile he spoke, the saint thrust his spear fiercely through him,
nd he fell from the war-horse on which he was seated, and
uffering excruciating torments until twilight, died in agony
m the third of the nones [the 3rd] of February.

As^soon as he was dead, the bands of men belonging to the
)anish fleet elected his son Canute king. But the elders
>f all England, unanimously, sent messengers in haste to
ring Ethelred, saying that they neither did nor should love any
me better than their natural lord, if only he were willing to

124 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 1014, 1015,

govern them more justly, and treat them with greater gentle-
ness than lie had hitherto done. On receiving this message,
he sent his son Edward to them, accompanied by his own
envoys, with gracious salutations to all his people, both high
and low, and assuring them that fur the future lie would be*
gentle and loving lord to them, consulting their wishes and con-
forming to their advice in everything, and would graciously
pardon whatever anion ts they had put upon him or his, either
by word or deed, if they all unanimously agreed, without
fraud, to receive him back as their king. To this they ill
returned a favourable reply. Then an act of plenary concord
was agreed to on both sides, both verbally and by a [solemn]
treaty. In addition, the chiefs- of rite nation pkilgod
selves unanimously not to miller turain a Danish king to reign
in England. This being settled, the English sent over to
Normandy, and during Lent the king was brought back with
the utmost expedition, and received with universal honour.

Mean w I iih.'. it was agreed between Canute and the men
Llndsey, that on their furnishing htm with horses for his troops,
they should join in a plundering expedition ; but before they
were equipped, king Ethel red came upon them with a powerful
army, and having driven out Canute and his naval force, la'
waste, and gave to the flames, the whole of Lhidsey, putting!
many of the inhabitants as be could to the sword. Caiutfft
however, consulted his safety by a hasty flight, and directing
his course to the south, quickly gained the port of ttandwieli:
there he exhibited the hostages his father had received froo
all parts of England, and having cut oil" their hands and atfl
and slit their nostrils, sutlered them to depart : In 1 1
for Denmark, intending to return the year following. To «dd
to all these calamities, king Ethelred ordered a tribute at*
thirty thousand pounds to he paid to the fleet lying at Gree
wich. The sea broke its bounds on the third of the calends
of October [3rd September], and overwhelmed many villa and
great numbers of people in England.

[a.d. 1015.] While a great council was being held »l
Oxford this year, the traitorous eatdoiinan. Edrie Streoii,
perfidiously invited to Ids lodgings two of the most considerable
and influential persons iu the Seven Burghs, Sigeferth and
Morcar, and there caused them to be secretly m
King Ethelred took possession of their effects, and

murdered,
d ordered'

jld. 1015, 1016.] Canute's buocesse8. 125

Elgitha, Sigeferth's widow, to be taken to the town of
Malmesbury. While she was confined there, Edmund the
etheling came and married her against his father's will, and
between the feast of the Assumption [15th August] and the
feast of the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September], he went to
the Five-burghs, and seizing the lands of Sigeferth and Morcar,
compelled the villeins to acknowledge him as their lord.
About the same time, king Canute arrived in the port of
Sandwich with a large fleet, and shortly afterwards, sailing
round the coast of Kent, entered the mouth of the river 5"rome,
and swept off much booty in Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, and
Wiltshire. King Ethelred then lying sick at Corsham, his son
Edward the etheling, on the one hand, and Edwin Streon, the
ealdorman, who was steeped in stratagems and deceit, on
the other, levied a great army. But when their forces
were united, the ealdorman laid all manner of snares for
the etheling, and plotted his death ; which being found out,
they presently parted and made way for the enemy. Soon
afterwards, the same ealdorman inveigled the crews of forty
ships of the royal fleet, which were manned by Danes, to follow
his fortunes, and joining Canute with them, placed himself at
his service. The West-Saxons also submitted to him, giving
him hostages, and afterwards furnished horses for his army.
On the death of Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, he was
succeeded by Elsy, called also Elfwin.

[a.d. 1016.] Canute, king of the Danes, and the ealdorman
Edric Streon, the traitor, having before our Lord's Epiphany
[6th May] crossed the river Thames at Cricklade, with a
powerful body of horse, commenced hostilities in Mercia,
laying waste and burning many vills in Warwickshire, and
massacring all the people they met with. When this came to
the ears of the etheling Edmund, surnamed Ironside, he lost
no time in collecting troops; but when the army was mustered,
the Mercians refused to engage with the West-Saxons and
Danes, unless they were joined by king Ethelred and the
Londoners ; in consequence, the army was disbanded, and
every one returned home. The feast (of Epiphany) being
over, Edmund the etheling gathered a still larger army, and,
when it was assembled, sent messengers to London requesting
his father to join him as soon as possible with all the troops he
could muster; upon which, the king levied a number of

126 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1018,

soldiers and hastened to meet him. But when the force- were
united, it was intimated to the king, that unless he toefc
precautions, some of the auxiliary would betray him to
the enemy. In consequence, disbanding his troops, lie returned
to London, and the etheling went into Northumbria; fro*
whicli many conjecture that it was Ilia intention to assemble ft
still larger army against Canute ; but as Canute and Edric OS
the one side, so he and Ubtred, carl of Northumbria, on the
other, ravaged several provinces. They first laid wutff
Staffordshire, then Shropshire and Leicester -hi re, because the
people of those districts refused l<.> lake anus against the Damn
army. Meanwhile, Canute and Edric Streon devnst*t*o\
first, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Nor-
thamptonshire, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire, and after-
wards Northumbria. On learning this, the ethcling EdmuftJ
desisted from ravaging the country, and hastened to hisfatlw |
at London. Earl Uhtred hurried home, and, compelled bj
necessity, submitted, with all the Northumbrians, to Canute
and gave him hostages : nevertheless, liy (.'anute's command Of
permission, he was put to death by Thurbrand, a nohle that,
and Thurketil, the son of Neavan, fell with him. This eroM
being perpetrated, Canute appointed Egric earl (of Nor-
thumbria,) in Uhtred's place, and then returning south with
great expedition by another road, he regained his ships "id
his entire army before the feast of Easter.

About this time, on Monday the ninth of the calends of
May pjftrd April], in the fourteenth induction, Ethelred, kmg
of England, died at London, after a life of severe toil* sod
tribulations, which St. Dunstan, on his coronation day, >S*
placing the ei'own upon his head, predicted, in the spirit of
prophecy, would come upon him : " Because," be said, " thou
hast been raised to the throne by the death of thy broth*
whom thy mother has slain, therefore hear now the word d
tile Lord ; thus saith the Lord : ' The sword shall not dep»t
from thy house, but shall Mire flsiainst thee all the days of thy
life, cutting oft' thy seed, until thy kingdom become tb«
kingdom of an alien, whose customs and tongue the nation
which thou ml est knoweth not. And thy sin, and the sin irf
thy mother, and the sin of the men who were parties to I*
wickedness, shall be expiated only by long continued p
ment.1 " His body was honourably interred ii

?£&

JU>. 1010, 1011.] TKIBOTE PAID TO THE DANES. 119

common people. The Danes, remaining masters of the field of
death, obtained possession of East-Anglia, and, mounted on
horseback, scoured the whole province during three months,
plundering, burning villa, and butchering men and beasts,
without cessation ; in the fens also they did the same, and
afterwards pillaged and burnt Thetford and Cambridge.

After all this they returned to the river Thames, the infantry
embarking in ships, the cavalry proceeding on horseback. In
a few days they went on another plundering expedition, taking
the direct road to Oxfordshire, which they first ravaged, and
then Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire, burn-
ing vills and butchering men and animals, and afterwards
retreating to their ships with much plunder. After this,
about the feast of St. Andrew the apostle [30th November],
they burned Northampton and as much of the surrounding
country as they pleased, and then crossing the river Thames,
went into Wessex, and having set fire to Caningamersce
(Keynsham?) and the greatest part of Wiltshire, they, as usual,
returned to their ships about Christmas.

[axd. 1011.] East-Anglia, Essex, Middlesex, Hertfordshire,
Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire,
half ef Huntingdonshire, and a great part of Northamptonshire,
and, on the south side of the river Thames, Kent, Surrey,
Sussex, Hampshire, -Wiltshire, and Berkshire, having been
ruined with fire and sword by the before-mentioned army of
Danes, Ethelred, king of England, and his witan1 sent envoys
to them sueing for peace, and offering them pay and tribute if
they would desist from their ravages. Having received the
message, they accepted the proposals, but as the event showed,
not without guile and subterfuge; for although they were
plentifully supplied with provisions, and the tribute they
demanded was paid, they continued to scour the country in
bands, laying waste the vills, spoiling some of the wretched
inhabitants of their goods, and killing others. At length,
between the feast of the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September]
and that of St. Michael, they dug a trench round Canterbury,
and laid siege to it. On the twentieth day of the siege,
through the treachery of the archdeacon iElmar, whose life
St. Elphege had formerly saved, one quarter of the city was

1 " The witan, both clergy and lait/j\" Sax. Chron.

128 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1016.

nature of the ground ant! the strength of his force required,
he posted ad his best troops in the first line, placing the rest
in reserve, and calling upon each by name, exhorted and
implored them to boar in mind that they were about to
contend for their country, their chfldren, their wives, and
their homes; and having inflamed the ardour of hie BOldin
by such exalted language, he ordered the trumpets to sound,
and the troops to advance slowly. The enemy's army did
the same. Having gained a position while they could join
battle, they attacked each other with loud .-hoofs, fighting
desperately with sword and spear. King Edward Ironsids
fought desperately in the first rank at close quarters, and,
while he superintended every movement, fought hard in
person, and often struck down an enemy, performing at onw
the duties of a brave soldier and an ablr general. But Edric
Streon, the traitorous ealdominn, and Almar the Beloved, and
AJgar, son of Meawcs, who ought to have supported him. having
joined the Daues, with the provincials of Hampshire and
Wiltshire, aud a vast throng of the people, king Edmund's
army was over-ma telied and exhausted; ^t ill, on the first day of
tile engagement, which was Monday, the battle was so hard-
fought and bloody, that both armies, being no longer able W
prolong the fight for very weariness, drew off at sunset of
their own accord. But the next day the king would have
utterly defeated the Danes had it not been for a stratagem (I
Edric Streon, his perfidious eaklornian. For when the fight
was thickest, and lie perei-ived that the English had the best
of it, he struck off the head of a man named Osmrcr, whose
features and hair were very like king Edmund's, and holding
it up, shouted to the English that they were fighting to no
purpose: "Flee quickly," he said, "ye men of Dorsetshire
Devon, and Wilts ; ye have lost your leader : lo ! here I hold
in my hands the head of your lord, Edmund the king: retreat
with all speed."1 The English were panic-struck at these

cuous for baling a chimney, at a time when that luxury was elsewhere
unknowu, or of very rare occurrence." Thorpe's note in the E, B-
Society's Edition uf Florence of Worcester.

1 The account of this battle in the Snion Chron. is very lj..cf, omit-
ting any notice of the traitor Edmund Streon's stratagem. Henry »
'in gives an account of a similar ruse, bnt connects it wilt
of Ofllngtou, fought shortly afterwards. He has nreserw*

A.D. 653 — -655.] CONVERSION OP THE MID-ANGLES. 17

and having been consecrated by Ithamar bishop of Rochester,
on the seventh of the calends of April [26th March], he
governed his church Dine years, four months, and two
days.

The Mid-Angles, under their prince Peada, son of Penda
king of Mercia, received the Christian faith and sacraments,
the prince himself being first baptized, with all his attend-
ants, by bishop Finan, at the court of Oswy king of North-
umbria. Afterwards, on his return home, the rest of his
people were baptized by four priests, Cedd, Adda, Betti, and
Diuma, who accompanied him from Northumbria. At that
time Sigebert, king of the East- Angles, who succeeded Sebert,
surnamed the Little, having embraced the faith of Christ on
the exhortation of king Oswy while on a visit to him, was
baptized by Finan, the bishop of the Northumbrians ; and
on his return to his own seat of government, king Oswy sent
with him Cedd the priest, a man of God, to preach the Word
to the East-Saxons. Having gathered a numerous church
for the Lord, he went home to confer with bishop Finan,
and receiving from him the episcopal dignity, on his return
to the province he completed with greater authority the work
he had commenced. On one occasion, when he revisited
the province of Northumbria, for the purpose of exhortation,
Ethelwald king of Deira, king Oswald's son, requested him to
accept a grant of land whereon he might build a monastery.
In compliance with the royal will he selected a site for it
at a place now called Leastingaig, and having erected tbe
monastery, established in it the rules of a religious life.
Meanwhile, at the instigation of the foe to all good men,
Sigebert was slain by his own neighbours, because it was too
much his practice tp pardon his enemies, and forgive, with
a gentle spirit, on their mere petition, the injuries he had
received from them. Swithelm, the son of Sexbald, succeeded
to his throne.

[a.d. 654.] Anna, king of the East-Angles, was slain by
king Penda, and succeeded by his brother Ethelhere. A
monastery was built by St. Botulph, at a place called
Ikanhoe.

[a.d. 655.] Penda, the perfidious king of Mercia, who
had slain Sigebert, Ecgrig, and Anna, kings of the East-
Angles, as well as Edwin and Oswald, kings of the North-

c

:

umbria:

OF WOHCESTEH. [A.D. 656,

is, to «

war of conquest against king Oswy. That king, wit
son Alfrid. trusting in Christ as their leader, although
hail only one legion, met the enemy nt tt place called
widfeld.' Battle being joined, the Pagans wore rout« ■
cut to pieces, nearly all the thirty king's thanes who ma:
under his banner being slain. Aiming them fell Ethel
brother and successor of Anna king of (he Mast Angle:
promoter of the war. His brother Ethelwald succeed
his kingdom. Then lung Oswy. in acknowledgment o
victory vouchsafed to him, devoted to God twelve eatoi
building monasteries, log ether with his daughter EIHe
be consecrated as a nun, and accordingly she enteret
monastery of Heortesig, of which Hildn was then nl
This bnttlo was fought by king Oswy, in the neiglibourhc
Leeds, in the thirteenth year of his reign, and on the s
tccnlh of the calends of December [I "till November], al
converted the nation of the Mercians to the faith of 0
By his care, Diutna, already mentioned, was the lirst
was made bishop of the province of Mereia, and of the p
of Linrlisfoiie and Middle Anglia ; the second was t.'c.
a Scotchman by birth. This king reigned three years
the Mercians and I he other people of (he southern provi
lie cn]ii]".'!k'd the f'ictish nation to submit to the domi
of the English; and made l'eada Ins cousin, son of
1'cnda. king of the Soutliuni Mercians.

[\.n. 050.] King Peadu was most foully muni
l.brei.igli tin' treachery of bis wife, at the very time whci
feast of Easter was celebrating.

[a.d. 657.] Cenwaleh, king of Wessex, fought with
Riitons, und drove them as far an the Turret. The- al
St. Hilda began to build a monastery at a place c
Slrconc.slu'idli. in which king O^wy's rlimghter was am
the earlier part of her life, and afterwards lt'came ab
Her mother, i|ueen Eanrleda, built a monastery, whii
called In-Getling, on the spot where king Oewine, tha *
her father's cousin, king Osric, was unrighteously slain,

A..D. 659 — 664.] oswy — wulfhere. 19

appointed Trumhere, a man of God, who was kinsman to
the murdered king, abbot.

[a.d. 659.] Immin, Eaba, and Eadberht, ealdormen of
Mercia, rebelled against king Oswy, raising to the throne
Wulfhere, the son of Penda, who having been saved in con-
cealment, was now coming to years of puberty; and thus,
with their king, they enjoyed the liberty of professing
Christianity. This king's first bishop was Trumhere,
already named ; the second was Jaruman ; the third Cedd ;
and the fourth Winfrid.

[a.d. 660.] King Cenwalch divided the West-Saxon
province into two dioceses, and made the city of Winchester
bishop Wine's episcopal seat; in consequence of which
bishop Agilbert was so much offended that he retired to
France, and accepted the bishopric of Paris. King Ecgfritb,
son of king Oswy, married Etheldritha, the daughter of
Anna, king of the East- Angles.

[a.d. 661.] Cuthred, son of king Cuichelm, to wit, grand-
son of king Cynegils and cousin-german of the kings Cenwalch
and Centwin, together with the tributary-king Cenbriht, who
was great-grandson of king Ceaulin, and king Cedwal's father,
died this year. Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, first ravaged
Ascesdun, and then took possession of the Isle of Wight,
which he gave to his godson Ethel wold, king of the South-
Saxons, together with the district of Meanvara in Wessex.
Finan, bishop of the Northumbrians, died, and was suc-
ceeded by Colman, who was also sent from Scotland.

a.d. 662, 663.]

"a.d. 664.] In the thirtieth year after Scotch bishops
were established in Northumbria, and the twenty-second of
the reign of king Oswy, questions having been raised in that
province respecting Easter, the tonsure, and other ecclesi-
astical affairs, it was settled that a synod should be held at
the monastery of Streoneshealh, where Hilda was then
abbess. It was attended by the kings Oswy and his son
Alfrid, who had succeeded to the kingdom of king Etliel-
wald, king Oswald's son ; as also by bishop Colman and his
clergy, Agilbert bishop of the West-Saxons, with the priests
Agatho and Wilfrid, Cedd bishop of the East-Saxons, and
the abbess Hilda, with her officials. After much debate, at
last, both the superiors and their subordinates agreed to

c2

20 FLOHENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. G64.

relinquish the invalid usages of the Scotch, and hastened to
adapt those which they had ascertained to lie bettor. The
controversy Wing concluded, and tins questions solved, Agil-
bert went home, and C'edd, giving up the traditions of the
Scots, returned to liis own diocese. Colman, silenced by the
unanimous resolution of the Catholics, rejoined his adherents
in Scotland, and on his withdrawing to his own country,
Tuda was appointed bishop of the Northumbrian!* in his stead;
but lie ruled the church only for a short time. Eata, a most
reverend man, who was abbot of Mailrose, and before that hid
founded the monastery of Hipon at king Alfred's request, wis
set over the brethren of Lindisl'urne, and removed St. C'utb-
bert from Mailrose to the island of Lindisfarne.

The same year, there was an eclipse of the sun on the 3rd
of May, at about the tenth hour. It was quickly followed
by a pestilence which snatched from (he world Tuda, the
priest of the Lord. The king, by the advice and with the
concurrence of his father, king Osivy, sent the venerable
father Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon, to the king of the Franks,
requesting that he might be ordained hUhup, he Wing then
about thirty years old. Thereupon the king scut liiin for
consecration to AgilWrt, who having withdrawn from Britain
was made bishop of Paris, and, assisted by eleven other
bishops, performed the office with great ceremony. Deus-
dedit, the sixth archbishop from Augustine, died on the
second of tlie ides [the 14th] of July. Erconbert also, king
of Kent, died the same year, and his son EgWrt ascended
the throne. Ceadda, that holy man, who was brother of
Ocdii, bishop and saint, and abbot of the monastery of Lcast-
ingaig, on the command of king Oswy, was consecrated
bishop of York, by Wine, bishop of Winchester, as Wilfrid
was still an exile in foreign parts. Etholburga, ihe mother of
the convent of Harking, a woman Wlovod by God, and the
first abbess of that monastery, was released from the prison of
the flesh on the fifth of the ides [the 11th] of October. She
was sister of Erconwald, a man of admirable sanctity, after-
wards bishop of London ; her life was such that no one who
knew her could doubt that on her departure from this life the
gates of the heavenly kingdom were opened to her. She was
succeeded in the office of abWss by a nun beloved of Cbul.
whose uiiuio was Hildclith. Shortly afterwards, (Jodd, bidi"]'

A.D. 665 — 667.] ETHELWALD — EGBERT. 21

of the East-Saxons, went to his monastery of Leastingaig,
where he fell sick and died on the seventh of the calends of
November [26th October]. Ethelwald, king of the East-
Angles, having died, he was succeeded by Aldulf, whose
mother was Hereswitha, sister of St. Hilda, the abbess ; their
father was Hereric, son of Eadfrith, son of Edwine. Boisilus,
a monk of sublime virtues, superior of the monastery of Mail-
rose, a man inspired with the spirit of prophecy, and a priest
beloved of God, having been struck by a mortal disease, was
exalted to the joys of eternal light. Sighere, king of the
East-Saxons, with his part of the people, apostatized from
the faith, which coming to the ears of Wulfhere, king of the
Mercians, he sent bishop Jaruman, Trumhere's successor, to
correct the error. However, Sebbi, who shared the throne, as
co-heir with him, preserved the faith he had embraced, with
all the population subject to him.

[a.d. 665.] Benedict, surnamed Biscop, went to Home,
for the second time, when Vitalian was pope, and a few
months afterwards retired to the island of Lerins.1 Devoting
himself to the monks, he received the tonsure, and for two
years served God, under the abbot's rule, according to the
regular discipline.

[a.d. 666.] St. Aldhelm was ordained abbot of Malmesbury
in the church of SS. Peter and Paul by Eleutherius, the
fourth bishop of the West-Saxons. Wina, bishop of Win-
chester, being driven from his see by king Cenwalch, repaired
to Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, and receiving from him the
see of London, remained bishop of that city for the rest of his
life.

[a.d. 667.] The most illustrious English kings, Oswy, of
the province of Northumbria, and Egbert, of Kent, with the
consent of the holy church of the English nation, sent to
Borne, for consecration to the office of bishop, a priest named
Wihard, one of the clerks of archbishop Deusdedit. But
although he reached Borne, he was snatched away by death
before he could be consecrated. Ceadda, bishop of York,
governed the church gloriously for three years; he then

1 The island of Lerins, off the coast of Provence, in the diocese of
Antibes, on which was a celebrated monastery and school founded at
the end of the fourth, century by St Honoratus. See Gallia Christiana*
t. iii. p. 1189.

OP WORCESTER. [a.d. 668 — 071.

retired to the superintendence of his monastery at. Li':wiir;.-ii- .
and Wilfrid took upon himself the epis<?oi>nl charge of the
entire province of Nortliumbria.

[a.d. 668.] Riscop, called ;ilso Benedict, visited Rome fur
the third time. There was then at Rome a monk nuinid
Theodore, a native of Tarsus, in Silicia, a mail well vend
both In secular and ecclesiastical learning, master In it It of
(iicrk ami Latin, of unblemished life, and sixty-sis years <if
age. Poj» Vitaliau having consecrated liim archbishop m
Sunday, the seventh of the calends of April [26th March],
committed him to the care of Bisrop, as be was a prudent MW
spirited man, to be conducted to Britain, in company with
ahljot Adrian.

[a.d. 669.] Archbishop Theodore arrived in Kent nu
Sunday, the sixth of the calends of June [27th May], *d
entrusted the government of the monastery of St. Peter ll»
apostle lo Benedict, also called Biscop, with the oltiee "I
abbot. Soon afterward* lie made a progress through tfci
island, consecrating bishops in suitable places, and com-
pleted the consecration of Oeailda by new rites niter tl"
catholic form. In the city of Rochester, also, where thciT
had been no bishop since the dealh of Dan nanus, he ordiitnd
Putta, a man skilled in ecclesiastical discipline; and not l.nr
afterwards, on the death of Jaruman, at the request of king
Wulfhere, and with the concurrence of king Oswy, he enjnind
Oeadda to take charge of the united sees of Mercia ami bur
disfarne. Ocadda olteyed the injunction, and employed him-
self in the ministry lie hail accepted, with great purity of lit''.
King H'ulfhere granted him fifty hides uf land for the purpart
of building a monastery at a place called Al-Rearuwe.

[a.d. 670.] Oswy, king of the Northumbrian*, falling
sick, died on the fifteenth of the calends of March [15th Feb.])
in the fifty-eighth year of his age, leaving his sou Egfrid »
successor to his kingdom. King (Vnualch ami (he West-
Saxons requested Thcoiloiv, archbishop of Canterbury, I"
i">nseci';ii>' as their hi-liop. Pleiitlievius, nephew of Agillirrt.
bishop of Paris, and having lieen consecrated accordingly a'.
Winchester, he administered the united diocese seven year-.

[A.D. 671.] There was a pest among birds, which destroyed
vast numbers. The venerable ribln.it 1'euedict, also
Biseop, having presided over the monastery of St, Pi

,1s,, caUtd

A.D. 672, 673.] CBNWALCH — HLOTHBRB. 23

apostle two years, filling the office of abbot, went from
Britain to Rome for the third time, by leave of archbishop
Theodore. He was succeeded in the government of the con-
vent by abbot Adrian, whom we have before mentioned, an
African by birth, well read in the sacred writings, and an apt
scholar both in Greek and Latin.

[a.d. 672.] Cenwalch, king of the West-Saxons, died in
the thirtieth year of his reign ; his queen Sexburga, accord-
ing to the English chronicle,1 reigned after him one year,
but according to Bede,8 tributary-kings divided his king-
dom and ruled it about ten years. Etheldritha, queen of the
Northumbrians, used long importunities with king Egfrid
for leave to releaso herself from worldly cares and do the
service of the Lord Christ in a monastery ; and having at last,
with no little difficulty, succeeded, she entered the monastery
of St. Ebba, the abbess, who was sister of the kings, 8S.
Oswald and Oswy, and aunt of king Egfrid, receiving the
nun's veil from the hands of bishop Wilfrid. After bishop
Ceadda had gloriously ruled the church in the province of
Mercia for two years and a half, he became very infirm, and
being prepared for his end by partaking of the body and blood
of our Lord, he went to eternal bliss on tho sixth of the nones
[the 2nd] of March. As he was departing out of this world,
the most reverend father Egbert, who had been his fellow-
scholar in Ireland, saw the spirit of St. Chad, the bishop,
Ceadda's brother, with an host of angels, descend from heaven
and bear it upwards with them on their return to the realms
of bliss. His deacon, Winfrid, was consecrated by Theodore,
and became the successor of his master, the bishop.3 Benedict
Biscop returned from Borne, and on his landing in Britain he
betook himself to his own people and native soil. Egfrid
king of the nations beyond the Humbor, whose court he
visited, immediately granted him a domain containing seventy
families that he might build a monastery at the mouth of the
river Wear.

[a.d. 673.] Egbert king of Kent died in the month of July
and the ninth year of his reign ; he was succeeded by his
brother Hlothere, who reigned eleven years and seven months.

1 Saxon Chronicle, p. 326 (AnUq. Lib.).
3 Subreguli. 3 Bede's Ecol. Hist ib. p. 101.

24 FLORENCE OF WOUCESTKH. [A..D. 674, G75.

Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, convened nn episcopal
synod at a, place called Hertford, in which Wilfrid, bishop of lit
Northumbrians, was represented by his own legates. Then
were present at this synod, Putt a, bishop of Rochester,
Eleutherius, hi, hop of the East-Salons, ami Winfrid, bishop of
the Merc iaus ; to whom must be added ltisi, bishop of the
East-Angles, the successor of Boniface already mentioned
He wits a very holy and devout man, and had been consecrated
by Theodore a short time l>efore the synod ; and being
afterwards prevented by severe infirmities i'rmn performing the
duties of his office, two bishops, jflScei and Had wine, were
ordained in his lifetime to act for him. St. Etheldritha km
made abbess in the district called Elge (Ely), where, having
built a monastery for nuns, this virgin became mother in tie
heavenly life both by her example and precepts.

[a,». 674.] According to the English chronicle, Escwine
succeeded this year to the kingdom of Wessex, He wjis the
son of Cenfus, who was son of Cenferth, who was son of
Cuthgils, who was son of Ceolwulf, who was son of Cynrir,
who was son of Cerdie. (Ireland, the island of sainB,
was gloriously filled with holy men and wonderful narks.)

Biscop (built a monastery) at the mouth of the river

Wear, in the second infliction.

[a.D. 675.] Wulfhcre, king of Mereia, and Escwine, king
of Wessex, fought a battle, at a place called Beadenhead.
The same year, being the seventeenth of his reign, king
Wulfhere himself went to heaven. He was the first of the
Mercian kings who received the faith and the washing rf
holy regeneration ; and abolishing, and utterly rooting out tlte
worship of idols among all Ids people, he caused the name of
Christ to be published throughout his dominions, and built
churches in many places. His queen. St. Ennoiigilda, was the
daughter of Erconbcrt, king of Kent, and his queen, *'■
Sexburga, the daughter of Anna, king of the East-Angles, iunl
sister of St. Etheldritha. St. Worburga, Wulfhere's daughter
by Ermcngild, a virgin of exemplary virtues, after her fatluT'
death, renounced the world, and resolving to take the habit of »
nun, entered the nn mastery of her mother's aunt, St. Etheldritha,
where by God's help she wrought many miracles. Her uncle,
king Ethelred, hearing reports of her sanctity, appointed
her to preside over several monasteries of virgins devoted t°

i.D. 675.] * ST. WEBBUR0A — ERCONWALD. 25

God, with the rank of abbess, living in and among which
according to monastic rules, and affectionately consulting their
good in all things, she combated in the service of Christ her
King to the end of her life ; and dying in one of her monas-
teries called Trentham, the beatified virgin was espoused and
taken to her heavenly bridegroom. Her corpse was carried
to the monastery at Hanbury, as she had directed in her life-
time, and being interred with great honour, remained without
corruption until the time when the heathen Danes laid waste
the provinces of England with cruel slaughter and barbarous
ravages. King Wulfhere's brothers were these: Ethelred,
who succeeded him in his kingdom ; Peada, who, as we briefly
mentioned, was king of the Southern Mercians ; and Merewald,
who ruled in the western part of Mercia. Merewald's queen,
Ermenburga, bore him three daughters, St. Mildburg, St. Mild-
rith, and St. Mildgith, and one son, Merefln, a youth of
eminent piety.

Archbishop Theodore, being offended with Winfrid, bishop
of the Mercians, on account of some act of disobedience, de-
posed him from his bishopric and ordained in his stead Saxulf,
the founder and abbot of the monastery called Burg, in the
territory of the Girvii.1 After his deposition, Winfrid retired
to his monastery of Bearwe, and there ended his days in
a course of holy living. Theodore also appointed Ercon-
wald bishop of the East-Saxons, who were then under Sebbe
and Sighere, with London for his see, where his predecessor
Wine had his episcopal seat. Erconwald's life and conversation,
both before and after he was made bishop, are said to have
been most holy. He founded two monasteries, one for him-
self, and the other for his sister; his own, called Chertsey, with
the aid of the sub-king, Frithewold, he filled with monks and
amply endowed; his sister's monastery was called Barking,
and she became the first abbess. Waldhere succeeded Ercon-
wald, and after him was Inguald, the last bishop of London
mentioned by Bede in his History of England. Moreover,
Hildelith succeeded Ethelburga, St. Erconwald's sister, and it
was to her that St. Aldhelm addressed his book " On Virginity."
Wulf hildis succeeded Hildelith as abbess, in the time of king
Edgar.

1 Peterborough ; the Gervian territory was in the n.e. of Merciav

26 FUmEN'Cfi OF WORCESTER. [*.n. 070, 077.

[a.d. C7fi.] Benedict Biscop wont from Britain to Knm*
the fourth time, acconipaiiii'd Iiy CeoliViil n pious monk, iinJ
brought back a bull of privileges, accepted not only with lite
license and concurrence, but lit the express desire mid instaiM
nf kiug Egfi'iil, whereby tin; indepem Icn co ami humunitip* <rf
his monastery woro secured for over. Ho also obtained the
services of John, precentor of the church of 8t. Peter the
apottlvi bringing him to Britain to teach his monks the coum
of ehauntiug throughout the year.

Esewine, king of Wcssex, died, nnii Cent wine, wlio was sm
of Cynegils, son of Ceol, succeeded him. Etliclred, kins; nf
tlie Mercians, ravaged Kent, destroying the city of lioHi'^l.'i
in the common ruin. Putta, its bishop, being exposed in
this, took refuge with .Saxvdf, bishop of tho Mercians, ami
accepting the cure of a church he gave him, ended his dayi
there in peace. Theodore consecrated (Juiehc-lni rii he bislie|i
in Pntta'a place, but as he retired from the see shortly after-
wards, because it was stripped of its possessions, Theodore
appointed Clobmuud bishop in his stead. On the death ri
Eleutherius, bishop of tho West- Saxons, H.-eddi took iijm*
himself his episcopal functions, having Wen consecrated hv
Theoiioro at London, St. Cutltliert devoted himself to a life
of solitude and contemplation as a hermit.

[a.B. fJ77.] In tho eighth year of Egfrid's reign, a comet
--'appeared in the month of August. The same year, in con-
sequence of a dispute between king.Egfrid and the mmt
reverend bishop Wilfrid, the bishop was expelled from lii>
see, and two bishops were appointed in his place, namely,
Boso, a reverend monk of the monastery of tho abbess Hilda,
who governed the province of Deirn, and Eat a, the veneruhle
abbot of Mailrose, that of Bemicift. The one fixed his BftH
copal seat in the city of York, tho other in tho church of
Hagulstad (Hexham), or at Lindisfarne ; and ltoth were taken
from their convents for their promotion to be bishops. Eathiw!
was also made bishop with them in the province of LimbV
farras (Lindsey), which king Egfrid liad very recently taken
possession of, defeating Wulf'herc in battle, and driving him
out of the country. This was the first bishop of its own that
province had; the second was Ethclwino, the third Edgar,
the fourth Cyncberht. Before that, it was superint.u'li '
Saswulf, who was also bishop at the samo timo of t!

itended bj

f.h.-M -

A.D. 678 — 680.] WILFRID — ST. HILDA. 27

cians and East-Angles. In consequence, after his expulsion
from Lindsey, he still continued to govern the two latter pro-
vinces. Eathaed, Bosa, and Eata were consecrated at York
by archbishop Theodore.

Wilfrid, being thrust out from his bishopric, intended to go
to Borne, but after embarking, he was driven by a westerly
wind to Friesland, where he was the first to do the work of
an evangelist ; and, converting many thousand barbarians to
the faith, spent the winter there in great delight with the
newly-converted people of God.

a.d. 678.] The holy Bede was born.1
a.d. 679.] A severe battle was fought between Egfrid
king of Northumbria and Ethelred king of Mercia, on the
river Trent, in which king Alfwine, brother of king Egfrid,
was slain. His sister Osfrith was married to king Ethelred.

Bishop Wilfrid departing from Friesland proceeded to
Rome, and having been exonerated from the charges against
him, and found fit for his office by sentence of pope Benedict
and several bishops, he returned to Britain, and converted the
province of the South-Saxons to the faith of Christ. St.
Etheldritha, the virgin, abbess of Ely, was taken to the Lord
from the midst of her flock on the ninth of the calends of
July [23rd June]. Her sister Sexburga succeeded to* her
office.

[a.d. 680.] In the sixth year of the reign of Ethelred,
king of Mercia, the eighth indiction, archbishop Theodore
convened a synod of the bishops, and great numbers of learned
men, at a place called Heathfield, that he might ascertain what
doctrines they severally held, as he had been directed by pope
Agatho, through the medium of John the precentor, who
was present at this synod. During this king's reign, the
province of Mercia was divided into five dioceses,2 and, in
consequence, Tatfrith, a man of profound learning, who
belonged to the monastery of abbess Hilda, was selected to
be bishop of the Hwiccii ; but he died suddenly, before he
could be consecrated; and, therefore, the reverend man, Bosel,

1 Florence is quite incorrect in the date he assigns for the hirth of
Bede. It appears to have been in either 673 or G74. See the question
discussed and authorities referred to in tho Preface to the Eccles. Hist,
p. vi., Antiq. Lib.

2 Litchfield, Worcester (Hwiocas), Leicester, Lindsey, and Hereford.

28 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. G£ 1 — (iS4,

was shortly nftenvards ordained bishop of that provinw.
Hilda, the devout handmaid of the Lord, abbess of the
monastery of fctreoneshalh (Whitby), awl <Lani>'lit<.T of tins
Edwin's grandson Hererie, having done the work of henvr-
upon earth, was translated from this world to receive ti
rewards of life in heaven, oti the fifteenth of the calends a
December [17th November], in the sixty-sixth year of hff
age. She founded two monasteries, Streoneslialli fit
Hacanos (Had; ness). in whicli sh.» uictileatoil justice, devotin
continence, and other virtues; but chiefly peace and charit
In a monastery governed by this abbess lived Cedmon, thit I
celebrated monk, who received from heaven tlie free gift «f
poetical inspiration. Oshere, tlie sub-king, by licence from hi
suzerain, Ethelred, the most excellent king of the Merc'
gave a domain containing thirty households, at a place e
Rippel, to Frithewald, a monk of bishop Wiofrid'a who hu
been already noticed, in order that he might establish tl
the monastic rule.

[a.d. 681.] Bode was only seven years old when, b
lad of great promise, his relations entrusted him to t"
reverend abbot Biscop, to be brought up by him.
years after Wilfrid had withdrawn, archbishop "
ordained Tunhert to the church of Hexham (Eata C'
at Lindisfanie) and Triiniwino as bishop of the te
the Pieta. Eatha'd, liaving returned from Lindsey, t
king Ethelred had recovered possession of that provi
set over the church of Ripon.

[a.d. 682.] Centwine, king of Wessex, drove the E
of the West at the sword's point as far as the se
reverend abbot Benedict Bi.-L-np, choosing his c>
wine, a priest of eminent piety, and one of his own monH
placed the monastery under his ride as abbot. King Egfrid*
for the redemption of his soul, gave another domain of forty
families to abbot Benedict, who, sending there twenty-W
monks, and appointing abbot l.'eolf'rid, his most stremioM
supporter on all occasions, to be their superior, founded »
monastery, by the king's command, at a place called Girvtan
(Jarrow).

[a.d. 683.J

[a.d. 684.] Egfrid, king of Northumbria, sent Berht in
the command of an army to Ireland, who cruelly ravaged thfl

A.D. 685.] ST. CUTHBEET — KING EGFRID. 29

inoffensive natives. A synod having assembled at Twyford
near the river Alne, at which king Egfrid was present, and
archbishop Theodore presided, Tunbert was deposed from
his see, and Cuthbert unanimously elected bishop of Hexham;
but as he preferred superintending the church of Lindisfarne,
he was permitted to take that bishopric, Eata returning to Hex-
ham. Benedict Biscop left Britain for Rome, for the fifth time.
[a.d. 685.] Hlothere, king of Kent, having received a
wound in battle with the East-Saxons, died while it was
healing, on Monday, the eighth of the ides, [the 6th] February.
He was succeeded by Edric, his brother Egbert's son, who
reigned one year and a half. Britain was swept with a pesti-
lence which carried death into all quarters, and abbot Euster-
wine, beloved of God, falling a prey to it was taken to the
Lord; in whose stead the brethren, after consulting abbot
Ceolfrid, chose for their abbot, Sigefrid, a deacon belonging
to the same monastery, and eminent for his sanctity and
profound study of the scriptures. Biscop returned from Rome
loaded with presents for ecclesiastical uses, and foreign valu-
ables. The consecration of St. Cuthbert took place on Easter
day, in the presence of king Egfrid ; seven bishops assisting
at the solemnity, of whom archbishop Theodore was primate.
King Egfrid, having rashly led an army to ravage the
territory of the J?icts, was slain on Saturday, the thirteenth of
the calends of June [20th May], in the fortieth year of his age,
and fifteenth of his reign. He was succeeded by his brother
Alfrid, a prince well read in the Scriptures. In the beginning
of his reign, on the death of the most holy bishop Eata, John,
a man of sanctity, was appointed bishop of Hexham. Bishop
Trumwine, that devoted servant of the Lord, returned with
his companions from the country of the Picts, and selecting
Streoneshalh for his future abode, spent the rest of his life
there to his own profit and that of many others ; dying also
there, he mounted up to the kingdom of heaven. Ceadwalla,
a most gallant youth of the blood-royal of the Gewissae,1 slew
Ethelwalh, king of the South-Saxons, having come upon him by
surprise at the head of an army ; but he was shortly after-
wards driven out by the ealdormen Berhtun and Ethelhun,
who thenceforth assumed the government of the kingdom.

1 Gewissae ; the West- Saxons ; " Occidentales," the Westerns.

30 ii.olknci; 0* WOSOBBTHB. [a.d. tiS6, Gt

Cent wine, king of the East -Saxons, departed this life, a
was succeeded by ('cadwalla, just named, who wits tin: mhi
Otaebcrt, who was son of Ceadda, who was ami of On
who wn§ -'Hi of CeaiUin, who waa son of Cynric, who *
son of Oerdic.

[a.b. 686.] Bishop Wilfri«l, after a long ffldlft, return!
his see and bishopric of the church of Hexham, nt tin- iiivi
lion of king AltViil. On the death of Bosa, a most hniv a
humble man, John, alieeeeded him as bishop of York. Cel
ivalla, king of tin- (iewissic, slew Beoilhun, ealdorman
Susses, and reduced that province to severe scrritudfl.
ami his brother Mull then ravaged Kent: and afdrwnr
I in- iVmlwdb himself seized the Isle of Wight, the whole
which was (ill (hat time lost in idolalry :
yet himself regenerated in Christ, hi; ottered bishop Wiifl
the fourth part of the island, containing three hundred fntnili
to lie appropriated to the Lord's service. Wilfrid aeeeptid !
jtunl, and committing the superiutendrtnee to his nejih
Lterwin,1 sent ministers of the Word into the inland. Bw(
( 'fithl M«i-t, the mini ni'Ood, having employed two years 111
episcopal functions, retired again, 011 a divine warning, In
island of Fame. On the death of Edric, king of Kent, ll
kingdom was for -nine time di.-iiiunbcrud by kings of doula
pvel.ii-ii.ns, or alii-ns.

[a. i). 687.] The Kentish -men having cruelly surroimt
with lire and burnt to death Mull, the brother of OeadwiJ
king of the West-Saxons, with twelve of his
(.Vail walla's indignation was so roused that he again devnstal
Kent. The must reverend father (.'utliliert died in the iah
hi' l''.irn.>, on Wednesday, the thirteenth of the calends

April [30th March], the fifteenth im 1 i .-r > . - : 1 ; I

carried to the island of Lmdislame, and tinned in the ehnri
Wilfrid, bishop of Hexham, administered (Aithlicrt's Me Rh
year. His successor in the solitary life of his hermitage *
Etholwold, a venerable man, whose merits and course of!
are exhibits! in the imml lerless miracles he wrought. {1
Kilinn, a Hcot, horn in Ireland, and bishop of Wurt/lai
became eminent.)

i Bemwini, and in tkn Sw

A.D. 688, 689.] CEADWALLA — INA. 31

[a.d. 688.3 Ceadwalla abdicating and retiring to Rome, Ina,
a prince of the royal race who built the monastery of Glas-
tonbury, succeeded him in his kingdom. He was the son of
Cenred, the son of Ceolwald, the son of Cutha, the son of
Cuthwine, Hie son of Ceaulin. Eadbert was consecrated
in the place of Cuthbert; he was distinguished for his
knowledge of the holy Scriptures, as well as the observance
of the divine precepts, and, most of all, for his liberal distribu-
tion of alms. The abbots, Benedict Biscop and Sigefrid,
worn out by long illness, both took to their beds ; in conse-
quence, shortly afterwards, Benedict having consulted with
the brethren, sent for Ceolfrid, to whom he had entrusted the
government of the monastery of St. Paul the apostle, and
appointed him abbot of both convents, in the fourth indic-
tion, and on the fourth of the ides [the 12th] of May. The
venerable abbot Sigefrid, beloved of God, was admitted to
the enjoyment of eternal rest, and entered the mansions of the
everlasting kingdom amid the sacrifices of endless praise, on
Saturday the eleventh of the calends of September [22nd
August] of the same year. On the death of Putta, bishop of
Hereford, he was succeeded by Tyrhtell.

[a.d. 689.] Benedict Biscop, the successful combatant
against all vice, and pattern of virtue, after a lingering illness,
during which he constantly offered thanks to God, was ad-
mitted to the rest and brightness of the heavenly life on the
second of the ides [the 12th] of January. Ceadwalla, king of
the West-Saxons, was baptized on the holy Saturday of
Easter [the 10th April] when Sergius was pope ; and he died
at Rome, on Tuesday the 12th of the calends of May [the
20th April], in the third indiction, being about thirty years
of age. His epitaph, composed by command of pope Ser-
gius, is to the following effect :

" High rank and power, kindred, a royal crown,
The spoils of war, great triumphs and renown ;
Nobles, and cities walled to guard his state,
His palaces and his familiar seat ;
Whatever skill and valour made his own,
And what his great forefathers handed down, &c." 1

1 The whole epitaph is given in Bede, Antiq. Lib.,p. 245 ; and Henry
of Huntingdon, tiirf, p. 116.

32 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 690—692

[a.d. 600."] Archbishop Theodore, of blessed memory
died on Monday the thirteenth of the calends of Oetobs
[l!>th September] in tlio eighty-eighth year of 1 lis age and tl»
twenty-second of his episcopacy. (Until this time the arch
bishops of Canterbury wore Romans, but, henceforth, the;
were Englishmen,)

[a.d. 691.] Wilfrid, bishop of Hexham, being ngaii
accused, and expelled from his sec by king Alfrid and seven
bishops, shortly afterwards sought a retreat with Ethclrec
king of Mereia, by whom lie was appointed to the bishojiri
of the Mid-Angles. At this time, Basel, bishop of the pf£
vice of the Hwiccas,' was afflicted with stich bodily i'
firmitios, that he wiis unable to fulfil his episcopal functions i
person ; in consequence of which Oftfor, a man of smguli
merit and eminent sanctity, who had long performed Ui
office of a priest in abbess Hilda's monastery, but was now
preacher of the word in the before-named province, wi
ordained bishop as substitute for Bosch by bishop Wilfrid i
blessed memory, at the command of king Ethelred, beealB
archbishop Theodore was then dead, and no prelate had bee
consecrated in his stead. Wihtred, son of Egbert, king I
Kent, being established on the throne, released his subjeP
from alien intruders. Swebhcard reigned jointly with hil
over part of the kingdom.

[a.d. 692.] The venerable Egbert, a name always to t
mentioned with honour, was an Englishman by birth, In
having led a pilgrim's life in Ireland, to secure a place in tl
heavenly country, lie funned the design of preaching in Gel
many. Not being able to carry it into effect, as it was central
to the Divine will, he sent there some holy and diligent men 1
do the work of the gospel, of whom Willi brord was the M
eminent, both for his merit and rank as a priest. They wd

1 In the early part of this Chronicle. Florence always ileaignit
by this name what was afterwards called the bishopric of W»
(tester, and supplies some details respecting it which ore not fom
elsewhere. The When (Hwiecas, as our author calls them after tl
Anglo-Salon, form of the name) Huieii, or Jiignntei, were originally
poworful tribrt ..f liiit.oiis wiin oilmlir.it Worfe-ti.Tsliire, Warwkltsbii
anil the north of Gloucestershire. On the norih was n kindred liil

the Ordo-Vites, or nohli' Win;ii, ivli i;:iiially pos.ne.s-.uil Sitfq', "

part of Cheshire and N. Wales, and iit'ti.'nvants idinjiierod Won ""
.shire, ,tc, from the Wiccii proper. — WhUakefi Ithlurg a/M

nl \\«r« '■

A.D. 693 — 697.] ST. WILLIBRORD. 33

favourably received by Pepin the Elder, chief of the Franks,
who sent them to preach in Hither Friesland. Following
their example, two priests of the name of Hewald, English-
men by birth, went into Old Saxony, that they might gain
souls for Christ in that province by their preaching ; but the
barbarians no sooner discovered that they were of a different
religion, than they seized them and subjected them to mar-
tyrdom, on the fifth of the nones [the 3rd] of October.
Willibrord having received from prince Pepin leave to preach,
went to Borne, to obtain from pope Sergius license to com-
mence the work of evangelising the heathen, which being
granted he returned to his mission.

Berthwald, abbot of the monastery of Raeulf (Reculver),
near the northern mouth of the river Inlade, a man well
versed in the Scriptures, and thoroughly acquainted with the
rules both of monastic and ecclesiastical discipline, was chosen
bishop in Theodore's place. On the death of Oftfor, bishop of
the Hwiccas,he was succeeded by St. Egwine, and in the course
of a few years, with the license and support of king Ethelred,
began to erect the Abbey of Evesham.

[a.d. 693.] Berthwald was consecrated by Godwin, the
metropolitan bishop of France, on Sunday the third of the
calends of July [29th June]. Among many other bishops
consecrated by Godwin, was Tobias, ordained bishop of
Rochester* on the death of Gebmund. Bede, the monk, was
admitted to the order of deacon by John, bishop of York.

[a.d. 694.] The Kentish-men made peace with Ina, king
of Wessex, by paying him three thousand seven hundred and
fifty pounds, as a mulct for having burnt his brother Mull,
before mentioned.1

[a.d. 695.] The body of St. Etheldritha the Virgin was
found without decay, as well as the dress in which it was
wrapped, after having been buried sixteen years.

[a.d. 696.] St. Willibrord, who was born in Britain of an
English family, at the request of Pepin chief of the Franks,
was ordained archbishop of the Frisians, by pope Sergius,
on the feast of the Nativity of St. Cecilia the Virgin [22nd
November].

[a.d. 697.] St. Guthlac, at the age of twenty-four years

1 See note to Saxon Chron. p. 331. Antiq. Lib*

D

9tf FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 698 — 704.

renouncing worldly pomps and relinquishing all lus property,
betook himself to tin- monastery of Hrepamlun (lteptun)' and
received die tonsure mid monastic habit there under ahlm
Alfryth. Osthryth, die queen of Ethelred king of Mercii,
was slaiu by the Houth-Humhrians.

[a.d. 68&] The body of St. Cuthbert was found eleven
years after its interment as undecayed as it was at die hour of.
Ids deatli, as also the robe in which he was buried ; it was,
therefore, exhumed, and being wrapped in a new shroud and
placed in a fresh coffin was deposited on die floor of the
sanctuary. In a very short time, bishop Eadhert, the friend
of (Jod, was attacked with an acute disorder, ami not long
afterwards departed to the Lord on the day before the nones
[the 6th] of May. His corpse was deposited in the t»uil> ei
St. Cuthbert, being placed on the chest in which the un-
decayed remains of that lather had recently been inclosed.
Eadfrid, a man of God, succeeded Eadliert in the bishopric.

[a.d. 690.] St. Guthlac retired to the isle of Croylamhon
the eighth of the calends of September, [25th August], awl
began to lead the life of a hermit.'

[a.d. 700—702.]

[a.d. 703,] Bede, in his book Be Teiuporilms, tlms writer
in the year in which ho composed it : — " If you wish to '
how many years there are, according to IJionysius,
Lord's Incarnation, reckon the number of iniiictions
fifth year of Tiberius, which are forty-six; these multiplied
fifteen muke six hundred anil ninety; add always the regu
number of twelve, because, according to Dionysius, our Lord
was born in the fourth indiction, and ;dso the mdietkm of wj
year you choose, as, for instance, in the present year owv
the total is seven hundred and three. That is the year of
our Lord according to Dionysius," These are the words of
Bede.

[a,d>. 704.] Ethelred, king of the Mercians, became a monk
in the thirtieth year of his reign,3 resigning his kingdom to hit

1 Itcpton in Derbyshire, the residence ami lurinl-plar

t.lif? Mercian princes.

3 See Inpulpli ; uml nv.lcriar-; Vlti.lii. .4»liij. Lib. vol. ii. Ji

3 Ethelred bLemna abbot of Ilia monastery of liiiiilu,;, of In- ■

foundation.

.D. 705 — 708.] CTNBED AND OPPA GO TO BOMB. 35

ephew Cynred. The venerable monk Bede, at the command
f Cealfrid his abbot, received the order of priesthood from
be holy John, bishop of York.1

[a.d. 705.] Alfrid, king of the Northumbrians, died at
hiffeld on the nineteenth of the calends of January [14th
December] having not quite completed the thirtieth year of his
sign. He was succeeded in his kingdom by his son Osred, a
oy about eight years old, who held it eleven years. In the
ommencement of his reign, HaxLda, bishop of the West-Saxons,
eparted to life in heaven; on whose death, the bishopric of
hat province was divided into two dioceses, one of which was
iven to Daniel, the other to Aldhelm,3 abbot of the monastery
ailed Mailduff (Malmesbury) ; both being persons well versed
i ecclesiastical affairs and knowledge of the Scriptures.
»t. Aldhelm was consecrated by the blessed Berthwald, arch-
ishop of Canterbury.

[a.d. 706.]

[a.d. 707. J Bede, having taken priest's orders in the thirtieth
ear of his age, began to employ himself diligently in writing
le work, to the composition of which twenty-nine years of
is life were devoted.

[a.d. 708.] Cynred, king of Mercia, and Offa, king of the
last-Saxons, son of king Sighere, leaving their wives, their
inds, their kindred and country, for Christ's sake and the
ospel's, and, having received the tonsure and become monks,
ersevered in prayer, fasting, and almsgiving, at the threshold
f the apostles, to the end of their days ; and thus became
dmitted at last to the vision of the blessed apostles in heaven,
) long the object of their desires. St. Egwine, bishop of the
[wiccas, accompanied them to Rome, on their invitation, and,
aving solicited pope Constantine to issue a bull, by which
xjurity might be given to the monastery he had built in the

1 Thorpe considers this passage to be <(an interpolation, from the
laccuracy of its date." The year 774, agreeing with this entry, was
lopted by Mabillon, and seems to be generally received as the date
F Bede's birth, and in the next page we find Florence supplying cor-
jsponding details. Some writers fix it as late as 777, and are sup-
3rted by the Chronological Epitome at the end of the Eccles. Hist.
; must be observed, however, that the entries in this, after the year
31, were supplied by another hand. See the Preface to the Eccles.
[ist. {Antiq. Lib,), p. vi.; and an entry in this Chronicle, p. 38.

2 Daniel became bishop of Winchester, and Aldhelm of Sherborne.

n 2

3(i FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 709 — JH>

territory of Worcester against unjust ela'tins, his petition
granted.

[a.d. 709.] Cynred was succeeded in his kingdom Ity ('<■••
red, the son of king Kilielrefl, who had reigned Wore ('ynro
Kt. Aldhelm, Ifislmp iif' WV^cv, a man of most extensive lew*-
ing, departed to the Lord. Forthred (Forthcre), his
in the bishofirio, ivas also deeply read in the holy scriptures.

" Hero WiliViil's virtues .-■ fiin !■ J the name of Great;
Long tosseil hj jierils in this mortal stale;
Tliriee fifteen je«rs n bishop's life be spent,
Then to the realms hIjoyu ;iiuiiii'ti:Tit went." '

His remains were buried with great pomp in the church of
Peter thy apostle, In Ins original monastery of Ripon.
his deatli, his priest Aeea received the bishoprie of "
He was a man of great vigour, honourable in the sij
of God and man, a skilful channter, deeply erudite
literature, strict in the true confession «f the catholic
mirror of continence, and a perfect master of the
monastic discipline; he had been formerly a scholar
bishop of York, beloved by God.

[a.d. 710.] Berhtfrid, commander of king Osred'
fought a battle with the Piets, in which ho was
Ina, the warlike king of the Gevvissa.', and his kins
engaged in wiir with Gwent, king of the Britons, a
him and put him to flight. The most reverend fal
abbot of the monastery of St. Peter the apostle,
was buried in that monastery. He was succeed
disciple Albums, who was as much master of Greek
as he was of English, his native tongue. On the
Tvrlitell. bishop of Hereford, lie was succeeded r>y "
'[a.d. 711—713.]

[A.D. 714.] Guthlac, the brother of Chii-t's
Pegia, that most exemplary hermit and faithful pi
who worked miracles without number, breathed out
whh'h was wafted to the joys of eternal triumph, on
of the ides [the 1 1th] of April, being the fourth day
the twelfth iudiction. He was succeeded by C'issa, who

1 Theae lines ure eilraeleil, with sniiu vaiialionB, from Hie e]
in Ueiie, Hint. v. JD, beginning Wilf'iihi.t hie Mat/nun, ■' WUft
Great."

A.D. 715—720.] SAXON KINGS AND SAINTS. 37

for a long time an idolater, but bad afterwards been baptized
in Britain.

[a.d. 715.] Gregory (II.) became the eighty-eighth pope,
and filled the apostolical see seventeen years and ten months.
He was chaste and wise, and ordained Boniface to the bishopric
of Mentz, from whom Germany received the word of salvation.
Ina, king of the West-Saxons, and Ceolrid, king of the Mer-
cians, fought a battle at a place called Wodnesbeorh.

[a.d. 716.] Egbert, the man of God who has been men-
tioned before, induced the monks of Hii to adopt the Catholic
usages with respect to Easter and ecclesiastical tonsure.
When Osred was slain, Cenred, son of the illustrious Cuthwine,
succeeded to the government of the kingdom of Northumbria.
Ceolred, king of the Mercians, died, and was buried at Litch-
field. Ethelbald his cousin, that is, the son of Alwine, who
was the cousin of his father king Ethelred, became king, as
St. Guthlac, inspired by a prophetical spirit, had predicted to
him. Ethelred, formerly king of the Mercians, but afterwards
abbot of the monastery of Bardney, which he had himself
founded, departed out of this life, and entered on the joys
of eternal happiness, serenity and light. Abbot Ceolfrid, a
man of eminent holiness and devotion, died while he was on
a pilgrimage at the city of Langres, in Burgundy, and was
buried in the church of the fellow martyrs, SS. Speusippus,
Eleusippus, and Meleusippus. He was at the time of his death
seventy-four years of age, having been of the order of the
priesthood forty-seven years, and filled the office of abbot
thirty-five years.

[a.d. 717.] St. Egwine, the third bishop of the Hwiccas,
died on Thursday the third of the calends of January [30th
December], the fifteenth induction. Wilfrid, a man of
eminent piety, succeeded to the bishopric of the church of
Worcester, having been elected in Egwine's lifetime.

[a.d. 718.] Cenred, king of the Northumbrians, died,
and Osric was raised to the throne. Ingils, brother of Ina,
king of the West-Saxons, ended his life. His sisters were
SS. Cuenburh and Cuthburh, who founded a monastery for
nuns at a place called Winburne. Aldfrith, king of the Nor-
thumbrians, married Cuthburh, but they both renounced
connubial intercourse before her death, for the love of God.

[a.d. 719, 720.]

38 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 721— 72$. _

[a.D. 721.] Daniel, liishop of Windiest or, went to Rome,
The same year, king lna- slew L'ynewulf the Etheliiig. The
holy John, bishop of York, being prevented l>y the weight of
years fiiim duly performing his episcopal functions, conie-
cratuil Ilia friend Wilfrid to net for him, and retiring to ah
monastery, which is culled "In the Wood of Deira," diisl
there on the nones [the 7th] of May, having spent the eW
of his days in ft course of living agreeable to God. Eadfrfcl,
biahop of Lindisfamr died, and was succeeded by EthclwaR
priest and ahliot of Mailrosc.

[a.d. 722.] Queen Etheiburh levelled to the ground tl*
castle of Taunton, built some time before by king Inn, nho
fought a battle the same year with the Bout I i-S axons.

[a.d. 723, 724.]

[a.d, 725.] Wihtred, king of Kent, 3on of Egbert, dW
on the ninth of the calends of May [2.'Srd April], leaving tlirw
sons, Ethelbert, Eadlwrt, and Alrie, heirs to his kingdom.
which ho had held thirty-four years and a hall". King Ina,iii
» second battle with the South- Saxons, slew the EthelitiK
Aldbriht, whom he had previously driven out of Wessex.

In this year Bede, the chr loger, composed his "Lcwf

Book of Computation ;" for lie thus writes: " If you wish to
know the epaet for any year, take the year of our Lord,
whatever it may be, according to DionysiiiN, as in the present
eighth indiet ion, seven hundred anil twenty five; divide hj
nineteen, multiply nineteen by thirty, and you have five hun-
dred and seventy, and nineteen multiplied by eight produca
one hundred and fifty two: subtracting these, three remain;
three multiplied by eleven make thirty three; subtract thirty,
and three remain, which is the epaet for the present year"
These are Bodo's words.

[a.d. 720. ] Tobias, bishop of Rochester died ; he h*l
learnt Greek and Latin so perfectly that he knew liw
languages as well, and could use them as familiarly, u li"
native English. Jle was succeeded by Aldulf.

[».d. 727.]

[a.d. 728.] King lua, having abdicated, and resigned hh
crown to Ethel ward, a descendant of king Cerdie, journeyed
to the threshold of the blessed apostles in the time of p«|>l
Gregory (II.), desirous of sojourning for a time as a pilgrim
near the holy places on earth, so that he might from them*

them*

a.d. 729—731,] uxov sees and bishops. 39

secure a readier admission into the society of the saints in
heaven. The same year a battle was fought between king
Ethelhard and Oswald, the Etheling, who was son of Ethel-
bald, son of Cynebald, son of Cuthwine, son of Ceaulin.

[a.d. 729.] In the month of January, two comets appeared
round the sun, and remained visible nearly two weeks.
Egbert, the man of God we have often mentioned, departed
to the Lord on Easter-day of this year, which fell on the
eighth of the calends of May [24th April]. Shortly after-
wards, when Easter was past, on the seventh of the ides [the
9th] of May, Osric king of the Northumbrians also died,
having declared Ceolwulf brother of his predecessor Kenred,
his heir. It was to king Ceolwulf that Bede, the servant of
God, priest and monk, dedicated his Ecclesiastical History of
the English nation. Ceolwulf was the son of Outha, who was
son of Cuthwine, who was son of Egwald, who was son of
Aldhelm, who was son of Occa, who was son of Ida, who
was son of Eoppa.

[a.d. 730.] Oswald the Etheling, a most valiant prince,
died.

[a.d. 731.] Archbishop Berthwald, worn out with old age,
died on the fifth of the ides [the 9th] of January. Pope
Gregory (II.) died on the third of the ides [the 11th] of
February. Tatwine, a priest of the monastery of Brindun,
(Breedon Worces.) in the province of Mcrcia, was consecrated
as archbishop of Canterbury to succeed Berthwald, on Sunday
the tenth of the month of June, by the following bishops : —
Daniel of Winchester, Inguald of London, Aldwine of Litch-
field, and Aldulf of Rochester. He was eminent for piety
and wisdom, and amply endowed with the knowledge of sacred
literature. About the year 282, after the arrival of the An-
gles in Britain, Tatwine and Aldulf were bishops of the
churches in Kent ; Inguald was bishop of the East-Saxons,
Eadberht and Hathulac were bishops of the province of East-
Anglia, and Daniel and Forthere of the province of Wessex ;
Aldwine was bishop of the province of Mercia ; Walhstod, of
the people who live beyond the river Severn towards the west ;
Wilfrid of the province of the Hwiccias,1 and Kynebert of
the province of Lindisfarne. The bishopric of the Isle of

1 Walhstod of Hereford. Wilfrid of Woroester.

40 plokenci: or WDiitESTBH. [a.d. 732 — 734.

Wight lie-longs to Daniel, bishop of Winchester. The buhotxjj
of the South-Saxons having lieen now tor some ve.'ir- u.iil.
the bishop of (he West -Saxons had been invited to exercise
the episcopal functions in it. All these provinces, and the
others south of, and as tar as, the river Huniber, with thi-ir
several kings, were subjeet to EHielbald. king nt' the Mercians.
As for the province of the Novtluiinbrunis, of which Coolwulf
was king, it was divided into four bishopries, of whieh
Wilfrid held the church in York, Ethelwold in Lindisfaruc,
Acca in Hexham, ami Pecteim in that which is called Can-
dida-Cnsa (Whitiicme). The Britons were for the most part
reduced to servitude under the English.

[a.d. 732.]

[a.d. 733.1 There was an eclipse of the sun on the
eighteenth of the calends of September, about the third hour
of the day, so that nearly its whole disc seemed to l>e covered
with a very black and fearful spot.1 Acca, bishop of Hexham,
was driven from his see.

[A.D. 734.] On the second of the calends of Erbni.vv
[31st January], about cock-crowing, the moon turned blood-
red for nearly an hour, then it changed to black, and after-
words reassunied its natural brightness. Tatwine, archbishop
of Canterbury, departed this life on the third of the calends
of August [30th July]. Nothelm, a priest of the church of
London, succeeded him in the archbishopric. The most holy
Bede, the venerable priest, the iimuk worthy of all praise, the
admirable chronologer, died in this year, according to tlw
English Chronicles, but in the year following [a.d. 735],
according to his disciple. Cuthliei't, who wrote an account
of his death, ami was present with many others at his de-
parture. It took place on the Wednesday before the feast
of our Lord's Ascension : " that is, the eighth of the
calends of June [25th May], about the tenth hour, when lie
breathed his last in a devout and train pit) frame of mind, and
so departed with joy to the realms above. He composed an
account of most of the events which occurred in his own

J Tlie true date of tliU eclipse was the Ulh August, 13$,
: According tn Culhtn-i-t's Letter, A'Ci-ii^iun -duv It'll that year on tlie
*lli lnsioiT tin.' niib'iiits of Jniii', ci'iTL'spniuliTis willi -"tli May. In the
Kn<*li*li Historical Siwietv's wlitimi "f Hcde noil Florence, hi ' '"
is placed on Uie STIfa May, 735.

a.d. 735 — 744.] SAXON kings and bishops. 41

country down to this period in a clear style, and his life and
his history ended together. We too, God guiding us, have
thought it worth our while to bequeath to our faithful suc-
cessors a record of events from the term of his happy end,
which we have gathered from the English Chronicles, or the
credible accounts of trustworthy persons ; as well as such as
we have heard ourselves as undoubted facts, and, in some
cases, seen with our own eyes, and accurately noted.

[a.d. 735.] Pectelm, bishop of Whitherne died, and was
succeeded in the bishopric by Frithowald.

[a.d. 736.] Nothelm, archbishop of Canterbury, received
the pallium from Gregory (III.), the eighty-ninth pope.

[a.d. 737.] Forthere, bishop of Sherborne, and Frithogith,
queen of the West-Saxons, went as pilgrims to Rome.

[a.d. 738.] Ceolwulf, king of Northum^ria, having abdi-
cated his kingdom and transferred it to Eadbert his cousin,
son of Eata, became a monk.

[a.d. 739.] Ethelwold, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Acca,
bishop of Hexham, paid the debt of nature. Cynewulf
succeeded Ethelwold, and Acca was succeeded by Frithoberht,

>.D. 740.]

a.d. 741.] Ethelhard, king of Wessex, died, and was
succeeded by his kinsman Cuthred, who harassed Ethelbald,
king of Mercia, by continued hostilities. On the death of
Nothelm, the archbishop of Canterbury, on the sixteenth of
the calends of November [17th October], Cuthbert, who was
the fifth bishop of Hereford, was raised to the archbishopric.
Aldwulf, bishop of Rochester, also died, and Dunn was con-
secrated in his place.

[a.d. 742.]

a.d. 743.] Ethelbald, king of Mercia, and Cuthred, king
of Wessex, fought a battle with the Britons. Wilfrid, bishop
of the Hwicii, departing this life, was succeeded by Mildred.
(St. Boniface, archbishop of Mentz, flourished). Stars were
seen apparently falling from heaven.

[a.d. 744.] (St. Boniface founded the abbey of Fulda, in
the wilderness of Bochon.) Wilfrid the younger, archbishop
of York, died on the third of the calends of May [29th April],
and Egbert, king Edbert's brother, was raised to the archi-
episcopal throne. Daniel bishop of Winchester, venerable
for his great age, voluntarily resigning his office, chose to

FLOBF.SCE OP WORCESTER. [a

..

retire in the same city, and II an frith was appointed b

his stead.

[a.d. 7*5.] Daniel departed to the Lord, in the for
year from the time he was consecrated bishop, and aft
struggles in his heavenly warfare.

[a.d. 746.] Selred, ting of the East-Saxons, was :

[ a.d. 747.]

[a.d. 748.] Cynric, the Ethcling of the West-Sax.
slain. Eadbert, king of Kent, died, and lus brother
l>ort was raised to the throne.

[a.D. 749.]

[a.d, 750.] (Pepin was anointed emperor by E
archbishop of Mem/., by a decree of po|>e Zaehavy
consequence, tin.' bishops of Mont/, are considered
next to the popes.) Cuthred, king of the West-
fought, a battle with the fierce eaklonurin Ethelhun.

[a.d. 751.]

[a.d, 752.] Cuthred, king ofWessex, in the twel
of his reign, fought a severe battle with Ethelbald,
the Mercians, near BeorhtfsnJ (Uurford).

[a.d. 753. j King Cuthred fought again with the
and slew many of them,

[a.d. 754.] Uuthred, king of the West-Saxons d
his kinsman Sigeliert, son of Nitrei-ir, succeeded him.
death of llunfrith, bishop of Winchester, Cynehard
pointed in his place. Oiuitei'liury was destroyed by li

[a.d. 755.] St. Boniface, the archbishop, while pi
the word of God in FrioUnd, suffered martyrdom in *
. with many others on the nones [the 5th] of Juno. C;
a descendant of king Cerdie, with the support of tl
Saxon nobles, expelled their king, Sigobert, on aeenul
mitny unjust acts, and reigned in his stead ; but C
granted him a district called Hampshire, which he he
he unjustly slew Cum bran, the eiddorman, who had ail
him longer than any of the rest. After that, king i.
himself marched against him, and drove him into
which the English called Andred. He abode there fi
time, but at. last he was run through with a spear, ai
called Privet's-Flood, by a certain herdsman, in revi
the caldoftnan's death. The same king, Cynewulf, v(

"sated the Britons in great battles. Ethelbald, kin,

A.D. 756—763.] OPPA, KINO OF MEBCIA. 43

Mercians, was killed at Seoceswald, and his body conveyed
to Repton and buried there. His kingdom was usurped
by the tyrant Beornred, who held it for a short time with
little joy or comfort, and then lost his crown and his life
together. On his death he was succeeded by Offa, grandson
of a cousin of Ethelbald, king of the Mercians, being a son of
Thingferth, who was son of Eanwulf, who was son of Osmond,
who was son of Eoppa, who was son of Wybba, the father of
king Penda.

[a.d. 756.] (Lullus succeeded Boniface in the arch-
bishopric of Mentz, which he held thirty-two years.)

[a.d. 757.] Eadbert, king of the Northumbrians, resigned
his crown for love of his heavenly country, and received the
tonsure of St. Peter the apostle. Oswulf, his son, assumed the
government of the kingdom, and after reigning one year was
slain by the Northumbrians, on the ninth of the calends of
August [24th July].

[a.d. 758.] Outhbert, archbishop of Canterbury, departed
this life on the seventh of the calends of November [26th
October]. At this period Swithred was king of the East-
Saxons, Osmund of the South-Saxons, and Beorn of the East-
Angles.

[a.d. 759.] Breogwin, Cuthbert's successor, was consecrated
archbishop on the feast of St. Michael. Moll Ethelwald was
raised to the throne of Northumbria.

[a.d. 760.] Ethelbert, king of Kent, died, and Ceolwulf,
the most devout monk, formerly the illustrious king of the
Northumbrians, passed to the joys of eternal light.

[a.d. 761.] The winter of this year was very severe ; and
Moll, king of the Northumbrians, slew Oswine, a most noble
Etheling, near Edwin's-cliff, on the eighth of the ides [the 6th]
of August.

[a.d. 762.] Breogwin, archbishop of Canterbury, died on
the ninth of the calends of September [24th August]; he
was succeeded by Jainbert, abbot of St. Augustine's.

[a.d. 763.] Jainbert was enthroned as archbishop on the
feast of the purification of St. Mary [2nd Feb.], The same
year Frithowald, bishop of Whitherne, died on the nones [the
7th] of May; Pehtwine having been consecrated in the
district called ^Elfete, on the nineteenth of the calends of
August [17th July], filled the see in the place of Frithowald.

44 FLORENCE OF WORCESTEIt. [a.D. 7G4-

[a,D. 764.] Archbishop Jsmibort received the palliui:
pope Paul, brother of his predecessor pope .Stephen.

[a.d. 765.] Moll, king of the Northumbrians, vaeol
throne, in which lie was succeeded by Alhred, son of Ea:
who was son of Byrnhom, who was son of Iiosa, who w
of Bleaeman, who was sou of Ealrie, who was son of I.

[a.d. 766.] Egbert, archbishop of York, died on th
teenth of the calends of December [19th Nov.] at Yorli
was succeeded by Ethelbert. Frithobert, bisliop of H(
died ; and was succeeded by Alhmund.

[a.d. 767.]

[a.d. 768.] Eadbcrt, formerly the most illustrious h
the Northumbrians, and afterwards a monk of eminent
died on the thirteenth of the calends of September [20th
and was buried in the same porch in which his brother 1
the archbishop lies.

[a.d. 769—773.]

[a.d. 774.] A red sign, in the shape of a cross, was vis
the heavens after sunset. The Mercians and the Kentis
fought n battle at Ottanford. Horrible snakes were a
Sussex, to the wonder of all. During the feast of
[3rd April], the Northumbrians drove their king, A
king Moll's successor, from York, and raised Ethelbei
son of Moll to the throne.

[a.d. 775.] Milred, bishop of the Hwiecas, died
Wermund succeeded him iu the bishopric.

[a.d. 776.] Pehtwine, bishop of Whitherne, died <
thirteenth of the calends of October [19th Sept.].

[a.d. 777.]

[a.d. 778.] Ethelbert being expelled from his kingd
the Northumbrians, Alfwold was raised to the throne,
wiitf king of Weascx, anil Ofta king of Mereia, fov
desperate battle near Bensington ; but Ollii having gain
victory, took possession of the town, which he kept,
liuind, bishop of the Hwiecas, died; and was sueeeeil
abbot Tilhere. Ethelbert was ordained bishop of York
twentieth of the calends of July [15th June] at Whithi

[a.d. 779.] Alhmund, bishop of Hexham, died c
seventh of the ides [7th] of September; in whose plni
Itert was consecrated on the tenth of the nones [the 2
and Higbald was ordained bishop of T'

Si

tU*H

A.D. 780 — 784.] . CYNEHARD, THE ETHELING. 45

at Soccabirig, in the room of Gynewulf. King Alfwold sent
envoys to Rome to demand the pallium for Eanbald from pope
Adrian.

a.d. 780.]

[a.d. 781.] Tilhere, bishop* of the Hwiccias, being dead,
Heathored succeeded to his episcopal functions. Ethelbert,
archbishop of York, Egbert's successor, died ; and was suc-
ceeded by Eanbald. He was the scholar of Alhwine, the
preceptor of the emperor Charles. A synod was held at
Acley. Cynewulf, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Werburga,
queen of Ceolred, formerly king of the Mercians, died.

[a.d. 782, 783.]

"a.d. 784.] When Cynewulf, king of Wessex, was taking
measures for expelling Cynehard, who, being king Sigebert's
brother, was the Etheling, it chanced that he came with only
a few attendants to a vill called in English Merton, to visit
some woman. The etheling, learning this, instantly collected
a band of his retainers, and hastened to the spot with great
glee. On his arrival, finding all the world asleep, he had the
chamber in which the king lay closely beset on all sides by
his followers. .The king being alarmed, leapt from the bed,
and seizing his arms, opened the chamber-door, and fought
stoutly in resistance to his assailants. At length, getting
sight of the etheling, he rushed forth to attack him, and gave
him a severe wound. Seeing this, the whole band of the
etheling's soldiers fell on the king, and wounded and slew
him. The woman, uttering cries of terror and grief, fills
the chamber with her lamentations. The few troops who were
in attendance on the king run to the spot, and find their
master, whom they had just before left alive, lying dead.
At this they are roused to such a pitch of fury, that
drawing their swords they make a desperate rush on his
murderers. The etheling endeavours to pacify them, pro-
mising -to each a large sum of money, besides sparing their
lives, if they will withdraw ; they, however, reject his offers,
and continue the combat till they all perish, except one
British hostage, who was desperately wounded. When morn-
ing came, and the news of the king's death got abroad, his
ealdorman Osric, who was much attached to him, and Wiferth,
his most faithful thane, hastened to the spot with all the force
• the king had left behind the day before ; but they find all the

4<j FLORENCE OP WOHCEKTEH. [a.D. 785 — 788,

gates barred. While they are trying to burst thorn open, the
etheling boldly advances to them, promising them that he
will cheerfully heap on them gold, silver, honours, whatever
they severally coveted, if they will only raise him to the royal
throne : he suggests also, that there are many of their relations
on his side, who are ready to follow him to the death, rather
than be induced to id widen him on any pretence. The royal
troops reject his otters, and earnestly entreat their kinsmen to
desert their lord and depart home in safety with all possible
despatch. But the etheling's party replied : — " What you
oiler us, we proposed to your comrades who fell with the
king ; but as they would not attend to our summons, neither
will we olwy yours on the present occasion." On receiving
tliis answer, the royal troops advance, force open the doors,
level the barricades, and put the etheling and all his followers,
in number eighty-four, to the sword, except only his little son
who was severely wounded. The king's corpse was conveyed
to Winchester for interment; the etheling's was buried in the
monastery at Axminster.

[a.d. 785.] A synod was held at a place called in Englisli,
Cealch-hythe, where, after much wrangling, archbishop Join-
liert lost a small portion of bis diocese.1 Bertliun, bishop «f
Dorchester, dying, Higbert was chosen by Ofla, king of
Merrill, to succeed him in his bishopric; and OflVs son
Egfert was consecrated king.

tUh 780-1

[a.d. 787.] Brihtrie, king of Wcssox, married Eatlburga,
king Clllas daughter: in his time, Danish pirates came tn
England with three ships. The king's reeve hearing of their
arrival hastened to meet them with a few followers, and being
in entire ignorance who they were, or whence tiny >-.,w,
tried to drive them, unwilling as they were, to the royal vill.
Inn ilii'v presently slew him. These were (lie first Danes who
landed in England.

[a.u. 788.] A synod was hold at Pineanhalo (Pineliall)

1 Ceulchythe: Chelsea'1 which mis called Cheleetho ns tnteastlie
p ml Hi' itie liftecnlh century. This synod van held for the purpossof
ftBlnblishing an jinlejiciiileiil "vrltiepi.-ii'oiml see for the kingdom "'

iUeitui, wlii'ii 1 ,irlilii'l.l wns chips, ■!] iis ilu: 1'laiie, mul I li|,'ebertt an <t>e
tiist nii'ireii,ilit:ei ; within wli'>sr province mis comprised all "'
between the ThMD.es end the Hnmber.

,11 Um «

.D. 789 — 794.] ALFWOLD — ETHELBERT. 47

i Northumbria, on the fourth of the nones [the 2nd] of
September.

[a.d. 789.] Alfwold king of the Northumbrians was in-
imously assassinated by a man named Bigan on the ninth of
he calends of October [23rd September] ; and was interred
at the church of St. Peter, at Hexham. A strong light from
teaven was frequently observed on the spot where he was
aurdered. He was succeeded in his kingdom by his nephew
)sred, king Alchred's son.

[a.d. 790-3 Jainbert, archbishop of Canterbury, died on the
econd of the ides [12th] of August; andEthelhard succeeded
dm. Osred being dethroned and driven out by the Northum-
brians, Ethelred, AJfwold's brother was restored to his kingdom.

[a.d. 791.] Beadulf was ordained bishop of Whitherne on
he sixteenth of the calends of August [17th July].

[a.d. 792.] Osred, who had been expelled from his kingdom
>y«the Northumbrians, was seized and barbarously put to
leath on the eighteenth of the calends of October [14th
September]. He was buried in the monastery at the mouth
)f the river Tyne.

[a.d. 793.] Ethelbert, the most glorious and holy king of
;he East- Angles, whose eminent virtues rendered him accept-
able to Christ, the true King, and who was courteous and
iffable to all men, lost at once both his kingdom and his
life, being beheaded by the detestable commands of Offa, the
mighty king of Mercia, at the infamous suggestion of his own
wife, queen Cynefrith ; but though iniquitously slain and
deprived of his kingdom, the king and martyr entered the
courts of the blessed spirits, while the angels rejoiced in
triumph. The consecration of archbishop Ethelhard was cele-
brated on twelfth of the calends of August [21st July].

[a.d. 794.] Ethelred, king of the Northumbrians, was
slain by his subjects; in consequence, Ceolwulf, bishop of
Lindisfarne, and bishop Eadbold, departed the kingdom.
Eadbert, surnamed Pren, began to reign in Kent. Offa, king
of Mercia, dying on the fourth of the calends of August
[29th July], his son Egbert succeeded to the glory of his
kingdom, but only reigned one hundred and forty-one
days, ending his life the same year. He was succeeded by
Kenulf, a magnificent prince, who was blessed with a saintly
offspring, and ruled the kingdom with peace, justice, and piety.

•„.

? WOBOEaXBB. [a.D. 7

•£

[A.o. 795.]

i_A.D. 79C] Keiuilf, tin™ of Mercia, ravaged neai
Kent, and taking prisoner its king, l'ren, earned him a'
chains with him to Mcreia.

[a.d. 797.]

[a.d. 798.J The Iwdy of fit. Wihtburg, the Virgin, <
ter of Anna, king of tin- Ea.st- Angles, and sister of the s
virgins, Sexburga, Ethel Imrga. and Etheldutha, was disc
in a, state of incorruption after it had been buried
fifty-five years at the vili, ealled Dyrhaiu. Heathored,
of the Hwiccias, died, and Deneberht was chosen and
crated in liis stead.

[a.d. 799.] Ethelhard, archbishop of Canterbury
Kiueberht, hislu>i> of Winchester, went to Rome.

[a.d. 800.] Brihtric, king of Wesscx, died, and w:
ceeded by Egbert. It l»ap]ieiied that on the very d
which Brill trio died, Etholinund, eaidorman of Mcreia,
expedition out of Mercia, and crossed the ford call
English, Cymeresford. On heaving of Ids advance, Ww
eaidorman of Wiltshire, marched against him with the i
Wilts, and, after an obstinate engagement, in which ni
fell on both sides, and both the ealdornien were sla
Wiltshire men gained the victory. Alhmund, son of J
king of Northumbria, was killed.

[a.d. 801.]

[a.d. 802,] Higbald, bishop of Lindisfarne, diet
Egbert being elected his successor, was consecrated b;
bald, archbishop of York, on the third of the ides [2
June. Wcrmuud, bishop of Rochester, dying, Bcornnit
consecrated in his stead.

[a.d. 803.] Ethelhard, archbishop of Canterbury, dit
was succeeded by Wulfred.

[a.d. 804.] Archbishop Wulfred received the ]
from pope Loo.

[a.d. 80.3.] The church of St. Alton's was dedica
the 1st of December in this year. Cutlircd, king of
Heabcrlit, the eaidorman, and Ceolburga, abbess of F

[a.d. 806— 811.]

Ja.d. 812.] Wulfred, archbishoj. of Canter

iberht, bishop of Sherborne, went to Rome.

A.D. 813 — 823.] WULFRED — ST. KENELM. 49

f:

[a.d. 813.] Archbishop Wulfred returned to his see with
;he benediction of pope Leo. The same year, Egbert, king
rf Wessex, ravaged the Western Britons oh their eastern
rontier.

a.d. 814, 815.] x

a.d. 816.] The English-school at Borne was destroyed
>y fire.

[aj>. 817, 818.]

[a.d. 819.] St. Kenulph, king of Mercia, after a life spent
a good deeds, was translated to eternal bliss in heaven, leav-
Qg his son (St.) Kenelm, a boy seven years old, heir to his
ingdom. A few months only had elapsed when, betrayed by
be artifices of his sister Quendryth, whose conscience was
ardened by her fierce ambition, the young king was fiercely
et upon and secretly murdered by Ascebert, his cruel
uardian, under a thorn-tree in a vast and dense wood;
ut as heaven alone was witness to his murder, so heaven
jvealed it by the testimony of a column of light. Kenelm's
inocent head fell to the ground, pure and milk-white as it
as at his birth; from it a milk-white dove soared to
3aven on golden wings. After his blessed martyrdom, Ceol-
ulf succeeded to the kingdom of Mercia. Egbert, bishop

Lindisfarne, died, and was succeeded by Heathored.

a.d. 820.]

a.d. 821.] Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, was deprived of
is kingdom.

[a.d. 822.] Burhelm and Muca, two most resolute ealdor-
ien, were slain. A synod was held at a place called Clove-
10. Deneberht bishop of the Hwiccas, died, and was
lcceeded by Heaberht.

[a.d. 823.] The Britons were defeated at a place called
lavulford (Camelford ?) by the men of Devonshire. Egbert,
ing of Wessex, and Beornwulf, king of Mercia, fought a
attle at Ellandune, that is Ealla's-hill, and Egbert gained the
ictory with great slaughter. In consequence, he soon after-
rards sent his son Ethelwulf, andEalhstan, bishop of Sherborne,
ud his ealdorman Wulf hard, with a large army, into Kent,
'ho, immediately on their arrival, drove Baldred king of that
rovince from his kingdom. After these successes, the men
f Kent and Surrey, Sussex and Essex, voluntarily submitted
) king Egbert; those provinces having been wrested informer

E

E

50 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 824 — 327

times from the Lands of his kinsmen, and reluctantly compelled
to submit to the yoke of alien kings for the space of some
years. The East- Angles, also, with their king, sent envoys to
Egbert, king of Wessex, imphinng him (o lie their proteetuf
and tower of defence against the hostile inroads uf the
Mercians; which petition lie granted, and promised them
his ready aid in all emergencies. However, Beornwulf, long
of Mereia, treated this compact with contempt, and assembling
a considerable army entered the territories of the East-Angka
in a hostile manner, and began to put to death their prineip*!
people ; but their king advanced against the enemy at the
head of his forces, and giving them battle, put king Beoro-
wulf and the greatest part of hi* army to the sword: hit
tin-man Ludecan succeeded to his kingdom.

[a.d. 824.1

[a.d. 825. J Ludeean, king of Mereia, having assembled
his forces, marched his army into the province of the Eat-
Angles. to revenge the death of his predecessor Beornwulf.
The people of that country with their king speedily en-
countered him. and a desperate battle was fought, in which
Ludecan and live of iiis i-nidm-mcu. and great uuinliers of his
troops fell, and the rest took to flight : Witilaf succeeded W
the honours of his kingdom.

[a.d. 826.]

[a.d. 827.] There was tin ecli]ise of the moon on the holy
night of the Nativity of our Lord.1 The same year, Egbert,
king of Wessex reduced die kingdom of Mereia under his
own dominion. Then he extended his expedition to the
further side of the river Himiber. Tlte Northumbrians met
hiin in peaceful guise at a place called Dore, and ottered him
terras of alliance and humble submission ; and so they piirted
with great satisfaction on both sides.

This king Egbert was the eighth among the kings of the
English nations who ruled over all their southern provinces,
separated by the river liuinber and neighbouring boundnrie*
from those which lie to the north. The first who held this
extended dominion was .Ella, king of the East-Saxons; the
second t'eb'n, king of the West-Saxons, called in their
dialect Ceaulin ; the third was Ethelbert, king of Kent ; che

1 This eclipse happened on the 25th December, 628.

AJ>. 828—835.] n» M&BTWAl&AZ, 51

fourth was Redwald, king of the East- Angles, who governed
that people as ealdorman even in Ethelbert's life-time; the
fifth was Edwin, king of the Northumbrian tribes, that is,
those who dwelt to the north of the river Humber, the most
powerful of all the settlers in Britain. Redwald's dominion
extended over the whole population, both EnglUh and British,
except that of Sent ; and he subjected to English rule the
Jdenaviam islands which lie between Ireland and England.
The sixth monarch of all England, he himself being the moat
christian king of Northumbria, was Oswald. The seventh
was Oswy, who for a time maintained his supremacy within
nearly the same limits, and to a very great extent subjugated
the Picts and Scots who inhabit the northern extremities of
Britain, making them tributaries. The eighth, as we have
already stated, was king Egbert. In his time, as it is re-
ported, St. S within was born, who, sprung from a noble line
if ancestors, when his youthful years were passed, was ad-
mitted to holy orders by St. Helmstan, bishop of Winchester.
King Egbert also committed his son Ethelwulf to his care for
instruction in sacred learning.

[a.b. 828,] King Witglaf was reinstated in his kingdom
of Mercia. Heathored, bwhop of Lindisfarne, died, and was
succeeded by Ecgred. Egbert, king of Wessex, led an army
into the territory of the Northern Britons, and in spite of their
opposition reduced them to subjection.

~a.d. 829.] Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury, died.
a.d. 830. J Ceolnoth was elected and eonsecrated arch-

6

aa 83L]

V.n. 832.] The Danish pirates, greedy for plunder, ravaged
the isle of Sheppy.

[a.d. 833.] Egbert, king of Wessex, engaged the pirates
at Oarrum (Charmouth) with thirty-five ships, but after great
carnage in the battle the Banes remained victors.

>.d. 834.]

~a.d. 835.] The Danes made a descent with a powerful
'fleet on the territory of the Britons in the West, which is called
Curvallia (Cornwall) ; the Britons made an alliance with them,
and, uniting their forces, they laid waste the borders of king
Egbert's dominions. Receiving intelligence of this, Egbert
assembled his troops in great haste, and giving the enemy

e 2

52 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. £a.D. 836 844

battle at a plat* called Hengestasdun, that is Hcngist's-mount
he slew ninny of them and put the rest to flight.

[a.d. 836.] Egbert, king of Wessex, died. He had bee]
driven out of England by Otiii king of Slvrcia, and Itertri
king of Wessex, before he became king, and went to France
where ho sojourned throo years : he then returned to England
and on Eerhtric's death assumed the government of Wessex, a
already mentioned. After Egbert's death his son Ethclwu;
began to reign in Wessex, and made his son Atlielstan kin,
over the people of Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex.

[a.d. 837.] Wulfhani, the ealdorman, attacked a piratict
fleet of thirty-four ships at Hamtun (Southampton), and game
tlie victory with great slaughter : he died soon afterward*
Ethellielni, the ealdorman, with the assistance of the people (
Dorsetshire, engaged in a battle with the Danes in the terri
tory of Fort (Portland island), and compelled them to a Ion
retreat, during whicii he received a mortal wound, aud th
Danes got the victory. In the reign of king Ethelwulf, Si
Hehustan, the bishop, departed this life; and by the king1
command .St. S3 within Iiwluiij his successor.

[A.D. 838.] Hereborht,t!ie eiddurman, and vast nirmbersc
the Mercians, at the same time, were slain by the lieathei
Danes. The same year multitudes were put to the sword b;
tho same party in the province of Lindsay in East-Anglia, un
in Kent. Witglaf king of Morcia died, and was succeeds
by Beorhtwulf.

[a.d. 839.] There was an eclipse of the sun on the tbir
of the noucs [the Oth] of May, being the eve of Ascension
day, between the eighth and ninth hour. The Pagans, »
often mentioned, slaughtered numbers in London, Cwentawic;
and lloebester.

[a.d. 840.] Ethelwulf, king of Wessex, engaged wit
thirty-five ships at Charmoutb, but the fortune of the Dane
prevailed over the Saxons.

[a.d. 841—844.]

1 "Qnentovich tiie ancient name of Elaplas, or St. Jossc-snr-nK
between Boulogne and St. Valery. However one MS. of the Said
Chronicle reaih ' Cuntm-iirii-liyrJ:;,' and tv.\> J1SS. ' Cantwic,' whir!
readings, together witli the place being named in conjunction wit
London and Rochester, render it very probable that C'anterbnrj i
""""it, and not the little French sea-porL" — Thorpe,

London and
meant, and i

AJ>. 845 — 849.] KING ALFRED BORN. 53

[a.d. 845.] Eanwulf, the ealdorman, with the men of
Somerset and Ealhstan, bishop of Sherborne, and Osric the
ealdorman, with the men of Dorset, fought with the Danish
army at the mouth of the river Pedridan (the Parret), and
having made great slaughter amongst them, gained the victory.
Ecgrid, bishop of Lindisfarne, died, and was succeeded by
Eanbert.

a.d. 846, 847.]

a.d. 848.] Heaberht, the bishop of the Hwiccas, died, and
Alhhim succeeded.

[a.d. 849.] Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, was born at
the royal viU called Wanating, (Wantage), in Berrocescire,
which is so called from the wood of Berroc, where the box-tree
grows in great abundance. His genealogy runs in the following
order : — Alfred was the son of king of Ethelwulf, who was the
son of Egbert, who was the son of Alhmund, who was the
son of Eafa, who was the son of Eoppa, who was the son of
Ingils. Ingils, and Ina, the famous king of Wessex, were
brothers ; Ina went to Borne, and ending the present life there
in great honour, departed to his country in heaven to reign
with Christ. These two were the sons of Coenred, who was
the son of Ceolwald, who was the son of Cutha, who was the
son of Cuthwine, who was the son of Ceaulin, who was the son of
Cynric, who was the son of Creoda, who was the son of Cerdic,
who was the son of Elesa, who was the son of Esla, who was
the son of Gewis, from whom the Britons call the whole
nation Gewissse. Gewis was the son of Wig, who was the
son of Freawine, who was the son of Freothegar, who was the
son of Brand, who was the son of Bealdeag, who was the son
of Woden, who was the son of Frithowald, who was the son of
Frealaf, who was the son of Frithwulf, who was the son of
Finn, who was the son of Godulf, who was the son of Geata,
who was formerly worshipped by the Pagans as a god. Geata
was the son of Taetwa, who was the son of Beaw, who was
the son of Sceldwea, who was the son of Heremond, who was the
son of Itermod, who was the son of Hathra, who was the son
of Wala, who was the son of Beadwig, who was the son of
Shem, who was the son of Noah, who was the son of Lamech,
who was the son of Methuselah, who was the son of Enoch,
who was the son of Jared, who was the son of Malaleel, who
was the son of Cainan, who was the son of Enos, who was the

!:;;

54 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. Si'lO, 851.

son of Seth, who was tlie son of Adam. His mother's name
was Osburh ; she was a woman of eminent piety, noMe
both in mind and lineage, being the daughter of Oslae, the
renowned cup-bearer of king Ethelwulf : whieh Oslae was
of Gothic wee. He was sprang from the Goths and Jai
being descended from Stuf and Whitgar, two brothers, i
also earls, who having received the dominion of the Isle of
Wight from tlieir uncle Cerdie, and his son Cynric their
cousin, massacred the few British inhaliitant" they found in the
island at a place called Whitgaraliurh (Carisbrook). The rert
of the native inhabitants of the island had been cither aUin
before, or driven into exile,

[JLD. 850.] Berhtferth, son of Beorhtwulf, king of Merria,
unjustly put to death his cousin St. Wigstan on the ealenda
[the 1st] of June, being the eve of Whitsuntide. He was
grandson of two of the kings of Mercta, his lather Wigtnund
being the son of king Wiglaf, and his mother Elfrida, the
daughter of king Ceolwulf. His corpse was carried to 1
monastery which was famous in that age called llepton, and
buried in the tomb of his grandfather king Wiglaf. Miraclei
from heaven were not wanting in testimony of his martyrdom;
for a column of light shot up to heaven from the s]Kit where
the innocent saint was murdered, and remained visible (a die
inhabitants of that place for thirty days.

[a.d. 851.] Ceorl, the ealdorman, with the men of Devon-
shire, fought against the Pagans, at a place called Wieasn-
beorh (Wcmbm-gl, and the Christians trained (lie victory. In
the same year, the Pagans wintered for the first time in the
isle of Sheppey,1 which means the island of sheep. It a
situated in the river Thames, between Esses and Kent. M
nearer Kent than Essex, and a noble monastery stands in &
The same year a great army of Pagans came with three hun-
dred and fifty ships into the mouth of the river Thames, and
ravaged Canterbury, which is the chief city of Kent, and
London which stands on the north bank of the river Thames.
on the borders of Esses and Middlesex, though, in truth, that
city lieloriLTS to Esses. They put to flight Beorhtwulf king of
Mercia who had advanced to give them battle, with all

.». 852, 853.] KINO ETHBLWTJLF. 55

ctter these events, the same body of Pagans crossed into
•urrey, which lies on the south bank of the river Thames, to
be westward of Kent ; and Ethelwulf king of Wessex, and
as son Ethelbald, with their whole army, had a protracted
ngagement with them, at a place called Ockley, which means
be Keld of Oaks. The armies on both sides fought for a
(mg time with the greatest ardour and animosity, but at last
ibe greatest part of the Pagan host was utterly routed and
rat to the sword ; so much so that we have never heard of so
many of them being slain in any quarter, on one day, either
before or since ; and the Christians gained a glorious victory,
and remained masters of the field of death. The same year,
also, king Athelstan and Ealhere, the ealdorman, defeated a
large body of the Pagans in Kent, at a place called Sand-
wich, and took nine ships of their fleet : the rest escaped by
flight.

[a.d. 852.] King Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia, died ; and
Burhred succeeded to the throne.

[a.b. 853.] Burhred, king of Mercia, sent envoys to Ethel-
wulf, king of Wessex, beseeching him to afford him aid in
reducing to subjection the Britons who inhabited the central
districts between Mercia and the western sea, who stoutly
resisted him. Ethelwulf lost no time, after he received
this message, in putting his army in march, advancing into the
territory of the Britons in company with king Burhred, and
as soon as he entered it he laid waste the country and
forced the people to submit to the dominion of Burhred:
having accomplished this he returned home.

This same year, king Ethelwulf sent his son Alfred, before
mentioned, to Borne, with great pomp, and a numerous retinue,
both of nobles and commoners. Pope Leo, at his father's
request, consecrated and anointed him king, and receiving him
as his son by adoption, confirmed him.

The same year also, Ealhere, the ealdorman, with the men
of Kent, and Huda, with those of Surry, fought with vigour
and courage against the Pagan army in the island, which is
called in the Saxon language Tenet, but in the British Ruim.
At first the Britons had the advantage, but the struggle being
protracted, many on both sides were killed on the spot, and
others driven into the water and drowned; and both the ealdor-
men perished. Moreover, the same year, Ethelwulf, king of

56 FLOREXCB OF WORCESTER. [a.d. 854, 855.

Wessex, gave his daughter as ipieen to Lurlired. king of Mercia,
tlie nuptials being celebrated with princely pomp at the royal
vill called Cippenham.

[a.d. 854.] On the death of Eanbert, bishop of Lindia-
farne, he was succeeded by Eardulph.

[a.d. 85.5. J A great army of (he Pagans passed the whole
winter in the aforesaid isle of Sheppey. In the same yew
king Ethelwulf released the tenth part of his whole kingdom
from all royal service and tribute, and by a charter, signed
with Christ's Cross, offered it for ever to the One and Triune
God, for the redemption of liis soul and of those of his prede-
cessors. Ho then went to Home in great state, taking with him
his son Alfred, whom lie loved more than the others, and who
now went for the second time; and he abode there a whole year.
On its expiration, he returned to his own country, bringing
with him Judith, daughter of Charles, king of the Frank*.
Meanwhile, however, during the short period of king Etliel-
wulf's sojourn beyond sea, a disgraceful affair, opposed to all
Christian rules, occurred at Selwood, in the west of England.
For king Ethel wald, with Eahlstan bishop of Sherborne, and
Eanivulf, ealdorman of Somersetshire, are said to have formed
a conspiracy to prevent king Etholwulf from re-assuming the
government of his kingdom, if he ever returned from Rome.
This unfortunate business, such as was unheard of in any
former age, is attributed by very many persons to the bishop
and ealdorman only, by whom they assert the scheme was
contrived. Many persons, however, say that it had its origin
solely in the king's haughtiness, for, as we have heard it re-
lated by some persons, the king obstinately persisted in that
as well as in many other perverse dispositions, as was proved
by the issue of the arlair. For when king Etholwulf returned
from Eomo, his before-named son, with his counsellors, or
rather intriguers, attempted to commit the grievous crime of
forcibly refusing the king's re-admission into his own do-
minions. But God diri not permit it, nor would the united
iSaxon nobles concur in the proposal ; for, to prevent Saxony
(Wessex) from being exposed to the irremediable danger of
hostilities lietween father and son, nay more, of the whole
of the nation being in arms for one or the other, and this
.sort of civil war growing every day more fierce and bloody,
the kingdom, which had been hitherto one entire realm, was,

A.D. 855.] ethblwulf's QUEEN, JUDITH. 57

through Ethelwulf 's great easiness of temper, and with the
concurrence of the nobles, divided between the father and the
son ; the eastern districts being allotted to the father, and the
western to the son. Thus, where the father ought by all
rules of justice to have reigned, the iniquitous and wilful son
established his power, for the western part of Saxony has
always had the pre-eminence over the eastern. So, when king
Ethelwulf arrived from Rome, all that people were very
properly so delighted at the return of their old king, that
they wished, if he would have allowed it, to deprive his
froward son Ethelwald, and his advisers, of any share in the
kingdom. But he, as we have already said, actuated by his
excessive gentleness and by prudent counsels, to prevent
peril to the kingdom, would not allow it to be done ; but he
made Judith, daughter of king Charles, from whom he had
received her in marriage, to sit beside him on the royal
throne, as long as he lived, without any controversy or enmity
from his nobles, contrary to the perverse custom of that
nation. For the West-Saxon people do not allow a queen to
sit by the king's side, nor even give her the title of queen,
calling her only the king's wife ; which controversy, or stigma,
originated from a certain froward and evil-minded queen of
that nation, as our elders thus report : — There was recently
in Mercia a certain powerful king named Offa, whose daughter,
Eadburh, was married, as we have said before, to Berhtric,
king of Wessex, who very soon began to act tyrannically,
doing all things hateful to God and man, and accusing all she
could before the king, so as to deprive them insidiously of
their life or power ; and if she could not procure the king's
consent, she used to take them off by poison. This is ascer-
tained to have been the case with a certain young man who
was much loved by the king, whom she poisoned because the
king would not listen to her accusations against him. It is
also said that king Berhtric unwittingly tasted some portion
of the poison, although she did not intend it for the king, but
for the young man only ; but the king took the cup first, and
so both perished. In consequence of this queen's atrocities,
all the inhabitants of that country swore together that they
would not suffer any king to reign over them who should
command his queen to sit beside him on the throne. Berhtric
being dead, as the queen could no longer remain among the

.

FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.

Saxons, she sailed over the sea with i
went to the court of Charles, the renowned king of the
Franks. As she stood in the presence chamber, otleriiig him
rich presents, Charles said to her, " Choose, Eadburh, which
you prefer, me or my son who stands beside me in the
chamber." She foolishly replied, without a moment's thought,
"If I am to have my choice, I prefer your son, because he i*
younger than you." Charles replied with a smile, " If yon
had chosen me, you should have had my son ; but as you hare
chosen him you shall have neither of us." However, he gare
her a large abbey of nuns, where, having hiid aside the secular
dress aud assumed the monastic habit, she discharged tbe
duties of abbess for a very few years ; for having been
debauched by some layman, she was expelled from [be
monastery by king Charles's order, anil passed the rest of her
days in want aud misery.1

King Ethelwulf lived two years after his- return from
Rome ; .luring which, among many other good deeds of this
present life, reflecting on his departure according to tbe way
of all flesh, to prevent his suns indecently quarrelling after ha
death, he ordered letters testamentary to lie written, in which
he divided his kingdom between his two eldest sons. Ethelbahl
and Ethelbert, and his private inheritance between all his sons
and liia daughter, as well as his relations ; he also gave
directions in the same instrument for the due distribution of
the money he might leave behind, him for the good of his
soul, and among his sons and his nobles. For the good of hi*
soul, which he had carefully studied on all occasions from
his earliest youth, lie ordered that his heirs should, out of
every two families on his hereditary domains, supply one
poor person, either native or foreigner, with meat, drink, and
clothing, forever afterwards, until the day of doom ; provided
that the land was inhabited and stocked with cattle, and not
lying waste. He also directed that the sum of three hundred
mancuses should be yearly remitted to Rome, to be tliere
distributed in the following manner, viz., one handled
mancuses, in honour of St. Peter, to be sjiecially applied in
purchasing oil for filling all the lamps of the apostolical church

1 One MS. adds, "So I hut, at lust, acocompanied by one ponr ser-
vant, as wp hnve lifiin] I'miii many who saw her, she begged her brewl
d»ily at P»vio, where she ftmi in great misery."

A.D. 856 864.] ST.EDMtTNB — ETHELBALD — ETHELBERT. 5&

on Easter-eve, and also at cock-crowing ; one hundred mancuaes
in honour of St Paul, the apostle, for the same purpose ; and
one hundred mancuses to the catholic and aposthc pope.

King Ethelwulf having died on the ides [the 18th] of
January, and been buried at Winchester, his son Ethelbald,
contrary to the divine prohibition and Christian honour,,
and even the customs of all Pagan nations, ascended his
father's bed, and married Judith, the daughter of Charles,
king of the Franks; and thus licentiously governed the
kingdom of Wessex for two years and a half after his father's
death.

St. Edmund, a man accepted by God, and descended
from ttoe Old-Saxon race, who was most truly devoted to the
Christian faith, affable and courteous to all men, remarkable for
his humility, a generous benefactor to the poor, and a most
kind father to orphans and widows, took the government of
the province of East-Anglia.

[a.b. 856—859.]

[a.d. 860.] King Ethelbald died and was buried at
Sherborne ; and his brother Ethelbert, as was right, joined
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, to his own kingdom. In his days,
a large army of Pagans came up from the sea, and assaulted
and sacked the city of Winchester ; but as they were return-
ing to their ships laden with plunder, Osric, the ealdorman
of Hants, with his people, and Ethelwulf, the ealdorman^
with the men of Berks, boldly encountered them, and, battle
being joined, the Pagans were put to the sword in every
direction, and, being unable to make a longer resistance, fled
like women, and the Christians remained masters of the field
of death. Ethelbert having governed his kingdom five years
in peace, with the love and respect of his subjects, went the
way of all flesh, to their universal sorrow, and was honourably
interred at Sherborne, where he lies by the side of his brother-

>.t>. 861.]

Ja.d. 862.] St. Swithin was translated to heaven on
Thursday the sixth of the nones [the 2nd] of July.
a.d. 863.]

\.T>. 864.] The Pagans wintered in the Isle of Thanet,
and made a close alliance with the men of Kent, who promised
to pay them tribute if they kept the compact; but the
Pagans, breaking the treaty, stole out of their camp by night,.

60 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D, 865 — 868.

like foxes, and regardless of the promised tribute, as they
knew tlwy eould gain more by surreptitious robbery than bj
observing the peace, ravage J the whole eastern coast of Kent
[a.d. 865.]

[a.d. 866.] Ethered, brother of king Ethelbert, succeeded
to the kingdom of Wcssex. The same year a large fleet of
the Pagans came to Britain from Denmark, and wintered
in the kingdom of the East-Angles, which is called in the
Saxon tongue, East Engle, and there the greatest part of
their troops procured horses.

[a.d. 867.] The array of Pagans before mentioned,
marched from amongst the East-Angles to the city of York,
which stands on the north bank of the river Humbcr. At
that time great disscntions had arisen among the North-
umbrians, by the devil's iiistiifatimi, as always happens to
a people who have incurred God's wrath. For the North-
umbrians had then, as we have related, driven out their
rightful king, Osbrilit, and raised to the throne a tyrant
named jElla, who was not of the royal race ; but by Divine
Providence, and the exertions of the nobles for the (fominon
good, the discord was somewhat allayed on the approach of
the Pagans, and Osbrilit and iElla, uniting their forces and
assembling an army, marched to York. The Pagans fled it
their approach, and attempted to defend themselves within
the city walls. The Christians, witnessing their flight and
alarm, pressed forward in pursuit, and set to work to break
down the walls, which they ctiected; for that city was not
fortified by strong walls in those times. The Christians
having succeeded in making a breach in the wall, aud great
numbers of them having entered the town pell-mell with the
euemy, the Pagans, driven to despair, charged them fiercely,
and overthrew, routed, aud cut them down, both within and
without the walls. Almost all the Northumbrian troops,
with the two kings, fell in this battle; the remainder who
escaped made peace with the Pagans.

In the same year died Eallistan, who had been bishop of
Sherborne fifty years, and w;is buried there.

j [a.d, 868.] A comet was very plainly visible this year.

1 Alfred, the revered' king, who held then a aiibordinate
station, demanded and obtained in marriage a Mercian lady
of noble birth, being the daughter of Etbelred,

d. 869, 870.] king Alfred's marriage. 61

Eucil, ealdorman of the Gaini. Her mother's name was
adburh, of the royal race of the Mercian kings, a lady
luch venerated, who for many years after her husband's1
eath remained a most chaste widow to the end of her
ays.

The same year the before mentioned army of Pagans,
uitting Northumbria, entered Mercia, and advanced to
Nottingham, called in the British tongue, Tigguocobauc, but
a I*atin, " The House of Caves," and they passed the winter
here. On their approach, Burhred, king of Mercia, and all
he nobles of that nation, sent messengers forthwith to
Cthered, king of Wessex, and his brother Alfred, earnestly
ntreating them to render them such succour as would enable
hem to give battle to the aforesaid army. Their request was
eadily granted ; for the brothers, making no delay in fulfill-
ng their promise, assembled a vast army from all parts, and
mtering Mercia advanced to Nottingham, unanimously
lesiring a battle. But the Pagans, sheltering themselves
within the fortifications, refused to fight, and as the Christians
were unable to make a breach in the wall, peace was made
between the Mercians and the Pagans, and the two brothers,
Ethered and Alfred, returned home with their troops. The
oratory of St. Andrew, the apostle, at Kemsege' was built, and
consecrated by Alhun, bishop of Worcester.

[a.d. 869.] The aforesaid cavalry of the Pagans, riding
back to Northumbria, reached York, and was quartered there
for a whole year.

[a.d. 870.] The before mentioned army of the Pagans
passed through Mercia into East-Anglia, and wintered there
at a place called ThetforcL

In the same year Edmund, the most holy and glorious king
of the East-Angles, was martyred by king Inguar, an in-
veterate heathen, on the twelfth of the calends of December
[20th November], being Sunday, the second indiction, as we
read in his Passion. In this year also Ceolnoth, archbishop

1 All the printed editions read patris ; but one of the MS. has viri,
which must be the right reading.

2 Probably Kempsey, near Worcester. This is one of the notices,
not found in other chronicles, which was probably gathered by
Florence from the records of his own monastery, or from local in-
formation.

62 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 671.

of Canterbury died, and was buried ii> peace in that city ; he
was succeeded by that reverend man Ethered.

[a.d. 871. ] The Pagan army, of hateful memory, quitting
Eaitr-Angli* and entering the kingdom of Wessex, came »
the vill of Reading, situated on the south bank of the riwt
Thames in tiie district called Berkshire. And there, ou the
third day after their arrival, two of their chiefs, with great
part of (heir forces, rode out to plunder the country, white
the rest were throwing up a rampart between the river*
Thames and Kennet on the right of the said royal vill. They
were encountered by Ethelwulf, caidormau of Berkshire, aM
his men, at a place called in English, Engld'ell. and in Latin,
" The Field of the Angles," where both sides fought bravely;
but after both armies had maintained their ground a longtime
one of the Panau duel's being slain, and the greater part of
their army cut to pieces, the rest saved themselves by dight,
and the Christians gained the victory, remaining masters of
the field of death. Four days after these events, king
Ethered and his brother Alfred, having assembled troops and
united their forces, marched to Heading ; and have succeeded
in forcing their way to the east li>2 ate, by slaying and nvif-
throwing all the Pagan* they met with outside the fortifica-
tions, the Pagans, nevertheless sallied out. bike wolves, froai
all the gates and fought with (he utmost desperation. The
combat was long ami sharply contested on both sides; but, sad
to say, the Christians ai last turned their backs, and the Pagans
obtaining the victory remained masters of the field of blood.
Ethelwulf the before named ealdorman was among the slain.

Roused by grief and shame at this defeat, the Christians,
four days afterwards, renewed the engagement against the
same army, with all their forces and right good-will, at a place
called yEscesdun, which signifies In Latin "The Mount of the
Ash " (Asbdowjj). The Pagans, dividing themselves into two
bodies, drew up in two equal columns, for they bad with
them two kings and many earls, allotting the centre of tie
army to the two kings and the rest to the earls. The
Christians, observing this, arrayed their troops also in t*o
divisions, losing no time in forming the columns. Alfred wis
the first to lead his men promptly to the field of battle, for
his brother, king Ethered, was then engaged at ii.-
in his tent, hearing mass, and he positively declared tl ' *

A.D. 871.] ETHEBXD ANB ALFBED'8 V1CTOBIES. S3

would not quit it until the priest had finished the mass, and
omit the service of God to attend to his duty to man. He
persisted in tins, and the faith of the Christian king availed
him much with God, as will more fully appear in the sequel.
Now the Christians had determined that king Ethered, with
his division, should attack the two Pagan kings, hut his
brother Alfred was instructed to take the chances of war with
his own troops against all the Pagan earls. Things having been
thus arrayed on both sides, and the king being still engaged
in his devotions, while the Pagans advanced rapidly under
arms to the field of battle, Alfred, who was second in com-
mand, finding that he could no longer sustain the enemy's
onset, without either retreating or charging them in turn
before his brother's arrival, at last, putting himself manfully
at the head of the Christian forces drawn up as before
arranged, he formed a close column without waiting for the
king, and, relying on God's counsels and support, advanced
his standards against the. enemy. At length king Ethered,
having finished his prayers, came up, and invoking the aid of
the Mighty Buler of the world, plunged into the fight. But
here we must inform those who are ignorant of the locality,
that the field of battle was not equally favourable to both
armies, for the Pagans occupied the higher ground, and the
Christians had to direct their march from a lower level. We
may also remark that there stood on the spot a solitary thorn*
tree of stunted growth (I have seen it with my own eyes),
round which the hostile armies engaged in the combat with
loud cries; the one party to work their wicked ends, the other
to fight for their lives, for their country, and for those who
were dear to them. After both armies had fought bravely,
and with great fierceness, for a considerable time, the Pagans,
by the judgment of God, were no longer able to sustain the
attacks of the Christians, and having lost the greatest part of
their troops retreated with disgrace. One of their two kings
and five of their earls fell on the field of battle, and many
thousands of their army were dispersed and slain over the
whole plain of Ashdown. Thus perished king Bagsecg, earl
Sidroc the elder, and earl Sidroc the younger, earl Osbern,
earl Frcena, and earl Harold ; and the whole Pagan army fled
until night, and even the next day, until they reached the
stronghold from which they had sallied forth.

64 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER.

[a.D.871 -

Fourteen days afterwards, king Ethered and liis brother
Alfred having again united their forces to give battle to tin
Pagans inarched to Basing, and upon the armies meeting,
after a lung engagement, the Pagans gained the victory.
Again, after two months had elapsed, king Ethered with hii
brother Alfred fought against the Pagans, who were in two
divisions at Merton, and for a long time they had the advan-
tage, having routed the enemy ; but the Pagans rallied, and
gained the victory, remaining masters of the field of death,
after great slaughter on both sides.

The flame year, after Easter, on the ninth of the calends of
May [-'3rd April], king Ethered went the way of all flesh,
having governed his kingdom bravely, honourably, and in
good repute for five years, through much tribulation ; he «'u
buried at Winborne, where he waits the coming of the Lord,
and the first resurrection with the just. On his death, the
before named Alfred, who had hitherto, while his brothers were
alive, held only a subordinate rank, at once succeeded to the
throne of the whole kingdom, to the entire satisfaction of all
the people. I think it convenient to insert in this place a
brief notice of his childhood and youth.

He was exceedingly beloved both by his father and mother,
even more than his brothers, and not only so, hut he wis M
general favourite among all ranks; and being never separated
from his parents was brought up entirely in the court of his
father. As he advanced in years, during infancy and youth,
he grew up more comely in form, and more graceful in asped,
as well as in all his words and actions, than the rest of his
brothers; but, alas! through the neglect of his parent)
and nurses, ho did not learn to read until he was twelve yean
old. Yet, he listened with intelligence, day and night, to the
Saxon poems which were frequently recited to him by others,
and committed them with facility to his docile memory. Ha
was expert and successful beyond all his rivals in every branch
of the huntsman's craft, as in all the rest of God's gifts.
When, therefore, on some occasion, his mother «;:■
him and his brothers a book of Saxon poetry which she held
in her hand, and said, " I will give this book to whichever of
you shall first learn (to read) it," incited by this ofier, w
rather inspired by heaven, and attracted by the beautiful'"
illuminated initial-letter of the volume, Alfred said t

lj>. 859 — 869.] king Alfred's youth. * 05

nother, " Will you really give that book to such one of us as
jan first understand it and repeat it to you?" She smiled at
;his, and replied, " I will, indeed, give it to him." Upon this
le took the book from her hand, and went to his master and
t>egan reading it ; and when he had read it through he brought
it back to his mother and recited it to her. After this he
Learnt the daily course, consisting of certain psalms and a
number of prayers ; these were collected in a volume, which
he carried about with him in his bosom for his devotions, by
day and by night, during all the fleeting course of this present
life. But, sad to say, he was unable to gratify his most ardent
wish of learning the liberal arts, as at that time there were no
grammarians in all the kingdom of the West-Saxons.

While he was still in the flower of youth, and sought to
strengthen his resolutions to observe the Divine laws, but felt
that he could not altogether rid himself of carnal desires, it
was his custom, that he might not incur God's displeasure by
doing anything contrary to His will, to rise very often in
secret at cockcrow and the hour of matins, and resort to the
churches and relics of the saints for the purpose of prayer,
and there kneeling long he besought Almighty God, in his
mercy, to strengthen his determination to devote himself to
His service by some infirmity which he might be able to bear,
but which would not be disgraceful or unfit him for his worldly
duties. Having often implored this with earnest devotion, he
was a short time afterwards, God granting his prayer, afflicted
with piles ; and the disorder became so severe in the course of
years, that even his life was despaired of. - It happened,
however, providentially, that while hunting in Cornwall, he
turned aside to offer his devotion in a certain church in which
the remains of St. Gueriir repose, and where St. Neot also lies.
Prostrating himself for a long time in silent prayer, he entreated
God's mercy, that in His unbounded love He would relieve
him from the tortures of his present painful disease, and give
him in exchange some lighter infirmity; provided that it
did not appear outwardly, lest he should become an object
of contempt and unfitted for active services. Having finished
his prayer he proceeded on his road, and shortly afterwards
found himself, by Divine aid, completely cured of his disorder,
according to his supplications. But, alas! when he was
relieved from that, another still more acute seized him on the

p

6$ FLORENCE OF WCIKCE9TEB. [a.D. 8|1,

day of his marriage, ami incessantly harassed him day ud
night from his twentieth In bis forty- fifth year, and more.

He had by his before-mentioned wife, Ealswitha, ilie
following sons and daguhtc.r.-- : — Fflieltlede.his first-born child,
then Edward, then Ethelgeovu, afterwards Eifthrvth, and then
Ethelward. iithelfledc, when she became marriageable, wm
united to Ethored, ealdorman of Menia ; Elhelgeovu, having
made a vow of chastity, and becoming a nun, devoted herself
to the sendee of God according to the rules of monastic life.
Ethel ward, the youngest of all, by the holy purpose and
admirable provision of the king, was placed under the care of
diligent masters, as were also the nobles of nearly all the
kingdom, and many of the lower order, thai they might
receive instruction in the liberal arts before they were strong
enough for the business of the world. Edward and Elftlirytfi
were brought up at their father's court, but they received
a liberal education, and, liesides their worldly exercises and
studies, they learnt with wire the I'silms and Saxon books, and
especially Saxon poems.

In the midst of wars and the frequent hindrances of the
present life, the irruptions of the Pagans, and his daily in-
firmities of body, king Alfred, -iiiLje-haiidi.il. and, as well as
his strength would allow, unremittingly devoted himself to the
government of his kingdom, the exercise of hunting in its
various forms, the superintendence of Ids goldsmiths and other
artificers, as well as those who had charge of his falcon*,
hawks, and hounds; the building, by the aid of machinery
invented by himself, of edirieos more stately and costly than any
which had been erected by his predecessors in the style W
their age ; reading Saxon books, and especially committing to
memory Saxon poems, and enjoining such pursuits on tho«
around him. He heard mass daily, besides some psalms and
prayers, and observed the canonical hours of devotion day md
night; and was wont to go alone by night, and frequent the
churches, eluding the observation of his attendants, for the
purpose of prayer. He was a bountiful almsgiver, aflkble and
agreeable to all the world, and a close enquirer into hidden
tilings. Many Franks. Prisons, Gauls, Pagans, Britons, Scots
and Armorieans, both of the nobility and commonalty, cama
voluntarily and gave him their allegiance, all of whom be
native subjects, ruling them, levin.

lying H>. ~.

A.D. 871, 872.] RING ALFRED'S WARS. 67

honouring them, and heaping power and wealth upon them,
according to their rank and worth. He manifested a wonder-
ful regard for his bishops and the whole ecclesiastical
order, his ealdormen and nobles, his inferior officers and all
who were attached to his court ; having as much affection for
their sons, who were brought up in the royal household, as he
had for his own, devoting his time, day and night, in the midst
of his other avocations, to inculcate upon them virtuous habits
and the pursuit of learning.

About a month after he began his reign, with so much
reluctance, I may say — for he felt that without Divine aid he
should never be able to resist, single-handed, the severity of
the Pagan irruptions, since even when his brothers were alive,
he had suffered great losses — king Alfred, with a small and
very inadequate force, made a fierce attack on the whole army
of the Pagans on a hill called Wilton, on the south bank of
the Guilou, from which river the whole country takes its
name. When both parties had sustained the combat in differ-
ent positions with vigour and bravery great part of the day,
the Pagans, perceiving that they were in imminent peril, and
could no longer withstand the enemy's impetuosity, took to
flight; but, sad to relate, they took advantage of the too
great daring of their pursuers, and facing round renewed the
fight, and, thus snatching a victory, remained masters of the
field of death. Let no one be surprised that the force of the
Christians in this engagement was so small, for the ranks of the
Saxons had been thinned in the eight battles they had fought
with the enemy in the course of a single year ; in which battles
one Pagan king and eight earls were slain, with vast numbers
of their troops, not to mention the countless attacks, by day
and night, with which king Alfred and the several ealdormen
of the nation with their followers, as well as many of the
king's thanes, had incessantly harassed the Pagans. God
only knows how many thousand of the enemy were destroyed
in these desultory attacks, besides those who were slain in the
eight battles already mentioned. The same year the (West)
Saxons made peace with the Pagans, on the terms that they
should depart their country, which condition they observed.
On the death of Cineferth, bishop of Litchfield, Tunberht
succeeded.

[a.d. 872.] Alchun, bishop of the Hwiccas, having died,

f2

CE OF WORCESTER. [a.d. 873, 87*.

Werefrith, a man learned ill the Scriptures, who had been
Ijrouglit up in tlio holy church of Worcester, was ordained
bishop by Ethered, archbishop of Canterbury, on the seventh
of the ides [the 7th] of June, being Whitsunday. At king
Alfred's command, he made the first translation of the tiooks
of Dialogues of pope St. Gregory, from the Latin into the
Saxon tongue, a work which he executed with great accuracy
and elegance. The king induced him, and also Plcgmuuil, a
learned and venerable man, and a native of Mercia, who, in
course of time, was made arch bishop of Canterbury, together
with Etholstan and Werwlf, two well educated Mercian priests,
to leave that province and come to him, and he ndviuieed
them to high honours and station, that they might assist him
in his great object, the acquisition of learning. He also sent
envoys to France, and invited over the venerable St. Gritnhild,
priest and monk, who was an excellent chanter, fhorowililv
versed in the Holy Scriptures and ecclesiastical discipline, ami
of exemplary conduct. To him was added John, also a priwt
and monk, a man of the most acute genius, and Asser, who
was summoned from the monastery of St. David, on the
furthest border of Britain in the West. Under the teaching
of all these learned men tho object of the king's desire wis
so daily advanced and accomplished that in a short time he
acquired universal knowledge. The lie lore-mentioned army
of Pagans went to London, and wintered there; and thi'
Mercians made peace with them.

[a.d. 873.] The army so often mentioned evacuated Lon-
don, and marching as far as the province of North utuliria,
wintered there in the district of Lindsey, and the Mercians
renewed their treaty of peace with them.

[a.d. 874.] Quitting Lindsey, the Pagan army entered
Mercia, and wintered at liopton. It also compelled, by main
force, Burhred, king of Mercia, to abandon his kingdom, and
crossing the sea he went to Rome in the twenty-second year
of his reign. He did not long survive his arrival at Kotue,
and dying there he received honourable interment in tlw
church of St. Mary in the Saxon School, where he waits our
Lord's advent, and the first resurrection of the just. After
his expulsion, tho Pagans reduced to subjection the wliele
kingdom of Mercia. However, they placed the province, in S»
miserable state, in the keeping of a weak thane, whoa

hose name

AJ>. 875, 876.] KING ALFRED'S WARS. 69

was Ceolwulf, on condition that he should give it up to them
peaceably whenever they required. He delivered hostages to
them for the performance of this condition, and swore that he
would in no wise act contrary to their will, but submit to
their commands on all occasions.

[a.d. 875.] The oft-mentioned army broke up from Repton
in two divisions. One of them went with Halfdene into the
country of the Northumbrians, and, wintering there near the
river Tyne reduced the whole of Northumbria under its
dominion, and ravaged the lands of the Picts and Strathclyde
Britons. The other division, under Guthruy, Oskmtel, and
Amund, three kings of the Pagans, directed their march to
a place called Grantebrycge (Cambridge), and wintered there.
The same year king Alfred fought a naval battle against six
ships of the Pagans, and took one of them, the rest sheering off.

[a.d. 876.] The oft-mentioned army of the Pagans sallied
forth from Cambridge in the night time, and took possession
of a castle called Wareham ; where there was an abbey of
nuns, between the two rivers Fraw and Terente (Frome* and
Trent), in the district called by the Saxons Thornsaet (Dorset),
and the site of which is very strong, except on the west side,
which is open to the land. With this army king Alfred
made a firm treaty, the condition of which was that they
should depart from his dominions; and they gave him as many
hostages as he demanded without dispute, and swore on
all the relics, on which the king most confided, after God,
and on which they before refused to swear to any people,
that they would quit his kingdom as soon as they could.
Notwithstanding, false as ever, and regardless of their oaths
and hostages and the faith they had pledged, they broke the
treaty, and, killing all the king's horse-soldiers, stole away
suddenly to another place, called in the Saxon tongue,
Exanceastre, but in Latin, the city of Exe, and standing on
the eastern bank of that river near the southern sea which
flows between France and Britain. King Alfred, having
collected troops, went in pursuit, but they had already got
into the place before he could come up with them. How-
ever, he extorted from them hostages of such quality and in
such numbers as he chose, and made a firm treaty with them,
which they observed faithfully for some time ; and there they
wintered. The same year, the Pagan king Halfdene distri-

70 FLORENCE OF woucester. [a.d. 877, 878.

buted the territory of North umbria between himself and
followers, an J ostnhlished colonies of hi* soldiers on it, Rnllo
and his band landed in Normandy on the fifteenth of the
calends of December [17th November].

[a.d. 877.] The Pagan army which had been left with tl»
fleet at Warehani sailed to Kxeter. but hefore tlieyrcachedt&ai
place, one hundred and twenty of their ships were lost in a storm.
Autumn approaching, part of the Pagans sat down at Exeter;
Another division went into Mo-rein, and gave portions of it to
Ceolwulf, to whnae keeping, as wc have already said, they hid
committed the province. Some part they snared among
themselves.

[a.d. 878.] The oft-named army, Abandoning Exeter,
marched to <'lii|>|H-nham, a royal vill, situated in the left it
Wiltshire, where it wintered, compelling by their iniipuow
many of the' people of that district to take ship and cross tlw
sea in penury and consternation ; but the greatest part of tbt
inhabitants wore reduced to submit to their yoke. At tbtt
time king Alfred, with a few of his nobles and some of k»
vassals, led a life of alarm and severe distress in the woo*
and marshes of Somersetshire ; for he had no means of sub-
sistence but what he seized by frequent incursions, eithff
by lurking about or usinc; open violence, from the Patram, nod
even such of the Christians as had submitted to them.

The same year, the brother of Inguar and Half dene having
wintered in Domctia' and made great havoc among the Chris-
tians, crossed over with twenty- three ships to the coast of Devon,
and there was slain, with twelve hundred of his followers, wh*
thus perished miserably iu their wicked aLrtrrossinn before the
stronghold of Cvnuit, in which many of the ting's thanes hid
shut themselves up with their families as a place of refuge.
But the Pagans, seeing that the place was quite unprepared,
and had no fortifications except ramparts thrown up after «ff
fashion, made no attempt to effect a breach, because it vtt
impregnable from its natural position on every sid ■ .
east (as I have myself observed), they sat down lief'oiv it.
supposing that as there was no water near the fort, those nit*>
would soon lie compelled by hunger, thirst, and the bhx'kwle,

e of Pembrokeshire and iLe

78.

ft
,iin

A.D. 878.] ALFRED AT ATHELKEY. 71

to surrender. But it did not turn out as they expected ; for
the Christians, divinely inspired, before they were reduced to
such extremities, and preferring either death or victory, made
a sally upon the Pagans before the dawn of day, and taking
them by surprise at the first onset, cut to pieces the king and
most of his army, a few only escaping to their ships.

The same year, after Easter, king Alfred, with his slender
force constructed a fortress at a place called Aethelingaeig
(Athelney) ; and from that fort, with his Somersetshire
vassals, kept up an incessant warfare with the Pagans. Again,
in the seventh week after Easter, he rode to Egbert's stone,
in the eastern part of the forest of Selwood, which means in
Latin, " the Great Wood ;" and there he was met by all the
people of Somerset, Wilts, and Hants, who had not been
driven across the sea by fear of the Pagans. These people, on
seeing the king come to life again, as we may say, after
suffering such great tribulations, were filled with joy beyond
measure, as well they might, and encamped there for one
night. At dawn of day, the king moved his camp from that
spot, and came to a spot called Ecglea (Iley), where he
encamped for the night. The following day he unfurled his
standards, and marched to a place called Ethandun (Hedding-
ton), where, at the head of his troops in close order, he fought
a desperate battle with the Pagans, and maintaining the
contest with spirit for a long time, at last, by God's help, he
gained the victory with great slaughter of the Pagans, pursuing
the fugitives to their fortress ; and all that he found outside
the fortifications, men, horses, and cattle, he seized, putting
the men to death. He then boldly encamped his army before
the gates of the Pagan fortress, and having remained there
fourteen days, the Pagans suffering from cold, hunger, and
terror, and at last driven to despair, sued for peace, on the
terms that the king should receive as many hostages as he
pleased, naming them himself, and not giving a single one in
return — terms of peace such as they had never before conceded.
The king, having heard their proposal, was touched with pity,
and selected as many hostages as he thought proper; and
after they were delivered, the Pagans swore, besides, that they
would forthwith depart from the king's territories. Moreover,
king Guthrum engaged to embrace Christianity, and receive
baptism at king Alfred's hands, all of which articles he and

72 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 879 — 882. _

his men fulfilled as they had promised ; for, seven week*
afterwards, Guthrum, the king of the Pagans, with thirty of
his principal warriors, came to king Alfred at a place called
Aalr (Aller), near Atholucy, and there the king receiving him
as his son by adoption, raised him up from the font of holy
baptism, and gave him the name of Athelstan : the loosing of
his erism took place on [he eighth ilay at the royal vill called
Wedmoro. He staid with the king twelve nights after liis
baptism, the king assigning him and all his attendants spueiuua
and handsome lodgings.

[a.D. 879. j The aforesaid army of Pagans, leaving
Chippenham, as they had promised, removed to Cirencestur,
which i.s situated in the southern part of the Wiociaii territory,
and there they remained one year. In the same year, a largo
army of Pagans sailed from foreign parts, and, entering thfl
Thames, joiued the former army ; hut they wintered at
Fulhain, near the river Thames. The same year there was
an eclipse of the sun, between nones and vespers, but nearer
nones.1 Dunberht, bishop of Winchester, died, and was
succeeded by Denewlf. This man, if report may be trusted,
was, during the early part of his bfe, not only illiterate hut
a swineherd. King Alfred, when yielding to the fury of hi*
enemies he had taken refuge in a forest, chanced to light upon
him as he was feeding his swine. Remarking his intelligence,
the king caused him to lie taught learning, and when he WW
sufficiently instructed made him bishop of Winchester; a
thing that may almost be considered miraculous.

[a.d. 880.] The oft-mentioned Pagan army, hroakim: up
from Cirencester, marched into East-Anglia, and parcelling
out the country began to settle in it. The same year, the
Pagan army whi.-h had wintered at Fulham quitted the island
of Britain, and again sailing across the sea reached the
eastern part of Franco, when they remained a year, at a place
called Gendi, that is Gand (Ghent).

[a.d. 881.] The oft -mentioned a rim of Pagans penetrated
inU> France, and the Franks fought against it ; and after tin1
battle the Pagans supplied themselves with horses, and became
mounted troops.

[a.d. 882.] The aforesaid army of the Pagans dragged

Ipse occurred on the 11th Man

AJ>. 883 — 885.] KING ALFRED'S WABS. 73

their ships up the river Mese (Meuse), far into France, and
wintered there one year. In the same year king Alfred
fought a battle by sea against the Pagan fleet, of which he
took two ships, having slain all who were on board; and
the commanders of two other ships with their crews, exhausted
by fighting and wounds, laid down their arms, and, on bended
knees, with humble supplications, surrendered themselves to
the king.

[a.d. 883.] The aforesaid army dragged their ships up the
river called Scaldad (Scheld) against the stream, to a convent
of nuns called Cundath (Gonde) and there remained a whole
year. Asser,1 bishop of Sherborne, died, and was succeeded
by Swithelm, who carried king Alfred's alms to St Thomas in
India, and returned thence in safety.

[a.d. 884.] Marinus was the hundred and seventh pope.
For the love he bore Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, and at
his earnest request, he graciously freed the school of the
Saxons living at Borne from all toll and taxes. He also
exchanged many gifts with the king; among those he sent
him was a no small portion of the most holy cross, on which
our Lord Jesus Christ hung for the salvation of man. The
aforesaid army of Pagans entering the mouth of the river
Summe (Somme), sailed up it as far as Embene (Amiens), and
remained there for one year.

[a.d. 885.] The aforesaid army of the Pagans was divided
into two bodies, one of which went into East France, and the
other coming over to Britain landed in Kent, and laid siege to
the city called in Saxon, Hrofceastre (Rochester), which
stands on the eastern bank of the river Medway. The Pagans
ran up a strong fort before the city gate, but were unable to
storm the place, as the citizens made a stout resistance until
king Alfred came to their relief with a powerful force. On
the king's sudden arrival, the Pagans abandoned their fort,
leaving behind them all the horses they had brought with
them from France; and, releasing most of their prisoners, fled
to their ships. The Saxons immediately secured the captives

1 Asser did not die till 910 (see Saxon Chronicle) ; and he con-
tinued his Life of Alfred to the forty-fifth year of that prince's age,
a.d. 803. Ethelward, not Swithelm, appears to have been Asser's
successor as bishop of Sherborne. See the list of bishops at the end
of this work.

74 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 89-i, S..SI.i.

and horses left by the Pagans, who, compelled by stern
necessity, returned the same summer to France. The same
year, Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, sailed with a fleet full
of troops from Kent to East-Anglia, for the sake of plunder;
and when they were off the mouth of the river Stour, they fell
in with sixteen of the leans' ships: a naval enLrugement iiisuwi,
and after desperate lighting on j ■« > l 1 i sides, the Pagans were ill
alain, and the ships: and all their treasure became the priie of
the vietors. But while the royal fleet was retiring in triumph,
the Pagans who lived in the eastern part of England, having
collected ships from all quarters, met it at sea near the mouth
of the river, and after a naval battle the Pagans gained tto
victory.

Carloman, king of the Western-Franks, came to a miserable
end while hoar-hunting, being torn by the tusk of a singularly
savage beast which he had attacked singly. His brother
Lewis, who was also a king of the Franks, had died three
years before. They were both son* of Lewis, king of the
Frauks, who died in the year in whieh the eclipse of tlia son
already mentioned took place. This Lewis was tin- sun «(
Charles, king of the Frauks. whose daughter Judith, Etheiwulf,
king irf Weasel, had made his queen, with her lathers consent
In the present year, also, a vast army of the Pagans poured
forth from Germany into old Saxony, but those Saioufc
joining their forces with the Prisons, fought bravely again*
them twiee in one year, and, by God's mercy, gained the
victory in both battles. Moreover, in the same year, Charles,
king of the Alemanni, succeeded to the kingdom of the
Western- Franks, and to all the kingdoms between the Tuscan
sea and the gulf which separates Old Saxony and Gaul; all
the nations roakinsr voluntary submission to him. except those
ofArmorica (Brittany). This Charles (Charles-le-Groa) wa»
the son of king Lewis, who was the hrother of Charles (the
Bald), king of the Franks, who was the father of the before-
mentioned Judith ; the two brothers were sons of Lewis (L#
Debonnaire), and Lewis waa son of Charles the Great, the
antient and wise, who was sou of Pepin. In this year, also,
the army of the Pagans which had settled in Eaat-Anglia,
disgracefullv broke the peace which thev had made with king
Alfred.

[a.D. 886.] The army of Pagans, so often before-montiooed.

A~D. 887.] THE DAHES AND THE FRANKS. 75

quitting East-France, came again into the country of the
Western-Franks, and entering the mouth of the Seine, sailed
up it a long way against the stream as far as the city of Paris,
where they wintered. They besieged that city the whole of
that year, but by the merciful interposition of God, they were
unable to break through its defences. The same year, Alfred,
king of the Anglo-Saxons, after the burning of cities and
slaughter of the people, nobly rebuilt the city of London, and
made it again habitable; he entrusted the custody of it to
Ethered, earl of Mercia. To which king came all the Angles
and Saxons who before had been dispersed everywhere, or
dwelt among the Pagans without being bondsmen, and volun-
tarily placed themselves under his dominion.

[a.d. 887.] The above-mentioned army of the Pagans,
leaving the city of Paris unharmed, as they found they could not
succeed, rowed their fleet up the Seine against the current, a
long way until they reached the mouth of die Malerne (Marne),
where they left the Seine and entered the Marne, and after a
long and toilsome voyage up that river, they came at last to a
place called Chezy, that is, "the Royal Vill," where they
passed the winter of that year. In the following year they
entered the mouth of the river Yonne, to the no small damage
of that country ; and there they sat down for a whole year.
In this year Charles, king of the Franks, went the way of all
flesh ; but six weeks before his death he had been expelled
from his kingdom by Arnulf, his brother's son. As soon as
Charles was dead, five kings were appointed, and the kingdom
was divided out into five parts ; but the highest rank devolved
upon Arnulf; and justly and deservedly, save only his dis-
graceful outrage on his uncle. The other four kings promised
fealty and obedience to Arnulf, as was right; for none of
them had any hereditary claims to the throne, on the father's
side, except Arnulf only. Although, therefore, five kings
were appointed immediately on Charles's death, Arnulf had
the empire. The dominions were divided as follows : Arnulf
had the country to the east of the Rhine ; Rodolph the interior
of the kingdom ; Oda (Eudes) had the western states ; Beorngar
(Berenger) and Witha (Guido) had Lombardy and the terri-
tories on that side of the mountains. But with such vast and
important kingdoms they did not remain in amity, for they
fought two pitched battles, and often ravaged each otl *

76 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 887.

territories, and each, in turn, drove the other out of his
kingdom.

In this year, Athelelm, caldorman of Wiltshire, carried the
alms of king Alfred and the Saxons to Koine. The same
year, on the feast of St. Martin, bishop of Tours, Alfred, tlte
often-named king of the Anglo-Saxons, by God's assistance,
first began to translate, as well as read, books. This king,
although seated on a throne, was pierced through by manj
sorrows ; for, as we have already said, from his twentieth W
his forty-fifth year and more, he was in constant suffering
from the severe attacks of an unknown disease, so that he ym
not safe for a single hour either from the pain it caused, or
from apprehension of it. Besides this, he was perpetually
harassed by the constant invasions of foreigners, which he bid
to resist vigorously both by Jand and by sea, without I
moment's rest. What shall I say of his frequent expeditions
against the Pagans, of his battles, of his unceasing cares in
the government of his kingdom, in the restoration of cine
and towns, and building others where there were none before,
of edifices incomparably ornamented with gold and silver
under his own siiperiiitendcnee, of the royal halls and chamber),
both of stone and wood, admirably erected by his command
of the royal vills, constructed of stone, which lie caused to be
removed from their old site, and handsomely rebuilt in more
fitting places? Although he stood alone, yet G-od being his
helper, he never suffered the helm of government to ivhich ho
had once put his hand, to waver and become unsteady, though
tossed by the waves and storms of this present life. For be
unceasingly and most wisely used both gentle instruction,
admonition, mid command, to win over his bishops, ealdormen.
mid the better sort of Ids favourite thanes and officers to ha
own wishes and the public good ; and where these failed, after
long forbearance, la- had rueoiu>c to severe ehasti-iOTii-m of lb"
disobedient, holding vulgar stupidity and obstinacy in utter
abomination. If the royal commands were not attended M,
and in consequence of the pi-dplus slugirislmeis. things ordered
were not completed, or wore begun so late that in time of need
they were of little use for want of being perfectly done — f«
instance, the castles which he ordered to be built, and which
were not begun, or taken in hand so late that the
forces broke in by sea and land before they were nuiahi

the enemy'*
dished, tl I ':

UD. 887.] ALFRED'S COURT AND CHARITIES. 77

;he opponents of the royal ordinances repented when it was
:oo late, and sorely grieved that they had inconsiderately
leglected his orders, and extolling the king's forethought,
engaged with the utmost zeal in the execution of what they
lad before disregarded.

Among this king's other good deeds, he directed two
monasteries to be built, one for monks, at a place called
A.thelney, where he collected various descriptions of monks,
ind appointed John, a priest and monk, and a native of Old
Saxony, first abbot. He also ordered a monastery proper for
the residence of nuns to be built near the east gate of
Shaftesbury, of which he made his own daughter, Ethelgeovu,
who was already a consecrated virgin, abbess ; and these two
monasteries he richly endowed with possessions in land and
wealth of all kinds. Moreover, he vowed that he would
religiously and faithfully dedicate to God one half of all the
money which flowed into his coffers every year, being justly
acquired ; and this vow he made his serious business to fulfil
with a willing mind. He also, by a plan divinely inspired,
3ommanded his officers to divide his yearly revenues into two
squal parts. When this was done, he ordered one of these
parts to be distributed into three portions ; one of which he
mnually bestowed on his noble officers who were continually
engaged by turns about his person, performing various duties.
For the king's attendants were most judiciously divided into
:hree companies, so that one should be on duty at court, night
ind day, for a month ; at the end of which, on the arrival of
mother, the first returned home, and remained there two months,
attending to their private affairs. At the end of the second
nonth it was relieved by the arrival of the third, and returned
lome for two months. So the third company, on being
•elieved by the first, also spent two months at home. In this
•otation the service at court was administered by turns during
;he whole life of the king. The second portion was paid to
/he artificers, who flocked to him in vast numbers, from
lifferent nations, or were engaged on hire, men skilled in
jvery kind of construction. The third portion was cheer-
ully dispensed with admirable judgment to the foreigners
vho resorted to his court from all countries, far and near,
whether they asked him for money or not. As to the
rther moiety, half of all his means derived from his yearly

78 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 897.

revenues, he ordered his ministers to divide it exactly into
four equal portions, to the intent that the first portion kliould
be discreetly bestowed on the poor of every nation win
came to him ; the second, on the two monasteries he had
founded, and [hose who did God's service it) them ; the third,
on the school in which he had collected, with the utmost ewe, '
not only many of the sous of the nobility of liis realms hot
Others also of the lower order ; the fourth, he distributed
among the neighbouring monasteries throughout the whole
of Saxony and Mercia, and even some years, by turns, among
the churches of Britain (Wales), Cornwall, France, Brittany,
Northumbrin, and Ireland, according to his ability. Having
put these affairs in order, he undertook, as far as his infirmity
and means would allow, to devote earnestly to God one half
of his services, both of mind and body, bv day and by night
In consequence, he began to consider by what moans h
might regularly keep his vow until his death. At length at
shrewdly devised a useful plan, and sending for a quantity of
wax had it weighed against pennies, and when there was wax
in the scales of the weight of seventy-two pennies, he caused
his chaplains to make six candles of equal she; so that each
candle might be twelve inches in length, with the inches'
marked ujnrn it. By this plan, therefore, six of these candles
sufficed to born for twenty-four hours, night and day, l«iug
set up before the relics of different saints, which he always
took with liim wherever he went.

Moreover, the king made the strictest enquiries into the
administration of justice, as well as into all other matters;
reviewing with much shrewdness nearly all the judgments
pronounced throughout the kingdom at winch he was not
present himself, with a view to consider whether they were
just or unjust. If he perceived any iniquity in these
decisions he gently remonstrated with the judges, either
personally, or through trusty friends, on their unrighteous
decrees, inquiring whether they proceeded from ignorance or.
malevolence, that is, from afteetion, fear or ill-will to others,
or from a greediness for lucre. In short, if [In.- judges as-erud
that they had so given judgment because they knew no better,
he discreetly and gently reproved their inexperience and
ignorance in such words as those: "I marvel much at war
presumption in that having, by God's favour and

id my own.

a.d. 888 — 891.] Alfred's administration of justice. 79

taken upon you an office and station belonging to wise men,
you have neglected the study and practice of wisdom. Either,
therefore, at once resign the execution of the temporal authority
now vested in you, or apply yourself to the study of wisdom
much more earnestly than you have hitherto done. Such are
my commands." Filled with consternation at such language
as this, the ealdormen and presiding officers would strive to
devote all their power to the study of justice, just as if they
had been most severely punished. Thus, almost all the
ealdormen and judges, however illiterate from their youth
upwards, applied themselves surprisingly to the learned studies,
preferring rather to undergo a new discipline as scholars than
to resign their offices. If, however, any one could not make
progress in learning, either from his advanced age or from
dullness of an intellect unused to such exertions, the king
required his son, if he had any, some kinsman, or, if no one else
was to be had, one of his Hege-men, whether a freeman or
serf, for whom he had long before provided means of instruc-
tion, to read to him Saxon books, by day or night, whenever
he found leisure. The old men sighed deeply, and heartily
grieved that they had not attended to such studies in their
early days ; counting the young men of the present generation
fortunate who had such excellent opportunities of instruction
in the liberal arts ; and regretting their own unhappy lot in
neither having studied them while young, nor being able to
acquire them in old age, however ardently they might desire
to do so.

>.d. 888.]

jl.j>. 889.] Beocca, a noble ealdorman, conveyed the alms
of king Alfred and the West-Saxons to Borne. The same
year died Ethelswitha, queen of Burhred, king of Mercia, an£
was buried at Ticinum (Pavia). In this year, also, Ethel wold,
the ealdorman, and Ethered, archbishop of Canterbury, died
in the same month. Ethered was succeeded by Plegmund, a
man of deep erudition.

>.d. 890.]

Ja.d. 891.] Abbot Beornhelm carried the alms of king
Alfred and the West-Saxons to Borne. Guthrum, the king
of the Northmen, who, as we mentioned before, was lifted by
Alfred from the holy font, receiving the name of Athelstan,
died this year. He and his followers were settled in East-

80 FLORENCE OF WOKCESTEH. [a.d. 892—894.

Anglia, and first took possession of and colonized that province
after the- dc.itli of St. Edmund, the martyr and king. Tiie
same year, the oft-mentioned Pagan army departed from the
Seine and stationed themselves at a place vailed Santhuidiin
{St. Lo), situated between France and Brittany. The Brntom
fought against them ; and, having put some to the sword,
and the rest to flight, some of whom were drowned ill the
river, remained masters oftlic field.

[a.d. 892.] The afoivsaid Pagan army removed from Emt
to West-France; hut before their fleet could join them, the
emperor Arnulf, with the Eastern -Franks, the Ohl-Sawm;,
and the Bavarians, Littacked the land army and routed it
Three Scotchmen, Dusblan, Mahbetliu (Macbeth), and Malin-
mumin (Maelinnon ?), desiring to lead a pilgrim's life for the
Lord's sake, tied secretly from Ireland, taking with them a
week's provisions, and embarking in a coracle made of nothing
but two hides and a half; they reached Cornwall after in
extraordinary voyage of seven days, without sails or tackling,
and afterwards paid a visit to king Alfred. In the same year
died Swifneh, the most learned doctor among the Scots. Ill
this year also a star called a comet was seen about the tiiin- i>l
the Itogation days.

[a.d. 893.] The fleet and cavalry of the Pagans quitting
East-France came to iioulogne, and crossing thence, with their
horses in two hundred and fifty ships, to Kent, landed at the
mouth of the liver Limen (Lyme), which flows out of the
great forest called And red ; and having dragged their ship
four miles from the river-mouth into this forest, they demolished
a half-built fort which was inhabited by a few churls, and
threw up for themselves a stronger one at a place called!
Applednre. Not long afterwards the Pagan king entered the
mouth of the river Thames with eighty galleys, and built fw
himself a fortress in the royal vill called Middletun (Milton).

[a.d. 894:.] The Pagans who had settled in Northiinibri
made a lasting peace with king Alfred, which they confirmed
by their oaths; so also did those who dwelt in East-Anglia;
and, in addition, delivered sis hostages ; but they broke the
treaty, and as often as the army stationed in Kent sallied fortb
from their stronghold to plunder the country, they also either
oined them, or pillaged whatever they could on their o*a
When this wax known, king Alfred, j '

A.D.1016.] LONDON BESIEGED. 129

words, more from the atrocity of the manoeuvre, than from
their belief of what was announced ; . so that some waverers
were on the point of taking to night, but as soon as it became
known that the king was alive their courage revived, and
charging the Danes more vigorously than ever, they slew
great numbers, fighting with the utmost resolution until dusk,
when the armies separated as they had done the day before.
But when the night was far advanced Canute gave orders for
his troops to leave their camp in silence, and marching
towards London regained his ships ; and shortly afterwards he
again laid siege to London.

When, however, day broke, king Edmund Ironside, discover-
ing that the Danes had retreated, retired to Wessex with the
intention of raising a stronger army ; and the wily ealdorman,
Edric, perceiving his brother-in-law's dauntless courage, went
over to him as his rightful lord, and renewing the peace
between them, swore that he would henceforth be faithful to
him. In consequence, the king with the army he had
assembled for the third time raised the siege of London and
drove the Danes to their ships. Two days afterwards he
crossed the Thames, at a place called Brentford, and fought
a third battle with them, in which he defeated them and came
off victorious. On this occasion many of the English were
drowned, while imprudently crossing the river. Again the
king retired into Wessex to assemble a more numerous force,
whilst the Danes marched back to London, surrounded it with
their entrenchments, and assaulted it on all sides, but, by
God's help, they made no progress. In consequence, they
drew off with their fleet, and entering the river Arewe
(Orwell ?), landed, and went to pillage in Mercia, slaughtering
all they met, and, burning the vills in their usual manner,
swept off the plunder, with which they returned to their
ships. The foot-soldiers were conveyed in their ships to the
river Medway, while those who were mounted drove thither
by land the cattle they had captured.

Meanwhile, king Edmund Ironside assembled a powerful
army for the fourth time, from all England, and crossing the
river Thames in the same place he had done before, speedily

as it should seem, the identical words used by the traitor, " Flet Engle,
flet Engle; this is Edmund." — Antiq. Lib., p. 195.

J

130 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1016.

entered Kent, and fought a battle with tin- Danes near Orford
They were unable to withstand his attack, and turning that
horses' heads lied to SIti.'|>|x-y. However, lie slew all he eouH
overtake, and if the false ealdorman, Edrie, had not held hue
back at Aylesford from further pursuit, by his crafty ]>«■
suasions, lie would that day have gained a complete virility,
The king having returned into WV'.is, (.'.'mute with his foK8
crossed the river into Essex, and again pillaged Mora*
ordering- liis army to commit greater enormities than l*fw6
Readily obeying his orders, they butchered all who fd
into their hands, burned a great many vills, laid waste the
fields, and then, loaded with booty, regained their ilups,
Edmund Iron.--ii.le, kins; of England, went in pursuit of tk«
with the army lie had collected throughout the whole d
England, and came up with fheiu. as they were retreating, it
aihill called Assamlun,1 which means the Ass's hill. Tlww
he quickly formed his amiy into three lines, supporting cadi
Other : lie then went round to each division exhorting theiu and
adjuring them, mindful of their former valour and auocenw,
to defend themselves and liis kingdom from tlie npMflpi
of the Danes, and that they were going to engage with time
whom they had conquered before. Meanwhile Canute W
his troops by a slow march down to a level ground; wkiki
on the other hand, king Edmund moved forward his fwe*
rapidly in the order he hud marshalled them, and, giving ll«
signal, fell suddenly on the enemy. Doth armies fought witt
desperation, and many fell on either side; but the traitor*
Edrie Streon, perceiving that the ranks of ihe Danes w«c
wavering, and the English were getting the victory,
the Magesatas' and the division he commanded, according
to a previous understanding with Canute, Leaving his l"rd
king Edmund, and the English army in the lurch, ami
treacherously throwing the victory into the hands of tin
Danes. There were slain in this battle citric the ealdonaau
Godwin the ealdorman,1' Ulfkytel ealdorman of East-Annie
Ethelward the ealdorman. son of Ethelwin, ealdorman o
East-Anglia, the friend of God, and almost all the Englul
nobility, who never sustained so severe a shock in buttle a* «
! Not Ashdown, as it has been stated, liut I'l-uljiibly
1 The people ol'tbo Hwic^Bs. See the note p. li'i.

A.D. 1016.] DEATH OP EDMUND IRONSIDE. 131

that day. Eadnoth, bishop of Lincoln,1 formerly abbot of
Ramsey, and abbot Wulsy,2 were also slain ; having come to
offer up prayers to God for the troops engaged in the battle.
After the lapse of a few days, when king Edmund Iron^de
still wished to renew the battle with Canute, the traitorous
ealdorman Edric, and some others, would not consent, but
counselled him to make peace with Canute and divide the
kingdom. At length he yielded to their suggestions, though
with great reluctance, and after an exchange of messages,* and
hostages given on both sides, the two kings met at a place
called Deerhurst. Edmund and his Mends took their station
on the western bank of the Severn ; and Canute, with his, on
the eastern bank. Then the two kings went in fishing boats
to an island called Olanege (Olney?)3 in the middle of the
river, and agreeing there on a treaty of peace, amity, and
fraternity, ratified by oaths, they divided the kingdom.
Wessex, East-Anglia, Essex, with the city of London, [ and*
all the country south of the Thames, were allotted to
Edmund, while Canute obtained the northern parts of Eng-
land ; but the supremacy of] the crown was still vested in
Edmund. Then, having exchanged their arms and dress, and
fixed the tribute to be paid to the fleet, the two kings parted.
The Danes returned to their ships with the plunder they had
taken, and the citizens of London having secured peace by
payment of a sum of money, allowed them to pass the winter
among them.

After these events, king Edmund Ironside died at London,8
about the feast of St. Andrew the apostle [30th Nov.] in the
fifteenth indiction, but he was buried with his grandfather,
king Edgar the Pacific, at Glastonbury. On his decease,

1 Of Dorchester.

2 Of Ramsey.

8 Henry of Huntingdon relates that the issue was decided by a single
combat between the two kings in this island. See the note to p. 105
of his History in the Antiq. Lib. Roger of Wendover gives the same
account.

4 "There is here a chasm in all the MSS. of about a line. Imme-
diately following the word ' Lundonia,' ' Canute ' is written in a later
hand. The words within brackets are supplied from R. de Wend-
over.'? — Thorpe.

6 The Saxon Chronicle, as well as our author, is silent as to the
tragical death attributed to Edmund Ironside by Henry of Huntingdon
and Roger de Wendover, the latter of whom places the scene at Oxford.

J 2

132 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1016.

kins Canute commanded all the bishops, ealdormen, and chief
men of England, tu assemble at London. When they were
crane before them, pretending ignorance, he shrewdly
quired of those who had been witnesses between himself
Edmund when they concluded the treaty for amity and
partition of tin; kingdom, what had passed between Edmund
and him with regard to Edmund's brothers and
Whether his brothers and sons were to succeed him
kingdom of Wesscx if Edmund died in his (Canute's) life-
time 1 They immediately began to say, that they could
certainly affirm thai king Edmund intended to give no part of
his kingdom to his brothers, either during his lifetime or after
Lis death ; and they added, that they knew that it was king
Edmund's wish that Canute should be the guardian and
protector of his suns until they were of age to govern. But,
as God knows, they bore false witness and (bully lied, thinking
that he would be more favourable to them, and reward them
Landsdjiiely, for their falsehood. Instead of that, some of
these false witnesses were soon afterwards put to death by the
king's orders. After these inquiries, king Canute used every
effort to induce the meat men of the realm, already mentioned,
to swear allegiance to hhn ; and they gave him their oatiis
that they would elect him king and humbly obey him, and
lind p.'iv for his army; and he, on his part, giving them his
naked hand as his pledge, aeeompanied by the oaths of the
Danish chiefs, thev utterly ivpudhiti'd the claims of Edmund'*
brothers and sons, and denied their rights to the throne.

Edwy, one of these ethelings, the illustrious and murfi
reverenced brother of king Edmund, was at once, by a most
infamous policy of the wittan, sentenced to be banish'1-!
Canute, having heard the flatteries of these men, and tk
affront they had offered to Edwy, retir«l to his chamber in
great joy, and calling Edric, the perfidious ealdorman. tu bi
presence, demanded how he could manage to deceive Edwy,
so that his death might be compassed. Ho replied that lie
knew a man named Ethelward who could betray Edwy i"
death easier than he could, and that the king might >i"'^
with him and offer him a great reward. Having learnt th*
man's name, the king sent for him, and said designingly r'-'
him: " Thus and thus has Edric the ealdorman spoken
saying that you can contrive to lead Edwy the etheli

A.D. 1017.] CANUTE. 133

destruction. Only do what we devise, and you shall be con-
finned in the honours and rank of your ancestors ; and find
means to take his life, and you shall be dearer to me than a
brother." He replied that he was ready to seek him out, and
betray him to death, if it was anyhow in his power. But he
made this promise without any intention to be Edwy's mur-
derer, and only by way of pretence, for he was of the noblest
blood in England. Leofsy, the reverend abbot of Thorney,
succeeded to the bishopric of Worcester.

[a.d. 1017.] In this year king Canute undertook the
government of all England, and divided it into four parts,
reserving Wessex to himself, and committing East-Anglia to
earl Thurkill, Mercia to Edric the ealdorman, and Northum-
bria to Eric the earl. He also made a compact with the
nobles and all the people, in which they joined ; and they
ratified a solemn concord between them on their respective
oaths, and thus terminated and put into oblivion all their past
animosities. Then king Canute, by the advice of Edric the
traitor, outlawed Edwy the etheling, king Edmund's brother,
and Edwy, who was called king of the churls. This Edwy
was in the course of time reconciled with the king, but Edwy
the etheling, betrayed by those he had hitherto supposed to
be his best friends, was the same year, by the order, and at
the instance of, king Canute, put to death, although innocent.
Edric also advised him to make away with the young ethelings
Edward and Edmund, king Edmund's sons; but as he thought
it would be a foul disgrace to him, if they were murdered in
England, he sent them, after a short time, to the king of
Sweden, to be put to death there ; but, although they were
allies, that king was by no means disposed to execute his
wishes, and he sent them to Solomon king of Hungary, to spare
their lives, and have them brought up at his court. One of
them, namely Edmund, in course of time died there ; but
Edward married Agatha, a daughter of the brother of the
emperor Henry, by whom he had Margaret queen of the Scots,
Christina, a nun, and Edgar the etheling.1 In the month of

1 Solomon was not king of Hungary till 1063. Stephen was king
from 997 to 1038. For the errors and improbabilities of this account
of the fortunes of Edward Ironside's descendants, which is given in
nearly the same way by Ordericus Vitatis, see the notes to that work in
Bonn's edition, vol. i, p. 148.

134 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1018— 1020.

July king Canute married the queen Elgiva, king litlielrcd's
widow; and on the feast of our Lord'* Nativity, whioh he
kqit at London, he ordered Edrie tlie perfidious wildon .ism to
l>e slain in the palace, apprehending that he himself in ijrhi
.some day become a victim to his treachery, as he had lilt
former lord? Ethclred and I'M i num.! frequently deceived: and
lie caused liia body to he tlirown over the city walls, and left
iinhuriiv.l.' Along- with him were slain A or man,, son of Loot-
win the ealdorman, who was brother of earl Leofric, and
Ethelward son of Ethelmar the ealdorman, and Brihtrie son
of Alphege, governor of Devon, id! of whom were iiinooenti
The king appointed l.eolYic oaldorman in his brother's place,
and afterwards treated liiru with great kindness.

[a.d. 1018.] Tins yew seventy-two thousand pounds mw
levied from all England, besides ten thousand five hundred
pounds contributed by London, for the pay of the DanM
army. Forty ships of the ncct remained with king Canute,
and the rest returned to Denmark. The English and Dnuia
came to an agreement at Oxford respeoting the oliservanoeuf
king Edgar's laws.1

[a.c. 1U19.] This year, Canute, king of the English nnd
the Danes, went over to Denmark, and remained there during
the winter. On the death of .'Elmar, bishop of Si ■!■ ■
rie succeeded.

[A.D. 1020.] King Canute returned to England, and held
n great council fit Cirencester on Easter-day [i?th April], ami
outlawed Ethelward the caklorman. Living, archbishop of
Canterbury, departed this lite, and was succeeded by Ethd-
iiotli, surnamed the Good, son of Ethelmar, a noble. The
same year, the church which king Canute and earl Tliurkill
had built on the hill called Assendtnr1 was consecrated in their

1 Heqit nf Huntingdon ^iv.-s a somewhat different aeconnt of tilt
period, the cause, and the mode of Edrio'fi Bzeoiahm. Saa Lis lustmr,
inAntitj. Li.b„f. 106.

: The Danelag, or limit!. law, was in force through the whol* »i
England to the M.rr. of (he Walling Street. In c. 12 of l,i:
Lbivs, it is said, " I will, tliet with tlie Dunes such good I ..
they may heat chuse," <fcc; and in the following chapter. "Lettii
Danes chuse. according to lln.ir luws, wlmi. punishment they will adopt"

3 AssingKin, in Essex, mentioned before. One M.S. of the Shod.

Kt ; [Canute] " caused to he built there a minstpr of =:■
or the souls of the men who were tliore slain," ic.

^D. 1021— 1027.J CANUTE. 135

presence by Wul&tan, archbishop of York, and several other
nshops, with great pomp and magnificence. On the death of
Udhun, bishop of Lindisfarne, that church was bereaved of
Mustoral care for nearly three years. A chapter of the canons
laving assembled, when the election of a bishop was proposed,
t certain good priest named Edmund stood up, and said in
oke, "Why do you not choose me your bishop?" Those
^resent did not treat this as a jest, but elected him, and after
ippointing a fast for three days, consulted St. Outhbert's will
respecting it. And the priest stood at the saint's head, cele-
brating mass, a voice was heard, while he was in the middle
>f the canon, apparently proceeding from the saint's tomb,
nrhich thrice named Edmund bishop.

[a.d. 1021.] Before the feast of St. Martin [11th Nov.],
Canute, king of England and Denmark, banished from England
rhurkill, the earl often mentioned, and his wife Edgitha.
AJgar, bishop of the East- Angles (of Elmham) died, and
pas succeeded by Alwin.

[a.d. 1022.] Ethelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, went
X) Rome, and was received with great honour by pope
Benedict, who gave him the pallium.1

[a.d. 1023.] The body of St. Alphege, the martyr, was
translated from London to Canterbury. Wulfstan, archbishop
[>f York, died at York on the fifth of the calends of June [28th
May], but his body was carried to Ely and buried there. He
was succeeded bv MUrio Puttuc, provost of Winchester.

>.d. 1024.] "

'a.d. 1025.] Edmund, a monk, was made bishop of Lindis-
fkrne.

[a.d. 1026.] -rfElfric, archbishop of York, went to Borne,
and received the pallium from pope John. Bichard II., duke
of Normandy, died, and was succeeded by Richard III., who,
dying the same year, was succeeded by his brother Robert.

[a.d. 1027.] Canute, king of England and Denmark,
received intelligence that the Norwegians held their king
Olaf in contempt on account of his meekness and simplicity,
bis justice and piety. In consequence, he sent large sums of
£old and silver to certain of them, earnestly entreating them
bo reject and depose Olaf, and submitting to him, accept him

1 The Sax. Chron. gives fuller details of the journey and ceremonial.

.J

nd caused

136 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1021

for their king. They groodilv accepted his bribes, and ci
a message to be returned to Canute that they were prepared
to receive Mm whenever lie chose to come.

[a.d. 1028.] Canute, king of England and Denmark,
went over to Norway with tifty stout ships, anil expelled
king Olaf from (he kingdom, which lie subjugated to himself.

[The same year was born Mariauus, of Ireland, the cele-
brated Sent, by whose study and pains (his excellent Chronicle
was compiled from various books.]

[a.d. 1029.] Canute, king of England, Denmark, and'
Norway, returned to England, and after the feast of
St. Martin [11 Nov.] banished Hakon, a Danish earl, who
had married the noble lady Gunildii, his sister's daughter by
Wyngeorn, king of the Winidi, sending him away under
pretence of an embassy ; for he feared that the earl would
take either his lift; ov his kingdoms.

[a.d. 1050.] The before-mentioned earl Haco perished
at sea : some, however, say that he was killed in the iatandi
of Orkney. Olaf, king and martyr, son of Harold, king of
Norway, was wickedly slain by the Norwegians.

[a.d. 1081.] Canute, king of England, Denmark, and
Norway, went in great state from Denmark to Rome,1
and, having made rich offerings in gold, silver, and other
precious objects, to St. Peter, prince of the apostles, he
obtained from po|>o John that the Kiiirlidi .School should 1*
free from all tribute and taxes. On his journey to Borne and
back, he distributed large ;ilins among the poor, and procured
at great cost the abolition of the (oils levied at many barriers
on the roads, where they were extorted from pilgrims. He also
vowed to God, before the tomb of the apostles, that lie would
amend his life and conduct ; and he sent thence a memorable
letter by the hands of Living, the companion of his journey,
(a mail of great prudence, at that time abbot of Tavistock,
and afterwards, in the course of the same year, EdnouVs
successor in the see of CreditonV and others his envoys W
England, uiiih.: he himself came back from Home by the sum
road he went there, visiting Denmark before his return to
England. I think it right to subjoin the text of this letter,

! The Saxon Chron. and Henry of Huntingdon agree with Florence
bs to the date of Canute's journey to Home ; but it was probably fiie
or six years earlier. Wippo, a cotemporary writer, places it '

l it in UBt,

uD. 1031.] Canute's letter. 137

" Canute, king of all England, and of iJenmark, Norway,
ind part of Sweden, to Ethelnoth, metropolitan, and Alfric,
jchbishop of York, and to all the bishops and prelates, and
o the whole nation of the English, both the nobles and the
ommons, greeting : —

" I notify to you that I have lately taken a journey to
itome, to pray for the forgiveness of my sins, and for the wel-
are of my dominions, and the people under my rule. I had
ong since vowed this journey to God, but I have been
dtherto prevented from accomplishing it by the affairs of my
angdom and other causes of impediment. I now return most
tumble thanks to my God Almighty for suffering me in my
ifetime to visit the sanctuary of his apostles, SS. Peter and
5aul, and all others which I could find either within or
vithout the city of Rome, and there in person reverentially
worship according to my desire. I have performed this
.hiefly, because I have learnt from wise men that St. Peter the
,postle has received from God great power in binding and in
oosing, and carries the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and
herefore I esteemed it very profitable to seek his special
>atronage with the Lord.

" Be it known to you that, at the celebration of Easter, a
Feat assembly of nobles was present with our lord, the pope
Tohn, and Conrad the emperor ; that is to say, all the princes
>f the nations from Mount Garganus to the neighbouring sea.
Lll these received me with honour and presented me with
aagnificent gifts ; but more especially was I honoured by the
anperor with various gifts and valuable presents, both in
^old and silver vessels, and in palls and very costly robes.
'. spoke with the emperor himself, and the lord pope, and the
>rinces who were there, in regard to the wants of my people,
English as well as Danes ; that there should be granted to
hem more equal justice and greater security in their journeys
o Rome, and that they should not be hindered by so many
carriers on the road, nor harassed by unjust tolls. The
tmperor assented to my demands, as well as king Rodolph, in
diose dominions] these barriers chiefly stand ; and all the
>rinces made edicts that my people, the merchants as well as
hose who go to pay their devotions, Shall pass to and fro in
heir journies to Rome in peace, and under the security of just
iws, free from all molestation by the guards of barriers or

138 FLORENCE OF WOnCESTLlI. [a.D. 1031', [

the receivers of tolls. I made further complaint to my i< ml Qg
pope, and expressed my high displeasure, that my arehbisliopi
arc sorely aggrieved by the demand of immense sums of money,
when, according to custom, they resort to the apostolical s*» -
to obtain the pallium ; and it is decreed that it .should no
longer be done. All things, therefore, which I requested for
the good of my people from my lord the pope, and the
emperor, and king Rodolph,1 and the other princes through
whose territories our road to Rome lies, tliey have most freely
granted, and even ratifled their concessions by oath ; to which
four archbishops, twenty bishops, and an Innumerable multi-
tude of dukes and nobles who were there present, an
witnesses. Wherefore I return most hearty thanks to Almighty
God for my having successfully accomplished all that 1 iitfl
desired, as I had resolved in my mind, and having satisfied my
wishes to the fullest extent.

" Be it known therefore to all of you, that I have humlily
vowed to the Almighty God himself henceforward to amend
my life in all respects, and to rule the kingdoms and the
people subject to me with justice and clemency, giving equit-
able judgments in all matters; and if, through the intem-
perance of youth or negligence, I have hitherto exceeded tl"J
bounds of justice in any of my acts, I intend by God's aid tt
make an entire change for the better. 1 therefore adjure
and command my counsellors to whom I have entrusted tk
affairs of my kingdom, that henceforth they neither commit
themselves, nor sutler to prevail, my sort of injustice through-
out my dominions, either from fear of me, or from favour to
any powerful person. 1 also command all sheriff and magis-
trates throughout my whole kingdom, as they tender my
regard and their own safety, that they use no unjust violence
to any man, rich or poor, but that all, high and low, rich or
poor, shall enjoy alike impartial law; from which thev are
never to deviate, either on account of royal favour, respect "f
person in the .great, or for the sake of araamang money wronp-
fully, for I have no need to accumulate wealth by uiiquiWiu
exactions.

"I wish you further To know, thai, returning by the way I
went, I am uow going to Denmark to conclude a treaty for r

Rodolph II., king of Burgundy.

A.D. 1032 — 1034.] CANUTE'S LETTER. 139

solid peace, all the Danes concurring, with those nations and
peoples who would have taken my life and crown if it had
been possible ; but this they were not able to accomplish, God
bringing their strength to nought. — May He, of his merciful
kindness, uphold me in my sovereignty and honour, and hence-
forth scatter and bring to nought the power and might of all
my adversaries ! When, therefore, I shall have made peace
with the surrounding nations, and settled and reduced to
order all my dominions in the East, so that we shall have
nothing to fear from war or hostilities in any quarter, I pro-
pose to return to England as early in the summer as I shall
be able to fit out my fleet. I have sent this epistle before me
in. order, that my people may be gladdened ai my success ;
because, as you yourselves know, I have never spared, nor
will I spare, myself or my exertions, for the needful service of
my whole people. I now therefore command and adjure all
my bishops and the governors of my kingdom, by the duty
they owe to God and myself, to take care that before I come
to England all dues belonging to God, according to the old
laws, be fully discharged ; namely, plough-alms, the tythe of.
animals born in the current year, and the pence payable to
St. Peter at Rome, whether from towns or vills ; and in the
middle of August the tythes of corn; and at the feast of
St. Martin the first-fruits of grain (payable) to every one's
parish church, called in English ciric-sceat. If these and
such-like dues be not paid before 1 come, those who make
default will incur fines to the king, according to the law,
which will be strictly inforced without mercy. Farewell."

[A.n. 1032.] The church of St. Edmund, king and martyr,
was dedicated this year.

[a.d. 1033.] Leofsy, bishop of the Hwiccas, a devout and
humble man, died at the episcopal vill of Kempsey, on
Tuesday, the fourteenth of the calends* of September [19th
August], and, as we may be allowed to hope, ascended to the
heavenly realms : his body was buried with honour in the
church of St. Mary, at Worcester. Brihteag, abbot of
Pershore, sister's son of Wulfstan, archbishop of York, was
raised to the vacant see.

[a.d. 1034.] Eatheric, bishop of Lincoln [Dorchester]; died,
and was buried in the abbey of Ramsey; Ednoth succeeded
him. Malcolm, king of the Scots, died.

140 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 103.J, 103G.

[a.d. 1035.] Canute, king of England, before his death,
gave the kingdom or' Norway to Sivevn, who was reported
to be his son by Elfgiva of Northampton, the daughter of
Alfhelm the ealdorman, and the noble lady Wulfruna. Some,
however, asserted that this Elfgiva desired to have a son bjr
the king, but as she could not. slie caused the new-born child
of a certain priest to be brought to her, and made the king
fully believe that she hiid just borne him a son. He alw
gave the kingdom of Denmark to Hardieanute, his son by
the queen Elfgiva. Afterwards, the same year, be departed
this life at Shaftesbury on Wednesday, the second of ihe ides
[the 12th] of November; but he was buried at Winchester ia
the Old Minster, with due honours. After his burial the
queen Elfgiva took up her abode there. Harold also slid
that he was the son of king Canute and Elfgiva of North-
ampton, although that is far from eertain ; for some say thU
he was the son of a cobbler, and that Elfgiva bad acted witi
regard to him as she had done in the case of Swcvn : for .im-
part, as there are doubts on the subject, we cannot settle with
any certainty the parentage of either, Harold, however,
assuming the royal dignity, sent his guards in the utmost
haste to Winchester, and tyrannically seized the largest aad
best part of the treasure and wealth which king Canute had
beiji lent bed to queen KliVna, and having thus robbed her,
permitted her to continue her residence at Winchester. He
then, with the consent of many of the higher orders i>f
England, began to reign as though he nns the lawful heir;
but he had not the same power as Canute, because the arrival
of Hardieanute, the more rightful heir, was looked for. HenWi
shortly aftewards, the kingdom was divided by lot, Harold
getting the northern, and Hnrdieamue th<: southern portico.

Robert, duke of Normandy, died, and was succeeded by
bis son William the Bastard, then a minor.

[a.D. 1036.] The innocent ethelings Alfred and Edward,
sons of Ethelred, formerly king of England, sailed from
Normandy, where they had been for many years at the court
of their uncle Richard, and, attended by many Normta
knights, crossed over to England with a small fleet to confer
with their mother, who still abode at Winchester. Some of
the men in power were very indignant at tlu's, being n
e devoted to Harold, however unjustly, than to tl

more devot

AJ>. 1037, 1038.] MURDER OF PRINCE ALFRED. 141

lings : especially, it is said, earl Godwin. The earl, therefore,
arrested Alfred on his road to London to confer with king
Harold as he had commanded, and threw him into prison.
At the same time he dispersed some of his attendants, others
he put in fetters and afterwards deprived of their sight, some
he scalped and tortured, amputated their hands and feet and
heavily mulcted: many he ordered to be sold, and put to
death six hundred of them at Guilford with various torments :
but we trust that the souls of those, who, guilty of no crime,
had their bodies so cruelly slaughtered in the fields, are now
rejoicing with the saints in paradise. On hearing of this,
queen Elgiva sent back her son Edward, who had remained
with her, in all haste to Normandy. Then, by order of
Godwin and others, Alfred was conducted, heavily chained, to
the Isle of Ely ; but as soon as the ship touched the land, his
eyes were most barbarously plucked out while he was on
board, and in this state he was taken to the monastery and
handed over to the custody of the monks. There he shortly
afterwards died, and his body was buried, with due honours,
in the south porch at the west end of the church ; but his
spirit is in the enjoyment of the delights of paradise.

[a.d. 1037.] Harold, king of Mercia and Northumbria,
was elected by the nobles, and the whole people, king of all
England; Hardicanute being entirely deposed, because he
wasted his time in Denmark, and deferred coming over, as he
was requested. His mother Elfgiva, formerly queen of England,
was banished from the kingdom, without mercy, at the begin-
ning of winter. As soon as a ship could be got ready she
sailed for Flanders, where she received an honourable welcome
from the noble count Baldwin, who, with a liberality becom-
ing his rank, took care that she should be freely supplied with
all things needful, as long as she required it. A little before
this, the same year, -*Efic, dean of Evesham, a man of deep
piety, died.

[a.d. 1038.] Ethelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, departed
this life on the fourth of the calends of November [29th
September]. Seven days after, Ethelric, bishop of Sussex,
died ; for he had prayed to God that ho might not long sur-
vive his beloved father Ethelnoth. Grimkytel succeeded him
in the bishopric, and Eadsige, one of the king's chaplains,
succeeded Ethelnoth in the archbishopric. In the same year

142 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 103!.*, 1040.

died iElfric, bishop of East-Anglia, ami Brihteag, bishop of the
Hwiccas, ended his days on Wednesday the third, of the
calends of January [20th Deeemljer], whose see king HaroW
gave to Liiiiig, bishop of Credit on. Stigaiid, the kingi
chaplain, was appointed in jElfric'a place, but was afterwat*
ejected, and Griinkytel chosen in Ins stead ; so that lie held fct
the time the two dioceses of Sussex and Essex; but Stigind
was restored, and Grinikytel ejected, and Stigand kept the
bishopric of Sussex for himself, and procured that of East-
Anglia for his brother Ethelmar; hut not satisfied with this,
he was raised to the throne.-! of WinehestiT and Canterbury:
he also strove hard to hold with them the bishopric 4
Sussex, and nearly carried his point. Ethelmar was succeeded
by jEsfest, bishop of Ehnham, who, lest he should h»W
seemed to have done nothing— for the Normans lire v«y
ambitious of future renown — transferred the see from Ehuliwi
to Thetford.

[a.d. 1039.] Brihtmar, bishop of Litchfield, died, and m
succeeded by Wulfsy. Tin' Welsh slew Edwin, earl Leofries
brother, with Turkill and jElfgeat, son of Eatsy, two nobta
king's thanes, and many others af the same time. HardicanitW,
king of Denmark, sailed to Flanders, on a visit to his motlier,
Eli'giva.

[A.D. 1040.] Harold, king of England, died at London,
and was buried at Westminster. After his funeral, the noble*
of almost the whole of England sent envoys to IlardicamiU' «!■
Bruges, where he was staying with his mother, and, thinking
it was for the be.si, invited him to come to Eimhuidand nswod
the throne. Thereupon, he fitted out fifty ahips, and «o-
barking Danish troops, before midsummer sailed MET B
England, where he was received with universal joy, ind.
shortly afterwards crowned ; but during his government b»
did nothing worthy his royal power, Eur a* soon as he hegin
to reign, calling to mind the injuries wbieh hfith lie and his
mother had suffered at the hands of his predi ■
reputed brother, king Harold, he despatched to London. JEitrk.
archbishop of York, and earl Godwin, with Stor, t! ■
Ilia household, Edrie, his steward, Thrond, captain of ■
guards, and other men of high rank, with orders to i
body of Harold and throw it into a sewer ; sad ml
thrown there, he caused it to he dragged out and

UD. 1040, 1041.] HAROLD. HARDICANUTE. 143

the river Thames. Shortly afterwards, it was picked up by a
fisherman, and being immediately brought to the Danes, was
honourably buried by them in a cemetery they possessed at
London.1 After this, he ordered that eight marks should be
paid to every rower in his fleet, and twelve to each steersman, to
be levied from the whole of England ; a tax so burthensome,
that scarcely any one would pay it, and he became thoroughly
detested by those who at first were most anxious for his
coming. Besides, he was greatly incensed against earl Godwin,
and Living, bishop of Worcester, for the death of his brother
Alfred, of which they were accused by ^Elfric, archbishop of
York, and some others. In consequence, he took the bishopric
of Worcester from Living and gave it to iElfric ; but the
following year, he ejected iElfrie and graciously restored
Living, who had made his peace with him.

Godwin, to obtain the king's favour, presented him with a
galley of admirable workmanship, with a gilded figure-head,
rigged with the best materials, and manned with eighty chosen
soldiers splendidly armed. Every one of them had on each
am a golden bracelet weighing six ounces, and wore a triple
coat of mail and a helmet partly gilt, and a sword with gilded
hilt girt to his side, and a Danish battle-axe inlaid with gold
and silver hanging from his left shoulder ; in his left hand he
bore a sliield, the boss and studs of which were also gilt, and
in his right hand a lance, called in the English tongue
** Atagar."- Moreover, he made oath to the king, with almost
all the chief men and greater thanes in England, that it was
not by his counsel, or at his instance, that his brother's eyes
were put out, but that he had only obeyed the commands of
his lord, king Harold.

[a.d. 1041.] This year Hardicanute, king of England, sent
his huscarls3 through all the provinces of his kingdom to
collect the tribute which he had imposed. Two of them,
leader and Thurstan, were slain on the 4th of the ides [the
4th] of May, by the citizens of Worcester and the people of

1 The cemetery of St. Clement-Danes, where the Northmen had a
settlement oh the bank of the Thames, outside the -walls of London.
The Saxon Chron. is silent as to Harold's corpse being thrown into
the Thames und fished up, but Henry of Huntingdon gives the same
account as our author.

* Au-.jlo Sa?:on, <rttjar ; old Norsk, atyeirr.

3 The Danish body-guards.

144 FLOREKCE OP 1VOHCEBTEH, [a.d. 1041, 1042,

thiit neighbourhood, in an upper chamber of the abbey-toner,
where they lia.il concealed themselves during a, tumult. This
so incensed the king, that to avenge their deaths he sent
Thorold, earl of Middlesex, Leofric, earl of Mcreia, Godwin,
earl of Wessex, Siward, earl of North umbriii, Roni, earl of
Hertford, and all the other Engli-h carls, with almost nil his
huscarls, and a large body of troops, to Worcester, where
/Elt'ric was .still bishop, with orders to put to death all the
inhabitants they could find, to plunder and burn the city, and
lay waste the whole province. They arrived there on the second
of the ides [the 12th] of November, and beginning their work
of destruction through the nicy and province continued it for
four days ; but very few of the citizens or provincials were
taken or skin, because, having notice of their coming, the
people fled in all directions. A great number of the citizens
took refuge in a small island, called Beverege, situated in tht
middle of the river Severn, and having fortified it, defended
themselves so stoutly against their enemies that they obtained
terms of peace, and were allowed free liberty to return home,
On the fifth day, the city having been burnt, every one
marched ofi' loaded with plunder, and the king's wrath wis
satisfied. Soon afterwards, Edward, son of Ethclred the late
king of England, came over from Normandy, where he had
been an exile many years, and being honourably received ly
his brother, king Hardicanute, remained at his court.

[a.d. 1042.] Hardicanutc, king of England, while he w»
present at a joyous feast given at a place called Lumktli,
by Osgod Clapa, a man of great wealth, on occasion of his
giving the hand of his daughter (jitha in marriage to Tovi,
surnamed Prudan, a noble and powerful Dane, — and carous-
ing, full of health and merriment, with the bride and soiuc
otliers, fell down, by a sad mischance, while in the act of
drinking, and continued speechless until Tuesday the sistli <*'
the ides [the 8th] of June, when he expired. He was carried
to Winchester and buried near his father Canute. His
brother Edward Mas proclaimed king .at London, chiefly h}'
the exertions of earl Gmhviri, aud Living, bishop of Worcester.
Edward was the son of Ethelred, who was the son of Edgar,
who was the son of Edmund, who was the son of Edward
the Elder, who was the son of Alfred.

Abbot Elias, a Scot, died on the second of the it

the ides [*>

AJ>. 1042, 1043.] EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 145

12th] of April. Being a prudent and religious man, he was
intrusted with the government of the monastery of St. Pan-
taleon, as well as of his own abbey of St. Martin. He com-
mitted to the flames, in the monastery of St. Pantaleon, a
beautiful missal which a French monk had copied, without
leave, for the use of the community,1 that no one in future
might dare to do it without permission. He was succeeded
by Maiolus the Scot, a holy man.

|Xd. 1043.] Edward was anointed king at Winchester
on the first day of Easter, being the third of the nones [the
3rd] of April, by Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury, ^Elric,
archbishop of York, and nearly all the bishops of England.
In the same year, fourteen days before the feast-day of St.
Andrew the apostle [16th November], the king went suddenly
and unexpectedly from the city of Gloucester to Winchester,
accompanied by the earls Godwin, Leofric, and Siward ; and
by their advice took from his mother all the gold, silver,
jewels, precious stones, and other valuables she possessed,
because she had been less liberal to him than he expected, and
bad treated him harshly both before and after he was king.
Kotwithstanding, he gave orders for her being supplied with
all necessaries, and ordered her to remain there quiet.

Animchadus, a Scottish monk, who led a life of seclusion
in the monastery at Fulda, died on the third of the calends of
February [30th January], Over his tomb lights were seen,
and there was the voice of psalmody. Marianus, the author
of this chronicle, took up his station as a recluse for ten
years at his feet, and sang masses over his tomb. He has
related, what follows respecting this Animchadus : "When I
was in Ireland," says Marianus, "in an island called Keltra,
he entertained, with the permission of his superior, named
Cortram, certain brethren who came there. Some of them
departed after their meal, but those who remained sat warni-
ng themselves at the fire, and asked him for something to
drink, and on his refusing to give it without leave, they urged
him to comply. At last he consented, but first sent some of
the beverage to his superior, as for his blessing. On the mor-

In commune scriptum. This somewhat obscure phrase has been
eJsewhere translated "in the vulgar tongue," — a turn which we
think it hardly admits, while we confess that we are not quite satisfied
with our own version.

146 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [ A.D, 1043-5.

row, being asked for what reason lie sent it, he related all
the circumstances. But his superior, for thia slight fault,
immediately ordered him to quit Ireland, and lie humbly
obeyed. He then came to Eulda, and lived a life of holy
seclusion, as I have already said, until his death.

" This was told us by the superior, Tigerimh, on my com-
mitting some slight fault in his presence. Moreover, I my-
self heard, while I was in seclusion at Fulda, a very devout
monk of that monastery, whose name was William, implore
the aforesaid Animchadus, who was then in his tomb, to gire
him his benediction ; and, as he afterwards told me, he s»»
him in a vision standing in Ins tomb, shining with great
brightness., and giving him Lis benediction with outstretched
arms; and I too passed the whole of that night in the midst
of a mellifluous odour." These are the words of Marianus.

[a.d. 1044.] jElfward, bishop of London, who was abbot of
Evesham, both before and while ho was bishop, being unabli'
to perform duly his episcopal functions, by reason of his
in Anilities, wished to retire to [his abbey of] Evesham, but
the monks of that house would by no mentis consent.'
Wherefore he removed the greatest part of the books and
ornaments which he had collected in that place, and some, it
is said, which others had contributed, and withdrawing to the
abbey of Ramsey, took np Ins abode there, and ottered all he
bad broil glit with him to St. Benedict. He died on Wednes-
day, the eighth of the calends of August (the 25th July), in
this same year, and is buried there.

At a general synod, held about that time in London, Wulf-
inar, a devout monk of Evesham, also called Manni, tb
elected abbot of that monastery. The same year, tlte uoblu
lady, Gunhi Ida, daughter of king Wyrtgcorn, by king Canute's
sister, and successively the wife of earls Hakon and Harold,
was banished from England with her two sons, Hemming »nd
Thurkill. She went over to i'lauders, and resided lor some
time at a place called Bruges, and then went to Demnirk.
Stigand, the king's chaplain, was appointed bishop of ftast-
Anglia.

[a.d. 1045.] Brihtwold, bishop of Wilton, died; and v. -.,■< ■■ k
cecded by the king's chaplain, llerimun, a native of Lorraine,
afflicted with the lepras;. See Hist I

AJ>. 1046-8. J A FLEET COLLECTED. 147

The same year, Edward, king of England, assembled a
very powerful fleet at the port of Sandwich, to oppose
Magnus, king of Norway, who threatened to invade England ;
but the expedition was abandoned in consequence of Sweyn,
king of Denmark, having commenced hostilities against
him.

[a.d. 1046.] Living, bishop of the Hwiccas,1 Devonshire, and
Cornwall, died on Sunday, the tenth of the calends of April

gie 23rd March], Soon after his death, the bishoprics of
editon and Cornwall were given to Leofric the Briton,
who was the king's chancellor ; and Aldred, who had been a
monk of Winchester and was then abbot of Tavistock, was
made bishop of the Hwiccas. Osgod Clapa was banished
from England. Magnus, king of Norway, son of St. Olaf
the king, defeated Sweyn, king of the Danes, and reduced
Denmark under his own dominion.

[a.d 1047.] So much snow fell in the West, that it crushed
the woods, and this year the winter was very severe. Grimkytel,
bishop of Sussex, died, and was succeeded by Heca, the king's
chaplain. ^Elfwine, bishop of Winchester, also died, and
Stigand, bishop of East-Anglia, was translated to his see.
Sweyn, king of Denmark, sent ambassadors to Edward, king
of England, requesting that he would send a fleet to join
him against Magnus, king of Norway. Then earl Godwin
counselled the king to send at least fifty ships, full of soldiers;
but as the proposal was objected to by earl Leofric and all
the people, he declined to furnish any. After this Magnus,
king of Norway, having collected a numerous and powerful
fleet, fought a battle with Sweyn, in which a vast number of
troops were killed on both sides, and having driven him out
of Denmark, reigned there himself, and made the Danes pay
him a heavy tribute : shortly afterwards he died.

JA.D. 1048. J Sweyn recovered Denmark, and Harold Har-
faager,2 son of Si ward, king of Norway, and brother of St.
Olaf by the mother's side, and by the father's uncle to king
Magnus, returned to Norway, and shortly afterwards sent

1 It will be recollected that the ancient territory of the Hwiccas
deluded and nearly corresponded with the diocese of Worcester.

It should be Harold Hardrada, a common blunder of the English
chroniclers. King Harold Harfaager reigned from about a.d. 861 to
ahout 931.— See his Saga in Laing's Hemiskringla, vol. i. p. 271.

l2

148 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.d. 1048, 1049

ambassadors to king 'Edward, making oilers of peaee auc
amity, which were accepted.1

There was a great earthquake i>n Sunday the first of M»y.
at Worcester, Wick, Derby, and many other places. Hanj
districts of England were visited with a mortality among men
and cattle ; and a fire in the air, commonly called wild-ire,
burnt many vills and cornfields in Derbyshire and some othei
districts. Edmund, bishop of Lindisi'anie, died at Gloucester,
hut was carried by his people to Durham, and buried there.
Edred succeeded him, but being struck by the divine ven-
geance, Ethelric, a monk of Peterborough, was appointed in
his stead.

[a.d. 1049.] The emperor Henry assembled a vast array
against Baldwin, count of Flanders, chiefly because he h*d
burnt and ruined his stately palace at Nimeguen. In tha
expedition were pope Leo, and many gnat and nobte inett
from various countries. Sweyn, king of Denmark, was also
there with his fleet at the emperor's command, and swore
fealty to the emperor for that occasion. He sent also H
Edward, king of England, and requested him not to let
Baldwin escape, if he should retreat to the sea. Inconse-
quence, the king went with a large fleet to the port of
Sandwich, and remained there until the empernr had obtained
of Baldwin all he desired. Meanwhile, earl Sweyn, son of
earl Godwin and Githa, who had left. England and gone »
Denmark, because he was not permitted to marry Edjjin,
abbess of the monastery of Leominster, whom he had de-
bauched, returned with eight ships, alleging falsely that ht
would now remain loyally with the king. Earl Beorn, sun Of
his uncle Ulf, a Danish carl, who was son of Spracing, who
was son of ITrso, and brother of Sweyn, king of Deimittrk,
promised him to obtain [Venn the king the restoration of \ot
earldom. Earl Baldwin having made peace with the empetWi
the earls Godwin and Beorn, by the king's permission, can*
to l'evensey with forty-two ships ; but he ordered the rest of
the fleet to return iiome, with the exception of a few ship*
which he retained there. When, however, he was informed

' The paragraph inserted in the Chronicle under the year lWo
desi-ril'in^ Swcvh's ;i[i|>lii:;uiiiu Cur iinviJ aid, and the refusal itm*1
with, is here repeated in the original text, apparently from iwl-
in almost the same words.

4.D. 1049.] MURDER OF BEORN. 149

that Osgod Clapa lay at Wulpe1 with twenty-nine ships, he
recalled as many as possible of the ships he had sent away.
But Osgod, taking with him his wife whom he had left for
safety at Bruges, returned to Denmark with six ships ; the
rest sailed over to Essex, and returned with no small plunder,
which they carried off from the neighbourhood of Eadulfs
Ness;* however, a violent tempest overtook and sunk all except
two, which were captured at sea, and all on board perished.

During these occurrences earl Sweyn went to Pevensey,
and perfidiously requested earl Beorn, his cousin, to go with
him to the port of Sandwich, and make his peace with the
king, according to promise. Beorn, relying on his relation-
ship, accompanied him with only three attendants; but
8weyn conducted him to Bosham, where his ships lay, and,
taking him on board one of them, ordered him to be bound
with thongs, and kept him on board until they reached the
mouth of the river Dart. There they slew him, and threw
him into a deep trench, and covered him with earth. They
then sent away six of the ships, two of which were soon after-
wards taken by the men of Hastings, who, having killed all
on board, carried them to Sandwich and presented them to
the king. Sweyn, however, escaped to Flanders with two
ships, and remained there until he was brought back by
Aldred, bishop of Worcester, who reconciled him with the king.
Jn the month of August of the same year, some Irish
pirates, entering the mouth of the river Severn with thirty-
six ships, landed at a place called Wylesc-Eaxan, and, with
the aid of Griffyth, king of South-Wales, plundered in that
neighbourhood, and did considerable damage. Then, joining
their forces, the king and the pirates crossed the river Wye and
burnt Dymedham, massacring all they found there. Aldred,
bishop of Worcester, with a few of the people of Gloucester-
shire and Herefordshire, flew to arms against them ; but the
Welshmen who were in their ranks, and had promised to be
faithful to them, sent a messenger privately to king Griftyth,
begging him to lose no time in attacking the English ; in
consequence of which he hastened to the spot with his own
followers and the Irish pirates, and falling on the English be-
fore day-break, slew many of them and put the rest to flight.

1 A village on the coast of Flanders, N.W. of Sluys.

2 Ness, a promontory.

I

150 FLOREKCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 1050, 1

Eadnoth, bishop of Dorchester, diet!, and was suceeedf
Ulf, the king's chaplain, a native of Normandy. Oawy, i
of Thorney, and \Vulfnotli, abbot, of Westminster, died;
Siward, coadjutor -bishop of Eadsige, archbishop of Co
bury, and ho was buried at Abingdon. Moreover, in
year pope St. Leo came to France, at the request of the
excellent abbot Heriniar, liming in his company the pi
and some of the principal persons of Rome, and dedi
with great ceremony the monastery of St. ltemjgius
apostle of the Franks, built at lthcims, in which cit
afterwards held a numerous synod of archbishops, bis
and abbots, which lasted six days. There were prese
this synod Alfwinc, abbot of Ham soy, anil the abbot o
Augustine's monastery [at Canterbury], who were sent
by Edward, king of England.

[a.d. 1050.] Macbeth, king of Scotland, distributed i
large sums of money at Koine. E:id:-ige, arehbisliop <•!' ('a
bury, died, and was succeeded by Hubert, bishop of Loi
a Norman by birth. Spearheafoe, abbot of Abingdon,
elected bishop of London, but was ejected by king Ed
before consecration. Hertman, bishop of Wilton, and Al
bishop of Worcester, went to Rome.

[a.d. 1051.] (Elfric, archbishop of York, died at Si
well, and was buried at Peterborough ; Kinsige, the It
chaplain, succeeded him. dving Edward released the Ei
from the heavy tax payable to the Danish troops, ir
thirty-eighth year after his father Ethelred had first im|
it. After this, in the month of Seprember, Eustace the (
count of Boulogne, who had married a sister of king Edi
named Goda, sailed to Dover with a small fleet.1 His soli
while they were bluntly and indiscreetly inquiring for 1
ings, killed one of the townsmen. A neighbour of his
nessing this, slew one of the soldiers in revenge. At thi
eount and ids followers were much enraged, aud put i
men and women to the sword, trampling their babes
eliildren under their horses' hoofs, But seeing the towni
flocking together to resist them, they made their escape,
cowards, with some difficulty, and leaving seven of their i
ber slain, they fled to king Edward, who was then at G
eester. Earl Godwin, being indignant that such things sh
Cf. Sax. Chron. under the years 1048 and 106

ad 1062.

A.D. 1051.] REVOLT OP GODWIN AND HIS SONS. 1.51

be done within his jurisdiction, in great wrath raised an
immense army from the whole of his earldom, that is, from
Kent, Sussex, and Wessex \ his eldest son, Sweyn, also
assembled the men of his earldom, that is, of the counties of
Oxford, Gloucester, Hereford, Somerset, and Berks ; and his
other son, Harold, assembled the men of his earldom, namely,
Essex, East-Anglia, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. This did
not escape the notice of king Edward, and he therefore sent
messages to Leofric, earl of Mercia, and Siward, earl of
Northumbria, begging them to hasten to him with all the
men they could muster, as he way in great peril. They came
at first with only a few followers ; but when they learnt the
real state of affairs, they sent swift messengers throughout
their earldoms and gathered a large army. Likewise earl
Ralph, son of Goda, king Edward's sister, assembled as many
as he could from his county.

Meanwhile, Godwin and his sons, with their respective
armies, entered Gloucestershire after the feast of the nativity
of St. Mary [8th September], and encamping at a place called
Langtreo, sent envoys to the king at Gloucester, demanding
the surrender of count Eustace and his followers, as well as
of the Normans and men of Boulogne, who were in possession
of the castle on the cliff at Dover, on pain of hostilities. The
king, alarmed for a time at this message, was in great distress,
and in the utmost perplexity what to do. But when he found
that the troops of the earls Leofric, Siward, and Ralph were
on their march, he replied with firmness that he would by no
means consent to give up Eustace and the rest who were
demanded. On hearing this, the envoys returned from their
bootless errand. As they were departing, the army entered
Gloucester, so exasperated, and unanimously ready to fight,
that, if the king had given permission, they would have in-
stantly engaged earl Godwin's army. But earl Leofric con-
sidering that all the men of greatest note in England were
assembled either on his side or the other, it appeared to him and
some others a great folly to fight with their own countrymen,
and he proposed that, hostages having been given by both
parties, the king and Godwin should meet at London on a day
appointed, and settle their controversy in a legal way. This
advice being approved, and after the exchange of messages,
hostages having been given and received, the earl returned

1-52 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1051, 1052.

into Weasex ; and the king MaemMed a more powerful army
from the whole of Mereia and Northumbrian, and led it to
London. Meanwhile, Godwin and his sons came to South-
wark with a vast multitude of the people of Wessex ; but his
army gradually dwindling iiwav and deserting him, he did
not venture to abide the judgment of the king's court, but
fled, under cover of night. When, therefore, the morning came,
the king, in his witan, with the unanimous consent of the
whole army, made a decree that Godwin and his five sons
should he banished. Thereupon he and Ids wife Githa, and
Tosti and bis wile Judith, [.lie daughter of Baldwin, count of
Flanders, and two of his, other sons, namely, Sweyu nnd
Chirtli, went, without loss of time, to Thorney, where a ship
had been got ready for them. They quickly laded her »ith
s much gold, silver, and other valuable articles as she could
hold, and, embarking in preat haste, directed her course
towards Flanders and Baldwin the count. His sons Harold
and Leofwine, making their way to Brycgstowe [Bristol],
went on board a ship which their brother Sweyn had pre-
pared for them, and crossed over to Ireland. The king repu-
diated the queen Edgitha, on account of his wrath against
her father Godwin, and sent her in disgrace, with only a
single handmaid, to Wherwell, where she was committed to
the custody of the abbess.'

After these occurrences, William, earl [duke] of Normandy,
came over to England with n vast retinue of Normans. Kinr
Edward honourably entertained him and his companions, wid
on their return made them many valuable presents. The
same year, William, the king's chaplain, was appointed to the
bishopric of London, which was before given u> Spearlieal'oe.

[a.T>. 1053.] Marianus, the chronicler, departed this life.

Elfgiva Emma, wife of the kings Etholrod and Canute,
died at Winchester on the second of the nones [the 6th] of
March, and was buried there. In the same year, Gririydi.
king of Wales, ravaged a great part of Herefordshire : the
inhabitants of that province, with some Normans from »
castle, flew to arms and attacked him ; but, having *1»it>
a great number of them, lie obtained the victory and puM
oil' much plunder. This battle was fought on the same d»J

> She *

a sister of the king.

>. 1052.] Godwin's successes. 153

which, fourteen years before, the Welsh slew Edwin, earl
ofric's brother, in an ambuscade. A short time afterwards,
•1 Harold and his brother Leofwine, returning from Ireland,
i sailing into the mouth of the river Severn with a large
3t, landed on the borders of Somersetshire and Dorsetshire,
d plundered many villages and farms in those parts. A great
mber of the people of Devonshire and Somersetshire gathered
aether in arms against them ; but Harold defeated them with
3 loss of more than thirty noble thanes, and many others.
e then returned to his fleet with the booty, and sailed
and Penwithsteort.1 Thereupon, king Edward quickly de-
atched forty ships, well provisioned, and having on board
chosen body of soldiers, to the port of Sandwich, with
ders to wait and look out for the arrival of earl Godwin,
stwithstanding this, he escaped observation, and, returning
th a few ships, landed in Kent ; and, by his secret emis-
ries, gained over to espouse his cause, first, the Kentishmen,
d then the people of Sussex, Essex, and Surrey, with all the
►atmen3 of Hastings and other places on the sea-coast, be-
les some others. All these, with one voice, declared that
ey were ready to live or die with him.
As soon as his arrival was known in the king's fleet, which
v at Sandwich, it went in chase of him ; but he escaped
id concealed himself wherever he could, and the fleet re-
rned to Sandwich, and thence sailed to London. On hear-
g this, Godwin shaped his course again for the Isle of
ight, and kept hovering about along the shore until his sons
arold and Leofwine joined him with their fleet. After this
nction, they desisted from plundering and wasting the
untry, taking only such provisions as necessity required
r the subsistence of their troops. Having increased their
rce by enlisting as many men as they could on the sea-
ast and in other places, and by collecting all the mariners
ey met with in every direction, they directed their course
wards the port of Sandwich. Their arrival there was
>tified to king Edward, who was then at London, and he
st no time sending messengers requiring all persons, who
id not revolted from him, to hasten to his succour ; but they

1 Penwdh-Steort— the Land's End.

2 Butsecarles — Boats-carles. Our author uses the word again, a
w sentences later, in the general sense of mariners, seamen.

154 FLOEEKCB OF WOKCESTEK. [a.D. 1052,

were too slow in their movements, and did not arrive in lime.
Meanwhile, carl (li.ijivii], having sailed up the Thames against
the current, reached Southwark on the day of the Exaltation
of the Holy Cross [14th September], being Monday, and
waited there until the flood- tide came np. In the interval, he
so dealt with the citizens of London, some in person, others
through ids emissaries, having before seduced them by i
variety of promise?, that lie persuaded nearly all of them n>
enter heartily into his designs. At last, everything being
duly planned and set in order, on the tide's flowing up they
ijuiekly weighed anchor, and, no one offering them any resist-
ance at the bridge, sailed upwards along the south bank of
the river. The land army also arrived, and, being drawn up
on the river-bank, formed a close and formidable column.
Then the fleet drew towards the northern bank, with the
intention, apparently, of enclosing the king's fleet, for the
king had also a fleet, as well as a numerous land army. Ent
as there were very few men of any courage, either on the
king's or Godwin's side, who were not Englishmen, nearly all
shrunk from fighting against their kinsfolk and countrymen!
so that the wiser sort on both sides interfered to restore
peace between the king and the ear), and both armies re-
ceived orders to lay down their anus. The next morning
the king held a council, and fully restored to their forme'
honours Godwin, and his wife, and all his sons, except Swim.
who, touched with repentance for the murder of his cousin
Beorn. mentioned before, lmd undertaken a journey barefoot
from Flanders to Jerusalem, and who, on his return, died in
Lycia1 from illness brought on by the severity at the cold.
The king, also, took back with due honour queen Edgitlia,
the earl's daughter, and restored her to her former dignity.

The alliance being renewed, and peace established, thev
promised right law to all the people, and banished all the
Normans, who had introduced unjust laws and given Un-
righteous judgments, and in many things had influenced the
king to the disadvantage of Ids English subjects. A fe«
of them only were allowed to stay in England, namely,
Robert the deacon, and his son-in-iaw Richard Fitz-Scropei

1 According to the Saxon Chronicle, Swc-vn died a! Const antinopl*
on his journey home. Malmesbnry relates that he was shun by thr

A.B. 1052, 1053.] THE NORMANS BANISHED. 155

Alfred, the king's horse-thane, Anfrid, surnamed Cock's-foot,
-with some others who had been the king's greatest favourites,
and had remained faithful to him and the commonwealth. But
Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, William, bishop of London,
and Ulf, bishop of Lincoln, with their Normans, had some
difficulty in making their escape and getting beyond sea.
William, however, was, for his worth, soon afterwards re-
called and reinstated in his bishopric. Osbern, surnamed
Pentecost, and his companion Hugh, surrendered their castles ;
and, being allowed by earl Leofric to pass through his terri-
tories in their way to Scotland, received a welcome from
Macbeth, king of the Scots. The same year there was such
a violent wind in the night of the feast of St. Thomas the
apostle [the 21st December], that it threw down many
churches and houses, and shattered or tore up by the roots
trees without number.

[a.d. 1053.] Rhys, the brother of Griffyth, king of South
Wales, was put to death by order of king Edward at a place
called Bullington, on account of the plundering inroads he
had frequently made, and his head was brought to the king at
Gloucester on the eve of our Lord's Epiphany [5th January].
In the same year, on the second day of the festival of Easter
[12th April], which was celebrated at Winchester, earl God-
win came to his end while he was sitting at table with the
king, according to his usual custom ; for, being suddenly
seized with a violent illness, he fell speechless from his seat.
His sons, earl Harold, Tosti, and Gurth, perceiving it, carried
him into the king's chamber, hoping that he would presently
recover ; but his strength failing, he died in great suffering
on the fifth day afterwards [15th April], and was buried in
the Old Minster. His son Harold succeeded to his earldom,
and Harold's earldom was given to Algar, son of earl
Leofric.

In the month of October died Wulfsige, bishop of Litch-
field, Godwin, abbot of Winchcombe, and Ethelward, abbot
of Glastonbury. Leofwine, abbot of Coventry, succeeded
Wulfsige ; and Ethelnoth, a monk of the same monastery,
succeeded Ethelward. But Aldred, bishop of Worcester, kept
the abbey of Winchcombe in his own hands until such time as
he appointed Godric, the son of Goodman, the king's chaplain,
to be abbot. jElfric, brother of earl Odda, died at Deerhurst

1.56 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1054, 1055.

on the eleventh of the calends of January [22nd December],
hut he was buried in the monastery at Pershore.

Aed, a long-bearded clerk in Ireland, a man of great emi-
nence and earnest piety, had a large school nf clerks, maidens,
and laymen; but he subjected the maidens to the tonsure b
the same manner as clerks, on which account he was compelled
to leave Ireland.

[a.D. 1054.] Siward, the stout earl of North urobria,' by
order of the king entered Scotland, with a large body of
cavalry and a powerful fleet, and fought a battle with
Macbeth, king of the Scots', in which the king was defeated
with the loss of many thousands both of the Scots and of the
Normans before mentioned; he then, as the king had com-
manded, raiser! to the throne Malcolm, son of the king of the
Cumbrians. However, his own son and many English and
Danes full in that battle.

The same year, on the feast of St. Kenelm, the martyr,
[17th July], Aldred, bishop of Worcester, instituted God'ric
as abbot of Wincheombe. The bishop was then sent by tilts
king as ambassador to the emperor, with rich presents ; and
being received with great honour by him, and also by Heri-
man, archbishop of Cologne, he remained at his court font
whole year, and in the king's name proposed to the emperor
to send envoys to Hungary to bring back Edward, the kings
cousin, son of king Edmund Ironside, and have him con-
ducted to England.

[a.d. 1055.] Siward, earl of Northumberland, died *'
York, and was buried in the monastery at Cralmanho,' which
he had himself founded : his earldom was given to Tosti, earl
Harold's brother. Shortly afterwards, king Edward, iu »
council held at London, banished earl Algar, earl Leufri"
son, without any just cause of offence. Algar presently wen1
to Ireland, and having collected eighteen pirate ships, returned
with them to Wales, where lie implored (irillyth the king to
lend him his aid against kiuir Edward. Grinylh immediate'*
assembled a numerous army from all parts of his dominions,

this
star

1 Henry of Huntingdon tells as that Siward employed htl sen '■
this expedition, in which lie fall. Sec that historian's account of d>«
which Siwnnl rciviv.-d the itii.-lli^cncc, and of the cirmno-

incp attending his own death, pp. '2114, 20*: An'1./. Lib.
1 An abbey at York, afterwards restored, and called St.

D. 1055.] HEREFORD STORMED. 157

id directed Algar to join him and his army at a place an-
ointed with his own troops ; and having united their forces
ley entered Herefordshire, intending to lay waste the English
larshes.

Earl Ralph, the cowardly son of king Edward's sister,
aving assembled an army, fell in with the enemy two miles
•om the city of Hereford, on the ninth of the calends of
November [24th October]. He ordered the English, con-
rary to their custom, to fight on horseback ; but just as the
ngagement was about to commence, the earl, with his French
nd Normans, were the first to flee. The English seeing
his, followed their leader's example, and nearly the whole of
he enemy's army going in pursuit, four or five hundred of the
ugitives were killed, and many were wounded. Having
rained the victory, king Grifiyth and earl Algar entered
Hereford, and having slain seven of the canons who defended
he doors of the principal church, and burnt the monastery
milt by bishop Athelstan, $hat true servant of Christ, with
ill its ornaments, and the relics of St. Ethelbert, king and
nartyr, and other saints, and having slain some of the citizens,
md made many other captives, they returned laden with
poil.

On receiving intelligence of this calamity, the king imme-
liately commanded an army to be levied from every part of
England, and on its being assembled at Gloucester, gave the
ommand of it to the brave earl Harold, who, zealously
obeying the king's orders, was unwearied in his pursuit of
Jriffyth and Algar, and boldly crossing the Welsh border,
encamped beyond Straddell [Snowdon] ; but they knowing
lim to be an intrepid and daring warrior, did not venture to
trait his attack, but retreated into South Wales. On learning
his, he left there the greatest part of his army, with orders to
aake a stout resistance to the enemy if circumstances should
equire it ; and returning with the remainder of his host to
lereford, he surrounded it with a wide and deep trench, and
ortified it with gates and bars. Meanwhile, after an inter-
hange of messages, Grifiyth, Algar, and Harold, with their
.ttendants, met at a place called Biligesteagea, and peace l?eing
proposed and accepted, they contracted a firm alliance with
ach other. After these events, earl Algar's fleet [of pirates]
ailed to Chester, and waited there for the hire he had en-

158 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 105."', 1036.

gaged to pay them ; but he himself went to court and wm
restored by the king to his earldom. Ac that time died
Tremerin, a Welsh bishop,1 who had been a monk. He was,
for a long time, coadjutor to Athelstan, bishop of Hereford,
after Atlie1stii.ii became iiK-iiptiblc of performing !)is episcopal
functions, having been blind for thirteen years. Herimsa,
bishop of Wiltshire, beinir otll.-ndeil at the king's refusing to
allow him to remove the seat of his bishopric from the vill
called Ramsbury to the abbey of Mahncsbnrv, resigned liis
bishopric and, going beyond sea, took the monastic habit
at St. Bertin,3 in which monastery he abode for three yei».

[a.d. 1056.] Athelstan, bishop of Hereford, a man of gretl
sanctity, died on the fourth of the ides [the 10th] of February,
at the episcopal vill called Eosbury; his body was carried
lo Hereford, and buried in the church which he himself hid
built from the foundations. He was succeeded by Lcovegsr,
earl Harold's chaplain, who, ou the sixteenth of the ealaidj
[the llith] of June in the same year, together with his clerks
and Ethelnoth the vice-reeve and many others, was massacred
by Griffyth, king of Wales, at a place called Claftfrjlij
rCleobury ?]. He held the see only eleven weeks and four
days. On his being' thtia^cut off, the bishopric of Hereford
was administered by Aldrerl, bishop of Worcester, until I
successor could be appointed. This same bishop Aldred »wi
the earls Leofric and Harold afterwards reconciled Griilytri,
king of Wale.-, with king lidward.

Marianus, becoming a pilgriln for the sake of his heaven! J
country, went to Cologne and took the habit of a monk in
the monastery of St. Martin, belonging to the Scots, on
Thursday, which was the calends -the 1st] of August.

Earl Ethelwin, that is Odda,3 the friend of the churches,
the solace of the poor, the protector of widow? and orphans
the enemy of oppression, the shield of virginity, died at
Deerimrat on the second of the calends of Si-ptvml'i-'i
[31st August], having been made a monk by Aldid.
bishop of Worcester, before his death; but he lie.* hi tH
abbey of Pershore, where he was buried with great pow|'-
-Ethelric, bishop of Durham, voluntarily resigned his see and

1 Bishop of St. David's.

1 The abbey of S(. Her tin, at St. Omer.

1 Odda, earl of Devon.

A.D. 1056, 1057.] EDWARD ETHELING RETURNS. 159

retired to his monastery of Peterborough, where he had been
brought up and made a monk ; and there he lived twelve
years, having been succeeded in his bishopric by his brother,
Jilgelwin, a monk of the same abbey.

[a.d. 1057.] Edward the etheling, son of king Edmund
Ironside, accepting the invitation of his uncle, king Edward,
returned to England from Hungary, where he had been
exiled many years before. For the king had determined to
appoint him his successor and heir to the crown ;* but he died
at London soon after his arrival. The renowned Leofric, son
of the ealdorman Leofwine, of blessed memory, died in a good
old age, at his own vill of Bromley, on the second of the
calends of September [31st August], and was buried with
great pomp at Coventry ; which monastery, among the other
good deeds of his life, he and his wife, the noble countess
Godiva, a worshipper of God, and devoted friend of St. Mary,
Ever-a- Virgin, had founded, and amply endowing it with lands
on their own patrimony, had so enriched with all kinds of orna-
ment, that no monastery could be found in England possessed
of such abundance of gold, silver, jewels, and precious stones
as it contained at that time. They also enriched, with
valuable ornaments, the monasteries of Leominster and
Wenlock, and those at Chester dedicated to St. John the
Baptist and St. Werburgh, the virgin, and the church which
Eadnoth, bishop of Lincoln, had built on a remarkable spot,
called in English St. Mary's Stow,9 which means in Latin St.
Mary's place. They also gave lands to the monastery at
Worcester, and added to the buildings, ornaments, and endow-
ments of Evesham abbey. During his whole life, this earl's
sagacity was of the utmost advantage to the kings and the
whole commonwealth of England. His son Algar was
appointed to his earldom. Hakon, bishop of Essex, died, and
iEthelric, a monk of Christ-church at Canterbury, was ap-
pointed in his stead. The afore-mentioned earl Ralph died

1 See a brief notice of the conflicting accounts of the chroniclers on
this controverted question in Ordericus Vitalis, vol. i., page 459,
Bohn's Antiq. Lib.

2 Henry of Huntingdon describes it as "under the hill at Lin-
coln ;" but Bishop Farmer says that " Stowe was in the bishop's manor
by Trent side." The priory of Stowe, or Mary-Stowe, was annexed
to Eynsham abbey, in Oxfordshire.

160 FLORENCE OF WOHCESTER. [a.D. 1058, 106&

on the twelfth of the calends of January [21st December],
and. was buried in the abbey of Peterborough.

[i.D. 1058.] Six days before Palm-Sunday [10th April],
the city of Paderborn, and two monasteries, that of the
cathedral and that of the monks, were destroyed by fits.
In the monks' monastery there was a Scottish monk named
Pater niM, who had been in the cloister for a great number of
years, and bad foretold this lire; yet such was bis desire uf
martyrdom that nothing could induce him to leave the plwv,
and he was burnt to death in liis cell, passing through tlie
flames to the cool refreshment of paradise. Some blessed
things are related concerning his tomb. "Within a few days
after this occurrence, on the Tuesday after the octave of Easter
[20th of April], as I was departing iVi.m Cologne on theruad
to Fulda in company with the abbot of FuMa, for the sake uf
seclusion, prayed on the very mat on which he was buret.''
Thus saith Marianus, the Scottish recluse.

Algar, earl of Mercia, was outlawed by king Edward for
the second time, but, supported by Grifl'ytb, king of Wilt",
and aided by a Norwegian fleet, which unexpectedly came ID
Iris relief, he speedily recovered his earldom by force of arins.
Pope Stephen died on the third of the calends of A(jril
[30th March], He was succeeded by Benedict, who seutth*
pallium in Sti^and, ai'dild.shop of Canterbury, ..Ethelric *w
ordained bishop of Susses; and abbot Siward was consecrated
bishop of Itoehester. Aldred, bishop of Worcester, dedicated
with great ceremony to Peter, prince of the apostles, tin'
church which he had built from the foundations hi the city «'
Worcester, and afterwards, with the king's license, appoint"'
Wulfstan, a monk of Worcester, ordained by him, abbul of
the new foundation. Then, having resigned the bishopric oi
Wilton, which he held in ooinmendani, and restored it I"
Heriman, before mentioned, be crossed the sea, and we"'
through Hungary to Jerusalem ; a pilgrimage wkicb M
English archbishop or bishop is known to have performed
before.

[a.d. 1059.] Nicholas, bishop of Florence, was nltfM
pope, and Benedict was deposed. Marianns having shut
himself lip in the cloister with Sigefrid, abbot of Fulda, wi*
ordained priest at the tomb of St. Kilian, at Wurtzburg, on
Saturday in Mid-Lent, the third of the ides [the If ' '

>.!>. 1060-2.] LIFE OP ST. WULFSTAN. 161

klarch, and on Friday after Our Lord's Ascension, being the
Lay before the ides [the 14th] of May, he entered on his ten
gears' inclosure in the abbey of Fulda.

[a.d. 1060.] Henry, king of the Franks, died, and was
succeeded by his eldest son Philip. Duduc, bishop of Wells,
died, and was succeeded by Giso, the king's chaplain ; they
were both natives of Lorraine. Kinsi, archbishop of York,
died at York on the eleventh of the calends of January [22nd
December]. His body was carried to the abbey of Peter-
borough, and buried there with great pomp. Aldred,
bisbop of Worcester, was elected his successor as archbishop
of York at Christmas ; and the see of Hereford, which had
been intrusted to his administration on account of his great
diligence, was given to Walter, a Lorrainer, and chaplain to
queen Edgitha.

[a.d. 1061.] Aldred, archbishop of York, went to Rome
in company with earl Tosti, and received the pallium from
pope Nicholas. There, also, Giso of Wells, and Walter of
Hereford, were consecrated bishops by the same pope. Until
John, the successor of Giso, all the bishops of Wells had their
episcopal see at Wells, in the church of St. Andrew the
Apostle. Maiolus, abbot of the Scots, died at Cologne ;
Foilan succeeded him.

[a.d. 1062.] Wulfstan,1 a venerable man, was made bishop
of Worcester. This prelate, beloved of God, was born in
Warwickshire, in the province of Mercia, of pious parents;
his father's name being Ealstan, and his mother's Wulfgeova,
but he was well instructed in letters and ecclesiastical func-
tions at the monastery of Peterborough. Both his parents
were so devoted to a religious life, that long before their end,
they took the vows of chastity, and separated from each
other, delighting to spend the rest of their days in habits of
holy devotion. Inspired by such examples, and chiefly in-
duced by his mother's persuasions, he quitted the world
while he was yet in his youth, and took the monastic habit
and profession in the same monastery at Worcester where

1 Our author, who has already, on several occasions, given fuller
particulars than other chroniclers of events connected with the
counties of Worcester and Hereford, here furnishes us very naturally
with an account of the life and character of Wulfstan, the celebrated
bishop of Worcester, afterwards archbishop of York.

M

163 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. |_A.

his father had before devoted himself to the service i
being admitted by the venerable Erihteag, bishop of the si
church, who also conferred upon hihi the orders I
deacon and priest. Entering at once on a strict and A
religious course of life, he quickly became remark*
his vigils, his fastings, his prayers, and all kinds of v
In consequence of this regular discipline, he was appc
first, for some time, master and tutor of the r
afterwards, from his intimate acquaintance with the *
siastical services, his superiors nominated him preconto
treasurer of the church.

Being now intrusted with the custody of the ehur
embraced the opportunities afforded him of serving G
greater freedom; and, devoting himself wholly to .
cun temp] Liti on, he resorted to it by day and night, t
prayer or holy reading, and assiduously mortified his b
lasting for two or three day* together. He
to devout vigils, that lie not only spent the nights si
hut often the day and night together, and sometimes «
four days and nights without sleep,— a thing we could b
have believed, if we had not heard it from his own moo
so tiiat he ran great risk from his brains being parched, o
he hastened to satisfy the demands of nature by the ri '
ment of sleep. Even, at last,, when the urgent ('
nature compelled him to yield to sleep, he did not i
himself by stretching his limbs to rest on a b
would lie down for awhile on one of the benches ii
church, resting his head on the book which he had u
praying or reading. After some time, on the death of 2
wine, prior of the monastery, bishop Aldred app(
reverend man to he prior and father of the convent, I
which he worthily filled ; hy no means abating the s
of his previous habits, but rather increasing it in t
respects, in order to afford a good example to the rest.

After the lapse of some years, on the elevation of J
bishop of Worcester, to the archbishopric of York, tl
unanimous consent both of the clergy and the whole h
of the laity [of Worcester] in the election of WulfsUn »• |
their bishop; the Ling having granted them pertiiissiiui i"
choose whom they pleased. It so chanced that the l<
from tiie apostolical sec were present at the election, ■

D. 1062.] WULFSTAN MADE BISHOP. 163

rmenfred, bishop of Sion,1 and another, who were sent by
lr lord the pope Alexander to king Edward on some eccle-
ELstical questions, and by the king's orders spent nearly the
hole of Lent at Worcester, waiting for the reply to their
iission at the king's court in the ensuing Easter. The
gates, during their stay, observing Wulfstan's worthy con-
ersation, not .only concurred in his election, but used their
special influence with both the clergy and people to advance
., and confirmed it by their own authority. But he most
bstinately declined the office, exclaiming that he was un-
worthy of it, and even declaring with an oath that he would
either submit to lose his head than be advanced to so high a
ignity. When he could by no means be persuaded to consent
y the arguments frequently addressed to him by many pious
nd venerable men, at last being sharply reproved for his
bstinate wilfulness by Wulfsi the hermit, a man of God,
rho was known to have lived a life of solitude for more
han forty years, and being also awed by a divine revelation,
e was compelled, with the greatest reluctance, to give his
onsent ; and his election having been canonically confirmed
n the feast of the Decollation of St. John the Baptist [29th
Lugust], and having accepted the office of bishop, he was
onsecrated on the day on which St. Mary's Nativity is cele-
►rated by the church, which happened on a Sunday, and
hone forth in the splendour of his life and virtues as bishop
<f Worcester. The consecration was performed by the
enerable Aldred, archbishop of York, Stigand, archbishop of
Canterbury, being then interdicted by the pope from perform-
Qg his episcopal functions, because he had presumed to take
he archbishopric while Robert, the archbishop, was still
iving ; but Wulfstan made his canonical profession to Sti-
gand, the aforesaid archbishop of Canterbury, and not to
Udred, who ordained him. Moreover, Stigand having made
, protest against its being a precedent in future, the arch-
►ishop of York, who ordained Wulfstan, was ordered to declare
>efore the king and the great men of the realm, that he
^ould not thereafter claim any submission, either in ecclesi-
stical or temporal affairs, in right of his having consecrated
iim, or of his having been his monk before he was conse-

1 Sedunensem — Of Sedunum, now Sion, the capital of the Valais.

m2

16i FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1062, 106%

crated. Wiilfs.taii\ ordination took place when lie was more
than fifty years old, in the twentieth year of the reign rf
king Edward, and in the fifteenth indiction.

[a. d. 1063.] When Christmas was over, Harold, H
brave earl of Wessex, by king Edward's order, put himsrif
at the head of a small troop of horse, and proceeded by rspU
marches from (iloucester, whore the king then was, to Knui!-
dlan,1 with the determination to punish Grifryth, king of
Wales, for his continual ravages on the English marshes, ami
his many insults to his lord, Ling Edward, by faking his lile,
But GrhTyth, being forewarned of the earl's approach, M
with his attendants, and escaped by getting aboard a ship
hut not without extreme difficulty. Harold, finding he vu
gone, ordered his palace to be burnt, and setting tire to lib
ships and all their rigging, began bis march homeward tbt
same day. But about lingati<>i'i days [20 May] he sailed froa
Bristol with a iiaval force, and circumnavigated a great ]«t
of Wales. His "brother met him, by the lung's command, with
a body of cavalry, and uniting their forces, they began to Uy
waste that part of tlie country. In consequence, the Welsh
were reduced to submission, and, giving hostages, engaged to
pav him tribute, and they deposed and banished their king*
Griffyth.

[a.D. 1064.] The great paschal cycle now begins, in the
second indiction, A multitude of people, both rich and pour,
to the number of seven thousand, accompanied (!.■■■
of Meats, and the bishops of Utrecht, Bamberg, and Ratis-
bon, In a pilgrimage to Jerusalem," after the feast of StJ
Martin [1.1 tli November]. Wherever the bishops made anv st.iv",
they wore their palls on their shoulders, and their meat and
drink was served in gold and silver vessels. The Aratiites

[Arabs ?], allured by the fame of their wealth, slew u y uf

them on Good-Friday [9th April], Those who were :il'U- 1"
escape took refuge in a deserted castle called ('an;;

1 A strong castle in Flintshire. Sou the note to Oi'diriuuo Viuli*.
vol. ii- pp. 444, 445, Autiq. Lib.
* The not .™nt here extracted from Marianne of a pilgrimage V>

Jerusalem, just hefure the Cru.-inh--, is so turiciii thai ...

.unit t '.'i I in ill..- tin l;I i-li I Ii.- Ii.mijiI Si.ii.-ii.lv'!- edition of " [■ [uri;»i

Worcester," ive have ilu.ni:;lit il ri-!it In insert it in uur texL
a This wore] sounds very like ■lei'Uniilom, near which the k
palmer's tale, wliii-h . v ideal I v furnished this entry ii
supposes the pilgrims to have arrived.

;;';,!'";::'.: '

D. 1063.] LEGEND OF A PILGRIMAGE. 165

trricadoing it, defended themselves with stones and staves
gainst the darts of the Arabites, who sought their money, or
teir lives and their money. Then one very brave soldier,
ho was resolved that no peril should withhold him from see-
ig the tomb of our Lord, went forth ; but the Arabs imme-
iately laid hold of him, and stretching him flat on the ground,
1 the form of a cross, nailed his hands and feet to the earth,
nd cutting him open from the bottom of his belly to his
hroat, examined his entrails.1 At last, having torn him limb
rom limb, their chief first threw a stone upon him, and after-
rards all the rest did the like. Then they called to his
somrades, who beheld all this from the castle : — " Your fate
hall be the same, unless you deliver to us all your wealth."
Che Christians promising to comply, the chief of the Arabites
fame into the castle to them, with sixteen others armed with
iwords. The chief found the bishops still seated in great
(tate, and observing that the bishop of Bamberg, whose name
vas Gunther, excelled the rest in stature and shape, con-
cluded that he was the lord of the Christians. Putting a
:hong round the bishop's neck, in the way the Gentiles confine
;heir criminals, he said, " You and all yours shall be mine."
Die bishop replied, through an interpreter, " What will you
lo to me ?" He answered, " I will suck that bright blood
rom your throat, and I will hang you up like a dog before
:he castle." Then the bishop, seizing the chief by the head,
Felled him to the ground with one blow of his fist, and all the
>thers were bound. Those who remained without being in-
formed of this assaulted the castle ; but the prisoners were
mspended from the walls in front of the assailants, and
:o save them, the attack was given up. Then the thieves
>egan to quarrel concerning the money which they had already
baken from the Christians, and most of them fell by each
others' hands. Meanwhile, the prince of Ramula, at the
sntreaty of those of the Christians who had contrived to escape,

1 In search of money? A cotemporary writer says, " The cruelty
jf the infidels was carried to such a pitch, that, thinking the wretches
"Christians] had swallowed gold or silver, they made them drink
draughts of scamony till they vomited, or even threw up their
iritals. Not only so, but, shocking to say, they cut open their bellies,
ind tearing out their entrails, laid bare all the parts which nature
tiolds private." — Abbot Guibert's Getta, Dei per Francos, p. 379.

166 FLOEENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1064, lOflfi

came with a strong band, on the second day of Easter [12th
April], and drove away the Arabites. Then, after accepting
fifty gold pieces from the Christians, he and an Arabite chief
who was at variance with his lord, the king of the Saracens,
conducted the pilgrims to Jerusalem, and thence to their sbijw.
The vast multitude of Christians so wasted away, that oat of
seven thousand or more, barely two thousand returned.

[a.d. 1001 ] Griffyth, king of Wales, was slain by his
own people, on the nones [the 5th] of August, and his haul
and the beak of his ship, with its ornaments, were sent to
earl Harold, who, shortly afterwards, presented them to king
Edward. The king then gave the territories of the Wish
king to his brothers Bletligent and Rithwulon,1 and they
swore to tie faithful to him and Harold, and promised to he
ready to obey their orders by sea and land, and that flu y
would faithfully pay whatever was paid before from tint
country to former kings.

[a.d. 1065.] jEthelwin, the reverend bishop of Durham,
raised the bones of St. O.Mvin, formerly king of Bernicia, from
the tomb in which they had lain for four hundred and fifteen
years, in the monastery which stands at the mouth of the river
Tyne, and placed them in a. shrine with great ceremony. I"
the month of August, Harold, the brave earl of Wessei,
ordered a large mansion to be built at a place called Portaseith,'
on the territory of the Welsh, anil gave directions that it
should be well stored with meat ami drink, that his lord, king
Edward, might sometimes reside there for tile sake of hunt-
ing. But Caradoe, son of Uriffyth, king of South Wales, vli<>
a few years before had slain Griffyth, king of North Wale*,
and usurped iiis kingdom, came there with the whole force M
could gather, on the feast-day of St. Bartholomew, the apostle
[21th August], and slew all the workmen and their overseers,
and carried off nil the materials which had Imvii collected there.

Soon after the feast of St. Michael, the archangel, on
Monday, the fifth of the nones [the 3rd] of October, &»
Northumbrian thanes, Gamelbearn, Buustan, son of Athel-
neth, and Glonicorn, son of Heardulf, entered York with

1 Bletlijn and Rhywallon, princes ef North Wales and Po"«i
IfjfiO— 106(1.

' Portakewrt, on tin; i'oa«t yf Mimmoiilhshii-.*, whore there utM*
relict Of a church supposed to have been tuilt by Harold.

A.l>. 1065, 1066.] DEATH OP EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 167

two hundred soldiers, to revenge the execrable murder of the
noble Northumbrian thane, Cospatric, who was treacherously
killed by order of queen Edgitha at the king's court on the
fourth night of Christmas,, for the sake of her brother Tosti ;
as also the murder of the thanes Game], the son of Orm, and
Ulf, the son of Dolfin, whom earl Tosti had perfidiously caused
to be assassinated in his own chamber at York, the year be-
fore, although there was peace between them. The insurgent
thanes were also aggrieved by the enormous taxes which Tosti
unjustly levied through the whole of Northumbria. They
therefore, on the day of their arrival, first seized his Danish
hus-carles, Amund and Ravenswart, as they were making their
escape, and put them to death outside the walls, and the next
day slew more than two hundred of his liege-men, on the
north side of the river Humber. They also broke open his
treasury, and retired carrying off aH that belonged to him.
After that, nearly all the men of his earldom assembled in a
body, and met, at Northampton, Harold, earl of Wessex, and
others whom the king, at Tosti' s request, had sent to restore
peace between them. There first, and afterwards at Oxford,
on the feast of the apostles St. Simon and St. Jude [28th
October], when earl Harold and the rest endeavoured to re-
store peace between them and earl Tosti, they all unanimously
rejected the proposal, and outlawed him and all who had
prompted him to enact the oppressive law ; and after the feast
of All-Saints [1st November], with the assistance of earl
Edwin, they banished Tosti from England. Thereupon he went,
accompanied by his wife, to Baldwin, earl of Flanders, and
passed the winter at St. Omer. After this, king Edward fell
into a lingering sickness, but he held his court at London
during Christmas as well as he was able, and on Holy Inno-
cents' day caused the church, which he had built from the
foundations [at Westminster], to be dedicated with great
splendour to St* Peter, the prince of the apostles.

[a.d. 1066 J King Edward the Pacific, the pride of the
English, son of king. Ethelred, died at London on Thursday,
the eve of the Epiphany, in the fourth indiction ; after having
filled the royal throne of the Anglo-Saxons twenty-three
years, six months, and twenty-seven days. He was buried
the next day with royal pomp, amidst the tears and lamen-
tations of the crowds who flocked to his funeral. After his

168 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D.IOGG.

interment, Harold, the vice-king, son of earl Godwin.
Nwhoui the king before his death ha.il chosen for liia sucoessar,'
was elected king by the loading men of ull England ; and, [be
same day, was crowned with great ceremony by AJdred,
archbishop of York. A? soon as he had taken the reins of
government, lie made ii his business to revoke unjust laivs,
and establish good ones; to become the protector of the
churches and monasteries : to cherish and reverence [lie
bishops, abbots, monks, and clerks ; and to show himself kiii'l,
humble, and courteous to all good men, while to iualef:i'''titr.i
he used the utmost rigour. Eor he gave orders to his eark
ealdormen, vice -reeves, and all his officers, to arrests!!
thieves, rohhers, and disturbers of the peace ; mil I.-
laboured himself tor die defence of the country by land iinil
by sea.

' The same year a comet was seen on the eighth of tta
"^-ealends of May [24th April], not only in England, but, is it
is reported, all over the world: it shone with excesses
brilliance for seven days. Soon after wards earl Tosti rr-
turned from Flanders, and landed in the Isle of Wight ; iinii,
having compelled (In- i-hindcrs to give Irini pay and ti'ilmlc
he departed, and plundered along the sea-coast, umil In-
arrivt'd at Sandwich. King Harold, who was
Lotidon, having been informed of this, ordered a i»ii-
siderable fleet and a body of horse to be got ready, and pre-
pared to go in poison to the port of Sandwich. On receiving
this intelligence, Tosti took some of t lie boatmen of the pl,w*.
willing or unwilling, into his service, and. departing tlictnv,
shaped his course for Liurtsey, where he burnt sever;! 1 'ill'
and slew a number of men. Thereupon Edwin, earl it
Mereia, and Morear, earl of North umbria, flew to the *[>"<
with some troops, and drove him out of that noighbourliO"l;
and, on his departure, he repaired to Malcolm, ki
Scots, and remained with him during the whole HnuMfi
Meanwhile king 13 avoid arrived at the port of Sandwich. JinJ
waited there, for his fleet. When it was assembled, he sails'
to the Isle of Wight; and as William, earl of Xonuaailv,
king Edward's cousin, was preparing an army for the in\a.-i""
of England, he kept watch all the summer and autumn, I"

L.B. 1066.] KING HAROLD. 169

prevent his landing ; besides which, he stationed a land army
it suitable points along the sea-coast ; but provisions failing
towards the time of the feast of the Nativity of St. Mary [8th
September], both the fleet and army were disbanded.

After these transactions, Harold Harfaager,1 king of Nor-
way, brother of St. Olave the king,8 suddenly arrived at the
mouth of the river Tyne, with a powerful fleet of more than
five hundred great ships. Earl Tosti joined him with his
fleet, as they had before agreed, and they made all sail into
the Humber ; and then ascending the river Tyne against the
current, landed their troops at a place called Richale. As
soon as king Harold received this news, he marched with all
expedition towards Northumbria; but, before the king's
arrival, the two brothers, earls Edwin and Morcar, at the
head of a large army, fought a battle with the Norwegians
on the northern bank of the river Ouse, near York, on the
eve of the feast of St. Matthew the Apostle [20th September],
being Wednesday ; and their first onset was so furious that
numbers of the enemy fell before it. But, after a long
struggle, the English, unable to withstand the attack of the
Norwegians, fled with great loss, and many more of them
were drowned in the river than slain in the fight. The Nor-
wegians remained in possession of the field of death ; and,
having taken one hundred and fifty hostages from York, and
leaving there one hundred and fifty hostages of their own,
returned to their ships. However, on the fifth day after-
wards, viz. on Monday, the seventh of the calends of
October [25th September], Harold, king of England, having
reached York, with many thousand well-armed troops, en-
countered the Norwegians at a place called Stanford-bridge,
and put to the sword king Harold and earl Tosti, with the
greatest part of their army ; and, although the battle was
severely contested, gained a complete victory. Notwith-
standing, he allowed Harold's son Olaf, and Paul, earl of
Orkney, who had been left with part of the army to guard
the ships, to return to their own country, with twenty ships
and the relics of the [defeated] army ; having first received
from them hostages and their oaths.

While these events were passing, and when the king might

1 See note, p. 147.

2 He was halt-brother only of St. Olave, on the mother's side.

170 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [/

have supposed that all his enemies were quelled, he
intelligence of the arrival of William, earl of Normandy,
an innumerable host of horsemen, slingers, archers,
foot soldiers, having taken into his pay auxiliary fori
great bravery from all parts of France ; and that Ite
moored his fleet at a place called Pevensey. Thereupoi
king- led his army towards London by forced marches;
although he was very sensible that some of the brave
in England had fallen in the two [recent] battle?,
one half of his troops was not yet assembled, he did not h
tate to meet the enemy in Sussex, without loss of time;
on Saturday, the eleventh of the calends of November f
October], before a third of his army was in fighting i
gave them battle at a place nine miles from Hastings,
they had built a fort. The English being crowded in a eo
position, many of them kit their ranks, and few stood by 1
with resolute hearts : nevertheless lie made a stout resist,!
from the third hour of the day until nightfall, and defend"!
himself with such courage and obstinacy, that the enemy
almost despaired of taking his life. When, however, number!
had fallen on both sides, he, alas ! fell at twilight. There
fell, also, his brothers, the earls Ourth and Leofric, andalnuWt
all the English nobles. Earl William led his army back to
Hastings.

Harold reigned nine months and as many -lays. The earU
Edwin and Morear, who had withdrawn with their IfOCft
from the battle on hearing that he was dead, went to Lund™.
and sent off their sister, queen Elgitha, to Chester : l'«r
Aldred, archbishop of York, and the earls just mentioned,
with the citizens of London and the seamen, were desirous to
proclaim Edgar the etheling king, he being nephew of king
Edmund Ironside ■; and promised that they would renew the
war under his banner. But while many were preparing to p
forth to battle, the earls withdrew their support, and return"!
home with their army.

Meanwhile, earl William was laying waste Susses, Km*-
Hampshire, Surrey, Middlesex, and Herefordshire, and ceaieJ
not from burning vllls and slaughtering the inhabitants, until
he came to a v ill called P. core ham [Berkhampstead], whtfre
Aldred, the archbishop. Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, W;lr "■
of Hereford, Edgar the etheling, the earls Edwin a»I

L.D. 1066, 1067.] WILLIAM I. CROWNED, 171

MEorcar, and some Londoners of the better sort, with many
>thers, met him, and, giving hostages, made their submission,
ind swore fealty to him ; but, although he concluded a treaty
with them, he still allowed his troops to burn and pillage the
vills. The feast of our Lord's Nativity approaching, he
marched the whole army to London that he might be pro-
claimed king there ; and as Stigand, the primate of all Eng-
land, lay under the censure of the apostolical pope for not
having obtained the pall canonically, he was anointed by
Aldred, archbishop of York, with great ceremony, at West-
minster, on Christmas-day, which that year fell on a Monday ;
having first, as the archbishop required, sworn before the
altar of St. Peter the apostle, in the presence of the clergy
and people, to protect the holy churches of God and their
governors, and to rule the whole nation subject to him with
justice and kingly providence, to make and maintain just laws,
and straitly to forbid every sort of rapine and all unrighteous
judgments.

[a.d. 1067.] Lent drawing near [21st February], king
William returned to Normandy, taking with him Stigand,
archbishop of Canterbury, Athelnoth, abbot of Glastonbury,
Edgar the etheling, the earls Edwin and Morcar, Waltheof,
son of earl Siward, the noble Ethelnoth, reeve of Kent, and
many others of the chief men of England ; leaving his brother
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and William Fitz-Osborne, whom he
had created earl of Hereford, governors of England, with
orders to build strong castles in suitable places.

Wulfwi, bishop of Dorchester, died at Winchester, but was
buried at Dorchester.

There lived at that time a very powerful thane, Edric,
surnamed the Forester, the son of Elfric, brother of Edric
Streon, whose lands were frequently ravaged by the garrison
of Hereford and Richard Fitz-Scrope, because he disdained
submission to the king ; but as often as they made inroads on
his territories, they lost many of their knights and squires.
This Edric, therefore, having summoned to his aid Blethgent
and Rithwallon,1 kings of the Welsh, about the feast of the
Assumption of St. Mary [15th August], laid waste the county

1 Blethyn and Rhywallon, already mentioned, princes of North
Wales and Powis.

168,10^
ul carriad
illiam re-

172 FLORENCE Or WORCESTER, [i.

if Hereford as far as the bridge on the river Lug

iff a great booty.

After this, winter being near at hand, king Willis1
turned from Normandy to England, and imposed on tlie
English an insupportable tax. He then marched troops into
Devonshire, and besieged and speedily reduced the city of
Exeter, which the citizens and some English thanes held
against him. But the countess Githa, mother of Harold,
king of England, and sister of Sweyn, king of Denmark,
escaped from the city, with many others, ami retired 1"
Flanders; and the citizen* submitted to the king, and p»id
him iealtv. Siward, nineteenth bishop of Rochester, died.

[a.D. 1068.] After Easter [23rd March], the counteM
Matilda came to England from Normandy, and was crowned
queen by Aldrod, archbishop of York, on Whitsunday [lit!
May]. After this, Maries woyn and Cospatrie, and soaie of
the most noble of the Northumbrian nation, in order to
escape the king's tyranny, and fearing that, like oili'TS. (I l
might be thrown into prison, took with them Edgar the
etheling, with his mother Agatha and his two sisters, Hal"
garet and Christina, and, embarking for Scotland, wintered
there under favour of Malcolm, king of Scots. Meanndiik1.
king William marched his army to Nottingham, and, having
fortified the castle there, proceeded to York, where be
ereeted two strong forts, and having stationed in them fif*
hundred men, he gave orders that strong castles should l»
built at Lincoln and other places.

While these events were in process, the son-
Harold, Godwin, Edmund, and Magnus, returned from Ire-
land, and landed in Somersetshire, where Eadnoth, who hid
been the horse-thane of king Harold, opposed them with Id"
forces, and giving them hattle, was slain, with many of I"'
troops. Flushed with victory, and having carried off much
plunder from Devon and Cornwall, they returned to Ireland,
[ad. 10611.] Marianus, after his ten years' seclusion •'
Fulda, came to Mentz, by order of the bishop of Mint; and
the abbot of Eulda, on the third of the nones [the 3rd] "f
April, being the Friday before l'alm-Sunday.

, Two of Harold's sons earn* again from Ireland, with slicy-
fotir ships, and landing about the Nativity of St. John tlie
Baptist [24th June] at the mouth of the river Ttvy, fought i

A.D. 1069.] REVOLT IN NORTHUMBRIA. 173

severe battle with Brian, count of Brittany ; after which they
returned to the place whence they came.

On the sixth of the ides [the 10th] of July, being the
Friday in the Nativity of the Seven Holy Brothers, Marianus
secluded himself near the principal monastery in the same
city [Mentz],

Before the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September] Harold
and Canute, sons of Sweyn, king of Denmark, and their uncle,
earl Asbiorn, with earl Thurkill, arriving from Denmark with
two hundred and forty ships, landed at the mouth of the
river Humber, where they were met by Edgar the etheling,
earl Waltheof, Marlesweyn, and many others, with a fleet they
had assembled. Aldred, archbishop of York, was so dis-
tressed at their arrival, that he fell dangerously sick, and
departed this life, as he besought of God, on Friday the third
of the ides [the 11th] of September, in the tenth year after
he became archbishop, and was buried in the church of St.
Peter on the eighth day afterwards, namely, on Saturday the
thirteenth of the calends of October [19th September]. The
Normans, who garrisoned the forts, set fire to the adjacent
houses, fearing that they might be of service to the Danes in
filling up the trenches ; and the flames spreading, destroyed
the whole city, together with the monastery of St. Peter.
But they were speedily punished for this by an infliction of
the divine vengeance ; for on Monday the Danish fleet arrived
before the city was entirely consumed, and the forts being
stormed the same day, and more than three thousand of the
Normans killed (the lives of William Malet and his wife and
two children, with very few others, being spared), the ships
drew off laden with plunder.

King William, receiving intelligence of this, immediately
assembled an army, and hastened into Northumbria, giving
way to his resentment ; and spent the whole winter in laying
waste the country, slaughtering the inhabitants, and inflicting
every sort of evil, without cessation. Meanwhile, he de-
spatched messengers to the Danish earl, Asbiorn, and promised
to pay him secretly a large sum of money, and grant per-
mission for his army to forage freely along the sea-coast, on
condition that he would depart without fighting when the
winter was over ; and he, in his extreme greediness for lucre,
and to his utter disgrace, consented to the proposal. In

174 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.d. 1069, 1

consequence of the ravages of the Normans, first, hi Northm
bria the preceding year, and again in the present and follow-
ing year, throughout nearly the whole of England, so severe
a famine prevailed in moat parts of the kingdom, hut chiefly
in Northnmbria and. the adjacent provinces, that me
driven to feed on the flesh of horses, dogs, cats, and i
human beings.

[a.d. 1070.] By the advice of William, earl of Hereford,
and some others, kin^' William, during Lent [1 7th February],
caused all the monasteries of England to be searched, and tint
money deposited in them by tlie richer sort of the English, tW
security against his violence and rapacity, to bo seized and
carried to his own treasury.

In the octaves of Easter [4th April] a great synod was iit-ld
at Winchester, by eoininund of king William, who was present

himself, and with the < eiinvnce of the lord Alexander the

pope ; his legates, Ermenfrid, bishop of Sion, and John and
Peter, cardinal-priests of the apostolic see, representing his
authority. In this synod, Stlgand, arehbhliop of Canterbury,
was degraded on three charges: first, for having unlawfully
held the bishopric of Winchester with the archbishopriu;
next, for having taken the archbishopric while arehbis)i»|i
llobert was living, and even sometimes, hi saying mast,
wearing the pailinm which Robert left behind him at Canter-
bury when he was unjustly driven from England ; and lastly,
for having accepted the pallium from Benedict, who was
excommunicated by the Holy Roman Church for having
simonheally usurped the apostolic see. His brother, Ethel-
mar, bishop of the East-Angles, was also degraded ; as were
also a few abbots, the king doing his utmost to deprive tlic
English of their dignities, that lie might appoint persons uf
his own nation to their preferments, and thus confirm his
power hi his new kingdom. He also deprived several bishop
and abbots, convicted of no open crimes cither by the councils
or the laws of the realm, and detained them in prison to tlw
end of their lives on mere suspicion, as we have said, of their
being dangerous to his newly-acquired power. In this synod
also, while the rest, aware of the king's bias, were trembling
at the risk they ran of losing their appointments, Wulfstau.
bishop of Worcester, boldly demanded the restoration of nuor
" the possessions of his see which had been retained in his o

l.I>. 1070.] ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS. 175

K>wer by archbishop Aldred, when he was translated from
Worcester to York, and on his death had fallen into the king's
lands ; and demanded, not only from those who presided at
;he synod, but from the king himself, that justice should be
done him. But as the church of York was silent, not having
a pastor to plead her cause, it was decided that the suit
should stand over until such time as, by the appointment of
an archbishop, there should be some one who could reply to
Wulfstan's claims, and after hearing the pleadings on both
sides, a clearer and more equitable judgment might be given.
Thus the case was adjourned for the present.

On Whitsunday [23rd May] the king, at Windsor, gave
the archbishopric of York to the venerable Thomas, canon of
Bayeux, and the bishopric of Winchester to his chaplain,
Walkeline. On the following day, by the king's command,
Ermenfrid, bishop of Sion, held a synod, [the other legates]
the cardinals John and Peter having returned to Rome. At
this synod, Ethelric, bishop of Sussex, was uncanonically
deposed ; and although he was guilty of no crime, the king
soon afterwards placed him in confinement at Marlborough ;
several abbots were also deprived. After these depositions,
the king gave the bishopric of East- Anglia to Arfast, and the
bishopric of Sussex to Stigand,1 who were both his chaplains ;
which Stigand transferred his see to Chichester, the chief city
in his diocese : the king also gave abbeys to some Norman
monks. The archbishop of Canterbury being degraded, and
the archbishop of York dead, Walkeline was, by the king's
command, consecrated by the same Ermenfrid, bishop of Sion,
on the octave of Whitsunday [30th May].

The feast of St. John the Baptist being near, earl AsbiSrn
sailed to Denmark with the fleet which had wintered in the
Humber ; but his brother Sweyn outlawed him, because he
had accepted money from king William, to the great regret of
the Danes. Edric, surnamed the Forester, a man of the most
resolute courage, of whom we have spoken before, was recon-
ciled with king William. After this, the king summoned
from Normandy Lanfranc, abbot of Caen, a Lombard by birth,
a man of unbounded learning, master of the liberal arts, and
of both sacred and secular literature, and of the greatest

1 This first bishop of Chichester must not be confounded with the
archbishop of the same name.

176 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.D. 1070, H

prudence in counsel and [In: administration of' worldly at);
and on the day of ilie Assumption of St. Mary, appoii
hini archbishop uf ('unterbury, cruising him to bo conseer,
nt. Canterbury on the feast of St. John the Baptist, b
Sunday. He was consecrated by Giso, bishop of Wells,
Walter, bishop of Hereford, who were belli ordained :it 11
by pope Nicholas, when Aldrod, archbishop of York, rece
the pallium, — for ho evaded being ordained by Srigand,
t lieu held the archbishopric of t'auierbury, knowing him
to have received the pallium canouically. Bishop Herii
who had already transferred the seat of his bishopric '
Shei'buurue to Salisbury, also assisted at his consecral
with some others. Afterwards, Lauihine consecrated Tlmi
archbishop of York. The suit of the reverend WuJfi
bishop of Worcester, was again prosecuted, there being
a bishop who could advocate the cause of the ehurcl
York; and the affair was, by the aid of God's grace, deei
at a eouncil held at a place called I'ndivd, before the k
archbishop Lanfranc, and the bishops, abbots, earls,
lords of all England. All the groundless assertions by wi
Thomas and his abettors strove to humble the church of V
cester, and reduoe her to subjection and servitude to
church of York, were, by God's just judgment, end
refuted and negatived by written documents, so that Wall:
not only recovered the possessions he claimed, but, by (J
goodness, and the king's assent, regained for his -n- all
immunities and privileges freely granted to it by it*
founders, tlie holy king Ethered, Oshere, sub-king of
Hw iotas, and the other kings of Jlercia, Cenred, Ethelh
Ott'a, Kenulf, Edward the Elder, Athelstan, Edmund, Ed
and Edgar.

Ethel wine, bishop of Durham, was taken by king Willi;
retainers, and thrown into prison, where, refusing all fouii
the depth of Ins distress, lie died of grief and starvation.1
the death of Siward, bishop of Rochester, Arnostus, o m
of Bee, succeeded him, and was himself succeeded by Gunc
a monk of the same church.

[a.d. 1071.] Lanfranc and Thomas went to Borne,

1 The death of Ethelwine is here anticipated, as we find hut

I'oll'jivmjj year with Mortar, Ilei't-wai'd, and their associate* at
-— ---J, prison at Abingdon, where be died.

~D, 1072-4.] REVOLT OF THE ENGLISH NOBLES. 177

eceived the pallium from pope Alexander. Earls Edwin and
ftorcar escaped secretly from king William's court, finding
hat he intended to arrest them, and they were for some time
n arms against him ; but seeing that their enterprise was not
wccessful, Edwin resolved to go to Malcolm, king of the
Scots, but, during the journey, he fell into an ambuscade laid
by his own people, and was killed. Morcar and Ethel wine,
bishop of Durham, Siward, surnamed Barn, and Hereward, a
man of great bravery, with many others, took ship and went
to the Isle of Ely, intending to winter there. The king,
hearing of this, blocked up every outlet on the eastern side of
the island by means of his boatmen, and caused a bridge, two
miles long, to be constructed on the western side. When
they saw that they were thus shut in, they resisted no longer,
and all surrendered themselves to the king, except the brave
Hereward, who escaped through the fens with a few others.
The king immediately sent bishop Ethelwine to Abingdon,
where he was imprisoned, and died the same winter. The
earl and the rest were dispersed in various parts of England,
some being placed in confinement, and others set at liberty
with the loss of their hands or eyes. '

[a,d. 1072.] After the Assumption of St. Mary [15th
August], William, king of England, attended by Edric the
Forester, made an expedition into Scotland with a naval force
and an army of cavalry, and reduced it under his own domi-
nion ; and Malcolm, king of Scots, met him at a place called
Abernethy, and did him homage. Ethelric, formerly bishop
of Durham, died at Westminster, where king William had
sent him into confinement, on Monday, the ides [the 15th] of
October. Walchere, a native of Lorraine, succeeded Ethelwine
in the see of Durham.

[a.d. 1073.] William, king of England, reduced to sub-
jection the city of Mans, and the province belonging to it,
chiefly by the aid of the English whom he had taken over
with him. Edgar the etheling came from Scotland to
Normandy, passing through England ; and was reconciled to
the king.

[a.d. 1074.] Roger, earl of Hereford, son of William,
earl of the same county, gave his sister to wife to Ralph,
earl of East Anglia,1 contrary to the command of king

1 Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk.— Saxon Chronicle.

N

178 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.B. 1071.

William,' anil while he was celebrating the nuptials with great
magnificence, and a great number of nobles were assembled
on the occasion at a place called Yxninga, in the province of
Cambridge, a great conspiracy was formed against the king, in
which many of them were concerned, and they inveigled aad
over-persuaded earl Waltheof to join their league. However,
as soon as lie was able, he went to Lanfranc, archbishop <>f
Canterbury, ;ind nxviung absolution at his hands from hit
involuntary oath, by his advice hastened to king William
in Normandy, and laying the whole affair before him
threw himself upon his mercy. The other chiefs of the
conspiracy, being resolved to carry out their enterprise, retired
to their castles, and used all their efforts with their adherent*
to foment the rebellion. But Widsta:i, bishop of Worcester,
with a strong body of troops, and Kthelwy, abbot of Evesham,
with his vassal.-, suppm-ted by Urso, sheriff of Worcestershire,
and Walter de Lacy, with their own followers, and a general
muster of the people, marched against the carl of Hereford,
to prevent his fording the Severn and joining his forces to
those of earl Ralph at the place appointed, Odo, hi ship
of Bayeux, [lie king's brother, and Geoffrey, bishop of Coo-
tances, having assembled a large army, both of the Encash
and Normans, fell in with earl Ralph as he was pitching hi*
camp near Cambridge. The earl, finding that his plans were
frustrated, and terrified at the number of his oppouenU,
retired privately to Norwich, and hawng committed bis castle
to the keeping of his wife and his knights, emh
England for Little Britain, Ids enemies pursuing him, Mid
putting to death or mutilating in various ways such of bit
followers as they were able to capture. The cotnmanden
of the king's army then besieged his castle, until [»»i*
being granted by the king's permission, the countess bid
leave to quit England with ber attendants. After the*e
occurrences, in the course of (lie autumn, the king returned
from Normnndy, and put earl Roger in confinement; hells*
gave earl Waltheof into custody, although he had implored
his mercy.

Edgithu, sister of King Harold, and formerly queen of
England, died at Winchester on the fourteenth of the calends

1 The Saxon Chronicle says that king William "gave 1
Fit a- Ua beta's daughter in marriage to earl Ralph."

A.D. 1075 — 7.] WALTHKOP*S EXECUTION, 179

of January, that is in the month of December [the 19th],
Her corpse was, by the king's command, carried to London,
and buried with great pomp near the body of her husband,
king Edward, at Westminster, where the king held his court
at the ensuing Christmas ; and of those who had lifted up
themselves against him, some he banished from England, and
others he ignominiously punished by the loss of their eyes or
hands, and the earls Waltheof and Roger having been found
guilty by a judgment of the court, were thrown into closer
confinement.

[a.d. 1075.] Earl Waltheof having been brought outside
the city of Winchester, by king William's order, was cruelly
and undeservedly beheaded, and thrown into a hole on the
the spot ; but in the course of time, by the providence of
God, his body was exhumed, and conveyed with great honour
to Croyland, where it was entombed in the church with due
ceremony. The earl, during the close of his life, when in
close confinement, ceaselessly and most bitterly lamented
whatever he had done amiss, and strove to propitiate God by
vigils, prayers, fastings, and alms. Men, indeed, sought to
blot out the remembrance of him on earth, but we firmly
believe that he is rejoicing with the saints in heaven. For
this we have the faithful testimony of archbishop Lanfranc, of
pious memory, who having received his confession, and ad-
ministered absolution and penance, declared that he was
guiltless of the crime laid to his charge, the conspiracy
already mentioned ; and as to his other otFences, he had
lamented them with tears of penitence, so that he himself
should have reason to be thankful if, after his own departure,
he should be partaker of the same blessed rest.1 After this,
the king crossed the sea, and invading the lesser Britain, sat
down before the castle of Dol, until Philip, king of France,
forced him to retreat.

a.d. 1076.]

"a.d. 1077.] Robert, king William's eldest son, feeling
aggrieved at not being put into possession of Normandy,

1 Cf. the very circumstantial account given by Ordericus Vitalis, of
earl Waltheof s share in the conspiracy, his trial and tragical imprison-
ment and execution, and the removal of his remains to Croyland. B.
iv. cc. xiv. and xvii. Vol. ii., pp. 79, 86, and 102, 103, BohrCs Antiq.
Lib, See also Ingulph's Chronicle, ibid, pp. 145-7 and 209.

k2

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1079, 1080.

which his father had granted him in the presence of Philip,
king of Franco, before his expedition to England, went to
France, and, supported by Philip, made frequent inroads into
Normandy, plundering and burning the villa and destroying
the people, so that he occasioned his father no little loss tod
anxiety.1

[a.o. 1070.] Malcolm, kin? of the. Scots, after the feast of
the Assumption of 8 1. Mary [15th August], ravaged Noitk
nmbria as far as the great river Tyne, and having slain
numbers of the people, and made still more captives, here-
turned with an immense booty. King William, while engaged
in a combat with his son Hubert before die castle of Uerberoi,
which king Philip had granted to him, was wounded by him
in the arm and unhorsed ; but Hubert, recognising his father1!
voice, instantly dismounted, and, bidding him mount hu
own charger, suffered hint to depart. The king soon after-
wards retreated, having had many of his men slain and sraw
taken prisoners, and his son William and several otliwi
wounded.

The venerable Robert, who had received the order of
priesthood by the hands of Wulfstan, the most reverend bishop
of Worcester, was conseeratcd bishop of Hereford by Lanfranc,
the archbishop, on the fourth of the calends of Jaiuiiirj
[l'9th December], at Canterbury.

[a.D. 1080.] Walchere, hishop of Durham, a native of
Lorraine, was slain by the Northumbrians on Thursday the
second of the ides [14th] of May, at a place called "Caput
Capro:" (Goat's or Gates-head), in revenge for the death of
Liulf, a noble thane. This man had many hereditary
domains in various parts of England ; but as the Norman)
at that time gave free vent to their ferocity in every quarter,
he retired to Durham with all belonging to him, having *
devoted regard for St. Outhbert : for, as tie was wont to
relate to Aldred, archbishop of York, and other men of
religion, that saint often appeared to him, both sleeping tad
waking, and revealed to him, as his faithful votary, all that be
wished to have done. Under his protection, then, Liulf li»W
for a long time, sometimes in the town, sometimes on tk
estates he held in that part of the country. Bishop Walcliere

' Cf, Orderly Vitalis, b. iv. c.

A.D. 1080.] BISHOP OF DURHAM KILLED. 181

had welcomed his arrival at Durham, being himself entirely
devoted to the same saint, and he therefore entertained so
great a regard for him that he was loath to transact any
business of importance in his secular concerns without his
advice. In consequence of this, his chaplain Leobwine, whom
he had raised to such a pitch of power that scarcely anything
was moved either in the bishopric or in the county without
his consent, at once stung to the quick by jealousy, and
puffed up with excessive pride by his own pre-eminence,
treated Liulf with great arrogance; making light of his
opinions and counsels, and using every effort to render them
null. Frequently also, when arguing with him in the bishop's
presence, he provoked him to anger by opprobrious language,
and even used threats. On one occasion, when this same
Liulf, having been called to his counsels by the bishop, hdd
given his decisions according to law and justice, Leobwine
violently opposed him, and exasperated him by contemptuous
expressions. As the other, however, replied to him with
more vehemence than he was wont, he immediately left the
court, and calling aside Gilbert, to whom the bishop, as being
his kinsman, had deputed the government of the county of
Northumbria, earnestly besought him to avenge' him by com-
passing Liulf s death on the first opportunity. Gilbert,
readily consenting to this iniquitous request, having collected
in a body his own retainers and those of the bishop and
Leobwine, went one night to the vill where Liulf then was,
and wickedly slew him in his own house with nearly all his
household. On hearing this, the bishop uttered a deep groan,
and tearing off his hood from his head and casting it on the
ground, said mournfully, " This has been effected through
your crafty devices and most ill-advised suggestions, and
I would have you know that, for a surety, you have destroyed
both yourself and me and all my establishment by the sword
of your tongue." Saying this, he hastily shut himself up in
the castle, and took care, by despatching, messengers with all
speed throughout Northumbria, to make it generally known
that, so far from having been privy to Liulf s death, he had
banished from Northumbria his murderer Gilbert and all his
accomplices, and was ready to clear himself by submitting to
the judgment of the pope. Then, by the exchange of mes-
sengers, he and the kindred of those who were slain, having

182 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 108C

made a truce between themselves, fixed time and place i
which they would meet and conclude a firm peace wit
each other.

At the time appointed they assembled at the place agree
on ; but the bishop was unwilling to hove the cause pleale
in the open air, anil entered a church which was on the sptt
with his clerks and the more lionour.ible of his knights; am
having consulted with them, sent out to them again and »g»i
chosen friend a to treat of tonus of peace: but they would b
no means assent to his proposals considering it certain th»
LiuU' had been put to death by the bishop's orders; for nc
only had Leobwine, on the very night after the murder of hi
Neighbour, entertained (.-filbert and liis associates with fnenii]
familiarity, but the bishop hinisclf had admitted him amon
iiis household with the same favour as before : wherefore, the;
tlrst massacred all those of the bishop's party who were out
side the church, a few only saving themselves by flight
Seeing this, to satisfy the rage of his adversaries, the bisho]
ordered the bofure-incmiuiLed (iilbert, his kinsman, whose lit

was sought, to go out of the church ; who, as he went, «*
closely followed by men-at-arms ready to defend him ; lit
the enemy fell upon them instantly with swords and spews
and killed them all, except two English thanes, who wen
spared out of regard to their kindred.

They also slew Loofwine, dean of Durham, as soon as In
came out, beeause he had often given the bishop sdiersi
counsels, and the rest of tlioelergy with him. Lot the hishiip
finding that their rage could not be appeased by any menu!
short of the sacrifice of the chief author of all the calitnitr
Leobwine, requested him to go forth. Being, bu
tirely unable to prevail upon him to venture, lie proceeded
himself to the door of the church and intreated that his own
lite might be saved. Llis prayers being rejected, he coveted
his head with the skirt of bis robe, and. passing through lii*
open door, was instantly despatched by the swords of the
enemy. They next emnnianded Leobwine to come forth, udi
on his refusing, set firo to the walls and roof of the church:
hot he preferring to end his life by fire rather than hy ik
sword, bore the flames for some time. At length, lialf-borei
he ka]K'd down, and. being dashed in pieces, paid the p
"" 'i iniquity by his miserable end. r™

e the at' - ' I

AJ>. 1081-3.] OUTRAGE AT GLASTONBURY. 183

murder of these men, king William ravaged Northumbria the
same year.

[a.d. 1081.] William, abbot of the monastery of St. Vincent,
the martyr, having been chosen by king William, was appointed
to the bishopric of Durham, and consecrated by archbishop
Thomas on the nones [the 5th] of January.

[a.d. 1082.] King William caused his brother Odo, bishop
of Bayeux, to be placed in confinement in Normandy.

[a.d. 1083.] There was a dreadful quarrel between the
monks of Glastonbury and their abbot, Thurstan, a man un-
worthy of the dignity, who had been raised to it by king
William from being a monk of Caen, indiscreet as he was.
Among his other acts of folly, he attempted to force the
monks to relinquish the Gregorian chaunt, which he despised,
and to learn to sing that of one William, a monk of Fecamp.
They were much aggrieved at this, having grown old in the use
of this, as well as in other ecclesiastical offices, according to
the usage of the Koman church ; whereupon he suddenly
broke into the chapter-house at the head of an armed band of
men in arms, one day when they least expected it, and pursued
the terrified monks, who took refuge in the church, to the
foot of the altar. The armed band pierced the crosses and
the images and shrines of the saints with darts and arrows,
and even speared to death one of the monks as he was clinging
to the altar ; another was shot by arrows on the altar-steps ;
the rest, driven by necessity, defended themselves bravely
with the benches and candlesticks of the church, and, although
severely wounded, drove the soldiers out of the choir. Two
of the monks were killed and fourteen wounded, and some of
the soldiers also received wounds.

On the trial for this outrage, it appeared that the abbot was
most to blame, and the king removed him and sent him back
to his monastery in Normandy. A great number of the monks
were, by the king's command, dispersed among the cathedrals
and abbeys, where they were confined. After his death, the
abbot repurchased the abbey from his son, king William, for
five hundred pounds ; and, after wandering about for some
years among the possessions of the church, ended his life in
misery far from the monastery, as he deserved. Queen
Matilda died in Normandy on Thursday the fourth of the
nones [the 2nd] of November, and was buried at Caen.1
1 Ordericus Vitalis, vol. ii., p. 376, in Antiq. Lib,

184 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [A.D. 10S4-10&

[A3. 1094.] William, king of England, levied six shillin|
from every hide of land throughout England.

[a.D. 1085.] Edmund, abbot of l'ershore, ;i man of eminei
worth and piety, died in a good old age on Sunday the sevw
teenth of the calends of July [T5th Juno], and was honourao
buried by Serlo, the venerable ablwt of Gloucester : be wi
sueoi 'cdeil by Thurstan, a monk of Gloucester. The s»n
year, Canute, king of Denmark, assembled a powerful fie
for an expedition to England, in which he had the support i
his fal her- in-law, Robert, earl of Flanders. In COUMQIMH
king Wilhiam took into his pay a great many thousand trouj)
consisting of archers and foot-soldiers, from every put <
France, and some from Normandy, and, returning toEnghui
in the time of autumn, distributed them throughout it
kingdom, giving orders to the bishops, abbots, earls, baron
sheriffs, and royal officers to supply them with provision!
Finding, however, that the threatened hostilities were frro
trated, he disbanded part of his army, detaining the ret) i
England through the whole winter. During Christmas h
held his court at Gloucester, where he gave bishoprics i
three of his chaplains. Maurice had Loudon ; William, Ttet
ford ; and Robert, Chester.

[a.D. 1086.] King William caused a record1 to be tnau
through all England of how much laud each of his baron
held, the number of knight-fees, of ploughs, of villains, am
beasts ; and also of all the ready money every man possosW
throughout his kingdom, from the greatest to the least, w
how much rent each estate was able to pay ; and the ktn
was sorely harassed by llie distress which ensued from it.

In Whitsuu-week ""Jlili May] the king conferred the hono*
of knighthood on his son Henry, at Westminster where he lid'
his court. Soon afterwards he summoned all afchbuhtf
bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and sheriffs, with their knight'
to meet him at Salisbury on the calends [the 1st] of Augtul
and on their appearance e-nforcod on (.he knights an oath <
fealty to himself against all others.

About this time, the etlieling Edgar, having obtained th
king's licence, crossed the sea with two hundred knights in
went to Apulia: his sister, the virgin Christina, entered ti
monastery of Ramsey and became a nun. The s

1 It ih hardly necessary to remark that our author refer
r>u!!icafla.y Book.

I g*BM fU

A.D. 1087.] WILLIAM BUFUS SUCCEEDS. 185

there was a great murrain among the cattle, and the atmo-
sphere was very sickly.

[a.d. 1087.] This year there was great mortality, first
from fevers, and afterwards from famine. Meanwhile, the
devouring flames laid nearly all the cities of England in ruins,
including the church of St. Paul the apostle, and the largest
and best part of London. King Canute fell a martyr at the
hands of his subjects in a church, on Saturday the sixth of
the ides [the 10th] of July.1 Stigand, bishop of Chichester,
Scotland, abbot of St. Augustine's (Canterbury), Alsy, abbot
of Bath, and Thurstan, abbot of Pershore, died.

Before the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary [15th August],
king William entered France with an army, and having burnt
the town of Mantes, with all the churches in it, and two re-
eluses, then returned to Normandy; but on his return he
was seized by dreadful pains in the bowels, which grew worse
from day to day. His disorder increasing so that he perceived
that death was approaching, he liberated his brother Odo, bishop
of Bayeux, the earls Morcar, Roger, and Siward, surnamed
Barn, with Wulnoth, king Harold's brother, whom he had
kept in prison from his childhood, and all whom he had im-
prisoned either in England or Normandy. He then made
over the kingdom of England to his son William,2 and
granted the duchy of Normandy to his eldest son, Robert,
who was at that time an exile in France ; and so, strengthened
by the heavenly viaticum, he yielded up his life and his
kingdom on the fifth of the ides [the [Hh] of September,
having reigned in England twenty years, ten months, and
twenty-eight days. He lies buried at Caen, in the church of
St. Stephen, the Proto-martyr, which he founded and en-
dowed himself.

His son William crossed over to England in great haste,
taking with him Wulnoth and Morcar; but as soon as he
reached Winchester he placed them in confinement as before ;
and on Sunday the sixth of the calends of October
[26th September] he was crowned at Westminster by

1 Cf. Ordericus Vitalis, h. vii. c. xi. ; and two notes in vol. ii., pp.
382, 383, of the edition in Bohn's Antiq. Lib.

2 Ordericus Vitalis gives a different representation ; ibid; p. 413.

Chapters xv xvii. of this work give the best account of the closing

acts and scenes of the Conqueror's life.

186 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1087, 1 OSS.

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. Then returning to
Winctif'stor lie divided, his father's treasure among the
churches in England, according to his directions : namely,
that some of the principal churches should have ten marks of
gold, some six, and others less ; and to each of the churches
in his cities and villa he gave si sty pence : he also command^
that crosses, altars, reliipiaries, missals,1 can (Ilea ticks, holj-
water pota,a and chalices,3 and various ornaments, atudded
with gems, gold, silver, and precious atones, should be dis-
tributed among I lie i;re;tl or churches and abbeys. His brother
Robert also, on his return to Normandy, liberally distributed
the treasures he found ; giving them to the monasteries and
churches and the poor, for the good of hi? father's soul; and,
releasing from prison Lf If, the son of Harold, formerly king of
England, and Duncan, son of Malcolm, king of the Scots,
conferred on them the honour of knighthood, and permitted
them to depart.

[a.D. 1088.] This year there was area t dissension among
the English nobility ; for part of the Norman nobles, although
they were few in number, favoured king William, while the
other part, which was the most numerous, adhered to Robert,
earl of Normandy, and wished to invite liim over, and either
betray alive the brother who was king to his brother the earl,
or deprive the khig of his crown and life. The chief mMH
in this execrable design were Odu, bislk>]> of tiaycux, who itm
also e.irl of Kent, and Robert, earl of Morton, his brother,
both of whom were brothers of king William the Elder, but
only by the mothers side.1 There were also concerned in thf

1 Texton. Looking to its connection with other church furniturr,
this word might perhaps bo rendered coverings (for thealurortf
ornaments), although in pure Latin it would then lie WM, lVeirr,
however, inclined tn ihink that it means hooks used in the ser«iw "'
thealtar; the missal, to-ethfr with the earion ot'tlioina-ss,containin'lh'
inlroits. irrndurils, trails, lessons, ic, besides tin: epislles and gospel
all wliicli may I"- railed texts.

* Silvias; the word is so applied in an inventory of the church *
Spires, a.d. 1419. " Item, unua bitulus cum aspergerio argent p"
unuft henedictik.

' FhUtht? ; the word was originally applied to the reed used in
admiriisivriji^ t.lie eup to the faithful, when the communion wna gi"n
in both kinds,

' Bishop Odo and Robert, earl ef Morton, were the sons of Il.irWU.
the mother of William the Conqueror, by Herloin de ContevHto, »
whom she was married before tliu death of Habere.

A.D. 1088.] THE BARONS' REVOLT, 187

plot Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, with his nephew Robert,
earl of Northumbria, Roger, earl of Shrewsbury, and what
was worse still, William, bishop of Durham ; for at this very
time the king relied on his discretion as a faithful counsellor,
he being a man of great sagacity, and the whole common-
wealth of England was under his administration. They were
men whose vast landed possessions gave them great pre-
ponderance in England. The number of their comrades in
arms, and associates in the conspiracy, daily increased. This
execrable design was secretly discussed during Lent [March
1st — April 9th], so that it might burst forth after Easter
[10th April] ; for withdrawing from the king's court they
fortified their castles, and prepared to spread fire and sword,
rapine and slaughter through the country. What an accursed
deed was this, a conflict worse than civil war ! Fathers fought
against sons, brothers against brothers, friends against kins-
men, foreigners against foreigners.

Meanwhile, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, having fortified
Rochester, sent to Normandy, exhorting earl Robert to lose
no time in coming to England, informing him of what had
taken place, and assuring him that the kingdom was ready for
him, and that if he were not wanting to himself, the crown
was his own. Struck with the unexpected news, the earl
announces it to his friends with exultation, already anticipates
a triumph, secure of success, and invites numbers to share the
spoil. He sends an auxiliary force to the support of bishop
Odo, his uncle, in England, and promises to follow it as
soon as he can assemble a larger army. The troops despatched
by earl Robert on their arrival in England had the custody
of Rochester intrusted to them by bishop Odo ; Eustace the
younger, count of Boulogne, and Robert de Belesme, as the
men of highest rank, assuming the command.

When the king received intelligence of this movement, he
was strangely troubled ; but relying on his undaunted valour,
and having sent messengers who, by virtue of his royal authority,
summoned to his side those he considered loyal, he went to
London for the purpose of ordering all matters and providing
means for the prosecution of the war. Assembling troops,
both horse and foot, to form an army, which, though small,
contained as many Normans as he could at present muster,
but consisted chiefly of English, and making [just] laws and

188 FLORENCE OF WOnCF.STER. [A.D. 10S8.

promising all sorts of good things to his adherent*, he put
his trust in God's mercy, and prepared to march to Rochester,
where he heard the enemy's main body was stationed. For
he was given to understand that the bishop Odo was there
with all his force, arid the troops from beyond sea. Having;
put his army in motion, lie found that Tunbridge, a place
lielonging to Gilbert Fitz-Iii chard, was held against him; he
therefore laid siege to it, stormed it in two days, and forced
Gilbert, who was wounded, to surrender himself and bit
castle. The report of this reaching Odo's ears, after uon-
sntting with his friends, he left Rochester and ■
with a few followers to the castle of his brother Robert,
earl of Morton, called Pevensey. Finding his brotltw
there, he exhorted him to hold out, assuring them (hat tkw
should be safe there; and while the king was engaged b
the siege of Rochester, the carl of Normandy would arrive
with a large army, and, relieving them and their garrison,
make himself master of the kingdom, and amply reward Wl
adherents.

The king, having reduced Tunbridge and received tic
fealty of the inhabitants, left Gilbert there in consequence of
his wound, and, placing a garrison in the castle, was on thi1
point of continuing his march to Rochester according to his
rirst intention, when he heard that his uncle had left it *wl
gone to Pevensey. Acting, therefore, on sound advice, he
led his army in pursuit of him to that place, hoping (list Hr
should sooner terminate the war, if he could first iriuuil1'1
over the authors of all the mischief we have described, fie
marie forced marches, he prepared lis engines, lie beMDjjrf
his two uncles. The place was strongly fortified, but I*
made incessant efforts to reduce it.1

Meanwhile the storm of war raged in every part of Eng-
land. The garrison of Rochester fell on the peoplfl *
Canterbury and London with fire and sword; for Lanfrw*,
the archbishop, and nearly all the nobles of that, province,
were with the king. Roger,3 an ally of Robert, was at b»

1 Our author's account of tliu important events con ited witi ''';

siege of Rochester, win v.h r'tnlrti in the expulsion of tho his>i'>p '''
May'eux, is very concise. Cf. Orderiuns Vitulis, vol. ii., pn.4ri(U Ml

* Roger de Montgomery, curl of Shrewsbury. Arundel WW (*■
first English fief granted to his father.

a.d. 1088.] civil wars. 189

castle of Arundel, expecting the arrival of the earl of Nor-
mandy.1 Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, held Bristol castle in
conjunction with his nephew and accomplice in conspiracy and
treason, Robert de Mowbray, a man of military experience ;
who, collecting troops, attacked Bath, a city of the king's,
and having burnt and plundered it, passed on towards Wilt-
shire, where he ravaged the vills and slaughtered many of the
inhabitants, and at length reached Ilchester, and sat down
before it, determined to take it. The besiegers were animated
in their attacks by the hope of plunder and the desire of
victory. The men in the garrison made a stout resistance in
defence of themselves and those who were dear to them. At
length, of the two, those who were driven to extremity
triumphed, and Robert, being repulsed, retired, mourning
over his ill success. William d'Eu made an irruption into
Gloucestershire, and having plundered the royal vill of
Berkeley, committed great ravages through the country with
fire and sword.

[Worcester defended by Bishop Wid/stan."]

While so much destruction was wrought in every quarter,
Bernard du Neuf-March6, Roger de Lacy, who had lately
wrested Hereford from the king, and Ralph de Mortemer,*
accomplices in the conspiracy, with the vassals of Roger, earl
of Shrewsbury, having assembled a numerous army of English,
Normans, and Welsh, burst into the province of Worcester,
declaring that they would burn the city of Worcester,
plunder the church of God and St. Mary, and take summary
vengeance on the inhabitants for their loyalty to the king.
On hearing this, the reverend father Wulfstan, bishop of
Worcester,3 — a man of deep piety and dove-like simplicity,

1 Comitis prcedicti. Florence of Worcester, throughout his chron-
icle, designates Robert as earl, not duke, of Normandy.

2 Ordericus Vitalis adds " Osbern, son of Richard, surnamed Scroop,"
to the list. He appears, by Domesday Book, to have held in capite
lands in ^Worcestershire.

3 St. Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 1062— Jan. 18, 1095. Florence,
in this and subsequent passages, naturally enters into more details of
events connected with Worcestershire and the adjoining counties, than
aay other chronicler.

1!)0 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1088.

beloved alike by God and the people he entirely governed,
faithful to the ting as his earthly lord, under all circum-
stances,— was in great tribulation ; >>iir soon rallying, by God'l
mercy, prepared himself like another Moses to stand manfully
by his people and city. While they armed themselves to re-
pel the enemy, he poured forth supplications in the impending
danger, exhorting his people not to despair of the help uf
God, who fighteth not with sword and spear. Meanwhile, tlie
Normans, taking counsel, entreated the bishop to remove
from the church into the castle, saying that his presence
would give thorn more security if they should be in greater
peri!: for they loved him much. Such was his extraordinary
kindness of heart, that, from duty to the king and regard fur
them, he assented to their request.

Thereupon the bishop's retainers bravely made ready 1. 1 figlir:
the garrison and the whole body of the citizens assembled,
declaring that they would encounter the enemy o
aide of the Severn, if the bishop would give them leave.
Taking their arms, therefore, and being arrayed for battle,
they met the bishop as he was going to the castle, and besought
him to grant their desire, k> which lie freely assented, " («","
said he, "my sons, go in peace, go in confidence, with (In?
blessing of God, and mine. Trusting in God, I promise JM
that no sword shall hurt you this day, no disaster, no enemy,
Be firm in your loyalty to the king, and do valiantly for the
safety of the people and the city." On hearing these wonls
they cheerfully crossed the hri.lge which had I>eeu repair^,
and beheld from a distance the enemy rapidly approaching
The fury of war was already raging with violence through
their ranks, for, despite of the bishop's injunctions, they bod
set fire to his own domains. On hearing this, the bishop WM
striken with deep sorrow, seeing the impoverishment of t!«
possessions of the church; and holding council upon it, "«
wrought upon by the unanimous voice of all present IB
pronounce a curse upon the enemy,

A miracle ensued, which showed at once the power of God,
«nd the worthiness of the man ; for the enemy, who were dis-
persed in parties through the fields, were instantly struck with
such feebleness in their limbs, and loss of eyesight, that thej
were scarcely able to carry their arms, or recognise their enm-
rades, or discern those who were advancing to attack t!

Lt.im.-k .!'-■

A.D. 1089-91.] WORCESTER SAVED BY WULFSTAN. 191

While they in their blindness were at a loss what to do, con-
fidence in God and the bishop's blessing encouraged our party.
They had so lost their wits that they neither had the sense to
effect a retreat, nor sought any means of defence ; but being
by God's judgment given up to the fate of the reprobate,
they easily fell into the hands of their enemies. The foot
soldiers were put to the sword, the knights and their mounted
followers, English, Norman, and Welsh, were taken prisoners,
the rest barely managing in their feeble state to make their
escape. The king's liege-men and the bishop's retainers
returned home in triumph without the loss of a single man ;
thanking God for the preservation of the propertv of the
church, and the bishop for his salutary counsels. •

[a.d. 1089.] Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, died
on Thursday the 9th of the calends of June [24th May].
The same year, on Saturday the third of the ides [the 11th
of August], about the third hour, there was a great earthquake
throughout all England.

[a.d. 1090.] William the younger, king of England,
coveted to wrest Normandy from his brother Robert, and
subject it to his own dominion. His first step was to make
terms with Walter de St. Valery and Odo d' Aumale, for putting
their castles into his hands, and he afterwards got possession
of other castles in the same way ; and in all these he stationed
troops, with orders to ravage Normandy. Earl Robert, find-
ing this, and discovering the disloyalty of his nobles, sent
envoys to Philip, king of France, his liege-lord, to invite him
into Normandy ; whereupon he and the king laid siege
to one of the castles in which his brother had placed a garri-
son. This being reported to king William, he sent privately
a large sum of money to king Philip, and earnestly entreated
him to raise the siege and return home ; to which Philip con-
sented.

[a.d. 1091.] In the month of February, king William the
younger went over to Normandy with the determination to
wrest it from his brother Robert; but while he remained
there peace was made between them on the terms that the
earl should freely cede to the king the county of Eu, the ab-
bey of Fecamp, the abbey of Mount St. Michael, Cherbourg,
and the castles which had revolted from him ; while the king
undertook, on his part, to reduce the province of Maine,

192 Florence or woncESTEM. [a.d. 1091.

and the castles in Normandy which were then held against
the earl to subjection to him; should restore their EggiM
domains to all the Normans who had forfeited thorn by their
adherence to the earl ; and should grant liiin such lands in
England as they had already agreed on. It was stipulated,
in addition, that if the earl should die without leaving a so*
born in lawful wedlock, the king should be his heir ; and if
the king should happen to die under similar circumstanced,
the earl should he his heir. This treaty was ratified by the
oaths of twelve barons on the king's side and twelve 08 the

Meanwhile, their brother Henry, at the head of all the
troops he* could muster, got possession of Mount St. Michael,
some of the monks abettiug him ; and began to ravage the
lands of the king, taking some of his vassals prisoners and
plundering others. Thereupon the king and the earl assem-
bled an army and besieged the mount during the whole of
Lent [26th February], having frequent skirmishes with prima
Henry, in which they lost some of their men and horses. The
king, however, becoming weary of the length of the siege, drew
off without coming to terms ; anil shortly after wards look Iron
Edgar the etheling the possessions which the earl bad grant*!
him, and forced him to quit Normandy.

[Irruptions of tlie Scots.']

In the month of May, Malcolm, king of the Scots, made in
irruption into Noitliuinbria with a great army,1 intending, if
he was successful, to proceed further and make the people of
England feel his power. However, God would not allow it,»nd
his enterprise failed ; but before lie returned his army pillaged
Northumbria and they carried away much booty. On re-
ceiving this intelligence the king returned to England with
his brother Robert in the mouth of August, and not long
afterwards set on foot an expedition, consisting i.>i" .
able fleet and a large body of horse, to bring Malcolm the
king of the Scots to submission ; but before he reached Scot-
land, a few days before the i'east of St. Michael, nearly all
the ships were sunk, and many of his horsemen perished from
1 Cf. Ordericus Vitalis, b. riii. c. uii.

l.D. 1091.] PEACE WITH MALCOLM. 193

sold and hunger. He was met by king Malcolm, with his
urmy, in the provinces of Lothian.1 Earl Kobert perceiving
this, invited over Edgar the etheling, who having been ex-
pelled from Normandy by king William was then living with
the king of the Scots. By his assistance he concluded a peace
between the two kings, on the terms that Malcolm should do
fealty to William in the same manner his father had done, and
that William should restore to Malcolm twelve vills which he
had held under his father, and should pay him, yearly, twelve
marks of gold. But the peace concluded between them was
of short duration. Edgar himself was also reconciled with
the king through the earl's mediations.

[Winchcornbe Church struck by Lightning.']

On Wednesday the first of the ides [the 15th] of October,
a thunderbolt struck with great force the tower of Winch-
combe church, making a large aperture in the wall near the
summit, and, after having ri\*en one of the beams, struck the
head from a crucifix and threw it on the ground, breaking
also the right leg. An image of St. Mary, which stood near
the crucifix, was also struck down. A thick smoke, with a
suffocating stench, then burst forth and filled the whole
church, lasting until the monks went the circuit of the cham-
bers of the monastery, with holy water and incense, and
the relics of the saints, chanting psalms. Moreover, on Fri-
day the sixteenth of the calends of November [16th October]
a violent whirl whind from the south-west shook and demo-
lished more than six hundred houses and a great number of
churches in London. Rushing through the church of St.
Mary, called " le Bow," it killed two men, and tearing up
the roof and timbers, and whirling them for a long time to
and fro in the air, at last drove six of the rafters, in the same
order in which they were before fixed in the roofs, so deep
into the earth that only the seventh or eighth part of them
was visible, although they were twenty-seven or twenty-eight
feet long.

1 Loidis ; not " the district of Leeds," as suggested in a note of the
English Historical Society's edition of Florence. See Ordericus
Vitalis, vol. iii., p. 10.

O

194 FLORENCE OF WfjRCRSTER. [A.D, 1091. 1092.

After (his the kins; returned from Norllintnhria into Wesses
through Mercia, and kept tlie earl with him until ii'-'iirlv
Oliristma?, but refused to fulfil the condition? r>f the treaty
which had been nuule between them ; at which the earl was

much dissatisfied that he hastened back to Normandy on

the tenth of the calends of January p.'b'd Dec- her], taking

Edgar the e the ling with him.

[27(6 Pope and Antipope Urban If. and Clemens.]

There were at this time, as was reported in England, t«o
popes of Rome, so called, who opposed each other, and wide
a schism in the church of God, namely, Urban, whose origtnil
name was Odo, bishop of Ostia, and Clement, who was called
Guibert, archbishop of R.iyenna. This affair so perplexed
the church of England fur main' years, to say nothing of i>t-lnT
parts of the world, that, t'roiii the time of the death of Gregory,
who was also called Uihlebrand, up to (his period, it yielded
submission and obedience to no one claiming to be pope.
Italv and Gaul had already acknowledged Urban as the vicar
" St. Peter.
[a.d. 1092.] The city of Loudon was almost entirely
destroyed by fire. On Monday the nones [the ,*>th] of April.
Osmund, bishop of iSiili>bury, assisted by Walkelhi, bishop
Winchester, and John, hishop of ilatli, von see rated the chun
which -lie had built in tho castle of Sarura. Renii, who by
license from William the Elder had transferred the seat of hit
bishopric from Dorchester to Lincoln, was desirous of conse-
crating the church which he had built at Lincoln. worthy
indeed to be the cathedral of a bishop's sec,1 becaus-
that the day of his death was at hand ; but Thomas, arch-
bishop of York, opposed him, asserting that the church **»
built within his diocese. However, king William the younger,

for a sum of money paid to him by Renii, summoned i i.

all the bishops of England to assemble together on
tieth of the ides [the !Jth] of May, and dedicate the ehurrli :
but two days before the time fixed, hy the mysterious provi-
dence of God, bishop Remi himself departed from I
and in consequence the consecration of the church was de-
ferred. After this the king went into North urn una, and
1 Cf. Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 219, 220, Antiq. Lib.

092, 1093.] WILLIAM n.'s ILLNESS. 195

ed the city which is called in the British tongue Cairleu,
l Latin Lugubalia (Carlisle), and built a castle there ; for
ity, like some others in that quarter, had been laid in
by the heathen Danes two hundred years before, and
een uninhabited up to this time.

D. 1093.] King William the younger being seized
severe illness, at the royal vill called Alveston, hastily
/ed to Gloucester, and lay there in a languishing con-
i during the whole of Lent. Thinking that death was
he vowed to God, at the suggestions of his barons, to
d his life, to relinquish the practice of selling, and im-
g taxes on, churches, but, on the contrary, to protect
by his royal authority ; and, annulling unjust laws, enact

such as were good. Moreover, he gave to Anselm, abbot
c, who was then in England, the archbishopric of Can-
ry, and to Robert, surnamed Bloet, his chancellor, the
pric of Lincoln. But Anselm was not permitted to
re anything from the archbishopric beyond what the king
ed, until the annual rent which he had received from it
Lanfranc's death was fully paid.

ys, king of Wales, was slain in battle during Easter-week,
Brecknock castle. From that day kings ceased to reign in
i.1 Malcolm, king of the Scots, met king William the
*er at Gloucester, on the day of the feast of St. Bar-
new the apostle, as they had previously concerted
gh their-ambassadors, in order that peace being restored,
might be a firm alliance between them, agreeably to the
s of some of the principal English nobles. But they
ated without coming to any agreement ; for William's

and insolence was such, that he refused to have any
dew and conference with Malcolm. Moreover, he sought
npel him to do him homage in his own court, and abide the
nent of his own barons only ; but Malcolm was by no means
3ed to do this, except on the borders of his own kingdom,
3 the kings of Scotland were wont to do homage to the

lys-ap-Tewdwr, the last king, properly so called, of South Wales,
t the age of* 90, fighting for the independence of his country, on
lack Mountains, near Brecknock, a.d. 1091, according to War-
>n. The country was then finally parcelled out among the
an Lord- Wardens and inferior Welsh chiefs; Rhys's son never
I been able to establish his rights.

o2

106 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.D. 1003.

kings of England, and according to the judgment of tin
barons of both kingdoms, After this a very wonderful sign
appeared in the sun ; and Roger, earl of Shrewsbury, Gny,
abbot of St, Augustine's monastery, and Paul, abbot of St
Alban's, died. In the same year also died Robert, earl oi
Flanders, a man of great valour ; and Ids eldest son Robert

Malcolm, king of the 8-eots, and his eldest son, Edward,
with many others, were slain by the troops of Robert, carl ol
Northumbria, on the feast-day of St. Rrice [13th November].1
Margaret, queen of tin; Sent?, was so deeply affected by the
news of their death, that she fell dangerously ill. Calling the
priests to attend her without delay, she went into the ehurci,
and confessing her sins to them, Mused herself to be anointed
with oil and strengthened with the heavenly viatieurn ; be-
seeching God with earnest and diligent prayers that he would
not sutler her to live longer in this troublesome world. Nor
was it very long before her prayers were heard, for three
days after the king's death she was released from the 1khm1»
of the flesh, and translated, as we doubt not, to the joys of
eternal salvation. For while she lived, she devoted herself
to the exercise of piety, justice, peaee. and chanty ; she f»
frequent in prayer, and chasiened her body by watching* aid
fastings; she endowed eh urches and monasteries; loved and
reverenced the servants and handmaids of Clod ; broke breiJ
to the hungry, clothed the naked, gave shelter, food, and
raiment to all the pilgrims who eame to her door ; and loved
God with all her heart.' After her death the Scots elected
for their king. Donald, brother of king Malcolm, and cupelled
from Scotland all the English who belonged to the king*
e.nurt, Duncan, kinjf Malcolm's son, hearing of these events,
besought king William, in whose army he then served, W
grant him his father's kingdom, and obtaining his request
Nwore fealty to him. He then hastened to Scotland, with »
host of English and Normans, and expelling his uncle Donald
reigned in his stead. Thereupon some of the Soot- buii-V
together and slew nearly all his men, a few only escapiag
with him. But afterwards they restored him to the throw,
on condition that he should no longer harbour either tag-
• Cf. Ordericus ViUlis, *ol. ii., p. 11.
3 Ibid, pp. 12, 13.

a.d. 1093, 1094.] William's designs on normandy. 197

lishraen or Normans in Scotland, and permit them to serve in
his army.

Nearly all the bishops of England being assembled, with
Thomas, archbishop of York, the primate, they consecrated
Anselm, abbot of Bee,, as archbishop [of Canterbury], on the
day before the nones [the 4th] of December. In the same
year, William, count d'Eu, won over by his greediness of lucre,
and attracted by the promise of vast domains, deserted his
natural lord, Robert, earl of Normandy, to whom he had
sworn fealty, and coming to king William in England, trans-
ferred his allegiance to that powerful seducer^

[a*d. 1094.] On the death of Herfast, who had been a
chaplain to earl William and afterwards to king William, and
in process of time bishop of Thetford, and the death also of
William, his successor,. Herbert, surnamed Losing, for his
address in flattery, from being prior of Fecamp and abbot of
Ramsey, became by purchase bishop of Thetford; and his
father Robert, of the same surname, became intrusive abbot
of Winchester. But he was absolved by penitence from the
errors of his- faults ; for going to Rome in more mature years
he there laid down his simoniaeal staff and ring, which were
restored to him by the indulgence of that most merciful see.
Returning home, he transferred the seat of his bishopric to a
town celebrated as a place of trade and general resort, called
Norwich, and founded there a convent of monks.

King William went to Hastings, and while there caused the
church of Battle to be dedicated ; and then crossing over to
Normandy had a conference with his brother, under a safe
conduct, but came away without being reconciled to him, and
the earl went to Rouen. The king returned to Eu, and
establishing himself there, took soldiers into his pay from all
quarters, and induced several of the Norman nobles to forfeit
their allegiance to his brother, and place their castles in his
power, some by promises, others by gifts of gold, silver, and
lands ; and having secured their consent, he distributed his
own troops among the castles which he already held, or those
which were now made over to him. Meanwhile, he took the
castle of Bures, and sent some of the earl's soldiers who were
taken there prisoners to England, and confined the rest in
Normandy. Thus he harassed his brother in various ways,
and used his utmost efforts to deprive him of his inheritance.

198 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.O. 1094,

The carl, driven to extremity, brought his suzerain, ki
Philip, with a French army into Normandy, who laid si
to the castle of Argentan, anil on the very day he si
before it, took seven hundred of the king's knights p
with as many squires, and the whole garrison of t"
without loss of Mood. Ho then returned to France, h
given orders that the prisoners should be detained L
until they paid their respective ransoms. Karl Robert »lw \
besieged the castle eal led Holme, until William Peverel ai
eight hundred men who defended it surrendered to liii
When the king was informed of this, he sent messengers to
England with orders that twenty thousand foot soldiers should
be levied and despatched to his aid in Normandy. They were
mustered at Hastings, in readiness for crossing the sea, but
I'nlph Passe-Flam bard, by the king's command, withheld the
pay which had been allotted for their maintenance, at the
[■ate of ten-pence for each man, and gave them orders to
return to their homes ; the money ho remitted to the king.
Meanwhile, all England was distressed by heavy and o
stant taxation, and by a mortality which was very genera
this and the following year.

In addition to this, first the people of North Wales, »nu
then those of West and South Wales, threw off the yoke at ,
subjection under which they hail long suffered, and rallying
their courage struggled to obtain their in dependence. As-
sonibling in great numbers, they razed the castles which W
been creeled in West M ale*, ami making frequent irr
into the counties of Chester, Shrewsbury, ami Hereford, »t
(ire to and plundered the vilfs, and killed many of the KnsW
and Normans. They also demolished the castle in the Islerf
Man, and reduced the island under their power. Meauwhilr,
the Scots perfidiously murdered their kintr, Duncan, and so
others, at the instigation of Donald, who was agjibs
the throne. After this, king William returned to Engtwrii
on the fourth of the calends of January [29th December], wA
leading an army into Wales to subdue the Welsh, lost tier*
many men and horses.

[A,D. 1095.] Wulfstan, the venerable bishop ...
church of Worcester, a man eminent for the excellence of hs
life, and devoted from his youth to divine offices, after m
severe and holy struggles, by which he zealously $

ices, ifterMMJ
isly served <W I

A.D. 1095.] DEATH OF WULFSTAN. 199

with great mental devotion and humility, that he might attain
to the glory of the kingdom of heaven, departed this life in
the night of Saturday, the eighteenth of January, about the
middle of the seventh hour, and in the year 5299 from the
beginning of the world, according to the undoubted reckoning
of Holy Scripture, in the 529th year of the ninth great -cycle,
and the 476th of the ninth cycle from the beginning of the
world ; in the 1084th from the passion of our Lord, but the
1066th according to Bede's computation, and the 1061st ac-
cording to Dionysius ; in the 741st1 from the arrival of the
Angles in Britain ; in the 498th from the arrival of St.
Augustine ;3 in the 103rd from the death of St. Oswald, the
archbishop ;8 in the 302nd of the eleventh great paschal cycle,
and in the 502nd of the tenth from the beginning of the
world ; in the 4th of the second solar cycle, in the 3rd of the
bissextile cycle, in the 13th of the second cycle of nineteen
years, in the 10th of the second lunar cycle, in the fifth
endecad, in the third cycle of the indiction, in the eighteenth
lustre of his own age, and in the 3rd year of the seventh
lustrum of his episcopate.4

In the very hour of his departure he wonderfully appeared
in a vision to a friend whom he had especially loved, Robert,
bishop of Hereford, in the town of Cricklade, and enjoined
him to hasten to Worcester to perform his obsequies. Also,
God suffered no man to remove from his finger the ring with
which he had received episcopal consecration, that the holy
man might not appear to forfeit his engagement to his people,
to whom he had often foretold that he would never part with
it during his life, nor even on the day of his burial.

On the day before the nones [the 4th] of April, stars were
seen to fall, as it were, in the heavens. Walter, bishop of
Albano, a legate of the holy Roman church, sent by pope
Urban, came to England before Easter, bringing the pallium

1 It should be the 641st, a.d. 460.
* a.d. 597.

3 a d. 992.

4 " The above numerous determinations of the period of Wulfstan's
death are perhaps to be accounted for by the circumstance of his con-
nection with the monastery to which Florenca himself belonged. Of
some the accuracy is doubtful ; others are manifestly inaccurate.
Wharton, in a note on the subject, says, * Multiplex in hisce numeris
error deprehendi potest.' Angtia Sacra, ii., p. 276." — Thorpe.

200 FLORENCE OF W01MJESTEB, [a.D. 1096.

for which king William had sent the preceding year ; and
according to agreement it <vns laid by him on the altar of Si.
Saviour's at Canterbury, from whence it was taken by Ans«lni
and humbly kissed by all present, in reverence to St. Peter.
Robert, bishop of Hereford, a man of eminent piety, died on
Tuesday the sixth of the calends of July [26th June]. Wult-
stan, the before-mentioned bishop of Worcester, appeared to
him for the second time in a vision on the thirtieth day after
his departure from the world, and sharply reproved him for
sloth und negligence, admonishing him to apply himself with
the utmost vigilance to the reformation of his own lite and of
those he governed ; and he said, that if he did this he might
speedily obtain pardon from God for all his sins ; adding (Jut
he would not long fill the see in which he then sat, hut if be
would he more zealous, he should feast with him in the pre-
sence of God. For these two were mutually united in tin-
bonds of exceeding love to God and to each other ; and it i»,
therefore, natural to think that he who had first departed out
of this life to God, should exhibit his concern for his best
beloved friend whom lie had left behind in this world, toil
should labour that they might both as soon as possible repot
together in the presence of God.

[Revolt of the Barons in the North.']

Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, and Williira
d'Eu, with many others, attempted to deprive fcintr William
of his kingdom and life, and to make Stephen d'Aumale, fix1
son of his aunt, king in his place, but without success; for
as soon as the plot was known, the king assembled his nrmj
from every part 'of England and be-ieged the castle of tk
said carl Robert, which stood at the mouth of the river Tyii<\
for two months. During this siege he reduced a small fort,
in which he took nearly all the earl's best soldiers and put
them into confinement ; he then stormed the besieged caide
itself, and committed to close custody the earl's brother, »ml
the knights he found in it. After this he built a fort before
Beban-byrig, that is, the Burg of queen Bebba,'
earl had sought refuge, and calling it Mai

' Rambornugh castle. Cf. the account given
b, viii. c. xxiii. vol. hi., pp. 10, &c.

A.D. 1095, 1096.] REVOLT IN THE NORTH. 201

garrison in it, and returned to the country south of the
Humber. After his departure the wardens of Newcastle
promised earl Robert to give him admission into the fortress,
if he could come by stealth. Joyfully accepting this proposal,
he set forth one night with thirty troopers to accomplish his
design. On discovering this, the knights who kept guard
against the castle [of Bamborough] went in pursuit and
despatched messengers to inform the garrison of Newcastle of
his departure. In ignorance of these movements, Robert
made his attempt on Sunday, but the enterprise failed be-
cause it was anticipated. He therefore took refuge in the
monastery of St. Oswin, king and martyr, where, on the
sixth day of the siege, he received a severe wound in the leg
while he was resisting the enemy, of whom many were killed
and many wounded. Of his own men some were wounded,
and all made prisoners ; he himself fled to the church,
from which he was dragged forth and delivered into custody.
Meanwhile, the Welsh demolished the castle of Montgomery,
and killed in it some of the retainers of Hugh earl of Shrews-
bury ; at which the king was so incensed that he issued
orders for an expedition, and after the feast of St. Michael
led his army into Wales, where he lost many men and horses.
Returning thence, he ordered earl Robert to be committed
to Bamborough castle, and his eyes put out unless his
wife and his kinsman, Morcal/ surrendered the castle ; and,
compelled by extreme necessity, they yielded to the summons.
The earl was taken to Windsor and placed in close confine-
ment, and Morcal disclosed the cause of his treason to the
king.

[a.d. 1096.] William, bishop of Durham, died at Windsor
in the king's court, on Wednesday, being the calends [the
1st] of January, but he was buried at Durham. On the
octave of the Epiphany [13th January] a council was held at
Salisbury, at which the king condemned William d'Eu, who
had been vanquished in a duel, to lose his eyes and to be
emasculated, and the earl's steward, William d'Alderi, the son
of his aunt, and privy to his treason, to be hanged. He also
placed in custody Eudes, count of Champagne, the father of
the aforesaid Stephen, Philip, son of Roger, earl of Shrews-
bury; and some others who were accomplices in the re-
bellion.

I? WORCESTER.

[Council of (*hra).:it, and tha Crusade.]

Pope Urban came into France, ami bold in Lent a council
at Clermont,1 at which he exhorted the 'Christians
.leiu.saleiu and subdue the Turks, Saracens, Turvopoles, »ml
other pagans. At this exhortation, and during the irouni-iL
Raymond,' count of St. Giles, took the cross, and numy
others with him, and vowed that they would undertake the
pilgrimage, for God's sake, and accomplish what the ppu
hail recommended. This being noised abroad, the rest of tho
people of Christendom, in Italy, Germany, France, and Eng-
land, vied with each other in preparing to join the ex|>inliii>m.
Their leaders were Adhemar bishop of l'uy, the bishop of
Oatia, with many other bishops, Peter the monk, Hugh the
Great, brother uf Philip king of France, Godfrey,3 ihikc nf
Lorraine, Stephen, count of Chartres, Robert, tail <>( X"r-
mandy, Rohert, earl of Flanders, the two brothers of Wft
Godfrey, Eustace, count of Boulogne, and Baldwin, th*
before-named count Raymond, and llohemuiid, son of Robert
Guiscard.

iamson was consecrated bishop of Worcester by Anselra,
airhbi.diop of (.'iinterbm-y, on Sunday the seventeenth
[15th June], at London, in St. Paul's church.

[Robert Ctirthose mortgages Normandy to his

icutli of Julj I
brother.]

After this, Robert, earl of Normandy, proposing to join Its
crusade to Jerusalem, sent, envoys to England, and requested
his brother, king William, that, peace being restored between
(hem, ho would lend him ten thousand silver marks, rei'civiiis,'
Normandy in pledge. The king, wishing to grant his request,
called on the great English lords to assist him with money,
each according to his means, as speedily as possible. There-
fore, the bishops, abbots, anil abbesses broke up the gold and
silver ornaments of their churches ; and the carls, barons, and

It was in tho year 10:15, and not in Lent, but in the month of
November, that ]>.■[><.' I. ' vl.au II. held tin- <v!«lu-ated council at ClermqBt
He arrived there on the 14ih or 15th of that moutb, opened lb
council on the IMtli, und closed it on the 2Bth.

1 Raymond of Tholouae.

3 Godfrey de Bouillon.

A.D. 1097, 1098.] EXPEDITION TO WALES. 203

viscounts robbed their knights and villeins, and brought to
the king a large sum of money. With this he crossed the sea
in the month of September, made peace with his brother,
advanced him six thousand six hundred and sixty-six pounds,
and received from him Normandy as a security for its repay-
ment.

[a.d. 1097.] William, king of England, returned to Eng-
land during Lent, and after Easter [5th April] he undertook
a second expedition into Wales, with an army of horse and
foot, vowing that he would exterminate the whole male popu-
lation ; but he was scarcely able to take or kill one of them,
while he lost some of his own troops and many horses. After
this he sent Edgar the etheling with an army to Scotland, to
expel his uncle Donald, who had usurped the throne, and
establish his cousin Edgar, son of king Malcolm, king in his
stead.

The Christians took the city of Nice on Saturday the thir-
teenth of the calends of July [1 9th June]. A star called a
comet was visible for fifteen days from the third of the
calends of October [29th September]. Some affirmed that
they saw at that time in the heavens a strange and, as it were, v
flaming sign, in the shape of a cross. Soon afterwards a
quarrel took place between the king and Anselm, archbishop
of Canterbury, because from the time of his being made
archbishop he had not been suffered to hold a synod, nor to
correct the evil practices which had grown up in all parts of
England. He, therefore, crossed the sea, and after sojourning
for a time in France, went to pope Urban at Rome. The
king himself left England for Normandy about the feast of
St. Andrew [30th November]. Baldwin, abbot of the monas-
tery of St. Edmund, who was born in France, a man of
eminent piety and a skilful physician, died in a good old age,
on Tuesday the fourth of the calends of January [29th De-
cember], and lies buried in the middle of the choir of the
principal church.

[a.d. 1098.] Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, died on Sun-
day the third of the nones [the 3rd] of January. Also,
Tliorold, abbot of Peterborough, and Robert, abbot of West-
minster, died. In the summer, king William the younger
brought the city of Mans and a great part of that province
under his dominion by force of arms.

204 FLORENCE OF WOBCESTER. [a D. 1098.

Meanwhile, Hugh, earl of Chester, and Hugh, earl uf
Shrewsbury, led troops into the Isle of Anglesey, and mas-
sacred many of the Welsh whom they took in the island, and
put out the eyes of otliera, having first cut otf their linnds
and feet, and emasculated them. They also dragged (Ml
his church a priest named Kenred, from whom (he Wci-li
received counsel on their undertakings, and having emascu-
lated him and put out one of his e\ es, they out off his tongue ;
but on the third day, by rhe mercy of God, his •jni-.h «j«
restored to him. At (hat time Magnus, king of Norway, sin
of king Olaf, who was sou of king Harold Hariaagnr,' having
added the Orkney and Meuavian islands to his dominion*,
tailed there with a small fleet. But when he attempted to
bring his ships to land, Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, met him
with a large body of men-at-arms on the strand of the**-
shore, and, as it is reported, fell by an arrow discharged b»
the king's own hand on the seventh day after he had treated
the priest just mentioned with such barbarity.

The city of Antioch was taken by tlie Christians on Wed-
nesday the third of the nones [the 3rd] of June; where,
after a few days, the spear with which the Saviour of the
world was pier-cod when hanging on the cross, was discovered
in the church of St. Peter the apostle, by a revelation
from St. Andrew the apostle, the most merciful of saints.
Encouraged by this discovery, the Christians marched VA
of the city, carrying it with them, on Monday the fourth
of the calends of July [2Sth June], and giving'battle to the
pagans, put to flight at the poiut of the sword Ciirbarso,
commander of the forces of the soldan of Persia, and th«
Turks, Arabs, Saracens, Publicans, Azimates, Persians, Agn-
lans, and many other nations ; gaining, by God's aid, a sign*!
victory, and having slain many thousands of the enemy.

There was an unusual light in the heavens, which shunt
during nearly the whole of the night of the fifth of u>
calends of Octoher [27th September]. The same year th*
bones of the king and martyr Canute were disinterred aod
placed in a shrine with great reverence. Iloger, duke o>

1 Magnus III , king of Norway, was son of Harold HaruVaads. F<*

ili'fails ill' his c\pL'tli;ii>:i-; to tin' i.-.ii<4, iiihI parikularly of that in wbi"
Hugh earl of Shrewsbury Ml, s... <J(W»:us Viu.lii, b. I. c rla
tilt? notes in pp. 216, 4c. of vol. 111. in the Antiq. Lib.

A.D. 1098, 1099.] COUNCILS AT ROME AND BABI. 205

Apulia, having assembled a large army, besieged the city of
Capua, which had revolted from his government. Pope
Urban, accompanied, in obedience to his command, by Anselm,
archbishop of Canterbury, went to the council which he had
convened at Bari on the calends [the 1st] of October ; in
which council many articles of the Catholic faith were treated
of by the apostolical pope with eloquent reasoning. A ques-
tion being also raised by the Greeks, who endeavoured to
prove, on evangelical authority, that the Holy Spirit proceeds
from the Father alone, Anselm so handled, discussed, and ex-
hausted the subject, that there was no one in the assembly
who did not admit that he was fully satisfied.

[a.d. 1099.] Pope Urban held a great council at Rome
in the third week of Easter £10th April], in which some
decrees were justly repealed, and new ones made against the
adversaries of holy church, and the pope, with the unani-
mous agreement of the council, launched a sentence of ex-
communication against all laymen giving ecclesiastical investi-
tures, and all who received them at their hands, as well as
against those who should consecrate any one for preferment
so given. He also excommunicated all those who did homage
to laymen for any ecclesiastical dignity ; for he said that it
was horrible that hands which had been so highly honoured,
above the ministrations of angels, as to create, by their touch,
God, the Creator of all things, and offer him for the re-
demption and salvation of the whole world before God the
Father, should be debased so low as to be humbly linked in
hands which night and day are polluted by immodest con-
tacts, or defiled by rapine and the unrighteous shedding of
blood. " Fiat, fiat" [Be it so], was the general exclama-
tion ; and so the council ended. After this, the archbishop
proceeded to Lyons.

William the younger returned from Normandy to England,
and held his court at Whitsuntide in London. He there gave
the bishopric of Durham to Ranulph, a man whom he had made
the instrument of his extortions throughout England. Thomas,
archbishop of York, shortly afterwards consecrated him there.

Jerusalem was taken by the Turks on Thursday the ides
[the 15th] of July. The Christians fought a battle with
Amiravis, the commander of the army and second in power
over the whole kingdom of Babylon, the day before the ides

206 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 109'j, 1100.

[(.lie 12th] of August, on the same day of the week, anil,
through Christ's mercy, obtained the victory. Paaelial, l
venerable man, who had been ordained priest by pope Hihle-
brand, waa elected pope by the people of Home on the iilis
[the 13th] of August, and was consecrated on the following
day, Sunday the nineteenth nf the calends of September [litii
August]. On the third of tin? nones [the 3rd] of November
the sea overflowed the shore, dean'oving towns, and drowning
many persons, and innumerable oxen and sheep. Osmund,
bishop of Salisbury, died on Friday the third, of the nones
[the 3rd] of December.

[a.d. 1100.] Pope Clement, who was also called Guihcrt.
died. On Sunday the ides [the 15th] of July, the church
which abbot Serlo, of pious memory, had built from tin;
foundations at Gloucester, was consecrali'd villi great cere-
mony by bishops Samson, of Worcester, (iumlulph, of Roches-
ter, Gerard, of Hereford, and Hervey, of Bangor.

[William Mufv* slaiti.]

On Thursday, the fourth of the nonea [the 2nd] of August,
In the eighth indietion, William the younger, kinirol' Kngliiinl.
while hunting in the New Forest, which is called in English
Ytene, was killed by an arrow, carelessly aimed by a French-
man, Walter, snrnamed Tirel;1 and being curried to Wimlii--
ter he waa buried in the old minster, in the church of St.
I'eter. Nor can it be wondered that1, as common report stale*,
almighty power and vengeance should have been thus dis-
played. For in former times, that is, during the reigns of king
Edward and other kings of England, his predeets-
tract of land was thickly planted with churches and with
inhabitants who were worshippers of God; hut by command
of king William the elder the people were expelled, the
houses half ruined, the churches pulled down, and the linii
made an habitation for wild beasts only ; and hence, as it i<
believed, arose this mischance. For Richard, the brother ei
William the younger, had perished long befere in the fame
forest, and a short time previously his cousin Richard, tin- sen
of Robert, earl of Normandy, was also killed by an arrow by

1 Cf. Ordericus Vitalis, b. x. c. xiv., and the
derails of the cirrnmstaTii'r's intruding the eath of William
-od tbc historj of Walter Tirel.

arrow vj

for fulWr
am Mm,

A.D. HOC] ^RANULPH FLAMBARD. 207.

one of his knights, while he was hunting. A church, built
in the old times, had stood on the spot where the king fell,
but, as we have already said, it was destroyed in the time of
his father.

During the reign of this king, as we have partly mentioned
above, many signs appeared in the sun, moon, and stars ; the
sea often overflowed its banks, drowning men and cattle, and
destroying many vills and houses ; in the district of Berkshire,
blood flowed from a fountain for three weeks ; and the devil
frequently appeared in the woods under a horrible form to
many Normans, and discoursed largely to them respecting the
king, and Ranulph, and some others. Nor is it to be won-
dered at ; for in their time law was almost silent, and money
only weighed with the judges in all causes brought before
them. At that time some men obeyed the king's will rather
than justice, and Ranulph, contrary to ecclesiastical law and the
rules of his order, for he was a priest, received from the king,
first abbeys, and then bishoprics, whose holders had recently
died, to let to farm ; and thereout he paid the king every year a
large sum of money. His cunning and shrewdness were such,
and in a short time he so grew in the king's favour, that he
appointed him his pleader and collector of taxes throughout
the kingdom.1 Possessed of this immense power, he mulct
some of the wealthier sort in various parts of England of their
goods and lands, while he incessantly harassed those who were
in poorer circumstances with unjust taxes. Thus did he on
both high and low in various ways, — both before he was made
a bishop and afterwards, — and this up to the time of the king's
death, for on the very day he died he held in his own hands
the archbishopric of Canterbury and the bishoprics of Win-
chester and Salisbury. William the younger reigned thirteen
years, wanting thirty-eight days ; his youngest brother Henry
succeeded him, and was forthwith crowned at Westminster
by Maurice, bishop of London, on the nones [the 5th] of
August. On the day of his consecration he gave freedom to
the church of God, which in his brother's time was put up to
sale and let to farm ; he discontinued the exaction of the un-

1 All the Chronicles dw^ll on the character of this shrewd but un-
principled lawyer. See Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 238 and 310,
Antiq. Lib.; Ordericus Vitalis, ibid, vol. iii., p. 279 ; and William of
Malmesbury, ibid, p. 336.

FLORENCE OT> WORCESTER. [a.D. 1101.

just dues and oppressive taxes with which the kingdom of
England was burlhened, anil firmly established peace in hia
dominions, and ordered it to he preserved; he restored tlie
laws of king Edward to all in common, with such amendmol

his father had made, hut he retained in his own hands tlifl
forests which he made and possessed. Not long afterwards
lie committed to custody in the Tower of London, Ranulph,
bishop of Durham, and recalled Anselm, archbishop of Can-
terbury, from France.

Meanwhile, Robert, earl of Flanders, and Eustace, count of
Boulogne, came back from Jerusalem. Then Robert, earl rf
Normandy, returned to his own country with the wife he bad
married in Sicily.1 In the interim, Henry, king of England, con-
voked the great English lords ai London, and married Matilda,
daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, and queen Margaret; and
she was crooned and consecrated queen by Anselm, archbishop
of Canterbury, on the feast of St. Martin, being Sunday.
Thomas, archbishop of York, a man of eminent piety, wliow
memory was held in great veneration, and who was affshle
and beloved by all, departed [his life at York, on Sunday, tin
fourteenth of the calends of December [18th November], and

is succeeded by Gerard, bishop of Hereford.

[a.d. 1101.] Eanulph, bishop of Durham, made his escape
from prison alter Christmas with great address, and crossing
sea, went to Robert, earl of Normandy, and persuaded
to appear in arms in England.* Many also of the nolilet
of this country sent messengers to him and entreated him
ipeedily to come over, promising him the crown and kingdixu
if England. The city of Gloucester was destroyed 1 ■ y Lit-'',
tith the principal monastery and others, on Thursday lb*
■i,ditli of tin' ides [the (Itli] of June.

[Expedition of Robert Curthote to England."]
Robert, earl of Normandy, having raised a largo body of
horsemen, archers, and foot soldiers, iissembled his ships, called
It should be Apulia. Robert married Sibylla, dau^lilrr »'
Geoffrey de Conversana, near Bnri, who was nephew of Robert
Guiscar'd. See Orderic. Vital. ; vol, ili , pp 'i",fl, '.'.',:. The duchf*
Sibvlla died much lameuted by the Noi-mans, in Lent, 1103— /W,
p. 343.
' Ibid, p- 281, 287.

.d. 1101.] bobebt's expedition to England. 209

1 the Norman tongue TJltres-port.1 The king, receiving
itelligence of this, ordered his boats-carles1 to guard the sea,
nd to watch that no one approached the coast of England
•om Normandy ; while he himself, having collected an im-
mense army from every part of England, encamped near
lastings in Sussex, concluding for certain that his brother
rould land in that quarter. The earl, however, by the advice
f bishop Ralph, so tampered with the fidelity of some of the
ing's boats-carles, by promises of various kinds, that throwing
ff their allegiance, they deserted to the earl, and became his
ilots to England. All being ready, he embarked with his
rmy, and about the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula [1st August]
inded at Portsmouth, and, immediately marching his army
owards Winchester, pitched his camp on a suitable spot,
mmediately that his arrival was known, some of the English
obles went over to him as they had before promised, others
emained with the king, although in heart they were faithless
o him. The bishops, however, with the common soldiers
nd English people, stood by him resolutely, and were ready to
. man to be led to battle for his cause. But the wiser men on
toth sides, agreeing in sound counsels, mediated a peace be-
ween the brothers, on the terms that the king should pay to
he earl yearly three thousand marks, that is two thousand
►ounds in silver, and should freely restore their former do-
aains in England to all who had forfeited them by their
dherence to the earl ; and that the earl should reinstate in
heir possessions in Normandy, without cost, all who had been
leprived of them on the king's account. Peace being restored,
he king disbanded his army, and part of the earl's troops
eturned to Normandy, and part remained with him in
England.

Godfrey, king of Jerusalem, who was before the powerful
luke of Lorraine, son of Eustace the Elder, count of
Boulogne, departed this life and lies buried in the church of
>olgotha.8 After his death the Christians unanimously

1 Treport.

a Butse-carles: [Ang. Sax. butse, or bates-carles, from bat, a boat,
ad earl, or eeorl ;] the boatmen of the Cinque-ports, and other
tarbours in the channel. Our author subsequently uses the phrase
or mariners generally, the boats-carles being pressed or enlisted into
he king's naval service.

3 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, at Jerusalem.

P

210 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A..D. 1101, 1102.

elected his brother, Baldwin, king. Robert de Belfisme, esrl
of Shrewsbury, son of earl Roger, began to repair and sur-
round with a broad and lofty wall (as the issue proved. t<i -
oppose king Henry) the castle which Et.holl'eda, lady of the
Mercians, had formerly built in the reign of her brother
Edward the Elder, at a place called in the Suxoa tongue
Bryege [Bridgnorth], on the west bank of the river Severn.
He also commenced building another castle in Wales at »
place called Caroclove.

[Robert de Belesme's Rebellion,]

[a.d. 1102.] The before-mentioned Robert, earl of Bel^sme,
who was then master of the county of Ponthieu also, awl
possessed a great number of castles in Normandy, -riimi-h
fortified against king Henry the town of Shrewsbury ami tin-
castle which stands in it; and also the castles of Arundel ami
Tiekhill, supplying them with provisions, engines, and arm,
and stationing in them knights and foot-soldiers. He aU" ■
hastened, by all the means in his power, the completion of thr
walls and towers of the castles of Bryege and Caroclove,
] i living the works carried on night and day. Moreover, in
order to rouse hia Welsh vassals to a ready, faithful, ttA
willing submission to his orders, he bestowed on then
liberally lordships and lands, horses and anus, and all kind* of
largesses. But his plans and operations were speedily OTt
short, for his plots and designs being made manifest
evidence, the king proclaimed him a traitor. Thereupon,
having quickly assembled all the Welshmen arid NontifflU
he could collect, he and his brother Amulph ravaged purt "f
Staffordshire, and carried off into Wales many horses awl
cattle, and some few men. The Icing, without delay, besegft]
first his castle of Arundel, and having built forts i
retired. He then ordered Robert, bishop of l.ii;.
part of his troops to lay siege to Tiekhill. while he himself, uiili
nearly the whole military force of England, sat down before
Bridgnorth, and began to construct machines and erect ■ abMg
fort before it. Meanwhile, by moderate bribes he easily in-
duced the Welsh, in whom Robert placed great confidence, W
break the oaths they had sworn to him, ami utterly desert Lin
and turn their anus agaiust him. The town [of Shrew;'

A.D. 1102.] ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS. 211

and all the castles having been surrendered within thirty days,
he reduced his enemy Robert to submit, and drove him from
England in disgrace : his brother Arnulph was shortly after-
wards condemned to a similar fate for his treason.1

[A Synod held at London.]

After this the king was in London on the Feast of St.
Michael, at his palace of Westminster, with all the great men
of his realm of both orders, spiritual and temporal, where he
invested two of the clergy with bishoprics, namely, Roger, the
chancellor, with the see of Salisbury, and Roger, his larderer,
with that of Hereford. There, also, Anselm, the archbishop,
held a great synod on ecclesiastical affairs, at which were
present Gerard, archbishop of York, Maurice, bishop of Lon-
dcto, William, bishop-elect of Winchester, Robert, bishop of
Lincoln, Samson of Worcester, Robert of Chester, John of
Bath, Herbert of Norwich, Ralph of Chichester, Gundulph ot
Rochester, Hervey of Bangor, and the two newly-invested
bishops, Roger of Salisbury, and Roger of Hereford.
Osbern, bishop of Exeter, could not attend, being detained by
sickness. In this synod, several abbots, both Frenchmen and
English, were deposed, and deprived of the preferments which
they had obtained unfairly, or in which they lived disreputably;
namely, Guy, abbot of Pershore, Aldwin, abbot of Ramsey,
and the abbot of Tavistock, Haimon, abbot of Cerne, and the
abbot of Michelney, Ethelric, abbot of Middleton, Goodric of
Peterborough, Richard of Ely, and Robert of St. Edmund's.
Roger, the before-mentioned bishop-elect of Hereford, was
taken ill at London and died; and Reignelm, the queen's
chancellor, was substituted for him by a like investiture.
Henry, king of England, gave Mary, the queen's sister, in
marriage to Eustace, count of Boulogne.

[The King and Archbishop's quarrel about Investitures. ~\

[a.d. 1103.] There was a violent dispute between king
Henry and archbishop Anselm; the archbishop being opposed
to the king's conferring investitures of ecclesiastical prefer-

1 See fuller details of the revolt of Robert de Belesme, and king
Henry's successful campaign against him, in B. xi. c. iii. of Ordericus
Vitalis. Vol. iii. p. 331, &c. in the Antiq. Lib.

P2

212 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1103, 1104.

merits, and refusing either to consecrate or communicate with
those to whom the king had already given churches ; because
the apostolical pope had forbidden this to him. and all others.
In consequence, the king commanded Gerard, the archbishop
of York, to consecrate the bishops to whom he had given in-
vestitures, namely, William CHH'ard, and Roger, who had been
his chaplain, and was now preferred to the bishopric of
Salisbury. Gerard was willing to comply with the king's
command, but William, in deference to the canons, made light
of both that and archbishop Gerard's consecration. Where-
fore the king sentenced him to forfeit all lie had, and he
was banished the realm : the others remained un consecrated.
Shortly before this, Reignelm had surrendered the bishopric
of Hereford to the king, believing that he had offended God
because he had accepted the investiture of a church from tb«
hands of a layman.

The king held his court during Easter at V
Anselm, the archbishop, after the many injuries and slight*
he had endured, at the king's request set out for Rome <
fifth of the calends of May [27th April], as it had !
between him and the king ; being accompanied by William,
hi si nip- elect of Winchester, and the deposed abbots, Richard
of Ely and Aldwin of Ramsey.

Robert, eari of Normandy, came into England to confer
with his brother, and before he returned released him frum
the annual pension of three thousand silver marks, which tlw
king was bound to pay him yearly according to their agree-
ment.1 Blood was seen by many persons to flow from tlif
ground at a place called He-am studo in Berkshire. In tht
same year, on the third of the ides [the 3rd] of August, there
was a violent storm of wine!, which did more damn^e tu i:..
fruits of the earth in England than men then living had
witnessed in former times.

[a.d. 1104.] Two venerable abbots died, — Walter «f
Evesham, on the thirteenth of the calends of Februuj
[20th January], and Serlo of Gloucester, on the fourth <i
the nones [the 4th] of March. Henry, king of England, held
his court at Westminster during Whitsuntide, On TllMJB
the seventh of the idea [the 7th] of June, about then"

' According to Malmesbury, Robert resigned his pension*! lk"
io of the queen, as the price of bis liberty.

A.D. 1104-6.] RELICS OF ST. CUTHBERT. 213

hour, four circles of a white colour were seen round the sun,
one under the other, as in a painting. All who observed it
marvelled, such appearances having been never before seen
by any of them. William, earl of Morton, was disinherited
of all his English domains. It would be difficult to describe
the miseries which the land of England suffered at that time
from the king's exactions.

The body of St. Cuthbert, the bishop, was exposed to
view while Ranulph was bishop, and was clearly found to be
uncorrupted, as well as the head of St. Oswald, king and
martyr, and the relics of St. Bede and other saints, by Ralph,
abbot of Se'ez,1 afterwards bishop of Rochester, and the
monks of Durham, in the presence of earl Alexander, the
brother of Edgar, king of Scots, and afterwards king himself.
Having been permitted to assist on so sacred an occasion, he
caused a shrine to be made at the cost of many gold and
silver marks, in which the sacred body was deposited, wrapped
in new vestments.

[TJte King invades Normandy.']

[a.d. 1105.] Henry, king of England, crossed the sea,
and on his arrival nearly all the Norman barons deserted the
earl, their lord, whom they despised, and flocked to the king
for the gold and silver which he brought over with him,
putting their castles and fortified cities and towns into his
hands. After having burnt Bayeux, with the church of
St. Mary there, and taken Caen from his brother, he returned
to England, finding it was not in his power at that time to
make himself master of the whole of Normandy, and intend-
ing to return the ensuing year and subdue the remainder, to
the disinheritance of his brother. William, earl of Morton, in
revenge for the loss of his English domains, did all the mis-
chief he could to the king's vassals and possessions.

[a.d. 1106.] Robert, earl of Normandy, came over to

1 Ralph d* Escures, bishop of St. Martin, at S6ez, being driven out
of Normandy by the persecutions of Robert de Belesme, took refuge
in England, and was appointed bishop of Rochester, 11th August, 1108,
raised to the see of Canterbury the 26th April, 1114, and died the 20th
October, 1122. See Orderic. vital., vol. ii. p. 466, and vol. iii. p. 349.

214 FLOIIENCB OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1106.

England to have a conference with his brother Henry, *nd
met him at Northampton.' Then the earl begged him U
restore what lie had taken from him in Normandy ; hut the
king gave a flat refund to all his demands, and the earl left
him in great Wroth and reerossed the sea.

On Friday, in the first week of Lent, the fourteenth of the
calends of Starch [16th February], in the evening, a strange
star was visible between the south and west, and shone for
twenty- five day? in rile .same form and at the same hour. It
appeared small and dim, but the light which issued from it
was exceedingly clear ; and flashes of light, like bright beams,
darted into the star itself from the east and north. Many
affirmed that they saw several strange stars at that time. Ob
the night of Holy Thursday, shortly before daybreak, two
moons were visible, one in the cast, the other in the west;
and both were full, the moon being then fourteen days old,
In this year a most execrable quarrel took place between the
emperor of Germany and his son.

[The Battle of Tinchehrai.']

Henry, king of England, crossed the sea before the month
of August, proceeding to Normandy ; and nearly all tin*
principal Normans submitted to him, except Robert if
Relesme, William de Morton, and a few others, who roaiu-
r.aiiK'd their allegiance to earl Robert. On the assumption of
St. Mary [15th August], king Henry came to Bee, where be
had a meeting with Aiwhn, the archbishop, and they came
to terms of peace ami concord on all the matters on which
they had differed. Soon afterwards, tl"' aiv|ibb>]i<ip. Iiv C 1 n ■
command and at rhe request of the king, returned to England.
The king, having assembled an army, marched t
belonging to the earl of Morton, called Tinchcbrai, and laid
siege to it. While the king was detained before the place
his brother Bobert fell upon him at the head of his army, on
the eve of St. Michael, having with him Robert de Belesme
and William, earl of Morton ; but right and victory were on

Cf. Henry of Huntingdon, p. 242. This interview, at which
Robert threw himself in vain at the feet, of the author of Iris mirfor-
i, is described with simple pathos by John Brampton.

3D. 1106, 1107.] ROBERT CURTHOSE, PRISONER. 215

e king's side.1 Robert, earl of Normandy, William, earl of
[orton, and Robert d'Estoteville were taken prisoners in the
sittle ; but Robert de Belesme escaped by flight. William
r is pin was also captured, and many others, at the same
me. Affairs having taken this turn, the king brought all
[ormandy to submission and governed it according to his
dll ; intelligence of which he communicated by letters to
rchbishop Anselm.

£a.d. 1107.] Edgar, king of the Scots, died on the eighth
f the ides [the 6th] of January, and was succeeded by his
•rother Alexander. Peace having been established in Nor-
aandy under the king's government, and Robert, duke of
Normandy, and William, earl of Morton, having been sent
orward to England in custody, the king himself returned to
is kingdom before Easter [14th April].

[A Council, at London respecting Investitures.]

On the calends [the 1st] of August, a great council of all
ihe bishops, abbots, and barons of the realm was held in the
•oyal palace at London ; and for three days, in the absence
>f archbishop Anselm, the subject of ecclesiastical investitures
svas fully discussed between the king and the bishops. Some
>f them strove to persuade him to follow the practice of his
iather and brother, and disregard the decree of the apostolic
see ; for pope Paschal, adhering strictly to the decision pro-
nounced, had coincided with pope Urban on all points, and,
ike him, had interdicted [lay] investitures, and thus the king
was brought to agree with him on the matter. Afterwards,
when Anselm was present, the king publicly allowed and or-
dained that from thenceforth no person should ever be invested
in any bishopric or abbey in England by receiving the pastoral
staff or ring at the hands of the king or any layman ; Anselm,
on his part, conceding that no one elected to the prelacy
should be refused consecration to his office on account of his
having done homage to the king for it. Gerard, archbishop
of York, placing bis hand in that of Anselm, according to his

1 With all the faults of Robert Curthose, it cannot be said that
right was on Henry's side. For further details of his previous expe-
dition into Normandy and the battle of Tinchebrai, see Henry of
Huntingdon, p. 242, and Orderic. Vital., yoL iii. pp. 371, 375 — 381.

216 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [\.D. 1107, 1108.

desire, solemnly promised that he would manifest to Iiim and
liia successors in the archbishopric the same submission and
obedience which the bishop-elect of Hereford had promised
to himself before his ronsceration.

The following bishops-elect, namely, William of Winchester,
Roger of Salisbury, Reignelm of Hereford, William of Exeter,
and Urban of Glamorgan,' in Wales, came to Canterbury it
the same time, and were consecrated together by archbishop
Anselm, on Sunday, the third of the ides [the 2nd] of
August ; the suffragan bishops of his see, namely, Gerard,
archbishop of York, Robert. bishop of Lincoln, John of Bath.
Herbert of Norwich, Robert of Chester, Ralph of Chichester,
and Ranulph of Durham, all assisting in the office of consecu-
tion. There was certainly no person then living who had
any remembrance of the election and consecration at one
time of so many bishops in England, at any former period
since the reign of Edward the Elder, when archbishop Pleg-
niund ordained seven bishops to .win churches in one day.'
In this present year died Maurice, bishop of London, Richard,
abbot of Ely, Rohert, abbot of St. Edmundsbury, Milt*
Crispin, Robert Fitz-Hamon, Robert Bigod, and Richard de
Redvers, who were all of the king's council.

[a.d. 1108.] Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, died on tin'
nones [the 7th] of March. Henry, king of England, in order
to preserve the peace strictly, made a law that any man taken
in the act of thieving or robbing should be hanged. He also
put down base and counterfeit coin under the severest pe-
nalties, enacting that no person detected in making false
money should be allowed to compound for their utl'ein.i.'
without losing their eyes and mutilation of their lower limbs.
And since it frequently happened that the current pennies
were so bent and broken that they were refused, he enacted
that no penny or halfpenny. — which he also directed should
be round,— nor even a farthing [should be taken] unless it
were perfect. Great benefit resulted to the whole kingdom
from this enactment; and thus the king dealt with secular
affairs, to the relief of the sufferings of the country. Gerard,

■ Llandaff.

' Neither the Saxon Chronicle r;or William of Malm- (1
this fact. Pluyuioml was archbishop of Canterbury from 3W

A.D. 1108.] CONCERNING PRIESTS* WIVES. 217

archbishop of York, died, and Thomas, the cousin of his pre-
decessor Thomas, succeeded him.

DECREES OP A SYNOD HELD AT LONDON.

In the year of our Lord, 1108, the following decrees were
made concerning priests, deacons, subdeacons, and canons of
every order, by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, together
with Thomas, archbishop-elect of York, and all the bishops of
England, in the presence of the glorious king Henry, and
with the assent of his barons : —

"It is decreed that priests, deacons, and subdeacons,
shall live chastely, and shall not have any women in their
houses, except such as are of the nearest kindred, according
to the rule of the holy council of Nice. Those priests,
deacons, or subdeacons who, after the prohibition of the
synod of London, have retained their wives, or taken others,
if they choose to continue to celebrate mass, are to so put
them away that neither the women are to come to their
houses, nor they to the houses of the women ; they are, also,
never to meet by appointment in any other house, nor are
such women to reside on the lands of the church ; and if it
be necessary for any lawful purpose to hold converse with
them, let them meet out of doors, in the presence of two
credible witnesses.

" If any clerk be charged with the violation of this statute,
on the testimony of two or three lawful witnesses, or the
common report of his parishioners, he shall purge himself by
the oaths of credible witnesses of his own order, in addition to
his own ; namely, by six, if he be a priest ; by four, if he be a
deacon, and by two, if he be a subdeacon. He who makes
default in so clearing himself, shall be adjudged a transgressor
of the sacred canons.

" Those priests who, without reverence for Ood's altar and
their own holy orders, shall choose to live with women, are to
be excluded from the performance of divine offices, to be
deprived of all ecclesiastical benefices, have their stations out-
side the choir, and be declared infamous.

" Whosoever shall wilfully *nd contumaciously retain his
wife, and yet presume to perform mass, shall be summoned

218 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1108, 110(1.

to answer, and on liis neglect lo appear for eight days, shall
be excommunicated.

" This decree applies to all archdeacons and canons, both
as far as regards parting with their wive?, avoiding any con-
nection with them, and the penalties imposed if the rules he
transgressed.

" All archdeacons shall swear that they will not n
money for allowing tin; infraction ol this decree, n or suiter
priests who, to their knowledge keep their wive.-.
mass or appoint vicars in their stead. Deans shall do the same.

"Every archdeacon or dean who shall refuse to take this
fiiit.li. shall be deprived of his archdeaconry or deanery.

" Priests who shall make their election to put away their
wives, and serve God and hia holy altars, shall suspend thi'ir
functions for ten days, during which they shall appoint vicin
to perform them, and sliall do such penance as their ln^io]-
shall see fit to enjoin."

Philip, king of France, died, and was succeeded by his son
Lewis.1 Henry, king of England, crossed the sea. Anselm,
the archbishop, at the king's request, consecrated Richard
bishop-elect of London, in his chapel at Peckham ; Williiro,
bishop of Winchester, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, Ralph,
bishop of Chichester, and William, bishop of Exeter, assisting
at the ceremony, and the bishop-elect having first made the
usual professions of obedience and submission. After IUi
he went to Canterbury, and consecrated Ralph, abbot of
Seez, a devout train,' to the church at Rochester, on the tfcW
of the ides [the 11th] of August, in place of Gundulph ; Wil-
liam, bishop of Winchester, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and
Richard, bishop of London, assisting him. This Richard,
following the customs of his predecessors, made a noble ofler-
ing the same day to the mother-church of Canterbury.

[a.D. 1109.] Ansehu, archbishop of Canterbury, died [her*
on Wednesday, the eleventh of the calends of Slay pill

1 Louis-le-Groa succeeded Philip, the 3rd August, 1108. S*
Ordericus Vital™, vol. iii. pp. 3;">i> ami 424. Antiq. LA., and the thir-
ncter of these printes given liv Henry <if Huntingdon, in liis "Lettfr
U. Walter," tHd., p. 313.

' See the note in p. 213. Ordericua VitftUs calls tin
was his neighbour in Normandy, " a cheerful, facetious, and anuaWe

AJ). 1109-11.] DEATH OP ANSELM. 219

April], and was buried with great honours on the following
day, being Holy Thursday. Henry, king of England, re-
turned to England about the Rogation days, and held his
court during Whitsuntide [13th June] at Westmister.
Thomas, archbishop-elect of York, was consecrated at London
on the 5th of the calends of July [27th June] by Richard,
bishop of London, and afterwards received at York, on
Sunday, the calends [the 1st] of August, the pallium sent
him by cardinal Ulric. The same day he consecrated Turgot,
prior of Durham, to the bishopric of St. Andrew's, in Scot- .
land, which is called Cenrimunt. In the same year the
king converted the abbey of Ely into an episcopal see, and
appointed Hervey, bishop of Ely, to govern that church. A U
comet was seen about the milky way in the month of De-)\
cember, its tail extending towards the northern quarter of the
heavens.

[a.d. 1110.] Henry, king of England, gave his daughter
Matilda in marriage to Henry, king [emperor] of Germany.
The same year many extraordinary things were witnessed
throughout England. At Shrewsbury there was a great
earthquake. At Nottingham the river Trent was dried up for
the length of a mile, from daybreak to the third hour, so that
men walked dry-shod in its channel. A comet made its
appearance on the sixth of the ides [the 8thJ of June and
continued visible for three weeks.

[a.d. 1111.] Henry, king of Germany, came to Rome, and
laying hands on pope Paschal, put him in confinement ; but
afterwards made peace with him at the bridge on the Via
Salaria, and they celebrated the feast of Easter on the Field
[of Mars],

THESE ABE THE TERMS OF THE PEACE MADE BETWEEN THE KINO
AND OUR LORD T.HE POPE J AND THIS IS THE FORM OF THE
king's OATH.

" I, Henry, will set free, on Thursday or Friday next, the
lord pope and the bishops and cardinals; and to all the
prisoners and hostages who have been taken for him or with
him I will give a safe conduct within the walls of the
Transteverine cfty. I will never again take, or permit to be
taken, those who remain in allegiance to the lord the pope
Paschal; and for myself and mine, I will keep peace and quiet

290 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 1111.

with tlie Roman people, both of the Transtcvorine city and of
that within the island, as concerns their persona aud goods,
provided they observe peace towards me. I will faithfully
succour our lord pope Paschal in main tain ing his right to the
papacy in peaee and security. I will restore the patrimony
and possessions of the Roman church, which I have taken
away, and I will faithfully aid her in recovering all that she
ought to possess, as my predecessors have done. J will obey
our lord pope Paschal, saving the rights of my crown and
empire, in the same manner that catholic emperors have
obeyed catholic popes of Rome. All those things I will
observe faithfully, without fraud or covin.

" Those are the jurors on the part of the king : — Frederick,
archbishop of Cologne, Uebliard, bishop of Trent, Burchard,
bishop of Munster, Bruno, bishop of Spires, Albert, chancellor,
count Herman, Frederick, count palatine, count Bereoger,
count Frederick, marquis Boniface, Albert, count de Blaudni,
count Frederick,1 count (.lodtVev, marquis Warnerio."

" Our lord pope Paschal, the one hundred and fifty-siith
pope, agrees to grant to king Henry aud his kingdom, Mid
will ratify and confirm it, under pain of excommunication, hy
his apostolical privilege, that when a bishop or abbot is freely
elected, without simony, and with die royal licence, it shall be
lawful for my lord the king to invest him with the ring Mid
staff. And the bishop or abbot so invested by the king saw!
freely receive consecration from the bishop to whom the right
pertains. But if any person be elected by the clergy snd
people, unless he also receives investiture from the king, he
shall not be consecrated ; and archbishops and bishops shall
be allowed to consecrate those (only) who have received in-
vestiture from the king. In respeet of tiiese things, the lord
the pope Paschal shall not disquiet king Henry, Ins kingdi""
and empire."

rnis ib the nun o» tub fart of the roe*.

" OCR lord pope Paschal shall not molest my lord kiif

1 We Follow the text of the E. H. Society in inserting two coin"

Frederick in this list, besides the count palatine. In the copJ</<l*

ducument given hy William of MuUiiesbury we Ead only <f

A.D. 1111.] EMPEROR HENRY AND POPE PASCHAL. 221

Henry, nor his empire and kingdom, concerning the investiture
of bishoprics and abbeys, nor for any injuries done to himself
and his people, nor shall he do any evil to him or any other
person on that account. Especially, he shall never pronounce
any sentence of excommunication against the person of king
Henry, nor shall the lord pope retain the power of refusing to
crown him, according to the form in the ordinal. And he
shall aid him to the best of his power, by the authority of his
office, to maintain himself in his kingdom and empire. All
this the lord pope will perform without fraud or covin."

These are the names of the bishops and cardinals, who, by
the command of our lord pope Paschal, have ratified by their
oaths the bull of privileges and the alliance made with the
lord emperor Henry : Peter, bishop of Porto, Censius, bishop
of Sabinum, Robert, cardinal of St. Eusebius, Boniface,
cardinal of St. Mark, Anastasius, cardinal of St. Clement,
Gregory, cardinal of SS. Peter and Paul, the apostles ; also,
Gregory, cardinal of St. Chrysogonus, John, cardinal of St.
Potentiana, Risus, cardinal of St. Lawrence, Rainier, cardinal
of SS. Marcellinus and Peter, Vitalis, cardinal of St Bal-
bina, Duuzo, cardinal of St. Martin, Theobald, cardinal of SS.
John and Paul, John, deacon of St. Mary-in-Schol& Greed.1

THIS 18 THE BULL OF PRIVILEGES GRANTED BT THE LORD POPE TO THE
EMPEROR, CONCERNING THE INVESTITURES OF BISHOPRICS.

" Paschal, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his
most beloved son in Christ, Henry, king of the Germans, and,
by the grace of God, emperor of the Romans, health and the
apostolical benediction.

" Divine Providence has so ordered that there is a singular
union between your kingdom and the holy Roman church.
Your predecessors, by virtue of their superior worth and
prudence, obtained the Roman crown and imperial dignity ; to
which, dearest son Henry, the Divine Majesty has advanced
you by the ministry of our priestly office. The prerogatives,
therefore, of that dignity, which my predecessors have granted
to the catholic emperors, your predecessors, and have con-

1 This church is so called from a tradition that St. Augustine
taught rhetoric there before his conversion. William of Malmesbury
adds to this list the names of " Leo, dean of St. Vitalis, and Albo, dean
of SS. Rogius and Bacchius," and for cardinal of St. Martin, reads
cardinal of St. Mark.

222 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1111.

firmed by bulls of privileges, we also grant to you, beloved,
and confirm by this present instrument ; to wit, that it shall be
lawful for you to coufer investitures, by stall' and ring, on the
bishops and abbots of your realm, freely eleeted without com-
pulsion or simony ; and that after their investitures they nay
receive canonical consecration from the bishop to whom it |
appertains. If any one, however, be eleeted by the peojft
and clergy, but without your assent, unless he receives in-
vestiture from you, let him not be consecrated. Let arch-
bishops anil bishnps have licence from you to give canonical
c (msec rat ion to bishops and abbots who have received your
investiture. For your predecessors have so amply endowed
the churches of your realm from their royal domains, thai il
is very expedient that the possessions of the bishops and
abbots should contribute to the defence of the kingdom, ivii'l
that the popular tumults which often occur in elections should
be put down by the royal power. Wherefore, it is your dun,
in the exercise of your prudence and authority, that, by the
help of God, the pre-eminence of the [toman church, and to
welfare of all, be guarded by your beneficial acts and services.
If any person, ecclesiastical or secitlav, shall ra-hlv attempt to
pervert the sense of this our grant, let him boexeoiii;
unless he repent ; and, moreover, incur the peril of losins his
office and dignity ; and may the Divine mercy protect
those who observe it, and grant you a happy reign, both in
your person and in your power, to his honour and glory."

With these conventions and oaths, peace was concluded
between the lord pope and the king, during the feast of
Easter. Then the kinir made bis entrance into Rome en the
ides [the 13th] of April, and the pope, having celebrate'
mass in the church of St. Peter, consecrated him emperor,1
gave liim and his followers absolution, and pardoned them fw
all the injuries he had received at their hands.

[il Colony of Flemings settled in South Walet.']

Henry, king of England, removed into Wales all to

Flemings who were living in North umbria, with their chattel.-,

1 William if Mai me -bury si Mrs. thai, the pope ami emperor Inei o"
Sunday, the 4th before the ides of April, and giTes detail* rf [1"'
which followed.

A.D. 1111, 1112.] RESPECTING INVESTITURES. 223

and made them settle in the district called Rhos.1 The king
also commanded that the new monastery, which stood within
the walls of Winchester, should, under the direction of
William, bishop of Winchester, be built without the walls ; and
soon afterwards crossed the sea. In this year there was a
very severe winter, a grievous famine, a great mortality, a
murrain among animals, both wild and domestic, and vast
numbers of birds also perished,

ACTS OF THE LATERAN COUNCIL AGAINST THE HERESY

RESPECTING INVESTITURES.

[a.d. 1112.] In the thirteenth year of the pontificate of
pope Paschal II., the fifth indiction, in the month of March,
the fifteenth of the calends of April [18th March], the
Lateran Council was held at Home, in the basilica of Constan-
tine. In this council the pope, having taken his seat, with
the archbishops, bishops, and cardinals, and a mixed multitude
of the clergy and laity, on the last day of the assembly, he
made a profession of the catholic faith in the presence of all,
in order that none might doubt of his belief, saying: —
" I embrace all Holy Scripture, namely, the Old and New
Testament, the law written by Moses and the holy prophets.
I embrace the four gospels, the seven canonical epistles, the
epistles of the glorious doctor, St. Paul the apostle, the holy
apostolic canons, the four general councils, like the four
gospels, namely the councils of Nice, Ephesus, Constantinople,
and Chalcedon ; the council of Antioch, and the decrees of
the holy fathers, popes of Rome, especially the decrees of the
lord pope Gregory VII., and of pope Urban of , blessed

1 Henry I., as well as his father, the Conqueror, out of respect to
queen Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, earl of Flanders, gave an asylum
to a great number of Flemings, compelled by inundations to seek new
habitations. They were first settled in the north of England, but
afterwards removed into a district of Pembrokeshire, then and still
called Roos. The colony consisted almost entirely of persons of the
lower class, soldiers, artificers, and manufacturers; and the country they
occupied seems to have been the cradle of the woollen manufactory still
carried on in the neighbouring districts, in a most primitive fashion,
the numerous streams affording sites for fulling-mills The settlers
were probably accompanied by English, or had acquired that language,
which from that period has exclusively prevailed in that part of South
Wales; the barrier line between the Welshry and Englishry being still
preserved, a brook or a footpath often separating the languages.

224 FLOREKCE OF W0I1CESTEK. [a.D. 1113.

memory. What they approved, I approve; what they h<ii!,
I hold; what they con fir Died, I confirm; what, tln.-y ri.n-
demned, I condemn; what they rejected, I reject; whatthej
interdicted, I interdict; what they prohibited, 1 prohibit, in
all and through all : and in this faith 1 will always persevere."

When he had finished, Gerard, bishop of Angoulenie, legate
n Aquitaine, rose in the name of all, and by the common eon>
sent of the lord pope Paschal and the whole council, read t!i»
in strum en t ; —

'All we assembled in this holy council, with the lord pope,
do condemn, with canonical censures by our ecclesiastical
authority and the sentence of the Holy Ghost, that act of
privilege which is no privilege, but ought rather to be
called a breach of privilege,1 that act, namely, which wa»
extorted by the violence of king Henry from our lord pop
Paschal for the liberation of the prisoners and of the ehurcli;
and we adjudge it to lie null and void, and altogether quasi
it, and utterly repudiate it as possessing uo authority or force;
and it is condemned for this that it contains a provision that

e canonically elected by tlie clergy and people may not 1*
consecrated unless he shall have first received investiture from
the king; which is in opposition to the Holy Spirit and th
canonical institutions,"

When the reading of this instrument was finished, it ww
approved by the whole council with the acclamation, "Amen.
Amen! Fiat, fiat!" [Be it so]. The archbishops who were
present with their suffragans were these : — John, patriarch «f
Venice, Semies of Capua, Latidulph of Benevento ; and tho*
of Amalli, Reggio. Otranlo, Brindisi, Capua, and Gyrontiua;
of the Greeks, there were Jiisa.no and the archbishop of S*fl
Severmo ; the bishops present were, Censius of Savona, Peter
of Porto, Leo of Ostia, Cono of Pr;eneste, Gerard of
Angoulenie, Walo of Lyons, legate for the arehbishops of
Bourges and Vienne, Jtoger of Volterra, Geofi'rey of SienlU,
Roland of Populonia [Pisa], Gregory of Terracina, Williaa
of Troga [in Naples], Gibin of Syracuse, legate for the whol*
of Sicily; and nearly one hundred other bishops. Bishop*
Riguin and John of Tusculum [1'rascati], although they were
at Rome at the time, were not present at the council ; but
" Privilejjium aiod quod noa est privilegium, sed »ere debet ifei
pravSefftum."

AJ>. 1112 — 14.] WORCESTER BURNT. 225

having afterwards read the condemnation of the act of privi-
lege, they accepted and approved it.

Samson, the twenty-fifth bishop of Worcester, died on
Sunday, the third of the nones [the 9th] of May. Henry,
king of England, placed Robert de Belesme in confinement, at
Carisbrook, in the month of October.

[a.d. 1113.] The city of Worcester, with the cathedral
church, and all the other churches, and the castle, was de-
stroyed by fire on Thursday, the thirteenth of the calends of
July [19th June]. One of the monks, who had rendered
great services to the monastery, with two of his servants, and
fifteen citizens, perished in the flames. Henry, king of Eng-
land, returned to England in the month of July, and com-
mitted Robert de Belesme, who had been brought over from
Normandy, to the closest confinement at Wareham. Two
high-born monks of the monastery of St. Mary, in Worcester,
men of exalted worth, Thomas, the lord prior, and Coleman,
both departed this life on Saturday, the fourth of the nones
[the 4th] of October.

Together summoned from this mortal state
To realms above, they met a common fate :
There, with the saints, in never ending joy,
God give them rest, and peace without alloy !

Theowulf, the king's chaplain, was appointed bishop of
Worcester on Sunday, the fifth of the calends of January
[28th December], at Windsor.

[a.d. 1114.] Matilda, daughter of Henry, king of Eng-
land, was married to Henry, emperor of the Romans, and
crowned as empress at Mentz, on the eighth of the ides [the
6th] of January. Thomas, archbishop of York, died on
Tuesday, the sixth of the calends of March [24th February],
Ralph, bishop of Rochester, was chosen archbishop of Canter-
bury at Windsor, on Sunday, the sixth of the calends of May
[26th April]. The city of Chichester, with the principal
monastery, was burnt, through negligence, on the 3rd of the
nones [the 5th] of May. Thurstan, a chaplain of the king's,
was preferred at Winchester to the archbishopric of York, on
the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary [15th August].
Arnulph, abbot of Peterborough, was elected bishop of Ro-
chester. Henry, king of England, after undertake an

226 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1] 14, 1115.

expedition into Wales, crossed the sea before the feast of St.
Michael. The river Modwav became so shallow, for manr
miles, on the sixth of the ides [the 10th] of October, that
the smallest vessels got aground in it for want of water. Tlie
Thames was subject to the same failure on that day, for
between the bridge and the Royal Tower, even under Che
bridge, the water in the river was so low, that not only
horses, but even crowds of men ami hoys forded it, the water
scarcely reaching to their knees. The water was thus shallow
from the middle of the preceding night until it was quite
dark on the night following. We have heard from trust-
worthy reports that the waters receded in like manner on the
same day at Yarmouth, and other places in England.1

[a.d. 1115.] This year, the weather was so severe that
nearly all the; Itrid ;.'■.'* in England were carried away bribe
ice. Henry, the emperor, having besieged Cologne for »
long time, and lost many of his troops in a pitched battle,
made a sworn peace in the city of Xuys.2 Ralph, arclihislnip
of Canterbury, received the pallium at the hands of Ansetm,1
legate of the church of Rome, on Sunday, the fifth of the
calends of July [27th June] at Canterbury, where nearly all
the bishops of England were assembled. On the same <Uy
Theowulf, bishop of Worcester, was consecrated with great
ceremony. Wilfrid, bishop of St. David's, in Wales, died;
up to his time, the bishops had all been Welshmen.

On the octave of the apostles SS. Peter and Paul, [6tb
July], a great council was held at ChfUons by Conon, cardinal
of the Roman church, at which he excommunicated tli*
bishops who were not present at the council ; he degraded
some abbots, and deprived many of their staffs, and deposed
them from their dignities, interdicting them from ecclesiastieid
functions.

Henry, king of England, returned to England in tbtt
middle of the month of July. Bernard, the queen's cliW-
cellor, was chosen bishop of St. David's, in Wales, on Satur-

1 Ordericus describes the same phenomenon as happening during
Lent of the year lllfl in the river Seine, and ascribes it to the ulka
of a strong wind ; but it would rather seem on both occasion! to *"'p
been the effect of some subterranean convulsion. See the note »
vol. in., p. 475, of Ordericus, Bohn'i Antiq. Lib.

' Near Cologne.

3 He was the nephew of archbishop Anselm.

A.D. 1115, 1116.] HOMAGE TO PRINCE WILLIAM. 227

day, the fourteenth of the calends of October [18th Septem-
ber], and the same day was advanced to the priesthood, at
Southwark, by William, bishop of Winchester ; and on the
day following,, at Westminster, was consecrated bishop by
Ralph the archbishop. Reignelm, bishop of Hereford, died
on the sixth of the calends of November [27th October], and
Geoffrey, the king's chaplain, was chosen in his stead.
Arnulph was ordained to the see of Rochester, and Geoffrey
to the see of Hereford, on the feast of St. Stephen [26th
December], at Canterbury, by Ralph, the archbishop.

[a.d. 1116.] Griffyth,. son of Rhys,1 made a plundering
expedition, and burnt some castles in Wales, because king
Henry would not give him a portion of his father's territories.
The witan of all the nobles and barons of England was held
at Salisbury, on the fourteenth of the calends of April [19th
March], and they did homage and swore fealty in the pre-
sence of king Henry to his- son William.

[Quarrel between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York.']

The controversy which had been carried on for a whole
year between Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, and Thurstan,
archbishop-elect of York, was brought before the court. The
archbishop-elect, when required by the primate to make due
submission to the church of Canterbury, and receive his bene-
diction according to the canons, replied that he was ready
to receive consecration, but nothing should induce him to
make the profession which was demanded. King Henry,
finding that Thurstan persisted in his resolution, openly de-
clared that he should either follow the usages of his prede-
cessors, both in making the profession and in other things
pertaining by ancient right to the church of Canterbury, or
lose the archbishopric of York and consecration altogether.
On hearing this, he was so moved by the hasty impulses of
his temper, that he gave up the archbishopric, promising the
king and the archbishop that he would never claim it as long
as he lived, and that he would assert no pretensions to it,

1 Son of Rhys-ap-Tewdwr, the last king of South Wales, and brother
of Nesta, a concubine of Henry I., by whom he had Robert, earl of
Gloucester. See Warrington's Hist, of Wales, p. 280.

Q2

228 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1116,1117.

whoever might lie appointed in his stead. Owen, kins; of
Wales, was slain,' and Henry, king of England, crossed tlw
sea, Tnurstan, archbishop-elect of York, accompanying him,
in tlie hope of recovering the investiture of his archbishopric,
aud obtaining consecration from the primate by the kitic'»
command, withont being compelled to make the required
profession. About the month of August, Anselm, retumiie
from Rome with the pallium for the archbishop of Cnnterburt.
joined king Henry in Normandy. He was also the bearer «f
letters from the pope, appointing him his legate for ecclesi»s-
tio:il MlUirs in England : which he announced in a brief to tin'
English nation. In consequence, at the suggestion of the
queen and her council of nobles in England, Ralph, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, crossed the sea after the feast of tk
Nativity of St. Mary, to meet the king, whom he found
resitting at Rouen ; and having minutely consulted with him
on the business on which he was come, by his advice he
pursued his journey to Rome.

[a.d. 1117.] By king Henry's command a new building
was commenced [at the abbey of ] Cirencester. There wu»
great earthquake in Lombard)', which (according to the
accounts of well-informed persons) lasted forty days, uni
laid in ruins a vast number of houses ; and, what is remark-
able, a large villa was suddenly removed from its original
site, and may now be seen by all the world standing en »
very distant spot. At Milan, while some men of patriow
rank were holding a sitting in a tower on state affairs, a voii*
from without was heard suddenly by all assembled, eaffinst
one of them by name to come forth instantly. Cpon lii>
lingering, a phantom appeared before them, and by earnest
intreaties induced the person named to quit the building.
As soon as lie was gone out, the tower suddenly felL Mi'l
buried all who were in it under its ruins. Robert, bishop of
Stafford,' and Gilbert, abbot of Westminster, died on lb*
eighth of the ides [the 6th] of December.

1 Owen-ap-CadVgan, a prJiH'.o of Po»is, n-lio hod eaponted "»
cause of kins; Hi-iirv ai;-:iiu*t liriffyth-np-Ithya. Warrington's Hialnrj
of Wales, pp 281—289. * Coventry.

THE END OF THE CHRONICLE,

THE CONTINUATION OF THE CHRONICLE

OF

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

[a.d. 1118.] Pope Paschal, of blessed memory, died on
the fourteenth of the calends of February [19th January],
and one John, a native of Gaieta, succeeded him, and changed
his name to Gelasius. He was bred a monk from his youth
in the monastery of Monto Cassino, and in his riper years had
filled the office of chancellor, in the service of the venerable
and apostolic men, popes Desiderius, Urban, and Paschal,
with great assiduity. Meanwhile, the king of Germany, who
was also emperor of the Romans, hearing of the pope's
decease, hurried to Borne, and made the bishop of Braga1
pope, although he had been excommunicated the preceding
year at Benevento, by Pope Paschal ; his name was changed
from Maurice to Gregory.

Matilda, queen of England, died at Westminster on the
calends [the 1st] of May, and was interred with due cere-
mony in that monastery. Many of the Normans broke the
fealty they had sworn to king Henry, and regardless of the
rights of their natural lord, transferred their homage to
Lewis, king of France, and his great lords, although they
were enemies. The before-mentioned pope, Gelasius, came
by sea to Burgundy, and his arrival was immediately notified
to all parts of France.

[Death of the Author of the Chronicle.']

Dom Florence of Worcester, a monk of that monas-
tery, died on the nones [the 7th] of July. His acute

3 Braga, in Portugal.

I

230 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1118, 1119.

observation, and laborious anil diligent .studios, have rendered
this Chronicle of Chronicles pre-eminent above all others.

His spirit to the skies, to eaMli Tii-5 tiudy given.

Fur ever may tie reign with God's blest saints in heavfin!

[Death by a Thunderstorm in Herefordshire.}
After the dedication of the church of Momerfield, by
Geoffrey, bishop of Hereford, all who had attended the con-
secration turned their steps homeward ; but although the
atmosphere had been remarkably calm up to that time, n
violent storm of thunder and lightning suddenly arose, tnd
some of them, overtaken by it on the road, and uot being
able to retreat from the spot they had reached, halted theru,
They were five in number, three men and two women;
one of the latter was killed by a .stroke of lightning, and Ik
other, being scorched by the flash from the navel to the joIw
of the feet, perished miserably, the men only narrowly ■■--
caping with their lives. Their five horses were also struct
with the lightning, and killed.

[a.D. 1119.] Pope Gelasius died, and was buried at
Cluni; he was succeeded by Guy, bishop of Vienne, wlw
changed his name to Calixtus. Geoffrey, bishop of Hereford,
died on the third of the nones [the 3rd] of February, ind
Herbert on the eleventh of the calends of August [22nd July].
[Wiw* between Henry and Lewis.']
War having broke out between Henry, king of Englinil,
and Lewis, king of France,' with the count of Aiijou and tlw
count of Flanders, king Henry seized an opportunity of inaking
a separate peace with the count of Anjou, receiving kis
daughter in marriage with his son William, whom he had
already declared heir of all his kingdom. The count of Anjou
went to Jerusalem. After this, king Henry, with the concur-
rence of his nobles, made peace with the king of France, on
which occasion his son William was invested with Normandy, V>
be held of the king of France. The king also made peace iriili

' Our author treats very summarily of the wars between the king)
Henry and Lewis, whl.rli ended in the decisive battle of Brfmull W
Noyon, fought on the 20th August, IT IS). Ordericus gives considers!)!''
details ol' these hostilities in the early chapters of his twelfth bunt
(vol. iii , mi. 446-492, of the edition in tin.- Antiq. Lib.). Sm*1m
Heary of Huntingdon's History, itid, pp. 247, 248.

A.D. 1119, 1120.] PEACE RESTORED. 231

his nobles who had unjustly and treasonably revolted against
him, and also with the count of Flanders. An earthquake
was felt in several parts of England on Sunday, the fourth
of the calends of October [28th September], about the third
hour of the day.

[A Council held at Rheims.]

Pope Calixtus held a general council at Rheims, on Sunday,
the thirteenth of the calends of November [20th October], at
which there was a great concourse of archbishops, bishops,
abbots, and lords of various provinces, and immense multitudes
of the clergy and people. The English bishops who were at
that time at the court of Henry in Normandy, namely, Wil-
liam of Exeter, Ralph of Durham, Bernard of St. David's,
and Urban of Glamorgan [Landaff], and also the bishops and
abbots of Normandy, were sent by the king himself to the
council. Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, was prevented
from being present by sickness. Thurstan, archbishop-elect of
York, having requested the king's license for attending it,
obtained it with some difficulty, upon pledging his word that
he would on no account accept consecration from the pope.
Bound by this pledge, he pursued his journey, and presented
himself to the pope ; but forthwith, regardless of his engage-
ment, he gained over the Romans by bribes to espouse his
cause, and through them prevailed on the pope to consecrate
him bishop with his own hands. He was thus ordained to the
see of York, and by the pope's command many of the bishops
from France assisted at the ceremony. The English bishops
had not yet come to the council ; but when they learnt what
had been done, they informed the king, who being very
indignant, forbade Thurstan and his followers from returning
to England or Normandy, or any place in his dominions.

[a.d. 1120.] Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, returned
to England on Sunday the second of the nones [the 4th] of
January ; and on Sunday the second of the nones [the 4th] of
April, at Westminster, he consecrated to the bishopric of Bangor
a venerable clerk named David, who was chosen by king Grif-
fyth and the clergy and people of Wales. At this consecration
he was assisted by Richard, bishop of London, Robert, bishop
of Lincoln, Roger of Salisbury, and Urban of Glamorgan.

232 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1120, 1 121,

[Shipwreck of king Henri/' * children.']

Henry, king of England, having successfully accomplish^]
all hiB designs, returned from Normandy to England. His
son William, hastening to follow hirn, embarked in company
with a great number of nobles, knights, women, and bow.
Haying left the harbour and put out to sea, encouraged U
the extraordinary calmness of the weather, shortly after-
wards the ship in which they were sailing struck on a ruck
and was wrecked, and all on board were swallowed up by the
waves, except one churl, who, as it is reported, was nut
worthy of being named, but by the wonderfid mercy of God,
escaped alive. Of those who perished, those of highest rank
were, William, the king's son, Richard, earl of Chester, OlbH
Ins brothei',Williauiliifri.d,CiL'Oll'roy Kiddid, Walter il'Kvertus,
Geoffrey, archdeacon of Hereford, the king's daughter, [lit
countess of Perche, the king's niece, the countess of Chester,
and many more who are omitted for brevity's sake. This
disaster horrified and distressed the mintl of the king, who
reached England after a sale voyage, and of all who heard of
it, and struck them with awe at the mysterious decrees of <
just God.1

[Henry I. -marries Alice of Louvaine.]

[a.D. 1121.] Henry, king of England, having been 1
widower for some time, that he might not in future lead •
dissolute life, by the advice of' Ralph, archbishop of Canter-
bury, and the barons of his realm, who assembled at London
by fiis command on the feast of our Lord's Epiphany, resolved
to marry Alice, daughter of Godfrey, duke of Lorraine,* i
young maiden of great beauty und modesty. Envoys beii|

' Ordericus Vitalis, in his twelfth hook, c. xxv„ gives a puticito
account of the shipwreck of the Blanche Net'; which is also nwn-
lioned, with more or less detail, by Huntingdon, Malmeabury, »wl
oilier chroniclers.

s Dvcit Lotharinyw (or Lorraine), the reading in the text of iH
the printed edit ions of Florence, [tit a mistake into which sei«r»l
df [.hi: En^lMi eh reni tiers have fallen, but Henry of Huntingdon W^
Roger of Wendover, as well as Ordericus Vitalis and William of
.Tumi !'(,'(•>, describe Adelaide, or Alice, the second wife of Heiirjl,"
daughter of Godfrey, duke of Louvaine.

AJD. 1121.] HENBT I. HARRIES ALICE. 233

sent over, they brought the future queen with signal honours
from parts beyond the sea to Henry's court.

Meanwhile, two clerks were chosen to fill sees which had
been vacant for some time ; namely, Richard, who was keeper
of the king's seal under the chancellor, and Robert, who had
filled the office of steward of the meat and drink in the king's
household with great industry. The first of these was pre-
ferred to the see of Hereford, the latter to the see of Chester.
Herbert, also, a monk of Westminster, was made abbot of that
monastery. Richard, chosen bishop of Hereford on Friday
the seventh of the ides [the 7th] of January, was consecrated
at Lambeth on Sunday the seventeenth of the calends of
February [17th January] by Ralph, archbishop of Canter-
bury, with the assistance of Richard, bishop of London, and
the bishops, Robert of Lincoln, Arnulph of Rochester, Urban
of Glamorgan, and Bernard of St. David's.

On the fourth of the calends of February [30th January]
the maiden already mentioned as selected for queen was
married to the king by William, bishop of Winchester, at the
command of Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury ; and on the
following day, the third of the calends of February [30th
January], she was consecrated and crowned as queen by the
archbishop in person. After this, the archbishop, having
accompanied the king to Abingdon, consecrated on Sunday
the third of the ides [the 13th] of March, Robert, before
named, as bishop of Chester, there being present and assisting
at this sacrament William, bishop of Winchester, William,
bishop of Exeter, and the Welsh bishops, Urban and Bernard.
After a few days, one named Everard, attached to the king's
chapel, was elected bishop of Norwich, and consecrated at
Canterbury by archbishop Ralph on the second of the ides
[the 12th] of June ; Arnulph, bishop of Rochester, Richard,
bishop of Hereford, and Robert, bishop of Coventry, having
met for the purpose.

Pope CaHxtus, assembling forces from all quarters, cap-
tured Maurice, surnamed Bourdin, already mentioned, who
had been intruded by the emperor and his adherents into the
papal see by the name of Gregory, and thrust him in disgrace,
stripped of all he possessed, into a monastery ; he having been
a monk before. King Henry led an army against the Welsh,
and, taking hostages from them, reduced the whole of Wales

234 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 1121 — 3.

under his dominion. A certain clerk, whose name was
Gregory, an Irishman by birth, having been chosen by tlie
king of Ireland, with the clcr^-v anil people, to fill the see of the
city of Dublin, came over to England that he might be
ordained, according to former custom, by the archbishop of
Canterbury, the primate of England ; whereupon, by the
archbishop's cis in i hi and, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, conferred
on hiin the orders ot' priest ami deacon at Ira castle of
Devizes on Saturday the eleventh of the calends of October
[21st September]. He was ordained bishop on Sunday r!.'1
sixth of the nones [the 2nd] of October at Lambeth by Kidph,
archbishop of Canterbury ; the following bishops, Richard of
London, Roger of Salisbury, Rohort of Lincoln, Everanl "I
Norwich, and David of Umigor assisting at the c onset' rai ion.
The mother church at Tewkesbury "as consecrated iviih
great ceremony by Theowulf, bishop of Worcester, Richard
bishop of Hereford, Urban, bishop of (ilaiuorgan, and ths
be fori .'-named ("Jrogory, bishop of Durham, on Monday [In1
ninth of the calends of November [24th October].

[a,d. 1122]. The city of Gloucester, with the principal
monastery, was again destroyed by fire on Wednesday [lu-
fourth of the ides [the 4th] of March, in the twenty-se<"i>l
year of king Henry's reign. It was burnt before in the first
year of Ills reign, on Thursday the eleventh of the caleudaof
June [22nd May]. Ralph, the twenty-fifth archbishop of
Canterbury, departed this life at Canterbury on Thursday ik
fourteenth of the calends of November [l'Jtlt October] . J ljIiil.
bishop of Bath, died on the fourth of the calends of January
[2Uth December] : during bis lifetime he had bought the
whole city of Bath from king Henry for five hundred pound*.

[a.d. 1123.] Robert, the eighteenth bishop of Lincoln,
while- riding on horseback and conversing with king Henry a'
Woodstock in the month of January, fell to the ground, and
losing the use of his speech, was carried to his lodgings, mid
shortly afterwards expired.1 Ralph, also, the king's chan-
cellor, came to a wretched end.3 William, a canon w

1 For the circumstances attending the deatb of Robert B1oet,tUN
of Lincoln, see ihe Saxon ChruiiR-li' ; also, Henry of Huntingd'Si'i
History, p.->7A), and liis '• Letter to Walter,'' jj. \Wi. Btthk't A»tiq. !#•

* The tragic end of this unscrupulous lawyer is related by HuB"5"-
don. Ibid, p. 250.

A.D. 1123, 1124.] ECCLESIASTICAL APPOINTMENTS. 235

St. Osythe, at Chiche,1 was named to the archbishopric of
Canterbury at Gloucester, where the king held his court at
the feast of the Purification of St. Mary ; and he was conse-
crated at Canterbury by William, bishop of Winchester,
assisted by many other bishops, on the fourteenth of the
calends of March [16th February]. With his approval, the
bishopric of Lincoln was given to Alexander, archdeacon of
Salisbury. Afterwards, archbishop William, m company
with Thurstan, archbishop of York, Bernard, bishop of
St. David's,8 Sigefred, abbot of Glastonbury, and Anselm,
abbot of St. Edmund's, went to Borne to receive the pallium.
Alexander, king of Scots, died on the seventh of the calends
of May [25th April], Henry, king of England, went over
sea after the feast of Whitsuntide [3rd June}. William,
archbishop of Canterbury, having received the pallium from
pope Calixtus, and Thurstan, archbishop of York, with their
companions, on their return from Rome, paid a visit to the
king, who was still in Normandy : after a short stay, arch-
bishop William came back to England, and, on the eleventh
of the calends of August [22nd July], at Canterbury, conse-
crated Alexander as bishop of Lincoln ; and, on the seventh
of the calends of September [26th August], in the church of
St. Paul the Apostle, at London, consecrated Godfrey, the
queen's chancellor, to the bishopric of Bath. Theowulf, the
twenty-sixth bishop of Worcester, died on Saturday the
thirteenth of the calends of November [20th October] at his
vill of Hampton.3 Robert, abbot of Tewkesbury, departed
this life on the sixth of the ides [the 8th] of December.
Alexander, king of Scots, was succeeded by David his
brother.

[a.d. 1124.] Arnulph, the twenty-third bishop of Ro-
chester, died in the month of March. Waleran, earl de
Mellent, was taken prisoner in Passion-week, with many

1 St. Osythe, in Essex, a priory rebuilt in 1118 for canons of the
Augustine order, of which there are considerable remains.

2 Henry of Huntingdon includes Alexander, the new bishop of Lin-
coln, among the archbishop's companions to Rome, and it is probable
that the historian attended his patron. See his character of bishop
Alexander, p. 253, of his history in the Antiq. Lib.

3 Hampton-upon-Avon, or Bishop's Hampton, now called Hampton
Lucy, near Stratford; an ancient possession of the bishops of
Worcester.

I

236 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 112.1.

others, by king Henry's troops in Normandy, and committed
itody in the T owit of liouen. Geoffrey, abbot of
the New Minster at Winchester, died. The reverend prior
of the church of Worcester, Nicholas hy name, died 00
Wednesday the eighth of the calends of July [24th June].

God, of his merey, grant him bliss in hearen!

William, archbishop of Canterbury, crossed the sea by the
king's command. Pope Calixtus died, and was succeeded by
Honorius, bishop of Ostia.

[4.D. 1125.] Coiners in England, taken with counterfeit
money, suffered the penalty of the king's cruel law by having
their right iiands struck off and their lower limbs mutilated.
Afterwards, by a change in the coinage, all articles became
very dear, and, in consequence, a great scarcity ensued, and
numbers died of famine.1

Simon, the ipieeii's chancellor, and Sigefred, abbot of
Glastonbury, both men of distinguished worth and piety, were
chosen bishops while they were in Normandy ; Simon bciujf
appointed to the see of Worcester, and Sigefred to the see "'
Chichester. Hugh, a man of great prudence, archdeacon
successively to Samson and Theowulf, bishops o\
died on the twelfth of the calends of April [21st March].
After Easter [29th March], the bishops-elect, Simun and
Sigefred, with the archbishops William and Thurshni. ;iml »
cardinal of Borne named John, came to England, and Sigefred
was consecrated its bishop of Chichester at Lambeth by arch-
bishop William on the second of the ides [the 12th] of April :
there being present at this consecration the Boruan carding
Thurstan, archbishop of York, Everard, bishop of Norwich,
llicliard of Hereford, Bernard of St. David's, David of Bangor,
Urban of Glamorgan, and John, bishop-elect of linclicswr.
Simon, the bishop-elect of Worcester, was conducted inW
Worcester by the clergy anil people in joyful pi-
the eighth of the ides [the 8th] of May,1 being the day of out
Lord's Aicension; and, on the tenth of tiie calends of Jun*
[23rd May], lie was ordained priest at Canterbury by Willi*!"
the archbishop. The emperor Henry died, and was btflW

1 Henry of Huntingdon tells us that a horse-load uf com (wbeit <*
"*) was Bold for six shillings.
ft fell [tut year on the 7th May.

A.D. 1125.] SIMON, BISHOP OP WORCESTER. 237

at Spires, where his grandfather was also interred. Lothaire,
the ninety-eighth emperor of the Romans, reigned thirteen
years.

Simon, the bishop-elect of Worcester, went to Canterbury
in company with Godfrey, bishop of Bath, and, having been
ordained priest by the archbishop on Saturday in Whitsun-
week [23rd May],1 was on the following day consecrated with
great pomp bishop of the holy mother church of Worcester ;
John, archdeacon of Canterbury, receiving consecration as
bishop of Rochester at the same time. Richard, bishop of
Hereford, David of Bangor, Godfrey of Bath, and Sigefred
of Chichester assisted at the consecration. When Simon
arrived at Worcester, his episcopal see, he was again met by
great crowds of people, conducted by whom in procession
with great pomp he was enthroned, and a " Te Deum" chanted.
On the same day, that is to say on the ninth of the calends
of June [24th May], Benedict, a loving and faithful servant
of God in all his household, was, by Simon, the new bishop,
consecrated as the new abbot of the convent of Worcester :
he was, the year before, from having been prior, elected
abbot of Tewkesbury, where he had been brought up under
the monastic rule from boyhood, and in course of time was
admitted in peace and love to be one of the monks of
Worcester by licence from Wulfstan, the lord bishop, at whose
hands he had received all the ecclesiastical orders. There
were present at the consecration of this abbot the bishops who
had received bishop Simon in procession, namely, Richard
of Hereford, Godfrey of Bath, and David of Bangor, together
with Benedict's fellow abbots of the diocese of Worcester,
Guy of Pershore, William of Gloucester, and Godfrey of
Winchcombe; the lord Walchere, the prior of Malvern, repre-
sented his abbot, who lay sick, and Dominic, prior of Evesham,
was also present : these were men to whom the words of the
Psalmist may be applied, " He sendeth the springs into the
rivers which run among the hills,,,, and such was the company
which met the bishop in procession.8

1 A repetition of a former entry. 2 Psalm civ.10 .

8 In the text of all the editions, the quotation from the Vulgate,
which is so beautifully applied to the fertilising influences of religious
institutions in a district celebrated for its waters and hills, is carried
on by the use of inverted commas to the end of the paragraph. It is
needless to say, that the latter clause is not found in the Vulgate. '

HCB OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1125.

[A. synod held at London.']

A synod was held at London, in the church of the blessed
prince of the apostles at West rninster, on the ninth of Sep-
tember, that is, on the fifth of the ides of that mouth, in
which, iiftcr the discussion of Various matters, the following
canons, seventeen in number, were published with unanimous
consent. John, of Crema,1 a cardinal priest of the holy and
apostolic church, with the litl<? of St.. Chrysoiromis, ami legale
in tins;] and of the lord pope Honoring presided at this syniMJ;
and it was attended by William, archbishop of Canterbnry,
and Thurstan, archbishop of York, and the bishops of differ- :
ent dioceses, to the number of twenty ; with about forty
abhots, and a great concourse of the clergy and people. These
are the canons: —

The first canon. Following in the step9 of the Imlv
fathers, we forbid, by apostolic authority, any ecclesiastical
ordination being conferred for money.

II. We also prohibit the exaction of any fee for chrism, far
oil, for baptism, for penance, for the visitation or unciicii "f
the sick, for the communion of the body of Christ, or for

III. Moreover, we ordain and decree, by apostolio roth*1
rty, that at the consecration of bishops, or the benediction w
abbots, or the dedication of churches, no cope, or tippet, ot
maniple, or ewer, or any other thing shall be exacted by vio-
lence, but they are to be voluntary offerings.

IV. No abbot or prior, monk or clerk, shall aeeept »)'
ehurch, tythe, or ecclesiastical benefice, by the gift of a l»j-
inan, without the authority and consent of Ids own bishop.
If he shall so presume, the gift shad be void, and he shall M
subject to canonical censure.

V. Moreover, we decree that no person shall claim the
patronage of a church or prebend by right of inheritance, or
bequeath to a successor any ecclesiastical bench n ■ :

he shall presume to do, we declare that it shall have no effort,
saying, with the Psalmist, " O my God, make them like unto

1 See Henry of Huntingdon, p. 252, Antiq. Lib., for a scanJitmB
anil well-known story of this cardinal. r"—
town in the Bolognese.

L.D. 1125.] DISCIPLINE OP THE CLERGY. 239

i wheel ; " while they said, " Let us take to ourselves the
louses of God in possession."1

VI. Furthermore, we decree that clerks holding churches
Dr ecclesiastical benefices, who avoid being ordained in order
bo live with greater freedom, and continue to treat holy orders
with contempt, after being invited thereto by the bishop,
shall be deprived of their churches and benefices.

VII. No one but a priest shall be promoted to the office of
dean or prior ; no one but a deacon to an archdeaconry.

VIII. No person shall be ordained priest without a regular
title. Whoever is ordained independently shall forfeit the
degree he has obtained.

IX. No abbot, or clerk, or layman shall presume to eject
any person ecclesiastically ordained to a church, without the
sentence of his own bishop. Whoever presumes to do other-
wise shall be subject to excommunication.

X. No bishop shall presume to ordain or judge a person
belonging to another diocese, for every one stands or falls to
his own master ; nor shall any one be bound by a sentence
which is not pronounced by his own judge.

XI. No one shall presume to receive into communion one
who has been excommunicated by another. If he shall have
done this knowingly he himself shall be deprived of Christian
communion.

XII. We also ordain that two archdeaconries or dignities
of another class shall not be held by one person.

XIII. We prohibit, by apostolic authority, priests, deacons,
sub-deacons, and canons from living with wives, concubines,
and women generally, except a mother, a sister, an aunt, or
other females free from all suspicion. Whoever violates
this canon shall, on confession or conviction, suffer the loss of
his order.

XIV. We utterly prohibit usury and filthy lucre to clerks
of every degree. Whoever shall have pleaded guilty to such
a charge, or been convicted of it, is to be degraded from the
rank he holds.

XV. We decree that sorcerers, fortune-tellers, and those
who deal in divination of any kind, shall be excommunicated,
and we brand them with perpetual infamy.

XVI. We prohibit marriages being contracted between

1 Ps.lxxxiii. 12, 13.

* Ic will bc'umlrwtood that this wu not the ceremony of
tion; the kings of England wore their crowns, when ihey kept
■t the three great church festivals..

240 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D, 1126.

persona connected by blood or affinity, as far as the

generation. If any persons thus connected have married, lei
them be separated.

XVII. We forbid men's being allowed to allege constii-
guinity against their own wives, and the witnesses they bring
forward are not to be admitted ; but Jet the authority of lie
fathers be maintained.

"Are you content?" "Be it s
"Be it ao." — "Are yon content?"

The same cardinal, after quitting England, went to Nor-
mandy, and at length returned to Rome. William, the
archbishop, also considering that the church of England lad
received grievous offence in the humiliation of the see of
Canterbury, crossed the channel himself on his way to Rome,to
procure the best support he could in the disordered state of
affairs, and prevent their growing worse. He therefore
proceeded to Rome, and was received with honour by po|w
Honorins, who had succeeded Caliitus, atid who made tlie
archbishop his vicar-general in England and Scotland, lod
appointed him legate of the apostolic see.

[a.d. 1126.] King Henry returned to England at Christ-
mas, and held his court at Windsor ( 'astle with great mag-
nificence, having summoned all the nobles of the realm w
attend him there. On this occasion, when the bishop of
York, claiming equality with the archbishop of Canterbury,
offered to place the crown on the king's head,1 as his pre-
decessors had done, his claim was rejected by the decision of
all who were present, and it was Unanimously agreed that
nothing pertaining to the royal crown belonged to him.
Moreover, the bearer of the cross which he caused to b«
borne before him into the king's chapel, was thrust out of th*
chapel, with the cross he carried; for, by the judgment of
the bishops anil some learned men skilled in ecclesiastical l»*i
it was established and settled that it was not lawful for J
metropolitan to have hia cross carried before him out of lu>
own province.

The question seems to have heen put thrice, in the form <til'

JU©. 1126, 1127.] REIGN OP HENRY II. 241

[Fealty sworn to the empress Matilda,]

As soon as the feast days [of Christmas] were over, the
king went to London, attended by all the men of rank in the
realm who had flocked to his court, and there, by the king's
command, William, the archbishop and legate of the see of Rome,
and all the other bishops of England, and the nobles of the land,
swore fealty to the king's daughter ; engaging to defend her
right to the crown of England, if she should survive her
father, against all opposers, unless he should yet before his
death beget a son in lawful wedlock, to become his successor.
On the death of the emperor Henry, who had lived in mar-
riage with her many years, without leaving children, she had
returned to her father's court, where she was surrounded with
all the honours becoming her station. The king, therefore,
having lost his son William in the manner already described,
and there being as yet no other direct heir to the kingdom,
for that reason made over the right to the crown to his
daughter, under the provisoe just mentioned.

[The custody of Rochester castle granted to the archbishops of

Canterbury.]

The king, also, by the advice of his barons, granted to the
church of Canterbury, and to William the archbishop, and to
all his successors, the custody and constableship of the castle
of Rochester, to hold for ever ; with liberty to make in the
same castle a fort or tower, as they pleased, and have and
guard it for ever; and that the garrison stationed in the
castle should have free ingress and egress on their own occa-
sions, and should be security to the archbishop for it. Robert,
surnamed Pecceth, bishop of Coventry, departed this life, and
lies buried at Coventry. Hugh, abbot of St. Augustine's
[at Canterbury], died.

[A synod held at Westminster^

[a.d. 1127.] William, archbishop of Canterbury, con-
vened a general synod of all the bishops and abbots, and some
men of religion from all parts of England, at the monas-
tery of St. Peter, situated in the western part of London.
At this synod he himself presided as archbishop of Canter-
bury and legate of the apostolic see ; assisted by William,

L

242 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 11!J.

bishop of Winchester, Roger of Salisbury, William of Exeter,
Hcrvey of Ely, Alexander of Lincoln, Everanl of Norwieli,
Sigefric) of Chichester, Richard of Hereford, Geoti'rey of
Bath, John of Rochester, Bernard of St, David's in Wales,
Urban of Glamorgan or Llandaff, and David of Bangor.
Richard, bishop of London, arid Robert, bishop of Chester,1
■were then dead, and no successors had yet been appointed to
their sees. But Thurstan, archbishop of York, sent messen-
gers with letters assigning reasonable cause for his non-ap-
pearance at the convocation. Ralph, bishop of Durhim,
fell sick on the road, and was not able to complete the journey,
as the prior of his church and the clerks whom he sent for-
ward solemnly attested. Simon, bishop of Worcester, hull
gone to visit his relations beyond seas, and was not yet
returned. Great multitudes, also, of the clergy and
laity, both rich and poor, flocked together, and there was t
numerous and important meeting. The council sat for three
days, namely, the third of the ides [the 13th] of May, the
following day. and the (bird day ai'imvards, being the seven-
teen tli of the calends of June [10th May]. There were some
proceedings with respect to secular affairs ; some were deter-
mined, some adjourned, and some withdrawn from the hearing
of the judges, on account of the disorderly conduct of tie
immense crowd. But the decrees and statutes made in this synod
by common consent of the bishops we have thought it desinble
to record in this work, as they were there publicly declared
and accepted. They are these ; —

I. We wholly prohibit, by the authority of St. Peter, prince
of the apostles, and our own, the buying and selling of sbv
i-fclesiasti[.':il benelices, or any occle.-iiistieal dignities whatever,
Whoever shall be convicted of having violated this decree, if
he be a clerk, or even a regular canon, or a monk, let him be
degraded from his order ; if a layman, let him be held out-
lawed and excommunicated, and be deprived of his patronage
of the church or benefice.

II. We totally interdict, by the authority of the apostolic
see, the ordination or promotion of any person in the church
of God, for the sake of lucre.

1 The bishopric of Lichfield won removed to Chester in 1076, but
aj;oin restored to its former i-eat The present bishopric of *"""

is one of the new tees foTiiuk'tJ ;it'.i- the Information.

A.D. 1127.] DECREES OF A SYNOD. 243

ILL. We condemn certain payments of money exacted for
the admission of canons, monks, and nuns.

IV. No one shall be appointed a dean but a priest, and no
)ne but a deacon, archdeacon. If any one in minor orders be
lamed to these dignities he shall be enjoined by the bishop to
ake the orders required. But if he disobey the bishop's
q on it ion to take such orders, he shall lose his appointment to
he dignity.

"V. We utterly interdict all illicit intercourse with women,
s well by priests, deacons, and sub-deacons, as by all canons.
f, however, they will retain their concubines (which God
orbid), or their wives, they are to be deprived of their
eclesiastical orders, their dignity, and benefice. If there be
iny such among parish priests, we expel them from the
ihancel, and declare them infamous. Moreover, we command,
>y the authority of God and our own, all archdeacons and
>fficials, whose duty it is, to use the utmost care and diligence
n eradicating this deadly evil from the church of God. If
:hey be found negligent in this, or (which God forbid) con-
senting thereto, they are for the first and second offence to be
luly corrected by the bishops, and for the third to be punished
more severely, according to the canons.

VI. The concubines of priests and canons shall be expelled
from the parish, unless they shall have contracted a lawful
marriage there. If they are found afterwards offending, they
shall be arrested by the officers of the church, in whatever
lordship they may be ; and we command, under pain of ex-
communication, that they be not sheltered by any jurisdiction,
either inferior or superior, but truly delivered up to the officer
of the church, to be subjected to ecclesiastical discipline, or
reduced to bondage, according to the sentence of the bishop.

VII. We prohibit, under pain of excommunication, any arch-
deacon from holding several archdeaconries in different dioceses;
let him retain that only to which he was first appointed.

VIII. Bishops are to prohibit all priests, abbots, monks,
and priors, subject to their jurisdiction, from holding farms.

IX. We command that tithes be honestly paid, for they are
the sovereign right of the most high God.

X. We forbid, by canonical authority, any person from
giving or receiving churches or tithes, or other ecclesiastical
benefices, without the consent and authority of the bishop.

r2

244 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.D. 1127, 1128.

XI. No abbess or nun is to use garments of richer material
than lamb's-wool or cat-skiu.

King Henry, who remained at London during these pro-
ceedings, being informed of the acts of the council, assented
to them, and ratified and continued by hi* royal authority the
decrees of the synod held at Westminster by William, tircli-
bishop of Canterbury and legate of the holy Roman church.
One Hugh, of the diocese of Rochester, being appointed
abbot, was advanced, with deserved honour, to [he dignity for
whieli he wis designated, that of abbot of St. Augustine's, hi
William, archbishop of Canterbury, on Sunday, the second of
the ides [the 12th] of June, at Chichester. Richard, bishop
of Hereford, died at his vill, called Dydelehyrig,1 on Monday
the eighteenth of the calends of September [loth August];
his body was carried to Hereford, and buried in the church
there, with the bishops his predecessors. Henry, king of
England, went over sea.

[a.d. 1128.] Thurstan, the archbishop, consecrated at
York, Robert, who had been intruded by Alexander, king
of Scots, on the petition of David, his brother and sUOOeSWe,
iuto the see of St. Andrew's. The archbishop had called
in Ralph, bishop of Durham, and one Ralph, formerly
ordained bishop of the Orkney islands, to he his coadjutors in
the ceremony. This Ralph having been ordained without the
election or consent of the lord of the land, or of the clergy
and people, was rejected by all of them, and acknowledged a>
bishop by no one. Being bishop of no city, he attached him-
self sometimes to the archbishop of York, sometimes to the
bishop of Durham ; he was supported by them, and em-
ployed by both as coadjutor in the performance of tlicir
episcopal function*.* Robert, being consecrated by these
bishops, was not permitted by the Scots, as it is reported, to

1 Ledbury, Herefordshire.

3 This accounts fur this Ralph's being called "bishop of Durham,"
by Henry of Huntingdon aud Roger of Wendover, who seem to We
lost sight of lii- cii'i^iiin] and proper designation. The ubiquitou'
bishop for jus ;i ills! iii^iiislu'i! li-ur-r in tin: jjronp sketched lij the forum
author before the battle of the Standard, *.i. 1138, in which we if"
informed he was commissioned by the archbishop of York tosutipljhia
place. Henry of Huntingdon represents hi in as standing on a hilloi't.
mirl ii. Idressini; ih<> m-iuy iVfure the l.ji lie in a florid discourse, wWu*
the historian has preserved. See pp. 207—289, in the dnlig.

■I.D. 1128.] BISHOPS AND ABBOTS. 245

nake any profession of submission or obedience to the church
if York or its bishop, although he was a canon of that
liureh.

A man of worth and advanced years, who was a canon of
le church of Lyons, was elected bishop of London ; for
Jcbard, bishop of that city, was dead, and tins person,
mned Gilbert, and surnamed The Universal,1 was appointed
[ bis stead hy king Henry and archbishop William, with the
isent of the clergy and people. He was eon^eruted by the
-clibialiop himself, in the mother church of Canterbury, on
uuday, the eleventh of the calends of February [22nd
unitary], Sigefrid, bishop of Chichester, and John, bishop
f Rochester, assisted and took part in the ceremony, in the
resence of the abbots, and other great and noble persons,
isembled at Canterbury on the occasion ; his profession having
een first made iu the same way his predecessors had done, by
inch he promised canonical submission and obedience in all
anga to the archbishop and his successors.

Urban, bishop of Glamorgan or Llandaff, considering that
a had not been justly <l>-al t with in lvjrard to certain questions
itli Bernard, bishop of St. David's, which lie had litigated
l the council of the preceding year, crossed the sea, after the
;ast of the Purification of St. Mary [2nd February], and
roceeding to Rome, laid the cause of his journey, supported
y clear attestations from his own diocese, before the apos-
jiical pope. The pope lent a favourable ear to his preh-
ensions and statements, and addressed letters to king Henry
nd archbishop William, and the other bishops of England,
njoining them by his apostolical authority to suffer no oppo-
ition from any one to Urban's just demands.

The venerable Godfrey, abbot of Shrewsbury, died on
Wednesday, the fourth of the calends of April [24th March],
leoffrey, prior of Canterbury, was, at the request of David, ,
ing of Scots, and with the permission of William the areh-
i shop, elected abbot of a place in Scotland called Dunfermline,
nd ordained by Robert, bishop of St. Andrew's, Urban,
ishop of Llandaff, returned to England, after a successful

1 Gilbert the Universal, so called from his extensive learning. See
is character shortly drawn in Henry of Huntingdon's caustic style.
Letter to Walter," p. 310 of Us works in the Antiq. Lib.

246 Florence op Worcester, [a.d. 1 129, 1130.

journey ; and, by the king's command, the apostolical mui-
dates respecting him were carried into effect.

One of the monks of the church of Shrewsbury, nanwl
Herbert, having been elected abbot, and consecrated by ardi-
bishop William at Lowes, assumed the government of t].»
monastery at Shrewsbury an such abbot. Hugh, abbot nf
Chortsey, died. William, count of Flanders, surnamed Tin'
Sad, falling into an ambush, was wounded by his ene-
mies, and, his sufferings increasing, died, amidst universal
lamentations, on the sixth o-i' the calends of August [27:li
July], and was buried at St. Benin. Ralph, bishop (1
Durham, died on the nones [the 5th] of September ; and
Geoffrey, archbishop of Rouen, departed this life on the
fourth of the calends uf December | 28th November],

[a.d. 1129.] William, bishop of Winchester, died on the
eighth of the ealends of February [25th January], and was
buried at Winchester. In the month of July, Henry, king of
England, returned from Normandy to England. His nephew,
Henry, abbot of Glastonbury, elected to the see of Win ton in
the month of October, was consecrated bishop by W ilii»»t
archbishop of Canterbury, on Sunday, the fifteenth of the
calends of December [17th November]. Roger, archdeacon
of Buckingham, and nephew of Geoflrey de Clinton, having
been elected to the see of Chester, was ordained priest on tin.'
twelfth of the calends of January [21st December], and the
next day was consecrated bishop at Canterbury by the ardi-
bishop. He was afterwards enthroned, by the arohbubejft
mandate, in the episcopal chair at Coventry,1 by Siiimii, bi.-h'f
of Worcester, on Monday, the sixth of the calends of February
[27th .January].

[a.d. 1130.] Hugh, abbot of Reading, was elected arch-
bishop of Rouen. Christ church, at Canterbury, v. ,
with great pomp, by William, itrchhishop of that city, on ihfl
fourth of the nones [the 4th] of May. The following
bishops were present at the consecration : — John, bkhop *f
Rochester, Gilbert of London, Henry of Winchester.
Simon of Worcester, Alexander of Lincoln, I'oger ul
Salisbury, Godfrey of Bath, Everard of Norwich, SigviVi'l
of Chichester, Bernard of St. David's; with Owen, bjsoOO
of Evreux, and John, bishop of Si'ez, from beyond sea. Outhc
1 See note before, p. 242.

A.D. 1130-32.] BISHOPS AND ABBOT8. 247

fourth day afterwards — that is, on the nones [the 7t!i] of
May — the city of Rochester was destroyed by iire, while the
ting was there ; and on the day following', living tiie feast of
mr Lord's Ascension, the new church of St. Andrew was
Kmsecrated by William the archbishop, some of the bofore-
nentioned tnawpfl utiiting bin in the service. [Ansgcr], the
ixoellent prior of Lewes, was elected at Winchester abbot of
[leading, and afterwards ordained ; also Ingulph, prior of
Winchester, having beea elected at Woodstock abbot of
Abingdon, was ordained by Roger, hishop of Salisbury.
William, abbot of Gloucester, having voluntarily resigned his
pastoral charge by reason of age, chose, with the consent of
the brethren, a pious monk, of the same house, named Walter,
who was ordained nbl.ot Ivy Simon, bishop of Worcester, on
Sunday, the nones [the 3rd] of August. Serlo, also, a canon
of Salisbury, was ordained ablxtt by the same bishop, at
Bloekley, an episcopal vill, and appointed to govern the abbey
of Cirencester. Hubert, prior of the church of Llanthony,
being elected to the see of Hereford, was couseerated at
Oxford, by William, archbUhop of Canterbury. Henry, king
of England, went over the sea.

[a.d. 1131.] Reginald, the reverend abbot of Ramsey,
died on the thirteenth of the calends of June [20th May].
William, the venerable abbot of Gloucester, and Hervey,
who had been bishop of Bangor, and was afterwards the first
bishop of Ely, died on the third of the calends of September
[30th August], the ninth iudiction. .

[a.d._ 1132.] A comet was seen on the eighth of the ides >
of October [8th October], and remained visible for nearly five
days. The greater part of the dty of London, with the
principal church of St. Paul the apostle, was destroyed by fire,
in Whitsun week— that is, on the second of the ides [the
14th] of May. In the thirty-third year of the reign of Henry,
king of England, on Wednesday, the same d^y in the course
of the year on which his brother and predecessor, king William
Bufus, was slain, and on which king Henry himself assumed
the government at the commencement of his reign, it is stated
that the following appearance occurred. While the king,
having gone to the coast for the purpose of crossing the sea,
delayed his departure, although the wind was often fair for
the voyage, at last, on the day mentioned, he went down to

248 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a,D. 1132.

shore about noon to take Iiis passage, surrounded by his
guards, as is the custom of kings, Then suddenly a cloud

i seen in the air, which wu visible throughout England,
though not of the came size ; for in some places tlie day only
appeared gloomy, while in others the darkness was such that

i required the light of candles for whatever they had to
The king and his attendants, and many others, walked
about in great wonder ; and, raising their eyes to the heavens,
observed that the sun had the appearance of shining like >

v moon, Eut it did not long preserve the same shape; for
sometimes it was broader, sometimes narrower, sometimes
more curved, sometimes more upright, now steady as usual,
and then tnoviusr, and quivering anil liquid like quicksilver,
Some say that the sun was eclipsed.' If this be true, the saa
s then in the head of the dragon, and the moon in its tail,
the sun in the tail, and the moon in the head, in the fiftli
sign, and the seventeenth degree of that sign. The moon
s then in her twenty-seventh day. On the same day, and
at the same hour, many stars appeared.

Moreover, on the same day, when the ships were anchored
on the shore, ready for I.Ik; kind's voyage, the sea being very
calm and little wind stirring, the great anchors of one of the
ships were suddenly wrenched from their hold in the ground,
as though by some violent shock, and the ship getting under
weigh, to the surprise of numbers who strove in vain to stop
her, set in motion the ship next to her, and thus eight ships
fell foul of each other by some unknown force, so that they
all received damage. It was also generally reported that on
the same day and about the same hour, many churches in the
province of York were seen sweating, as it were, great drops.
All these occurrences tnok place, as it is said, on Wednesday,
the fourth of the nones [the 2nd] of August. And on
Friday, in the same week, the second of the nones of tn»

ie month [4th August}, at daybreak, there was a greal
earthquake in many parts of England. There were some
also who said that in the week following, on Monday, the

1 Cf. William of MalmcsWy's account of this eclipse, to which,
however, he has not assigned the e<a.ct date, though he tells to lh«
pas an eye-witness. He-mentions, also, ail earthquake ; a shotkof
;h, probably, caused the coovulsioD which dashed the a1'- L
li„rbour against each other.

.D. 1133-5.] DEATH OF HENRI II. 249

iith of tlie idea of the same month [8th August], when the
ioon was three days old, they saw her first as alio goiiendly
ppearcd at that ago, and titer ■ abort BpOtt Of time, in the
vening of the same day, they observed her full, like a round
ad very bright shield. Many also reported that on the same
ight they saw two moons, distant about a spear's length from
ieh otiier.
[a,d. 1133.] Notwithstanding, king Henry crossed the
■i, leaving England for Xnru'iaudy, never to return alive and
« England again. In the month of November the city of
Worcester was exposed to the ravages of fire, a frequent

[a.d. 1134.] Bohert, brother of king Ilenry, and formerly
irl of Normandy, who was taken prisoner of war hy the
iDg when in Normandy, at the castle of Tinohelirai, and had
ten long confined ia England, died at Cardiff, and, being
irried to Gloucester, was buried with great honours in the
ivement of the church before the altar. Godfrey, bishop of
ath, died on the seventeenth of the calends of September
16th August]; after some interval he was succeeded by a
ionk named Uoliort, a Fleming by descent, but born in Eng-
nd. Thus Robert, from a monk became a bishop, such being
le pleasure of Henry, bishop of Winchester, who is -now, but
'as not at that time, legate of the Roman church.1

[a.d. 1135.] Henry, king of England, died on the fourth
f the nones [the 20th] of December, in the sixty-ninth year
f his age, after a reign of thirty-five years and four months ;
ad Stephen, his sister's son, being elected to the kingdom of
Ingland, was consecrated king, by William, archbishop of
ianterbury, on the thirteenth of the calends of January
20th December], at London, where he held his court, at
iliristmas, surrounded by the nobles of England, with great
curtesy and royal pomp. The holy festival being ended, the
jrpse of king Henry, lately deceased, was brought from
iormandy to England,* and the king went to meet it,

1 From this passage, as we have remarked elsewhere, tlie continuator
'. Florence appears to have been a. cotemporary with Henry de Blois,
I least, when he was in the zenith of his power.

1 Henry I. died at the castle of Lions, near Rouen. Ordericus
italia, in his thirteenth book, and William of Malmesbury, in the
rst book of his " Modern History," give an account of his obsequies,

250 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1135.

attended by a large body of nobles, and for the love lie bore
his uncle, he supported the bier on his royal shoulders,
assisted by his barons, and thus brought the corpse lo
Reading. Masses were sung, many rich ollerhigs made, tint
distributed to multitudes of the poor, and the obsequies
having been duly solemnised, and his effigy exposed to view
on a hearse, the royal corpse was deposited, with the highest
honours, in a tomb constructed, according to custom, before

the altar in the principal church, dedicated to the

and glorious Virgin Mary, which Ling Henry himself, for the
good of his soul, had endowed with lands, woods, meadows,
and pastures, and enriched with many ornaments.

After his interment, Stephen being on the throne, and, in-
deed, long before, the bonds of peace were broken asunder,
and the greatest discord prevailed in all parts of Normandy anJ
England. Man rose up against man— -discord was rife in the
land, wasting the substance of both high and low, and pene-
trating on all sides within strong and lofty walls. Evorv w
spoiled his neighbour's goods. The powerful -,■
weak by violence, and obtain exemption from inquiry by the
terror of their threats. Death is the lot of him who resisU.
The wealthy nobles of the land, rolling in affluence, can- Little
to what iniquities the wretched suH'erers are exposed : all their
coucern is for themselves and their own adherents; they ilore
their castles and fortified towns with all things nee
garrison them with armed bauds, fearing a revolution which
should alter the succession to the crown, and not reflecting on
the dispensation.-, of the providence of God, "whose ways are
past finding out." While all should be hushed in peace in the
presence of royalty, as before a roaring lion, there is no end
of devastations and ravages in numberless places, and
especially in Wales. From this any one may perceive with
how little prudence and firmness, with what injustice rutin':
than justice, England, which ought to be ruled far otherwise,

soaie disgusting details
ruda process by which
Hist., p. 262.

LD, 1136.] KING STEPHEN. 251

h now governed. In the prevailing lust of money, and an
inordinate ambition for preferment of every lurid, moderation,
[lie mother of virtue*, is scarcely to be found.

Stephen, kin.:.' of England, inarched into Devonshire with
a large force of horse and foot, and besieged, for a long time
the castle of Exeter,1 which Baldwin, sur named de Redvers,
had fortified in defiance of the royal authority. But at length,
(he garrison being short of provisions, terras were made, and
Baldwin, with his wife and children, were expelled from Eng-
land, his lands being forfeited. Ansger, the vendible abbot
uf Heading, died on the sixth of the calends of February
[27th January], and Godfrey, bishop of Bath, on the seven-
teenth of the calends of September [16th August].

[a.d. 1 136.] Speedily alter the death of king Henry on the
fourth of the nones (the 1'nd) of December a severe battle was
fought in G-ow'cr,a between the Normans and the Welsh, on
Ihe calends [the 1st] of January, in which five hundred and
sixteen of the two armies perished. Their bodies were
horribly dragged about the fields and devoured by the wolves.
Afterwards the Welsh made a desperate inroad, attended with
the destruction, far and wide, of churches, vills, corn, and cattle,
the burning of castles and other for rifled places, and the
slaughter, dispersion, and sale into captivity in foreign lands
>f countless numbers, both of the rich and poor. Among
these, the noble and amiable Richard, son of Gilbert,3 falling
into an ambush, was slain by the Welsh, on the seventeenth of
:he calends of May [15th April] ; and his body being carried
« Gloucester, was honourably buried in the chapter-house of
:he brethren. Another bloody battle was afterwards fought
it Cardigan, in the second week of the month of October, in
;his same year, in which the slaughter was ao great that, with-
Hit reckoning the men who were carried off into captivity,
;here remained ten thousand women, whose husbands, with
mmberlcss children, were either drowned, or burnt, or put to

it of the siege in the " Geata Stephan
istory in the Antiq. Lib., pp. 3?" "'"
s, nearly corresponding with tl

lountj of Glamorgan. Neither Huntingdon nor Malmesbur

his expedition; but the anonymous author of the " Gesta Stephani"

leseribts it in some detail lb. pp. 329 — 332.

3 Richard, son of Gilbert de Clare, to whom the territory of Car-

ligan had been given by king Henry, was murdered by Jotwerth.

252 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [X.D. 1137.

the sword. When the bridge over the river Tivy was broken
down it was a wretched spectacle to see crowds passing to and
fro across a bridge formed by the horrible mass of human
corpses and horses drowned in the river.

William, archbishop of Canterbury, died at one of bis vills,1
on the twelfth of the calends of December [20th November],
in the fifteenth year of his patriarchate, and was ^buried at
Canterbury. Guy, abbot of Pershore, a man of great
prudence, died on the nones [the 5th] of August. Benedict,
abbot of Tewksbury, a man of devoted piety and strict con-
tinence, died on the ides [the 15th] of March.

Removed from this world's strife,
God give them endless life !

[a.d. 1137.] In the month of March, before Easter, which

fell on the fourth of the ides [the 10th] of April, •Stephen,

king of England, went over sea, and spent some time in

foreign parts. GrifFyth-ap-Rhys, king of Wales, perished

through the artifices of his wife.8 The Welsh, having suffered

much in the defence of their native land, not only from the

powerful Normans, but also from the Flemings, after numbers

had fallen on both sides, at last subdued the Flemings, and did

not cease to commit devastations on all sides ; plundering and

burning the vills and castles, and putting to death all who

made any resistance, and the helpless as well as the armed.

Among the rest, a knight, they say, of great bravery, whose

name was Pagan us, feD, pierced through the head by a lance

while engaged in capturing and slaying some plundering

Welshmen : his body was carried to Gloucester, and buried in

the monk's chapter house. The city of York was destroyed

by fire, with the principal monastery, on Friday in Whitsun-

week, which fell on the 6th of the ides [the 8th] of June.

Shortly afterwards the city of Rochester was also destroyed

1 Probably at his " vill of Westminster," where Henry of Hunting-
don tells us (Hist. p. 254) that this William Curboil, archbishop of
Canterbury, sometimes resided. Huntingdon draws no favourable
character of this prelate, either in his History, p. 262, or in the
" Letter to Warin," pp. 315 and 326.

3 So far from this being the case, Gwenlian, the wife of Griffyth-
ap-Rhys, prince of South Wales, a woman of a gallant spirit, seconded
her husband's efforts for independence, and, in his absence, took the
field in person at the head of her forces. See Giraldus Cambreensis
Itin. i., c. iv., and Dr. Powell's notes : see also Warrington's History
of Wales, p. 293.

I

1.0.1137.] MIRACLES AND RELICS. 253

Sy fire. On Thursday the fourth of the calends of August
[29th July] the church of Jlath, and, in the same mouth of
August, the city of Leicester, were burnt.

[Miracles at Windsor.']
One day, while the people were attending the celebration
of mass at Windsor, as we have been informed by trustworthy
persons, there was a sudden radianee in the interior of the
church ; and some persons, wondering what it was, went
forth and beheld a strange star shining in the heavens, and
on their return observed that the light within descended from
the star. Miracle succeeded miracle. Many observed the
cruiiifix which stood on the altar in motion and wringing its
hands, the right wiih the left, or the left with the right, after
the manner of persons in trouble. After this was done three
tiroes the whole ei'in'ifix trembled, and was bathed in sweat
for nearly half an hour, returning afterwards to its former

[Reiki found at Southwell.']

At Southwell, a vill of the archbishop's, while a grave was
being made for a funeral, there were found some relics of
saints, and a glass phial with raised sides to prevent its being
broken, and full of very clear water ; which being given to the
sick, they were on tasting it restored to their former health.
I give the first of these miracles as I heard it ; the last was
related to me by Henry, bishop of Winchester.

[Thurstan, archbishop of York, with Roger, bishop of
Salisbury, and some other bishops and great men of the
realm, held a council at Northampton, in the hearing of many
persons].1

[Schism in the Church of Rome— Pope and Anti-pope.]

The see of Rome had now been in an unsettled state for
seven years, in consequence of there being two popes, namely,
Gregory, who was also called Innocent, and Peter, called
Leo, in whose cause a war broke out between Lothatre, em-
peror of the Romans, and Roger, duke of Apulia. Both
these princes abounded in wealth, but the first was the most

1 The last paragraph is evidently an interpolation in this place.
The meeting at Northampton is subsequently mentioned with more
detail in the course of the events of the present year.

254 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.d. 11.1S,

religious as well as superior in dignity ; the latter, to his uwn
couluiiozi, was more lilieral with his gold. But the ini|icrLl
majesty, us it is fitting and just, surpasses in all things the
roviil dignity, Laoh appointed a bishop of bishops at Rome,
Lothaire supported Gregory, who was canonieally clotted :
Roger granted the papacy of Rome to Peter Leo. But tills
mutual strife offending the cardinals and the prefect of the
city j they admitted for lucre, first Gregory, expelling Leu,
and then Leo, expelling Gregory, to the apostolic see. At
last Gregory, appointed by Lothniro, ruled the see of the
a]iostles. Poler I.eo, the vvholu of the ancient Peter the Lion,
sits at the Lateran, like another pope. If both were inspired
by the ambition of power, neither was pleasing to God, While
they performed their part in the world, they were reserved
for the judgment of God, whose judgments are profound. In
consequence of this great schism having lasted for so many
years in the chief of all the ohunhes throughout the world, i
day was fixed by common agreement among the princes on
which a battle, by way of duel, should be fought between
the two nations, the Romans and Apulians, that God, the
Omnipotent Judge of all. might give the victory to whom he
pleased. The emperor Lothaire, therefore, although he ww
suffering from illness, assembled an immense army, and pitched
his camp in Apulia. Roger met him at the head of many
thousand troops, both horse and foot. In the encounter
which ensued, by God's Providence the emperor and his array
obtained the victory, and Roger and his forces were con-
quered, and fled. The royal crown which he had caused t»
be made that he might be crowned king, inlaid with gold nml
precious stones, and the royal spear, resplendent with gold,
were discovered by treachery, and presented to the emperor
as an acceptable gift. Returning to his own country, he »ooit
afterwards lost his kingdom and his life. Lewis, king of France,
died; and was succeeded by his son Lewis. Stephen, king of
England, returned to England in the month of Decenjber,
and held his court during Christmas at Dunstable, a town in
Bedfordshire.

[A Thwringian Tradition.']
[A.n. 1133.] Conrad [II.], duke of Bavaria, the innetv-riiiii
emperor of the Romans, and nephew of Ilenry U *"

fc.D. 1138.] A THURINGiAN TltiDlTION. 255

alio had for empress the daughter of Henry, king of Eng-
land, died after a reign of twelve years. In former times,
i tribe, migrating from the north, reached the country of
rburingia, intending to settle there; and the inhabitants of
mat country granted tkemabogt portion of their territory,
is the foreigners requested. The people increased and multi-
plied exceedingly. After the lapse of a long period, they
refused to pay the acknowledgment due to the Thuringians.
In consequence, both sides met under arms, as is the custom
of that nation, that the debt might lie demanded and paid.
This was done not once only, but a .second time, without a
wound being received on either side ; the third time it was
agreed that both parties should meet unarmed, under a guar-
antee of peace. The great body of foreigners assembled under
an impression of the weakness of the Thuringians, and that
their country was deficient both in counsel and courage for
its good government. On the appointed day they came to
the conference, having, by way of caution and self-protection,
their long knives sheathed under their garments. The pro-
ceedings were not conducted peaceably, but with violent dis-
putes. In short, tho Thuringians were overcome, the fierce
and alien race triumphed; for, drawing their long knives,
they slaughtered many of the Thuringians. These inhabitants
of the land were driven with ignominy from their country
and kindred, and nearly all their territory fell into the hands
of those on whom inconstant fortune now smiled. The
country which, up to that time, had been called Thuringia,
then changed its name, and, from the long knives of the con-
querors, was afterwards called, not Saxony, but, in the
English idiom, Sosxony.1

[Siege of Bedford — Irruption of the SeoU.'}

The festival days of Christmas being ended,* Stephen, king

of England, to maintain his regal crown in conformity to his

name,* put himself at the head of his army and besieged and

1 From «M, Anglo-Saxon For a knife, dagger, or short sword.
Adelung, however, rejecting this derivation, says that the most likely
derivation is from the old German tat», Ang. Sax. aset, an inhabitant,

' Henry of Huntingdon says that king Stephen began the siege of
Bedford on Christ mas-eve.
1 A pun on •rifavoc, la Greek, a crown.

256 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1138.

took the castle of Bedford, which stood out against him, is
he had before taken that of Exeter. Receiving intelligence by
a messenger that his enemies1 had made an irruption, and were
devastating the lands, burning the vills, and besieging castles
and towns, he marched with a strong force into Northumbrian
He did not long remain there, having, with some difficulty,
accomplished the object he had in view. Those who are well
acquainted with the facts, relate that, for nearly six months,
a terrible irruption was made by numerous enemies of different
races into Northumbria and the adjacent country, both far
and near. Multitudes were taken, plundered, imprisoned,
and tortured ; ecclesiastics were put to death for the sake of
the property of their churches ; and scarcely any one can com-
pute the number of the slain on the enemy's side or our own.
On the death of the apostolical Leo Peter, Innocent succeeded
him, all who had taken the part of Peter against him making
satisfaction, and being entirely reconciled to him. This pope
consecrated Alberic, abbot of Yercelli, as bishop of Ostia, on
Easter-dav, at Rome.

[How the Devil, in the shape of a black dwarf, teas made a

monk.]

About this time reports of the following miracle were cir-
culated in all quarters. There is a noble monastery in the
arch-diocese of Treves called Prum, dedicated to the apostles
St. Peter and St. Paul, and founded in ancient times by Pepin,
king of the Franks, the father of Charles the Great. A
strange occurrence is reported by all who were then inmates
of this monastery. One morning, the cellarer, in company
with his servant, having gone into the wine-vault, for the
purpose of procuring wine, as usual, for the sacrifice of the
altar, found one of the casks which he had left full the pre-
ceding day emptied down to the orifice commonly called the
bung-hole, and the wine spiUed over all the pavement. In
great dismay at the loss which had happened, he chid sharply
the servitor who was with him, saying that he had fixed the
spigot very negligently the evening before, and that the loss
had thus occurred. After saying this, he enjoined him, under
severe threats, to tell no one what had happened ; fearing
that if it came to the abbot's ears, he would put him out of

1 The Scots, under king David.

,.D. 1138.] TIIE DEVIL AMONG THE MOSKS. 257

lis office in di.=£ii'ac«. VVlifit evening funic, before the brethren
etired to rest, he went into the cellar, ami having carefully
■ecured the bung-holes of the vessels in which wine was con-
ained, shut tlie door, and went to bed.

In the morning, oq entering the cellar as usual, he per-
jeived that another cask was emptied as low as the bung-hole,
ind tlie wine spilt, as on the preceding day. At this sight,
not knowing to whose negligence he could lay the blame of
the waste, be was tilled with wonder and grief, and repeating
Lis commands to the servitor to tell no one what had hap-
pened, in the evening before he went to bed he fastened all
the bungs of the casks with the utmost care, and went to his
pallet, sorrowful and anxious. .Itising at day-break, and
opening the cellar, he saw, for the third time, that the bung
had been extracted from a cask, and that the wine was spilt
as far as the hole. Being terrified, and not without cause, at
these occurrences, and fearing to conceal any longer the loss
to the community, ho hastened to the abbot, and tlirowing
himself at his feet, told him, in order, all that he had seen.
The abbot, taking counsel with his brethren, ordered tfiat
towards evoniny the bnn^-holes of all the casks which held
wine should be anointed round with chrism ; which waa done,
At dawn of day, the before-mentioned brother going into the
cellar according to his custom, found a wonderfully dwarfish
black boy clinging by the hands to one of the bungs. Hastily
seizing him, and bringing him to the abbot, he said : "Behold,
my lord, this urchin whom you see has done us all the damage
which we have discovered in the cellar;" after which he
related to him how he had found the boy hanging from the
bung. The abbot, astonished at the singular appearance of
the boy, took counsel, and ordered that a monk's dress should
be prepared for him, and that he should associate with the
youths who were scholars in the monastery. This was done,
and as the abbot commanded, the boy lived with the young
scholars day and night, but never took meat or drink, and
never spoke either in public or private ; while the others were
taking repose at night or in the noontide hours, he sat upon
his bed, constantly moaning and heaving incessant sighs.
Meanwhile, the abbot of another monastery coming to offer
his devotions in that church, was detained there for some
days, and the scholar-lads frequently passing before him while

258 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1198.

he sat with the abbot and seniors of the monastery, the little
boy, stretching forth his hands towards him, cast a tearful
glance on him, as if he wished to ask him some favour. This
being frequently repeated, the abbot, wondering at his dimi-
nutive appearance, inquired of those who sat with him why
they kept such a little boy in the convent ? They replied,
smiling, " My lord, the lad is not what you suppose ; and
they told him the loss he had caused them, and how he was
found clinging by the hands to the bung of a cask, and how
he had conducted himself when living among them. On
hearing this, the abbot was alarmed, and, groaning deeply,
exclaimed, " Quickly expel him from your monastery, lest you
incur greater loss, or seripus peril ; for he is clearly a devil
lurking in human form, but by the mercy of God protecting
you, through the merits of the saints, whose relics you have
here, he has been unable to do you further injury." At the
command of the abbot of the same monastery, the boy was
immediately brought before him, and while they were in the
act of stripping off his monastic dress, he vanished from their
hands like smoke.

[A council at Northampton.]

Stephen, king of England, held a council at Northampton,
in the octave of Easter, which fell on the fourth of the ides
[the 10th] of April. Thurstan, archbishop of York, and all
the bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and nobles of England
took their seats at it. In this council an archdeacon named
Robert, the choice of some few, was appointed bishop of the
church of Exeter, then vacant by the death of its bishop,
William de Warewast. Two abbeys were also given away ;
that of Winchcombe to a monk of Cluni, as it is said a rela-
tion of the king, named Robert ; the other, that of York, to
a monk of the same abbey. One of these, the abbot-elect of
Winchcombe, was ordained abbot of that monastery by jthe
venerable Simon, bishop of Worcester, on the eleventh of the
calends of June [22nd May].

[Royal visit to Gloucester.]

The king, breaking up his camp at Northampton, marched
towards Gloucester, and when his approach was known, the
citizens met him more than five miles on the road with great

.d. 1138.] Stephen's expeditions. 259

jy, and conducted liim into their city, receiving very graciously
he honours they paid him. On his arrival there, on the third
legation day [10th May,] the monks recoived him with pro-
visional pomp, and he ottered on the altar his royal ring,
rhich the kin;.''? cki|ilairu redeemed tor tilt v" shillings and
>rought back to him the same day. From thence Mdo, who
»as then his constable, conducted liim with great honour to
he royal palace, where the next day the citizens swore allo-
wance to him. On the third day, being Thursday, the king
■eturned with his at tend nuts to the abbey, ami joyfully assisted
it masses and processions in honour of our Lord's Ascension.

[Stephen marclttts to Hereford.]

The festival being concluded, the kin<r, having heard that
the castle of Hereford was t'ortitied against him, put himself at
the head of a powerful expedition, and pitched his camp
igainst it, finding on liis arrival that the report he had heard
was true. Wherefore he remained there for the spaue of
nearly four or five weeks, and issued orders throughout
England that bodies of troops should march to support him in
putting down all who opposed his royal title.

Meanwhile, the city of Hereford, below the bridge over the
river Wye, was burnt before his eyes. Not long afterwards,
the lamentable conflagration of the city of Oxford reached the
ears of the king and his court. The garrison of Hereford,
perceiving of a surety by the numbers and strength of the
royal army, that the king would triumph over them, made
terms and surrendered to him. And since Stephen was, nay
is,1 a loving and peaceable king, he injured no one, but suf-
fered his enemies to depart free. The king also took the
fortified place called WTibbeleage,' which Geoffrey de Talbot
had held against him, but afterwards evacuated. It was by his
devices and ability that the king's adversaries were supported
in breaking the peace. The aforesaid castles and that of Here-
ford were garrisoned by the king's troops.

Meanwhile, Alberic, the before mentioned bishop of Ostia,
came to England commissioned as apostolical legato to root

i pi

260 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [aJ>. 1138.

out and destroy, build up and plant, all things that required
it. The letters from the apostolical see having been read in
the presence of the king and the nobles of England, out of
reverence for the apostolical see, he was at length received,
though not at first. Making a progress throughout England,
he noted everything, and kept in mind whatever needed cor-
rection by the provision and appointment of a council.

The king having spent some time at Hereford departed with
his troops. The city, thus deprived of the royal presence, was
burnt, beyond the river Wye, by the before-named Geoffrey,
on the eighteenth of the calends of July [the 15th June],
none of our own people, but seven or eight of the Welsh,
having been killed. I omit saying anything of the blood-shed
of many others, for I am ignorant respecting it ; but this 1

pray:

May Christian souls in everlasting rest
Be with the saints, their warfare ended, blest;
And John1 corrected, if there ought occur,
In which the reader finds his pages err!

[The Bishops arrested.]

Then the king, when the Nativity of St. John [24th June]
was near, proceeded to Oxford, and hearing that the castle of
Devizes was fortified against him, sent messengers to Roger,
bishop of Salisbury, the founder of the castle, who was then
at Malmesbury, commanding him to come and confer with
him. It is said that the bishop undertook this journey with
great reluctance, believing that he should never return ; taking
with him his two nephews, the bishops of Lincoln and Ely,
and a large retinue of mounted and well-armed soldiers.
Seeing this, the king, suspecting treason, ordered his followers
to arm themselves and be ready to defend him, if need should
arise. While the king was engaged with the bishops in treat-

1 We are here furnished with the name of the writer of this con-
tinuation of the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester. He must have
been living when Ordericus Vitalis visited Worcester, in his journey
to England, about the year 1124. Both their works and probably
their lives closed in 1141. Ordericus tells us that he saw at Worcester
the continuation on which John was, doubtless, engaged at the time
of his visit; but he is mistaken in attributing the original Chronicle
to this John, instead of Florence. See the remarks in the preface to
this volume, and a note in vol. i., p. 493, of Ordericus Vitalis, Boknt
AtUiq. Lib.

,I>. 1138.] THE BISHOPS AEF.ESTEI). 261

ng of various affairs, a, furious quarrel arose between the two
>arties of soldiers respecting their quarters; and the king's
mops flying to arms, the bishops' men took to flight, leaving
II their baggage behind. Roger, bishop of Salisbury, with
he bishop of Lincoln and his son Roger, surnained The Poor,
*ere taken ; the bishop of Ely made hia escape, and having
•cached the castle of Devizes, for titled it and held it against
Jie king. The king, much incensed, wont in pursuit of him,
>Iacing the bishops he had arrested in custody ; Roger in the
.■rib of an ox-house, and the other in a mean hut, while he
threatened to hang the third, unless the castle wtw speedily
iurrendered to liiro. Roger finding this, anil alarmed fur his
ion, bound himself hy an oath that he would neither eat nor
Irink until the king had possession of the castle ; which oath
ie kept, and neither ate nor drank for three days.'

[ Transactions at Bristol and Bath, $a]
The king proceeded thence with his royal attendants to
jondon. But Geoffrey de Tall tot, deserting with his followers,
vent over to the son of the earl of Gloucester, who held
tristol castle against (he king, and devoted himself to its
lefence. One day, under colour of giving assistance to a
■ertain straggler, but more, as it subsequently appeared, with
i view to reconnoitre Bath and afterwards assault it, he took
(is way there in company with two valiant knights, William
Joset and another.* This being discovered, Robert, the
lisiiop of Bath, thinking to triumph over the king's enemies,
frew out a body of soldiers, and marched cautiously against
dm. Two of them fled, but Geoffrey was taken and placed
n custody. The garrison of Bristol, being much enraged at
his, marched to Bath with a threatening aspect under the
on of the earl, their lord, and sent a message to the bishop,
hreatening that unless their comrade, Geoffrey, was released,

' Cf. the account of the circumstances attending the seizure of the
■ishopa and their castles, in Henry of Huntingdon s History, p. 271,
Intiq. Lib ; Gesta Stepbard, ibid, 370, &c; and William of Malmes-
■ury, Hitd, 507.

1 In the " Gesta Stephani," we find that Geoffrey's cousin, Gilbert
ie Lacy, was bis companion in this enterprise. See in this work fuller
etails than those given by our author, of the transactions of this year
i the West of England;, p. 360—367.

262 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1138.

they would hang the bishop and his followers on a gallows.
Upon this, the bishop, apprehensive, like a mercenary soldier,
for the lives of himself and his people, brought forth Geoffrey
from custody, and delivered him to them, in compliance with
their demands. When this reached the king's ears, he was
inflamed with anger against the bishop, regarding him as the
abettor of his enemies ; and he would probably have taken
from him his pastoral staff, though in so doing he would rather
have been actuated by his animosity than by his love of peace.
But as the bishop had acted under restraint and against his
will, the king " gave not place to his wrath," upon which,
according to the apostolical precept, it is sinful to "let the
sun go down."

Soon afterwards the king moved his army towards Bristol,
where, in those times, infernal cruelties, befitting the reigns
of Nero or Decius, were exercised by a kinsman of the earl,
whose name was Philip Gay. By his agency, a variety of
bitter torments were invented there, which, afterwards
introduced far and wide in every part of England, nearly
reduced the island to ruin. The king, therefore, having
wasted and burnt the lands and vills of the earl of Glou-
cester in that neighbourhood, besieged the castle for some
time. At last, weary of the length of the siege, he drew oft
to besiege the earl's other castles, Cariff in Dorsetshire,1 and
Harptree in Somersetshire, and having constructed forts
over against them, and garrisoned them with soldiers, he
departed, and marched with his whole army to attack Dudley
Castle, which Ralph Paganel had fortified against him.
Having given the surounding country to the names, and
seized and carried off large herds of cattle, he went by sea,
with a large body of troops, to besiege Shrewsbury Castle,
which William Fitz- Allan held against him. Hearing, how-
ever, of the king's approach, he secretly escaped, with his
wife and children, and some others, leaving those in the
castle who had sworn to be true to him, and never surrender
it. After the castle had been besieged for some days, accord-
ing to the accounts of those who were well-informed, a ma-
chine of this sort was prepared : — A large structure of
timber was put together and brought forward; the castle

1 Castle Cary, as well as Harptree, is in Somersetshire.

\.D. 1138.] BATTLE OF THE STANDARD. 263

ditch was filled by the king's command ; fire was kindled ;
and the smoke, rising in the air, smothered all. The royal gate
having been foreed open, the whole garrison attempted to make
their escape iiiisep-iMy, by leaping from or creeping out of the
castle ; but the kin^r gave oritur* that they should be pursued
and put to death. Five of the men of highest rank among
them were bung. The enemy being vanquished, the king
departed thence and proceeded to attack Wan 'bam ; but a
treaty having been entered into, Ralph Paganel and the king
made a truce for a time.

Meanwhile, the before-mentioned earl of Bristol, and Milo
the constable, having made a league against the king, and
abjured the fealty which they had sworn to him, despatched
envoys to invite the ex-empress, king Henry's daughter;
promising her that within the space of live months she should
It in possession of her father's kingdom, according to the
allegiance which had been sworn to her in his lifetime. This
was the beginning of troubles. This defection, the most
serious of all, nay, almost the concluding one, brought ruin
on the whole country.

[Irruption of the ScoU, and Battle of the Standard.]

During these events, David, king of Scotland, made a third
irruption from the borders of his kingdom, with large bands
both of horse and foot, and began to set on fire farms, towns,
and castles, on the confines of Northumbria, and lay waste
nearly all the country. But as he threatened at last to
pursue his inroad as far as York and the Humber, Thurstan,
archbishop of York, had a conference with the Yorkshiremeu,
and prevailed "on them all, with one consent, to take the oath
of fealty to king Stephen, and resist the king of Scots.
David, however, was still more incensed at this, and rejecting
all advice to the contrary, and reaching the river Tees on the
octave of the Assumption of St. Mary [22nd August], which
happened on a Monday, he determined to surprise our troops,
there being a thick fog in the morning of that day. Hoping,
in consequence, to come upon us unawares, he left many
vi|la untouched, and would not suffer his men to set fire to
any place, as they usually did. Meanwhile, our troops being
warned by a squire, though somewhat late so that they were

264 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1138.

nearly taken by surprise, armed themselves, and drew up in
order of battle with the utmost despatch, sending out archers
in front, by whom the Scots were severely galled. Then the
king's barons marched with the knights, having all dis-
mounted and stationed themselves in the first rank, and thus
fought hand-in-hand with the enemy. The conflict was
ended, and victory secured at the very first onset, for the
Scots gave way, and either fell or fled in the greatest alarm.
Our men, however, being on foot, and having caused all their
horses to be led to some distance, were unable to continue
the pursuit long, otherwise they would have taken or put to
the sword the king himself, with his son, and all his immediate
attendants. Of his army, nearly ten thousand men fell in
different places, and as many as fifty persons of rank were
made prisoners. The vanquished -king himself escaped by
flight, overwhelmed with terror and shame. His chancellor,
William Comyn, was taken by the bishop of Durham ; but
being set at liberty, he gave thanks to God, heartily hoping
he should never again fall into such a scrape. The king's
son reached Carlisle on foot, attended by a single knight ; and
his father escaped with some difficulty through the woods and
thickets to Roxburgh. He had led an innumerable army con-
sisting of French, as well as English, Scots, Galwegians, and
the people of all the isles which owed him allegiance, but nine-
teen only out of two hundred of his mailed knights carried
back their armour ; for every one left nearly all that lie had
to become the spoil of the enemy, so that an immense booty,
both of horses, arms, and clothing, and many other thing?,
was taken from his army. Eustace Fitz-John, who had
joined his expedition, met with a similar fate, having been
wounded, and barely escaping with life <to his castle. Among
the valiant men who, in Christ's name, fought on behalf of
king Stephen, were the earl of Albemarle, Bernard de
Baliol, and many others, but the earl was distinguished for
his bravery in the battle.1

On his return, the king of Scots, in order to encourage his
adherents and console himself, laid siege with all his force,

1 A more detailed account of this famous " Battle of the Standard "
will be found in Henry of Huntingdon's History, pp. 267, &c. [Antiq.
Lib.'], and in Roger of Wendover, ibid, p. 489. Cf. also William of
Newbury, Trivet, and Rieval " de Bello Standardi," in Twysden

i.O. 1138.] DAVID OP SCOTLAND DEFEATED. 265

and various engines ami machines, to the castle of Wark, or
Canwi, belonging to Walter d" Epee, from which he had been
driven by the earl of Mel lent; but the garrison making a
stout and desperate rocistaneo, lie h:ul no suecews for they made
frequent sallies, and either cut in pieces or burnt his engines,
besides killing many of his soldiers ; wherefore, at last, he
impaired of being able io take it.

[Atmospheric phenomena — Great tcmlth left hi/ Roger,
Bishop of Salisbury.]

On the seventh day of the month of October, when the
moon was twenty-nine days old, in the dusk of the evening
before Saturday, the whole firmament towards the north
appeared of a red colour, and rays of various hues were seen
blended and flitting. Perhaps these signs portended the
vast effusion of blood in Northumberland, and many other
places throughout England, of which we have spoken. A
most pious monk, nameil William, belonging to the cell of
Eye, having been elected, was ordained abbot of l'ershore by
Simon, bishop of W oreetter, €/B Sunday, the twelfth of the
calends of December [20th November 1 Soger, bishop of
•Salisbury, a great builder of castles and fortified mansions,
being worn to death with grief and vesation, died at his
episcopal seat on the second of the nones [the 4th] of De-
comber, and was buried in that church, leaving in his castles
immense sums of money, which fell not into the hands of
God, but of king Stephen. There are those who say that
more than forty thousand silver marks were found there, and
that he had likewise hoarded a vast amount of gold, and a
variety of ornaments, and knew not for whom he had gathered
them.1 He enriched the church dedicated to St. Mary, mother
of God, with magnificent ornaments.

[A Synod held at London.]

In the year of our Lord 1138, and in the ninth of the
pontificate of pope Innocent, and the third of the reign of
king Stephen, a synod was held at London, in the church of

266 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1139.

St. Peter the apostle, at Westminster, on the thirteenth of
the month of December. In this synod, after much canvass-
ing, sixteen canons were published with universal consent.
It was presided over by Alberic, bishop of Ostia, the legate
of the said lord pope in England and Scotland; and attended
by the bishops of different dioceses, to the number of seven-
teen, by about thirty abbots, and an immense multitude of the
clergy and people.

[A new Abbot cA Gloucester.]

[a.d. 1139.] The feast of our Lord's Nativity being passed,
and that of the Purification of St. Mary, his mother, drawing
nigh, the venerable father Walter, abbot of Gloucester, gave
up the ghost about the third hour of the day, after hold-
ing his preferment nine years and a half ; he was buried by
the venerable abbots, Reynold of Evesham, and Roger of
Tewksbury, on the sixth of the ides [the 8th] of February.
After his interment, two of the brethren were sent to Cluni
to fetch our1 lord-elect, Gilbert ; king Stephen having, on the
report of his eminent worth, and at the request of Milo, his
constable, conferred upon him at London the preferment of
the abbey of Gloucester. Theobald, archbishop of Canter-
bury, Simon, bishop of Worcester, Roger, bishop of Coventry,
Robert, bishop of Exeter, and Reynold, abbot of Evesham,
having been unanimously chosen, proceeded by the pope's
command to the threshold of St. Peter. On their arrival,
they were received with great honour by the apostolic see,
and allowed scats in the Roman council, a circumstance
without parallel for many ages before. Having there freely
opened their business, they returned home with joy, bringing
with them the synodal decrees, now recorded far and wide
throughout England. The two monks who had been sent to
bring over the lord-abbot Gilbert, also returned in safety, and
presented him to king Stephen, who received him graciously,
and conferred on him, to hold freely, the fief of the church of
Gloucester. He came to Worcester on the feast of Whitsun-
tide, which fell on the third of the ides [the 11th] of June,

1 It has been supposed, from this expression, that the continuator
was a monk of Gloucester ; but he speaks thus of the new abbot at
belonging to his own diocese of Worcester.

a.i). 1139.] Stephen's progress. 267

and was there ordainral, with great rejoicings and divine
lauds, by the venerable Robert, bishop of Hereford; and
going from thence on the following day, wns installed at
Gloucester with great joy and exultation, and the acclama-
tions of the commonalty of both orders, in a manner befitting
•iik'h a. man in the Lord.

[King Stephen at Worcester, Hertford, and Oxford.]

Within the octave of Easter, which happened on the second
of the calends of May [.'.!(.) tli April], Stephen, the magnificent
king of England, criming to Worcester, with a royal retinue,
was received with great festivity l>y the. eliTgv and the people
of the city and neighbourhood, in solemn procession. The
prayers being ended, and the blessing given as usual, the
king took his royal ring from his finger, and offered it on the
altar ; and on the morrow it was returned to him, by common
consent of the monks. Therefore the king, remarking with
surprise the humility and devotion of the flock of the church
of Worcester, yea, rather of the Lord, took hack his ring, as
he had been adjured to do for the love of St. Mary, mother
of God. After his dejia.rt.ure from Worcester, the king en-
camped at Ludlow, where he caused forts to be erected in two
positions, and stationed strong bodies of troops in them to
assault the castle, which held out against him ; and then
returning, by way of Worcester, marched towards London.
Some of the soldiers, unsparing in their execrable warfare,
and driven by their headstrong courage, determined to try
their strength on Ludlow. To accomplish this undertaking,
large bodies of troops began to flock together. It was truly
a pitiable sight to behold one poising bis spear against
another, and running him through ; thus putting him to death,
without thinking what would be the judgment the spirit
would receive. But king Stephen checked such designs, by
the terror of his threats ; and going a second time to Ludlow,
by way of Worcester, settled all things peaceably, and then
made a quiet and joyful journey to Oxford— that is, the
ox-ford. While he stayed there, a charge of rebellion urgently
requiring it, he arrested Roger, bishop of Salisbury, and his
nephew, the bishop of Lincoln, and also Roger, his chancellor,
for engaging in a treasonable conspiracy against his crown,

26S FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1139.

and committed them to custody. On hearing this, Nigel, bishop
of Ely, fearing for himself and his adherents, fled with a body
of soldiers to Devizes, that he might find protection there.
The case of these bishops has been already more fully stated
in this work;1 but it appears to have been brought to a point
in the present year. In a council afterwards held it was
enacted that all fortified towns, castles, and strong places
whatever, throughout England, devoted mainly to secular
purposes, should submit to the jurisdiction of the king and his
barons ; but that churchmen, namely, the bishops, whom I will
call God's watch-dogs, should not cease to bark in defence of
their flock, and take every care lest the invisible wolf, their
malignant foe, should tear and scatter the sheep.

[The Empress and the Earl, her Brother, land in England.]

In the month of October, the earl of Gloucester, son of
king Henry, late king of England, but a bastard, with his
sister by the father's side, formerly empress of the Romans,
and now countess of Anjou, returned to England with a large
army, and landed at Portsmouth, before the feast of St. Peter
ad Vincula, on the calends [the 1st] of August, while the
king was besieging Marlborough ; and their arrival filled all
England with alarm. On receiving this intelligence, Stephen,
king of England, was much disturbed in his mind, and in
great wrath with those whose duty it was vigilantly to guard
the sea-ports. He is the king of peace, and would that he
were also the king of vigour and justice, treading under foot
his enemies, determining all things by the balance of equal
justice, and in the power of his might protecting and strength-
ening the friends of peace. When, however, he learned that
the ex-queen2 had received the ex-empress, with her large
band of retainers, at Arundel, he was much displeased, and
marched his army thither. But she, being awed by the king's
majesty, and fearing that she might lose the rank she held in
England, swore solemnly that no enemy of his had come to
England on her invitation ; but that, saving her dignity, she
had granted hospitality to persons of station, who were for-
merly attached to her. The king, on hearing this, dismissed

1 See before, p. 260.

9 Alice, widow of Henry I., who had Arundel Castle for her dower.

D. 1139.] THE EMPRESS MATILDA. 269

r, and ordered the bishop of Winchester to conduct the ex-
ipress with honour, as she was hia cousin, to her brother, at
•iatol castle, while he himself went in pursuit of the earl.
Jt hearing nothing certain about him, for lie had taken to
rtain by-roads for a time, he led hia troops to another
mrter, as he had planned. Milo, the constable, having ab-
red hia oath of allegiance to the king, wont over to the earl
' Gloucester, his liegfi-lorJ, with a large body of troopa, pro-
ving him on his fealty to lend him help against the king,
he calamities which flowed from this quarter, namely, the
ty of Bristol, and spread over all England, are beyond the
iwwledge or eloquence of man to describe ; for of those who
[>posed him, or obeyed the royal authority, as many as could
a taken were made prisoners, and all the captives were
irown into chains, and subjected to horrible tortures. New
srieties of cruel punishment were invented ; mercenary
'oops were enlisted in every direction for carrying on the
ork of destruction, to whom was given, or sold for their pay,
le inhabitants of the villages and farms, with all their goods
id substance.1

[The Emprest at Brutol Cattle — Cruelttet at Gloucester.]
This lady stayed at Bristol more than two months, receiving
outage from all, and exercising the prerogatives of the crown
f England at her pleasure. She went there in the month of
ictober, and came on the eighteenth of the calends of No-
■mber [15th October] to Gloucester, where she received the
ibmisaion and homage of the citizens and the people of the
eighbourhood. But tortures worthy of Decius and Nero,
ad death in various shapes, were inflicted on those who
(fused to do her homage, and chose to maintain their fealty
) the king ; and the city, glorious in past ages, was filled
ith shrieks and fearful torments, and became horrible to
lose who inhabited it. In the midat of theae miseriea the
ing laid siege to the castle of Wallingford, which stood out
gainst him. Weary of the long siege, and having erected
irts in opposition to it, he marched away, and encamped near
[almesbury, where he also threw up works against hia adver-
iries, the authors of rebellion.
1 See an account of these atrocities in the "Geata Stejihani,"

270 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1138.

[The City and Cathedral of Worcester Sacked.]

Meanwhile sad tidings came to the ears of the citizens of
Worcester. It was generally reported that the city would,
ere long, be sacked by the enemy, and, having been pillaged,
be set on fire. Terrified by these reports, the citizens of
Worcester consulted as to what was best to be done. After
this council they had recourse for refuge in their misery to
the sanctuary of the most high God the Father, and his most
blessed Mother, and committed themselves and all theirs to
his divine protection, under their patron saints, SS. Oswald
and Wulfstan, bishops of that city. Then might be seen
crowds of the citizens carrying their goods into the church.
Oh, wretched sight ! Behold the house of God, which should
have been entered with oblations, where the sacrifice of praise
should have been offered, and the most solemn vows paid,
seems now but a warehouse for furniture ! Behold the prin-
cipal conventual church of the whole diocese is converted
into quarters for the townsmen, and a sort of council-chamber;
for little room is left for the servants of God in a hostelry
crowded with chests and sacks. Within is heard the chaunt
of the clergy, without the wailing of children; and the notes of
the choir arc mingled with the sobs of infants at the breast,
and the cries of sorrowing mothers. Oh, misery of miseries
to behold ! There stands the high altar, stripped of its orna-
ments, the crucifix removed, and the image of Mary, the most
holy Mother of God, taken away. Curtains and palls, albs
and copes, stoles and chasubles, are secreted in recesses of the
walls. All that gave grace and pomp to the celebration of
divine service, on the festivals of the saints, all the wonted
magnificence, had vanished. These things were all put out of
the way, from fear of the enemy, lest he should come upon
them by surprise, and sweeping off all he could lay hands on,
succeed in his insane enterprise.

In the beginning of the winter, one morning at day-break,
namely, on Tuesday, the seventh of the ides [the 7tfr] of No-
vember, when we were engaged in the church at lauds,1 and

1 It will he observed that our author here speaks of himself as one
of the mouks of the church of Worcester engaged in the choir ser-
vice, when these trying occurrences, which he describes as an eye-
witness, took place.

i.I>. 1139.] WORCESTER SACKED. 271

had already chaunted primes, behoi<l the reports we had heard
'or many days were realised. A numerous and powerful army
irrived from the south, the eentre of mischief. The city of
Bloucester had risen in arms, and, supported by a counties*
wst of horse and foot, marched to attack, pillage, and burn
the city of Worcester. We now, in alarm for the treasures of
the sanctuary, put on our albs, and, while the bells tolled,
bore the relics of Oswald, our most gentle patron, out of the
church, in suppliant prow-sMon ; and, as the enemy were
rushing in from one gate to the other, carried them through
the cemetery. The enemy, collected in a body, hasten first
to assault a strong fort, which stands in the southern quarter
of the city, near the castle. Our people make a brave and
obstinate resistance. The enemy being repulsed at this point,
is beacons were lighted on che north side of the city, they
endeavour to make an entrance in that quarter. There being
no fortifications on that side, the entire host rushes tumul-
tuously in, mad with fury, and sets tire to the houses iu many
parts. Alas ! a considerable portion of the city is destroyed,
but most of it remains standing and unburnt. Immense
plunder is carried oft', consisting of chattels of all kinds, from
the city, and of oxen, sheep, eattle, and horses from the
country. Many people are taken in the streets and suburbs,
and dragged into miserable captivity, coupled like hounds.
Whether they have the means, or have them not, whatever
their cruel foes fix for their ransom they are forced to promise
on oath to pay, and to discharge the amount. These things
are done on the first day of a winter, which will, doubtless, be
very severe to the wretched sufferers.

And now, the plunder being carried off, and numbers of
buildings burnt, the host of fierce revellers draw off, never to
return on such a foul enterprise. The earl1 came to Wor-
cester on the thirteenth of November, and, beholding the
ravages of the flames, mourned over the city, and felt that the
evil was done to himself. Wherefore, burning for revenge,

1 Not the eart of Gloucester, it is evident. The author's words are
— Comet civilutit Wigomiam will. During the reign of Henry 1.
Waller de Beauchanip whs viscount or sheriff of Worcestershire, in
right of his wife Emmeline, daughter and heiress of Urso d'Abitol,
appointed to that office by the Conqueror. On the .accession of
lung Stephen be deprived William de fieauchamp, who had succeeded

I

272 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 1139.

he hastened to Sudely, with a body of troops, having heard
that John Fitz-Harold had revolted against the king, and
joined the earl of Gloucester. If it be inquired what the
earl did there, the reply is such as it is scarcely fit to record :
returning evil for evil, he seized the people, their goods, and
cattle ; and, carrying them off, returned the next day to
Worcester.

[King Stephen at Worcester and Hereford.]

After these events, the king, with a large army, marched
from Oxford to Worcester ; and, having before his eyes what
he had before heard of its disaster, he mourned over it. Halting
there for three or four days, he conferred the dignity of con-
stable, of which he had deprived Milo of Gloucester, on
William, the son of Walter de Beauchamp, sheriff of Wor-
cestershire.1 Here a report reached the king that his"" enemies,
having violated their sworn promises of peace, had assaulted
Hereford, and forced an entrance into the monastery of St.
Ethelbert, king and martyr, as if it had been a fortified castle.
The king1, therefore, put himself in march, and encamped at
Little Hereford, or Leominster, where some of the inhabitants,
taking counsel, swore fealty to him; while others refusing,
sent him this message : " Although we will not swear, the
king may, if he pleases, trust to the truth of our words."
The holy days of Advent being close at hand [3rd December],
a truce was agreed on between them, and the king returned

his father, Walter, of that dignity, and for a time gave the castle and
city of Worcester to Waleran, earl of Mellent, with the title of earl
of Worcester. This nobleman is therefore probably the person meant
by our author; and what appears in the text is agreeable to the cha-
racter given of him by the author of " Gesta Stephani," p. 309. He
did not. however, long retain his honours in Worcestershire, being
deprived of them by the empress Maud.

* See the preceding note. We are unable to account for this act of
favour on the part of king Stephen to one of a family who were the
most strenuous adherents of Henry I., his daughter the empress, and
Henry III.; under all whom they held the offices of steward sheriff of
Worcestershire and Warwickshire, and constable. William de Beau-
champ, fourth in descent from Walter, married Isabel, the heiress of
William Mauduit, earl of Warwick ; acquired that title in her right,
and became the ancester of the powerful family of Beauchamp of
Warwick. The earls Beauchamp of the present day are descended
from Walter, of Powick, a younger son of William and Isabel.

.n. 1140.] kisg Stephen's progresses. 273

(i Worcester, where a certain i-lerk of eminent piety, Maurice

Lnanie, who hud been elected by the clergy and people to
church of Bangor, was presented to the king at the castle,
L Robert, bishop of Hereford, and Sigefrid, bishop of
Chester, who, bearing him company, attested his canonical
lection and fitness for tin- oilii-e of bishop ; and the kingcon-
irined the appointment. But being urged by the bisho|i3 to
lo homage to the king, lie replied that he could in no wise do
o. " There is," he said, " among us a man of great piety,
vhoin I consider as my spiritual father, and who was arch-
leieon to my p rede cos.- or David, and he forbade me to take
his oath." To which they made answer, " Reason requires
.lint you should do as we have done." Whereupon he said,
'If you, who are men of high authority, have done this, T will
lot further heaitate to do the same." He therefore swore
5*1 ty to the king.

[King Stephen goes to Oxford, and tJi/mae to Salisbury.]
From Worcester the king proceeded to Oxford, and from
thence, with his court, to Salisbury, where he intended to
relebrate the feast of Christmas, and, as was the royal custom,
to wear his crown. The canons presented him with two
thousand pounds, and he granted them entire exemption from
ill taxes on their lands ; moreover, he gave them twenty
narks for their own use, and forty for roofing the church ;.
md promised that when peace was restored, he would refund
o them what they had bestowed upon him.

[The King at Reading — Marches against Ely.]
[a.d. 1140.] A few days after Christmas, the king and
lis court proceeded to Reading, where a lesson is taught by
he lot of mortals concerning the little value of kingly pomp.1
rtliile there, by the advice of his council, he gave pastors of
heir own to two abbey3, Malmesbury and Abbotsbury, which
tishop Roger, as long as he livtrd, had shorn of their honours
nd kept in his own hands. Malmesbury abbey he bestowed
>n John, a monk of great worth, and that of Abbotsbury on
nother named Geoffrey. Then, in order to secure peace,

274 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1140.

and put an end to warfare, which I call a vain thing, he pre-
pared an expedition against Ely ; a measure much to be de-
plored, because it tended to increase the arrogance of the
soldiery, by satisfying their love of vain glory. They enlist
themselves, they accept the terms, they array themselves in
arms, and the conqueror seizes all that belongs to the van-
quished, according to stipulations founded on the detestable
love of gain ; and, if I may compare great things with small,
they whisper to one another, like Judah and his brother
Jonathan, dwelling in the land of Gilead, to Joseph and
Azarias : " Let us also get us a name, and go fight against
the heathen that are round about us."1 They deal wounds
with sword and spear, little heeding what will be the fate of
the miserable souls of the slain. During the rebellion of
those who revolted against the king, many on both sides were
wounded, taken prisoners, and thrown into confinement. The
bishop of Ely, finding the valour of the king and the impetu-
osity of his troops, gave way, nay, fled like a hireling, and
retiring to the neighbourhood of Gloucestershire, went over
to earl Robert. Nor was it to be wondered at, for he had
lost, as it were, his right hand, when his uncle, Roger, bishop
of Salisbury, died. The king took possession of Ely castle,
and placed his own soldiers in it.1

[Thurstan, Archbishop of York, retires to PonUfraet.]

Thurstan, the twenty-sixth archbishop of York in succes-
sion, a man advanced in years and full of days, put off the
old man and put on the new, retiring from worldly affairs,
and becoming a monk at Pontefract, on the twelfth of the ides
of February [21st January], and departing this life in * good
old age, on the nones [the 5th] of February, he lies buried
there.

[Winchcombe and other. places attached.]

Milo, the ex-constable, having assembled a numerous body
of troops, assaulted Winchcombe on Thursday, the second of
the calends of February [31st January], and burnt the
greatest part of the place, which he plundered ; and carried
off those whom he had stripped of their goods, to exact from

1 Maccab, c. v. 55—57. * See " Gesta Stepham," pp. 371 — 373.

*.D. 1140.] THE CIVIL WARS. 375

them, most unjustly, the Mammon of unrighteousness [in the
ihape of ransom]. Thence lie diverged to Sudely, but whilst
le was meditating an at tack, the royal garrison of the place
fell oq bim, and forced him to retreat, leaving-, as it is re-
ported, two of his men dead on the spot, and fifteen taken
prisoners. The king and the earl of Worcester came with a
large army to Worcester, and after a few days, the earl first,
find then the king, advanced to Little Hereford in great force,
for the purpose of driving out their enemies. During the
king's abode in those parts, the earl, mindful of the injuries
received from his townsmen, attacked Tewkesbury with a
strong body of men-at-arms, and burnt the magnificent house
of the earl of Gloucester, which was within a mile of Glou-
cester, and everything in its vicinity, as well as some property
belonging to others ; but, yielding to the supplications of the
lord abbot and monks of Tewkesbury, he spared their posses*
sions. Having taken much spoil, both of men and of their
goods and cattle, he was moved by clemency to order the
release of the captives, and permit them to return to their
homes ; and on the morrow lie returned to Worcester, declar-
ing to all that he had scarcely ever made such a conflagration
either in Normandy or England. The king, also, on his return
to Worcester, set forward on the road to Oxford,

The before-mentioned Maurice and Uhtrod were conse-
crated bishops of Bangor and Llandaff by Theobald, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, assisted by the bishops of Hereford
and Exeter. The king, on his arrival at Winchester, by the
advice of his barons, gave the bishopric of Salisbury to Philip,
his chancellor, and the abbey of Fecamp to Henry, a monk
who was his kinsman. The sun was eclipsed while the moon was
in the tail of the Dragon, hut it illumined the head.

A compact was made between Philip, king of France, and
Stephen, king of England, after consulting their barons, that
Stephen's son should marry the sister of the king of France.
The betrothal took place abroad in the month of February,
in the presence of the queen-mother of England and a great
number of English nobles there assembled.

[Bobert Fitz-Hubert, a Freebooter.]
t certain knight, whose name was Bobert, the
This man, fearing neither
T 2 .

276 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1140.

God nor man, but trusting solely to his own might, took the
castle of Malmesbury by a well-devised stratagem. Some of
the king's knights, who were quartered there, took refuge in
the church of St. Aldhelm, the bishop, for sanctuary. Pressing
these to surrender, he one day burst into the chapter-house
of the monks, at the head of armed men, and with terrible
threats required them, on pain of confiscation of their pro-
perty, to give up the illustrious royalists, with their
horses. They, however, in horror at permitting the
peace of God, and their patron, St. Aldhplm, being
broken, refused to consent to his demand ; but at last, al-
though reluctantly, to appease his fury, they gave up the
horses. After Robert Fitz-Hubert had held the castle for
some time, and had exhausted the whole neighbourhood by
his ravages, the king came to its succour, and besieged the
place for nearly eight days. William d" Ypres, a kinsman, they
say, of this Robert, was the go-between for the surrender of
the castle, and settled, at last, with the king, terms of peace —
the castle being given up, with entire submission to his royal
rights ; which was done.

Meanwhile, Robert joined the earl of Gloucester, proposing
to stay with him for a time, but all the while meditating
treachery. Not long afterwards, as he had neither sense nor
inclination to follow a right course, but still thirsted for
blood, he betook himself, with his own retainers, to Devizes,
without the earl's knowledge ; and having first made a com-
pact with his followers, that the castle, once taken, should
never be surrendered, he scaled the wall by force or strata-
gem,1 and sounded the note of triumph to the king's soldiers
in the garrison, stormed by surprise the exterior forts, and
made many the victims of his cruelty. Four days afterwards,
by force or fraud, he got possession of the citadel within, and,
in the pride of his heart, ravaged every part of the neigh-
bourhood by day and by night, doing incessantly all the
damage he could. At last, he repaired to John, a knight of
renown, who then held the castle of Marlborough under fealty
to the king, and required him, with threats, to follow his

1 He gained the summit in the night time by means of scaling ladders
made of thongs. Cf. the account of this ruffian in the "Gesta
Stephani," pp. 374, &c. Malmesbury also gives some strange anec-
dotes of his barbarity.

L.D. 1110.] THE CIVIL WARS. 277

dvioe, or rather his injunction, and agree with him and hold
nth him in wreaking his saianic maliie, not only on the king-,
nit on the earl and every one else ; menacing him, on his
efusal, that he should forfeit his life when lie least expected
t. John replied : " Id the name of God, I would rather
aake another man my prisoner than be taken myself;" and
mmediately seized him, and throwing him into confinement,
u just retaliation caused all the torrurea which he had inflicted
m others to he exhausted on himself.

The earl of Gloucester, and Milo. the ex- eon stable, hearing
>f these occurrences, came to the said John, with many lol-
owers, and the earl promised to give him five hundred marks,
in condition that he should deliver Robert to him on a set
lay, upon receiving good hostages from himself, John, won
>ver by the promise of the money and the hostages, delivered
Robert to the carl, on the terms of his being restored to him
rithin fifteen days. This compact being made, the eari re-
urned to Gloucester, taking Rohert with him. They then
rested respecting the castle of Devizes, of which the earl
-equired at his hands a voluntary surrender, Robert, how-
>ver, refused, being loth to break the oath he had made to
lis comrades, that the castle should never be given up.
3ut being terrified by threats of being hung on a gallows, in
uder to save his life, he engaged to yield to the demand.
A'ithin the time fixed by the agreement, this ruffian was led
jack to the presence of John ; to whom the earl told all that
lad happened, and how John, terrified by bis threats, had
iromised to deliver up the castle. He also requested him
igain to permit Robert to accompany him to Devizes, pledg-
ing himself that if he should chance to obtain possession of
he castle, it should be given up to John, to be held under
fealty to him. The earl's proposal being acceded to, he im-
nediately returned to Devizes with Robert, In the mean-
;ime, the said John sent letters to all, both within and without
.he castle, assuring them, on his solemn oath, that neither he
ior the earl would do any injury to Robert ; any how, they
■vere to see to it that their oath not to give up the castle to
iny one was faithfully adhered to. The earl returned to
jloueester, leaving the ex-constable and a man of great
>ower, named Humphrey, with some others, behind him ;
vith general orders that, if Robert refused to make a volun-

278 ' FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1140.

tary surrender of the castle, he should be hung. Robert did
refuse, and his friends refused also, lest they should appear
perjured. In short, after his two nephews had been hanged,
he was taken and hanged also. All praise be to God who
delivered up the wicked !

Before the Assumption of St. Mary [15th August], the earl
of Gloucester marched his army towards Bath, but the king
had long before despatched light troops to watch the enemy's
motions, and place an ambuscade for the defence of themselves
and the country. The two parties met; on the one side
were the king's troops, among whom were two knights, John
and Roger, both men of spirit and courage ; on the other
side were the earl's retainers. Many were taken prisoners;
more were wounded and slain ; one of whom, Geoffrey
Talbot,1 a bold but crafty knight, now joining the king,
now the earl, and thus steeped in treachery, was mortally
wounded, and dying in consequence on the eleventh of the
calends of September [22 August], was buried with the
canons at Gloucester. The royal troops, however, gained
the victory.

[Nottingham plundered and burnt]

Before the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September], Robert,
son of king Henry, instigated by Ralph Paganel, took with
him the knights of the earl of Warwick, and with those he
drew out of Gloucestershire and a great body of common
soldiers, made a sudden attack on the town of Nottingham,
and finding there was no force to defend it, commenced
plundering it, the townsmen from all quarters taking refuge
in the churches. One of these, who was reported to be a
wealthy man, having been laid hold of, was led tightly bound
to his house that he might be forced to give up his money.
The man conducted the free-booters, over greedy for spoil, into
a chamber underground, where all his household wealth was
supposed to be stored. But while they were intent upon
pillage and breaking open doors and locks, he cunningly
slipped away, and gaining the chambers and then the hall,
closed all the doors behind them and fastened them with

1 See " Gesta Stephani," pp. 351— 376.— Antiq. Lib. It wu this
Geoffrey Talbot who sacked and burnt Hereford. See before, pp. 261
and 272.

A.l). 1140.] STEPHEN MADE PRISONER. 279

bolts. He then set fire to bis limine and consigned the buildings
and all his goods, together with the robbers, to the flames.
It is reported that more than thirty men who were in the
cellar perished by the fire, and some say that it spread
through the whole town and burnt it to the ground ; for, the
knights and the whole army swore that they were guiltless
of having set it on fire. Thus the whole place was consumed,
and all who could be taken outside the churches were carried
into captivity ; some of them as far as Gloucester. The rest
of the common people, men, women and children, who had
fled to the churches, not daring to come forth for fear of
being taken by the enemy, nearly all perished as the churches
fell a prey to the Miring conflagration. It was a cruel sight,
and even the enemy were filled with sorrow when they be-
held the temples of God, which even the heathen would
have spared, consumed by fire. Thus Nottingham was laid
in ruins ; a most noble town, whieh from the time of the
Norman conquest of England to the present had flourished
in the greatest peace and tranquillity, and abounded in wealth
of all kinds and a numerous population.

A certain monk, of profound learning and knowledge,
Peter by name, was preferred to the abbey of Malniesbiiry
by Henry, bishop of Winchester, and legate of the holy
Roman church. Having assumed the monastic habit at
Cluni, he filled for some time the office of prior of La Charity,
and was removed from thence to preside over the monastery
of St. Urban, pope, in the diocese of Catalonia, but troubles
increasing and threatening his own safety, he was compelled
to quit the place, and at the instance of the before-mentioned
bishop of Winchester, came to England, and this year under-
took the government of the aforesaid church.

[Stephen made prisoner at the battle of Lincoln.]

Stephen, king of England, after long toils and sieges of
castles, in which he had struggled during five years and six
weeks for the peace of the kingdom, at last, on the day of
the Purification of St. Mary [2nd February], which fell on
Sexagesima Sunday, was, by the just judgment of God, out-
manoeuvred and taken prisoner at the siege of Lincoln castle by
Robert, earl of Gloucester, his uncle's son, and Ranulph,

280 FLOHBNCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1140.

earl of Chester ;' and, bring first brought to Gloucester on
Quinqnageaima Sunday [9th February], wag then oaaSaM
to the city of Bristol and placed in custody. Many of his
adherents were tuken with him and thrown into prison.

[The Empress Matilda acknowledged queen.]

Meanwhile, the lady empress-queen, Henry's daughter,
who was staying at Gloucester, was overjoyed at this even!,
having now, as it appeared to her, got possession < *
kingdom for which fealty had been sworn to her;' she there-
fore, having consulted her council, left the city on the fifth
day after Ash -Wednesday [17th February], and attended by
two bishops, Bernard, bishop of St. David's, and Nigel, li-linti
of Ely, with Gilbert, abbot of Winchester, and many barons,
knights, and ollieers, proceeded to Cirencester, the first
place at which she lodged after such joyful intelligence, and
of which she received the allegiance. Departing thence,
when she drew near to tbo city of Winchester, there ad-
vanced, to meet her, in great state and pomp, tbe bishops of
almost all England, many barons, a great number of n
of high rank, innumerable knights, divers abbots with theii
societies, and two convents of monks and a third of n
chanting in procession hymns and thanksgivings, and tht
clergy of tbe place with the citizen* and crowds of the people.
Thereupon, the famous city of Winchester was delivered over
to her; she received possession of tbe royal crown of England,'
and the legate himself cursed those who curse her, bleued
those who bless her, excommunicating her adversaries, anil
absolving those who submitted to her government.

The lady [Matilda] departing from Winchester with her
court went to Wilton, where Theobald, archbishop of Canler-

1 The best account, uf the battle of Lincoln is givon by Henry of
Huntingdon, who was a canon of that church, ami most probably
reei dent there at the time of the battle. 8ee bis History, pp. 2T3—
280, Antig. Lib. The account, in " li.-la Stephani" is singularly de-
ficient in details, ibid, p. 378. Roger of Wendover's in rather niore
circumstantial, ibid, vol. )., p. 492.

* See before, under the year 1 12fi, p. 241.

' "The royal crown, which she had al ways ardently desired," Mf<
tho author of " Gesta Stephani.*' p. 381. The bishop-legate, Henry tie
Rhus, caused her to be proclaimed queen in tbe market place tt
Winchester; but it does not appear that Matilda w

mat plau «

A.D. 1140. J THE EMPilESa MATILDA. 281

bury, came to pay his respects. Here such crowds of people
flocked to meet her, that the ij'iics of the town hardly allowed
their entrance. After celebi'iaiui; there the feast of Easter,
she came in the lioyatiou days [-Ifli May] to Reading, where
she was received with honours ; the chief men and the people
pouring in from all quarters to tender their allegiance.
While there, she sounded one of the leaders, Robert D'Oyley,
respecting the surrender of Oxford castle, and upon his con-
senting to it, she proceeded there and received the fealty
and homage of the whole city and the country round. Con-
tinuing her progress, she was received at the monastery of
Si. Albans, with processions, and honours, and rejoicings.
Many of the citizen-; of London can ic to her there, and had
various conferences with her touching the surrender of the
city.

[A violent thunder-storm.]
About this time a terrible occurrence took place in the
diocese of Worcester, which we tiiink is worthy relating. On
Wednesday before the octave of our Lord's Ascension [11th
May], about the ninth hour of the day, at a village called
Walffishurn, distant one mile from Hampton, the country seat
of the bishop of Worcester,1 there arose a violent whirlwind,
accompanied by a frightful darkness reaching from earth to
heaven, which striking the house of a priest named Leofrid
levelled it to the ground and shattered it to pieces, with all
the out-buildings ; it also tore off the roof of the church, and
carried it across the river Avon. Nearly fifty houses of the
villagers were thrown down and ruined in the same way.
Hailstones also fell as large as a pigeon's egg, which striking
a woman caused her death. At this spectacle all present were
filled with terror and dismay.

[Matilda goes to London.]
The empress, as we have already said, having treated with
the Londoners, lost no time in entering the city with a great
attendance of bishops and nobles: and being received at
Westminster with a magnificent procession, took up her abode
there for some days to set in order the affairs of the kingdom.
Her first care was to take measures for the good of God's holy
1 Hampton -Lucy, near Stratford-upon-Avon.

282 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1140.

church, according to the advice of good men. She therefore
gave the bishopric of London to a monk of Beading, a vene-
rable man, Robert by name [who accepted it], in the presence
and by the command of his reverend abbot, Edward. God's
business being thus done, the queen of England interceded
with the lady [Matilda] for her lord the king, who was a
captive in close custody and fetters. She was also entreated
on his behalf by the highest and greatest nobles of England,
who offered to deliver to her any number of hostages, with
castles and large sums of money if the king were set free, and
his liberty, though not his kingdom, was restored to him;
promising to persuade him to abdicate the crown, and thence-
forth devote himself to the service of God only, as a monk or
pilgrim ; but she would not listen to them. The bishop of
Winchester, too, petitioned her that the earldom which belonged
to his brother, should be given to his nephew, the king's son,
but the lady [Matilda] refused also to listen to him. The
citizens also prayed her that they might be permitted to live
under the laws of king Edward, which were excellent, instead
of under those of her father; king Henry, which were grievous.
But, refusing to accept good advice, she very harshly rejected
their petition, and in consequence there was a great tumult
in the city ; and a conspiracy being formed against her, the
citizens, who had received her with honour, now attempted
to seize her person with indignity. Being, however, fore-
warned by some of them, she fled shamefully with her
retinue, leaving all her own and their apparel behind.1

The bishop of Winchester, who was also legate of the holy
Roman church, perceiving this, turned his mind to his brother's
liberation, and to accomplish it, gained over the good-will
and influence of the Londoners to his purpose. Meanwhile,
the fugitive lady reached Gloucester, by way of Oxford, where,
having consulted with Milo, the ex-constable, she immediately
returned with him to Oxford, intending to tarry there while
she re-assembled her scattered troops. And as she had chiefly
used the counsel, and been supported by the assistance of Milo,
insomuch that up to that time she had neither received pro-
visions for a single day, nor had her table served, except by
his munificence and forethought, as we have heard from

1 See "Gesta Stephani," pp. 383—386, Antiq. Lib.

i.D. 1140.] WINCHESTER BURNT.

-lilo's own mouth,1 she conferred upon hiin while she was
here the earldom of Hereford, to Kind 1dm mure closely to her
;rviee, and as a distinguished reward for it.

\The siege and " rout " of Wincliester.]
Her forces having increased in power arid numbers, on the
pproach of the feast of St. Peter ad Yitietila [1st August], she
ent to Winchester, unknown to her brother, f.lie carl of Bristol,
ut finding the place already indisposed towards her, she took
p her quarters in the castle. Astonished at her unexpected
rrival, and exceedingly disturbed in consequence, Henry,
iskop of that city, left it by another gate, and withdrew him-
_'lf then and for ever from her presence. They being now at
ariance, this wealthy city, so glorious for ages, and whose
ime was renowned through all lands, was suddenly placed in
state of siege, kin.-tolk engaging ii. mutual hostilities, and the
uhabitants and their good* being destroyed by common and
mercenary soldiers, who, breathing fury, spread themselves
hrough it for this purpose. Nor did this alone suffice to
atisfy the bishop's wrath, for goaded bv rage, and to strike
error and dismay into the hearts of the people, he determined

0 set fire to the city and burn it to the ground ; and this he
id. Thus on the second of the month of August, having
red the city, he reduced to ashes the monastery of nuns with
:s buildings, more than forty churches, with the largest and
est part of the place, and, lastly, the monastery of monks
evoted to God and St. Grimbald, with its buildings.

There was in this church of St. Grimbald a great and holy
•oss, made long since by order of king Canute, and by him
tquisitely enriched with gold and silver, jewels and precious
ones. Wonderful to relate, this cross, on the approach of the
im.es, as if conscious of the impending danger, began to
seat and grow black before the eyes of the monks who were
-esent, yea, it waxed as black as the incendiaries themselves;
id the very instant it caught fire, three awful claps of loud
■under sounded as it were from heaven. The city being

1 It appears from this and other incidental notices, that the monk
1 Worcester, to whom we are indebted for the continuation of the
hronicle of Florence, was not only cotemporary with the events he
■tribes, but bad access to persons of rank who took a leading part

.

284 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. |_A.D. 1140.

thus burnt within and beleagurcd by the enemy without, the
bishop is reported to have said to the earl of Northampton,
" Behold, lord ear], you have my command, let it be your
business to raze it to the ground ;" words which disclose the
inmost feelings of the speaker's heart. Seven weeks having
been spent in the siege, the bishop, weary at last of its loaj
duration, on the eve of the day preceding tlie feast of the
Exaltation of the Holy Cross [14th September], ordered pi
to be proclaimed throughout the city, and the gates to I*
thrown open.

The empress hail already mourned her horse, accompanied
and guided by her brother, Reginald ; leaving more than two
hundred cavalry under the command of the earl of Bristol
[Gloucester], as a rear-guard, when the bishop suddenly
ordered his troops to fly to arms, and making a desperate
attack on the enemy, take as many prisoners as they could.
Many were thus captured, and very many scattered and slain,
among whom was a knight named William de Cureell, with
six troopers ; and he was buried at St. Grime-aid's. The lad)'
[Matilda], learning this, was in great terror and dismay, and
reached the castle of Luggorshall, for which she was making,
sad and sorrowful ; but she found it no safe resting-place for
fear of the bishop. In consequence, by the advice of her
friends, she once more mounted her horse, male fashion, acl
was oonducted to Devizes ; but apprehending that she should
not be safe from her pursuers even there, she was placed,
already nearly half-dead, upon a hearse, and being bound with
cords like a corpse, and borne upon horses, was carried, igno-
tuiniously enough, to the city of Gloucester.1

Meanwhile, her brother, Robert, the earl of Bristol [Glou-
cester], having left Winchester by another road, was ban!
pressed by those who went in. pursuit, and being captured it
Stolbridge by the Flemings, under earl Warreue, and brought
to the queen, who was residing there, was by her command
given in custody to William d' Ypres, and confined it
Rochester. Milo, earl of Hereford, being hemmed in by tins

1 A very cin.'ii;iHlaaiia! acomrit of the siege of Winchester, ni
the "rout" of Matilda's forces is given in the " Gesta Stephani," PJ
386 — 390. Our author here adds some curious details connected wtU
her escape, which we may conclude, from his position, he d»ri"J
from local information.

A.D. 1140.] KT. CROSS Bl-ltNT. 285

enemy, threw off his armour and all his accoutrements, and,
glad to escape with his lift', flod in disgrace, reaching Glou-
cester, weary, alone, and lia.lt' naked. John, also, their abettor,
was pursued by the bishop's soldiers to the monastery of
Wherwell, where he had taken refuge : and being unable to
drive him out, they set fire to the church of St. Cross, oo the
very day of the feast of the Exaltation of (he Holy Cross [14th
September], burnt it to the ground, with the uuos' houses
and effects, and carried off, without scruple, their vestments,
books, and ornaments, after much horrible effusion of human
Wood before the holy altar; hut yet they could neither take
nor drive out John before mentioned. Elfrida, the wife of
Edgar, the glorious king of England, [during his reign]1
erected this monastery in honour of St. Cross, being struek
with remorse for the murder of her step-son.

After these events, bishop Henry's wrath being somewhat
appeased, while his covetousiiess knew no bounds, at the sug-
gestion of the prior of the new minster which had been just
burnt down, he recovered from the ashes of the cross five
hundred pounds of silver, thirty marks of gold, and three
'towns, with as many steps of the purest Arabian gold studded
all round with precious stones of most exquisite and admirable
workmanship, and laid them up in his own treasury.

[Stephen exchanged for the Earl of Oloucetter.]

Meanwhile, the king and the earl were kept in custody,
but the queen employing herself actively on the king's behalf,
and the countess using great exertions for the earl, after many
messengers and confidential friends had passed to and fro
between them, the following terms were the result of the
deliberations on both sides; namely, that the king being
restored to his royal dignity, and the earl being invested with
the dominion of the whole of England under him, both should
become just administrators and restorers of the peace in the

1 The words between the brackets eomey a gross anachronism.
King Edgar died in 975, and [St.] Edward, who succeeded him, was
murdered in 978. A note in the margin of one of the MSS. states the
fact that "Aelfdryth"" erected the monastery of St. Cross with the
motive here stated, but omits the words in the text, which assigns a
date to the foundation incompatible with the facts.

286 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1140.

government and country, as they had hitherto been the authors
and promoters of all its dissensions and disturbances. Bat
the earl refusing to carry this into effect, without the consent
of the empress, his sister, repudiated all that had been con-
certed in the affair, and utterly rejected all terms of peace
and alliance with the king. Whence it came to pass that
they parted without any pacification, and during the whole of
the ensuing year, in all parts of .the kingdom and country,
pillage of the poor, slaughter of men, and violation of churches
cruelly 1

1 The old printed text ends here abruptly. In one of the MSS. tht
interval between the year 1141, where the first Continuation of
Florence's Chronicle terminates, and the year 1152, where the secotd
Continuation begins, is supplied by a transcript from Henry Htt-
tingdon's history of that period, for which see pp. 273 — 291, Antiq.IA>

THE END OF THE FIRST CONTINUATION OF FLORMCB

OF WORCESTER.

THE SECOND CONTINUATION OF TUF. CHRONICLE

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

[a.i>. 1152.] The emperor Courad suceeedeil the emperor
Frederic.

A divorce was decreed between Lewis, king of France,
and queen Eleanor, the daughter of William, duke of Aqui-
taine, by whom the king then had two daughters. Henry,
duke of Normandy, iiiiirvii'd this Eleanor, and received with
her the county of Aquiraine. St. Bernard, abbot of Clair-
vaux, died on the thirteenth of tiie calends of September
[20th August].

[a.d. 1153.]

[a.d. 1154.] Benedict, prior of Canterbury, was trans-
ferred as abbot to Peterborough. Adrian was made pope.

[a.d. 1155.] Queen Eleanor bore a son, whom she called
Henry. Frederic was crowned as emperor.

[a.d. 1156.] Queen Eleanor gave birth to a daughter,
named Matilda.

[a.d. 1157.] Queen Eleanor gave birth at Oxford to her
son Richard.

[a.d. 1158.] Queen Eleanor gave birth to Geoffrey.

[a.d. 1159.] Adrian died, and thereupon a schism arose
from the election of two popes. The kings of France and
England acknowledged pope Alexander, while the emperor
adhered to Octavian, on whose behalf he wrote to the two
kings before mentioned, but did not obtain his object.

[a.d. 1160.] The marriage between Henry, son of the
king of England, and the daughter of the king of France, was
celebrated. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, died.

288 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [\.». 11C1-70.

[a.d. 1161.] Queen Eleanor bore a daughter, to whom
she gave the name of Eleanor.1

[a.d. 1162.] The council of Tours was held,3 at which
Thomas, the archbishop, was much honoured by the pope.

[a.d. 1163.]

[a.d. 116+.] Tlie bishops of England are called tocher
at Clarendon, to take account of the customs of the realm, "
Loose clerks are denounced. Archbishop Thomas withdraws
privately ; the king duly summoned him to answer in hi*

[a.d. 116j.] Eleanor, bore a son, who was called .'ulin
Sans-terre.1

[a.d. 1166— 69.]

[a.d. 1170.] In this year the king held his court, (luring
the feast of Easter, at Windsor ; at which festival there wsn>
present William, king of Scotland, and David his brother, aiul
nearly all the nobles and great men of England, both bishop,
carls, and barons.

[A council of nobles at London.]

After celebrating the feast of Easter, the king went from
thence to London, and there held a great council for the
coronation of his eldest son Henry, and making laws for his
kingdom ; and there he dismissed nearly all the sherifls (J
England and their baililts. for having ill-treated the liege-
men of his realm. And each of the sheriffs and bailiffs fi.nroil
pledges for himself to abide by the judgment of the court,
and give such redress to our lord the king, and the liege-men
of the realm, as they ought to do out of their reprises. Aftf"
wards the king caused all the liege-men of his realm, to wit,
the earls, barons, knights, free tenants, and even villein?. *■>
swear, on the holy gospels, in their several counties, that they
would tell the truth, namely, what and how much the iberiH's

1 According to Roger of Wenriover and Matt. Westm., the prb««
Eleanor was horn in ll(!2.
5 The council of Tours was not held till 1163.

3 The famous "OnstiUilujus nf ClaremW were framed on lb»
They may bo seen in Wilkin* 's Cone, and Rog»r W

wards king John; he was boru

niali*

l.D. 1170.] PRINCE HENRY CROWNED. 289

ind their bailiff's levied on them, anil what judicially, and what
i'il.r.1 judicially, and for what default. But gru.it injury was
thus done to the English nation, for, after the inquisition
*M made, the king reinstated some of the sheriffs in their
offices, and they became afterwards more oppressive than they
■ere before. Moreover, in the aforesaid council, (he king
nused Roger, archbishop of York, Hugh, bishop of Durham,
ind the other bishops of his kingdom, to be summoned to
meet at London at a. time appointed.

[Coronation of Henry II.' t eldest son Henry. ~\

On the following Sunday, which was the eighteenth of the
calends of July [1 4-th June], and the vigil of SS. Vitus and
Modestus, martyrs, and St. Crescent ia, virgin, king Henry
aused his eldest son Henry to be crowned and consecrated
iing at Westminster, by Roger, archbishop of York and
egate of the episcopal sue, being assisted in the ceremony by
Jugh, bishop of Durham, Gilbert, bishop of London, Josce-
ine, bishop of Salisbury, and Walter, bishop of Rochester;
nd almost all the earls, bishops, and nobles of the realm
'eing present. On the morrow after the consecration, the
lag made William, king of Scotland, and David, his brother,
ud all the earls, barons, and frank-tenants of his kingdom,
o homage to the new king, his son ; and swear, on the relics
f the saints, allegiance and fealty to him against all the
■orld, save only their fealty to himself. And there the king
btained the consent of the earls and barons for crossing the
» to Normandy, because Lewis, king of France, bruited
broad that his daughter Margaret was not crowned with her
osband, the new king of England, and therefore proposed to
ar up war in Normandy.

{King Henry falls sick in Normandy.]

Accordingly, the king passed over to Normandy, setting
til from Portsmouth about the feast of St. John the Baptist
24th June], and sent his son, the new king, to England,
mpowering him to administer affairs and justice under a new
sal, which he ordered him to make. About the octave of

290 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.D. 1170.

the feast of SS. Peter and Paul [Gth July], the king came to
Ferte- Bernard,1 and consulted Count Theobald about making
peace between himself and the king of France, and then thej
departed. And the king, about the feast of St. Mary Mag-
dalen [22ud July], went ns far as Vendome" to treat with [he
king of France, and in that conference they came to such -s
mutual understanding, that for the time they remained in
alliance.

The conference being ended, the liing returned to Nor-
mandy, and reaching La Motte Gernee, not far from Dom-
front," about the feast of St. Lawrence [10th August], there
fell so dangerously ill, that it was reported throughout France
that he was dead; and there he divided his kingdom mid
dominions amongst his sons. He gave to Henry, his eldest
son, the kingdom of England and the duchy of Normandy,
with the counties of Anjou and Maine ; and committed to liim
the maintenance and promotion of his youngest brother Xilm.
To his sou Richard, he gave the duchy of Aqtiitaine, with all
its appurtenances, to be held of the king of France.

Afterwards, he commanded the bishops, earls, and barons,
who were ahout him during his sickness, that if he did not
recover, they should convey his body to Grammont, near St.
Leonard's,* and showed them a charter which the good men
of Grammont had granted him for the interment of his
remains at the entrance of the chanter-house of Grammont,
at the feet of the superior of that house, who lay buried there.
On hearing this lliey were much surprised, and were unwilling
to allow it, saying that it was derogatory to his royal dignity.
The king, however, persisted in enjoining compliance with lib
wishes; but, by the will of Divine Providence, he shortly
afterwards recovered from his sickness, and, as soon as he
was able, in fulfilment of a vow made during Ids illness, lie
proceeded with all haste, about the feast of St. Michael [29th

1 La Fert6- Bernard, on ill" ltnisn<\ui tin.1 department of La Sarthe.
' Venilumc, on one of the branches of the Loire. Some ruins of its
ancient castle still remain.

3 Domfront was a strong frontier fortress of Normandy, of great

* St.. Leonard's stands on the right bank of the Vienne, about tea

i.D. 1170.] becket's ghievanceb. 29X

September], to St. Mary's of Rocamadour,1 and having per-
formed his pilgrimage returned into Anjou.

[Dispute! between king Henry and Thomas A Becht.']
Meanwhile, St. Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, who
was now in the sixth year of his exile, hearing that in his
absence, and in despite of his privileges, a new king had
been consecrated in England, at London, by Eoger, arch-
bishop of York, was greatly chagrined ; and turning in his
mind how he might best vindicate the rights of the church of
Canterbury, sent frequent messengers to pope Alexander,
entreating him to censure the archbishop of York and his
coadjutors who had assisted him in llin consecration of the
new king of England. Likewise, the same year, Lewis, king
of France, solicited the Roman pontiff on be! i id!' of the afore-
Mid archbishop of Canterbury, entreating him, as he valued
his personal regard, and the respect lie paid him, and from his
love of the kingdom of France, and for the honour of the
apostolic see, no longer to allow the procrastinating pleas
lodged by the king of England. C'<>iii|:.assii>i];iiing, also, the de-
solate condition nf the church of England, William, archiiishop
of Sens, petitioned the apostolic see, and besought the church
of Rome that, all appeals being quashed, the king of England
should be sentenced to excommunication, and the kingdom
laid under an interdict, unless peace were restored to the
church of Canterbury. The day peremptorily fixed, beyond
which the sentence could no longer be deferred, -was now
at hand.

The king of England, therefore, constrained by his fears of
the rigour of the canons, at length consented to restore peace
to the English church, and about the feast of St. Denys, on
Monday the fourth of the ides [the 12th] of October, he
came as far as Amboise, in the neighbourhood of Tours,
attended by the archbishops, bishops, and great men of his
realm, to meet William, archbishop of Sena, and Theobald,
count de Elois, who brought with them St. Thomas, archbishop

1 De rape A rlamatorit. The place is situated near Cahors, on the
high road from Paris to Bayunne. Its famous Oratories, dedicated,
the one to St. Mary, and the other to St. Amadour, on the summit of
the rock overhanging tlie talley of the little river Alzou, which fall*
into the Dordogue, are still the resort of the religious.

c 2

292 FLORENCE OF WOItCESTF.R. [A.D, 1170.

of Canterbury. On the morrow, king Henry, in conformity to
the will of Divine Providence, and in compliance with the
instances of the king of France, and tlie mandate and moni-
tion of pope Alexander, as well as by the advice of the arch-
bishops and bishops of his realm, re-adioitted the before-
mentioned archbishop of Canterbury to his favour and love,
and he pardoned him and all who were in exile with hire,
anil shared his wrath :iw.l persecution ; promising that all tie
possessions of the church of Canterbury should be restored
to him entire, as he held them the year before he departed
front England.

There were great rejoicings among the people throughout
the kingdom on the arrival and re-establishment of their
father, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury; for he, apprehen-
sive of the peril of souls, and conducted to his see by the
king's orders, returned to England on the calends [the 1st]
of December, in the seventh year of his exile. Arriving it
Canterbury, lie was received by the clergy and people as an
angel of the Lord, the multitude shouting with one voice,
" Blessed is he that conicth in the name of the Lord.'' On
his part, he, like a good shepherd, received them all with the
kiss of peace, and addressing to them a paternal admonition,
enjoined on them the love of their brethren; while, if needs
be, they should lay down their lives, and contend unto death
for the law of God. The lord pope having, on the complaint
of St. Thomas, learnt the presumption of the before-mentioned
archbishop of York, and the bishops, his coadjutors, he sus-
pended Roger, archbishop of York, Hugh, bishop of Durham,
and Walter, bishop of Rochester, from their episcopal func-
tions, and issued a sentence of excommunication against
Gilbert, bishop of London, and .loscelino, bishop of Salisbury.
This harsh proceeding, which was published on the restoration
of St. Thomas, further embittered the king's mind, and gave
a fresh poignancy to the envenomed tongues of the arch-
bishop's detractors. For Roger, archbishop of York, Josccline,
bishop of Salisbury, and Gilbert, bishop of London, as sooti
as the sentence was published against them, sailed for Nor-
mandy, and sharpening their tongues, like a sword, prejudiced
the king by their complaints against the archbishop of Can-
terbury, and more and more roused his indignation t
him. The champion of Christ was, therefore, again stit

».». 1170.] becket's martthdom. 293

to losses, and made again the mark for more atrocious and
excessive injustice; and he was even prohibited, by a public
edict, from going beyond the bounds of his church. Whoever
gave him, or any of his friends, a civil word, was thought a
public enemy. But the man of God bore all these injuries
with exemplary patience, and living on familiar terms with
those about them, edified all by his conversation.

[Martyrdom of St. Thomas A Beeket.']
This year the son of the empress Matilda' held his court at
Euros, in Normandy, on the day of our Lord's Nativity, which
fell on Friday, in much sorrow and trouble at the refusal of
the archbishop of Canterbury to absolve the English bishops
from the sentence of excommunication which he had pro-
nounced on them. The kind's indignation being Thus raised,
four knights of his household and family, desirous of relieving
him from the. disturbance of mind which tliey observed to be
preying upon Iiira, secretly and without the king's knowledge
harried to the coast, for the purpose of crossing the sea to
England, and, having landed there, lost no time in taking the
road to Cantcrhury, The holy fluffier had scarcely resided a
month at his church, wlicn, live days after ('lirisscmaa, the four
knights, or rather the hirelings of Satan, before mentioned,
whose names are William de Tracy, Hugh de MorvlDe,
Richard Briton, and Reginald Fit/.-Urse, rushed furiously and
ready armed into the church, at the entrance of which they
cried loudly, "Where — where is the traitor?" No one
making any answer, they again demanded, "Where is the
archbishop of Canterbury?" Upon which he replied, "Here
am I, the servant of Christ, whom ye seek." One of the ill-
omened knights then said to him in a rage, " You shall die,
for it must not be that you live any longer." The archbishop
answered, with as much firmness of expression as of spirit,
" I am ready to give up my life in the cause of God, and
as the champion of justice and of the liberties of the church.
But if ye seek my life, I forbid you, in God's name, and under
the penalty of being held accursed, from doing any sort of
injury to any other, he he monk, or clerk, or layman, of high
or low degree; let them be free from harm, as they are from any

' Hi'iirv Fid -Empress.

294: FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1170.

pretence for it." Do not his words seem to express those of
Christ, when lie said, during his passion, " If ye seek me, let
these go their way " ?' Having said this, and seeing the exe-
cutioners draw their swords, he honed Ills head in the act of
prayer, and poured forth these his last words : " I commend
myself and the cause of the church to God and St. Mary, and
the saints who are the patrons of this church, and to St.

After that, in the midst of all his anguish, the undaunted
martyr, with wonderful firmness, uttered not a word nor a
cry, nor suffered a groan to escape him ; nor did he raise Iirn
arm or cover himself with his robe io protect himself from his
assailants, hut retained imnnivahly the attitude he had assumed,
bowing his head to the stroke of their swords, until their
work was done. Thereupon the knights before mentioned,
being in fear from the concourse of multitudes of both sexes,
who flocked together on all sides, that a rescue would be
made, and their uttcnipt foiled, hastened the accomplish meat
of their villanous deed; and one of them, brandishing hia
sword and aiming a blow at the archbishop's head, nearly
struck otf the arm of a certain clerk, named Edward Grhn.'itt
the same time wounding in the head the Lord's anointed; for
tins clerk had thrust out his arm over the father's Iiead to
intercept the assailant, or rather to ward oft' the blow. Stif!
the righteous sufferer for justice stood like an innocent lamb,
without a murmur, without a complaint, and offered himself a
sacrifice to the Lord. And now, that not one of the accursed
gang might be able to say that the bishop was free from
injury by his hands, a second and third knight dealt heavy
blows on the head of the intivpid champion of the faith, which
they fractured, and levelled the victim of the Holy Spirit to
the ground ; and a fourth,3 raving with an excess of bar-
barity, cut oft' his shaven crown, while he was prostrate and »t
the last gas|>, and, shuttering his skull, inserted the point of
his aword, and scattered his blood and brains on the stone
pavement.

Thus, in the beginning of the seventh year after his banish-
ment, this martyr, Thomas, contended even to death for lk*

> John xviii. 8.

- ] li- mis tin' lii'liq.V I'l-nss-liearcr.
1 Hia name was Hugh de Horsay.

A.». 1170.] THE AS9ASSIK8 ESCAPE. 295

law of his God and the rights of the church, which in Eng-
land were well nigh Inst, fearing not the words of wicked
men; but founded upon a rock of strength, that is Christ, fell
in Christ's church and for Christ's OBVBB, himself innocent, by
the swords of the impious, on die fifth day of Christmas,
which is the morrow of the feast of Innocents [29th Decem-
ber]. Then all left hitn and fled, that the saying of Scrip-
ture might be fulfilled : " I will smite the shepherd, and the
sheep shall he scattered."1 Meanwhile, the knights who had
perpetrated this accursed deed made their retreat by way of
the martyr's stable, and bringing out his horses parted them
among themselves, each taking which he pleased : and then
without loss of time, sensible of the atrocity of their crime,
and despairing of pardon, did not dare to return to the king's
court, whence they had come, hut retired into the western
part of England as far as Knaresboroitgh, the vill of Hugh de
Morville, where they abode until they were treated as in-
famous by the inhabitants of that district; for all avoided
having any intercourse with them, nor would any one sit at
table in their company. They, therefore, ate and drank
alone, and the fragments of their repast were thrown to the
dogs, which having tasted, even they refused to devour. See
here manifestly the just vengeance of God, that they who
despised the anointed of the Lord should be even spurned by
dogs!

Meanwhile the king, who was holding his court at Bures
as we have before mentioned, had gone to Argentan, where
hearing that the archbishop of Canterbury had been cruelly
murdered in the church of Canterbury, his grief was intense
and inexpressible ; and existence became wretched to an un-
heard of degree. For three days he partook of no food, and
refused to speak to any one ; and led a life of solitude with
closed doors for five weeks, until llotro, archbishop of Rouen,
and the bishops of Normandy, came and comforted him. How-
ever, when they had so done, Lewis, king of France, and
William, archbishop of Sens, wrote to pope Alexander against
the king of England, respecting the death of the archbishop
of Canterbury, to this effect :

1 Zechariah ijii. 7 ; Mark iiv. 27.

296 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1170.

[The Letter of the king of France.]

" To his most holy lord and father, Alexander [III.], by the
grace of God, pope, Lewis, king of France, sends greeting and
due reverence.

" The son who dishonours his mother is a stranger to the
laws of human feeling ; nor is he mindful of the Creator's
benefits, who does not sorrow for insults offered to the holy
see. But it is to be especially lamented, and the novelty of
the enormity draws forth a fresh burst of unspeakable grief,
when the Lord's saint was the mark for a malignant attack,
the pupil of Christ's eye was pierced with the sword, and the
light of the church of Canterbury was no less cruelly than
basely extinguished. Let justice be roused in its keenest
form, and the sword of Peter be unsheathed to avenge the
martyr of Canterbury ! For his blood cries for vengeance
through the church universal, which not so much claims it
for him as for the injury inflicted on her. Lo ! the Divine
glory has been revealed in miracles, as we are informed, at
the martyr's tomb, and it is manifested from heaven on the spot
where his mortal remains rest, for whose name he fought to
the end. The bearers of these presents, men bereaved of
their father, will detail the particulars to your Holiness ; and
we pray you to lend a willing ear to their testimony of the
truth, and in this affair, as well as in others, give them the
same credence as you would to ourselves. Tour Holiness,
farewell."

[How the king sent to the pope of Rome, after the death of

St. Thomas.]

While affairs were in this state, the lord [archbishop] of
Rouen, the lord [bishop] of Evreux, and the lord [bishop] of
Worcester, together with several of the clerks and others
attached to the king's court, set forth on a journey to the
Roman pontiff, on behalf of the king and his realm. -But the
lord of Rouen, being worn with age and infirmity, when he
had accomplished nearly half the journey, could proceed no
further, and returned to his own see. But the before-men-
tioned bishops, with the king's clerks, proceeded on their way,
and succeeded with great difficulty in obtaining the pope's con-

.D, 1170.] MISSION TO THE POPE. 297

cnt that two cardinals, Tlieoiline and Albert, should, on his
art, come into Normandy, to take cognizance of the caae
,t issue between the king and the church of Canterbury
ouching the death of St. Thomas, and respecting other
wlesiastical dignitaries, and decide eotuvniing them as God
hould direct. Tha envoys who had proceeded to Rome
yrote to their lord and king w the following tenor :

[The Letter to ih,: hiiiy hi/ hh chyles whom he sent to Rome.']

" To their most dearly beloved lord, Henry, the illustrious
iing of England, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and

mint of Anjou, R., abbot of W ', R., archdeacon of

ialisbury, Rol»'rt, archdeacon of Lisieux, Richard Barre, and
laster Henry, greeting, and loyal service in all things and

" We would have your majesty know, that Richard Earre
aving gone forward before us, and, after much danger and
jffering, arrived first at the court of our lord the pjpe, we
mr, and the two hishopa, the dean of York, and Master
[enry, with much difficulty got as far as Sienna. There
e were detained for some days, as count Macarius had so
esct all the roads that no way was open to us for getting out
f the place. When, however, we four, who with the bishops
•ere very desirous to depart, could not accomplish it, being
1 much trouble of mind, by common consent we made our
scape privately at midnight, and so by mountain paths,
nd almost impassable tracks, we at length after much peril
nd apprehension reached Tusculum.' There we found
Uchard Barre very anxious, as was his duty, to maintain
our honour, and exerting himself with much prudence and
ndustry for your profit. But he was in great distress and
ismay, as he had neither been admitted to an interview with
he lord pope, nor had others shown any kindness or civility
o him. On our arrival, the pope refused to see us, and allow
is the kiss, even of his foot ; and scarcely any of the car-
linals condescended so much as to exchange a word with us.
Lfter long delay, during which we were much harassed by
.nxiety and bitterness of spirit, we entreated those who were
liithfully attached to you to use their influence that in some
1 •' Abbas WaUatin f " * Now called Frascatl.

298 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1170.

way the pope might grant us a. hearing. In the end, at their

instance, the lord abbot of W , and R., archdeacon of

Lisieux, were admitted to an audience, as being those of us
who were least suspected. But when, in making their salu-
tations on your behalf, (hey mentioned your name as a most
devoted son of the Roman church, the whole conclave cried
out, ' Hold, hold ! ' as if it were odious to the lord pope even
to hear your name. 80 leaving (he conclave they returned
late to our lord the pope, and laid before him, after con-
sulting together, what your majesty commanded us; at the
same time recounting all the benefits you had conferred on
the late archbishop of Canterbury, and the succession of
usurpations and affronts to your dignity of which he had been
guilty. All this we detailed, first in private, and afterwards
in the presence of our lord the pope and all the cardinals; the
clerks of Canterbury, Alexander, and Gunter, the Fleming,
shewing cause before them on the other side.

" The Thursday before Easter [2.3rd March] heing dot
near at hand, and that being the day on which, according to
the usngc of the Roman Church, the lord pope is wont to
absolve or excommunicate in public; as we had certain in-
formation that up to this point their consultations tended to
the trouble of you and your kingdom, we consulted those we
knew to be most favourable to your majesty, namely, the lord
[bishop] of Porto, the lord Hyacinthus, the lord [bishop] of
Pavia, the lord Peter di Mirto (the lord John of Naples wis
absent), and urged them most anxiously and earnestly to Id
us know the pope's intention.-, and what he proposed to ilct'T-
mine in our ease. But as they reported to us nothing but
■what was disastrous and disgraceful to your highness, we
presumed, from the sad accounts given by these persons and
by your faithful servant, brother Francis, that the pope W
firmly resolved, with the general consent of the conclave, to
issue that very day a sentence of interdict against you, pf-
sonally, and against all your dominions on this side or beyond
the sea. Being placed in these most difficult eircumstancOi
we used our utmost etlorts, through the cardinals smd those i>l
our associates who had access to them, and by means of their
intimate friends, to induce the pope to abandon this measure
or, at least, to defer it until the arrival of your bishops.

" Finding it impossible to eflect this, we, as our duty is.

1. 1172.|] tiie Eif tots' letter, 299

d as we arc your debtors, being neither able nor willing to
ar the indignity to your person, nor the oppression to your
lole dominions, at last had a meeting of our friends in the
esenee of some of the cardinals, at which menu were dis-
vered by which your honour and welfare would be secured,
th advantage to your territories and profit to the bishops.
/ this proceeding wo get rid of the danger and disgrace
th which you, your dominions, and bishops were throat-
ed, although for this immunity we expose ourselves to
treme peril; believing, however, and having a sure hope
at the whole affair "ill take tin* course which we think you
mid desire. The lord bishop of Worcester and the lord
shop of Lisicux, with Robert, dcati of Lisieux, and Master
enry will soon be here. We left them beyond measure
.xious and troubled, because they were not able to come
ith us, as they wished to attend to your business. It was
eir opinion and our own, that we oii^lit to hiisten forward
mewhat in advance of them, in order to throw impediments
the way of the proceedings of your adversaries to your dis-
>nour and injury. For we had certain information that the
arjie acfaiitsl you was lodged in court, and we were appre-
nsive of what is customary on that day. Farewell ! and
ly your highness long live. Bo comforted in the Lord,
d let your heart rejoice ; for after this cloud there will
■ fair weather, to your glory. We came to the court on
e Saturday before Palm-Sunday [21st March], and
e bearer of these presents leaves us on Easter-day [28th
arch]."

'King Henry's Reconciliation tciih the Court of Rome?]

[a.d. 1172.] King Henry crossed over to Ireland, and
ide peace with the people there. He then returned and
itained absolution from the cardinals. Rotro [archbishop]
Rouen crowned Margaret, the king's daughter, as the
ture queen of England. Meanwhile the king returned
)m Britain, and about the feast of St. Michael, the apostle,
me into Normandy to the city of Avranches, where he
und the before-named cardinals, and on Wednesday the fifth
the calends of October [27th September], being the feast
SS. Cosmo and Damianus, the martyrs, he made satisfac-

300 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1172.

tion to God and the pope touching the death of St. Thomia
the martyr. For he cleared his innocence before the afore-
said cardinals, and tin- archbishop of Rouen, and tlie bishops,
clergy, and people of his dominions, in the church of St.
Andrew the apostle, at Avraiiehes. He also swore on the
Holy Gospels, before the churchmen already named, that he
neither commanded nor wished that the archbishop of Can-
terbury should be slain, and that when he heard of it he was
thrown into the deepest distress. But whereas he could not
take the malefactors who had murdered Thomas, archbishop
of Canterbury, of blessed memory ; and whereas he feared
that they wrought, that impious deed in consequence of their
observing his ili.stiti-tio.il slate of mind, he took, for satisf*!-
tion, an oath to the following effect : —

First, he swore that he would create no schism with pope
Alexander, or with his catholic successors, so long as they
treated him as a catholic king.

Next, lie swore that he would neither hinder, nor sunk
any hindrance, to appeals being freely made in bis kingdom
to the pope of Koine in ecclesiastical causes; provided that
if he saw reason to suspect the parties, they should give
security that they would not seek the injury of himself or lib

Moreover, ho swore that he would take the cross from Christ-
mas then ensuing, for the term of three years, and would go
to Jerusalem in person during the summer nest following,
unless he staid with leave of pope Alexander, or his catholic
successors. But if, in the meantime, he should, from urgent
necessity, go into Spain against the Saracens, the time spent
in that expedition should be considered as added to that
employed in the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

He swore, besides, that in the meantime he would pay to
the Knights Templars such sums of money as, in the judg-
ment of the brethren of the order, would be sufficient for
the maintenance of two hundred knights for the defence of
the territory of Jerusalem for the space of one year.

Moreover, he pardoned all, both clerks and laymen, who
were in exile on account of St. Thomas, for their wrath and
disaffection, and granted them permission to return home in
freedom and peace.

He also swore that whatever possessions had been take

l.D. 1173, 1174.] THE KIKG ABSOLVED. 301

from the church of Canterbury should be restored entirely, as
the aforesaid archbishop held them the year before he departed
'i tm i England.

He also swore that he would lUogfithet disillow any cus-
toms derogatory to the rights of the church in his territories,
which had been introduced during his reign. All this he
swore that lie would observe in good faith and without covin.

He also caused king Henry, bis eldest son, to swear that he
would observe all these articles, those excepted which referred
>nly to him personally. And that this compact might be
ilaced upon record in the Roman Church, the kins commanded
lis own seal and the seals of the cardinals to be affixed to the
instrument in which these articles are contained.

[AJ>. 1173.] This year, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury,
deposed William, abbot of Peterborough, for certain causes.

The count of St. Giles' did homage to the king-father.
King Henry and his son quarrelled. A hundred and forty
Flemings, making an irruption into England, were drowned.
Geoffrey Ride!, archdeacon of Canterbury, was elected bishop
of Ely ; his consecration by Richard, archbishop of Canter-
bury, was deferred till the year following. William Turbe,
bishop of Norwich, died on the seventeenth of the calends of
February [16th January]. St. Thomas the Martyr was
canonised in the beginning of Lent [21st February]. Mary,
sister of St. Thomas, was made abbess of Barking. Robert,
earl of Leicester, landing in England with three thousand
Flemings, burnt the castle of Hagenest ; but he and his wife,
and all the Normans and French who accompanied him, are
taken prisoners. Part of the Flemings are slain, some part
are drowned; but none escaped., Done without the burgh
of St. Edmund's on the sixteenth of the calends of November
[17th October].1

[a.d. 1174.] The Flemings coming over in aid of the
king's son, bum Norwich. Richard, prior of Dover, is con-
secrated archbishop of Canterbury by the lord pope. All the
world is afflicted with coughs and colds.

1 Also called the count of Thoulouse.

a This is the first notice in the present continuation of the Chronicle
of Florence which shows the connection of the writer or writers with
St. Edmondsbury. It appears also, from the following paragraph, and
others subsequently in which the present tense is used, that the Con-
record of passing events.

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

A.D. 1175-9. I.'

found it in ! i
» his vowi at '■'

The king- father, on his arrival in England, found
rebellion against him ; but, while he was paying his vc
the shrine of St. Thomas, the king of Scotland was taken I
prisoner, and the king carried him with him to Normandy.1
The same day the king-son returned to France, the fleet
which he had assembled against his father having been dis-
persed.

[a,d. 1175.] The castles were razed to the ground in all
parts both of England and Normandy. William, king of the
Seots, a captive according to the laws of war, gave hostages,
and so returned train Nvt-mundy to Scotland.3

John of Oxford, dean of Salisbury, is consecrated bishop
of Salisbury on the nineteenth of the calends of January
[14th December],

[a.d. 1170.] The emperor Frederick sacks Milan. linger,
archbishop of York, was maltreated at Westminster, because
lie made pretensions to a seat in council at the right hand of the
legate. John of Salisbury, an excellent clerk, is made bishop
of Chartres.

[a.d. 1177.] Johanna, daughter of the king of England,
was married to William, king of Sicily. Secular canons were
removed from Waltham, and regular ones introduced. The
emperor Frederic, renouncing bis schism at Venice, acknow-
ledged pope Alexander.

[a.d. 1178.] William, abbot of Ramsey, was made arch-
abbot of' (,'luuy. The kiKir knitted his son Geoffrey. Ricbanl
de Lucy founded the abbey of Leslies/1 Saladin, being van-
quished by Eudes, master of the Temple, betook himself t">
flight.

[a.d. 1170.] Roger, the [abbot] -elect of St. Augustine's,
reeeived the pontifical ornaments from the pope. A council of

1 He was committ'd to custody at Fnlaise.

' The charter afterwards executed by William, kins of Scotland,
acknowledging, as the terms of his release from captivity, Edwaro"i
rights of Buisi'i-fitiity t.vcr ihit kin- Join, is inserted in the latter part of
the present " Continuation," among other documents connected with
king Edward's claims.

' Roger of WeiiiloviT informs us that " Richard de Lucy, josticiarj
of Ehi-lnml. on the Ilth June, 1178, laid the foundations or a con'rn-
tual church [the abbey of Leslies of our author] in honour of St
Tlioma3 the martyr, at a place colled Westwood, in the territory of
Rochester." Vol. ii., p. 36, Antlg. Lib.

.D. 1180-5.] VARIOUS OCCURRENCES. 303

iree hundred and ten bishops was held at Rome1 on the
jurteenth of the calends of April [19th March]. Seven
*rs of corn grew on one stalk. Lewis, king of France,
lade a pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Thomas. Pope Ales-
rn.lt?r sent a letter to Prester John in India.*

£a.». 1180.] A new coinage, of a round shape, was struck
o England. Lewis, king of 1' ranee, died, and was buried at
he abbey of Barbeaux. Hugh, abbot of St. Edmund's, re-
timing from the tomb of St. Thomas, fell from his horse, and
o died from infirmity and old age.

[a.d. 1181.] A boy, named Robert, waa sacrificed by the
lews, at St. Edmund's, on Wednesday the fourth of the idea
the 10th] of June. King Lewis was succeeded by his son
['hilip, who put himself under the jruidance of the king of
England. Pope Alexander wrote toueliiiur rendering succour
to the Holy Land. Lucius succeeded Alexander.

[a.d. 1182.] Henry, duke of Saxony, having incurred the
hostility of the emperor Frederic, came into Normandy to
king Henry, with his wife and family. Tax-gatherers were
burnt throughout France.

[a.d. 1183.] Kinjj Henry, the son, died penitent, in sack-
cloth and ashes, on the third of the idea [the 11th] of June,
and was buried at Mans. Then Walter de Constance was
consecrated bishop of Lincoln at Rouen ; the year following
he was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Rouen.

[a.d. 1184.] Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, died.
He was succeeded by Baldwin, bishop of Worcester. A
fountain in Scotland flowed with blood. Saladin and Safadin,
kings of the Saracens, wrote to the lord pope touching the
ransom of captives, in the year of the Hejira 578. The
emperor Frederic gave the crown of the German empire to
his son Henry. The holy order of the knights in Spain, with
the red sword for their badge, was confirmed by the pope.
Astrologers struck terror into men's hearts by predicting
future events from the conjunction of planets.

[a.d. 1185.] The patriarch Heraclius, and Roger, master
of the Hospital,' came into England. John, the king's son,

1 The third council of Lateran. See an account of its proceeding*
in Roger of Wendover, ibid, vol. i , p. 44.
3 The letter is preserved in Hoveden, ibid, vol. i., p. 491.
' Roger Di'suiouliiis; be waa slain at the siege of Acre, in 1187.

304: FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1186-9.

was knighted. Duke Henry returned into Saxony, contented
with his patrimonial states. The church of Lincoln tfm
shattered by an earthquake, on the eighteenth of the calendi
of May [loth April]. Pope Lucius died, and Urban suc-
ceeded him.

[a.d. 1 186.] Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, the king's son, died,
and was buried at Paris. Hugh, a native of Grenoble, and prior
of the Carthusian order in England, becomes bishop of Lincoln.
Henry, king of Germany, married Constance, daughter of
Roger I., king of Sicily, who was the son of Roger, count of
Sicily, brother of Robert Guiscard, of Norman origin. The
following verse was inscribed on the seal of king Roger:—
" Apulia, Calabria, Sicily, and Africa are mine."

Guy of Joppa1 was crowned king of Jerusalem.

[a.d. 1187.] Constance, countess of Brittany, gave birth
to a posthumous son, named Arthur. The cross of Christ was
captured by Saladin, near Tiberias," on the fourth of the
nones [the 4th] of July ; and two hundred and thirty per-
sons were beheaded with B. de Ch&tillon, their lord. Pope
Urban died ; Gregory VIII. succeeded him. Richard, earl of
Poitou, the first of the peers, took the cross. Pope Gregory
died ; Clemens III. succeeded him.

[a.d. 1 1 88.] The kings of France and England took the cross.
Richard Barre, archdeacon of Lisieux, was sent as ambassador
to the emperors of Rome and Constantinople, respecting a free
passage for the kings of Prance and England. At Dunstable,
on the fifth of the ides [the 9th] of August, at the ninth hour
of the day, a cross of wonderful size was seen in the heavens,
with Jesus Christ nailed to it, crowned with thorns: blood
flowed from the wounds, but did not fall to the ground.
This appearance lasted from the ninth hour until evening.
The emperor Frederic wrote to Saladin8 for the liberation of
king Guy and twenty thousand Christian souls.

[Order of the GUbertines."]

[a.d. 1189.] St. Gilbert, founder and creator of the order
of Sempringham,4 died on the nones [the 5th] of February.

1 Guy de Lusignan.

2 See Roger de Hoveden, vol. ii., p. 60, Antiq. Lib.

3 The letter is preserved by Wendover. See vol. ii., p. 64.

4 In Leicestershire, the Gilbertines soon counted 26 houses, con-
taining 700 brethren and 1,500 sisters in their order.

A.D. 1190, 1191.] DEATH OF I1ENRY II. 305

King Henry Fitz-cm press, died on the second of the nones
[the 6th] of July, and was buried at Fontcvrault. Earl
Richard was absolved by the archbishops of Canterbury and
Rouen for having taken arms against his father. Geoffrey
Ridel, bishop of Ely, died on the twelfth of the calends of
September [21st August]. Earl Richard was crowned king
at London, on the iliird of the nones [the 3rd] of September,
on which day the Jews were massacred at Londou. King
lliehard gave to the Cistercian monks one hundred marks
yearly, to procure themselves a chapter.

[a.d. 1190.] William de Longcharnp, the [bishop-] elect
of Ely, caused himself to be enthroned on the least of
Epiphany with great pomp and ceremony : in consequence,
these verses were made :—

Geoffrey, a son of king Henry, was elected archbishop of
York, and the election was confirmed by the pope. Numbers
flocking to Jerusalem, put Jews to death. The Jews were
massacred at Norwich: many wen; trampled do wu during
the time the fair was held at Stamford ; at York five
hundred fell by each others' hands, on the seventeenth of the
calends of [April 16th March]. At St. Edmund's, the
Jews were butchered on the fifteenth of the calends of April
[18th March], it being Palm Sunday; those who survived
were, at the instigation of abbot Sampson, banished from
that place for ever. William, bishop of Ely, becomes the
pope's legate, justiciary of England, and the king's chancellor.
The emperor Frederic, in his journey to Jerusalem, is
drowned in the river Cydnus: Henry succeeded him as
emperor.

The kings of France and England landed at Messina, in
the month of October. The Sicilian insurgents are excluded
from Messina by the king of England. Baldwin, the arch-
bishop of Canterbury, died on St. Edmund's day, having
encumbered his see by much extraordinary expense. Pope
Clement died : Celcstine III. succeeded him.

[a.d. 119L] This pope crowned Henry, king of Germany,

'

306 FLOREKCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1192.

as emperor of Rome, on Easter Monday [15th April]. 0a
the fourth day of Easter the city of Tusculum,1 founded by
the Romans, was laid in ruins. King Richard conquered '
Cyprus and its emperor Isaac, whose standard ho sent to St.
Edmund's. While lie was in Cyprus he married Berengarij,
daughter of the king of Navarre, on the fourth of the ides
[the 4th] of May. King Richard sunk a large Saracen bark,
between Tyre and Acre. Geoilivy, archbishop ijf York, who
had been lately consecrated at Tours, was arrested at Dover
on his return to England. William [bishop] of Ely, flying
with terror from the presence of earl John, was taken at
Dover in a. woman's dress ; but being liberated soon after-
wards, he crossed the sea to solicit the intervention of our
lord the pope. The sun suffered an eclipse on the ninth of
July [23rd of June], so that the stars were visible during
three hours. The city of Acre was surrendered to tins kings
of Prance and England, on tlie fourth of the ides [the 12ib]
of July, with many prisoners and groat store of wealth.

[Biehard taken prisoner on his return from the Holy Land.}

[a.d, 1192.] The king of France returned from the Holy
LaDd and was welcomed at Paris. A caravan of Sarnctns is
taken by king Richard, on its way from Babylon. KinR
Richard recovers Joppa, which the Saracens had reduced. A
truce was made between the Christians and Saracens, on the
eight of the ides [the Gth] August, from the ensuing Easier
[5th of Aprilj, for three years, three months, three ireeh
three days, and three hours. King Richard returning from
the Holy Land, entered the territories of Leopold, duke of
Austria, by whom he was made prisoner at the city of Vienn*,
on the thirteenth of the calends of January [20tli December].
He had embarked on the feast of .St. Deny a on the seventh of
the ides [the 9th] of October.

John, hearing of his brother's captivity, entertained tht
hope of seizing the crown, and fortified many castles in Eng-
land : he also crossed the sea and made an alliance with the
king of France. The duke of Austria delivered the king of
England, for a sum of money, to Henry, the emperor of Rome,
' How Frascati.

D. 1194, 1195.] RICHARD I. RELEASED. 307

ho placed hiru in custody at a place OsUed Ti ilVls.1 of which
;icc Aristotle says, at the close of the second book of his
opies, " Parricide is reckoned a virtue at Trifels ; but
uimion murder is no virtue."

Hubert Fitz-Walter, bishop of Salisbury, was elected arch-
■sliop of Canterbury, on the third of the calends of June
SOth May]. The king's ransom amounted to the large sum
F one hundred thousand pounds in money. The emperor
lotted fifty thousand marks for the share of Leopold, and
jvctously kept the rest. The prelates and nobles flocked in
reat numbers to Germany, to visit the king. Eleanor, the
ueen mother, also went over to him. Hubert [archbishop] of
Canterbury was enthroned.

[a.d. 1194.] On the second of the nones [the 4th] of
'ebruary, king Richard was released ('roiii captivity, in which
ie had spent one year, six weeks, and three days, and landed
.t the port of Sandwich on the third of the ides [the
,3th] of March. He then hastened to visit St. Edmund's,
"rom motives of policy king Richard was [again] crowned at
Winchester, on ilie octave of Easter [17th April]. King
?ichard, crossing over to Normandy, received the tubmisaitra
if all the country from Verneuil to Caricroix. Leopold,
luke of Austria, fell from his horse on St. Stephen's day, and
laving crushed his foot in the fall, it was, by the advice of his
ihysicians, amputated, and he died in consequence, by the just
udgment of God, in great suflering.'

[a.d. 1195.] Hubert [archbishop] of Canterbury was
:rented papal legate on the fifteenth of the calends of April
18th March], The Old Man of the Mountain lately sent a
etter to Leopold, duke of Austria, exonerating Richard, king
if England, from the charge of murdering the marquis Conrad.'
Et was dated in the year one thousand five hundred and five,

1 " The castle of Trefels, near Anweiler, a small town between.
Landau and Zwejbrucken [Deux Fonts], the picturesque rains of
which are still an object highly interesting to the antiquarian
ra v ell er . "— Thorpe.

' In the charters connected with Scottish affairs, inserted towards
.he close of this work, there is one from king Richard to William of
Scotland, granted this year. See Hovedei), vol. ii., pp. 318, respecting
.hese and other important transactions after Richard's return from
;aptivity,

' See the letter in Wendcncr, vol. ii., p. 129.

308 FLORENCE OF WOHCESTER. [a.D. 1196, 1197.

from the time of Alexander the Great. Hugh, bishop of
Lincoln, paid the king a thousand marks instead of the
mantle of sables annually presented by his predeeessow.1
Eustace, bishop of Nidaros, in Norway,1 m banished because
he refused to take part in the -coronation of Suerre, prince of
Norway, which was performed against the pope's prohiliitinu.
Alfonso, king of Castile, expelled the Pagans from his
territories.

[a.D. 1196.] William Long-beard, citizen of London, TO
hung, and eight others with him.* King Richard gave the
county of Poit<m to his nephew Otlio, son of Henry, duke of
Saxony. The count of St. Giles married Joanna, fbnaerb
queen of Sicily, and sister of Richard, king of England.
William, earl of Salisbury, son of earl Patrick, died ; and ting
Richard gave his daughter to William, his hastard brother,
with the earldom. King Richard fortified the castle of
Andelys attainst the consent of the archbishop of Rouen, die
lord of that castle; and thereupon the archbishop laid die
whole of Normandy under an interdict. Marchades, the in-
famous prince of Brabant, and John, <:ount of Moruin,
captured Philip, bishop of Beauvais.

[a.d. 1197,] William, bishop of Ely, died, and was buried
at the Cistercian abbey of Des-Pins.1 John, bishop " Cane-
riensis" dying, throe others, successively elected in his place,
all died within forty days. Robert Long champ, fin- > i., u-
cellor's brother, was made abbot of York ; Henry de Long-
clianip, his third brother, was the eminent abbot of CroylunJ.
The iirclibi.sho|) of Rouen received in exchange for Andelys tlie
vill of Dieppe with its appurtenances, and several others.
The son of Frederic the emperor, by the empress Constance,
daughter of Roger, king of Sicily, a child seven years old, was
baptized by the name of Frederic. He succeeded Otlio as
emperor of the Romans. Safadiu, brother of Sahulin. t"k
Joppa, and slew in it more than twenty thousand Christian*.

1 See Hoveden, vol. ii., p. 371.

5 The arcliljinlii'i'i's mime «-j> llysl.mn; Nidaros is the ancient name
of Trondhjem or Drontheim. See the Saga of king Suerre, in
Snorro'a Heimsltringla.

a For the details of the insurrection under William Fita-Olbw»)
see Hoveden, ml, ii., |>. 3SS, nuil Wtudover, ii., 7 "

' He died at Poictiirs, on his way to Rome.

D. 1198.] REIGN OP RICHARD T, 309

?nry the emperor died and was succeeded by Otho, son of
BttfT, duke of Saxony and nephew of king Richard.

Frederic, son of the emperor Henry, was made king of
eily by the pope. John (Yinryn, archbishop of Dublin, pre-
rring exile rather than to endure the injuries done hiln by
e vassals of John, the king's brother, departed, .liter excom-
unicating the offenders. On his going away, a certain
:>oden crucifix, in the church at Dublin, appeared to shod
ars, about the sixth hour, and blood and water flowed from
s right teat, which the clergy of the church collected, and
nt an account of the miracle to the pope, attested by thera-
lves.1

[a.d. 1198.] Ethclwold, bishop of Winchester, had, in the
;ar of our Lord nine hundred and seventy-three, partly
eeted secular canons from the English church and substituted
onka. Hugh, bishop of Cheater, I icing of a contrary opinion,
l the year of our Lord one thousand and ninety-one, expelled
ic monks from Coventry and introduced clerks. In the
resent year, Hubert, archdeacon of Canterbury, Hugh,
aishop] of Lincoln, and Sampson, abbot, of St. Edmund's,
y order of the pope, removed the canons, and restored the
lOnks.* Pope Celestine [III.] died ; Lotharius, a cardinal-
eacon, succeeded him, under the name of Innocent III.

Otho was crowned emperor of Germany. Eustace, bishop
f Ely, was consecrated on the eighth of the ides [the 8th] of
larch. Geoffrey Fitz-Peter was made justiciary of England,
1 the place of Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury. King
iichard defeated the king of France at Gisors on the fourth
f the calends of October [28th September].' A tax of five
tillings was imposed on every plough-land throughout'
Ingland. The shrine of St. Edmund was consumed by fire
□ the sixteenth of the calends of November [17th October];
: rained blood on the castle of le Roche- Andelys. Richard,,
ishop of London, died : he was succeeded by William, of St.
lary's church/ of Norman race.

1 Hoveden gives a circumstantial account of the miracles, and' of
e archbishop's exile, vol. ii., p. 407.
1 See Hoveden, vol. ii., p. 412.

' See Wendover, vol. ii., p. 175. Hoveden, vol. ii., p. 431.

— ' ■ calls Mm a " canon of St. Paul's, London.""

■r of Wendover ci

FLOHE.VCE OF WORCESTER, [a.d. 1199,1200.

[Death of Richard I. and Accession of King John.]

[a.d. 1199.] King Richard died in A qui tain e, on I
eighth of the ides [the Ctli] of April, after a reign of n:
years, six months, and ten days, and eleven days after lie was
wounded by Bert rand de Gurdun, before the castle of
Clialtu.1 Ho was buried at Font.evrau.lt, by the side of hii
father. John, lord of Ireland, was crowned king at Wat-
minster, on the sixth of the calends of July [26th June] ; on
which day he gave to William Marshal the earldom of StriguL
and to Geoffrey Fitz-Petcr the earldom of Essex. Philip,
king of France, knighted Arthur, duke of Brittany. The
pope and the Romans made Otho emperor.

[a.d. 1200.] King John levied throe shillings on every
plough-land, save only there belonging to the monks. Lewi*.

u of the king of France, married Blanche, daughter of the
king of Castile, through the mediation, for the sake of peace,
of king John, the uncle of Blanche. Marchades of Brabant
was slain by a townsman of Bourdeaux. France was Isid
under an interdict in cunseijuonee of the king having divorced
Eotilde.1 King John married Isabel, daughter of the comit
of Aogouleme, on the ninth of the calends of September
[24th August]. John, l>i-h<>|> uf Xonvidi died : John de Grey
succeeded him. The church of Rouen and nearly the whole
city were consumed by fire. A quarrel arose between the
citizens of Paris and the German scholars, in which the
[bishop] elect of Liege was slain.' Eustace, ahbot of H»ye,
illustrious for the miracles lie wrought, came into England to
preach, and forbade the sale of goods in the market on the
Lord's-day.' St. Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, departed to the
Lord at London, on the sixteenth of the calends of December
[16th November].

' See Hoveden, vol. ii., p. 453, &c, for the details of Richard's
death before Chalui, near Limoges. He calls the person who shut
liiut Bertamnva de Gurdun ; hj Wendaver he is called Petrvi Baiiliui,
and by Gervase Johannes Snbruz.

1 Ingehour^. sister ■>(' Cn-r.uk' VI., king of Denmark.

' Hoveden gives the detnil, .jf this emvnte, vol. ii.. p. 484.

*, For particulars of this movement njjainst the desecration of tbt
I.ord's-dav, see Wendover, vol. ii., pp. 190—192. Hoveden, voL SL,

. 1201-4.] WARS IN NOfUEAXDT. 311

a.d. 1201.] There was an earthquake in England on the
h of the idea of January [8th January], King John,
ising over to Ireland, collected a large sum of money, and,

Ilia return to England, was crowned at Canterbury,
ether with his queen, on Easter day [25th March]. Ho
a went to Paris, where ho was received in solemn pro-
don and lodged in die royal palace. Waiter de Ghent, the
t abbot of Walthiim, died on the sixth of the nones
e 6th] of May, Eustace, abbot of Haye, returned into
nee, because his preaching was disagreeable to many
lutes of the church.

a.d. 1202.] Hugh, who was abbot of St. Edmund's, and
irwards bishop of Ely, became a monk on the feast of

Assumption of St. M:irv [1 ">th August]. The same year,
;hur, the son of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, was knighted

the king of France. Eleanor was besieged by Arthur
I the troops of the king of France, in the castle of
rabeau ; but king John coining to the rescue, raised the
re and took Arthur, and more than two hundred of the
>les with him. The count of Flanders, with the countess,

forth on the road to Jerusalem. Arthur was sent
soner to Falaise.

a.d. 1203.] The king of France took several fortresses
die king of England, in Normandy, some of which he rased
the ground, others he preserved entire for his own pro-
tion. Hugh de Gournay, who betrayed the eastle of
intfort, which the king of England had committed to his
tody, surrendered it, with the whole domains, to the king
France. The castle of Roche was besieged by the king of
mce. The Norman nobles revolt from king John. The
enth part of the rents of the barons and conventual
irches in England was paid to king John. The king came
;r from Normandy and landed at Portsmouth on St.
tolas' day [6th December].

[a.d. 1204.] The king levied scutage in England, namely,
o marks and a half for each scutage. The castle of Roche was
;en, and the soldiers of the king of England were carried
into France. There was a red light in the sky, like fire,
the calends [the 1st] of April, which lasted till midnight,
i the stars appeared also bright red. The whole of Nor-
indy, Anjou, Maine, and Poitou submitted to the king of

312 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1205-7.

France. Q.tieon Eleanor died on the twelfth of the calends of
April [31st March] and was buried at Fontevrault. The
count of Flanders took Constantinople and was made emperor,

[a.d. 1205.] A sharp frost lasted from the nineteenth of
the calends of February [14th January] until the eleventh of
the calends of April [22nd March]. The money issued long
before, in the year eleven hundred anil fifty-eight, was this yew
re-coined. At this time there was a severe famine, for tie
quarter of wheat was sold for fourteen -hillings. The king
of France took Chinon. Hubert, mvlibishop of Canterbury,
died on the third of the ides [the 13th] of July.

[a.d. 1206.] King John sailing from England with a large
army, landed at Eocbcllc, on the seventh of the ides [the 9th]
of July. A truce for two years was agreed on between the
kings of Franee and England, on the calends [the 1st] of
November. The king of England thereupon returned and
landed at Portsmouth, on the second of the ides [the 12th] of
December. John of Florence, the papal nuncio, having col-
lected large sums of money, held a synod at Reading, on the
thirteenth of the calends of November [20th October]. Then,
having carefully packed up his treasures, he hurried back to

[a.d. 1207.] A sudden wind prostrated a great number of
houses and trees in England, on the sixth of the calends of
February [27th January]. An eclipse of the sun hapjiened
on the second of tiie calends of March [28rh February].

The elections of the bishop of Norwich, Mid of the sub-prior
of Canterbury, being annul led, Maxtor Stephen Lang ton, priest-
cardinal, was elected archbishop, and consecrated by pope
Innocent [III.] at the city of Viterbo, on the fifteenth of
the calends of July [17th June]. The king was so indignant
at this that all the monks of Canterbury were expelled from
England,1 except fourteen who were infirm ; and some monks
from Rochester, St. Augustine's, and Fever sham were substi-
tuted to perform the service ; Fulk do Canteloupe managing,
or rather dissipating, the property, and the lands of the arch-
bishop lying waste.

King Otho came to England to confer with his uncle, king
John, and having received from his said uncle five thousand

1 See Wendover, vol. ii., p. 241.

;l

B. 1208, 1209.] REIGtf OF KING JOHK. 313

arks, returned to his own country. Queen Isabel bore a son
i the feast of St. Remi [1st October], who was named
enry.1 The thirtieth part of all the chattels in England
as granted to king John. Tin- archbishop of York, only,
fusing his assent, reiireil privately from England.
[a.d. 1208.] There was an eelipse of the sun, which
>j>eared of a red colour, on the third of the nones [the 3rd]
' February. An interdict was laiil on the whole of England,
i the tenth of the calends of April [23rd March] by
llliam bishop of London, Eustace bishop of Ely. and Malger
ishop of Worcester, by a mandate frum the pope, because
ohn, in disobedience to the pontifical monitions, had
;f used to receive the archbishop and the monks of
auterbury. The concubine* of the clergy, throughout Eng-
ind, were compelled by the king's officers to pay ransom,
hilip, duke of Swabta, Otho's adversary, was assassinated in
is own chamber. The princes and nobles of Germany did
omage to Otho. The bishops of London, Ely, Worcester,
nd Hereford, retired out of England. The Cistercian monks
elebrating divine service at the command of their abbot are
^communicated by the pope. King John, at Ibistol, during
Christmas, prohibited fowling. Henry, duke of Saxony,
ttho's brother, came to England to confer with the king, his

[a.d. 1209.] Lewis, son of the king of France, was
nighted, with one hundred others, at Compeigne. Con-
entual ehurches were allowed the privilege of having divine
;rvice celebrated once in the week with closed doors. At
lis time the kings of England and Scotland made an alliance,
ostages being delivered to the king of England. The fences
f the forests were burnt, and the corn was laid open to
ne ravages of beasts.' Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury,
nd the bishops of London and Ely, came over to England
bout the the feast of Michaelmas, by the king's order, to
■eat of an accommodation, but returned to France without
ecomplishing it. The Albigeois, men of impious character
nd enemies of the name of Christ, were nearly all destroyed
y an army in the parts of Thoulou.se. King Otho was
rowned emperor of Eome, on Sunday, the fourth of the

1 Afterwards king Henry III.

* By order of kiog John. See Wendover, rol. ii., p. 249,

314 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1210-12,

nones [the 4th] of October, Sentence was pronounced |
against king John about the feast of St. Deny* ['hh October],
unless he made sutisfiii/tion before the feast of All Saints

SBth November], which he did not do. All the bishops left
England, escept the bishop of Winchester, lest they should
have to communicate with the king. Hugh, the bishop-elect
of Lincoln, was consecrated by Step!: en, archbishop of
Canterbury, at Melun, on the twelfth of the calends of
January [21st December].

[a.D. 1210.] A dissension arose between the pope anil
the emperor Otho. A frost lasted seven weeks, during which
cattle, fishes, and birds famished. The Jews, in every part of
England, both men and women, were thrown into prison.
Matilda do Braiose and her son William were starved to dentil
at Windsor.1 She gave a precious cloth to the abbey of St.
Edmund's, for the use of the refectory. The pope excommu-
nicated the emperor Otho, for having persecuted Frederic
Icing of Sicily. All the princes of the empire were also
absolved from their oath of allegiance to Otho. The lower of
the church of St. Edmund was thrown down by a violent
wind, on the ninth of the calends of October [23rd Sep-
tember].

[a.D, 1211.] William de Braiose died at Paris, and wis
buried at St. Victor's. King John reduced Wales to sub-
mission, and subjected them to the English laws. The count
of Boulogne revolted from the king of France. Pandulph, i
sub-deacon, the pope's nuncio, and Durand, a brother [of the
Temple], came over to England to restore concord, but re-
turned without effecting it. Sampson, of blessed memory,
abbot of St. Edmund's, died on the third of the calcndi «f
January [30th December]. King John knighted the son of
the king of Scots.

[a.D. 1212.] The emperor Otho married Isabel, daughter
of the king of Swabiu, and the marriage was consummated,
but she died a few days afterwards. The greatest part of tbe
city of London was consumed by fire, and vast numbers of
people perished by the lire, the smoke, and water.1

' See Wendover, vol. ii., p. 254, 256.

' The fire sveam to liavi' Wii I'-.ritincd to Southwark ami its nfii'i-
bourhood. Matt. Paris givps 1.1m details: "On the night of &*
translation of St. Benedict, the church of St. Abuy, at S> "' "

e night N '".:
,t Boathmfc ■■■■

AD. 1212.] HEVOLT OF THE UARON8. 315

It was reported to king John that nil the nobles of
England were released from their allegiance by letters re-
ceived from the pope. Thereupon he suspected every one,
but after taking hostages from, them, he felt more secure.
Robert Fits- Walter was ordered to be arrested, but he
took refuge in France, with his wife and children.1 King
John received an assurance in writing from the barons of
England, that they would stand by him in his opposition to
the pope. Geoffrey, a clerk of Norwich, because, as it was
alleged, he had read the letters of our lord the pope in the
presence of the barons, was summoned before the king at
Nottingham, and in the meantime was loaded, or rather
dressed with fetters, until he expired.' The archdeacon of
Huntingdon, being ha prisoned, gave the king two thousand
marks for his release. The burgesses of Bury St. Edmund's
promised, though reluctantly, that they would make a contri-
bution through the hands of a monk. The king caused the
hostages of the Welsh to be hung at Nottingham. The monks
and clergy wrote to the pope, at the instance of the king of
England, that they had freely and of their own mere goodwill
forgiven him .'ill the injuries lie had inflicted on them.

King Philip assembled a powerful licet fur the invasion and
conquest of England, part of which was burnt on the coast by
the nobles of England. In those days there lived in England
a certain man named Peter the Wise,' who predicted to king
John the misfortunes which afterwards happened to him ; for
this he was ordered to be hung at Corfe. Savary de Maul6on
rising in arms against the king of England in Poitou, reduced
the whole country in a few days, Bochelle only resisting his
forces,

London, was burned, and also the bridge of London between three
piers, as well as a chapel on the bridge, besides a great portion of
the city, ami part of the town of Southwark, the fire making its way
across Ihe bridge. By this calamity about a thousand people were
lulled, including many women and children."

1 See the reason of his flight in Roger de Wendover, and the quo-
tation from Matt. Paris. Ibid, vol. H., p. 268.

5 See the horrid details in Matt. Paris, quoted in a note to
Wendover, vol. ii., p. 2(30.

J He lived in Yorkshire, and was called Peter the Hermit. See the
particulars of his prophecy in Wendover (vol. ii,, p. 208], who sayi
that he was kept in chains at Corfe to await its event, ,

316 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1213-15.

[a.d. 1213.] CardinaLNicholas, bishop of Tusculum,1 per-
forms the functions of legate in England. Hugh, a monk of
St. Edmund's, was unanimously elected abbot of that monas-
tery by the monks, but shortly afterwards there was a
schism in the convent respecting the election. Nicholas, the
legate of the apostolical see, was at St. Edmund's on Christ-
mas-day.

[a.d. 1214.] King John made an expedition into Poitou
about the feast of the Purification of St. Mary [2nd February].1
A battle was fought in Flanders, near Bo vines, on a Sunday,
between the king of France and the barons of the king of
England, in which the counts of Flanders and Boulogne, and
William, earl of Salisbury, were taken prisoners, on the side
of the king of England. The emperor Otho was also present,
but perceiving the event of the battle he took to flight. The
general interdict in England was relaxed, by order of pope
Innocent, on the sixth of the nones [the 10th] of July. It
had now lasted six years, fourteen weeks, and three days.

[a.d. 1215.] Eustace, bishop of Ely, died on the second
of the nones [the 4th] of February, Frederic, king of Sicily,
son of the former emperor, Henry, succeeded the emperor
Otho. Hugh, the [abbot] elect of St. Edmund's, had his elec-
tion confirmed by judges, deputed by the pope, on the fifth of
the ides [the 11th] of March, and received the benediction
from Benedict, bishop of Rochester.

In this year, about Easter [19th April], the war began
between John and the barons.8 John de Grey, bishop of
Norwich, died, and Pandulph, the pope's sub-deacon, was
elected. A fire broke out on the third of the nones [the 3rd]
of June, which consumed great part of the town of Bury St.

1 Frascati. The Continuator of Florence strangely omits any notice
of the eventful events of this year, in which John [on the 15th May,
the eve of Ascension-day] resigned his crown and did homage to the
pope, on whose part Pandulph acted. Roger of Wendover gives
details of these important transactions, and a curious account of John's
offer to become tributary to the emperor of Morocco, with charters
and other documents. See vol. ii., pp. 261—270 ; 283—292.

3 See Wendover, ibid., p. 293. He also gives a particular account
of the campaign in Flanders.

3 Here, again, the absence of details on king John's struggle with
the barons, his grant of the great charter of liberties, ana all the
important events which occurred towards the close of his reign, is
very rer in a Chronicle undoubtedly cotemporary.

i.D. 1216, 1217-] DEATH OF KIKG JOHN. 317

Edmund's. Pope Innocent held ii council in the Latcran in
the nionth of November, at which there were present three
hundred and twelve bishops and more than two hundred
abbots and priors, besides (he ambassadors of Frederic and
many others.

[a.d. 1216.] Walo, a cardinal priest, by the title of St.
Martin, came to England on the thirteenth of the calends of
June [20th May]. The barons of England having given
hostages to Philip, king of Prance, Lewis, his son, invaded
England, and the city of London immediately submitted to
him. The papa exiurimmnicitted the barons and laid an in-
terdict on tliosu parts nf I'li^lmid wLiTe tlinse iv'n-ls against
tlie king were present. [Pope] Innocent [III-] died on the
sixteenth of the calends of August [17th July]; Honorius
[III.] succeeded him.

[Death of king John — Henry III, succeeds to the throne.]

King John died on the fifteenth of the calends of November
[28th October], and was buried at Worcester. He was suc-
ceeded by his son Henry, who wjis crowned at Bristol by
Walo, cardinal and legate, on the fifth of the calends of
November [28th October]. He was the twenty-second king
of England from Alfred, who was the first monarch of Eng-
land after the time of the Britons.

[a.d. 1217.] In the battle of Lincoln, the count of Perche
and many others of the French were slain on the thirteenth of
the calends of July [19th June]. Moreover, the barons and the
French were repulsed from their siege of the castle by the
royal troops.1 The army, which was on its way from France
in aid of Lewis, was nearly drowned in a naval action with
Hubert de Burgh and the other faithful adherents of the king,
fought at the mouth of the river Thames, on the 9th of the
calends of September [24th August]. John, abbot of Wells,
was elected bishop of Ely. Lewis, having been absolved by
Walo, the legate, from the sentence of excommunication, re-
turned to France. Then, after two years and a half of war,
blessed peace was restored about the Nativity of St. Mary
[8th September].

318 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [A.D. 1218-2i.

Ja.d. 1218.] Ralph, prior of Norwich, was consecrated
bishop of Chichester. Walo departed from England on the
twelfth of the calends of December [20th November],
Pandulph, the bishop-elect of Norwich, was made papal legattt
"a England. The city of Damietta, in Egypt, which, according
o some, is called Memphis, was besieged by the Christians
after Easter [15th April]. The siege lasted more than a veai
and a half, during which, at one time the Christians, it
another the Saracens, were victorious, according to their
various fortunes.

[a.d. 1219.] The city of Damictta was taken by the
Christians on Tuesday the nones [the 5th] of November,
when, out of fortv thousand armed men, to whom the defence
of the place had been entrusted, and as many women, scarcely
fifty were found alive at its capture, for all had perished,
struck down by the sword of the Lord, and their putrefying
coqjses were found in the sewers. Frederic [II.] wW
crowned by pope Honorius as emperor of the Romans.

[a.d. 1220:] The translation [of the remains] of Si.
Thomas, archbishop of CuiiU'i'ljury, was made on the nones
[the 5th] of June. Herbert, prior of St. Edmund's, died on
the fourth of the ides [the lOtb] of September. Richard De
Lisle succeeded him.

[a.d. 1221.] Paudulph, the bishop-elect of Norwich, was
removed from the oltiee of legate. Damietta was given up to
the Saracens, all tin.- Christians beinu- driven thence.

[a.d. 1222.] Ralph, bishop of Chichester, formerly prior
of Norwich, died. Pandulph, was consecrated as bishop
of Norwich. Richard Dc Lisle was elected abbot of Burton;
and Henry succeeded him in his priory, on the second of the
calends of June [31st May], A comet appeared in the
month of June. Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, held a
synod at Oxford with his suffragans.

[a.d. 1223.] About this time began the pilgrimage to
B roni holm." Philip, king of France, died, and was buried at
St. Denis : Lewis succeeded him.

[a.d. 1224.] The castle of Bedford,1 to which siege was laid

1 See the History of the Holy Cross of Bromholro [Norfolk], uJ
the miracles ascribed to it, in Wendover, vol. ii., p. -446.
a Tlie castle of Bedford was held by Fulk de Breaute, one of kbg

I

A.D. 1225-28.] ItEIQS OP henry in. 319

in the month of June, was taken on the nineteenth of the
calends of September [14th August], and all who were found
in it were hanged.

[a.d. 1225.] John, bishop of Ely, died on the second of
the nones [the 6th] of May. Geoffrey, son of tiie justiciary
Hubert de Burgh, succeeded him. The order of friars-
minors and preachers was first establi.slieil in England.

[a.d. 1226.] William, earl of Salisbury, died. Pandulph,
bishop of Norwich, died in Italy on the seventeenth of the
calends of September [16th August]. He was succeeded by
Thomas de Blunville, who was consecrated on the seventh of
the calends of January [26th December], Lewis, king of
France, died at Avignon, and was buried at St. Denis : his
ion Lewis succeeded him. Pope Honorius [111.1 died : he
was succeeded by the bishop of Ostia, who took the name of
Gregory IX. Disputes arose between the. pope and the em-
peror, whereupon the pope excommunicated the emperor.

[a.d. 1227.]

[a.d. 1228.] The French attacked the Albigeois, with the
sign of the cross on their breasts. Stephen, archbishop of
Canterbury, died on the sixth of the ides [the 10th] of July.
Eustace de Falv<>nlierg, bishop of London, died. Geoffrey de
Burgh, bishop of Ely., died on the sixteenth of the calends of
January [17th December].

Quarrels broke out between the scholars and citizens of
Paris and the country people of St. Marcel. Wherefore the
masters gave up their lectures during a whole year, and the
scholars, being unable to endure the persecution of the legate,
who was then in France, nearly all went away. Some one
said of the legate and the queen, with rather too much free-
dom—

" We're murder'd, drown'd, stript, plunder'd, ground.
The work, I wean, of the legate's quean."'

Master Eicbard Magnus [archbishop] elect of Canterbury,
Master Roger Niger [bishop-elect] of London, and Hugh,
ibbot of Ely, elected to the bishopric of Ely, were consecrated
on the fourth of the ides [the 10th] of June.

John's foreign followers. For an account of its siege and capture,
lee Wendorer, to(. ii., p. 451.

1 " En morimur strati, ciesi, mersi, spoliati,
Scortum legati nos fecit ista pati."

320 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.B. 1230-36,

[a.d. 1230.] King Henry went over to Brittany with in
army. Raymond de Burgh, and Gilbert de Clare, earl of
Gloucester, died. King Henry, returning from Brittany,
landed at Portsmouth in the month of October, and was at
Winchester on the calends [the 1st] of November.

[a.d. 1231.] Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, died on
the fourth of the nones [the 2nd] of August. Thomas, bishop
of Norwich, assisted at the festival of St. Edmund, and
Richard, abbot of that house, gave the benediction in the vigil
after vespers in the bishop's presence, vested in a cope of the
fashion of the secular clergy. William Marshal, the younger,
died. Ranulph, earl of Chester, died.

[a.d. 1232.] Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, having in-
curred the king's displeasure, was thrown into prison, fill
wife having taken sanctuary at St. Edmund's, remained there
in security until a reconciliation took place. The bishops
made visitations of the religious houses throughout England.

[a.d. 1233.] Master Edward, of Abingdon, was elected
archbishop of Canterbury. Richard, abbot of St. Edmund's,
died at Ponthieu on the fourth of the calends of September
[29th August]. Henry, prior of St. Edmund's, was elected
abbot on the feast of SS. Cosmo and Damianus [27th Sep-
tember].

[a.d. 1234.] Henry, abbot-elect of St. Edmund's, received
the benediction from Hugh, bishop of Ely, at Hatfield, on the
feast of the Purification [2nd February]. At the same time
Gregory was made prior of St. Edmund's. Edmund, the
[archbishop] elect of Canterbury, was consecrated on the
fourth of the nones [the 2nd] of April. Richard Marshal was
killed in Ireland on the thirteenth of the calends of May [the
19th April], Hubert de Burgh was reconciled with the king
at Gloucester, on the tenth of the calends of June [23rd May]*
The emperor Frederic married Isabel, the sister of the king
of England, in the month of June.

[a.d. 1235.] Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, died ; he was suc-
ceeded by master Robert Grosseteste. The bishops of Ely
and Hereford crossed over to France to receive the daughter
of the count of Provence, who was betrothed to the king of
England.

[a.d. 1236.] Henry, king of England, brought over
Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, and married her

A.D. 1236-0.] HENRY III. CROWNED. 321

it Canterbury, on Sunday, the idea [the 13th] of January.
Kin? Henry and hi* quewj were crowned at London on the
thirteenth of the calends of February £20th January.] Thomas
lie Blunville, bishop of Norwich, died on tlie seventeenth of
the calends of September [16th August].

[A.D. 1237.] Otho, card in;d-de;i eon, by the title of St.
Nicholas in the Tullian I'rison, Lnuie to England on the sixth
of the ides [the 10th] of July, in the character of legato.
Meanwhile there was a quarrel between pope Gregory and the
emperor Frederic.

[a.d. 1238.] A synod was held at Oxford after Easter
[4th April], of which the legate was president. During its
iittiDg a tumult arose between the scholars and the legate's
ittendants, in which some of them were wounded and slain.
Several of the scholars were put in prison by the king's officers.
The pope excommunicated the emperor Frederic, for divers
causes, and commanded the excommunication to be enforced.

Otho, the legate, being on a visit to St. Edmund's, the
friars preachers came to him there, and urgently entreated
that they might he permitted to have a house of residence
within the limits of the liberties of that church. The monks
apposing this, the legate went in person to the aforesaid limits,
and having inspected the monks' charters of privilege,1 decided
that the petition both of the friars-minors and preachers
should be dismissed. This was done on the eighth of the idea
[the 6th] of June, being the octave of the Holy Trinity.

[a.d. 1239.] William de Raleigh was elected bishop of
Norwich on the fourth of the ides [the 10th] of April. A
savage race called Tartars, which, lately issuing from the
islands, had covered the face of the earth, devastated^ Hungary
and the adjacent regions.

Eleanor, queen of England, gave birth, on the fourteenth of
the calends of July [18th June], to her eldest son Edward,
whose father was Henry, whose father was John, whose father
was Henry, whose mother was Matilda, the empress, whose
mother was Matilda, queen of England, whose mother was
Margaret, queen of Scotland, whose father was Edward,
whose father was Edmund Ironside, who was the son of
Ethelred, who was the son of Edgar, who was the son of
Edmund, who was the son of Edward the Elder, who was the
1 See Wendover, Antiq. Lib., rol. ii, p. 406, Sic.

322 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJD. 1240, 1241.

son of Alfred. The genealogy of Alfred up to Adam, the
first man, has been already given.

[a.d. 1240.] At Norwich, four Jews, being charged with
divers atrocities, were torn asunder by horses, and, at length,
hanged. The principal charge was that they had circumcised
a certain Christian boy according to the Jewish rite.

Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry, king of
England, set out for Jerusalem, accompanied by many English
nobles, on the third of the ides [the 11th] of June. Our lord
the pope sent letters after the feast of All Saints [1st Novem-
ber] to all the prelates of the church, summoning them to be
present at the apostolic see on the ensuing Easter, without
fail, by themselves or their envoys, to treat of important
ecclesiastical affairs.

Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, departed this life on
the sixteenth of the calends of December [16th November].

[a.d. 1241.] The legate Otho. set out from England, on
his return to Borne, in the month of January ; but, as well as
two other legates, namely, those of France and Italy, and
many other prelates of the church, embarking at Genoa, fell
into the hands of the emperor Frederic on the fifth of the
nones [the 3rd] of May, and he imprisoned them in different

places. Some wag said concerning them —

■ #

" Three legates of the court of Rome,
With many a prelate, hastened home ;
But fettered were these lettered wights,
Despite the apostolic rights ;
Nor could the churchmen's rank and style
Save them from suffering durance vile. l

Pope Gregory pX.] died on the eleventh of the calends of
September [22nd August]. He was succeeded by cardinal
Geoffry, who was consecrated on the fifth of the calends of
November [28th October], and assumed the name of Celes-
tine IV. He filled the papal throne [only] seventeen days,
dying on the third of the ides [the 11th] of November, After
his death the see remained vacant for one year, seven months,
and thirteen days.

Boniface, a native of Savoy, was elected archbishop of Canter*
bury on the calends [the 1st] of February in the present year*

1 " Omnes prselati papa? mandato vocati,
Et tres legati veniant hue usque ligati."

A.D. 1242-5.] REIGN OF HENRY III. 323

Eleanor, the wife of Geoffry, count of Brittany, and sister
of Arthur, died. Queen Margaret bore a daughter, named
Margaret.

[a.d. 1242.] Richard, earl of Cornwall, after receiving
distinguished honours from the emperor Frederic, the king
of France, and other princes beyond sea, on his return from
the Holy Land, landed at Dover on the eleventh of the calends
of February [22nd January]. Gregory, prior of St. Edmund's,
died on the ninth of lliiM-alentis of May [23rd April). Daniel
succeeded. King Henry levied a scutage in England of
forty shillings for each scutage. The king of England, with
his queen and nobles, went over the sea to Gascouy on tho
second of the nones [the 2nd] of May.

[a.d. 1243.] Queen Eleanor gave birth to a daughter,
who was named Beatrix. Sinebald, a cardinal-priest of St.
Lawrenee-iii-Lueina, was consecrated pope on the seventh of
the calends of July [25th June,] and took the name of Inno-
cent IV. King Henry and his queen returned from Gascouy,
landing at Portsmouth on the 7th of the calends of October
pfflt* September]. Hubert As Burgh, earl of Kent, died on
the third of the ides [the 13th] of May. Richard, earl of
Cornwall, married the daughter of the count of Provence, who
was sister to the queen of England. William, bishop of Nor-
wich, being named to the see of Winchester, translated
himself to Winchester by virtue of a bull of the pope, against
the king's will.

[a.d. 1244.] Dissension arose between the kings of
England and Scotland. On the death of Daniel, prior
of St. Edmund's, Richard At-Wood, a monk, succeeded
Mm on the second of the nones [the 4th] of June. A
violent whirlwind levelled many trees and houses on the
third of the ides [the 11th] of June. Peace was renewed
between the kings of England and Scotland on the idea
[the 13th] of August, at Newcastle. Pope Innocent came
into France and staid some time at Lyons. An extraordinary
conflict took place on the vigil of St. Lucia [12th December],
between the Christians and Kharismians, near Gaza, in which
all the army of the kingdom of Syria, with a host of Christians,
were put to the sword by the before-mentioned Kharismians.1
1 Cosmerinof; the hordes from Kharizim, a country east of the
Caspian Sea, at that time comprising Khoraasan.

w2

S24 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1245-8.

[a.d. 1245]. Queen Eleanor bore it son, who was called
Edmund, from the name of the glorious king and martyr
Edmund ; our lord the king requiring, by letter addressed to
abbot Henry, that he should be enrolled among us. On the
eighteenth day of January, in the twenty-ninth year of the
reign of king Henry, Boniface, the [archbishop] elect at
Canterbury, was consecrated by the pope. Walter, [bishop
elect of Norwich, was consecrated on the eleventh of the

ends of March [19th February]. King- Henry led »n
army into Wales alter Whitsuntide [4th June], Pope Inno-
cent held a council at Lyons, in which he summarily deposed
Frederic, the emperor of the Romans. Roger de Weseham,
dean of Lincoln, was consecrated bishop of Coventry on the
eleventh of the calends of March [19th February].

[a.D. 1246.] While pope Innocent resided at Lyons, the
landgrave Henry was elected by the princes of Germany as
their king, and the future emperor of the Romans, on Tues-
day the eleventh of the calends of May [21st April]. The
same year the landgrave fought a battle with Conrad, son of
Frederic, the late emperor, in which he defeated Conrad.
On Conrad's side there were taken prisoners six hundred
knights, and one thousand two hundred squires, besides the
foot soldiers and the slain, whose numbers are not recorded.
The archbishops of Cologne and Meniz, and the bishop of
Metz, who by order of the pope supported the landgrave
with their forces, gained a victory ai (Stra.-brng in the begin-
ning of the month of August. Sixteen counts and great
barons were taken prisoners, besides those already mentioned.
St. Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, was canonised.

[a.d. 1247.] A violent earthquake was felt Oil the calends
[the 1st] of March in various parts of England. The land*
grave, who in the preceding year was elected emperor, dW.
St. Edmund, archbishon of I 'ant crimpy, was translated on tin.1
fifth of the ides [the 9th] of June. Frederic, the Uu
emperor, besieged Parma. This year, there was a coinage
in England; on w hid i occasion king Henry granted Vs wt
monks of St. Edmund's a die of the new coinage, with free
liberty of using it, with a difference, as the king himself used
his own dies,

[a.d. J.248.] On the night of the Circumcision [1-t
January] there was a violent storm of wind. Frederick
army was defeated by the Parmesans, with great slauj"' '

a.d. 1248-50.] cnrsADE op lewis ix. 325

Frederic himself being driven to flight by a standard with
a picture of the glorious Virgin Mary, which the Parmesans
bore. This happened on the twelfth of the calends of March
[18th February].

Henry, abbet of St. Edmund's, died on the thirteenth of
the calends of July [19th June] ; after whose death, master
Edmund de Walpole was elected abbot on the nones [the 7th]
of July. He had not been a monk two years from the time
of his taking the habit to the day of his election. The bene-
diction was given h tin by Hugh, bishop of Ely, on the fifth
of the calends of l ictohiT [27th September].

The same year, Lewis [IX.], king of France, having taken
the cross, departed from France with hia wife after Whit-
suntide [7th June], towards the Holy Land, and arriving at
Lyons, received absolution front the pope. Having obtained
his benediction, he embarked for Cyprus, and landing about
the feast of St. Michael, spent the winter there.

[a.d. 1240.] The king of France left Cyprus on the day
of our Lord's Ascension [Kith May], and in Whitsun-week
[23rd May] arrived by sea before DnmieUa, which place he
found almost deserted, and on Thursday, in the same week,
he took possession of it and all he found there. For the
citizens of Damietta had retired towards Alexandria, believing
that the king of France would come to their town. The same
year, on the twentieth day of November, the said king and
hia army set forth from Damietta on their way to Mansourah,
where they arrived on the Thursday before Christmas. In
this march they suffered greatly from the attacks of the
Saracens. Having encamped at Mansourah, near a river
called Thaneos, they halted while a raft was constructed to
enable them to cross the river and give battle to the Saracens,
erecting machines to defend the passage, which, however,
were burnt by the Saracens.

[a.d. 1250.] On the first day of the Carnival' [23rd
January], the king of France, after a consultation with his
knights, determined to pass the river, a Saracen being in-

1 Die Carniprivii ; Septuageaima, which is called the Sunday of the
" Carnival " in Fitz- Stephen's Hist, of Thomas it Becket, and in a
charter of the year 1195. It appears to have been originally the com-
mencement of the Carniprivium before Lent, which was afterwards
deferred till Quinquagesima. Every one knows that the Carnival

326 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 12JL1.

duced by a reward to show thorn a good passage. But the
Templars, ltobert, count of Artois, the lord William hmtgafr
spee, the lord R. do Coney, and several others, having crossed
tiie river, not wait ins for the king's troops and without any
precautions, pushed forward beyond Mansourah, as it is said
at the suggestion of the count of Artois, and marching in
disorder and without cross-bow men, they were overwhehik'ii
by an immense body of Pagans ; and the king was not ible
to afford them any succour, inasmuch as he himself was iiir-
rounded by a vast multitude of the Pagans. On that day,
therefore, and in that conflict, most of the knights Templars,
the count of Artois, William Longuespee, U. da Couey, and
many other Christians, fell. The king halted there with hi*
army during the whole of Lent, suffering severely from sick-
ness and famine, besides frequent attacks by the Pagans.

Under these cireumstaneos, the king, poiwiving the variow
perils which threatened him, on Tuesday alter the octave of
Easter1 [3rd April}, retraced his steps towards Damietta, *
movement which was betrayed to the Pagans by some
Christian renegadoes. In consequence, on the following Jay.
Wednesday, they attacked the Christians with such impe-
tuosity that they took the king himself with his brothers, aud
the whole army prisoners, and put them in counueiricijt at
Mansourali, where the king was detained for a month, that is.
till Ascension day [5th May]. On that day the king was
released on the terms of surrendering Damietta and releasing
the captives. Moreover, lie paid for his ransom and the costs
and expenses, one hundred thousand livrea sterling
hundred thousand livres of Tours ; and the Saraeens on llittir
part liberated all their prisoners. A truce was also made fur
three years, and the king departed, believing that this con-
vention would he completely carried into etlecl ; hiit tin'
Saraeens took no pains to fulfil it, for only part of the pri-
soners were given up.

William, bishop of Winchester, died on the calends [the
1st] of September, and was buried in the church of St. Martin
at Tours. The ex-emperor Frederic died. William. (QOpI
of Holland, was elected his successor. The same year, there
was a storm of thunder and Iij,di tiling at daybreak.

.D. 1251-3.] REIGN OF HEXBY III.

[Iasu rrection of the Pasloureavx.]

[a.D. 1231.] The pnpo departed from Lyons on Wcdnev
ly in Easter week [16th April]. The same year, an
apostor came into France, and gathering about him a vast
multitude of shepherds, by giving out that he was " The
hepherd," coin missioned by the blessed Mother of God,
ad that it was revealed to him by her that by such persons,
Hit is shepherds, the Holy Land eould be rescued. Having
■avelled through nearly all the cities (if France, preaching,
id pretending to work mirack's, he at length came to Orleans
ith his followers, where a tumult broke out between him
id the clergy, in which many of the clergy, but very many
iore of the shepherds, were slain on the ides [the 13th] of
line. On the day foil mi insr, being Friday, the loader of the
lepherds himself was slain, and all the rest were dispersed.1

The same year, on Christmas day, Alexander, king of
Gotland, was knighted by the king of England, and on the
orrow he married Margaret, the daughter of that king."

[a.d. 1252.] This year many died from the excessive
•st of the summer. Also awful thunder claps were heard
i the morrow of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin,
'ar was waged between the Germans and Flemings, in
hich many thousand Flemings fell. The same year, 'the
*w church at Ely was dedicated on the fifteenth of the
lends of October [17th September].

Richard, prior of St. Edmund's, died on the tenth of the
lends of November [23rd October]. Symon de Luton
icceedcd him as prior. This Symon was the first prior who
as elected by a scrutiny of the abbot Edmund and two
onks, one named by the abbot and one by the convent,
ho with the abbot took the votes of the electors, and thus
vmon was declared prior of St. Edmund's.
' [a.d. 1253.] King Henry levied an aid of forty shillings
■r every knight' s-fce, on creating his eldest son a knight,
he same year, king Henry, being desirous to promote the

d excesses of

.

328 FLORENCE OY WORCESTER, [a.d. 1253, V2,',\.

advancement of his second son Edmund, obtained from tic
pope for five yours the lenth of all the movable goods of the
monks, and clergy, under pretence of a subsidy for the Holy
Land ; but this was done to enable him. to make liis son
Edmund king of Sicily and Apulia.' The same year, king
Henry confirmed the liberties granted by the charter of
forests and others formerly granted, under pain of excom-
munication to those who should contravene such liberties.

The same year the king embarked at Portsmouth on the
eighth of the ides [the Gth] of August, intending to cross
the sea to Gascony to reduce the rebels in that province;
which he efi'ected. Robert, bishop of Lincoln, died on the
nones [the 7th] of October. The sea overflowed its banki
and flooded many places on the coast. Queen Eleanor gave
birth to a daughter who was named Catherine. Henry, son
of the emperor Frederic, aud nephew of the king of
England, died.

[a.d. 1254.] Conrad, son of the emperor Frederic, died
on Ascension day [21st May]. Hugh, bishop of Ely. de-
parted this life on the eighth of the ides [the Tub] of August,
Master William of Kilkenny, the king's chancellor, was
elected bishop. Lewis, king of France, returned from the
Holy Land, and arrived at Paris on the feast of St. Mary the
Virgin, that is, her Nativity [Sth September]. Edward, son
of the king of England, was knighted in Spain by the king
of Castile, on the day of the Translation of St. Edward
[13th October], and soon afterwards married the king's

King Henry, with the queen find a numerous retinue of
English nobles, returned into Gascony in the month of
November, the people there being inclined to peace : anil,
after visiting the king and queen of France at Paris, lie
made a pilgrimage to St. Edward the confessor at Foutigny,'

' See the particulars of this Fruitless undertaking in Matt. Paris. —
Ibid, pp. 89, 137, 225.

' Pontigny, near Auxetre, where there was a Cistercian mbbef,
founded in 1118, the fine church of which still exists. The reraum
of St. Edmund, archbishop of Cinterlnirv, wh« died in exile on llw
lfith November, 1240, were dfjiiwited there. He was canonised tt
1240. Matt, l'.-iri.i lins pn.crveil 11 letter from the monks to Innocent
IV., attesting the miracles performed at his tnnib, vol.ii. [Ant>tj. Lib]*
p. 512; and see the pope's letter of canonisation in the " Additamenti,

a.b. 1255-7.] mchard, man OF GERMANY. 320

mid on his departure thence went to Boulogne, where lie
celebrated Christmas.

[Pope] Innocent [TV.]dicd. Alexander rVsueceedodhim.
Henry, king of England, embarked on tin1 night of St. John
the apostle [27th Doeenibor] to return to England.

[a.d. 1255.] Peter, bishop of Hereford, at the instigation
of king Henry, anil, as was reported, with the privity of some
[prelates, falsely and treacherously represent inir himself as the
procurator of all the clergy of England, entered into an
obligation binding all the religious bouses in England,
exempt or not exempt, to pay certain merchants, both of
Sienna and Florence, sums, to the amount of one or two
hundred murks fur the lesser bouses, three or four hundred
for the larger, and for some, as much as five hundred. The
abhey of St. Edmund, king and martyr, he pledged by a bond
for two hundred marks, and took upon himself to execute
the instrument as a legally authorised procurator; and the
consent of the pope was quoted to give authority to alt this ;
I only hope it was forged. All this money was thus collected
for the purpose of driving out .Manfred, the emperor Fred-
eric's son, from the territories of Apulia and Sicily, which
the pope had bestowed on Edmund, the king of Etig-hiiirt's
son, who never got them.

[a.d. 1256.] William, count of Holland, was slain in the
month of February. William, bishop of Ely, died. On the
day of the Holy Innocents [?8th December] there was a
violent storm of thunder and lightning at Westminster. Ed-
mund, abbot of St. Edmund's, departed this life on the second
>f the calends of January [31st December].

[a.d. 1257.] Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of the
;ing of England, was elected king of Germany in the month
if January. Going by way of St. Edmund's to Yarmouth,
in the day of that saint's translation [29th April], and
mbarking on the feast of the apostles SS. Philip and James
1st May], he sailed for Germany, and was crowned, as
:ing, by the archbishop of Cologne on Ascension day [17th
Jay].

The same year, Symon, prior of St, Edmund's, was elected
,bbot of that monastery on the nineteenth of the calends of
ol. it., p. 396. See also Matt. Paris'a account of the archbishop,

330 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 125",

February [Htli January] i after Ins confirmation, messengers
were sent to the apostolic see, but they returned without
suttlins the affair, because there was a new rule that all whn
ploaded exemption should come in person to the court of
Borne. Accordingly the abbot-elect set out on his journey
towards the said court on the third of the calends of August
[30th July], and he received the rite of benediction from pope
Alexander at Viterbo, on the eleventh of the calends of No-
vember l-'-inl October].

Memorandum — that the said Symon, abbot of St. Edmund,
was the first abbot of all the exempt religious houses in Eng-
land who went to the Roman court for his benediction
and confirmation, and the costs were two thousand niarki
sterling.

In the course of this year the king led an annv bA
Wales.

The same year, the friars-minors clandestinely entered tte
burgh of St. Edmund's,1 on the tenth of the calends of July
['22nd June], and said mass privately, but aloud, in the hew-
ing of all who assembled, at the house of Roger de Herde-
berri, on the east side of the north gate. At this time
Symon, the prior and abbot-elect, with the sub-prior and
sacristan, and several other monks, were on their road to our
lord the king, to make him a representation on the subject
of the election ; but notwithstanding this the friars' chapel.
with all the houses whie'i stood in that court, were levehfirf
to the ground, just as the knight before mentioned, with the
friars aforesaid, were sittinsf, down to dinner.

Walter, hish.ip of Norwich, died, and was succeeded hy
master Symon de Wauton. This year there were excessive
rains, causing such vast inundations, that on the ides [the 15th]
of July, houses, walls, and trees were thrown dowi
was swept off by the force of the current, and bridges without
numl>er demolished.

[a.d. 1258.] A general scarcity was the consequence of
the inundations of the preceding year ; for, what, had rarely
happened, the quarter of wheat was sold for as much as fifteen

1 Matt. Paris says they were introduced by the inllueuce of tiie l»j
of Gin iii-ester, a ilcularcd enemy of theahbot nnd convent, who W
involved them in an expansive lawsuit, aad Gilbert of Preston- V«L
iii.,p. 278.

l.V. 1258.] FOltEIGNERR ESPELLED. 331

or even twenty shillings.1 Tliis caused sucli a famine, that
the poor devoured horse-flesh, the bark ot' trees, and things
still worse, while multitudes died of starvation. The same
year all sorts of corn, of which there was an abundant crop,
were nearly rotted by the ruins of the autumn, and in many
places the harvest lay in the fields after the feast of All
Saints [the 1st November] ; and many persons gathered into
their barns on Sundays and other feast-days, when the wea-
ther happened to be somewhat fair.

At this time the queen of England, and her Poitevin
brothers, and Savoyard kinsmen, drew on themselves the
hatred of the nobles of the realm hy the oppressive manner
in which they used the royal authority, wherever any of them
had an opportunity of domineering. Wherefore, after Easter,
in an assembly of all the basons of England at Oxford, cer-
tain stntutes3 were made for sustaining, as it was said, tlie
liberties of the church and the perogatives of the crown, in
the presence of our lord the king, and his eldest son Edward,
who ratified the aforesaid statutes, although reluctantly, by
the sanction of the royal seal sod their oaths. The barons of
tlie realm al.-o hound themselves to each other, by the obliga-
tion of an oath, to fight to the death, if needs be, for their
maintenance, and take arms against those who infringed them.
Pursuant to this, at the aforesaid parliament, Aimar, the
bishop-eleet of Winchester, and William de Valence, and the
other brothers of the king, both Poitevin and Savoyard, were
banished the realm of England. After their expulsion, the
crooked and extortionate dealings before alluded to gradually
came to an end.

Robert, surnamed Eussel, was elected prior of St. Ed-
mund's. In the same year, on the seventh of the calends of
May [25th April], the friars-minors, supported by the. royal
authority and an armed force under the orders of Gilbert de
Preston, the king's justiciary, intruded themselves into the
Jurgh of St. Edmund's, contrary to the rights and privileges

' See Matt. Paris, vol. iii., pp. 2*
Larl of Cornwall and king of Germany,
aden with wheat to relieve the scarcity.

3 See the account in Matt. Paris of these proceedings of theParlia-
nent held at Oxford at the feast of St. Barnabas, 1268, commonly
:alled " The Provisions of Oxford." Voi. iii., p. 285.

332 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.d. 1258, 125R

of that place. The moon was totally eclipsed in the nisrht of
the fourteenth of the calends of June [19th May], In the
same year, a violent wind blew down a number of houses,
trees, and towers, on the night of St. Andrew [30th Novem-
ber], at which time the king was at St. Edmund s.

A scutage of fnrty shilling* was levied for the expenses of
the army in Wales. It must be understood that since the coro-
nation of king Henry, son of king John, soutagea have been
imposed eleven times, as appears by the following table : —

At the retreat of bonis 2 marks 2nd year.

Biham 10 Ahilliogn 5th y pit.

Montgomery 2 marks 8th year.

Bedford 2 marks 8th year.

Kerry 2 marks 8th year.

Brittany, scuUrp 4i> shillings 14th year.

Poitou 40 shilling* 15th year.

Elweyn 20 ghiliiugs 16th year.

Gascons 40 shillings 17th year.

Ganiior' 40 shillings 29lh year.

Wales 40 shillings. 42ndyear:

[a.d. 1259.] Richard, king of Germany, returned to Eng-
land about the Purification [2nd February]. Tin-
Folk, bishop of London, on the twelfth of the calends of June
[21st May]. An agreement was made between Richard de
Clare, earl of Gloucester, and the convent of St. Edmund's,
on the morrow of St. Leonard's [Ttli November], for settling
their lawsuit touching the lands of Medchale and Kclighiua,
which had lasted nine years and five days. The same yetr
the king crossed the sea about the feast of St. Martin [11th
November], and celebrated Christmas at Paris ; and at tliis
time he ceded to the king of France Normandy, Poitou, An-
jou, and nearly all his territories beyond sea, with the ex-
ception of Aquitaine. The king of England now a!
[the cognisance on] his seal, adopting a sceptre instead of »
(word ; which gave rise to the following verses : —

' Glamorgan, Murgannc

I.D. 1200-62.] HENRY CEDES NORMAXDr, ETC. 333

Then Anjou, Poitou, Xnnnandy, the boast
Of England - warlilii.' liin.i;-;, |-i.5r-licii win) lost,
Were ihe rkli Irophirs of tliu power of France;
And Henry ulun-nl lii- ni'iil iiinl .■■j^nisanoe.
Assumed llie Mjeptre for the conqueror's sword.
Though siill a ting, no lunger Ncusliio's lord."

[a.d. 1260.] Lewis, the eldest son of the king of France,
died. Tlie king of England returned to England, The king
and the barons became at variance, because the Provisions
o!' Oxford were not oWrveil. SymOB de Montfort was the
leader of the barons. This year, about the Purification of St.
Mary [2nd February], the debts of the abbot and convent of
St. Edmund's were apportioned, namely, five thousand marks,
so that each paid two thousand five hundred,

[aji. 1861.1 There was an eclipse of the sun on Friday,
the calends [the 1st] of April, at the end of the fourth month
of the year, as the Arabs reckon. [Pope] Alexander [IV.]
died on the eighth of the calends of June [25th May], and
the see was void for three months on account of a disagree-
ment among the cardinals. At last, on the fourth of the
calends of September [29th August], they elected master
Jacob de Trecis, patriarch of Jerusalem, who took the name
of Urban IV. Sanchia, queen of Germany, died. Pope
Urban canonised St. Richard, bishop of Chichester, and ap-
pointed the third of the nones [the 3rd] of April to be kept
as the day of his entombment.

[a.d. 1262.] King Henry crossed over to France on the
fourteenth of the calends of August [19th July], and soon
after his arrival, he, as well as nearly all his household, fell sick.
Many of his great officers died, and the rest narrowly escaped
death. Returning thence through Champagne, he crossed the
sea to England on the eve of St. Thomas the apostle, and
celebrated the feast of our Lord's Nativity at Canterbury.

Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester, died on the eleventh
of the calends of August [22nd July]. Henry, bishop of
London, died [also] on the eleventh of the calends of August,
and Richard Talbot was elected his successor ; but he too died
Immediately after his confirmation, and was succeeded by
Henry de Sandwich. Johanna, wife of Henry de Hasting,
gave birth to her son John, at Alesle, on the feast of St.
John-ante-Portam-Latinam [6th May].

334 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER [AJ>. 1263-4.

[a.d. 1263.] On the seventh of the ides [the 7th] of
February, a fire broke out with such fury at [the palace of]
Westminster that it burnt down the king's chamber, the little
hall, the chapel, and other buildings.

There was discord between the king and the barons, because
the king, through the influence of the queen and others,
principally foreigners, had prevailed on the pope to absolve
him from observing the statutes of Oxford and from his oath.
Whereupon the. barons employed ruffians who destroyed die
property of the queen and the counsellors of the king, at
whose suggestion he had procured the absolution already men-
tioned, without respect to their order or dignity. For they
even dragged the bishop of Hereford out of his church, and
threw him into prison ; and the bishop of Norwich could find
no safety but by fleeing with all speed to sanctuary in the
liberty of St. Edmund. Indeed, at that time, the liberty of
St. Edmund's was very precious in the eyes of the barons.
They also plundered the effects of the Roman [clergy] where-
ever they could find them, driving the owners out of England;
and they either preferred others to their churches, or gave
them up to whom they pleased ; they also treated all aliens in
the same manner.

On the eve of the feast of St. Edmund [28th April], the
friars-minors, making absolute submission, relinquished to
the abbot and convent of that place the house which they had
occupied for five years, six months, and twenty-four days
within the vill of the saint, into which they were intruded by
our lord the king, contrary to the liberties of the aforesaid
church. They were induced to this by a certain papal
rescript obtained by the convent of St. Edmund, which en-
joined them, in virtue of their obedience, to withdraw from
that place ; so that they were not forcibly expelled, hut
retired voluntarily, declaring publicly before all the people
that their possession of the premises had been illegal.

[The Civil War and Battle of Lewes.']

By mutual consent of Henry, king of England, and the
barons before mentioned, the case of the Provisions of Oxford
was submitted to the arbitration of the king of France.

[a.d. 1264.] Immediately after Christmas, and before the
award of the king of France was published, Edward, the

.». 1264.] WAR WITH THE DARONB. 335

dest son of the king of England, having , assembled a
jmerous army, set to work in burning iind plundering the
>untry, being joined by ninny powerful men, who had pre-
ously espoused the cause of the barons. The king of
ranee decided by his award that the king of England was
leased from his obligation to observe the Provisions of
xford, already referred to. War then immediately broke
jt in all parts of England, the royalists, laim?iitubly, rushing
i arms against the barons, and the barons against the
lyuliats. The king ol Kngland, with his brother, the king of

erniatiy, and his eldest son, Edward, took Northampton,
though it was garrisoned with a large force. On the
iturday before our Lord's Passion [13th April] the barons,
ined by the Londoners, forced the troops who held the
tadel of Bochester, who came out to fight them, to retreat
ithin the tower, leaving several of their comrades dead,
he barons and Londoners plundered the Jewry, and many
' the Jews were slain.

After many sad losses on the one side and the other, the two

ngs fought a rather spvei'e hat tie with the barons at Lewes,1 on
le second of the ides of -May 1 4-th May], in which the barons
lined the victory. Although they took the king of Eng-
nd, they did not treat him as a captive ; but, keeping him

custody, paid him courtly observance as their sovereign,
he king of Germany they carried off as prisoner. Edward
ive himself up as a hostage to procure the release of his
ther and uncle ; and they swore to observe all the
-ovisions of Oxford before mentioned. Thenceforth the
ng went where the barons went, and did exactly, and with-
it opposition, what it was their will he should do. Peace
is proclaimed throughout the country by a royal edict.
:ie queen of England, who was in foreign parts, was much
stressed when she heard the state of affairs ; and taking
to pay an immense army, meditated the invasion of
igland ; but the sea and the coast being, by order of the

1 The battle was fought on the SouthdownB upon Plumpton Plain
A the heights above Lewes, the castle of which was held by
; royal forces. Matt. Paris gives a circumstantial account of the
tile, and the movements before and after the important victory,
lich threw the whole power into the hands of Simon de Moutfort
d the barons.

336 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1264, 1265.

king and barons, guarded by a powerful armament, the
enemy were afraid to cross over, and the queen's treasury
being exhausted, her forces returned home after no little
toil and disgrace. When this became known, the navtl
armament was withdrawn.

Memorandum — that if the sea had not been thus guarded,
England would have fallen into the hands of foreigners.
Memorandum also, — that all the boroughs and vilJs, as
well as both the rural and regular clergy, were taxed accord-
ing to their means to furnish for the sea-guard, both fighting
men, and the expenses of maintaining them as long as they
were employed in the service.

A comet was visible in the eastern quarter of the heavens
before day break throughout the month of August. It was
of a dull hue, and the direction of its tail was southward.

Guy, bishop of Sabina, a cardinal, and legate of the
apostolic see, came into France, and wished to pass into
England ; but, as the barons supposed that he was come in
the interest of the king and queen, he was not allowed to set
foot in England. [Pope] Urban [IV.] died at Perugio on
the calends [the 1st] of October, and the see remained
vacant four months.

[a.d. 1265.] Guy, cardinal-bishop of Sabina, formerly
bishop of Narbonne, and now legate of the apostolic see, was
made pope on the nones [the 5th] of February, and took
the name of Clement [IV.] . Gilbert de Clare, earl of
Gloucester, and some others who joined him, abandoned
the party of the earl of Leicester for various reasons; but
chiefly because they had not their share of the castles and
domains, which were partitioned out after the battle of
Lewes, allotted to them in fair proportion to their cost
and exertions. Charles, count of Anjou, was elected king
of Sicily and Apulia ; being also raised to the dignity of
senator of Rome, he made his entry into that city on Whit-
sun eve [23rd May].

At this time, Edward, son of the king of England, being
released from prison, was led about with the king by the
earl of Montfort wherever he went. At length they came to
Hereford, where Edward, escaping from the custody of the
before-mentioned earl, joined the earl of Gloucester and the
lords-marchers, who were close at hand, on the fifth of the

J.D. 12G5.J THE BAKONS' WABS. 337

caleuds of Juno [the 28th Slay] ; the king, and the earl of
Leicester being detained on the borders of Wales in great
straits and moenattn, becnau the earl of Gloucester and
his party would not allow them to go towards Eugland-
Meanwhile, Symon de Montfort, the son of tlie earl of
Leicester, having entered Winchester by surprise, about the
feast of St. Swithun, carried off from thence a largo sum of
money and much booty ; and soon afterwards, this Symon,
eirl of Oxford, the sou of the carl of Leicester, William de
Montchesuey, and divers other nobles joined their forces at
Kenilwerth, which they propose'.! to garrison for the earl of
Leicester. However, Edward and the earl of Gloucester, with
their adherents, falling upon them by surprise, when they
"ere at their ease and unarmed, made them prisoners,
strirjiing them of all they had, and placing them in custody
in diffurent parts of England.

Battle, of Evesham.

While these events were passing, and in ignorance of what
was going on, Symon, carl uf Leicester, and his partisans,
having the king witli them, crossed the river Severn and
pushed forward as far as Evesham. They were pursued by
Edirard and Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, and tha
lords marchers, with a large body of their followers, who
gave them battle on Tuesday the second of the nones [the
4th] of August just outside the town of Evesham.1 In this
battle fell the earl of Leicester, his eldest son Henry, Hugh
1'wpencer, and nearly all the Other barons who were on the
k-nj's side. The Welsh and the rest of the fugitives, who
fled for refuge to the abbey, were horribly massacred, both
within and without the church ; the king and the royal
attendants, were captured, with their free goodwill. On the
aanie day, about the third hour, there fell such a storm of
rJ:u. necuiiipiiiiicd by thunder and lightning, and the dark-
Ress was so groat, that at the dinner hour they could scarcely
^c what was sot before them for the repast.

338 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1265.

A Parliament at Winchester.

After tins battle, the king collected his household, as if he
had never been in custody, making it much more numerous
than before ; and, proclaiming peace, summoned his parliament
to meet at Winchester, on the Nativity of St. Mary [8th Sep-
tember]. In this parliament, both the father and his sod,
and the other courtiers, extorted large sums of money from
nearly all the prelates in England ; of which they got almost
eight hundred marks from the Church of St. Edmund the
Martyr.

[Of this sum the convent paid one half ; but very unwil-
lingly, because their tenants, as well as those of the abbot,
were then with the troops guarding the sea-coast, to prevent
the queen and her army from invading England. But only
the abbot's share was claimed on default in the king's court ;
and the convent were deeply aggrieved at this apportionment
of the subsidy on this account, and because it might be made
a precedent thereafter.]

The parliament was prorogued to the feast of Michaelmas,
to be then held at Windsor ; from whence some persons about
the court were despatched to London, who, under colour of
smooth words, proposing a treaty with the king, which was
rather a treachery,1 prevailed on the mayor and a great num-
ber of the citizens to accompany them to Windsor. On
arriving there, they were immediately seized and thrown into
prison ; the defences of the city were occupied by royal
troops, who entirely demolishing the barriers and iron chains
with which all the streets and courts of the city were wonder-
fully fortified, reduced it to subjection to the king ; and many
of the citizens, having disinherited the rest, ransomed them-
selves for twenty thousand marks.

The king disposed at his pleasure, both among the English
and aliens, of all the lands and possessions of those who had
been in arms against him at the battles of Lewes and Eve-
sham, or were found at Northampton and Konilworth, except
the lands of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester ; such being
the king's policy, although there wefe some who did not
concur in it. The castle of Dover was restored to [prince]

1 Fcedus federantc?, immo fcedantes.

ij>. 1265-6.] DE JIOSTFORT EXCOMMUNICATED. 339

Edward ; and alt or that, ijnocn Kioiiii'ir, with her son Edmund,
landed in England on the fourth of the calends of November
[29th October], At the same time Ottuhoni, cardinal-deacon
of St. Adrian, tlie legate of the apostolic see, came to England.
Having summoned ivll the prelates of England, he held a
council at the New Temple, about the feast of St. Nicholas
{6th December], in which lie published ft sentence of excom-
munication against Symon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, and
all Ids abettors and partisans. This Symon, earl of Leicester,
as numbers asserted, wrought many shining miracles.

The same year, on Thursday night, being Christmas-eve,
about midnight, there was a total eclipse of the moon, which
became of a red colour ; it lasted three hours of the night,
the sun being in the head, the union in the tail of the Dragon.
It occurred in the year 664 of the Hejtra, and on the fifteenth
day of the third month, according to the Arabian reckoning.
That year, among the Arabs, commenced on Monday the
fourth of the ides [the 12th] of October.

Symon, the son of the earl of Leicester, after the battle of
Evesham, withdrew from the castle of Keuttworth, with some
others who were outlawed, to the island of Axholm, which
cominjj to the king's cars, he caused the island to be sur-
rounded by a numerous body of troops. Symon therefore
and his companions, finding that if they resisted they should
be soon taken, pledged themselves to peace with the king,
Syrnon being detained in [prince] Edward's custody. More-
over, Symon and those who were with him obtained the grace
of absolution from the legate.

[a.d. 1266.] After Christmas, Symon the younger escaped
from the custody of Edward at London, and hurried over to
Trance. A number of the outlaws seized the castle of Kenil-
worth, and, carefully fortifying it, ravaged from thence the
country round. Many of them also who had concealed them-
selves at St. Edmund's, marched out of the town in great
array on the morrow of Palm-Sunday, and seizing the moor-
Jands, pushed their attack as far as Lynn, in Easter-week, but
the townsmen making a stout resistance, they retired after a
fruitless assault. On Whitsun-eve [15th May], when the
outlaws had collected iu the town of Chesterfield, and having
no apprehensions, some were scattered about, and others gone
out to hunt, the royal troops came on them suddenly, and

340 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1266.

attacking them, slew some, took others, and routing the rest,
retired victorious with a great booty. Meanwhile, the rest
of the outlaws again drawing together in bands in many
quarters, established themselves in fastnesses in the thickest
parts of the woods, and it was worse to fall in with them than
with a bear that has lost its whelps ; for they ravaged the
whole country round for all they wanted.

It happened this year that on the sixth of the calends of
June [27th May], John, earl Warrenne, and William, de
Valence, the king's brother, came unexpectedly to St. Ed-
mund's with a crowd of followers, for the purpose of searching
out the king's enemies. Rudely summoning before them
the abbot and the burgesses of the town, they charged them
with favouring the king's enemies, inasmuch as the outlawed
barons stored and sold there the fruits of their ravages and
robberies, without any impediment. The abbot having made
a sufficient reply on behalf of himself and the convent, the
king's inquisitors threw the whole weight of the charge on
the burgesses, who, answering unadvisedly and without the
abbot's counsel, admitted their guilt by their own words.

There was also at that time a quarrel between the abbot
and convent and the burgesses, in consequence of the bur-
gesses having for a long time been rebellious against them and
their bailiff. But as they were now forced to purchase peaco
with money, and this they could not accomplish without being
assisted by the counsels of the abbot and convent, they pite-
ously entreated that the money might be paid to the royal
commissioners through t he mediation of the monks, and w
their liberties and those of the convent might be preserved
intact ; and this was done, for the burgesses paid down to
the king two hundred marks, and promised to pay the abbot
and convent one hundred pounds.

About the feast of St. John the Baptist [24th June], the
king laid siege to the castle of Kenilworth ; besides wliich, the
legate, having in the first place sent them admonition, excom-
municated the besieged and their accomplices. The besieged
however manfully resisted the royal troops, and caused them
severe losses. At last, a truce was agreed on between the
king and the besieged, from the feast of St. Martin [11th
November J for forty days thence ensuing ; during which period
many of those who were shut up in the castle perished from

A.T>. 12C6.] KEXILWOKTII SURRENDERED. 341

drinking poisoned liquid?. Provisions likewise began to fail,
and their wants were well known to the royalists ; for thcro
itns some among them who favoured the king's party, and
informed them of their deigns by privati? signals, so that they
would never sally out against the royal forces as they wished
and might have done. These tailors wen hov.ever convicted
and hung in the fortress. On the eve of St. Lucia [12th
December], the castle of Konilworth was surrendered to the

Meanwhile the king, in the presence of the legate and sur-
rounded by many of the nobles and prelates of England,
exhibited the Indulgence of our lord the pope, in which it was
contained that tho pope hart granted to the king, for three
rears, the tenth of all ecclesiastical revonni s '.n England, ac-
cording to the red value, ccvpt the property of the Hos-
pitallers, Templars, and Cistercian*.

Moreover, during the truce, twelve men of rank were
chosen, clerks as we'l a* laymen, win. should make provision
respecting the rebels taken in battle, and in prison or besieged,
in the manner following, that is to say: that some should for-
feit their lands for one year, others for two years, some for
three, many for four, very many for five, and in extreme cases
for seven years ; and that each should pay the king within the
next three years the value of the land for seven years ; and if
they were able within the next three days to discharge the
third part of the aforesaid tax, they should be put in possession
of one third part of their lands ; if they should pay a moiety
of the aforesaid ciiarge, they should have half their lands ; if
they should pay the whole, they should recover their lands
entire ; but if within tho said three years they should not dis-
charge tho whole assessment, they should he for ever disin-
herited. According to this statute, the barons who were
taken at Kcnil worth before the battle of Evesham, as well as
those who were taken in that battle and those who were he-
sieged in the castle of Kenilworth, were allowed to depart
freely,

The Isle of Ely taken by the Outlaws.

On the fifth of the ides [the 9th] of August, the outlaws,
who, as it has been related, lurked in the woods, approaching
cautiously, seized the isle of Ely, of which the bishop had before

342 FLOREXCE or WORCESTER. j_A.D. 12CG-7.

undertaken the custody in the king's presence; but aft or
this mishap he retired from it, ami suspended the island. The
rebels plundered the whole country round, and, pushing for-
ward, took the town of Norwich on the seventeenth of the
calends of January [IGtli December], and carried off with
them, as it is reported, seven e;u't-loads or wag'gon-loadi of
booty.

A Parliament Itelcl at Bury.

[a.d. 1287.] On the eighth of the ides [the Gth] of
February, being the. Sunday alter the Purification, the king
arrived at St. Edmund's, and on the day following Ottoluni,
the legato, filso came there ; all the prelates and barons of the
realm having been convoked to meet at this place by a
summons from both. The legate of St. Peter in Catlietlrl,
holding ibis council, the rebels in possession of the isle of
Ely, with their accomplices and abettors, having been pro-
monished, were publicly excommunicated, in the king's pre-
sence, unless they submitted to the royal clemency within
fifteen days afterwards. On -the next night following wine
dark rumours so alarmed the legate and his attendants, that
he was induced unexpectedly to take his departure fa
London on the morrow, on which day the king, also leaving
the town of St. Edmund the Martyr, encamped with his irrny
at Cambridge, where he passed the whole Lent ■fait in funuim:
schemes for the blockade of Ely ; meanwhile it turned out
that the siege came to nothing.

Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, entered London with a nu-
merous retinue, on the eve of Palm Sunday [ihh April], and
immediately took possession of the defences of the city, W&
the citizens' consent. He also cut off from the legate, who
was in the Tower, all egress towards the city. The king,
presently hearing of ihi.-, left the blockade of Ely, and betook
himself to Stratford, after the octave of Easter, to lay siege to
London; and the count of St. Pol, the count of Boulogne,
and the count of Guisnes met him there, with a boil ;i
their retainers, to aid the king with all their might.

In this state of affairs, overtures were made for the restora-
tion of peace between the king and the earl, through MM
persons who carefully mediated between them, and,
the feast of St. John the Baptist, the peace

A.D, 1267-S.] MOSTFOKT RESTORED. 343

(lie earl swearing on the altar of St. Paul's, in the legate's
presence, that he would novel' bear arms against his lord the
king, except in self-defence. To the Londoners of the carl' a
party the king promised si.vuritv fur life mid limbs, and others
who had lent their aid to the carl were admitted to pardon
on the terms hefore stated with res pee t to Kenilworth. This
being settled, the king made his entry into London on the
fourteenth of the calends of July [18th Juno], no one who
was not a eitkun being allowed to remain in the city beyond
the space of three days.

Some ruffians, sallying forth from their stronghold at Ely,
seized the horses belonging to certain persons, which were
concealed in the inner court of the abbey of St. Edmund the
.martyr, and, leading them through the midst of the infirmary,
carried them off to the island. A monk of that house having
pursued them made a clear statement of the facts to the
authorities in the island. At last, the islanders, accepting his
statement, left the aforesaid ruffians and the horses to the

judgment of the monk. As for the horses ' when

f"the ruffians] had offered the swords which they had irreve-
rently drawn against the liberties of St. Edmund, the Martyr,
upon the altar of the saint, in token of their presumption.

Edward, the king's eldest son, gained an entrance into the
isle of Ely, under the guidance of some of the islanders, on
the fifth of the ides [the 11th] of July, and it was immediately
surrendered to him, the rebels being pardoned on the terms
before stated with respect to Kenihvorth.

[a.d. 1268.] The city of Antioch was taken by the sultan
of Babylon, on Ascension day, which fell on the sixteenth of
the calends of June [17th May], through the treachery of the
Jews who dwelt there.

The legate Ottohoni held a council at'London, after Easter
Sunday [8th April], on which was chanted the gospel, " I am
the good shepherd." In this council he absolved Symon de
Montfort, carl of Leicester, and the others whom he had ex- .
communicated, on account of the insurrection already men-
tioned. He held another council at Northampton, where the
king was holding a parliament of his barons. In this council
prince Edward, and Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, with a number

1 Here the teit is defective.

344 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.D. 1268.

of other nobles,1 took the cross at the legate's hands. The
council being ended, he earnestly solicited leave to return
home ; and, embarking on the third of the ides [the 13th] of
Julv, crossed the sea.

Charles, king of Sicily, and his brother, the king of France,
fought a battle with Conrad, at Benovento, and gained the
victory, on St. Bartholomew's eve. In this engagement
Conrad* had sixteen thousand men in armour, and Charles
seven thousand.

General Taxation of the Clergy.

This year the clergy were enjoined, by royal authority, in
all the dioceses of England, to tax the property, both temporal
and spiritual, of all the clergy of England, except the pos-
sessions of the Templars and Cistercians, at its real value,
according to the valuation of persons of the lower order, called
in for the purpose. This being done, all the bishops com-
pounded with the king, each for his own see. When, however,
the bishop of Norwich came to compound with the king in
respect of his bishopric for the tenths of two entire years, he
included in his agreement the lands of St. Edmund the
Martvr, having first consulted the abbot and convent on the
subject ; and, although this appeared to be contrary to the
liberties of the said monastery, nevertheless, on account of the
further time thoy might gain, and also because they could
deal better with the bishop's collectors than with the king's,
they preferred accounting with the episcopal rather than with
the royal ofliccrs ; and, although the clergy were only answer-
able for the tenths of two years, as they had already dis-
charged them for the first year, nevertheless they voluntarily
offered the bishop to pay him also the tenths for the third
year, besides those of the second year already granted, on
condition, however, that they should discharge their tenths
according to the taxation made by Walter, late bishop of
Norwich ; which was done. In consequence of this arrange-
ment, the convent of St. Edmund's accounted trienniallv for
the tenths of their property before taxed by the said bishop,
and paid them to the bishop. But as to the rest of their
goods, which had never been taxed by bishop Walter, they

1 Edmund, the king's younger son, was included in the number.

1.0. 12C8-9.J PRINCES EDTVAB.D ASD EDMUHD. 345

ilso paid the tenths of them to the king every two years,
ta'rcrdnie: lo the taxation of the aforesaid clerks.

On the feast of tiie apostles Simon and Jude [28th October],
n the present year, (he fifty- seeoud ye:ir of the reign of king
lenry, son of king John, was completed.

Pope Clement [IV.] died on St. Andrew's eve, and the see-
emained vacant two years .... months,1 three weeks, and
jut days.

[a.d. 1260.] Edmund, son of king Henry, married the-
aughter and heiress of the count of Aumale, the marriage
eing celebrated at Westminster, in the presence of the king,
n the fifth of the ides [the 9th] of April.

There was a quarrel between Edward, the king's son, and
Hlbert, earl of Gloucester, on account of the too great
itimacy which Edward was said to have indulged towards
lie earl's wife.

The earl of Gloucester arrested, at Cirdifl', a caitiff who had
ttempted to poison him.

King Henry transferred the relies of St. Edmund into a
,ew shrine, which he had caused to be constructed, of
dmirahle work m;m -hip, depositing them in their new recept-
acle on the day of the saint'.-; Ti'imslarinn [Ujtli February^.

The king required the clergy to advance the tenths for the-
ourth year to come ; against which the clergy generally made
n appeal, as rlie bishops were unwilling to do so.

[Prince] Edward and the earl of Gloucester were made
riends, through the intervention of many of the nobles,
idward having crossed the sea to confer with the king of
franco touching the affair of their expedition to the Holy
jand, they came, it is reported, to the following agreement :
iz., that the king of France should lend the lord Edward
ieventy thousand marks, on the security of all Edward'*
lomains over sea ; and that if this sura were not paid within
hreo years, the lands aforesaid should belong for ever to the
dag of France ; and that, as he was to accompany the king-
.0 the Holy Land, lie should render him fealty as ono of his
>wn barons. Edward sent his son Henry as a hostage for the-
wrformaiico of this agreement, hut, for some reason which is-
mknown, lie was immediately sent back,

1 There is a blank in the MS. Trivet sajs tho sen was vacant three
'cars two months anil ten days.

346 FLORENCE OF WORCESTEB. [a J>. 1269-70.

The city of Nocera was surrendered to Charles, lung of
Sicily, on St. Bartholomew's eve [23rd August]. Three
thousand Saracens were there put to death, the rest of the
people in the city being spared, and subjected to tribute.
The justices in eyre in Norfolk and Suffolk were Nicholas <le
Turri, Henry de Montfort, and Henry de Wihamton.

[a.d. 1270]. On the eve of Palm Sunday, and on the
day of that feast [5th and 6th April], the Christians and
Pagans had an engagement between Acre and Saphran,in
which, after eight emirs and eighteen troops of Pagans had
been put to the sword, the Pagans gained the victory,
although not without great loss on their side. The Christians
were nearly all killed ; and this happened through the insub-
ordination of the Templars. Here also fell the flower of
knighthood, John de Merlawe, a brother of the HospitaL

Lewis of France embarks for the Holy Land.

Lewis, king of France, commenced his journey to the Holy
Xand on the seventeenth of the calends of April [16th March] ;
-and embarked on the Mediterranean Sea at Aigues-Mortes1
on the feast of St. James [2oth July]. Earl Warrenne
assaulted the lord Alan de Zouche in Westminster-hall, on
the bench before the justiciary, on the octave of St. John
£lst July], and so severely wounded him, that he died on
the feast of St. Lawrence [10th August]. His eldest son
Hoger had recourse to flight, but narrowly escaped.

Eleanor, wife of the lord Edward, the king's eldest son, gave
"birth to a daughter at Windsor, and called her Eleanor.
Eogcr Bigod, earl of Norfolk and Suffolk, marshal of England,
died at Cuhahe, on the feast of the Translation of St. Martin
[4th July], He was buried at Monks-Thetford, on the eve
of the Translation of St. Benedict, and dying without issue
had for successor in his inheritance and honours, Roger, son
•of Hugh Bigod, the brother of the deceased.

Prince Edward departs for the Holy Land.

Edward, the eldest son of the king of England, Henry
of Almaine, and some others of the English nobles, set sail

1 Aquam mortuam ; Aigues-Mortes, a town still retaining its ancient
fortifications, between Aries and Montpelier, in the delta of the Rhone,
communicating with the Mediterranean by one of the numerous streams
which intersect the marshes.

a.d. 1270-71.] i'uince edwakd's crusade. 347

from Dover on the morrow of St. Lawrence [11th August],
on their way to the Holy Land, through Gascony. On
M it'll ae I tuns day they embarked on the Mediterranean Sea,
and in company with the kings of France and Italy, and
some nobles of Loth those countries, instead of making a
direct course, sailed towards Africa, and entered the terri-
tories of the king of Tunis, where the ancient and celebrated
city of Carthage stood; and entering into treaty with thin
pagan king, concluded a truce with him for fifteen months.
The lord Edward, doparting from Africa, spent some time in
Italy. Lewis IX., king of France, died during the expedition,
leaving his son Philip his heir. He was buried at St. Denis.

Boniface, archbishop of Canterbury, died at Baloys, his
country seat, on the fifteenth of the calends of August [18th
July], and Adam de Chittenden, prior of that place, and a
native of Kent, was elected his successor. The king and
his eldest son opposing his appointment, he was compelled
to resort to the court of Home. Guy de Montfort married
at Yiterbo the daughter and heiress of count di Ruvo,1 on the
feast of St. Lawrence [10th August]. Adam de Wieh, abbot
of Wahham, died on St. Lambert's day [17th September],
and was buried at Waitham on the morrow. The moon was
eclipsed on the night preceding the first of October.

[a.d. 1271]. Walter Delaville, bishop of Salisbury, died
on the octave of the Epiphany [13th January]. He was
succeeded by Eobert, the dean of that church, who was con-
firmed by the chapter there, the see of Canterbury being then
void. Edmund, son of the king of England,' crossed the
sea to visit the Holy Places and his eldest brother. On the
fifth of the calends of February [28th January], the tower
of the church of St. Mary-at-Bow, in London, fell, and
crushed to death numbers who were in .the church at the time.

Henry, the eldest son of the king of Germany, passing
through Titer bo, on his way from Africa, was cruelly murdered
while devoutly attending divine service in the church of St.
Silvester in that city, by the lords Simon and G. de Montfort,
count di Ruvo, and several others, who joined in the attack,

1 Rulei, now Ruvo, a town in Apulia, near Bari. He was of the
Aldobrandhii family.
- Earl of Leicester and Lancaster.

348 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [AJ>. 1271-2.

on the morrow of St. Gregory [13th March]. His attendants
brought his remains to England, and buried them at Hayles
on the twelfth of the calends of June [21st May].

A divorce was pronounced at Norwich on the fifteenth of
the calends of August [18th July], between Gilbert, Earl of
Gloucester, and the countess Alice, his wife. On the sixth
of the ides [the 8th] of August, the lord John of "Win-
chester, eldest son of the lord Edward, the eldest son of
Henry, king of England, was brought to Westminster for
interment.

Philip [III.], king of France, was crowned at Bheims on
the feast of the Decollation of St. John the Baptist [29th
August]. On the twelfth of the calends of December [20th
November], a son was born to Henry de Lacy; earl of Lin-
coln, whom he caused to be named Edmund, after St. Edmund.

About the hour of vespers, on the third of the ides [the
11th] of September, such violent rain fell suddenly at Can-
terbury over the city and adjacent country, that the greatest
part of the city was suddenly inundated ; and the storm of
rain continued until the first hour of the ensuing day.

On the calends [the 1st] of September, Theobald, arch-
deacon of Liege, who was then in the service of the lord
Edward, eldest son of the king of England, in the parts of
Acre, was elected pope, and took the name of Gregory X.
Before his election, the see remained void two years, nine
months, three weeks, and four days.

The lord Philip Basset died at "VVeldon on the eve of All
Saints [31st October]. Eulk, archbishop of Dublin, also
died.

[a.d. 1272.] Theobald, archbishop of Liege, who was a
native of Piacenza, lately elected the successor of St. Peter,
was consecrated priest on the eve of St. Cuthbert [19th
March], and on the morrow, being Sunday, that is the second
in Lent, he was raised to the summit of the priesthood,
being solemnly consecrated to the papal see by the name of
Gregory X.

Death of Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of Germany*

Bichard, king of Germany, departed this life at Berkhamp-
stead on the fourth of the nones [the 2nd] of April, ana

J>. 1272,] KICItAUD UUKIBD AT UA1XES. 3-19

■ns buried ftt the monastery of Hayles,' which lie lia.il himself
moded and endowed with large possessions; his rtlWUMMi
i-iiiir performed there with 'jivit solemnity on the ides [the
3th] of April.

jl deitruclUe Fire and great lliots at Norwich.

At Norwich, on the feast of the apostles Peter and Paul,
liile the monks wore at primes, the great tower of the
mi-ell was suddenly struck by a thunderbolt on the north aide,
itli such violence that some of the stones were torn away,
id carried with great force to a t'oiiMderaUe distance ; an
^eurrence which must have been considered dt:e|ily portentous
,r all tlie sum of holy mother church.

On the morrow of St. Lawrence [lltli August], after
iviiig made somu frequent assaults on the priory [at Nor-
ich], alter the gates of the convent had been violently broken
awn by the enemies of the monks, and after they had suffered
;her enormous injuries, just as they had taken their refection,
Leirholy mother church was entered by the foulest rabblo of
bp sons, namely, tho whole commonalty of the city of Nor-
ieh, to the number, it is believed, of thirty-two thousand,
.1 strongly armed. Joined by the women of the city, they
:t fire to the priory in several places, and reduced the whole
F it to ashes, together with tlie church, although it was built
f stone; three or four buildings only, not worth mentioning,
scaped, and nearly all tiic monks were forced to make their
scape. Thirty of their servitors, or thereabout, were also
ut to death with various kinds of torture, and that in the
)ry bosom of their mother. Dragging others from the same
lace, as from a mother's breasts, they brought them before
icir own tribunal, and condemned them to the same fate,
OTin.fr neither age nor rank. They also tore in pieces, or
hindered and carried oil; all the valuables in the treasury,
ic vestry, the refectory, and the other offices of the church,
id the almonry. The monks, escaping privately, one by
ie, with great difficulty saved their lives.

In consequence of this, there was a convocation of the
hole diocese at Eyam on the feast of the Decollation of St.
n that

350 FLORENCE OF Wolit'ESTEK. [\.D. V2'l2.

John the Baptist [29th AagOst], at which tlie bishop and ill
the assembled elon-y publicly and solemnly issued the sen-
tence of excommunication, with the ringing of bolls anil
lighted candles, against the perpetrators of this outrage, M
well as all who gave their countenance, aid, or advice, or Lad
any communication with them in any matter of business.
This sentence was renewed and confirmed in a council of the
bishnpsi held at London on St. Luke's day [18th October], »ad
the king going towards the- neighbourhood of Norwich, in
order lo take condign jumisliment on the heinous culprits,
arrived at St, Edmund's on St. Giles's day [1st September],
and summoned all tho peers and barons of England to meet
hiui there and consult on the business. Having stayed at the
abbey eleven days, on the feast of SS. Proteus and Tacmthus,
ho set forth towards Norwich to take vengeance for the
enormous crime ; but he abated somewhat of its fulness.
For out of tiic vast multitude, only four men and one anRnU
paid the forfeit of their lives for the rest, some of whom ml
eased of their purses by the courtiers. Of those who suffered,
Homo were drawn asunder in the streets of the i
burnt, and others hung.

Edmund of Almaine, earl of Cornwall, was married to
Margaret, sister of Gilbert, ee.rl of Gloucester, on the morrow
of St. Faith [Gth October], and was knighted, as well as
Henry do Lacy, earl of Lincoln, on the feast of the Tin: lit-
tion of St. Edward [13th October]. Adam de Cliillenden.
the archbishop -elect of Canterbury, who sued in the court nf
Home for his confirmation in that preferment, perceiving lha:
from the influence of his determined rivals he made link-
progress in the affair, and that even if he persisted, he should
be nonsuited, a result which would attach no small disgraee
to his name, he gave in his resignation both of tl
Iiud dignity. Thereupon, tho pope, by his apostolical intho-
rity, substituted for him friar Robert de Kilwftrdby, prior
provincial of the order of friars-preachers in England.

On the feast of St. Calistus [1 4th October], the king gave
the Jews' synagogue, in the city of London, to I
penitents of Jesus Christ; which building, to ltd
mortification of the Jews, was consecrated by one vl tot
bishops called in lor that purpose.

272-3.] ACCESSION OF EDWARD I. 351

Death of Kin;} Henry III
iry, king of England, of happy memory, son of king
after a reign of fifty-sue years and twenty-nine days,

his days at Westminster,1 on the feast of St. Edmund,
shop of Canterbury [lOthKiivcmber], his eldest son Ed-
iting then beyond sea; and on tiie day of St. Edmund,
and martyr, iie.\t following i20r.lt November], he was
rably interred there. And because, as we have just
he lord Edward was then in distant parts, the earls,
nd of Cornwall and Gilbert of Gloucester, were by
an consent of the nobles appointed regents, and Con-
ors of the peace, until the lord Edward's arrival,
anor, the wife of the lord Edward, bore a son at Acre,
,vas named John. Edmund, the sou of the king of
nd, returned from the Holy Land, leaving in those
his brother Edward, who had recently received a wound

nearly caused his death, from some secret assassin;*
trough Him who lias respect unto the humble, he was
tly restored to health in a short time. This happened
:. Botolph's day [17th June]. Roger, abbot of St.
stone's, closed his days on the ides [the 13th] of De-
t. The pope held a general council, two years after the
:i the beginning of the calends of May [lith April].

Violent Mains and Inundations.
■3. 1273.] March was very windy, and more rainy than

been in any man's memory. Especially on the last day
s month, the third of the calends of April [30th March]
in continuing for nearly a night and a day, caused in-
ions which almost equalled those of the year 1258 ;
in some parts of England they appear to have exceeded
lence those of the former year, for they rose five feet

the bridge at Cambridge. Likewise at Norwich, their
js were such that neither its being sacked by the islanders*

;itt. Paris concludes his history with the death and some account
character of Henry III. He relates that he was taken ill at
itnd died there. It is singular that our continuator, who appears
e heen a monk of that abbey, and mentions the king's coming
JQ.=t previously, should h;Lve omitted the details given by Matt.

and lie states that die kin- died at Westminster,
re Matt. Paris, rol. hi., p. 378.

353 FLOItE.VCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D, 1273.

nor the recent proceed in gs of the royalists, caused so much
disaster to the place.

The lord Edward having been met by the eardunk it
Orvietto, five stages from Rome, on St. Yal en tine's day, ivas
received by the pope and the whole people [of Rome] with
extraordinary honours. Count di Ruvo cleared himself of
the murder of the lord Henry of Ahnaine before the lord pope,
and the lord Edward and a large body of knights, by takiu;
iin oath that ho was not privy fo his assassination. The pujHj
granted to the lord Edward the tenth of all ccflesiaitii'il
revenues, both temporal and spiritual, for one year, and
another year's tenth to his brother; in recompense of the
expenses rhey had incurred in the Holy Land.

Master Raymond do Xogeres, prior of St. Capraisat Afcn,
came into England to execute litis business. W'h
convent of St. Edmund's compounded fur the tenth of ill
their property, jointly with the abbot, for one yea* at oM
hundred pounds, and in like manner for the second year the
abbot paid fifty marks, and the convent one hundred marfo
of their proper monies; with the addition of the
spirituals as regarded the convent for the first year, but uot
for the second.

Adam, who had been archbishop elect of Canti'rlmrr,
returned to England, and was reinstated in his priory.

Story of an Evil Spirit.
An evil spirit caused great alarm at a vill called
in the district of Rouen, by audibly rapping with ki:i:M!'i.
en the walls and doors. He spoke with a In: .
although he was never visible, and his name, he
William Ardent. He frequented the house of a certai
man, to whom he did much mischief, as well as [u
.and family; and the sign of the cross and the sprinkling a
holy water failed to drive him away. Moreover, when the
priests conjured him, in the name of the Lord, to
place, he answered: "I shall not depart; nay more, if I
please, I shall kill you all. The cross I know well enough,
and as for your holy water, I have no fear of that.1
spirit haunted the manor and mansion of the pel
mentioned, from the feast of All Saints [1st November] until
after the Purification [2nd February], uttering m

I.B. 1273, 1274.] COL'SCIL AT LV0K3. 353

■ions and scoffing speeches. At last he went away at Septua-
resima, saying that lie should return at Easter, which he
lover did.

Henry de Sandwich, bishop of London, ended his days at
lis manor of Hornsey, after Iji'inp; in ilie uveaicst straits during
he whole time of his episcopacy, on t lie octave of the Nativity
if St. Mary [Ijili September] ; ;usd was sueceeded by master
Folio de Chishull, the dean of that chnvch, who was elected
m the, marrow of St. Nicholas [7th December].

Our lord the pope came to Lyons on the eleventh of the
alends of Deocrnlkr [21st November]. Henry dc Beaune,
irior of Ely, died on Christmas day, and was succeeded by
John de Hemingstone, a monk of the same cloistered house.
A son was born to the lord Edward, at Eeaune in Gasconv,
jn the night following the feast of St. Clement [24th No-
vember] ; to whom he gave the name of Alphonso, after the
Ling of Spain, St. James,1 and Pommel. Rodolph, count of
Hapsburirh, was eleetcd kins' °^ Germany.

[a.t>. 1274.] The pope held a council at Lyons, which
lasted from the feast of the apostles Philip and James [1st
May], untd the sixteenth of the calends of August [17th
July]. In this council a grant of tenths was made, for the
succour of the Holy Land, from all ecclesiastical persons of
whatever condition, rank, or order, out of all their rent^
fruits, and ecclesiastical revenues.

Robert, bishop of Durham, Lawrence, bishop of Rochester,
and William, bishop of Bath and Wells, died. Robert de
Haliland, a monk of that church, and prior of Enchale, suc-
ceeded to Durham ; the lord Walter de Merton,a the king's
chancellor, was preferred to the see of Rochester, and the lord
Robert Bumel to that of Bath and Wells. Adam de Chil-
lcnden, the prior, and formerly archbishop-elect, of Can-
terbury, also died. The lord Henry, son of the lord Edward,
and Eveline, the wife of the lord Edmund the king's son,
and countess of Aumale, were buried at Westminster on
the thirteenth of the calends of November [20th October].
Coronation of Edward I.

The lord Edward, the eldest son of the king of England,

1 Galicia?

s Walter de Jlcrton, the founder of Merton College.

354 FLORENCE OF WOHCESTKB. [A.I>. 1-74, 1275,

having settled liia long-pen. Inig '.itlereiices with the countes
of Flanders, came over to I'higland and landed at Dover "a
tho morrow of St. Peter ad Vincula ; and on the feast of St,
Magnus, the Martyr, [19th August,] nest following nu
solemnly crowned king of England hy Robert, arohliishe.|i ■>!'
Canterbury, hia wife Eleanor bring crowned at the same iii
The king of France married the daughter of the duke of B-i
gundy, reciprocally giving his sister in marriage to that

[a,d. 127o.] Eleanor, queen of England, the king's wife
gave birth to a daughter, who was named Margaret, and boru
at Windsor, Margaret, queen of Scotland, and Beatrix,
countess of Brittany, both daughters of king Henry, eniied
their days.

Our lord the king and queen Eleanor camo in pilgrimruw
to St. Edmund's on the fifteenth of the calends of May [lTtb
April], in performance of a vow they bod i
Land; and the king, with tho advice of Ids eoui
examining the muniments of the abbey of tit.
granted to the convent the right of freely inspe. ■ i
and measures, without any interference of his own

John, bishop of Hereford, died, and was race
Master John tie Canteloupe, a canon of that church. Ooeof
tiie order of preachers at. London, called friar Eok-rt of
Heading, an excellent preacher, and deeply skilled in tlw
Hebrew tongue, apostatised, nud, being converted to Judaism*
married a Jewess, was circumcised, and took the name of
Haggal. The kin.1,' having .summoned him, and finding luti
argue in public with great boldness against the Christian U*»
turned him over to the archbishop of Canterbury, On tlie
third of the ides [the 11th] of September, about
hour, there was a great eartlh|u;i[.eat London, aii'i
nearly the whole of England.

The barons of England granted to the lilii.tr ihc fil'u en:ii
penny. Llewellyn, prince of Wales, revolted against the king
of England. The Jews throughout the realm were prolsiliti'd
from thereafter lending tm.ney upon usury, but they were in
future to gain their living by commerce, under the same law*
in buying and selling as Christian merchants. It was alw
enacted that each oi' them, of whatever ago, condition, £
should pay the king annually a capitation tax t

.d. 127;~, 1276.] edwawd i. amerces Norwich. 355

ence, and (hat those who would not comply with this
revision should depart from Enirliiud before Easter next
dlowing.

Our lord the king pronounced sentence on the burgesses of
'orwich that, for their profanation of the body of our Lord,
ley should provide at their own cost a pyx of gold, of the
ilue of one hundred ponndaj to contain the host. Also,
lat for the damage done to the convent, they should eontri-
ute three thousand marks, to be paid within six years. And
lat the bishop, at the expense of the burgesses, should send
> the court of Rome, jointly with them, and exhibit an
ttestation of the accord thus settled, And that the convent
light remove their gate to any parr tiu'v plc-nsed, except the
rater-side, the town continuing, as to the privation of the
berties of the burgesses, in the same state in which it was
n the day of his father's death.

The prior's chapel [at Bury] was dedicated to the honour of
IS. Edmund and Stephen, martyrs, by the lord William of
tagusa, 31'chbMinp " Mud<>rimi," on holy Innocents' day
28th December].

The grant of tenths made at the council of Lyons caused
Tievous and intolerable exactions ; fur the collectors of these
enths were content with no man's taxation, and even com-
elled nearly all and each to declare to them on their own
."■ord, and upon oath administered to them in person, the true
alue of all their incomes. Wherefore the tenth apportioned
o the convent of Si. Edmund's amounted to two hundred and
Drtj'-ono marks, three shillings, and sixpence, on the oaths
f five of the monks specially sworn to make a true return.
?he tenth at which the abbot was rated amounted to one
iundred pounds. The Jews were expelled from Cambridge
■y the queen-mother. The lay-brothers of Fiirnivol, of the
Cistercian order, killed several of the monks.

[a.d. 1276.] The lord Aymer de Montfort, with his
ister Eleanor, who was bethrothed to Llewellyn, prince of
Vales, were captured at sea, on their voyage to Wales, by a
ortain knight called Thomas the Archdeacon, who came on
hem unawares and delivered them to the custody of our lord
lie king.

Pope Gregory [X.], who had imposed the tenths, was

350 FLORENCE OF -WORCESTER. [a.C. 1276, URT.

decimated' himself, ending Ms days at the city of ltioti' on
the tenth of the month of January ; he aat four years, four
months, and nineteen days. Peter, bishop of Ostb, of ik
order of preachers, succeeded him under the name of Inno-
cent V.; hut ho died on the eve of St. John the ii:']'ii-:
[23rd June]. He was succeeded by Ottoboni, a cardinal-
deacon by the title of St. Adrian, who took the name of

Adrian. [V.] ; but dying shortly afterwards, within tL ■::''■■■

of the Assumption [22nd August], Peter de Spun
of Fraseati, a native of Spaiu, was elected liis successor
on the eve of the Holy Cross [I3th September J, aud took
the name of John XX.

Great part of Cambridge, with the chureh of St. Sennet,
was consumed by fire. One Michael Tovy, mayor i
■was hung in the Tower, at the circuit of the .
Edmund, earl of Lancaster, the king's brother, married llw
queen of Navarre. Queen Eleanor gave birth to ■ dwlghMi
to whom she gave the name of Berengaria. The recnaiM ol
St. Richard, formerly bishop of Chichester, were traiiibird
with great pomp on the eve of St. Botolph [16th Jane],
in the presence of the king and queen of England, and some
other Lrreat personages. One moiety of the fifteenth pwBJ
granted to the king the year before was now collected.

The kings of France aud Spain having quarrelled, the kinc
of France marched a numerous army against the king of Spain
with so little caution, that he retreated without bis
having answered much purpose. A total eclipse ■.
occurred on St. Clement's night [23rd November]. III
moon being for the space of nearly two horns I
obscured, that scarcely a vestige of it was visible. A murrain
among sheep commenced tins year in Lindsey, and continuing
for several years spread through nearly the whole of Euglaod.

Invasion- of Wales.

[a.d. 1277.] The king of England sent a numerous arm/

into Wales under the command of II. de Lacy, earl of Liwoln.

The king himself, while the army proceeded on their mires

1 " Qui decimas impnsuit deoimo die . . . decimate* est "
3 Jpwi ur'iem Rtatiiiii'it. Awarding to others, Gregory X. »
*t Aretium (Areizo).

A.D. 1277.] EDWATLD I.'S I-ROGBESSES. S57

towards Wales, deviated From their route into the parts of
Norfolk and Suffolk, and bavins kept the i 'east of Easter at
Norwich, returned to London through (he maritime districts
of Norfolk and Essex. But immediately after the feast of
St. John, he led in person nearly the whole nulitary array
of England into Wales.

The, great khan of the Tartars, whose name was Moal,
having sent six ambassadors of the highest rank among his
people from the eastern part of tl;e world, they arrived about
the feast of Easter [28th March], accompanied by an inter-
preter, and apologised for their master not having met
the king of England when he was in the neighbourhood of
Acre; and they also iiiiplored Ins aid against the enemies of
the cross, that is the Pagans, The lord pope [John XX.]
closed his days at Viterho on the sixth of the ides [10th] of
March ; from which time the see was vacant until the
feast of St. Catherine's [-'0th November], On that day the
lord John of Cfaiett, eai'ilinjUdeacon, by the title of St.
Nieholas-in-Careere-Tulliano, WU eleeted pope, and took the
name of Nicholas III.

Tho sultan of Babylon, with an army containing nearly all
the best troops in his dominions, encountered the Tartar
hordes between Armenia and the river Euphrates, about tho
sixteenth of the calends of August [17th July], when he
and nearly all his army were put to the sword. In this battle
forty-two thousand of the Hagarencs, and fifteen thousand
men of the Tartar host, fell, the whole being nearly exter-
minated.

There was violent and intolerable rain on the sixth of the-
ides [the 10th] of October, which continued falling for two
days and a night. -The rains were followed by such vast
inundations that in some places, men, oxen and sheep, and
other cattle in the field were overtaken and drowned during
the storm in the night : they also levelled to the ground
houses, walls, and trees, with other buildings which resisted
the current. This storm was most violent about St. Edmund's,
Essex, and the county of Cambridge while in other parts of
England, it occasioned little or no damage. Walter de
Morton, bishop of Rochester, ended his days, and was suc-
ceeded by John, monk and precentor of the same church-

158 FLORENCE OF WOKCESTEB. [i.D. 1277, 1278.

Submission of UcwfUyn, Prince of Walei.

After some losses on both sides, Llewellyn, prince of Wales,
submitted himself entirely to the pleasure and disposal of the
lord king with scarcely any conditions as to life or limbs, Ms
territories and honours, or anything else. The king, after
some deliberation, received him to favour and brought tiiin
to London, to treat of the terms and form of peace. Llewellyn,
having kept the feast of Christinas with the king, returned la
"us own country.

[a.d. 1278.] Roger, bishop of Norwich, died at
of Suthlmgham1 on the feast of St. Vincent, the Martyr
[22nd January] ; and was buried at Norwich on tlie octave
of St. Agnes [the 28th January]. He was succeeded 1 iv
master William de Middleton, archdeacon of Canterbury, «'!m
was elected on the feast of St. Matthew the apostle [Silt
September].

The other moiety of tlie fifteenth pennies, being c'dkcdvl,
the abbot and convent of St. Edmund's compounded with die
king for their fifteenth at ninety pounds, the abbot contribut-
ing thirty pounds as his share, and the convent sixty, as
theirs.

Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, being summoned to the
court of Home by the lord pope, was made bishop at U-u;,
with the title of cardinal -bis hop of St. Rufma ; on his being
thus removed, I'obei't Buinel, bishop of Bath and Wells, and
the king's chancellor, was presently named as postulant for
tlie archbishopric by the convent of Canterbury.

A remarkable battle was fought at Aix-la-t'liapoile In C4rf-
many, where the count de Cole, with three hundred of I'll
followers, all of noble birth, and nearly tlie whole of their nv
tainers, perished, not so much by human means as hv ;i diuw
judgment. The king of Bohemia having revolted against
Eodolph, king of Germany, after their treaty of alliantw
had been broken by him, was slain by the king of Gernisny
with fifty thousand of Ids troops, who perished to the last man.

Llewellyn, prince of Wales, married at \VorCi'>S'
the daughter of Sytnon dc Montfort, formerly earl of Leicester,
on the feast of the translation of St. Edward [13th October],
the kings of England and Scotland being there pn
' Probably So-.ith-BorilEgUir, a manor of the bishop of No

a.d. 127S, 12T9.J treat ircsT of the jews. 359

The king and queen came to St. Edmund's on St. Clement's
day [23rd November], in their way lo Norwich to attend the
dedication of the church, which took place on the fourth of
the calends of December [28th November], the greatest part
of the noble* of England being present with the king.

Itobert, bishop of Carlisle, died ; and was succeeded by
Ralph, prior of Gisburn. A circuit was made by the judges,
the lord Jolm die Wallibus, and the associates assigned him,
in the county of Cumberland ; the lord Roger Loveday, with
those assigned him, gying into Herefordshire.

TJie Homes of the Jevst and Goldsmiths searched.

All the Jews in England, of every condition, age, and sex,
■were suddenly arrested on the octave of St. Martin [IStli
November], and placed in s;de custody in different castles
throughout the country. While they were thus detained, the
interior of their houses was carefully searched, and in many of
them were found tokens of their being m on ey -clippers, with
their tools ; must elenr evidence of the fact. In like manner,
all the goldsmiths throughout England, being money-changers,
were arrested on the morrow of St. Nicholas [7th December],
and being placed in safe custody, their houses were searched.
By the king's orders, who in tins business paid no respect to
the liberties of any place, five goldsmiths and three others be-
longing to the town of St. Edmund's were taken to London^
in the custody nevertheless of the bailiff of the said town, to
the injury, as appeared to many persons, of the liberties there-
of. But when this came to the king's knowledge, be ordered
all the before-mentioned persons to be sent back, to abide
their trial there according to their deserts, whether guilty or
not guilty.

The Tartars take possession of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
The king commanded that all persons having twenty pounds
fa-year] in land, should receive knighthood.

[a.d. 1279.] The king levied seutage for the expedition
to Wales, at the rate of forty shillings for every seutage.
Eleanor, queen of England, gave birth to a daughter at Wind-
sor, on the eve of St. Gregory [11th March], and named her
Mary.

n'OnC'EVTEIi.

A great number of Jews executed for clipping tlte Coin.

The ting caused all the Jews, and some Christian*. -

vieted of clipping, or mating base coin, to be hun .
fore two hundred and sixty-seven Jews suffered the sen-
tence of death ; some were banished, others condemned to
perpetual imprisonment, and some remained in England. As
for the money-changers, they were cither admitted to main-
prise, or placed in safe custody in their own houses, and
having ransomed themselves were allowed their liberty. To
make this inquest, the lords John of Chobh.im, and WUMt
de Hcliun came to St. Edmund's with a commission from oar
lord the king, and acting in an unprecedented manner against
the liberties of the abbey, without regard to any of its
charters, papal or royal, gave final judgment in the Quitd-
hall on the goldsmiths of the town, and others I
indicted or arrested on suspicion, and brought the fines wliieh
ensued from their proceedings into the royal exchequer : tliey
even compelled the sacristan to ransom himself for one hun-
dred marks.

The pope having quashed the election of Hub
gave the archbishopric ui' V an tori jury to friar John de Peckham,
of the order of Minors. The pope also gave the arch-
bishopric of Dublin to friar John de Darlington, of the order
of Preachers.

On the death of Syuion, abbot of St. Edmund's, the king
took possession of the portion of the convent as well as tin)
TKtrouy of the abbot, a proceeding before unheard of; ttW
could the convent get their portion out of his ham1
love or money, but all their possessions, both withi
of St. Edmund's and without, were placed under ll
nient of John de Eerewich, the king's attorney, a sufficient
exhibition being provided lor the monks, and the homages' ui
the conventual manors being faxed for the king's service.

The queen of Spain, lady of Ponthieu, mother
queen of England, ended Iter days ; in consequent v
about the beginning of May, the king of England crossed In
sea to do homage to the king of France for the
Ponthieu, which fell to him in right of his wife, as (laughl t
snd heiress of the aforesaid queen, now deceased. Where/orr,

1 HomagiU — tha free tenants ; a term still used in manorial

51(11 '

D. 1279.] EDWARD I. CEDES MIftAMIM. 381

a parliament held at Amiens, at which the kings of Franco
il England, and many of the nobles of both kingdoms, met,
e kin;* of England quitted claim for the duchy of Normandy

thc king of France for ever: reserving only a perpetual
arly rent charge of three thousand livres of Paris, payable
>m the treasury of Eouen. He also received for his qnit-
lim Angoumois, the Llmosin, Ferigord, and Saintogne;
d this being settled returned to England.
John, archbishop of Canterbury, having summoned all the
shops under his jurisdiction, h-.hl his synod at Reading mi
e feast of Si. James the apostle [L'"'tii .July]. Walter, arch-
shop of York, died, and was succeeded by master Wiltitm
: Wikewane, chancellor of that church.
At Northampton, a boy was crucified by the Jews on the
jjf of the Adoration of the Holy Cross [1-lth September],
it was not quite killed ; notwithstanding, under this pre-
it, numbers of the Jews in London were torn to pieces hy
rses and Imng, immediately after Easter [2nd April],
An alteration was made in the English coinage, the tri-
L'ulai- farthing1 boil!'* ehnnired for a round one, but the old.
rrent money was for a time allowed to remain In eii-eulatiu;!
>ng with the new coins : the pennies, however, being, con-
Li'y to precedent, entirely disused, a great penny' was struck,
ual to four

Properly speaking, there were no such coins as "triangular far-

njvs.'' ' I ' ; i o currency .a! thai slme, as well as during the Saxon period,
isisted of silver [jennies, which sometimes, during their circulation,
re divided into two or four pieces, to make halfpence or farthings,
occasion required, for small payments. Tho metal being thin, and
> coin- Imvijij; th.i britv-:-. on ono face, of a cross forming right
lies at. the centre, (hey could be cut neatly and exactly into these
Tea and quarters, which were nearly triangular. Indeed, in some of
r silver pennies the cross is formed of double lines, apparently to
ilitate the operation, the cut being made between them. Bat this,
ivcvcr <i>iiYC!iu.m., being, in strictness, a clipping of the coin of the
.lm, I>.!iv;iv..l I. prohibited i; ; calling In the angular segments, and
ling ;i (linage of "round" silver farthings in their place. Speci-
ns of these, as well as of (he halved and quartered peonies, are
iserved in the British Museum.

In the. same collection there may also be seen some of these
rent pennies," or silver groats, but they are somewhat rare. The
[it clause of this passage being rather obscure, the original is sub-
icd, in order that those who are curious in such matters may form

■ \\i»u :^.t::i:.

John, archbishop-elect of Dublin, was consecrated at Will-
thain on tin; sixth of the calends ol' 8i.ji>tL:inl n.-v [-Till August],
by John, archbishop of Canterbury, with the assistance 9
Nicholas, bishop of Wind i ester, Hubert., bishop of Eaih and
"Wells, and William, bishop of Norwich. Cardinal Robert <le
Kihvardeby, formerly archbishop of Canterbury, died, as it is
reported, of poison.

Our lord the lung enacted, provided, ami ordained, tlwi
men of religion should not get possession of other peopWi
lands or toneinents.1

John, the abbot-elect of St. Edmund's, having accomplished
his business in (lie Roman court, and received liis lieiicdidiira
at the hand of our lord pope Nicholas, as well as being put in
possession of his barony by the king, with all thai
both to his own portion and that of the convent, was solemnly
inaugurated in his church on Holy Innocents' day [28th Oc-
tober]. His expenses in the journey to Rome amounted to
eleven hundred and seventy-five marks, ten shillings, aadniac

Bichard, bishop of Lincoln, departed this life; and wu
succeeded by master Oliver do Sutton, dean of that church.
The king celebrated the feast of our Lord's Nativity at Win-
chester,

[a.d. 1280.] Nicholas, bishop of Winchester, died on the
sixth of the ides [the 8th] of February. On bis death, Robert,
bishop of Bath and Wells, was the postulant' for the succession
to the bishopric of Winchester, but his suit was quashed in
the court of Rome, and, contrary to expectation, the pope
granted to the chapter of Winchester free liberty of elect tof J
their choice fell on master Kiehard de Mora, archdeacon of
that church.

their opinion of its drift : — " Ultra vera cansuetum, olmlis penilm «*■

jtensit, /'.ir.lus at mum tleii'iiim ihixjiiiis, (eyuipblltnl is dcaariii turn-

' Non adquirant. This was the first statute of Mortmain.

3 A postulant was one who, having k<ii duly Hnol'Tl to a bishopra,
sued for his confirmation to the superior ecclesiastic*! authority i
but in the stricter sense of the term, it was applied to a bishop-d«ti
who had been chosen from s. different diocese, in which case ad»-
pensation was required. Tins was not a matter of right, but depend"]
upon the pleasure of the pope, who often set aside the election, anil

father referred it tn the chapter to make r

appointment himself.

A.D. 1280, 1281.] THE SEW COINAGE. 303

John, bishop of London, died on the sixth of the ides [the
8th] of February, and tha lord Fulk Luvel, archdeacon of
Colchester, was elected in his stand ; but as ho immediately re-
signed, master Eichard do Grave send, a re lido aeon of North-
ampton, was elected to sueecod him.

There was a total eclipae of the moon on the sight of the
Feast of St. Edmund, king :md martyr ; the moon being dyed
the colour of blood fur Die space of nearly two houra. Am-
bassadors came to the king of England from the great kalra
if the Tartars, on an amicable errand.

It was enacted that no persons should negotiate the old
nonoy after Assumption day [15th August] : the new pennies
^ere made round.

"Walter, bishop of Exeter, died ; and was sneer vded by mas-
ter Peter of Exeter, a canon of that church. Ralph, abbot of
C'royland, departed this bfe.

Violent thunder and lightning were heard in many parts of
England on the eve of St. llartin | li'rh November], whielt
itruck down houses and trees, ami tilled the. noliulders with
istonishment and alarm.

Theelcrgyof Englandyraiited to theking the fifteenth of their
ecclesiastical property, according to the valuation of Walter,
nshop of Norwich, for three years. Magnus, king of Nor-
vay, died. Pope Nicholas [IV".] yielded to fate at Castro
Mariano,1 on the eleventh of the calends of September [22nd
lugust], and the sec remained void six months and fourteen
lays. John, archbishop of Canterbury, held his visitation, in
he dioeose of Norwich ; that is to say, in Norfolk at the end
>f the present year, and in Suffolk at the beginning of the
rear following.

[a.d. 1281.] The king tarried in Norfolk until the feast
if the Purification [2nd February] was past. There was a
otal eclipse of the moon on the nones [the 7th] of March.

Svmon of Tours, cardinal-priest of St. Cecilia, was elected
tope by the name of Martin III, There was an eclipse of the
noon on the day before the calends of September [31st
\.ugust], the moon for a considerable time appearing of a
lusky line,

Uenry, bishop of Lh'ge in Germany, who was deprived of
.i.-i bishopric by the late councilof Lyons for his incontinence
1 In the diocese of Viterbo.

364 FLORENCE OF WOHCMTEB. [A.D. 12e'l.

(having, it is said, begotten

diuighiers), killed his auccessi

eighth of the idea [the 6th] of September, comic ;

tnmntrea in the night. Master Hugh, of Evesham,

created cardinal-priest by the title of St. Lawrence.

A new charter was obtained from the king,
division between the possessions of the abbot, and i! ;
convent of St. Edmund's, so that thenceforth ih
under no circumstances Lie held in common : for wir
sand pounds were paid to my lord the king, besides the qoeoA
gold in respect to this payment, and other e '
penses, which amounted to an immense sum. The subsiauce
of this charter i.s entered at the end of the ehartulary of the
ninth year of this bang's reign. The king celebrated the fart
of ( 'hristmas at Worcester.

On the feast of the Purification of St. Mary [2nd Febru-
ary], the bishop of Sidon performed mass at Jerusalem, when1
for a long time past divine offices bod been tiiscon
account of the invasion of the Saracens.

Roeolt of Llovelhjn, Prince of Wales.
Llewellyn, priuee of Wales, regardless of the treaty of peac*
and alliance between himself and the king, which he hid
already evaded, broke into open rebellion against the lord ilii1
king, with his brother David. Wherefore, on the eve of
Palm-Sunday [-1st March], laving in ruins some of
castles in Wales and the Marches, and setting fire to othen,
and threatening further enormities, he massacred great numbm
of the king's liegemen ; and having captured the lord Eoger
do Cliilbnl in his bod, before day-break, he carried him (£
into Wales, whither he returned with a vast booty. Where-
upon, the king, having to send an army to Wales to ivengt
the injuries he had sustained, levied a subsidy in the nature
of a loan, from all his own cities aud boroughs, and also froa>
the cities and boroughs belonging to ecclesiastics, for carryin?
on tiio war. The lord John de rurkby, archdeacon of Coven-
try, was commissioned by the king to conduct this affair, <"
all parts of England, and lie obtained at London a contribu-
tion of eight thousand marks in the maimer just a
Having then, first made his visitation in the boroughs mi

" Yarmouth and Norwich, and received at "

I

Uh 1281.]

noutli a, thousand marks, and a: Norwieh live hundred pounds,
ic came to St. Edmund's, where, having; taxed the burgesses
it five hundred marks, he entrusted to the prior of the abbey
he assessment of those who did suit and service at the monks'
■ourt, that they might not be taxed by the burgesses, whicli
lad never been done; their assessment amounted to the sum
if twenty-six marks. The gQd of Dusze,' in the town of St.
Edmund's, was also taxed by the prior at twelve marks ; and
te extorted from the abbot and convent of St. Edmund's one
mndred marks, under colour of a loan.

Meanwhile, Eleanor, the daughter of Symon de Mont fort,
ormerly earl of Leicester, who was married to Llewellyn,
>rince of Wales, died in giving birth to a daughter, who sur-
i-ived her and was named Gwenllian, on the feast of 88.
Qervasius and Protasius [10th June], and was buried at
Llandmais,* in the house of the friars-minors. The king levied
for his expedition fifty marks for each knight's fee, but dealing
moderately with the abbot of St. Edmund's, he accepted three
hundred pounds for the service he owed.' Of those who took
part in this expedition, three fell in West Wales, William, son
and heir of William de Valence, and several others with him ;
Mid in North Wales, the lords Luke de Tany, Roger de Clif-
ford the younger, William de Lindsey, William de Audeley,
and many more with them ; some of them being stopped by
die rivers and drowned in crossing them in their flight, and

1 Duodena. "This was the Gild of the Translation of St. Nicholas,
rutgarly called the Gilde de Dusze. A leaden bull in the possession
if the Rev. H, Hasted, of Bury St. Edmund's, bears on the obverse a
n::r-id ball- figure and the legend Sioii,i.um Gilds Sci. NicnoL., and
jn the reverse the letter T between S and N of a smaller size, with

the legend Conokeoacio Doode It was otherwise called

Dasgilde, and was hidden in the college at Bury. See Tymm's History
jf St. Mary's Church, pp. 1)2 -<>7." 'Thorpe. '

* Probably Llanvais, near Beaumaris; a house of Franciscans, or
r'riirs-nimnrs, founded by I.luwcllyn-ap-Jorwerth, prince of North
Wales, before the year 1240. It w'as the burial-place of many barons
nu\ knights slain in the Welsh wars.

J The extent of the king's moderation in dealing with an ecclesiastic
"■! those days, or what a churchman, in struggling as well as he could
:r-aia-t Miese exactions, would think a good bargain, cannot, of course,
ije calculated ; but we might conclude, from the data here given, that
hi? abbot of St. Edmoiidsbury's knight's fees were at least ten. How.
wer, in a subsequent passage of the Continuation they are stated at

I

36G FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1281,

otters falling by the sword, without the Welsh having suffered
any loss.

Death of Prince Llewelh/n.
Affairs being in this state, Llewellyn, jn'inec of Wales, *H
intercept ctl by the king's troops in South Wales, ami lost tai
life and his head on Friday the fourth of the ides [the lUtli]
of December ;' on the next day his head was brought to W
king in North Wales, and lie forthwith sent it to his array sta-
tioned in Anglesey; and after the people of Anglesey Wen
satiated with the spectacle, he ordered it to be immediate])
conveyed to London. On the morrow of St. Thomas tiu
apostle [22nd December], the Londoners went out to meet it
with trumpets and cornets, and conducted it through all tkt
streets of the city, with a marvellous clang.3 After tlita,
they stuck it up for the rest of the day in their pillory, ami
towards evening it was carried to the Tower of London, nail
fixed ou a lofty pole. As for the body of the p
mangled trunk, it was interred in the abbey of Cunheir,1 be-
longing to the monks of the Cistercian order.

The Coast infested ly Dutch Pirates.
Pirates from Zealand and Holland, making a
descent in the neighbourhood of Yarmouth and Dunnidi,
plundered all that fell in their way, butchered the people, ami
carried off some ships with their cargoes. Florence, earl of
Holland, game I a glorious victory over the Flemings, with the
slaughter of fifteen thousand of their troops, in r ■.
the death of his father, William, whom they bad recoi
and buried in their country without honour; some of theta
also from fear of the count abandoned their country, and salf-
mitting to voluntary exile, transported themseln -
lands. He, therefore, conveyed to bis own coin
solemn pomp the body of his father, which had been
iously buried among the Frisians with a small atl

1 Ho met his death in a copse- wood, on the banks of the Irion, w
Euilth. in Radnorshire.
1 Knighton relates that Llewellyn's head w

Clio; i'.' ii ith a .-ilvi'i- crown on i(, in f'ulhlment
pbecies. Holinshi'i! sisys that the crown was

3 Catniteir- .Omilivre, (.Vininr, a. I.' Latere! an abbey ii
founded in the year 1143 by Codwallon-an-Madoc

U>. 1281-3.] EDWARD OBTAINS A SUBSIDY. 367

uid there deposited it in a tomb with great honour and cere-
nony.

Richard, archdeacon of Winchester, who was lately elected
jishop of that, we, resigned his appointment to the bishopric
nto the pope's hands, who immediately oon&Red it oti John
le Punteyse, archdeacon of Exeter. The king of the Tartars,
oining his forces to the Hospitallers, fnuglit a battle with the
ultan, in which engagement the Pagans were defeated, and
he suttan himself was taken prisoner ami detained hi close
custody at Babylon.

Eleanor, queen of England, gave birth lo a daughter at
[Ihuddlan, and named her Elizabeth. Isabel, countess of
fLrundel, having ended her days, was buried at MurhH.ro.
Master Thomas de Canteloupe, bishop of Hereford, died at
;he court of Home, and master Richard ilc Swiucneld, arch-
ieaeon of London, succeeded him by election.

Herman, the son of the king of Germany, who was to have
«en married to the king of England's daughter, carelessly
walking ou the ice while it thawed, the iec broke and he fell
in and was drowned. The eldest son of John do Hastings,
whom he called William, was born on St. Francis's day. The
ord Thomas Li-'iiebaud, jiri'iidL'iLeoii of Snifulk, died at Horham,
»n tlie eve of St. Lucia [12th December]. The king spent
:hc feast of Christmas at Rhuddlan, in Wales.

A Subsidy granted.

[a.d. 128.1.] The commons of all England granted the king,
is a subsidy fur his war, the thirtieth penny of all their mov-
ibles, with the exception of horses, armour, ready money, and
the wardrobe ; in levying this subsidy, the king caused the
ivholo amount lie had received the preceding year, in the
shape or under colour of a loan, to be allowed in the payment.
On the Sunday in Mid-Lent, which fell that year on the fifth
of the calends of April [28th March], the king seized all the
money arising from the tenths, which the pope had granted as a.
subsidy for the Holy Land, and which was deposited in different
places in England ; breaking the looks, and carrying it off and
disposing of it according to his own arbitrary will.

John, bishop of Rochester, died, and was succeeded by
master Thomas de Ingoldsthorpe, dean of St. Paul's, London,

3G8 FLOIIENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D. 1283.

who was consecrated at Canterbury, on the feast of SS. Cosmo

mid Damianus [27th September].

Subjugation of Wales, and Execution of Prince David.

After the death of Llewellyn, prince of "Wales, and the
o&capc by flight of his brother David, all the rest of the Welsh,
both the nobles and common people, having voluntarily sub-
mitted to the king's pleasure, he reduced under his dominion
the whole of Wales to the Irish sea. All the castles and for-
tresses were delivered up to 1dm ; he introduced the English
laws, and appointed justices and other officers to keep the
peace, and fixed the exchequer of Wales and the officers of
the treasury at Chester. Meanwhile, the before-mentioned
David, having lost his whole army, and wandering about with-
out a home, at last, as ill luck would have it, having sought
out some cottage for the purpose of concealing himself, was
surrounded by some of the royal army; and being made pri-
soner, with one of his sons and ten others, was brought before
the king on the eve of St. Alban's-[21st June], and by his
-command was committed to close custody in Chester castle.
TVen, at a general parliament, held at Shrewsbury in the
Ling's court, on the morrow of St. Leodegard [3rd October],
of which, by royal appointment, John de Wallibus was pre-
sident, David, the brother of Llewellyn, formerly prince of
Wales, who had assumed the right of prince since his brother's
death, was convicted of rebellion, high treason, and sacrilege,
iuul condemned to be drawn, hung, and quartered. His head
was carried to London, and his body, divided into quarters,
was sent to Winchester, Northampton, Chester, and York;
his bowels were sentenced to be burnt, as a punishment for
Lis guilt of sacrilege in frequently burning churches. Mabadin,
Lis steward, a man even more barbarous in his deeds than in
his name, having been at the same time convicted of treason,
was drawn asunder by horses, and at length an end was put
to his sufferings by his being hanged.

liobert, bishop of Durham, died, and was succeeded by

tho lord Anthony Bek, archdeacon of the same church.

Zsicholas, abbot of St. Augustine's at Canterbury, pretending

lo go in pilgrimage to St. Nicholas at Bari,1 betook himself

1 See the legend of the translation of the relics of St. Nicholas,
bishop of Myra, to Bari, in Apulia. Ordericus Vitalis, b. viL, c. xii.
(vol. ii., p. 384, Antiq. Lib.)

A.D. 1283.] PETEB OF AItRA60V. 36D

to the court of the pope, and resigned the staff' and ring, the
badges of his dignity, into the pope's hands. Having done
this, he entered the order of the Carthusians, and the pope
conferred his abbey on one Thomas do Findon, a monk of
diat monastery.

Peter, hing of Arragon, gains possession of Sicily.
Peter, king of Arragon. chimin:; for himself' t lie inheri-
tance of the territories of Sicily, Calabria, and Apulia, in
right of his wife, as the d:mghii'r uf Manfred, son of Frederic,
formerly emperor of the Romans, who died, as it is said,,
seized of and invested with those territories ; arid iiaving
gained the support of the nobles of those territories, by
promises and gifts, with their general consent and approbation,
secured in one day, by artifice or stratagem, all the castles
and munitions of Charles, king of Sicily; slew all he found
in them, seised his treasure, and entirely destroyed his fleet,
after putting the crews to death. Having expelled king
Charles and taken possession of his dominions, he caused his
son to be crowned king of Sicily by the emperor of Con-
stantinople, by whose advice and aid ho had accomplished all
this.

The clergy grant a subsidy.

The clergy of the province of Canterbury granted the
king, as a subsidy for his war, the twentieth part of all eccle-
siastical revenues for two years, according to the valuation
of Walter, formerly bishop of Norwich. Richard, abbot of
Westminster, the king's treasurer, died on the first of the
month of December, and his interment took place at West-
minster on the third day afterwards: he was succeeded by
Walter de Wenlock, a mor.k of the same house.

The king spent the feast of Christmas at Rhuddlan, in
Wales. The sultan of ISabylon died. At London, and in
divers parts of England, such wonderful flashes of light and
awful thunder were seen and heard on St. Stephen's day
[26 tli December], that those who beheld and heard it were
struck with exceeding terror and alarm. Daring the whole
summer, and the greater part of the ensuing autumn, there
were such violent rains, that nearly all the hopes of the sowers
in the spring proved illusory at the season of harvest.

370 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.B. 12S-1.

[a.d. 1284.] Friar John of Darlington, of the order of
friars- preachers, archbishop of Dublin, died in the neigh*
bourhood of the city of London, on the fifth of the calends
of April [38* Starch], and was buried in the New Church
U'l'iuuirii; t" 1 1 io t'ri.ii-K-piviK'liors in Barnard -castle at Loudon.

On Easter day, which fell on the lifth of the ides [the Mi]
of April, about the first hour of the day, there were at St.
Edmund's such a sudden and unexpected flash of lightning,
and such loud and continued chip* of thunder, thai tho«
who heard them could scarcely hold tlieir footing. And,
although the storm was so violent in that place, it did no
harm in the country, or but very little?. We iiave board tlial
the same storm occurred in parts beyond the seas, the same
day and hour.

Prince Edward born at Carnareon.

On the feast of St. Mark the evangelist [2$t*
son was born to the king of England, at Carnarvon in Wale*,
who was named Edward. Robert, bi-lioji of Salisbury, -Y]'*
in the Lord ; and was succeeded by master Richard SeameL
dean of the same church.

In Germany, a certain low fellow suddenly appearing i
public, and pretending that lie was Frederic, the late emperor
of the Romans, who died long before in the year of our
Lord, 1250, collected a numerous household, with the good-
will of nearly all tiiat country, and a powerful army. King
Itodolph was so far from opposing him, that he rather aided
the deception, so that he caused himself to be treated nitk
reverence bv all as their king and emperor.

The lord'Alphonso, son of the king of England, died U
Windsor, on the feast of St. Magnus, the martyr [lfltli
August], and was carried to Westminster and buried witli
great pomp on the eve of the Decollation of St. John ll"'
Raptist [28th. August].

A storm of thunder and lightning occurred at St. Edmund's,
on the morrow of St. Faith [7th Oct,], before the firrt
hour, with such sudden flashes and loud claps, that all who
saw or heard it, were struck with the greatest terror. At
Dunwich, on the fifth of the calends of December pW
November], from the third to the sixth hour of this day. "
sea appeared to be on ftre, with not a very bright bat *

A.D, 1284, 1285.] PETEK OP ARRAGON DEPOSED. 371

a yellow florae. Our lord the pope, in consequence of the
rebellion, contumacy, and disobedience of Peter, some time
king of Arragon, gave Lis kingdom to Philip, *cm and heir of
the king of France, reserving to the apostolic see, for the
said kingdom, a hundred pounds annually. This Philip
married the heiress of the kingdom of Navarre. John, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, held his visitation of the dioeese of
Lincoln, and continued it to Easter [7th April], in tJie year
following.

That part of the church of St. Peter at Rome, in which
the altar of the apostles stood with their principal images,
suddenly and unaccountably fell hi ruins. Hugh ile Lusignan,
king of Cjprus, with his son and some others of his family,
were poisoned to death by the knights' Brothers of the Temple.
In the church of St. Mary-nt-Bow, in London, one of the
Londoners named Lawrence, was wounded by some evil-
minded men of that city, anil at last hnng from one of the
beams of the church. The king of I'lugland, i«_'ing- greatly dis-
turbed at this outrage, ordered some of the offenders, the least
guilty indeed bat the most wealthy, to be drawn asunder by
horses, and then hung ; but the real culprits, who were rich,
he sentenced to pay a fine in money. The king spent the
feast of Christmas at Bristol.

[a.d. 1285.] Charles, king of Sicily, died at Barletta in
Apulia,1 on the eve of the Epiphany [5th August]. After
his decease, the Sicilians espousing the cause of Peter of
Arragon — who had, even during Charles's life, usurped the
government of Sicily in opposition to the Eoman church —
and keeping in custody Charles, prince of the Morea, that
king's son, their captive in war, returned home in triumph.

John, archbishop of Canterbury, during his visitation of
the diocese of Ely, dismissed all the obedientiaries,' the prior
only excepted.

The king and queen go to Bury.

Our lord the king of England, with the queen and three

of his daughters, arrived at St. Edmund's on the tenth of

the calends of March [20th February], and paid, with great

' Barletta, near Rari, I

1 The obedientiaries i

the superintendence of it

372 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [A.D.1285.

devotion and reverence, the vows which he had made tu God
and St. Edmimd during his war in Wales ; proceeding on
tlie morrow in his journey to Norwich, where he spent the
whole of the following Lent. The king, treating as null
his own charters, and those of several of his progenitors,
caused the weights, measures, and ells of the town of St.
Edmund's to be inspected by the marshal of his measure
alleging that this was once done in his father's time. But
the profits accruing from that inspection, and from ail oilier
inspections during liis visits and those of hi- licit-- . .
for the repair and ornament of the shrine of St. Edmund's, and
confirmed this hy a charter. And whereas it was alleged by
the burgesses of the place, that this inspection ought only »
be made on a royal visit, so that the sacristan and his bailifis
had hitherto been prevented from making the inspection of
measures, it was ordained, after consultation between our
lord the king and the sacristan, on peril of the liberties of
the town being forfeited to the king, that the saen-:
make this inspection twice in every year, and enforce it on the
corporal oath of the burgesses and other inhabitants "I fl*
town ; and that those who refused to submit should, for the
first offence, be punished by fine ; and for the second, it ita
contumacy was excessive, by imprisonment, until thy Ling
should take order touching their offence.

The townsmen of Ipswich imprisoned andfowd.

While the king was staying, as it has been observed, in
the parts of Norfolk, the whole commonalty of the town of
Ipswich having been accused to him of divers misdemeanour*,
of which they were partly convicted, were sentenced to [»y
a heavy fine ; and beside?, thirteen of the townsmen of th<?
better sort were sent to prison in different parts of England
for half a year.

About the middle of Lent [4th May], Philip [III], iungof
France, marched an army against the king of Arrngon, who
having lost a great number of his troops in bafil.-.
and land, as well as by want, at last, being seized v, i 1 1 ■
went the way of all flesh, at Pampeluna-.1 The king1

' An error for I'erpignan, where Philip the Hard j breath* d hi

4.D. 1285.J RELICS OF ST. DAVID. 373

entombed with great solemnity, among his ancestors at St.
Denis, on Si. .Martin's day [11th November].

Thomas, prior of Christ's Church in Canterbury, became
a Cistercian monk, at KingVIIeanlieu, on the eve of Palm
Sunday [17th March] ; and was succeeded by Henry, the
treasurer of the church of Canterbury. The pope died at
Peragio, on the fourth of the calends of April [J'Jtli March],
and was buried there on the first day of the same month ;
and the see was void [four] days. Hfe was succeeded
by the lord James de Sabella, cardimd -deacon of St. Mary
in Cosmedin, who took the name of Honorius IV".

A smitage granted.

Our lord the king levied a scutate of forty shillings each
for the army in Wales, the former one being spent. The king
made a solemn procession from the Tower of London to West-
minster, with the head of St. David, called also Dewy, and
other relies which lie had brought with him out of Wales.

There was an appearance of two moons on the eighth of
the ides [the 8th] of May ; and in Suffolk armies appeared
fighting in the air.

In a parliament held at Westminster on the feast of St.
John [24th June], the king made and published many
statutes, some of which, as many think, are intended, in
great measure, to do away with tie ecclesiastical juris-
dictions.

The pretender, who assumed the name of Frederic, having
been convicted of heresy and other crimes, was condemned to
the flames, and burnt to death in the presence of some of the
archbishops and bishops of Germany, on the second of the
ides of July [14th July]. William, archbishop of York,
died at Ponthieu, in parts beyond the seas, and was succeeded
by master John, surnamed Komanus, precentor of the church
of Lincoln.

Mary, daughter of the king of England, took the veil as a
nun, at Ameslmry, on the feast of the Nativity of St. Mary
[8th September], Alexander, king of the Scots, married the
daughter of the count de Dreux, a cousin of the king of
France.

There was a circuit of the justiciaries in the county of

374 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [a.d. 1285, 1286.

Northampton, by tlio lords justiciaries John de Wallibus,
William de Sahatu, John de Hetingham, Roger Loveday, and
others; and in Essex by the lords justiciaries Solomon de
Rochester, Robert do Reading, Richard do Royland, Walter
do Sarchele, and others. Tlio king kept the feast of Christinas
at Enter, in Devonshire.

[a.d. 1286.] Philip [IV.], king of France, sou of Hritip
HI., was crowned at Rheims, as kmg of France, on the feist
of the Epiphany [lith January], Our lord the king held a
great parliament at Westminster, lifter tiie Purification [2nd
February], in which parliament were present the envoys of
the king of France, namely, Maurice de Croim, count of
Burgundy, and the lord John D'Acre, two of the French king*?
nobles.

Alexander [IFf.,] king of Scotland, went the way of all
flesh on the fourteenth of the calends of April [19tb March].
Our lord the king crossed tho sea after Easter, in the month
of May, to confer with the king of France ; and, appearing in
person at the parliament held at Paris, about the Rogation
days [l!)th May], did homage to tlio king of France for the
territories which he claimed to hold under him.

On the fifth of the ides [the 9th] of June, Hugh, bishop at
Ely. ended his days at his manor of Dunham, in the isle of
Ely; he was succeeded by master John de Kirkeby, treasnrer
of our lord the king of England, who was solemnly enthroned
on Christmas eve. William, abbot of Ramsey, being alleeted
with palsy, resigned his dignity, in which he was succeeded by
John de Sauter, a monk of the same house. The priory of
canons, at Westacre, with the church and all the offices, ww
consumed by fire, about the Nativity of St. Mary [8th
September].

Eleanor, mother of the king- of England, took the nun's veil
at Ameshury, in the month of July. Walter, bishop of Salis-
bury, departed this life, and was succeeded by master Henri
de Branteston, dean of that church. The lord William de
Warrenne, son and heir of John de Warrenne, earl of Surrey,
was encountered and cruelly slain, as it is said, by his enemies
in a tournament held at Croydon, in the month of December.
The king spent the feast of Christmas at the isle of Olercffl,
in Oascony.

[i.D. 1287.] On the night of the Circumcision

ion ftM ■■:

A.D. 1287.] A6EA-FIG11T. 375

was so violent, and the sea stormy, at Yarmouth, Donwieh,
Ipswich, and other places in England, as well as on the coasts
of other countries bordering on the sea, that many buildings
were thrown down, especially in that part of England called
the Fens ; nearly the whole district was converted into a lake,
and, unhappily, great numbers of men were overtaken by the
floods and drowned. On the morrow of the octave of the
Epiphany [14th January], sudden Hashes of light were seen,
which much terrified the beholders.

The pope1 died at St. Peter's, at Eonie, on Wednesday, in
Palm week, being the morrow of the Annunciation, and was
buried there on Friday in Easter week following. The see
was void eleven months and thirty-four days.8

The Jews imprisoned.

The Jews in all parts of England, of every age and sex,
were committed to s;ifo ctwtn ly on Friday, the morrow of the
apostles 89. Philip anil Jacob [2nd May] ; but after a time
they were permitted to return to their homes on giving the
king security for the payment of twelve thousand pounds.

Sea-fight between the Roman, French, and Greek fleet*.

On the third of the calends of August [30th July] there
iras a gallant sea-fight between the fleets of the Roman
church and the king of France, on one side, and of the em-
peror of Constantinople, who espoused the cause of the king
if Arragon ; in which, after the Greeks had obtained some
nartial success, and several of the nobles in both armaments
ivere taken prisoners and the rest cruelly slain, the victory
•ested on the enemy's side.

Rebellion of Rhys-ap-Meredyth.

Great part of South Wales, under their chief, Rhys-ap-
Ueredyth, broke into rebellion against the king of England.
But in the end, after great slaughter of the English, of all
•anks, and other useless expenses, severe losses, and no small

1 Pope Ilonorius IV.

5 This reckoning is manifestly erroneous. According to Matt.
Westm. Honoring IV. died April 4th, and his successor was elected
February 16th following.

376 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D.1287, 128(1.

perils, he slunk away, and for some time no one knew whew
lie was concealed; and thus Rhys himself having, as it were,
disappeared, the land had rest and was quiet.

There was a total eclipse of the moon on the night of tin
feast of SS. Komanus and Severinus [22nd October;.
Stephen, bishop of Chichester j ended his days, and'was suc-
ceeded by master G. de St. Leobhard. In the month of
December, the sen overflowed its bank a in fhe parts of Ncrftjl
and Suffolk, particularly at Yarmouth, and caused nmcb
damage.

The king of England received a solemn embassy from the
khan of the Tartars while he was in Gascony, intended
to renew the former alliance with himself and the kings,
his predecessors. Also, the king celebrated the feast of our
Lord's Nativity at Bmirdcaux., in Gascony.

[a.d. 1288.] On the third of the nones [the 3id] ■ i'
February, about ni^litiLill, (lushes of light were suddenly ami
iniuNpoctedly seen at St. Edmund's, there having been no
signs prognosticating it ; and, at the same instant, there was
a tremendous crash, I will not say of thunder, followed by an
insujtoruhle stench. The storm was accompanied by visible
sparks of fire, which fearfully dazzled the eyes of the be-
holders. The tower of the church of Barnwell was set on
fire by the violence of the thunder-storm, and further damage
done to the convent there, and one third part of the town
was a prey to the flames. At last the lightning also struck
the refectory at St. Edmund".', but the fire was quickly ei-
tiu^uished by the monks.

The lord Jerom, cardinal -bishop of Prrcnoste, of the order
of friars-minors, was elected pope on the feast of St. Peter-in-
Catheilru [22nd February] and took the name of Nichols
TV. Henry, bishop of Salisbury, departed this life, and on
his decease there was a double election of master William Je
la Oorne and master Lawrence de Hakebrun, a canon of 0
same church; but as Lawrence died immediately aftewufe
the before-mentioned master William was re-elected.

On the day before the nones [the 4th] of June, a bttt
was fought between the duke of Brabant on one side, and ih''
archbishop of Cologne and the count of Gueldres on tltf
other, in which a great number of the nobility fell on both
and the archbishop of Cologne and the

A.D. 12S8, 1289.] EDWARD RETURNS FROM FRANCE. 377

Gueldres were taken prisoners and confined under the custody
of the duke of Brabant ; mid thus the Brabantcrs secured the.
victory. Great part of the market at St. Botolph's, with the
house of the friars -pre ackers was burnt io the ground on the.
morrow of St. James [26th July].

On the fifth of the ides [the 11th] of October, the moon
was almost totally eclipsed, wlunh lasted from nearly midnight
nntil the dawn of day. Tlte king spent Christmas at
I-k'Uesarde, in the territory of Bearne.

[a.d. 1289.] Reginald, abbot of Walt ham, ended his days
about the feast of fit. Peter-in- Cathedra [22nd February],1
and was buried at Waltham on the morrow of St. Matthew
the apostle [22nd September]. He was succeeded by Hobert
deElington, a canon of the same church.

The king and queen, after being four years abroad, came
over to England, and lauded at Dover on the day before the
ides [the 12th] of August ; and after a short stay, first in
Kent and then in Esses, arrived at St. Edmund's on St.
Lambert's day [17th September], proceeding on the morrow
into the parts of Norfolk. Going theme by sea to the isle of
Ely, on their way to London, tin.' king ei'lo united the feast of
the Translation "of St. Edward [13th October], with great
solemnity at Westminster.

Thomas Weyland, chief justice of the King's JBench.

The lord Thomas Weyland, the king's chief justice of the
lower bench, having been indicted and convicted on trial for
harbouring some of his people who had lately committed a
murder, and fearing to throw himself upon the king's mercy,
took sanctuary in the house of the friars-minors, then living
at St. Edmund's. Having been closely guarded there by the
country for several days, by the king's order, he assumed
their habit, when it was least expected. The king being
informed of this, sent a knight belonging to his guard with
instructions to employ the whole power of the country to

1 This is the reading of the text in all the editions, but it appears to
be erroneous, and that instead of St. Peter-in-Cathedra, it should bo
St. Peter -ad -Yincul a, which feast occurs in the Roman calendar on the
2nd of August. Even then, the time which elapsed between the abbot's
death and interment was very long. St. Peter's day is on 24th June.

378 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [>.». 1289,1260.

keep him there with greater security. At length, this Thomas,
after being blockaded two months, during which nearly all the
friars dispersed themselves in various places, throwing off tie
religions and re-assuming (In.1 secular habit, came out of uoo-
tuary, and, being brought before the king, was committed to
safe custody in the Tower of London.

The pope raised to the throne Charles, prince of the Morei,
the son of Charles, late kins; of Sicily, and solemnly crowned
him on Whitsunday [i'fltli May].

The city of Tripoli was taken by the Saracens, and laid in
ruins, with the towns ami village*, and the whole neighbouring
country, with great slaughter of the Christians. The king
solemnly celebrated the feast of Our Lord's Nativity at West-

A parliament— .Proceedings ac/ainst delinquent judges.

[a.d. 1290.] In a parliament held at Westminster. kWn
sat from the (.'ire u incision of Our Lord [1st January] until
the feast of St. Valentine [14th February], divers sentence
were pronounced by the king and his council in the cases of
several of the judge*, whose misdemeanours were tin-:
into, according to their respective merits. Among these, lord
Thomas Weyland was condemned to perpetual banishment,
with tiie forfeiture of all his property, movable and immov-
able. Many also of the justices, both of the bench and iriio
liad been in eyre, were committed to safe custody in the
Tower. Among these the Hiief were the lords John de Love-
tot, William de Brunton, Roger de Leicester, and Robert de
Littlebury ; these were of the bench. Of the justices in IfR
were the lords Solomon of Rochester, Richard of Boy haul,
Thomas de Sudendon, Walter de Hopet, and Robert de
Preston. But the first of these were released at the close of
this parliament, after paying1 large lines for their ransom ; the
last remained in the Tower, the king going into another
quarter; but, in the end, they obtained their « 1 i.se barge, on tht
same terms as the others, with the king's connivance, «
rather by his order.

John, bishop of Ely, the king's treasurer, died at El)' oo
the narrow of the Annunciation of St. Mury [26th March],
and, being honourably interred on Holy Thursday folio* '""
he was succeeded by master William de Luda, arclw'

lay follturifli,
irchdeaeon *

A.D.1290.] A BEA-FIGHT AND A BATTUE. 379

Durham, denn of St. Martin's-the-Great at London, and
keeper of the king's wardrobe, who was elected on the fourth
of the ides [the 4th] of May.

Tlie earl of Gloucester marries the princess Joan of Acre.

Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, married at West-
minster, on the last day of the month of April, the lady Joan,
suroamed of Acre, from her having been born there, the
daughter of the king of England.

A great sea fight.

On the same day there was a desperate naval eogUfSMtf
in the sea of Marmora, near St. Matthew's, between the fleets
of Bayonne, the Cinque Ports, and the Genoese on one side,
and of the Flemings on the other, in which lire and water, as
well as arms, were used as instruments of destruction ; and
after many of the ships were sunk, and the rest had consulted
their safety by flight, the victory remained with the adverse
party.

Removal of the body of Henry III.

Our lord the king caused the body of the king his father,
which was interred at Westminster, to be suddenly and unex-
pectedly removed on the night of the feast of the Ascension
[10th May], and deposited in a more elevated situation, near
the tomb of St. Edward.

A bloody battle between the Danes and Norwegians.

A. most savage and bloody battle was fought between the
kings of Norway and Denmark, at Skonor in Denmark, in
which twenty-five thousand of the Norwegians fell, without
much loss on the part of the Danes.

Eoger Bigod, earl of Norfolk and marshal of England,
brought over as his wife Alice, the daughter of John d'Aveynes,
count of Agenois.

John, the son and heir of John, duke of Brabant, solemnly
Jspoused Margaret, daughter of the king of England, at
Westminster, on the sixth of the ides [the 10th] of July,
n the presence of his father and a great assemblage of
tobies.

380 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D. 1280,

Tlie crop of fruit entirely failed through all parts nf
England, botli in the gardens anil hedges, except apples and
acorns.

William, the bishop-elect of Ely, having been ordamwl
priest on the first of October, in the parish church of St. Mary
at Ely, was consecrated by the lord John, archbishop of
Canterbury, wii.li extrrtonlhm-y pomp, bishop of Ely.

A synod at Ely; grant of a tenth and fifteenth.
On the* morrow of this solemnity, the archbishop held Lis
synod at Ely, with his suffragans and others of the clergy
there assembled. In this syuod the clergy granted to tlie
king the tenth of all their spiritual possessions for otic yeir;
but so that the tenth should not be collected before the feast
of St. Michael in the year next to come. The Iting ikl
obtained from the commons of England the fifteenth of all
their temporal property ; and he condemned ail the Jews, of
both sexes and every age, living in all parts of England) u
perpetual banishment, without hope of returning,

Roger, abbot of St. Alban's, departed this life about tba
feast of All Saints, on the morrow of All Souls [3rd Novem-
ber], and was succeeded by John de Berk ham pstead, a monk of
the same abbey. Robert, abbot of Reading, resigned his
dignify, and was succeeded by William do Sutton, chamberlain
of the same house.

Death of Margaret, maid of Norway, lu-ircts of SeotUmd.
Margaret, daughter of Erie, king of Norway, and of Mar-
garet, daughter of Alexander, king of Scotland, who lately
died, without leaving any hi»ir of his body, and of hi- qnet'H
Margaret, tlie daughter of Henry, king of England, and sbwr
of king Edward, his son,— to whom, as nearest of blood, the
hereditary right of the kingdom of Scotland belonged, and
who, also, was on the point of being married to Edward, the
son of king Edward before mentioned, a dispensation having
been procured from the court of Home, — died in the Orkntr

Death of queen Eleanor.
Eleanor, queen of England, the king's consort, ended hsf
Lys at Herdeby, in the county of Lincoln, on the fourth <i

L.D. 1290, 1291.] tJUEES ELE AS OK BURIED. 381

tie calends of December [l-'Sth November], and was buried at
tt'estminster with extrordmaiv statu and magnificence, on the
sixteenth of the calends of January [17th Ik- comber], After
which the king set out for AyisrfggB,5 a hermit aire OT the earl
of Cornwall, lo celebrate our Lord's Nativity there.

[a.d. 1291.] On the fifteenth of the calends of March
[lath February], there was an eclipse of the moon. On the
sixth of the ides [the St!i] of February, lit London, about the
first hour, on a sudden, and when it was least expected, the
Lord thundered from heaven with a loud aud sharp report,
iimiL.' the hearts of all who heard it with awful terror.

Peace between the Pope and Skity, Arragon and France.

A peace and alliance was made and ratified between the
Roman church and (.'liarle.-, kiuj: of Sicily, on the one part,
and Peter, king of Arragon, on the other : also, between the
king of France on the one part, and the king of Spain on the
other (after great looses, Ui.iodslK'd.aml calamities), principally
through the mediation of the king of England, who sent
solemn embassies into foreign parts to negotiate and settle
the peace. But it was soon afterwards weakened and
nullified, when, on the death of Peter, king of Arragon, his
brother James took possession, by force, of the kingdom of
Sicily. Ambassadors came from the great and mighty khan,
of the Tartars, both to the pope and the kings of France and
England, for the renewal and ratification of peace, as well as
touching his acceptance of the Christian faith, and the grant
of succour to the Holy Land.

Joan, countess of Gloucester, the daughter of the king of
England, gave birth at Winehcombe to her eldest son, who
was named Gilbert. The lord Thomas, bishop of Rochester,
slept in the Lord at Rochester, in a good old age, on St.
Pancras day [12th May] : he was succeeded by Thomas, prior
of that church. Eleanor, mother of the king of Englandt
ending her days at Amesbury, on the morrow of St. John
[25th June], was interred with great solemnity on the third
day after the Nativity of St. Mary [8th September] with a

1 Aahridgc, in Buckinghamshire, where a college of Bon-hommeB
was founded by Edmund.tho son of Richard, earl of Cornwall, in 1283.
It afterwards became the magnificent seat of the Bridgewater family.

382 A FLORENCE OP W0BCE9TEB, [4.D.129L

great attendance of the most powerful nobles both of France
and England.

Edward I. asserts his claim to the suzerainty of Scotland.

On the death of Alexander [III.], king of Scotland, lately
deceased,1 and the death and total failure both of his issue
and kindred by blood, some persons began to claim a right
of inheritance to the kingdom of Scotland. Considering
which, the kin;; of England alleged that the supremacy of the
crown was vested in him, To make tills more clear he went
to Norham, in the marches of Scotland, and assembled there
the men of religion from some of the English churches with
their chronicles, which having been carefully inspected,
examined, and considered by his whole council, it appeared
plain to all and each, that the supreme right to tiio kingdom
of Scotland was vested in and belonged to him ; all which
having been recounted before the great men of Scotland, a;
well bishops as earls, and some others, and having been
deliberately weighed, the Scots having nothing to allege on
their part, acknowledged him as their suzerain lord. They
also committed to his custody the castles of Scotland, both on
this side the sea and beyond soa, together with the seal of
Scotland, and swore fealty to him, and made it sure by their
letters patent, and declared that those who claimed a right tu
the kingdom of Scotland ought to abide the judgment of the
court of the king of England.

In this state of affairs, the lord John de Baliol, aud tin1 lord
Bobert de Bruce, with others hereafter named,
themselves to claim their right. At length they agreed to
this, that they would submit to the arbitration of forly
liegemen of each of the two kingdoms, forty on one side and
forty on the other, with twenty on the king's part; and that
the arguments and rights of all having been produced before
them, they should promulgate? and publish their award on tfac
morrow of St. Peter-ad-Vincula [2nd August], This being
settled, the king of England appointed the bishop of Caithness
chancellor of Scotland, and joined with him one of his oim
clerks, Walter de Agmondesham, chancellor of England, com-

1 Alexander III. died 19th. March, !2Sfi, Mis qneen, MugiM,
■i '■.'.' :■ ..!' Il'.'siry, du'd lj-A-icv him. in tin; year li'7o. S<* I '"
pp. 364, and 374.

AJ>. 1291.] SCOTTISH AFFAIKS. 383

manding all things to be done with their concurrence and
assent- He also distributed the castles amung his adherents,
as to him seemed fit. He Bkewbe ^pointed keepers of the
peace and order, and otheroth'eers of the royal administration,
both on the mainland and in the islands.

Therefore, on the morrow of St. Peter already named, it
was determined, with common coBMDt, by Sw nobles of both
countries at Berwick, and by those who claimed a right to the
kingdom of Scotland, that the pleas of all should be con-
sidered null and void, except those of the lords John de,
Baiiol, Robert de Bruce, and John de Hastings, and the
others hereafter mentioned. A day was assigned to the
parties at Berwick for arguing their rights on the morrow of
the Holy Trinity next coming [18th June] by onr lord the
king and his liegemen, who should meet him there. After
tliis, Florence, earl of Holland, Robert Bruce, earl of
Anandale, John de Baiiol, lord of Gal way, John de Hastings,
Jord of Abergavenny, John Cumming, lord of Badenoch,
Patrick de Dunbar, carl of March, John do Vesci, on behalf
of his father, Richard do Soules, and William de Ross, in
whom, or some of whom, the right to the crown of Scotland
was considered to be vested, returned to their homes to de-
liberate touching the allegation and assertion of their right
or rights, against the day before appointed for them.

Wherefore, our lord the king, taking into consideration and
fully weighing, that by the tenor of the chronicles of divers,
religious men, his right to the kingdom of Scotland was de-
clared to be far from trifling ; and desirous of leaving a
record of this fact and of his own proceedings to be handed
down to future generations, he wrote to the greater monas-
teries of England in the following form : —

" Edward, by tlte grace of God, king of England, lord of
Ireland, and duke of Aqititaine, to his beloved t» Christ, the
abbot and convent of St. Peter at Bury, greeting,

" We send you appended to these presents, under the seal
af our exchequer, a transcript of certain letters which are en-
rolled in our treasury, of which the following is the tenor : —

" ' To those who shall tee or hear these presents : Florence earl

384 FLORENCE OP WOECESTEB. [.i.I>. [291,

of Holland, Robert Bruce, earl of Anandale [John da Butiol,'
lord of GahoayA Johnde l[<i$tin>j*,lord of Abergavenny, JoiU
Cwnmitiff, lord of Badcuoch, Patrick de Dunbar, earl if
March, John de Vesoi, on behalf of hU father, Rkhard dt
Souks, and William de Row, greeting in God.
J\ " < Whereas we pretend to have right to the kingdom of Scot-
land, and this right to exhibit, challenge, and aver before kira
ivho has the moat power, jurisdiction, and reason to try our
right ; ami the noble prince, Sir Edward, by the grace of
Cud. king of England, has informed us on good aii'
grounds, that to him belongs and is due the suzerainty of tin
said kingdom of Scotland, and the cognisance of hearing,
trying, and determining our right : wo, of our own free
choice, without any manner of force or duress, will and
grant to receive right before liim as the sovereign lord of
the land. And we will and promise that we will bold and
keep his act iirm and stable, and that he among QS
possession of the kingdom to whom right shall belong befin
him. In testimony of which we have set our seals to this in-
strument. Done at Korham, the Tuesday aHd
Ascension, -in the year of grace one thousand two hundred
and ninety-one.'

■ ■ : ■■ - ' ,.' r ■■ .- ■ .'.■• , ■ .-,■■ ." .■■ '/,■■■.■■■■ ■ .'■ ■■■ .
earl of Holland, Robert de Bruce, lord of Anandale, John dt
Baliot; lord of Gahaay, John de Hastings, lord of Abergavenny.
John Corny*, lord of ISadowch, Patrick de Dunb
March, John de Vesey, for hit father, Nicholas de Soviet, ana
William de Rous, health in God.

"'Whereas, we have consented and granted, of our own free
will and common assent, without any duress, to I
prince, Sir Edward, by the grace of God, king of EnglauJ,
that he, as suzerain lord of the territory of Si..
hear, try, and determine our challenges and demands, which
we intend to exhiliU and allege for our right to rl i-
of Scotland, and justice have before him, as suzerain lord ol
the land, promising that we will hold his act firm

is •■mi (li'il, .■vidi-Milv itirrniL;!i inadvertence. It V"
"■'"S, both French ami Latin. The transcript in ""-
.- :- -;ren jrl ,!,,, ui ] j.-i-fncll.

D. 1291.] SCOTTISH AFFAIRS. 3&>

ill that he shall possess the kingdom to whom right shall
ve it before hiiu.

" ' Batoousiilei-iii.c thai the aforesaid, king of England cannot
ake and accomplish this L-«)Lrisia:ini::i> without judgment, and
dgment ought not to be without execution, and execution
nnot he done without possession and seisin of the same
rritorios, auil of the castles : wo therefore will and grant that
!,as sovereign lord, in order to i>i?i-fi n-ui the things before men-
oned, have the seisin of all the hind and castles of Scotland.
itil right be done and perfected as we demand, in such
inner that before he has the before mentioned seisin, he give
x)d and sufficient surely, on demand, to the protectors and
)mmons of the kingdom of Scotland; lor the restoration of
te same kingdom and castles, and all royalties, dignities,
irdahips, franchise*, eusloms, rights, laws, usages, and pos-
■ssions, with nil manner of appurtenances, in the same state as
icy were when the seisin was to him given and granted, to
icli one of us to whom the right shall belong by judgment of
ie court, saving to the king of England the homage of him
ho shall be king ; the restoration to be made within three
lonths after the rig) it shall ie tried and affirmed.

" 'And that the revenue of the said territories received in the
;ean time shall be safely deposited, and well kept, in the hands
Fthe chamberlain of Scotland that now is, and of one to be
tsigned to act with him by the king of England, and under
leir seals ; saving reasonable maintenance for the lands and
istles, and the ministers of the realm. In testimony of what

before declared, we have set our seals to this writing. Done
; Norliam, on Tuesday after the Ascension, in the year of
race one thousand two hundred and ninety-one,'

"Wherefore wo command you that you record these mat-
ers in your chronicles for a perpetual testimony thereof.
Witness, Master W. de Marche, our treasurer, at Westminster,
ri the ninth day of July, in the nineteenth year of our reign,
y writ of privy seal."

Description of Northumbria.

Hyring was the first king who reigned after the Britons in
iorthumbria. Northumbria extends from the great river
[umber (so called from Humber, king of the Huns, who
■as invited there) as far as the Frisian — which is now called

A A

; PLOBESCE OF WORCESTER. [i.D. 1291.

the Scottish— Sea, because it divides the English and Scotch,
ras called in old times tin; Frisian Sea, because the Prisons
and the Danes were wont very frequently to bring thefi sWfO
to land there, and then, being joined by the Scots and Pints,
ravage Northumbria. This country was afterwards much
divided on various occasions and from various calamities ; but
in the course of a short time it was severed into two provinces,
namely, Deira ami Beruieia. Deira extends from rite afore-
said river Humber to the Tyne, and was ruled, by St. Oswine,
king and martyr, whose body now rests at Tynemouth. St.
Oswald, king and martyr, reigned in Bernieia, that is, from
the Tyne as far as the Scottish Sea. By the name of Norih-
umbria was, therefore, sometimes understood the country be-
tween tins Humber and the Tees ; at other times it extended
to the Tyne, at others to the Tweed ; but at present iurfudu
only the district between the Tyne and the Tweed. This,
may suffice respecting its territory.

Genealogy of the kings of Bernicia.

Hyring, then, who has been already mentioned, begat king
Wodna ; Wodna begat kiug Wlthgiht; Withgils begat king
~ :sa; Horsa begat king Uppa; Uppa begat 1\.
Eppa begat king Ermeriug; Evmering begat king Ida; all
of whom reigned in the territory of the Northumbrians on
the north side of the river Humber, on the Norwegian ah
None of these kings, from Hyring to king Ida, appear in any
of the historians, either from omission or ignorance, and the
records of them were either burnt in the country or earned
away from it.1

However, king Ida begat king Ethelred ; Ethelred baal
king Ethell'ert ; Ethelfert begat kintr Oswy ; Oawy begat kin?
Egfort ; Egfert begat king .Elfrid ; iElfrid begat king .Ella ;
MWa begat a daughter named Ethelreda. The
afterwards had the government of Northumbria were all
sprung from king jEUa. Ethelreda bore earl Eadulf; ead
Eadulf begat earl Oswulf; earl Oswulf begat earl Waltkeof:
earl Waltheof begat earl Wibtred ; earl Wihtred begat earl
Aldrcd; earl Aldred begat a daughter named Elnoda: the
valiant duke Siward married her, and had with her thelrinj-
dom of Northumbria. She boro him a son named Wsitueut
1 "A very remarkiiLle passage. " — Thurpe.

A.D. 1291.] EAKL3 Off XORTEUMBHIA. 3S7

who was afterwards earl. I!ut as at the time of duke Siward's
death liis son Waltheof was still very young, his earldom was
given by St. Edward, the king, to Tosti, the son of earl
Godwin.

In the twenty-fourth year of king Edward, the North-
umbrians expelled iViiiu the kingdom their earl Tosti, who had
caused them much bloodshed and disaster, putting to death
all his household, and by grant and permission of St. Edward,
the king, appointed Morear, the son of Algar, earl of Chester,
to be their earl.

In the second yisr of king William 'ho first, that king gave
the earldom of Northumbria to Bar] Robert ;' but the people
of the province slew him and nine hundred men at the same

Id the third year of king William, Waltheof, the son of
duke Siward, who has been already mentioned, having been
reconciled with the king, obtained tiie earldom of North-
umhrta after the death of Morear, the aforesaid earl.

In the ninth year of king William, Ralph, earl of East-
Anglia, conspired to dethrone the king, with Waltheof, the
before-mentioned earl of Nortlmtubria, and 1 loser, the son of
William Kii/.-O-b'-'i'ii, whoso lister earl Waltheof married, and
at whose nuptials the conspiracy was hatched. However, the
king, returning to England, threw earl Ralph, his cousin,
into prison ; but he caused earl Waltheof to be beheaded at
Winchester, and ho was buried at Croyland, where the monas-
tery of St. Guthlac stands.

All those before-mentioned were sub-kings or earls in
Xorthumbria, from the period the English people settled
there ; and of this Northumbria the city of York was the
capital.

Koto, that the following are the names of the kings of
the Scots, who reigned in Scotland after the Picts.
Kenneth Mac- Alpin, the first after the Picts, 16 years.

Donald Mac- Alpin 3 years.

Constantino Mac-Kenneth 19 years.

Kenneth Mac-Kenneth 1 year,

Tirged Mac-Dugal 12 years. .

Donald Mac-Constantino 11 years.

1 Robert ie Comvn, t.». 1069.

aa2

FLORENCE OP '

[a.d. LSSL

Constantino Mao-Beth 4& years.

Malcolm Mac-Donald 9 years.

Jndolf Mac-Constnntine 9 years.

Duff Mao-Malcolm 3 years G months.

Colin Mac- 1 ndu If 4 years C months.

Kenneth Mae-Malcolm 22 years 2 months.

Constantino Mac-Colin 1 year 6 months,

Kenneth Mae-Duft' 1 year 3 months.

Mah-olm Mac-Kenneth 30 yean.

Duncan, nephew oi'Enis 5 years 9 BOI

M.ichet Mae-Finlay 17 years.

Lusach 4 years C months.

Malcolm Mae-Duncan, married St. Mar-
garet, and reigned 37 years.

Donald, his brother, usurped the crown.., 3 years.

Duncan, bastard, son of Malcolm 1 year

Edgar, son of Malcolm and Margaret ... 9 years.

Alexander, his brother 17 years 3 months.

David, their most glorious brother 29 years;

and begat Henry, earl of Huntingdon.

Malcolm, son of earl Henry 12 years 6 months.

William, son of Henry, the aforesaid earl 40 years.

Alexander, son of the aforesaid William 35 years.

Alexander, son of Alexander. He mar-
ried Margaret, daughter of Henry, king
of England, and was father of Mar-
garet, queen of Norway.
Here also is inserted the convention between I i

England and Scotland, concluded at Lincoln, in

[1200],1 in which the king of Scotland did bom-
king of England.

i blank in the JIS. which il filled up in the felt will
:r William, kin# of Scotland, iliti humu- .■■

y instrument executed on this oroi-

1 There ii
1200, in which „
John at Lincoln. If there w

e continuntor r>f Florence here leads m.

that which he has inserted in this pluce is a vorv dilferont in-l""-
raont. For the "charter" which follows was granted at York."1
1175, in confirmation of the agreement entered iiuo at l'alaisc nil*
Henry II. on his releasing the king of Scots from his captivity. Sw
before, the note at p. 302; ;iu<1 Hoveden, vol. i,p. 308, where ll"
charter is given ; and vol. ii., p. 502. See, also, Wendortr, ToL »•<

A.I). 1291.J SCOTTISH CHARTERS. 3S9

THE ClIAHTEB OF WILLIAM, KINO OF SCOTLAND.

" William, king of Scotland, becomes the liegeman of our
lord the king of GngUwl against every man in Scotland, and
nil other his territories, and lias done fealty to him as hia liege
lord, as, his other vassals are wont to do. In like manner he
lias done homage to king Henry, his son, saving always the
fealty to our lord the king, his father.

"Moreover, all the bishops, abbots, and clergy, of the
kingdom of Scot bind, and their sneeersors, from "horn he may
require it, shall do fealty to our lord the king, as their liege
lord, as his other bishops are wont to do; and also to king
Henry, his son, and their heirs.

"Also, the king of Scotland, with David, Lis brother, and
his barons and other vassals, hath granted to our lord the king
that the church of .Scotland shall henceforth pay such sub-
jection to the church of England as it ought, and was wont
to pay in the time of his predecessors, kings of England.

"In like manner, Riehanl, liislioji of St. Andrews, Richard,
bishop of Dunkeld, UeoliVey, abbot of Uumferlinc, and Her-
bert, prior of Col din oil a; ii, have ;dso agreed that the church
of England shall have such jurisdiction over the church
of Scotland as it can lawfully claim; and that they will
not oppose the rights of the church of England. And for
this agreement they have given sureties to our lord the king
and to Ins son Henry, in the same manner as when they did
fealty to him as his liegemen. The other bishops and the
clergy of Scotland shall do the same, according to the con-
vention made between our lord the king and the king of
Scotland, and his brother David and bis barons.

'■ The carls, also, and the barons and others holding lands
under the king of Scotland, shall do homage and fealty, if
our lord the king shall require it, to himself and king Henry,
his son, and their heirs, against all the world, saving only the
fealty due from him to the king his father. In like manner,
the heirs of the king of Scotland and of his barons, and of
their mesne tenants, shall pay homage and allegiance to the
heirs of our lord the king against all the world.

" Further, the king of Scotland and his liegemen shall not
henceforth harbour any fugitive from the dominions of our
ord the king for cause of felony, either in Scotland or other

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a,B. 1291.

Lis territories, unless lie sliall be trilling to take his trial in the
dominions of our lord tho king, and abide by the judgment
of the court. But the king of Scotland and his liegemen
shall arrest him with all possible speed, and deliver him a]
to our lord tho king, or to his justiciaries and bailiffs ii
England.

" Moreover, if there shall be in England any fugitive fron
the territories of the king of Scotland on account of felony,
unless lie sliall he willing to take his trial either in the court
of the king of Scotland, or in die court of our lord the kinc,
and to abide by tlie judgment of such court he sliall not bf
harboured by our lord the kinc but ahull be given up to the
men of the king of Scotland by the bailifii of our lord the king,
when he shall be found.

"Further, the liegemen of our lord the king shall hi
their lands which they have held, and ought to hold, of our
lord the king, and of tho king of Scotland, and of tlieir
vassals. And the liegemen of the king of Scotland shiH
hold their lands which they have held, and ought to hold, of
our lord the king and his vassals.

"For the due performance of this final convention «i:!i ant
lord the king and his son Henry and their heirs, by the king
of Scotland and Ids heirs, the king of Scotland has given
possession to our lord the king, at the mercy of our lord tfca
king, of the castles of lioxlnirgh, Berwick, and Jedburgh, and
the Maiden castle, and the castle of Sterling. And the kiiig
of Scotland will assign to our lord the king out of his reve-
nues, sums in due proportion at the pleasure of our lord flw
king for the expi.;:ses of the custody of the said castles.

" Besides, for the due and final performance of the conven-
tion aforesaid, the king of Scotland hoi delivered to our lord
the king as hostages, his brother David, and ear] Duncan Mid
many others. When, however, the castles shall be given up,
William, king of Scotland, and his brother David shall ke
liberated. Each of the before-mentioned earls and btrtmi
shall also be set at liberty, when he shall lmve given »
hostage, namely, a legitimate son, if ho have one, and in U>
case of those who have not, nephews or next lieii- :
having been also surrendered, as before mentioned.

"Further, the king of Scotland and his before-named
barons have pledged themselves with good faith, and n
raud or covin, that, all excuses apart, they will c~

D. 1291.] SCOTTISH CHARTERS, 391

Lsbops, baron?, anil lie fern en of their land, who were not pre-
tfit when the king; of Sco;[aml concluded this treaty with our
>rd the king-, to make the same allegiance nnd fealty to our
ird the king- and Ms sou Henry, which they themselves have
lade ; and deliver hostagea to our lord the king of aueh aa
e shall choose, in the same manner aa the barons and liege-
len who were here present.

" Moreover, the bishops, carls, and barons have agi'eed
rith our lord the king and his son Henry, that if the king of
icolland by any chanee should withdraw his fealty to our
ord the king and hia son, and from the aforesaid covenants,
bey will hold with our lord the king, as their liege lord,
Lgainst the king of Scotland, and against all the enemies of
>ur lord the king ; and the bishops will put (lie territories of
he king of Scotland under an interdict, until he shall return
;o hia fealty to our lord the king.

"For the due performance of the aforesaid convention
without fraud or covin, by Williriju, kin« of Scotland, and
David, his brother, and by the tar&BS befiwe named and their
lieirs, the king of Scotland himself, and David, his brother,
md all hia said barons, have pledged their faith against all
persons, as liegemen of our lord the king, and of his son
Henry, saving their fealty to the king his father; of all which
ire witnesses, Richard, bishop of Avranches, &c. &c."

This instrument having been read in the church of St.
Peter, at York, in the presence of the aforesaid bishops of
England, and before the king of Scotland and David his
brother, and all the people, the bishops, earls, barons, and
knights of the king of the Scots, swore fealty to our lord the
king of England, and to Henry, his son, and their heirs,
against all men, as well as against their own Uege lord.
CHARTER OF RICHARD, KIHG OF ENGLAND.1

"Richard, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of
Normandy and Aquitaine, count of Anjou, to the archbishops,
nsliops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, sherifis, and all his
jfHcers and faithful people throughout the whole of England,
greeting.

1 This charter was granted in 1194. See Hoveden (vol. i!., p.
118, &c.) for the transactions connected with it. He refers to another
barter, the substance of which will be presently given, bnt does not
nention the restoration of tho castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, &c.

OP WORCESTER. [a.!}. 1291.

" Know ye that we have restored to ouv most beloved
cousin William, by the same grace, kino: of Scotland, his
castles of Roxburgh ami Berwick, to be held us his own inhe-
ritance by him and his heirs for ever.

" Moreover, we have released hi in from all covenants and
agreements which our father Henry, king of England, extorted
from liim by new charters, or In consequence uf his capture; in
such manner, nevertheless, that he fully and entirely perforin
to us all that his brother Malcolm, king of Scotland, lawfully
performed, or ought to have performed, to our nredeoeeM,
And we will perform to him all that our predecessors performed,
or ought to have performed, in respect of the aforesaid Malcolm

namely, safe conduct in coming to or returning i'r

and in abiding there, and in procurations, and all liberties,
dignities, and honours which he can lawfully claim, a cording
to what shall be recognised by four of our barons chosen by
king William and lour of his barons chosen by us.

"Further, if any of our liegemen have seized, without
lawful judgment, the borders or marches of tlio kingdom rf
Scotland from the time that tho aforesaid king WiUuUBffH
taken prisoner by our father, we will that they bo restored
entire, and replaced in the same condition in which they were
before his capture,

"Moreover, with respect to the lands which he lias in
England, whether they be held in demesne or fee. namely, in
the county of Huntingdon and elsewhere, let him hi i
him and his heirs for ever as fully and freely as the said !U-i-
colm possessed them or ought to have possessed them, save
such of them as the said Malcolm or his heirs afterward!
ini'eotl'ed. So, however, that if any snch lands ,
terwards enfeoffed, the service for those fees shall belong to
tho said king of Scotland and his heirs.

" Whatever also was granted by our father to the aforesaid
William, king of Scotland, we ratify and confirm.

" We restore to him the fealty of his liegemen, and all
charters which our lord and father obtained from lam tj
reason of his capture; and if by any chance there should &
others retained from forget fulness, or afterwards discovered,
we command that they shall be treated as null ami vuid. Hut
he has become our liegeman for all tho lands for which hi*
ancestors, were liegemen to our predecessors, and s'

and swow blty

D. 1.291.] SCOTTISH CHABTEEtS. 393

■ iia and our heart. Witnesses, Baldwin, Archbishop of
anterbury, &c. &c."

CHARTER OP ALEXANDER II.,1 KING OF SCOTLAND.

" Alexander, by the grace of God, king of Scotland, to all
io faithful in Christ wbo shall see or hear this writing', health.

" We would have you know, that we have covenanted and
itlifully promised, for us and our heirs, to our most beloved
id liege lord, Henry, by the grace of God, the illustrious
kg of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and
quitaine, and count of Aiijou, and bis heirs, that we will keep
jod faith and amity with him for over hereafter. And that
e will never, ourselves, or by any persons on our behalf, enter

to any alliance with the enemies of the kings of England or
ieir heirs, for the purpose of procuring or making war from
hich loss may happen, or can by any means ensue, to them
; their kingdoms of England and Irelaud, or their other
■rritorics, unless they shall unjustly aggrieve us.

" All this leaves entire the covenants between us and our
id lord the king of Enghiid lately made at York in the
resence of the hud Oiho, deacon of St. Xicliolas-in-careere-
uliiano, at that time legate of the apostolic see in England,
id is without prejudice to the treaty made respecting a mar-
age between our son and the daughter of the said king of
ngland.

" And that this our covenant and agreement, for us and our
eirs,may have perpetual force, we have caused Alan the cham-
erlain, H. de Baliol, and others, to swear on our soul that we
ill firmly aud faithfully maintain all the rights aforesaid. And
i like manner we have also caused to swear the venerable
ithers, David, William, Geoffrey, and Clement, the bishops
f St. Andrew's, Glasgow, and other sees. And further,. our
uthful subjects Patrick, earl of Dunbar, Malcolm, earl of
ife, and others, [have sworn] that if we or our heirs should
antravene the aforesaid covenant and promises (which God
irbid), they and their heirs shall lend to us and our heirs
either aid nor counsel against the said covenant and promise,

1 Alexander II., king of Scotland, died on the 3rd July, 1249,
:d liis son's marriage with the daughter of Henry III., referred to in
, took place on the 20th December, 1252 ; so that this engagement
as probably entered into shortly before the father's death.

[a.d. 129L

nor will, to the best of their power, suffer them to be given by
others; but shall use their endeavours honestly with us and our
heirs that all the aforesaid provisions shall be firmly and tkitli-
fully kept, botli by us and our heirs, and by them and tlieir
heir;, tor ever. In witness whereof, we and our prelates, earls,
and barons, have confirmed these presents by affixing our
seals. Witnesses, the earls and barons before mentioned, in the
year of our reign, &c. &c,"

LETTER OP ALEXANDER II. TO THE POPE.1

" To (he most holy father in Christ, John, by the grace of
God, pope, Alexander by the like grace, king of Scotland,
earl of Patrick, earl of Stratherne, sends greeting with all
due honour and reverence.

*' We certify to your holiness (hat we have taken our cor-
poral oaths before the venerable father Otho, cardinal deacon
of St. Nicholas -in- ciireere-TuIl., at that time legate in EoclsJid
of the apostolic see, and have made our charter, commencing
thus : ' Know all men, present and to come, that it has beea
agreed, as follows, in the presence of the lord Otho, of St.
Nicholas,' &e.

" By another, which begins : 'We will you all to know, is
appears from the tenor of our former cuvenants,' we have sub-
mitted ourselves to your jurisdiction, so that we :n ■
may be restrain yd by ecclesiastical censures, if we shall at my
time contravene the before mentioned treaty of peace. Aw
if it, should ever happen that we, or ail or any of us. shMH
rashly presume or attempt to contravene the same, and from
thence grievous peril should ensue both to our souls and
those of our heirs, besides great injuries in our persons ul
states, we entreat your holiness that you will issue your
mandate to some one of the suffragans of the archbishop of
Canterbury, enjoining him to compel us and our 1
observance of the aforesaid peace, as shall be more fully wi
forth in the instruments to be executed on such occasion ;
otherwise that you decree by your authority, according to tfc#
«anous, against all gainsayers, in regard to the aforesaid pet*
And in confirmation of this our petition, ire have set Wf
seals to the present writing."

o the pope must correspond

1 Trill Hi'

1,0. 1291.] SCOTTISH AFFAIRS. 395

WiUtam, ling of Scotland, clair,u Nortliwnberlaite[, §-c.

In the year of grace, 110-1-,' king Richard appointed his
pronation -day at Winchester, at the close of Easter [17th
Ijiril]. On the second day the king wont as far as Clips tono,
■> meet William, Icing of Scotland, and requested all who had
sen taken prisoners hi the castles of Nottingham, TickhiU,
Tarlboi-ough, und Lancaster, and at Mount St. Michael, to
ttend him at Winchester on the morrow of the close of Easter.
►n the third day of the same mouth, being Palm- Sunday, the
inp; of England rested at Cliostone, and the king of Scotland
t "Worksop, on account of the solemnity of At day ; and on
ie morrow both kings came to Southwell. On thu fifth
ay of the same month they went together to Sontlmvll,
•here the king of Scotland requested the king of England to
instate him in the dignities and honours which his prede-
sssors held in England. He also asked that the earldoms of
Tortliuniberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancaster,
lonld be restored to him in right of his predecessors : to
'hich the king of England replied, that he would give him
itisfaction after lie had consulted bis barons. On the seventh
ay of the month the kings proceeded to Gaidington,1 and
bode there until the morrow ; and on Easter-eve they arrived
t Northampton, and abode there the following day.

While there, the king of England, having taken deliberate
aunsel with the bishops and nobles of England, made answer
> the king of Scotland that he could by no means grant his
jquest, as far as regarded Northumberland, and especially in
iose times, when nearly all the principal men in the kingdom
f France had become his enemies ; for if he were to do so, it
ould appear rather to proceed from fear than from love.

ir of Florence is still engaged in recording a series
r documents and facts connected with the claims of the English tings
i the suzerainty of Scotland, putting them together, however, with-
it any regard to the order of dates. The subject of this section is
ilated in much the same terms by Roger of Wendover. See vol. ii.,

318, and the following pages ; and see also king Richard's charter,
ranted in this same year (1194), before, p. 391.

1 Geddington, between Southwell and Northampton, an ancient
istlc [sre Orderic. Vital., b. xiii., p. 917, Duehtme], and a rojal seat,
here Henry II. held a parliament in 1188 to raise money for a

390 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER. [.l.D. 1201.

Soto the king of Scotland is to be received in coming to lie
English court.

However, in the presence of his mother Eleanor, and many
of the bishops, earls, and barons of both kingdoms, the king
of England granted and confirmed to William, king of iScot-
land, and his heirs for ever, that whenever they should cimi:
to the cGiirt of the kings of England, at their summon?, Itlt
bishop of Durham and the sheriff of Northumberland jliouU
receive them at the water of Tweed, and should escort them,
with a safe conduct, as far as the water of Tees -, and thm
the archbishop and sheriff of York should receive them, and
escort them, with a safe conduct, to the borders
of York; and in like manner they should be esc
county to county by the bishops and sheriffs, until they
reached the court, of the king of England. And that from tins
time of the entrance of the king of the Scots on the territory
of the king of England, he should have daily, Iron
nucs of the king of England, one hundred shillings for lis
livery; but when the king of Scotland should have arrived at
the court of the kin;; ni' England, so long as he sojourned at
the said court, he should have daily for his livery thirty fal-
lings, and for the high table twelve wasfcls, twelve aimiiiJi,
with four gallons of the king's best wine, besides eig

of household wine, and two jjounda of pepper, four i udi

cinnamon, twelve stone of wax or else four waxen

long and thick lengths of the best candle, such as is used &J

this king, and eighty lengths of other candle for ordinary UM.

And that when he should wish to return to Ids on

ho should he escorted by the respective bishops and stieritfs

from county to county, until he shijuld arrive at [he walvr "i

Tweed, and should in like manner have daily for his livery.

Otic hundred shillings from tho purse of the king of Englnii.l.

The aforesaid documents arc inserted in this place, although
the events did not all occur in the present year ; because tbe
right heirs of tho kings of Scotland having now failed, awl
the Scots having clainied hereditary right.-, aiming at die entire
exclusion of our lord the king of England, to whom the saif"
rainty of that kingdom belongs, the documents were sOQgtt
out in the old chronicles, through various parts of
and were read this year before all the barons and ecclesiastic
prelates, to serve for a memorial in future times.

.D. 1291, 1292.] REIGN OF EDWARD I. 397

1Tlie lungs, Rodolph of Germany, ar.d Peter of Arragon,
sdecl their lives. The city of Acre, with all it contained,
as taken and laid in ruins by the sultan of Babylon and his
rmyof Pagans, after Kii'liulua, tin; [>atii;m'li of Jerusalem, lisul
een drowned at sea, and some of the Christians li:nl escaped by
ight, and a great number had fallen by the sword. On this
ccasion thel'agans !■■>:. ini'iviiibli1 numbers of their own army.
Peter, bishop of K-;i?ter, mid William, bishop of Salisbury,
eparted this life. Master Thomas de Bitton, dean of Wells,
ucceeded to the see of Exeter, and to Salisbury, the lord
Jicliolas Longspee, treasurer of that church.

After the death of Rudolph, king of Germany, the electors
ifiing divided, John d'Aveynes, count of Agenois, was elected
ly four, and Reginald, count of Giicldres, by three.

[]a.d. 12'J2.] From Christmas-eve until St. Silvester's day
31st December], both exclusively, neither sun, moon, nor
tars appeared, and there were neither snow, hail, frost, rain,
ir wind, but (may it be a happy omen) all the elements sunk
together into a pro found state of repose.

Our lord the king celebrated the feast of Christmas with
jrent solemnity at Westminster, and Gilbert, earl of Glou-
cester, with his countess, the king of England's daughter, at
Clare.

The pope granted to the king of England, as a subsidy for
the Holy Land, the tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues, and
of all the chattels of the men of religion of every order,
except the Hospitallers and Templars. The pope died at
Rome on the fourth of the month of April, being Easter-eve,
and the see remained void.

The king and royal family visit St. Edmondsbury.

Our lord the king, having arrived at St. Edmund's, with
his son and daughters, on the eve of the Translation of St.
Edmund [28th April], celebrated that feast with great solem-
nity. He staid either there or at the abbot's manor of Cideford,
which lies at the distance of three miles from St. Edmund's, for
nearly ten entire days ; and then, proceeding onwards, took

1 We now return to the current of events in the year 1291, which
had been interrupted from p. 382, the interval having been occupied
exclusively on the affairs of Scotland.

'

398 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.R. 1292.

Walsinghani in his journey towards Scotland. Duriny bis
retreat, he granted us1 a charter, to prevent for the future «7
of his justiciaries from presuming to hold a court, on any oc-
casion, within the banlieu [precincts] of St. Edmund's, M
pretext of any previous usurpation.

Rhjs-ap-Mwedith taken mid executed at York.

Ithys-ap -Meredith, a very powerful Welsn chieftain, hiving
taken to the cover of dense woods, and raised an insurrection
against the peace of tin.1 kiug of England, was seized by soa>3
faithful adherents of tin? king, while urging hi-
rava~a and slaughter, and being brought through ti,
par. of England to ilio king ac York, was drawn through the
whole city, and, at last, hung till he died.

Within ufteen days of Easter [6th April], by means of TV,
de Redham, sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, the churl
liberties were allowed in the exchequer, and the lii > ■ '
tained in them, which had hitherto been unquestioned, were
adjudged to our church for ever. Of this sort were the
common amerciaments in the circuits of the justiciaries, both
of our tenants and of any strangers within the liberty: of oaf
own vassals also, wheresoever found, for murders, robberies, a
year and a day;2 " quare nott venit;" " quare sepelmnt;" like-
wise the amerciaments of our own liegemen, summoned before
any of the justiciaries assigned by the liing, wherever they .ire

icreed, chattels of felons und fugitives, and other tilings of
this kind. The entire sum ot" six hundred and forty pound*
was forthwith allowed the abbot, for those liberti
had hitherto existed.

On tlie succession to the throne of Scotland, mi the death of
Alexander III.
The nobles of the kingdom of Scotland havir.
lord the king of England, at Berwick, pursuant

It will b(! obi'.'i'veil that Ltu> i.ontiiiun'.oi- speaks of himself U 1b-
longing to the eonveut of St. Edmund's.

3 A part of the king's |irei-i>ga.tive, whereby be eh;:.'
profits of the Linda anil tenements of thosu who were
petty treason or felony, for a year and a day, or might waste li*
tenements. The words in Latin "*> "l<e Tuimaq nf mnJ3**Lt »r!t* tt
forms of proceedings.

..D. 1292.] I1ALIOI. MADE KHM OF SCOTLAND. 399

■ointment made the preceding year,1 on the morrow of the
loly Trinity [2nd June], concerning the affairs of the Scottish
rown. The matter was adjourned, on the undersi andiug
ithin fifteen days of St. Michael in the year next following,
le dominion of the kingdom should either he adjudged to
an of the claimants by the luifo re-named arbitrators, or some
iher person should be raised to the throne by the selection
F the king of England.

At the time appointed, the persons above named, to whose
jnsideration the affair was committed, having met the three
retenders to the throne of Scotland aiso before named, it
as clearly decided by the former that the claims of the
irda H. do Bruce and J. de Hastings ought to be treated
i null and void ; and they declared that the right to
10 throDO was vested in John de Baliol as the nearest in
lood. Whereupon, having first done fealty to our lord the
mg of England for the whole Scottish territories, on the
;ast of St. Edmund, king and martyr, the said lord John
•*3, with all dtic ceremonies, according to the usages anciently
itablished, solemnly placed on the royal throne of Scotland
n St. Andrew's d;ty [3tlth November], at Scone, in the pre-
snee of the lords J. de Warrenne and H. de Lincoln, the
arls who attended on the part of the king of England ; the
omagedueto the king of England, as the supreme lord, for the
rhole kingdom with its dependencies, having still to be done.

On the eighth of the calends of June [25th May], the
ntire city of Carlisle, with the suburbs, and the cathedral
hurch in it, was consumed by fire. The elections of John,
ount of Agenois, and Reginald, count Gueldres, to the king-
lom of Germany, having been quashed by the court of Borne,
LdolphuS, count of Nassau, was elected and raised to the throne.

On the feast of SS. Crispin and Crispianus [25th October],
lobert Burael, lord bishop of Bath and Wells, the king's
chancellor, ended his life, and was succeeded by master
rVilliam do la Marche, treasurer of our lord the king of Eng-
and. John, the lord archbialiop of Canterbury, went the
vay of all flesh on the sixth of the ides [the 8th] of January.
)ur lord the king celebrated the feast of Christmas at New-
ras tie-up ou-Tyne, where he met John," king of the Scots, who

400 FLORENCE OF WOHCESTEB. [a.s.1293.

on the feast of tlie morrow did homage to liiin for the king-
dom of Scotland and its dependencies.

a.d. 1293.] Our lord the king ordered and appointed bv
public proclamation that all who were in possession of furtj
pounds [a-y ear ] in land should receive knighthood within twelve
days of Christmas nest following. Master liobert de Winehel-
sea, archdeacon of Esses", was elected in St. Paul's church, al
London, to the archbishop of Canterbury. Master Thomas
Eek, bishop of St. David's, died, and was succeeded by u cer-
tain clerk, named master David Fitz-JIartin, a canon of tk
same church.

John, archbishop of York, being offended with Anl.iiouy.
bishop of Durham, for not auditing him, as his primate, to
bold a visitation of himself and the chapter of Durham, had
solemnly and publicly fulminated a sentence of excommuni-
cation against the bishop of Durham himself, and all w]id
remained in communion with him. Whereupon our lord the
king, as well because the bishop of Durham was a favourite
of his, as because his own person and that of his sons nu
not, as they say, excepted from the sentence pronounced,
which was a breach of the privilege allowed him by iSi-
Roman church, lie was disposed to be indignant against tlw
archbishop of York. Finding tliis, he purchased the kin.,''-
favour and pardun at the expense of three thousand pounds,
saving only the right of his church of York, and of liu
action against the bishop of Durham.

Piratiod sea-fyht bi'licstii th>; English and their allies t ami
tlie French.
A great and severe naval battle was fought near St.MaheV
on the ides [the 13th] of June, being Friday nest before the
feast of Whitsuntide, between the fleets of England, Ireland,
and Bayonne on one side, and the Norman fleet on the other,
in which the Norman ships and forces being almost uturh
destroyed, sunk in the sea, or put to the sword, the English
gained a signal victory and great spoil, without .
their own armament. One hundred anil eighty ship's of tb»
Norman fleet, captured in this engagement, were distributed
victors. Thirty ships fell to the lot of Yarmouth
1 In Eriltanj.

.D. 1293, 1294.] A BEA FIGHT. 401

lone, and were brought to Yarmouth loaded with booty, in
he character of spoils; the others were distributed among
he rest of the victors, in proportion to their forces and the
id they had lent. There were only three ships belonging
a Bayonne in this engagement.

A much titn.'ur seu-iLdii followed) in which the Normans
ad assembled the forces of the Germans, Flemings, and evert
f the Lombards, with a great number of ships. Being- en-
countered by those of the Unique-Port*, Bayonne, and Ireland,
t the first onset many fell on the side of the English ; but
allying at last, they burnt, sunk, and destroyed part of the
rtemies' fleet with their erews. Thus victory declared on
he side of the English, though not without great bloodshed,
,nd heavy losses among their troops. The battle was fought
>n Mars day [Tuesday], the seventh of the calends of June
'26th May], being the feast of St. Augustine ; and thus a
uartial achievement was aeeomplisln'il on the day of Mars.

Great, part of the town of Cambridge with the church of
It. Mary was consumed by fire on the seventh of the ides
the 7th] of July. William, abbot of Thorney, departed this
ife, and was succeeded by Ode, monk and almoner of the
ame abbey. Eleanor, eldest daughter of the king of England,
named the lord Henry, count of Bar-le-Due, at Bristol on
iunday, the eve of St. Matthew the apostle [20th September].

A Genoese pirate,1 named Zacharias, having gained a vic-
ory over the Pagans in the Mediterranean. Sea, and taken
heir spoils, sent twelve Pagan captives to each of five
Christian kings, namely the kings of France, England,
lermany, Spain, and Cyprus. The lord king of England
«lebrated the Nativity of our Lord in England, at Canter-
niry , and the lord king of France at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

King Edward vititt St. Edmvndibvry.

[a.d. 1294.] Our lord the king visited St. Edmund's with

;reat devotion on the feast day of that holy king and martyr

18th March] ; and although he only staid one night, his

' Quidam pirata de Januensibus Bundeniibui." There was a little
eaport, called Bundium, afterwards, in French, Bain, at the month of
be Garonne, famous for pirates in the ninth centurj, u we find from
Iginhard. But this was long before, and we can trace Do or
etween it and Genoa.

SB

402 TLOHEKCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D, 1294.

purveyors made a luxurious and ample provision for the table
of die convent on *'

Edward imprudently cedes Aqmtmne and Gascony to France.
King Edward, who had hitherto, like another Solomon, been
magnificent and glorious in all his acts, became so iuliitiniiil
as to form an irregular attachment for Blanche,1 the sister
of Philip, king of France, and his own cousin, ahe being in
the second degree of near consanguinity ; and having applied
to the court of Rome for a dispensation to enable him to
contract a marriage with her, he obtained it. With this view,
following the dictates of his own will, and without consulting
his faithful counsellors, he freely resigned his territories of
Aquitaine and Gaseony, with nil their dependencies into t!ie
hands of the king of France, expecting to receive back thoM
states in free-marriage with Blanche before-mentioned. Tbe
instrument of resignation was executed at St. Edmund's, the
king being there at that time, and the chancellor being sum-
moned from Loudon by the king to bring the seal in Lent
[3rd March].

According to some statements, there was another rensou
for the loss of the aforesaid territories. For the king of England
holding them from the king of France the lord paramount fur
a certain service to be done to hinl, and for performance of
which, according to ancient rights appertaining to the tenure
of those territories, ho had been often and often summoned to
the court of Franco, without, as the French assert, haiing
ever made his appearance, either iu person or by some other
who should duly represent hiin — at length, after legal pro-
ceedings had been deliberately taken in the affair, on consider-
ation by the whole court of France, after Easter [Itfth
April], the king of England and his heirs were for his rebellion
and contumacy, adjmiged to have utterly forfeited, and were
deprived and ousted of, the said territories.

A different account of this extraordinary proceeding ii
given by others ; namely, that as the king of England tad
vowed to undertake a pilgrimage on behalf of the crow 01
our salvation, he made an arrangement of tins sort wittt
respect to his territories beyond sea, in order to provide for
their security and tranquillity in the meantime. Qwr«*i
1 Blanche, an error for Margaret. This it a strange

rnge story.

i.d. 1294.] EBwaan i. cedes, qascont, etc. 403

:he woman who had caused this commotion, having1 received
Full and peaceable pusst'ssion and disposal of these territories,
addressed a letter to the king of England, who had ceded
them of his own free will, so rashly and inconsiderately,
informing him that it was not her intention to marry any
man, and far less one who was of such advanced age. Thus
disappointed of his illicit, though much coveted union, he
lost, alas ! the inheritance of his ancestors.

Edward I. levies forces against the French.

The king of England at length returning to his senses, and
repenting, although too late, of his rash act, engaged on his
■ide the forces of neighbouring kings and princes to avenge
the injury he had sustained, and recover the lands so fraudu-
lently occupied ; and assembled a powerful land and naval
armament. For this purpose he won over, or compelled to
join him — in some cases for pay, in others by virtue of the
treaties and alliances they had contracted — Adolphus, king of
Germany, and all tho great men of that country, such as
Sigefredj archbishop of Cologne, the bishop of Utrecht,
and others, both kings, bishops, dukes, counts, and all the
powers subject to the empire of Germany. He also collected
large reinforcements for the war from the king of Arragon,
his close ally, the dukes and counts of Provence and Savoy,
and their forces, as well as from Lombardy and the people of
other countries. John, duke of Brabant, Constantine, count
of Holland and Zealand, and Henry, count of Bar-le-Duc,
hastened to join the expedition at the head of their troops.
A subsidy granted for the war.

The peers of England, also, both spiritual and temporal,
having been convened touching a subsidy to the king for
carrying on his war beyond sea, liberally granted it, with the
reservation that it should not be made a precedent on future
occasions. For, levying a scutage on all ecclesiastical persons,
both archbishops, bishops, and the elder abbots, as well as
even on widows and other ladies and females who held of him
in capita by knight' s-ser vice, at the rate of one hundred
marks for each fee, he forced them to compound for money ;
the abbot of St. Edmund alone paying for six knights, for
which he was bound by tenure to answer to the king, and so
of the rest. But the payment was deferred until he should
cross the sea.

B b 2 A

404 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D, 1294.

A general inquisition into all property.
In this state of affairs, the king of England, in despite of
God and man (would he had boon better advised), on the
feast of the translation of St. Martin [4th July], which fell
on a Sunday, caused his officers before u urn missioned for the
purpose, to make their appearance suddenly and unexpectedly.
on one and the same day and hour, in all parts of England,
to make careful and diligent inquiry, search, and inspection,
in all and every the religious houses, both in churches and
others whatsoever; and in all their offices, not even sparing
the towers and lanterns of the churches, nor paying any
respect to rank, worth, or fortune, or to any exclusive privi-
leges. This royal inquisition or investigation was so general,
that neither monasteries nor consecrated buildings, nor even
the interior of the houses for lepers were spared. The com-
missioners wont ahout through the houses, dwellings, and
lodgings of the prelates, whether arch b is !i ops, bishops, or
abbots ; and of the archdeacons and prebendaries, in cathedral
or other churches ; and in those of rectors arid vicars ; as well
as among all cities, boroughs, castles, towns, villages, and
persons, where they hoped to find any money j and ordering
all locks to be opened, and making inventories of all articles
they found, replaced them in their repositories. Those which
were not opened they forced with violence, and taking an
inventory with them, although they carried nothing off, lliey
closed the repositurit's, atriNiiig their seals bptli to those which
were unlocked ;md those which they broke open, and departed.
By an act of such atrocious wickedness, as was never before
heard of, and beyond all measure hateful to pious ears, ilicv
profaned with their forcible search, spite of its ecclesiastical
immunities, the monastery of St. Edmund, king and niariyr,
with the adjoining vill, which had been established as a city
of refuge from ancient times, and which no king had hitherto
ventured to meddle with, ind paying no respect either W
royal charters or papal decrees, they proceeded in all respects,
to the peril of their souls, according to their mode of acting in
other places, and even beyond. They also retained the billi
they found in the hands of the English merchants, for moneys
owing to them from their debtors, and compelled these to
make payment to themselves.

A.D. 1294.] ALIEN MONASTERIES SEIZED. 405

Election of pope Celestine V.

One Peter of Muro,1 a native of Apulia, and at one
time notary of the emperor Frederic, who, after being1
a Benedictine monk at Monte CasRino, became a Cistercian,
and retired to (lie life of an anchorite, was elected pope at
the age of a hundred years and more, at Perugio, on the
morrow of the Translation of St. Martin ; the apostolical see
having been then void two year?, three months, and nine
days. He took the name of Celestine V., and was consecrated
and solemnly enthroned on the day before A* Ww [the 12th j
of September,

A famine in England.
A severe famine arid scarcity prevailed throughout England.
A quarter of wheat, which could scarcely be procured at all, and
that not without difficulty, was sold in some places for twenty-
four shillings ; and betides, the months of August and the
September following were so wet from continual rains, that
little or no new corn could be obtained as late as the feast
of St. Michael [20th September]. ,

Edward seizes the alien religious houtes.
The king of England laid his hands on all the religious
houses throughout Hngland, which were subject to chapters
beyond sea, with their revenues from whencesoever pro-
ceeding, and committing their administration to stewards and
guardians of his own appointment, allowed a certain stipend
to the monks who were living in those houses ; the surplus he
applied to the expenees of his war. He did not thus disturb
the Cistereians ; hut the Cluniaes, and Prtemonstratensians,
and others whose property was not spared, he forced to live
in distress, want, and affliction. Moreover, he commanded
that all the yearly pensions payable to his own principal
religious houses should be brought into his own treasury.

The king exacts from the clergy half of their r
The same king, in a parliament held at Westminster, on
the feast of St. Michael, and the morrow of the same [29th
1 Pope Celestine Y. was born at Muro, a town in the BasilicaU.

406 FLOUENCE OF WORCESTER, [a.d. 12D4

and. 30th of September], by the use of prayers, exhortations,
and even threats, induced and forcibly compelled all wd
every the prelates of England with their clergy, and all the
religious holding property, who were summoned to that parl»-
ment, to grant him one moiety of all their goods, spiritual and
temporal, to be taken according to the last valuation for
tenths, and paid at three terms in the same year. This leiT
is said to have readied the large sum of eleven hundred
thousand pounds. Our1 payment alone amounted to six hun-
dred and fifty-five pounds eleven shillings and fourpence.

Death of the arclibishop of Dublin, the kings ambassador.

Meanwhile, master John de Saunford, archbishop of
Dublin, who, with the lord Antony, bishop of Durham, and
others of tho council of the king of England, bad been
envoys to the king of Germany, and the other prince- of
that country, attended by a great retinue, returned to England,
and died at Yarmouth a few days after his landing there.

William de Montfort, the Idwfl inquisitor, dies suddenly.

In the parliament held next following, master William de
Montfort, dean of St. Paul' a, London, who was proctor at
the court of Homo concerning the allair of the tenths, long
since granted to the king of England for the succour of the
Holy Land, and was the principal instrument and proinoii!r el
the king's measures for the subversion of the liberties of the
English Church,' was unexpectedly struck with a sudden,
illness, in the sight of the king and those who were sitting nidi
him, and presently tailing to the ground hreathed his last: he
was carried to St. Paul's, and there laid beside his father.

Insurrection of the Welsh.

Tiie Welsh, thinking that they had found a convenient and

favourable opportunity, broke into rebellion against the ting

of England, under their chief, one Meredy th-ap-Llewellyn !

and seizing Snowdon, slaughtered and ill-used many of the

1 That of the abbey of St. Edmund's.

1 Other accounts represent the dean in a different light. Matt «f
Westai. says that he was interceding with the king ' *
burdcni uf the clergy, when he was seized with sudden i

.D. litfi.J A SUDSIDI FOB THE WABS. 407

ing's liege-men whom they found there, laid, the castles in
ains, and did other scandalous enormities throughout Walts,
o the king's loss and dishonour.

A subsidy granted.

On the morrow of St, Martin [12th November], at West-
ainster, the tenth of all thoir goods was granted to him by
he laity, as a subsidy for his wars, both in Wales and France.
The inhabitants of the cities and boroughs, and on other
loraains of the king, were taxed a tenth; but merchants
iving in other places ■ seventh, and the rest of the commons
he tenth penny. The vill of St. Edmund's, in which hitherto
>o king's officer, from the time our liberties were first granted,
lad presumed to exercise any jurisdiction, was taxed by the
general assessors of the country, sitting in the Tokey, the
public place of the vill, and submitting the particulars to a
jury of the burgesses ; nor could we, alas ! either for money
or love, procure the exoneration of our servants from being
included in the community. However, the affair was settled
by its being admitted that in future it should never cause
any prejudice to our liberties in this respect, and others
hitherto used and enjoyed ; and a special instrument was
given us to this effect.

The naval armament of the king of England, lately des-
patched to Gascony, had wonderful success in a short time,
having taken and subjugated several castles and territories
with great vigour. The king of England, during his expe-
dition into Wales, spent Christinas at Aberconwy.

Pope Celestine V. abdicate*.
Pope Celestine, taking into consideration the infirmity of
his condition and age, made a decree, and shortly afterwards
procured it to be confirmed by the brethren [in conclave],
that the Roman pontiff for the time being might, if it should
seem to him fit and proper, resign his dignity, and retire to
the leisure or repose of a severer rule of life. Having de-
cided this, when he had governed the church as pope for five
months and twenty-one days, he retired on the feast of St.
Lucy the Virgin [13th December], having first made his re-
signation, to his former retreat in the solitude he loved at

408 FLORENCE OF "WORCESTER. [a.D. 1294, 12fl-j.

Naples. After his cession, the Roman see was void for eleven
days ; hut on the eleventh day, being the eve nestt foUowfag

our Lord's Nativity, the lord Benedict, a native of Anagnis,
cardinal -deacon, with the title of St. Nicholas in-Carcere
Tulliauo, was elected, and took die name of Eoni . . . .'

Two Cardinals arrive as mediator* between the kings of
England and France.

£a.i>. 1295.] In this year, for the restoration of pence be-
tween the kings and kingdoms of France and England, the
pope sent into England two cardinals, men, doubtless, gifted
with great wisdom rind prudence, who landed Wore the feist
of St. Peter ad-VineuIa [1st August], and proceeded to Lon-
don. The king on his return from Wales, after subjugating
the Welsh and obtaining hostn.ces for their faithfully keeping
the peace thereafter, met these cardinals at London, and
giving them a gracious and courtly reception, and having
summoned the barons of the realm, nnd the prelates of the
churches, to appear before the said cardinals and hear the mes-
sage of the pope, he held his parliament there; and iliey
clearly set fortii the pope's mandate for the renewal of peace.
In the presence of our lord the king, and his peers and pre-
lates. After hearing the reasons and proposals publicly
oll'eied by the said cardinals, tin: king postponed lib answer
until the third day, wishing to consult and deliberate upon
the premises. Having so deliberated and consulted with rim
peers and the prelates of the church, and the cardinals and
peers having met in parliament on the day appointed, our lord
the king replied for himself and his kingdom — that out of
reverence to the pope, saving his own rights and those of his
kingdom, lie was ready to renounce his war, with a willing
mind, and faithfully observe the former treaties of peace tod
concord, saving the dignity of his crown and the rights of his
kiugdom. On receiving this answer, the said cardinals
hastened to cross to parts beyond sea, in order that they
might treat with the king of France in the premises.

1 In ■ side- note it is added : — "Ha ring been elected pope on the
eleventh of the calends of February [--nd January], he was ininJO-

rated in the eity. Immediately tEn'ri'iip.ni, lie summoned his pred»-
cessor to his presence, and committed him to close, but '
custody at his court.

A.D. 1295.] REIdH OF EDWARD I. 409

[William de Wodeford elected abbot of St. Edmund's.]

The lord Richard of London, abhot of this house, closed his
days on the morrow of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin
[16th August], and was succeeded hy the lord William do
Wodeford, at that time sacristan of the same house. He was
elected on the feast of the Decollation of St. John the Baptist
[29th August], obtained possession of the barony on the six-
teenth day before the toast of Si. Michael, aud made his solemn
entrance on the feast of All Saints [1st November]. And
because he was always courteous in the transaction of business,
he found our lord the king aud his collectors lenient and
courteous during the avoidance; and it is to be noted that
they did not lay hands on the property of the obedientiarh

while the offiVe of idil.xit was void.

Tlie Icing vainly endeavours to extort mora money.

ies\

After the feast of St. Edmund [,5th January], the king
lingered at London, and, having summoned there the peers of
England and the prelates of the church, used his utmost
elforts to extort from the clergy the moiety of their goods, in
the same manner as the preceding year, and from the people
what he had obtained before. Ho was informed in reply,
both by the clergy and people, that they could by no means
grant this, but in case it happened that the war should con-
tinue, without any hope of peace being restored, the clergy
granted a tenth, and the people an eleventh ; but for one year
only. And so they parted.

Death of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester.

Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, ended at once his life
and his lawsuit, before Christmas, in the seventh year after his
most unjust proceeding relative to de la Bigging,* and was
buried with due ceremony at Tewkeshury, near the tombs of
his ancestors. In this year, on the second day of the month

1 See note before, p 371.

■ There was a place of this name near Anstey, in Hertfordshire,
where a hospital, dedicated to St. Mary, was founded, .

410 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER. [a.D". 1235.

of October, the lord Eobert, archbishop of Canterbury, was
solemnly enthroned in his pontifical see, in the presence of the
king and nearly all the suffragans of Lis archbishopric.

Treason and execution of Thomas de Turbeville.

The lord Thomas de Turbeville, a certain knight who wis
a native of La Marche, and a servant and special favourite of
our lord the king of England, was sent with the king's army
to Gascony, where he was taken prisoner with some of his
fellow soldiers in an engagement wilh the French troops, and
placed in close custody under their p'Aver. Meanwhile, there
were dealings between him and the king of France for his be-
traying the king of England, and leading him astray by his
counsels. This being stilled, and having apparently eneek'l
his escape from prison liy steal tli, lie returned to England, and
presenting himself to the king, was graciously received, hiding
his evil intentions under sheep's clothing. He had agreed
with the king of France that he would involve all England,
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, in a general war on one and the
same day ; so that while the king of England was occupied in
such various quarters, a naval armament of the king of France
might effect a landing in such Hngltsh port as he might select,
without resistance or impediment, and he might dispose of and
rule the land at his own will and pleasure. In reward for
this treason, the king of France engaged to give the princi-
pality of Wales to liini and his heirs.

But as there is nothing hidden which shall not be revealed,
he became suspected of the treason by some of the king's
faithful friends, and even by the King himself, in consequence
of certain preceding tokens ; and as he, therefore, withdrew
from court, search was made in every direction to have liito
brought back. The king was in Kent, aud engaged »t Can-
terbury, when the traitor was brought to London; and ther*
were found upon him both letters addressed to him by the ting
of France, and copies of letters transmitted by him to tbe
king ; treasonable documents which verified the facts clearer
than light. On the eve of St. Denis [8th October], he wu
therefore torn asunder by horses at Loudon, until death enileJ
sufferings ; and his head was carried to the Tower to be
there.

A.D. 1295.] EDWAItD I. GOBS TO SCOTLAND. 411

A naval expedition to Gascony.

The king of England celebrated our Lord's Nativity at St.
Alban's. A naval armament of the king of Kngtand, destined
for Gascony, set sail from Plyinpton in Cornwall on St.
Stephen's day | lit.it li December!, under the command of the
lords Edmund, the king's brother, and H. de Lacy, earl of
Lincoln; and within eight days landed with great cxpedit.ii.in
in the parts of Gascony. In the beginning of Lent [16th
February], the king, after spending throe days here1 at St.
Peter's, proceeded on his journey towards Scotland, with the
n of reducing ids enemies to submission.'

1 At the abbey of St. Edmund's. .

3 Tbu CuiitijjuiLtiiiii finis alini|>ily, having bi-uu^bt the c
eats to the close of the year 12i)o.

'

S END OF TUB THIRD CONTINUATION.

412 PLOBElfcrE of Worcester.

LISTS OF POPES AND BISHOPS, AND

GENEALOGIES,

1
1

THE NAMES OF THE POPES.

A.n.

.,

[ 68—60. ] Peter.

[336—350.] Fabian

[ 91—100.] Clemens.1

[351—252.] Oorneliua.

[ 78—01. ] Anacletus.

[253—288.] Lucius.

[100—109.] Evarislus.

[353—357.] Stephen.

[109—110.] Alexander.

[357—358.] Sixtus [IL]

'

FllO— 137.] SisUis.

[359—300.] Dionysius.

[137—130.] Telesphorus.

[300—274.] Felix.

[130—149.] Hyginus.

[375—283.] Eutychiftn.

[143—157.] Pius.

[283—396.] Caius.

[157—168.] Amcetua.

[296—304.] MarwflimuJ.

[168—177.] Soter.

[.108— 310.] Mavcellus.

[177—193.] Eleutherius.

[310., May— Sept.] ErWBWtll

[193—202.] Victor.

[311—314.] MelebiadM,

[203—218.] Zephyrinus.

[314—335.] Silvester.

[319—333.] Calixtus.

[336, Jan.— Oct.] Mark.

[333—230.] Urban.

[337—352.] Julias.

[330—335.] Pontian.

[352—366] Liberiua.

[335—236.] Ant.beros.

[306—384.] Dtumwus.

1 Florence lias ointtti-d Linns, who is generally pnppowrl to taw ft- 1

ceeded St. Peter, ami In have t«;i;ii l.>iihi>[. ...1" P.i.m'f It. mi a.d. CS Io78. He

hits alio erro n;-ly |.lnce.! i'1c:iir:ris ^i.Tlio A i Miletus, *ometimi» railed

Cletn.i, iinil «i.iiirliiTics t renter! as a different person on.! ydm-i-d !• ■■■■ ■

(.'liTiifiis, wtui i- thus minis tn v.rcm-ili? Anai-letus. See ("Inlerirus Vitnlfei
Vol. L, p. 313 (Auti'|. Lib.). The history of these first successors of St

Peter is involved in great obscurity.

It has been already observed that the tallies ami jrenealojriH bo*
appended are preli.xi-.-! ('■■ tlio iinmu-.i-ij.i i-.i|.i.- of Florence of WmwW,

and were probably compiled bv himself. They received a few additions from
the first of his Cr.iilitnial.nr, i'.r tlte ti-ts of "tin- bishops are hn.ughl il>w»

ti. tin- v.-.ir 1111, or ilii'ivalj.-iHls, as appears from the names of tbe" tm> list
archbishops, and the bishop of London, included in them; Theobald hiring
been appointed in 113?, Thuwtau in 114(1. oud Robert (of Readinjt), U*t

of London, in 1141.

FLORENCE OP WORCESTER.
LIST OF THE POPES— Co ntiseed,

>&.] Siri<-ius.

J2.] AnaNtasius.

.7.] Innocent.

.8.] Zosimus.

!2.] Boniface.

12.] Celeatine.

10.] Sixtiis [III.]

11.] Leo I.

58.] Hilary.

(3.] Simpliciua.

)2.] FelH ptL J]

»6.] Gelasius.

)8.] Anastasiua.

14.] Symmachas.

!3.] Honnisda.

26.] John.

30.] Felix.

)2.] Boniface.

15.] John [II.]

36.] AgajM'te.

38.] Sylverius.

55.] VigUiua

GO.] Pelagiug.

73.] John [III.]

78.] Benedict.

BO.] Pelagius.

04.] Gregory [I.]

0(i.] Sabiimm.

tb.— Nov.] Boniface [TV.]

■ 15.] BonJ&oe-TV",]

118.] Deusdedit.

!25.] Boniface [VI.]

138.] Honoriun.

!ay — Oct.] Severinua.

.12.] Jolm [IV.]

149.] Theodore.

[040—605.] Martin.
[(105—057.] Etigeniua.
[657—072.] Vitalian.
[072—670.] Adeodatus.
[070—878.] Bonus.
[070-682,] Agfttho.
[682—683.] Leo II. '
[684—685] Benedict II.
[085—686.] John [V.]
[<jHti_70L] Conon.— Sergiiis.
[701—705.] John [VI.]
[705—707,] John [VII.]
[708, Jan.— Feb.] Sisinniun.
[708—716,] Constantino.
[715—731.] Gregory [II.]
[731—741.] Gregory [III.]
[T41— 752.] Zacliary.
[752—757.] Stephen [II.]
[757—767.] Paul.
[768— 772.] Stephon [HI]
[772—705.] Adrian.
[705— 816 ] Leo III.
[816—817.] Stephen [IV.]
[817—824.] Paschal.
[824—827.] Eugenius.
[827, Aug.— Oct.] Valentine.
[H27— 844.] Gregory [IV.]
[844—847.] Sergiua[IL]
[847—650.] Leo IV.
[805—858,] Benedict III.
[858—867.] Nicholas.
[SB7— 872.] Adrian [II.]
[872—882.] John [VIII. ] '
[982—884,] Marinus.
[884—B8&.] Agapete. y
Adrian [III.] J"

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.
LIST OF THE POPES— CosTtNirsn.

[885—891.] Stephen [VI.]Basil.
[891—896.] Formosus.
M, 13 days.] Boniface [VL]1
17—901/] Stephen [VII.] J"
Bomanus III. 1
Theodore. j
[901—004.] Johu IX.

005.] Benedict IV.
006.] Leo V. 1

Christopher.}
[1)07—010.] SergiusIIl.
911—912. Anaatasius III.

912. Lando.
[913— 928.] JobnX.
028. Leo VI.
[929-931.] Stephen VIII.
[031—030.] John XI.
[030—039.] Leo VII.
[039—943.] Stephen IX.
[913— 940.]Mftrinus[MartinIII.]
[910—965.] Agapetus II.
[955—903.] John XII.

964.] Benedict V.
[005—972.] John XIII.
[072— 974.] DoronusII. Bene-
dict VI.1
[974— 983.] Benedict VII.

984.] John XIV.
[985— 990.] John XV.
[090—900.] Gregory V.
-1003.] Silvester II.
1003. John XVI.

rhere is
Clem,

[1003—1009.] John

[1009—1012.] Sergiu

[1012—1024.] Benedict VII!

[1024—1034.] Jolin XVTII.

[1034—1043.] Benedict IX

[1044—1046.] Gregory VI.

[1046—1048.] Clement [II.]

[1048, July — Aug.] Damasus.

[1048—1054] St. Leo; Bruno.

[1055—1057.] Victor [II.];
Ge be hard.

[lOOr— 1008.] Stephen [IX.1
Frederic-Be u edict,
who was spicJilj
deposed.

[1058— 1050.] Nicholas [II.];

[1061-1073.] Alexander [II.];
An Helm.

[1080— 1087.] Victor [III];

Desideiius, abbot

of Cassiuo.

[1088— 1000] Urbnnll ;ll,]a, II

years and 7 dap.

[1099— 11.18.] Paschal pi.]; II

years and IS dip.

1118. Geiasha [H ]; at

Gaieta.

[1119—1124.] Calittus [IL]
[1124—1130.] Honoriua [LI];
of Oati*.1

! John; a.._ ....

= Hdiiorius 11. died 14th Teh.. 1130. His successor, Iiinocwil [I.
('1130 — 1143) miplit to linvi' l.n'cn ;i.!0i-.i in luiiig up Uie list of thep» '"
— •'-le of the English bishops.

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

TAMES OF THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF
ENGLAND.

KENT.

Names of the Archbishops of the Church of Canterhunj.

Justine.

20. MtheXca.

81. Wulfhelm.

llitua.

22. Odo.

itus.

33. Dunstan.

norius.

24. Ethelgar.

usdedit.

3B. Sigerio.
28. Alfrio. I

sodore.

rhtwald.

27. ^llphege.

28. Living.

thelm.

28. Ethelnoth.

thbert.

30. EadsL

mgwine.
nbert.

81. Robert.
32. Sligsnd.

lelhard.

83, Lanfrano.

ilfred.

34. Aaaelm.

ilogild.

S.j. Ralph.
88. William.

ilnuth.

tiered.

37. Theobald.

igmuml

te Names of the Bishops

of tlte Church of Rochester.

stus.

15. Beornmod.

16. Burhric.

ulinua.

17 jElfstan.

18. Godwin.

mianus.

19. Godwin.

tta.

20. Siward.

icbelm.

21. Araost.

braund.

22. Gundulf.

23. Ralph. He succeeded An-
selm in the archbishopric

lulf.

of Canterbury.

rdidf. .

24. Earwnlf.

28. John.

irrnund.

416

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER

THE NAMES OF THE BISHOPS AND AKCHBISHOPS-
Contimukd.— See pp. 418 and 421, 422.

KINGDOM OF ESSEX.

The Names of the Bishops of the Church of London.

1. Mellitus.

2. Cedd

3. Wine.

4. Erconwald.

5. Waldhere.

6. Inguald.

7. Ecgwulf.

8. Wighod.

9. Eadbriht.

10. Edgar.

11. Coenwalch.

12. Eadbald.

13. Heathoberht.

14. Osmund.

15. Ethelnoth.

16. Ceolberht.

17. Ceonilf.

18. Swithulf.

19. He ah stan.

20. Wulfsy.

21. Ethelward.

22. Ealhstan.

23. Theodred.

24. Wulfstan.

25. Brihthelm.

26. Dunstan.

27. Alfstan.

28. Wulfstan.

29. Alfhun.

30. Alfwy.

31. Alfward.

32. Eobert

33. William.

34. Hugh.

35. Maurice.

36. Richard.

37. Gilbert

38. Robert.

AUCHBISHOPS AND BI9HOP9. 417

EA8T-ANGLIA.

rf Sigebert, the most Christian king of the East-
'"elis, a native of BnrL»uudy, converted the East-
ith of Christ, and becoming their first bishop
il see in the city of Dunwich.

;mes ofth*Bi$hopi of the East-Angles.

| 8. Berhtgila, also called Boni-

| 4. Bisi. '
a was afterwards divided into two dioceses.

he Bithopi of

The Names of the Bilhopt of
Dunwich.

1. jEcea.

2. JEsculf.
8. Eardrad.
4. Cuthwine

6. AldberL
B. EcgJaf.

7. Heardred.

8. Alfhun.

9. Tidferth.

10. Wermund.

11. Wilred.

iH Wilred were the bishops of the East-Angles
Ludecau, king of Mercia, and Egbert, king of

had the whole

22. Grimkytel was elected by

glia for his see,

bribery. He had already

of king Edwy,

two sees, Sussex and East

his successors.

Anglia; but be was after-

wards ejected, and

S3. Stigand was restored.

24. jftgelmar, Stigand'a brother.

'J:'l. Arfiist.

26. William.

27. Herbert.

28. Everard.

29. William.

: he was quickly

id in his stead

418

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER;

ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS— Continued.

SUSSEX.

Wilfrid converted the South-Saxons to the faith of Christ, in
the reign of king Ceonwalch, and exercised the • functions of a
hishop in those parts for five years. He also sent ministers of the
Word to the Isle of Wight.

The Names of the Bishops of tlie South-Saxons.

1. Wilfrid.

Tlie Names of the Bishops of the Cliurch of Selsey.

2. Eadbert. He was abbot of

the monastery of St. Wil-
frid, the bishop ; and after-
wards, by decree of a synod,
was appointed to succeed
him as bishop of Sussex,
which before belonged to
the see of Winchester,
whereof Daniel was then
bishop.

3. Eolla.

4. Sig#a.

f). Aluberht.
0. Osa.

7. Gislhere.

8. Tota.

9. Wiothun.

10. Ethelwulf.

11. Cenred.

12. Gutheard.

13. Alfred.

14. Eadhelm.

15. Ethel gar.

16. Ordbyrht.

17. iElmar.

18. Ethelric.

19. Grimkytel.

20. Heca.

The Names of tlie Bishops of the Church of Chichester.

22. William.

21. Stigand; who transferred
the bishop's seat from
Selsey to Chichester.

23. Ealph.

24. SigeMd.

ARCHBISHOPS -■'

RREY ; BERKSHIRE ; SOUTHAMPTON [HANTS] ; WILTSHIRE ;
DORSETSHIRE ; SOMERSETSHIRE ; DEVONSHIRE.

St. Birinus waa the first bishop of the West-Saxons. He was
it to England by pope Hi moil us. uml on hi* utiival, having
u verted king (":yni\!»il» and hi* people to the faith, and bapli/eil
.■in, became solo bishop of Wess-cx, and fixed his episcopal srnt
the city of DorcheBter.

The Names of the Bishops of the Church of Dorchester.
. Birinus. 3. ^gelberht.

Tlte Names of the Binhops of the Church of Winchester.

L Wine.

In the time of bishop
51 gelberh t ,k in g Ce on wa.1 c Ei
divided Wesson into two
dioceses; at wiiioh JEgel-
berht was so grievously of-
fended, that he resigned his
bishopric and returned to
France, and Wine exercised
episcopal fuuetions in both
dioceses; but being shortly
ai'lerwurdsexpelli-d from his
see by the king, he received
the bishopric of T.ondon.

. Lentheriua was sole bishop
of the Gewissa).

. Headdi.

St. Headdi [Chad] was
sole bishop of the Gewissie.
On his lit nth, when Inn was
king of Wessex, Bevhtwald
archbishop of Canterbury,
and Ecgwin bishop of the
Hwiccias, the bishopric [of
Wessex] was divided into
two dioceses, one of which
was given to Daniel, a
the other to Aldhelm,
kinsman of king Inn.

6. Daniel.

7. Hnnfrith.

8. Cynehard.
1), Ethelhard.

10. Ecgbald.

11. Dudd.

13. Cyneberht.
L8. Alhmund.

14. Wigthein.

15. Hcrefrith.
10. Eadmund.
17, Helmstan.

Swithuu.
10. Alhfrith.
20. Denewulf.
SI. Erithestan.
32. Byroatun.

23. Elphege the Bald.

24. jElfsy.

25. Etbelwald.

20. Elphege the Martyr.

27. Keunlf.

28. Athelwold.
2D. All'sy.

30. Alfwine.

31. Stigand.

32. Walkelin.

33. William.

34. Henry.

420 FLORENCE OF

Edward the First, king of England, sndPlegmi.mil, archbbbop
of Canterbury, wisely detexmtawol (Q appoint a separate bishop for
each tribe of the Grewissai, and, creating a bishopric in each, dividt
what was now two dioceses into five. Having done this, Plegmual
consecrated at Canterbury seven bishops to the seven churches in
one day: namely, r'nUie^liiTi to tin- church of Winchester; AiM-
stan to the church of Cornwall ; Werstan to the church of Sher-
borne ; Ethelhelju to the church of Wells ; Eadulf to the cbuwb
of Creditou ; Berne tl mn for Sussex; and Kenulf to the city rf
Dorchesler, for the Southern Mercians.

T)\e Names of the Bishops

. Odo. This holy man suc-
ceeded Wulfhelm in the
archbishopric of Canter-

. Osulf.
. Alfstan.

. Sigeric.

. Alfric. Both these became
archbishops of Canterbury.
. Bry lit wold.
. Hereman.

He united the bishopric

The Names of tfte Bixlwps
. Aide lit).

St. Aldelm, a kinsman
of Ina, the most loving
king of the West-Saxons,
played well upon the harp ;
was a most excellent poet,
both in the Saxon and
Latin tongues ; a skdful
cbauntor ; a learned doc-
tor ; an accomplished
preacher; and a marvel of
erudition, both in sacred
and profane literature. He
was first a disciple of
the learned Maildulf, and
afterwards of archbishop
Theodore, and abbot
Adrian, his coadjutor.

yf ike Church of Sunning.

of Sherborne, which he oh
tained from king Ednird,
with his original see, and
fixed the episcopal sent of
bo tli dioceses at Sherborne;
hut during the reign of
William I., by the autho-
rity of a synod and the
king's munificence, be
transferred liis see to Sali*

10. Osmund.

11. Roger.

rbonu.

ret abbot tf I

of the Church of Sherbor
While he was yet
Malmesbury, he
famous hook against the
heresy of the Britons; the
perusal of which brought
many of them over lo the
Catholic celebration of
Easter. Hewrote also »me
other works, for he nas »
man of universal learning

3. Forth ere.
8. Herewald.

4. JEthelmod.
!>. .Denefrith.
fi. Wigberht.

7. Alhstan.

8. Heahmund.
il. jEthelheag

AND BI6HOP8. 421

LIST OF THE BISHOPS OF SHEKBORNE— CosnmniD.

0. 41%.

18. Alfwold.

19. Etlielric.

2. Ethelward,

30. Ethelsy.

3. Wereton.

31. Brihtwine.

4. Etbelbald.

3 a. jElmar.

ft. SiRbelm.

33. Byrh twine.

34. Jiliwold.

6. Alfred.

7. Alfcy.

The Namei

of the Bishops of the Church of WeUt.

l. Mto&m.

10. Etlielwine.

2. Wnlfhelm.

He was previously abbot

Both of

liosc became

of Evesham.

archbishops of Canterbury.

11. Byrh twine.

3. Elphege.
i. Wulflielm.

13. Byrhtwy.

13. Duduc,1 a native of Saxony.

6. BrLblbelm.

6. Cyncward.

15. John.

1(1. Godfrey.

B. Alfwine.

17. Robert.

9. Living.

The Names of the Bishops of the Church of CredUon.

1. Eadulf.

2. Ethelgar.

He succeeded St. Dm
etan in the archbishopric.

3. Alfwold.

4. Sideman.
6. Alfric.

6. Alfwold.

7. Alfwold.

8. Eadnoth.

9. living.

On the death of his uncle
Brihtwald, he united the
hishoprics of Cornwall and
Devon, l~ ~~ ■"

1 All the MSS. and printed editions call this bishop Bodeca; bot in a
■hiTkr df Edward the Confeasor, hig name appears latinised into Dodecca,
mil in one (if Jllgelwine, as well as in tie Saxon Chronicle [a-d. 1M1], it is
mtten Duduc Florence also calla it Duduc in this chronicle. See before.

422

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

LIST OF THE ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS— Cohotukd.

HECANA.

The Names of the Bislwps of the Magescetas,1 or people of

Herefordshire.

1. Putta.

2. Tyrhtel.

3. Torhthere.

4. Wahlstod.

6. Cuthbert.
0. Podda.

7. Ecca.

8. Ceadda.

9. Aldberht.

10. Esne.

11. Ceolinund.

12. Utel.

13. Wulfhard.

14. Beonna.

15. Eadulf.

16. Cuthwulf.

17. Mucel.

18. Deorlaf.

19. Cynemund.

20. Eadgar.

21. Tidhelm.

22. Wulfhelm.

23. Alfric.

24. Athulf.

25. Athelstan.

26. Leovegar.

27. Walter.

28. Robert.

29. Gerard.

30. Reignelm.

31. Geoffrey.

32. Richard.

33. Robert

1 The Magcssetas were identical with the inhabitants of the HwicCM, or
Worcestershire ; the Hecanas with Herefordshire. See note, p. 82.

AliUiltlSIIill'.-S ANT) nisiiocs.

How a Tiisli"]>'s jay1 iriis Ju-,1 oitiihlinfu'il tit Worcester.

Wulfar, the illustrious kin;,' of Mercia. the first of the Mercian
kings who embraced tin1 faith of i Hivisl, having been succeeded hy
bis brother, tho glorious king Si. Fjhelred, the sub-king of the
Hwiceia'e, Oshere, a most praiseworthy man, I n ■ i n t; desirous that
Hwiccia, which hi- governed with mil authority, should have the
li .o'j. mi- nil 1 dignity ■"'!' p> >-.-.■•-> in g ,i liis!ni[i of iis own, gave liiiu
'Ethelred] the sound advioe., ami added his own earnest rei^iest. that
iie would add to tho splendour nrirl exult the dignity of Ilia kingdom
"Mercia], which then held the first rank among tins Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms, by increasing the number of its bishops, as he knew
some kings of England had formerly done in like aire urn stances.
The king, having already entertained an ardent desire of doing
the very same, thing, presently yielded to his instances and good
counsels, and sending for Theoikire, the arrhbWitip of Canterbury,
requested him l» divide tin- kingdom into a greater number of
fLiui-' ■"<■'*, unil appoint liisho|i-( in suitable [daces.

The archbishop, heartily approving rlie king's excellent design,
lost no time in carrying it into execution ; so that in the year of
snr T.ord 701, according to the gospel, but in the year 870, ac-
cording to Dionvsius, whose erroneous I'lilculiition is still followed
iiy holy church, he, with the consent of the king and his nobles,
.livukM the bishopric of which Saxwulf had the episcopal charge
into five dioceses.

Inasmuch, therefore, as the city of Worcester had been in
tho times when the Britons, and afterwards the Romans, were
masters of Britain, and still was, the well-known capital of the
Hwiccias or Magasastas, be very properly fixed the seat of a
tiishop in that city, making Ilwiccia the first of the newly-divided
dioceses Tatfrith, a man distinguished for his vigour of mind
and deep learning, was removed from the monastery of the abbess
Hilda, and chosen for bishop; but be was snatched away hy a
premature death before ho could be ordained.

II. The second diocese was that which belongs to the see of
Litchfield, of which Cuthwine, a religious and modest man, was
made bishop.

III. The third included Mid-Anglia, which the before-mentioned
bishop, Saxwulf, chose for his ovm see, fixing his episcopal seat
in the city of Leicester.

IV. Tile fourth included the province of Lindsey, over which
the archbishop placed Ethelwine, a holy man, the brother of
St. Aldwin, abbot of the monastery called Partoney, and filed the
;ity called Sidnacester for the Beat of his bishopric.

424

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

V. South-Anglia was the fifth of the new dioceses, to which he

E referred as bishop, Eata, a man of singular worth and sanctity,
•om the monastery of abbess Hilda, already mentioned, and ap-
pointed the town of Dorchester to be the seat of bis bishopric.

Further: Bosel, a Venerable man, was chosen to supply the
place of Tatfrith; and, having been ordained bishop Dy arch-
bishop Theodore at the same time as the rest, fixed bis episcopal
see in the aforesaid city of Worcester, which was at that time
surrounded by lofty walls, and embellished by noble fortification!,
surpassing many other cities in beauty and statelineas.

The Names of the Bishops of the Hwiccias.

1. Bosel.

2. Oftfor.

8. Ecgwine.

4. Wilfrid.

5. Milred.

6. Wermund.

7. Tilhere.

8. Heath ored.

9. Deneberht.

10. Heaberht.

11. Alhwine.

12. Wereferth.

13. Ethelhun.

14. Wilferht

15. Einewold.

16. Dunstan,

17. Oswald.

18. Aldulf.

19. Wulfetan.

20. Leofsy.

21. Brihteag.

22. Living.
28. Aldred.

24. Wulfstan.

25. Samson.

26. Teowulf.

27. Simon.

28. John.

IT BISHOPS AMONG THE MERCIANS AND IN THE
ADJOINING DISTEICTB.]

enda, the heathen king of the Mercians, was skin,
he Christian king, occupied his kingdom, converting
f Mercia and the iiei^lilnmriii!: provinces to tlie faith
. the year of our Lord (i;M>, 1 h'uma was made the first
e Mercians, the Mid- Angles, the Lindisfari, and the
.trusts; the eecoud was Ceolhich (both of these were
third was Trumhere, the first bishop under king Walt
tan was the fourth ; tin.1 lilt ti was OiiJiIm, whose epiw-
is fixed at a place called I.iertfeld (Litchlield), which
eir seat by all Btihsequent bishops of that province;
is Winfrid; and the seventh was Saxwulf. The five
glishmen.

3

Trumhere.

! 4

Jamman.

The Names of

fie Bishops of Litchfield-,

IT

Hunberht.

18

Cyneferht.

ie

TunberhL

r Saxulf,

the

pro-

He held the see in the

of Mercia

ha<

time of Burhred king of

s, Headda and Wil-

Mercia, and Alfred king of

Wessex.

90

Alfgar,

21

Wvnsv.

of Won-c-

22

23.

Ar.M"%.

1 again

34

Godwin.

,.

2!)
■Mi
27.

20

Leofgar.

Brihtmar.

Wiilsy.

Leofwine.

Peter.

L

3! >
31

;ii

Robert of Litnesey.
Robert Peche.
Roger de Clinton.

I

33

Walter.

426

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

MID-ANGLIA.

The Names of the Bishops of Leicester}

1. Cuthwine.

2. Wilfrid. ,

3. Aldwin.

Wilfrid, bishop of Hexham, having been expelled from his
bishopric, received the see of Leicester from king Ethelred ; bat
was soon afterwards ejected, and Headda governed both diooesea.
Aldwin, his successor, also held both sees.

1. Totta.2

2. Eadberht.

3. Unwona.

4. Werenberbt.

5. Rethune.

6. Aldred.

7. Ceolred.

He was bishop in the
time of Burhred king of
Mercia, and Alfred king of
Wessex.

8. Leofwine.

He governed the united
dioceses of Leicester and
the Lindisfari, in the reign
of Edgar, king of England.

9. jElnoth.
10. iEscwy.

He assisted St. Oswald
by his ministration when

he consecrated the monas-
tery of Ramsey, which had
been built from the foun-
dation by him and Ethel-
wine, ealdorman of East
Anglia.

11. Alfhelm.

12. Eadnoth.

13. iEtheric.

14. Eadnoth.8

15. Ulf.

He was speedily ejected.

16. Wulfwy.

17. Remigius.

He transferred the see
to Lincoln.4

18. Robert.

19. Alexander.

20. Robert.

1 Leicester was made an episcopal see by archbishop Theodore at the
synod of Hatfield, in 680.

2 Totta, though here reckoned the first bishop of Leicester, can only be
regarded as such after the second separation of that see from Litchfield.

3 Florence gives this list the title of " Bishops of Leicester;" but all the
later bishops, till Remigius, had their see at Dorchester. The Saxon Chro-
nicle expressly places, at least, the three preceding ones there. The see of
Dorchester, now a small town, eight miles from Oxford, was founded by
Cynegils in 634. Birinus, the first bishop, and JEgelberht, his successor, are
named by Florence (p. 419), but he then drops the succession. In the lilt
of bishops, p. 4G0, he says that it was restored in the time of Edward the
Elder.

4 See before, p. 194.

LINDSEY.

d, king of the Northumbrians, having routed in battle
. king of Merrill, seized the provinee of Limlsey, atiil
lie bishop, SiiMvult', from it. In liis place Eathed, achap-
ing Eegfrid's, was ordained by archbishop Theodore as
.■panne bishop of thut province, In the year of our Lord
t aa Ethelred, king of Mercia, recovered the province by
le of war in the succeeding yenr, Eathed resigned bis
and returned to Noi llniiiil.iin. ami wns n t'< crwards made
Ripon by archbishop Theodore. After his departure,
dred, at toe suggestion of O-diere, king of the Hwiceas,
archbishop Theoi lore to diviile hisliiu^doiii into a greater
if dioceses, and to appoint bishops in suitable ] daces,
improving this deshpi, lie diviiled the bishopric of Saxwulf
hoceses, to which he id'tenniiils added a sixth.

The Names of the Bishops of the Linditfar

8. Ealdulf.

8. Brihtred.

He was bishop in the
time of Burhred king of
Mercia, and Alfred king of
Wessex.

428 FLORENCE OF WOBOE8TBB.

DEIBA.

The Names of tJie Archbishops and Bishops of the Norihrnbrifffc

OF ST. PAULINTJS.

Paulinus, a man beloved of God, who was ordained bishop ty
archbishop Justus, having converted Edwin, king of the Nortmnfr
brians, and all his people, to the faith of Christ, had York appointed
for his episcopal see. But the king having been slain, and the
affairs of Nortbumbria thrown into disorder, Paulinus returned to
Kent, and being honourably received by archbishop Honoiios aad
king Eadbald, on their invitation accepted the bishopric of his
church of Rochester, void by the death of Romanus ; where bo
died, and left the pallium which he had received from pope
Honorius.

iBCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPB.

Ths Names of the Archbishops of York.

Paulinos.
■. Ceadda. [Chad.]

St. Chad, after fgnuftg
the church of York lor
three years, retired to the
superintendence of his
monastery of Lastingham,
leaving Wilfrid to act as
bishop, not only of the
church of York, hut also
of the whol. of the North-
umbrians and tlie Picts.
Wilfrid being ejected by
king Eogfrid, two bishops
were consecrated by arch-
bishop Theodore in his
stead; Bosa for the church
of York, and Eata for the
church of Hexham. Three
years after Wilfrid's resig-
nation, he ndded two more
bishops ; Eata for Lindis-
farne(Tunberht continuing
at Hexham), and Trum-
wine for the jirovinee of the
Picts. Eathed having come
back from I dudsey, be
made him bishop of Ifipon.
Tunberht having been de-
posed, Eata returned to the
see of Hexham, and Cuth-

bert was preferred to the
church of Lindisfame.
After a long exile, Wilfrid
was received again us
bishop of Hexham. On
the death of Bosa, he was
succeeded at York by John.
3. Bosa.

o! Wilfrid.

6. Egbert.

7. Coe'na.

8. E an bald.

9. Eanbald.

10. Wulfsy.

11. Wigmund.
la. Wulfhere.

13. Ethelhald.

14, Hodewnrd.
13. Wnlfstan.
IC. Oskytel.

17. Oswald.

18. Aldulf.
10. Wulfatan.
afl, Aelfric.
21, Kinsy.
■22. Aldred.
93. Thomas.
84, Geraid,

35. ThomaB.

36. Thurstan.

The Names of the Bishops of Bipon.
1. Eathed.

430

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

The Names of the Bishops of Hexham

1. Wilfrid.

2. Eata.

3. Tunberht.

4. Eata.

5. John.

6. Wilfrid.

7. Acca.

8. Fritheberht

9. Alhmund.

10. Tillberht.

11. Ethelberht.

12. Heardred.

13. EanberhL

14. Tidferht.

BERNICIA.

Concerning Saint Aldan.

St. Aidan baying been ordained and sent forth by the S
preached the word of faith in the provinces under the rule of
Oswald, and obtained from that king a seat for a bishopric ii
island of Lindisfarne, according to his request. On his d
Fin an, who was also ordained and sent by the Scots, was appo
bishop in his stead; and on his decease he was succeede
Colman, who also was sent by the Scots. Colman having resi
the bishopric and returned to his own country, Tuda, an
bishop of Scottish ordination, filled his place in the see of L
fame ; and when he died, that bishopric was divided intc
dioceses, Ceadda being ordained to the church of York, and W
to the church of Hexham.

The Names of the Bishops of Lindisfarne.

1. Aidan.

2. Finan.

3. Colman.

4. Tuda.

5. Eata.

6. Cuthberht.

7. Eadberht.

8. Eadferht.

9. Ethelwold.

10. Cynewulf.

11. Higbald.

12. Ecgbert.

13. Eardulf.

14. Cuthheard.

16. Tilred.

16. Wigred.

17. Uhtred.

18. Sexhelm.

19. Aldred.

20. Alfsy.

21. Aldhun.

22. EadmuncL

23. Edred.

24. ^thelric.

25. JEthelwine.

26. Walchere.

27. William.

28. Kalph.

AKOIIBISUOPS AND UISOOPS.

THE TERRITORY OF THE PICTS.

; of the liishojki of Whithenie.

1. Trumwine. j 6. Etbelbert

2. Pelithelm. C. Betidulpb.

3. Fritbew&ld. 7. Heathored.

4. Pubtwine.

432

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

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'I

GENEALOGIES. 433

EHE GENEALOGY OF THE ENGLISH KINGS FROM WODEN.

1 GENEALOGY OF THE KOTOS OP REST.
WODEN.
Weita.
Witta.
Wihtgila,

HENGEST. Horea.

Ocga,orOrfc

Eormenburffa.

),'J,lrkt.

Eadberht, also called Ptan.

Cuthrei

Baldnd.

uniter branches in printed in italia, to diitinguiih them from tit kingi

D D JM

FLOBENCE OF WORGR0TBB.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF THE

EAST-ANGLES.

Em.

WODEN.

Casere.

Tytmon.

I
Trygils.

HrothmuncL

Hyp.
Wflhelm.
Wewa^orWehha.
WUFFA.

Tytla.

J

Redwald.

I

Eorpwald.

Sigeberht.

Ecgrig.

HegMtere.

Anna.

I

Ethelhere = Herewith.

Ethelwold.

Seanvrl
EtheHmt

Aldwll

y

AlfJold.
Beorna.
Ethelred = Leofruna.

Ethela
WiMh

Ethelbert.
Eadmund.

GENEALOGIES. 435

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF THE
EAST-SAXONS.

WODEN.

Seasnete.

GfBECg.

Antaecg.
Bedct

ok

SleAda = Rigula.

Smberht.

Sigef'r rliu

Sexred. Steward.

SigcntiL

436 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIAN KINGS.

WODEN.

Weoltnelgeat.
Waga.

Wihtlwg.

I
Werniuiid.

I
Offa.1

Angengeat.

Eomer.

Icil.

CneDba.

Cvnewald.

' I
Creoda.

Pybba.*
* See the following page.

i " These descendants of Woden appear to have reigned over the continental
Angela, a name now limited to the territory between Flensborg and Slesvig. The
sixth on the list, viz. Offa (Uffo) the son of Wermund, was blind till his seventh, and
dumb till his thirteenth year ; and though excelling in bodily strength, was so simple
and pusillanimous, that all hope that he would ever prove himself worthy of his
station was abandoned. A resemblance to his Anglian ancestor in some or all of these
respects seems to have induced the cotemporaries of the young Winefrith (for such we
are told was the original name of the great Mercian king) to call him a second Offa;
though the author of the Vita Off* II. ap. Matt., Paris, (edit. Watts,) seems to haTe
supposed that the first, or Anglian Offa, likewise ruled in England. Creoda was pro-
bably the founder of the English kingdom of Mercia. See a Saga of the Anglian
Offa. in Beowulf, p. 258, and 1 1, p. xxxii. sq. He is also celebrated in the tale of the
Sc6p or Bard. C >d. Exon. p. 820. See also Lappenberg's England, 1, pp. 837.
22d, and the places there cited." — Thorpe*

QBSEAAOGIBS. 437

GENEALOGY OF THE MEBCIAN KINGS— Continued.

Pybba.

J.

k

Penda = Cj-Deawitha. Eoaa.

Sa-

U

Wulf hereto mi .' iigi I i I

Pesda : 1: Alhfleda.

Merchrlm.

Winburija.

Cywtuitha, Eihelred =

Ofitryth. QwiTlll |il.

Cadtsalh. Cenred. 1

_ 1 CeclraL AtiixA. Omiod.

Out

hert.

ttelbuliL t
leornred.

Offil =

■iynpllirith.

Coenwulf = QSlfthrj-Ui.

MAfyA.

Wiglaf — Cynethryth.

Beorhtwlf = Siethryth.

BurUred = Ethelawith.

Berlitfertk.

438

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF NOBTHUMBR1

WODEN.

I

Wsegdeag.

Swebdaeg.

Siggast.

Saebald.

Saefugel.

Swaerta.

SeomeL

Westorwalcna.

Wilgels.

Wysefrea.

He begat Tpfi, the

father of Ealle, the first

king of the DeirL

I
Baeldoag,

Brand.

Beorn.

I

Beornd.

Wesgbrand.

I
Ingebrand,

I
Alusa.

Angej.geat.

Ingengeat.

Ethelbryht.

Oesa.

„ I
Eoppa.

He begat Ida,

the first king of the

Bernicians.

IhntL&x.

Freawine.

Wig.

Gewis.

Esta.
Elesa.

He begat Ckkdic,
the first king of tl
West-Saxons.

GENEALOGIES. 439

DNEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF NOETHUMBBLA.— Continued.

J

Pratbulf.
' STujodrio.

■J*

J..

«•

EUmlfrilb-iJu.

BaaMtb. oiq/. (hL.

X

:, Ei>\l'l_"iE=Eth=lbnri».

Etbelrcil, il(e cfllloil ElidberL

440 FLORHBTCH 0» WOUOESTBB,

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF THE UNDISI

WODEN.

Winta.

Cretta.
Queldgils.
Caedb»d.

Bubba.

Beda.

Biflcop.

I

Eangferth.

„ I
Eatta.

Ealdfrith.

GENEALOGIES. 441

3E GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF WESSEX.

CtUlia. Cenulia.

1

uiclifliii.

Ci>eawalch=Sexhnrti.

I
''utl.-.-i J.

JL,i*..

Dm

Con twine.

1

CoelieaU.
rid.

■Ethelharii.
Cnthred.
Sigberht. M

Cynewlf.
Bryhtric=Eadburh.

IngeU. Cuthburk.

Eojipn.

Cynebald.

I

Ethtthald.

kiibluoej. See before, page 15

si' branch of tie royal Una of Norlhuni-

442

FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF WKSSEX-CoHmn:

EGBRYHT.

Ethelwulf = Osburh.
I

Ethelbald.

Ethelbert.

Ethered.

Alfred = Ealhswith.

Ecgwyn^=Edward=Eadgiva. Ethel- Eihd- JEtf-

I fled*, ffeova* tkrytJL

elst

Athelstan.

Eckrine.

Eadburk.

Edmund=Elfgiva.

I
Eadred.

Eadwig.

Wuli <An^=Er)OAR=Elfrith.
I I I

Edgtih.

Edward.1

Edmund.

Elfgitha=Ethelred=Elfgiva, or Emma.

Eadicy.

Eadgith.

Athelstan.

Edmund.
I

Alfred, Cfoda.

Edward.

Edmtmd.

I

EDWARD=Edgith.
i The mother of Edward wai Ethelfleda the Fair, rarnamed Eneda, i* the 0

KINGDOMS OF THE HEPTARCHY,

ON THE GENEALOGY OF THE EJNGS OF KENT.

The Anglo-Saxons, on the invitation of the Britons, in the time
F the emperor Marcian,' came over to Britain in three ships,
rider colour of 'leu.' tiding the country, hnt, in reality, intending
i subdue it, " Hihii i;ist- am! 1-L.ir^n wore their first cliiofs ; of whom
!orsa was slain in battle by the Britons, but Horsa, having gained
lq victory, began to reign in the year oi'our Lord 456, and became
10 first English king of Kent.

St. Augustine, liiivi iiej lii-'ou scut hy ji.ipn St i Ire^ory, converted
thelbort, king of Kent, tn the faith of Christ, in the. year of our
ord 597, and the iliiriy-fLI'Lh of his reign. He built the church
' the apostles SS. Peter and Pan] near the past side of the city of
anterbury, and enriched it with offerings of various kinds. He
so erected the church of St. Paul the apostle, in the city of
onion, and the church of St. Anile* the apostle, in the city of
ochester. He gave ninny gifts to the bishops of both tbeae
1'ircbea, as well us t'i the lu-i'libishop of Canterbury, and, besides,
ado wed them ivil.li land - ami possessions for tho use of their clergy.

His queen Bertha was the daughter of the kings of the Franks;2
nd their daughter St Eilielliurga became the queen of Edwin,
ing of the Northunihri.'t'i*. ami built a monastery a.t n. iilu.ee ™l!"d
,imene, and lies buried there, Vtignhi.1 sister of king Ethel-
ert, weis rjueon of tlie East-Saxons, and mother of St. Sasberht,
ing of that province. King Ethel bert, departing this life in the
.t'ty-sistri year of his reign,H ascended to the kingdom of heaven.

His son Eadbald succeeded him ; who, studying to promote the
welfare of the church in all things to the best of his power,
ndeavoured to live in submission to the divine commands. His
ueen, Emma, was the daughter of the king of the Franks; their
.aughter, St. Eauswitha, lies buried at a place called Folcestan,
nd their son was the sub-king Eormenrea, whose queen Oslava
jore him four daughters and two sons— namely, St. Ermenbeorg,
fho was the queen of Merewald, king of the WestrAngles, St.
ii.rnienhnrg, St. Etheldryth, St. Eormeugith, and SS. Ethelred
.nd Eth alberta t, martyrs, who suffered martyrdom at the house of
i'hunor, the lieutenant of Egbert, king of Kent, by his command.

King Eadbald died in the twenty-fifth year of his reign,' and
eft bis son Erconberht his successor. He was the first of the
English kings who ordered idols to be destroyed in his kingdom,
,nd the fast of forty days to be kept. His queen, St. Sexburg,
laughter of Anna, king of the East-Angles, built for him amonas-

> Set in

444 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER.

tery in Sbeppey. St. Eorcongote, the daughter of king F,rcont>eri]!
and St. Sexburg, being sent to Francs, served God to the eod of
her days under her maternal snot St. Etlielimrf;, in the monastery
of Brie,1 and lies buried there. Their other daughter, St. Eor-
mengild, was tbe queen of Wulfhere, king of Mercia.

King Erconberht died in the twenty-fourth year5 of his reign,
leaving his royal throne to hia son Egbert, who departing this life
in the month of July, in the ninth year of hia reign,* was succeeded
in his kiugdom by his brother Lothere. This king having been
wounded in a battle with the South Saxons, assembled to oppose
him under Eadric, Egbert's son, in the twelfth year of bis reign,'
died in the month of February, while hia wounds were healing.
Edrio, the son of his brother Egbert, succeeded to his kingdom,
and reigned one year and a half; and his brother Wihtred suc-
ceeding biin built the church of St. Martin at Dover.

King Wihtred died in the thirty- fourth year of his reign," leaving
his son Ethelbert heir to hia kingdom; and he dying in the
thirty-sixth year of his reign5 was succeeded by his brother Eid-
berht, snrnamed l'ren, who was seized and carried off into Merci»
by Kenulf, king of the Mercians, when he ravaged Kent. Eadberht
was succeeded by Cuthred, who died in (he ninth year of liia
reign,9 and was Buoceeded by Baldred, In the year of our Lord,
according to Dionysius. 823, Bald red was expelled from his king-
dom by Egbert, king of the West- Saxons, Up to tin's time, for
three hundred and sixty eight years, tbe kingdom of Kent hid
been independent, but afterwards it was subject to the domiiik'U
of Wesses,

THE ORIGIN OF THE EAST-ANGLIAN KINGS.

Tbe kingdom of East-Anglia took its rise after that of Kent
and before that of Sussex. It was under the rule of powerful
kings, but liedwald was more powerful than any of the othert;
for all the southern provinces of the Angles and Saxons, as far as

1

.f f'jrer-t FxtcmliiiK in the midtllftg"

y called **—

Brio, so called fivm i(~ i'"U]nhv--. St. Fura, u Northumbrian snint, w*» bniS
abmit tlic j-car Clij, iiml 'ii iir-t ii'l [mvi.il (III' ruli: ijfSt Colmnbun. Firamr
tier stiiuils mi tliu Marine, i small river ivhicli fulls into tbo llirnr, noir
Coulommiers. ' a.d. 664. " a.d. 678.

* A.u. 685. Sec Hairy of Huntingdon, p. 113. — AiUia. Lib.
'a.d. 725. "a.d. 760.

736. Sea the note in p. HO of Henry of Iliintiiiyilon.

KINGDOMS OP THE HEPTARCHY. 445

river Hinnber, with their kings, were subject to him. He
slew Ethelfrith, king of Deira and Hernicia, in a hat tie- in which
bis own son PieirihtT.; wns killed;* am! aided Edwin, the son of
(Ella, in securing the tlirone. His other son, Eorpwald, succeeded
him in the kingdom [of Kn«t.-An<;l Jul, and at king Kriwin's instance,
received the faith h Christ with n.11 his people. Soon afterwards
he was slain in battle by a heathen named Righert, and was suo-
eeeded by Sigehert, his brother on the mother's side. Sigebert
gave possessions to St. Pnrsey, who came to him from Ireland;
and assigned him a Bits for building a monastery in a certain
fortress called in the English tni igue Cnobhhi.'i-es-hiirh,- and after-
wards abdicating his kingdom, foi love, of the kingdom of heaven,
gave it tip to his cousin I''. ■ ■ •_; i ■ i ■:• . and became a monk in the monas-
tery he bad founded, A long time afterwards lie was reluctantly
induced to he present at a battle with Penda, king of Marina, for
the purpose of encouraging tlm troops; but mindful of his pro-
fession, and carrying only a su.fl in his baud, he was slain, together
with king Ecgrig.

Anna, the son of Eni, who was the brother of Hid wild, succeeded
them as king; and his daughter St. Sexbnrg was married to
Erconberht, king of Kent. Another daughter, St. Ethelburg,
became abbess of the monastery of Brie in Franco. The third,
St. Etheldrilh, wa*. first, queen of tin' Northumbrians, and after-
wards abbess of Ely. The fourth, St. Wihtbnrg, was a nun in
the same monastery. Their father Anna having been slain by
Penda, king of Mercia, left his brother Ethelhere heir- to his
kingdom. He had by his queen St. Hereswith, siBterof the abbess
Hilda, two sons, Aldulf and Alfwold. He was slain in a battle
between Oswy and king Penda:3 his brother Ethel wold succeeded
him, and at his death, Aldulf became king, and reigned several
years. After Aldulf's death, his brother Alfwold succeeded to
the government of the kingdom.

During the reign of Offa, king of the Mercians, Beorna reigned
in East-Anglia, and after him Ethelred, whose son, St. Ethelberht,
was horn of his queen Leofruna. He held the kingdom of East-
Anglia for a short time only after bis father,* for he was slain
without cause by Offa, king of Mercia, in the time of peace.
Thenceforth, for sixty-one years, very few powerful kings reigned
in East-Auglia, until St. Edmund, the last of them, ascended the
throne ; and he was martyred in the sixteenth year of his reign
by the heathen king Hiuguar.*

From that time the Anglo-Saxons ceased to reign in East
Anglia for nearly fifty years. During full nine years it
king at all, being abandoned to the ravages and utter de

' i.D. 617. ! Burgh Castle in Suffolk, the Garianonmn of the Romans.

446 FLOEESCB OF WORCESTER.

of the Fagan Danes, who tried at that limn to reduce the whole of
England to subjection. After that, the Danish king Guthnim
reigned there,1 and over nearly all Essex, during twelve jean;
and then Kohric, who was slain in battle by tho English, reigned
fourleen years- Subsequently, bath provinces were under the
oppressive yoke of Danish eurls, until king Edward the Elder,
uter slaying many of them, and driving others beyond sea, accepted
the submission of the rest, and annexed both kingdoms to that of
WeBsex.*

Like the kingdom of East- Auglia, bo also the kingdom of Eesei
was founded subsequently to the kingdom of Kent ; and the kings
of Esses were nearly always subject to other kings, and most com-
monly, and for the longest periods, to those of Mercia. Before
the time ofSeebert, the nephew of Ethelbert, king of Kent, by his
sister Rigula, they were devoted to the worship of devils ; but lie
was the first to embrace the word of truth, on the preaching of
Mellitus ; which his people then received. Departing to tlie
heavenly kingdom, he left lira sons, Sexred and Sajward, who
persevered in idolatary, heirs of his earthly kingdom.* Tbey
were shortly afterwards killed in battle by the West-Saxons, sill
were succeeded by SigjLert, surnained the little, son of Sajwarit;
and on his death, Sigebert, the sou of Si^fkili!. succeeded to (lis
government of the kingdom. Oo the exhortations of Oswy, king
of Northuny liiiii. be believed iu Christ, and was baptist .!
Finau in Northumbrian and during his reign, the Easi-Savm;.
on the preaching of St. Cedd, the bishop, returned to the faith
from which they had departed.

A long time afterwards he was slain by his own kinsmen, la-
cause, in compliance with the evangelical precepts, he was loo
ready to pardon his enemies, and bore with equanimity the fa
juries he received from them. He was succeeded by his brother
Swithelm, who was baptised by Cedd himself in East Auglia: awl
after his death, Sebbi, the son of Sreward, the son of St. Sehcrt,
the king, and Sighere, the soil of king Sigebert, the Little, tool
the reins of government. After Sighere's death, Sebbi became
(sole) king; but in the thirtieth year of his reign he took the
monastic habit at the hands of Waldhere, bishop of London, sad
dying soon afterwards went to the heavenly kingdom. His sons,
Sigheard and Swefred reigned iu his stead; and after their * '"

i

KINGDOMS OF TIUE UEPTAIICHT. 447

Offa, the son of Sighere, was raised to the throne. In the prime
of youth and beauty, when his people lied indulged in fond hopes
that he would long hold and main lain tin? »i*<?|itr<? of the kingdom,
he quitted his country and kingdom for the gospel's Bake, by the
exhortation and persuasion of his beloved St. Kiueswith, daughter
of Ponda, king of Mercia, and in eonipiiuv nilii Cenred, king of
the Mercians, and Ecg nine, bishop of tijfl Uwiceias, went to Rome,1
where he received the tonsure, aud, ending hia days in the mo-
nastic habit, attained to the vision of the blessed apostles, which,
he had long desired. He was succeeded in his kingdom bySelred,
Bon of king Sigebert; and on his being data in the thirty-eighth
year of his reign,2 Swithred ascended the throne of the kingdom,
Mid held it for several years.

After his death.3 the kingdom of Essex had very few kings of
its own ; for in tho same year in wlii..-]i the kingdom ol' Kent came
to an end, the East-Saxons, as well as the Kentisbmen and the
South-Saxons, made their voluntary submission to Egbert, the
powerful king of Wessex, and [i!>« Enst-S,i\ons] remained subject
to his government until the IJimiah king, Gui.iiii.uu, reduced them
to subjection. London, however, with the adjacent territory, was
under the rule of the kings of Mercia as long as they continued
to reign.

MERCIA.

Next to the kiugdom of Kent succeeded the establishment of
the kiugdom of the Mercians, who, while, with their kings, they
were for many years sunk in idolatry, extended the frontiers of
their kiugdom by slow degrees. Penda, who commenced his
reign iu the year of our Lord 626 (according to the reckoning of
Diouysius), enlarged it beyond any of his predecessors; for he
slew in battle two kings of Northumbria, St. Edwin and St.
Oswald, and three kings of East-Anglia, namely, St Sigebert,
Ecgrig, aud Anna. His queen, Cyneswith, bore him five sons,
namely, Peada, Wulfhere, St Ethered, St. Merewald, and St.
Meroelm; and two daughters, St. Cyneburg and St. Cyneswith.
He reigned not quite thirty years.* Oswy, king of Northumbria,
slew him in battle with thirty of his chiefs, and reduced his
kingdom under his own dominion. But he gave the kingdom of
the East-Mercians to Peada, Penda's son, who, having been
entrusted by his father with the government of the Mid-Angles,
was baptised in Northumbria by bishop Finan; for Peada was

■ A.D. 708. « A.D. V4S. > A.D. 823. ' A.D. 665.

448 FLOREKCH OF WOHCESTER.

his relation, having married bis daughter Ahlfleda; hut he «u

foully slain In the first year of his reign,1

Throe years after Mm mufdet of king l?'?nda. the Mercian cMs
raised to the throne his son Wulfhere, bravely recovering tliw
independence and territories. He was the first of :
Jleroia who received the washing of regeneration ; and he martini
St. Eormeugild, the daughter of Erconberht, king of Kent. bj.J
bis queen St. Sexberg, and bad by her Cenred, and W^riiur?. >
most holy virgin. His brother, St. Merewald, king of the W«*
HecBnas, married St. Eorrnenbeorg, daughter of the sub-tinj
Eormenred. kilii; Ercuiiherht's brother, arid hail l.y l,n ihm
daughters, namely. St. Mildburg, 8t Mildryth, and St. Milityitn;
and one son, St. Mareflii. On his death, his broth.
reigned in his atead: Ifaeir sister Gynehug *M inn tried bo Aiir'.
king of Northutobrta. Withdrawing, for the love of God, Itan
conuubial intercourse, she became a nun in iho numuli
by her brothers, Wulfhere and Ethelred. and which was ctlltii
after her, Cyneburg's castle : ber Bister Cyneswith also became*
nun in the same monastery.

King Wulfhere died in the seventeenth year of his reign,' and
was succeeded by his brother St, Ethelred, who nun i
sister of Ecgfrid, king of North ntnbria, by whom lie had » salt
named Ceolred. Ethelred becoming a monk in the thirtieth year
of his reign,* resigned his kingdom to hie nephew Cenred, wlm,
retiring from secular affairs, went to Rome, and there ended bril
days in the monastic habit. He was succeeded by Ce<dicd.' -■ i
of liis nncle Eth^rcd, »lm died in the ninth year of bis reign,
Ethelbald, the son of Alwig, who was son of Eo»8, king Pendrt
brother, was Ceolred's successor.' The tyrant Benroi-ed slew bioi
in Secges-wald io the forty-first year of his reign, and usurp*!
bis kingdom ; his corpse was carried to Repton and royallr
buried. In the same year his cousin, Ofla, nephew of EanViiif
and eon of Thiugferht, slew in battle BJaornwd, tin: usurper of hie
kingdom, and reigned in bis stead." His queen Cyuethritb ber-1
him two daughter-, namely, Eiidbnrg, who married flribtric, kiuj
of Wessex, and Elfryth, who remained a virgin; and one son,
Eegferlit, He died in the thirty-ninth year of his reign,' and
was succeeded by his son Ecglerht, who died the same year.

Eegferlit was succeeded by the illustrious Keuulf, the son of
Cutbbert, who was grandson in the third degree of king Pvbbn.
His queen A) frith bore him two daughters. Quendryth and'Bur-
genild ; and St, Ketntlm, Departing in the twenty -fourth year of
hia reign,9 he was buried at Wineheomb, and left |,;
Keoelm, heir to bis kingdom; but be was murdered the same yeur

KINGDOMS OF THE HEPTABCHT. 449

through the intrigues of his sister, Quendryth. His uucle Ceol-
wulf succeeded him,1 but two veins afterwards ho was expelled
from the kingdom, and Beomwoulf was raised to the throne.
After the lapse of two years Beornwulf was slain in battle
by tlio East-Angles. His "kinsman I ,itdi<-iiii succeeded him,5 but
two years afterwards wan slain by the East- Angles, while he was
endeavouring to avenge his predecessor.

Wiglaf succeeded Ludican in the kingdom.' His queen Cyne-
thryth bore him a son named Wijjmuml, who had St. Wis tan, by
Elfleda, daughter of Ceolwulf, king of Mercia. King Wiglaf died
in the thirteenth year of his reign,' and was buried at Repton :
Beorhtwulf succeeded hitn. His queen. SwUtryth, horo him a
son named Berbtferht. who slew St Wistun. His corpse was
carried to Repton, a monastery famous at that time, and waa
buried in the tomb of his grandfather, king Wiglaf. Miracles
from above were not wanting at his martyrdom, for a column of
light shot to heaven f'roju tin; spot on whiuli he was murdered, and
remained visible to all the inhabitants of the place fur thirty days.
King Beovhtwult' died in the thirteenth year of his reign,6
and was succeeded by Ibtvluvil. who mm-rii-d Ethelswitha, the
daughter of Etlielwnlf. king of Wessex. He was driven from his
kingdom in the twenty -second year of his reign,* by an army of
pagan Danes, and soon afterwards went to Rome, where he did
not long survive, and lies buried in St. Mary's church in the
Saxon school. In the same year that Burhred was driven from
his kingdom, the pagan Danes placed the government of Mercia
in the hands of his thane, Ceolwulf, for a time, but after three
years they divided part of it among themselves, and part they
gave to him, suffering him to reign in it: be was the last of the
Mercian kings. After his death, Alfred, king of Wessex, in order
that he might entirely rid his country of the army of pagan Danes,
recovered by his valour London and the surrounding districts,
and obtained possession of that part of the kingdom of Mercia
which Ceolwulf held.7

THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF BEEKICIA.

In the year of our Lord 547 (aoeording to Dionysius), Ida, the
son of Eoppa, a very valiant chief, began to reign in Beruicia.
He had six sons by his queen, nnmely, Adda, Bealric, Theodore,
Ethelrio, Osmere, and Theodhere; and six by his concubines,
Occa, Alric, Ecca, Oswald, Sogor, and Sogothere. He reigned
twelve years, and Ins eldest son Adda succeeded him.

450 FLORENCE OF WORCESTEB.

THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF DEIRA.

In the year of our Lord 559 (according to Dionysius) (Ella,
the son of Yffi, a very powerful chief, began to reign in Deira,
which he ruled for neauly thirty years. Meanwhile, the following
kings reigned in Bernicia, during (Ella's lifetime: Adda, the eldest
son of Ida, for seven years; Theodoric, for seven years; and
Ethelric, for two years. On his death,1 (Ella expelled his 6on
Edwin from the kingdom in the third year of his reign, and
reigned over both provinces during five years. On his death,3 bis
son Ethel frid assumed the government. His .queen Acha, the
daughter of (Ella, bore him seven sons; Eanfrith, Oslaf, Oslac, St
king Oswald, St. king Oswy, Offa, and Oswudu ; and an only
daughter, the abbess St. Ebbe. His brother Theobald was slain
in the battle in which he defeated Aidan, king of the Scots. He,
too, fell in a battle with Redwald, king of East-Anglia, in the
twenty-fourth year of his reign,3 and was succeeded by St. Edwin,
the son of (Ella.

While Edwin was in exile, two sons were born to him by
Quenburg, daughter of Creoda, king of Mercia, namely, Osfriih
and E ad frith. Hereric was the son of Eadfrith, and he had by
Beorhtswith two daughters, the abbess St. Hilda, the foundress of
the monastery called Streoneshalh,4 and St. Hereswith, queen of
the East-Angles. He had also two sons by bis queen St. Ethel-
burg, daughter of Ethelbert, king of Kent, namely, St. Ethelhun
and St. Wuscfrea; and two daughters, St. Eanflede and St. Ethel-
drith. He was slain in the seventeenth year of his reign, aud the
forty-eighth year of his age, together with his son Osfrith, by
Pen da, the pagan king of Mercia, and Cead walla, the barbarian
king of the Welsh.

Edwin was succeeded by St. Oswald, son of his predecessor
Ethelfrid and his sister Acha. St. Oswald was slain in the ninth
year of his reign5 by Penda, king of Mercia, before mentioned,
and was succeeded by his brother Oswy. In the second year of
king Oswy's reign, St. Oswine, the son of Osric, who was the son
of Alfric, who was the uncle of king Edwin, began to reign over
the Deiri, and was slain in the seventh year of his reign.6 Ethel-
wald, son of king Oswald, succeeded him. King Oswy had two
sons by his queen Eanflede, daughter of king Edwin, namely,
Ecgfrid and Elfwine ; and three daughters, Osthryth, who married
Peada, king of the East-Mercians, and Alfrede, who was devoted
to God by her father after his victory in which king Penda was
slain. Oswy reigned for three years over the Mercians and

1 a.d. 588. 2 a.d. 593. s a.d. 693. « Whitby,

* a.d. 642. 6 A.D, 651.

KINGDOMS OF THE BEPTAHCBt. 451

he other people of the southern provinces. At his death, in the
.wentv-eightli vom- of liis ragi'i,' In* It'll his son Ecgl'rid heir lo hia
tiugdom. Ecgfrid was slain by (lie Pitts in ilia fifteenth year oF
lis relgu,a and siit'eoi*dt_-d by Lis brother Ahll'rid, who died in tha
;weiiti.eth year of hia reign.3 and was su<'i:r(„ied by his son Osred,
who whs slum !D ilia eleventh year of bis reign. Osred was suc-
ceeded by Kerirel, son of Cutliivitie. jireut grandson of king Ida,
vho died two years afterwards;1 when Osric was raised to the
throne. He died in the eleventh year <•( bis reign.5 and Ceolwnlf,
tiis predecessor's brother, suece-iled. hi the ujiitli year of Ceol-
wulf's reign, lie became a monk,6 migniag the ^overnnieut of the
kingdom to bis nephew Eadbrihl, the son of Eats. Eadbribt
becoming a monk iu the nineteenth year of his reign,7 bis aon
Oswtilf was appointed king; but be was slain by the Northum-
brians, after reigning one year. Moll Ethelwold succeeded, but
he abdicated the governBurat in the seventh year of bis reign,8
and Alhred, the son of Kaisiviu, [TViim.lsou in the third generation
of king Ida, succeeded to the throne. The Northumbrians ex-
pelled him from the kingdom in the ninth year of bis reign ,a and
raised to tbe throne Erhelred. also called Ethelbert, the son of
Moll. Him ilao [he North urotuiuu deposed in the fifth year of
his reign, and made Alfwold"1 king. Alfwold was foully slain by
a very powerful man whoso name was Sigan," and being succeeded
by his nephew Osred, the sou of Alhred, he, too, was driven from
the kingdom by the Northumbrians after a year was past, and
they re-called king Ethelbert, whom they had before deposed, to
the throne.13 He having been murdered by those about him,
Osbald took possession of the throne, but he filled it only a few
days, and was sueccoded by Eardulf, who reigned one year.

For 6eventy-six years from that time Northumbria was partly
governed by kings, the last of whom were OBbryht and (Ella, who,
in the year 867 (according to the reckoning of Dionysius), wasslain
at York,13 with the flower of tbe Northumbrian youth, by pagans,
consisting of Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, and people of
other nations. From that year'4 tbe English kings who had ruled
Northumbria for three hundred and twenty-one years, ceased to

1 A D. 670. * A.D. 685. • A.n. 705. * a.d. 718,

» A.n. 729. « A.n. 788. ' A D. 757, « a.d. 766.

• A.D. 774. "• A d. 778. Alfwold was the eon of ObwuIE

11 A.n. 789. Sec before, p. 47. "a.d. 794.

13 See a fuller account of the assault and capture of York in Florence

(before p. 60), than is given in the Saxon Chronicle.

11 Instead of the following paragraph, aa f ar aa the point on which king

Athelatan comes on the scene, the editions read thus i " Whoever wishes to

Iwnme acquainted with the atrocious deeds of these [Pagans] will find thent

' recorded in due order in the Chronicle of Chronicles : in this summary

_ j ave endeavoured to insert only what is moat important. It only remains

o observe that Athelstan, the glorious king of Weasel," &c

BE 2 -

fully roco

a

432 FLORENCE OF W01ll.];STEi;.

there for fifty-ono years. Indeed, during- eight
tlioy had no king at all, being crushed, plundered, and ensli
hy the pagans just mentioned : for, during tfatt period, St
Edmund, king of East-Auglta, being slain, and Burhred, king of
lift, driven beyond sua, and their kingdoms BnhjngMsd, while
Alfred. king of Wessex, was neatly ruined, and the* greatest part
of his kingdom occupied, tlie Dan«s incessantly overran and suited
ihont England; burning monasteries with their monks, mil
lunches with their clergy, giving cities, towns, castles, and vilk
a the flumes, laying waste the lands, and slaughtering miihitiides
if ilia people. Nor is this to be wondered at, for so powerful and
numerous an army never landed in England, before or afterwards;
it whs led by eight kings, namely, Bagarv. Hatfdene, Hingum,
Huhha, Guilivuiii. Oskytel, Amund, anil Eowils, and more thiu

Kenty earls, and well furnished with arms of all descriptions,
the ninth year after Oabryht and (Ella fell, the pagau kings,
Halfdene and Eowils, began to reign in North ombria, and reigned
twenty-six years. They having been slain by the English,
BeignaM was king for ten year;;, and Bihtrio reigned for a ft*
yeara.

On his death, his son G-utli ferth assumed the government,
but shortly afterwards the powerful and glorious king AtbchttB
drove him out of his kingdom, and in the year of our Lord (ac-
cording to Diouysiusl 928, being the '147th year from the arrivll
-* *'-ie English in Britain, lie, first of the Anglo-Saxons, obtained
nonarohy of all England, and having the king of the Seals
and the Welsh kings as his tributaries, reigned sole king orer (lie
whole of England.1

THE GKXEAU.RIY DJ'' TJIK MXiiS OF WESSEX.

SS

In the year of our Lord 01!) (acoording to TJionysiusj
and his son Cynric, as we find in the English Chronicle, began Id
raign in Wessex; and in the sixteenth year of bia-reigu'Cerdie
died, and Cyurie became Bole king. He died in the thirty-sixth
yoar of his reign,3 and was succeeded by his son Ceauliti, who
reigned thirty three years Ceol, bis brother CuthwuU's son. who
two years before had been appointed king under him, ungratefully

c read twenty-six. See the Siuton Conoid*

I

KIKGDOMS OF THE HEPTABCHV. 453

rebelled against him, and ejecting him from his kingdom, reigned
iu hia stead five years.1 After his decease, Qw&MMt, the son of
Cutha, became king ; he died in [he fourteenth year of his reign,-
«ud was succeeded by Cynegils the son of his brother Ceol, who,
in the twenty- fourth year of his reign, first of the kings oi'Wesaex,
received Christiun bnptisin, together with his people, at the hands
of St. Birinus, iho bishop.3 His rob, king Cuiohelm, died the
following year,' having lifer. baptised by the same bishop.

King Cynegils died in the t.him-first year of his reign, mid his
son Cenwaleh succeeded to the government of tlio kingdom. He
was baptised in East-Anglia by fit. Feb*, the bishop,5 and built
the church lit Winchester, in which i- the bishop's scat. He died
in the thirty-sixth year of his reign," and his wile Sexburg reigned
one year after him. Then Gaafill reigned two years, as king
Alfred states, but, according to the English Chronicle, his sou
(Eacwine reigned nearly three years, lie was succeeded by Cent-
wine, son of king Cfnegila, imio died in tlie eighth year of his
reign." He was succeeded by Cctidwall, the son orCenbriht, great
grandson of king Ceaulin,8 and after hi in Ina. eon of the sub-king
Cenred, who was grandson of a grandson of king Ceauliu, governed

"Birimis: "lir.-; lil-ili..[i,.t" tin- ff(-i-Sj.vm.-."- Another Ed.

• a.h. Gift.

! Felix ; " first bishop uf tilt East-Angles."

'A.o.674. 'A.D.fi85.

• A.r>. 688. Several MSS. add respecting CeadwalL that he went io

Rome "for the -\Vf or' ( 'lirist- .Te.-us," qdoting some lines from hia epitaph

at St. Peter's, of which there appear to hare been many versions ; that in

iiede hciris; iu hexameter and pentameter verses, but "those in Henry of

Huntiii^W, ami ih, ins quoted in the Addition to Florence's Chronicle, are in

hexameter. The latter part we referred to is thus slightly paraphrased in

the translation of Huntingdon's Ilistorv : —

Peter to see and Peter's holy seat *

■Tin- iimmI -tiiiiii,-!!' f.irncl his pilgrim feet:
Drew from the fount the purifying streams,

Ajj<1 i.lianul ill,- ra,ii;iivv ill' eefesl iul !:■■:■ < ;

Exchanged an earthly crown and barbarous name
Tor In :;u-i -u.lv glory and eternal fame;
Wliilv following Peter's rule, he from his lo

Assumed his nan

Washed in the ft .

(.'hi-;-;'-! virrue rai-ed him to tho realms of light.

i.- 1 .vjiii;- i eier.H nil!', n,. ir,nii ins mm

iini'ii liia inline at father Sergius' word ;
bed in the font, still clothed in robes of whit*,
sI'h virtue raised him to the realms of light.
From lirit tun's distant isle his venturous way
O'l-i- 1 s. n -:!.-,, o'er was, bv ttiilsume jnurneyings lay,
Rome to behold, her glorious temple see,
Anil mystic offerings make on bended knee.
White-robed' among the flook of Christ he sh osie ;
His flesh to eartli, his soul to heaven is gone.
Sure wise ha was to lay his sceptre down,
And 'change an earthly for a heavenly crewn.

454 FLORENCE OF

the kingdom, and built Glastonbury.1 His brother's name WM
Ingfds, and be had two sisters, St. Cuthburg and St Quenbnrg.
la was succeeded in the kingdom by Ktlieiliarri* who w«s at
race of king Cerdic. Ha died in the fourteenth year of hii
reign,3 and was succeeded by his kinsman Cuthred. Sigeberht. son
of the sub-king Sigeric, then iiscimdcd the throne and reigned one
year;' bus Cynewulf, a des'-endnnl of !;in<r i.Vrdic. drove him not
and reigned in his stead. The et.ht'lins; (.'yiieliard, son of Sigeric,
and brother of Sigeberht, slew Cynewulf in the thirtieth yeorof
bis reign,' and Brihtrio, one of the descendants of king Cerdic,
succeeded him. B rib trie died in the fifteenth year of his reign,*
and wns succeeded by Egbert, son of Alhmund, the sub-kinf, i
great grandson of king Ina, Egbert died in the thirty -seventh
year of his reign, and was succeeded by his son Ethelwutf.''

Among his other good deeds, king Ethelwulf ordered that three
hundred maneuses should he carried to Home every year, one
hundred of which were to be employed in honour of St. Peter, to
purchase oil for filling all the lamps of that church on the ere of
Easter ; and also at cock-crowing, one hundred in honour of St
Paul, iti the same manner; and one hundred maneuses to the catho-
lic and apostolic pope. He released the teuth part of bis whole
kingdom from all royal service and tribute, and offered it !o the
One and Triune God for the redemption of his own soul, and of
those of his predeceseors. After his death and burial at Winchester,
his son Ethelhulr.l suoiyit'ded to the kingdom, and died in the third
year of bis reign.8 His brother Eibelhr-rt succeeded him, and
reigned for live years.' After him, his brother Ethelred reigned
eight years:10 during his reign, (Ella and Osbryht, the kings of
North mn bria, and St. Edmund, king of Eaet-Anglia, were slain
by the pagan Danes, who took possession of their kingdoms. Ob
the dentil of Etbelred, his brother Alfred began to reign. H< """
*' ! most a^omplished of the Saxon poets, most vigilant ii
rice of GoV urn) most discreet in re vieu-ini; judicial proceedings."
a queen Elswitha bore him two sotis, Edward and Ethelwani,
i three daughters, KthclQi'da. lady of tlie .Mercians, Ethelgeov".
nuti, and Elfthryth. In the third year of his reign, Burhred.
king of Mercia, was driven from his kingdom by the h-'~™
mentioned Danes.

' Some JISS. add:—

Et pro rejjc D«n, regnli cnlmina spretOj
Rinnaiii n'S. o-mlii, .[in. sum-in line ■ |uievir..
[Spurned kindly pmnji. hi- !ir-:iv,'iiK kiuj; v
And sped lu Rome, nntt r-li-nt in huly rest.]
« A.D. 728. ■ i-D. 741. ' A-l>. Tit,

!a.o. 784. «a.ij 800. *a.u. S36.

* A.n. 858— 861 ■ a.d. 86! — fHiS. '» Read live : A.n.

" Ailti't here: "Re was sent to Rome by his father
i"iiiR-'l Lin;.: l.y i">ir(.' Leo IV."

. 754, 7:,5.

KINGDOMS OP THE HEPTARCHY. 455

King Alfred died in the twenty-ninth year of his reign,1 and

was succeeded by his sou Ed mini, wlmse qiitvn Ed.siva bore him
three sons, Edwin, Edmund, and Edred, will. St. Edburga, and
three other daughters; of whom Otho, emperor of the Humans,
ninrried one, Charles, king of the Western-Franks, another, and
Sibtric, king of Northnmbria, the third His eldest son Athenian
wag by Ecgwin, a lady of very noble birth. He reigned over all
the provinces in England ns for «b tlio river Humliw, und received
tha submission, lirst of lh» Welsh king.', ami n fcerwards of the
Itiugs of die Si'ui-i. tlieNririliiimlirinns, and the 8i.nit.ln.dyde Britons.
On the death of king Edward, his son Alhelstan succeeded to the
throne,' and lifter liiui reigned bis brother F.dmund,a who bad by
his queen St. Elfgiva two sons, Edwy nnd Edgar. Edmund having
been horribly murdered, Ids brother Edred succeeded to the king-
dom in bis place, find dii-d in ihe Km Lb year of bis reign.* Edwy,
the son of his brother Edmund, was the nest king, and dying in
the fourth year of bis reign, was -iucceedeil by bis In-other Edgar,
then sixteen years of age. Ry Knedu,5 n lady of noble birth, be
bad St. Edward, by St. Wuluhrub, St. F.dgilh. and by bis queen
Elfthryth, two sons, Edmund and Bftelred. la the fourth year of
bia reign,8 by bis order, St. Ethelwold ejected the canous from the
Old Minster at Winchester, and in the tenth year of bis reign,
St. Oswald ejected them from Worcester, and monks were sub-
stituted, Edgar died in the thirty-siieoiid year of his age, and the
sixteenth of bis lciyn." leaving _lns son] Edward lieir to his
kingdom, who was slain by order of his step-mother Elfthryth, in
the third year of bis reign, and succeeded in the kingdom by .hie
brother Ethelred. He had three aons by Elfgiva, daughter of
Ethel bert the ealdorman, Edmund, Edwin, ana Ethelstan; and
one daughter, Edgitha. By Emma, daughter of Bichard earl of
Normandy, ho had two sons, Alfred and Edward.

Ethelred died in the thirty-ninth year of his reign, and was suc-
ceeded by his son Edmund, who had two sons by a lady of noble
birth, Edmund and Edward; but be perished the same year by the
treason of Edric Streon. After his death, Canute, the son of
Sweyn, king of Denmark, who bad invaded England with a
powerful fleet seven months before king Ethelred's death, seized
the reins of government, and sent into banishment the sons of
king Edmund. One of these, Edmund, died in Hungary at an
early age; but Edward married Agatha, the daughter of the
emperor Henry III., by whom be had Margaret, queen of Scota,
ind Edgar the etheling. King Canute died ir

I, lb W.'L ■'■■"■ " ' ..... ..-

i by gut
' Eneda. See page 1(

456 FLORENCE OF WORCESTER.

Elfgirn of Hampshire, succeeded him in England, and died fii

Sure after his lather's death.' Ho was succeeded by his brother
ardicanute. who died iu the third year of his reign, Bnd was ena-
ceeded by Edward, son of king E die! red, bis brother by Lis
mother's side.3

Edward king of England died in the twenty-third year of liis
reign.3 By his choice and girt lie was succeeded by earl Harold,
eon oi'Godwin earl of Weaaex, by Githa, sister of Sweyn, king of
Denmark, father of St. Canute, the martyr. He bad a son named
Harold by his queen Aldgilha, daughter of earl Algnr: the same
year ho fell in battle with Wiiiinm cull of Normandy, who suc-
ceeded him in the kingdom, William hail three bohs by his queen
Matilda, namely, Robert, William, and Henry : he died ill Nor-
mandy in the twenty-second year of his reign.'' He was succeeded
by his son William, who died without issue in the thirteenth yen
of his reign5 iu the province of the Jutes,0 being struck bj «u
arrow in the New Forest. He was succeeded in the kingdom by
his voungest brother Henry.

[The printed editions have the following addition.]

By his queen Matilda, he [Henry] had a son named William,
and a daughter named Matilda, who was. first, cmjiress of the
Eomans, and afterwards, countess oT Aujou.

[The. L. manuscript contains this further addition.]

Having succeeded to the tbrono, ho look to wife Malildl
daughter of Malcolm, king of the Scots, by his queen
She conceived and bore him a son named William, and i
daughter, Matilda, who whs hi the course of time married to
Henry, emperor of Germany.? When his son was scarcely uilali.
the king concluded a marriage f i tnui wnh Hit; daughter of Fait.
count of Aujou. Returning to England with bis lather aud many
nobles of both kingdoms, be was shipwrecked and drowned, with
all who had embarked in his company," not in consequence of the
sea being tempestuous, but from sheer negligence of the mariner*
On hearing this, the king was sorely troubled: bo recalled ins
daughter from Germany, after the emperor's death, and caused
her to remain at his own court. On the death of the queen, his
wife, he married another, namely. Adeliza, the da:
G [odrey], duke of Lorraine;5 and declared his daug]
successor to the throne by right of inheritance, in the .

1 *.D. 1040. ' A.D. 1042. -■ A.i). 10GB.

* A.n. 1087. J A.n. 10!>0.

• Bede savs (U I.e. ];",): "J-'rom llir, .lutes arc itpseemlcil the ■pesdttf
Kent, and of the tit •■( Witfit, ami iln.-c :l1.h,, in tlte nmvinoM of tb*W«l-
Suxons, who arc tu iliis d,iv i.alli-d .late-, seated o|i]io-iite lo tbe Isle «f
Wight." llnni|isliin-, it ii|i[iears, :-till rt'ttiiinnl the appellation of proriw
Jutarum, in the ilai'd nf l-'lurait-e.

'A.n.ll0B. 'a.-d. 1120. »

kingdoms oe TOE HEPTARCHY. 457

g no son and heir by Adeliza; and all the barons of England

rued this by their oaths at London.

:!invhi!i.'. discord arising, »a was nl'ten the case, between the
and the count of Aiijixi, lbs king, as a lover of peace, being
IHn .* that his kingdom should be louder disturbed, gave his
titf-.r in marriage io Geoffrey, the son of count Fulk.1 For

years she remained barren, but in the fourth year she con-
J and brought forth a son, who was afterwards king of
and by the name of Henry. Count Fulk having resigned
ounty to bis son Geoffrey, went to Jerusalem, and there, Ids
nes prospering, lip ivu-. ciowned king.

ng Henry died in ilic lliiily-sixth year of his reign,"' and was
:d in the montistei v e.t Ib.-adinc;. which lie bad built from the
JationB. But when count 0. and his wife, who was the heir,
!-d to succeed to the kingdom, tlie nobles of llie land, regard-
of their oath, refused to acknowledge liirn as king, saying,

alien shall reign over us." Taking counsel logcthor, they,
fore, placed the crown of the kingdom on the bead of Stephen,
ler of the bishop of Winchester, and nephew of king Henry
i.in-f'ilii'.'iice, the count of Anjou, lining deeply aggrieved by
njtiry he bad received, began to cause great disturbance lo

Stephen, and wrested the whole of Normandy from him.
sou. Henry, also having arrived at years of maturity, came

to England with his mother, and supported by a great
ber of the barons of the realm, cliiiirii.'d it iiltoyclher for him-

After crossing the sea to and fro several times on visits to
land, he assembled a powerful army, and prepared to wage a
erale war with the king, who was no Icbs anxious for the con-
1 Many places being fortified against him with locks and bolts,
especially the castle of Wallingford, England was grievously
sscd by both parties in their mutual ravages.
; that period there was no respect paid either to the bishop's
» or tli6 abbot's cowl ; both were stripped if they did not, at
irst demand, furnish whatever was required. And if a bus-
Iman bad grain left to sow his land, the crop was carried oft'
le enemy before it was ripe, as fodder for horses, instead oi'
g the food of man. The more the prisoner possessed by which
ould ransom himself from suffering, the more cruel were the
ires inflicted on him, for he was reckoned far more honourable

the rest, who was best able to plunge others into dishonour

ruin. At length,1 through the intervention of their conn-
rs, on both sides, Stephen disinheriting his own family,
owledged on oath Henry as his successor in the kingdom.
re a year elapsed after this treaty, king Stephen ended his

458 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER.

days in the nineteenth year of his reign.1 On receiving this intel-
ligence. Henry, who was then duke of Normandy and AquiUdne
and count of Anjou (for his father was now dead), came over to
England, with his wife Eleanor; who, having been married to
Lewis, king of France, had been divorced from him by reason of
consanguinity. He was attended by the archbishop of Rouen and
many of the French nobles, both spiritual and lay, and on his
arrival, obtained the crown of England, pursuant to the oaths
of fealty he had before received.

■ CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF KENT.

The dominions of the Kentish kings were confined to Kent; in
which there are these two bishoprics, the archbishopric of Canter-
bury, and the bishopric of Rochester.

CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF WESSEX.

The dominions of the kings of Wessex included Wiltshire,
Berkshire, and Dorsetshire; in which there is one bishop, whose
see is now at Salisbury, but was formerly at Ramsbury or Sher-
borne. Sussex also was subject to them, although, at one time, it
had its own king. The episcopal see of that province was in old
times at Selsey, an islaud round which the tide flows, as Bede
relates, and where St. Wilfrid built a monastery; but the bishop
has now his residence at Chichester. The kingdom of Wessex
also included Hampshire and Surrey, in which there is one bishop,
who has his see at Winchester ; Somersetshire, with a bishop for-
merly at Wells, but now at Bath ; Domnania, called Devonshire,
and Cornubia, called Cornwall, in which there were then two
bishoprics, one at Crediton, the other at St Germain's; but now
there is only one, the see of which is Exeter.

CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF MERCIA.

The dominion of the kings of Mercia included the following
districts, viz., Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire; in
these there is one bishop whose see is at Worcester. Cheshire,
Derbyshire, and Staffordshire ; in these there is one bishop, and

1 King Stephen died on the £4th October, 1154.

i

KINGDOMS OP THE HEPTARCHY. 459

diocese contains part of Warwickshire nn<l Shropshire, his see
ciug been favunrty lit Litchfield, but is now lit Cheater or
ventry : Herefordshire; the bishop having hulf Shrop-liirc
i pHrt of Warwickshire hd(1 Gloucestershire, with his see at

•ret'cml : Osfi)i-'lBhir>\ IliicliinKl shire, llerel'ni'dshire. Hnnt-

{rlonshire, half of Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Leicester-
ire, and Lincolnshire; all these are under a bishop who now
a his see at Lincoln, which was formerly at Dorchester:
lieestershire and Nottinghamshire; the spiritual care of which
rtaitis to the archbishop of York, but they had formerly a
■hop of their own, whose see was at Leicester.

CONCF.KNINfi Tilt: KINGDOM OF FAST-ANGI.IA.

Tho kings of lie EH=r-An;,'tes were niiisiern of Onmhri<lgi>shirp:
lere there is a bishop who has his see at Ely : and Norfolk and
ifl'olk, which have a bishop whose Bee is now at Norwich, but
is formerly at Elm ham or Tbetford.

CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF ESSEX.

The kings of Essex ruled in Essex and half of Hertfordshire,
hich were included in, and still are part of, the diocese of the
shop of Loudon.

CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF NORTHUMBRIA,

The Northumbrian kings had dominion over all the country
hich lies beyond the river Humber as far as Scotland. There
ere in it the archbishop of York, and the bishops of Hexham,
ipou.Liudisfarne, and Wbitheme; but the bishoprics of Hexham
nl Uipoii have btcu dissolved, and the bishop of Liudisfarne was
an slated to Diubain

'J'lif'hc were ■■..< t. rnrom'i apportioned to the several kingdoms;
!it in the vin-xiiixe* of the times, now one king and now an-
bcr, either ent'ii.iiil Ins fr. nuers by his valour, or lost ground
f his ft "

4G0 FLORENCE OP WORCESTER.

CONCERNING THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY

AND YORK.

In ancient times, the archbishop of Canterbury had in hi*
province the following bishops, viz., the bishops of LondoD,
Winchester, Rochester, Sherborne, Worcester, Hereford, Litch-
field, Selsey, Leicester, Elrnham, Sidnacester, and Dunwich: ia
the timo of king Edward the Elder there were added the bishop*
of Cornwall, Crediton, and Wells in Wessex, and of Dorchester
in Mercia.

The archbishop of York had under his jurisdiction all the
bishops beyond the Humber, namely, Ripon, Hexham, Lindis-
fame, that of Candida casa, now called Whi theme, and all the
bishops of Scotland and the Orkney islands, in the same manner
as the archbishop of Canterbury has jurisdiction over the bishops
of Ireland and Wales. The bishoprics of Ripon and Hexham
have long since disappeared in consequence of hostile invasions,
and those of Leicester, Sidnacester, and Dunwich, I know not how*

Further: in the reign of king Edward, the Simple-minded, the
dioceses of Cornwall and Crediton were united, and the see was
transferred to Exeter. Under king William the Bastard, it was
ordered in council, that the bishops should leave their vills and
fix. their residences in the cities of their dioceses. In consequence,
the bishop of Litchfield removed to Chester, formerly called
Caerligion; the bishop of Selsey to Chichester; the bishop of
Elmham to Thetford, first, and afterwards to Norwich;; the bishop
of Sherborne to Salisbury; the bishop of Dorchester to Lincoln:
the bishop of Lindisfarue long ago shifted to Durham, and the
bishop of Wells, lately, to Bath.

CONCERNING THE BISHOP'S SEATS IN COUNCIL.

When the archbishop of Canterbury presides at a council, let
him have the archbishop of York on his right hand, and next to
him the bishop of Winchester, and the bishop of London on his
left. But if it should happen that the archbishop of Canterbury
be absent, the archbishop of York, as president of the couurii",
shall have the bishop of London on his right hand, and the
bishop of Winchester on his left. Let the others take their seats
according to the order of time at which they were consecrated.

THE END.

INDEX.

k, 41.

li- ('liillcii'l'jii, elected arcli-
p of Canterbury, 347 ; re-
, 350; retires to his priory,
his death, 353.
lruwe, monastery founded,

! Mrivi™ priest, 17.
U?, daughter of the duke of
■iiiuc, brought over, 232,
married to Henry 1. and
□ed, 833; entertains the

resa Maud, 268.

fiecomnames archbishop
idoro to ICnglnini, '"; made
t of St. Peter's, 23; Ids

i, m.

bUhop of the East-Angles,

ii Irish clerk, account of,

, king of the Scots, defeated
egsastan, 9.

mu'dered by I.eofsy, 113.
■Vnirius], dean of Evesliam,
Icath, 141.

ie, bishop of Durham, re-
to Peterborough, iiiH; his

ishop of Susses, 159; de-

d, 17.'..

:lil'i[i, .!.'•: A vli-nfiirii.

■me, it,) F.ihelwine.

;rht, bishop of the West-

>HS, 16; returns to France,

e bishop of Paris, 20; pre-

siiif iit the svnnd of Whitby, li>;
ordains Wilfrid, 20.

-■l^ll'iM'', 1'isjiojj ot Ehrihfiin. his
death, 135.

bishup of Wilton, 104.

son of JElfric, blinded by

order of Ethelred, 110.

Ave AljrBT.

JElleah [,-l-;lf,lieSt'] the Bald,
bishop Hi' Winchester, 97 ; his
death, US.

St., abbot of Bath, bishop of

Winchester, 108: archbishop of
Canterbury, 115) murdered by
the Danes, 1110, 121] translated,
13a.

/Elf-eat, a king's thane, 142,

.Eli' hi:! ni. caldonnau, murdered
byEdric Streon, 115; his child-
ren blinded, 11U; Ills ilmi^liier
Elfgowa, 140.

.Eli' hero, euklormaii of Mercia,
expels the monks, J (Hi; trans-
lates the body of St. Edward,
Hie kin jr., 107; his death, 10a.

.El! him, bishop of London, buries
the body ol' archbishop Elphege,
121; attends queen Emma to
Normandy, 122.
."diked, sit Eltleeda.

iElfmicr, archdeacon, betrays
Canterbury to the Danes, 110.

bishop of Selsey, 118; his

death, 134.
.EItVe.1. bishop of Selsey, 103.

bishop of Sherborne, 98.

-Ell'ric, archbishop of York, 135;
j;oes to Rome, lb.; employed to ,

4G2

INDEX.

disinter the body of Harold,
143; accuses Godwin and others
of the murder of Alfred, 143;
anoints king Edward, 145 j his
death, lf>0.

— - bishop of Eluiham, his death,
142.

-TCI trio, bishop of Wilton, ap-
pointed to the see of Canter-
bury, 111; consecrated, 112;
his death, 115.

bishop of Worcester, 144.

ealdorman of Mercia, 10S;

banished, ib. ; advises tribute to
be paid to the Danes, 109;
commands the fleet, 110 ;
sends intelligence, and flees
to the Danes, 110; his treason,
114.

ealdorman, slain in the battle

of Assandun, 130.

earl, brother of Odda, his

death, 155
.ZElfMge, bishop of Lindisfarne,

103; his death, 109.
(Wulfhelm?) bishop of

Wells, his death, 101.

bishop of Winchester, 98;

raised to the see of Canterbury,
101; his death, ib.

bishop of Winchester, 125.

iElfstan, bishop of Wilton, has a
command in the fleet against
the Danes, 110.

^If'thrith, married to king Ed-
gar, 103; murders her son-in-
law, king Edward, 107.

iElfward, abbot of Evesham and
bishop of London, 140; retires
to Ramsey, and death, ib.

iElfweard, et holing, son of Ed-
ward the elder, his death, 96.

iElfwine, bishop of Elmham, 135.

bishop of Wells, 114.

bishop of Winchester, his

death, 147.

JSee also Alfwine.

iElfwold, bishop of Sherborne, his

death, 107.
■ ealdorman, resists the ex-

pulsion of the monks, 107.

iElla lands in Sussex, 4; defeats
the Britons, ib.; and at Mer-
creades-burne, ib.; storms An*
dredcs-ceaster, ib.; the first
Bretwalda, 50.

begins to reign in Deira,f»; \

his genealogy, ib.; his death, 8.
king of Northumbria, slain

at York, 60.

bishop of Litchfield, 96.

JElmar, bishop of Selsey, his
death, 134.

iErfast, bishop of Elmham, 142;
transfers the see to Thetford, ft.,

iEsc, begins to reign withHengest,
3; defeats the Britons at Cray-
ford, ib. ; at Wippedsfleote, 16.;
again, 4; reigns after Hengest,
ib,

iEscwine, king of Wessex, 24; his
genealogy, ib.; battle of Bea-
denhead between him and Wolf-
here, ib.; his death, 26.

JEsc wy, bishop of Dorchester, goes
in the fleet against the Danes,
110.

iEthelfrith, see Ethelfrith, &c.

iEthelric, see Ethelric.

Aetius, groans of the Britons to, 2.

Aidan, invited to Bernicia by Os-
wald, 14; his death, 16.

Alb er marie, earl, at the battle of
the Standard, 264

Alberic, bishop of Ostia, comes as
legate, 266.

Albigenses, destruction of, 313;
crusade against, 319.

Albinus, succeeds Adrian as abbot
of St. Peter's, 36.

Aldgyth, wife of Harold, goes to
Chester, after the battle of
Hastings, 170.

Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbnry, 21;
dedicates his work "De'Vir-
ginitate," to Heldelith, abbess
of Barking, 25; made bishop of
Sherborne, 34; his death, 35.

abbot, slain by the people of

Thetford, 100.

Aldhun, bishop of Lindisfarne,
109; his death, 135.

bishop of Lindisfarne, hia

103.

expelled from Bam*
gh.fe.

abbot of Tavistock and
> of Worcester, 147; goes
jme, 160 ; envoy to the
"or. 156 ; administers the
f Hereford, 168 ; conae-

the abbey church at Wor-
i 160; resigns the aee of
n, ib.; goes in pilgrimage
me, i'6; made archbishop
rk, 161; crowns William
mqueror, 171; his death,

king of Eait-Anglia, his

logy, 21.

chbishop of York, 109;

atesthebody of St. Oswald,

lis death, ill.

r.ee Ealdrid.

, bishop of Litchfield, 39.

, bishop of Rochester, 38;

ith, 41.

er, bishop of Lincoln, 235;

msecration, ib. and note;

reatment by king Stephen,

er I., king of Scotland,
lis death, 235.
er 11., king of Scotland,
irter wiih Henry III., 393;

to the roue, 3!>1 ; claims
uniberland, &C, 395.
er III., king of Scotland,
:ed by Henry III., 327 ;
■s tin! Princess Margaret,
larries a daughter of the

ofDreux, 373; his deal h,

his disputed

king, born 53; his gene-
. ib.; sent to Rome, 65;
ed king there, ib. ; goes

anes to Nottingham, 61;
cd by the Danes at Read-
2; defeats them at Ash-
it.; worsted by them

ib. ; of his youth, 05 ; hia
devotion, id. ; afflicted with a
painful disease, ib. ; his chil-
dren, fid: his public works, alms,
ib.; en co ii raj; i- ii lent ef forei fil-
ers, ib.; defeated bj the Danes
at. Wilton, 67; makes peace ni.h
tlio Danes, ib. ; invites (Wi
mund, Athelstan, and Wurwnll',
63;in»itest;rinihnld,.l"hn of< 'Id-
Sax ony, and Asser, ib. ; defeats
the Danes at sea, 60; makes a
treaty with them, ib.; with,
draws to the marshes fit' Somer-
setshire, 70; fortifies himself at
Atheluey, 71; defeats the Danes
at IMiandun, ib. ; makes peace
with them, ib.; defeats them at
sea-; sends alms tuist. Thomas, in
India, 73 ; the Danes defeat Ids
tieet atthemouthot'tbeStour,74;
he reftcres Louden, and places
it under Ethclred of Mercia, 75;
begins to read and translate,
76; hia bodily sufferings,
acts, and government, ib. ;
founds monasteries at Athelney
and Shaftesbury, 77; division of
his revenue, ib.; division of Ms
time, ID.; judicial administra-
tion, 78; marches against the
Northumbrian and East- Anglian
Danes, 81; defeats the Danes at
Farnham, ib. ; at Benfleet, 82 ;
erects two forts on the sea, 84 j
builds large ships, 85; bis death
and character, 86, 86.

the king's horse- thane, 164.

son of king Ethelred, sent

to Normandy, 122; returns to
England, 140; his followers
cruelly murdered, ib.; barbar-
ous treatment and death of, ib.

Alfonso, king of Castile, einela
the Moors, 3C8.

son of Edward I., born, 363 J

his death, 370,

Alfward, «e fflfward.

Alf wine, brother of king Ecgfrith,

slain in llu-- battle tin the Trent,
27.
Ali'wotd, bishop of Crediton, 100;
his death, 104.

— king of Northnmbria, 44 ;
sends for his pall for Eanbald,
45 ; murdered, 4G.

Algitr, bishop of Elmham, his
death, 135.

— earl, son of Leofi-ic, sue.
ceeds to Hai-old's earldom,
Ififi; is outlawed, [5(1; invade*
En-land with Uriffvth, king of
Wales, 157. defeats earl Rit-
'ln[;ili, I5S; burns Hi-n't'onl, ib, ;
makes peace with Harold, ib ;
BO totem his father, 15!); is
again outlawed and restored.! G<*.
IlilWih, vhi el' kin- Dswj, at the
buttle of Winwidfield, 13; at
the synod of Whitby, 19; suc-
ceeds Ecgl'rith, 2U ; Ik'-Iuks tln->
see of Hexham on Wilfrid, :V>:
expels him from Hexham, 32;
his death, 84,

Alhun, bishop of Worcester, 53,

61 i his death, 07.
Alhmimii, bishop of Hexham, 44;

his death, 44.

son of Alfred uf Northum-
brian slain, 48.

Alurnl, king of Northumbria, 44;
his genealogy, ft. ; expulsion
of, ft.

Alhsian, bishop of Sherborne, se«
Ealhstan.

Alice, queen, se.e Adelaide.

the Wost-Saxons, Ethel-
helm conveys them to Rome,
76; Beocca conveys them, ~'J;
Beornhelm tarries then), ib.

Alric, king of Kent, 38.

Alwin, «re JElfwine.

AmiTiliui-y, sviiiiil at, 107; nunncrv
at, 373, 374.

Amund, n Danish king, winters at
Cam bridge, 69.

a Danish huscarL 167.

A ndredes -coaster, the fort razed,

Alius,

Andredes-leag, forest of, 4,

Andrew, St., oratorv dedicated to,

lit Ki mpsev, 61.
Anfrid Cocftsfoot, a N

resident in England, 155.
ingles, dieir arrival in Britain,
.\niir.i.'liadus, a monk of Kuldi,

account of, 145, 148.
Aiij'.ii, (lliarlcs ..[", elected kingoC

.Sicily, 336 , gains the haitla of

lleiieieiito, 34-t; takes .Nocera,

■AVi.
Anlaf, me Olaf.
An tin, kino; "f the E.

15; his death, 17.
Ansel in, a chbishopof Canlerhnti,

195 i consecution of, 1117; In.

quarrel with William II, Mr

he goes to Rome, ,'■

Epe Urban at the council of
-ri, 205; goes to Lvons, i'4.;
is refilled, B08; hold* n synod,
211; disputes with the king re.
specting investitures, ib.; gofe
to Rome, 212; is j-ecnitili'il i.i(L:
the king, 214; returns tfl In;-
land, ib. ; makes terms as to In-
vestitures, 215; canons for Its
reformation of the clergv.ii:,
21H; his death, 219.

, the archbishop's nepheif,

legate from Rome. L.'V ■

meets Henry I, in Norinaiidi,

22a

Anthony Bek, bishop of Durlum.
3fjS; excommunicated by the
archbishop of York, 400; to
mission to the emperor, 406.

Antioeb taken by the crusaaen,
204; surrender of, to the sulmi
of Egypt, 343.

Ari'ast, bishop of Elmhiiui, I'll;
transfers the see to Thetfont, &■

Arno-t. bishop of Huui
his death, ft.

Arnulpli, elected prn ■ ■
dismemberment of the drl*
vingian empire, ft.; he AeSfK
tho Danes on the Dyle, omt
Louvaine, 80.

. . bishop of Rochester, 22S; V>

■

| death, 236.

m

duke of Brittany, bnrn,
iiiighted by the kin™ of
e, 311 i besieges the ca-tle
abeau, ib. ; taken pri sone r
g John and sent to FaJaise,

toliert, fount of, his rash
i.-t in Palestine, 326.
, lands in the Himbw
he sons of Uinc Snevn,
;3 bribed bv William the
icror.i'i. i returns to Den-
175; is outlawed there, Hi.

battle of, 205.
i, battle of, 62, 63.
n, battle of, 130 ; Canute

a church there, 134.
vited by Alfred, 118; his

72.

bishop of Wells, raised to

?e of Canterbury, !)0;

5 Athelstan, 96.

■.Alfred, retires to, 71.

n, kin^ of Kent, 62.

; of England, his birth,

Ml, yt);

imaceofthe pettv kin™:.,
iviwies Scotlaud.'lW; de-
lie Si-fits and Danes ;l1. the
of lirunanburgli, ib. ; bis
9S.

-in-law of Ethelred. UN.
trip of Hcri'lbrd, li>7: be-
blind dm! hasa coadjutor,

I lis death, iL

cuklonnaii. queen El-
's brother, his death, 87.

COUIltl.'aS of Alllliulc-, lli'r

353.

Ii-an of Evesham, 141.
le, St., his mission. S ;
I Mellitus, Justus, and
itius.lt, 10; his death, 10.
d, battle of, 3.

ii Danish kinj;, slain .;!

«n, m.

, see Beadwiot,

49.

Baldwin, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 303; his death, 305.

abbot of St. Edmund's, a skil-
ful physician, 203.

king of Jerusalem, 200.

count of Flanders, goes to

Jerusalem. 311; made emperor
of the East, 312.

Bali.. I, Her nar J de, at the battle
of the Standard, 264.

John dp, claims the crown of

Scotland, SN-J; adjud-i.i.l t.jhim,
338 ; swears fealty, iS. ; is
crowned, ib.; does homage at
Newcastle, 400.

Banbury, battle at, fi.

Bangor, slaughter of the monies of,

Edward's forces, 4
Bari, eouneil of, 205.

liiLi-kiii^ alihi'v founded by Ethel-

HLivrt'?Hich.ird. his mission to the

fope, 2915; bis letter to Henrv
[., 297, 2y9; his mission to the
emperors of Germany and Cou-
>iar.liin>pU', 304.

Ha-irvr, Eiliercd and Alfred de-
feated by the Danes at, 64.'

Bath, threatened with an attack,
L'lit ; skinii!s!i in tlu* re.-i:; lib on I'-
ll ood, 278.

Untile, iiliiiev. consecrated, 197.

i!atlles, at Avlesford, S; Cray ford,
ib.; Wippedes-fleot, ib. ; Cy-
menes-ora, -I ; And redes- lea i; ib. ;
Mereivdes-burn, ib.; Ccrdic.es-

" ora. ib. ; Cerdices-ford, 5 ;
Srarcs-bvrig (Old Sarum), 6;
Banbury, i6.; Wimbledon, 7;
Bedford. '!■.: Oii-ham, ib.; Fre-
theru, i6.; Wodiic.i-l.enrh. 8, 37;
Dc^sastaii, II; Uoanduno, 10;
the river Idle, 11; Cirencester,
13 ; Hatfield, ib. ; between
L'.irdnall and Usric, ib.; between
FT

f!6 i

Oswald audodwalLfi..- Si».
hcHMr--lr\iirlu,J4; at Maserfeld,
I".. WinwidfeM [Mob?], 18
t' valfli and the Britons,
11 Qidu>hMJbd.«i in LiTid-
2li; on (I,, li .i. .■:. a h-
m.d the W«t. i, 2
■ . ■ . ■
n',!i,'':.m( i!,'."i'i,-J;':-!i;-".'
Uwent, iii,-, betweau luuauil
South Saxons, 38 ; betwi
Ethelward and Oswald, 38; the
Britons with Ethelbald and
Cuthrod, 41; between Cutliri
and Etlielhu.i.-ti:; with Etlieluard
and the Britons, ib.; at Burford,
ih.\ between Cynewulf and (lie
Britons, ib.; at Oxford, 44; at
Bensiiii;ton, Hi. : Cymt-res-fiii-d,
48;Gaviiil'.ji'.l[Caiiir-lf.u-i]:'j,4:i:
EllandunP, Hi.-, in East- An;j;liii.
bit, 50; in Essex, ib.; at Char-
mouth. 51; sea-fight at ditto, 52;
Hengests-dnnc, ib. ; sea-fight
near S Duel ism in oi i, 52; at Port-
land Island, id.; on the 1'arret,
53; Wemhurg, so; Ockley, 55;
Sandwich, <■'<.; Thn.nct, iii ; Win-
chester, 59; York, 00; Engle-
field,62; Heading,!/' ; Ashdowii,
ill.; Basing, (14; Mertun, it.;
Wilton, ''if, Alfred's sea-fight
with tho Danes, W; at CynuitC)
in North Devon, TO; Etbaudun,
71 ; between the Danes and Al-
fred's Heel ut the mouth of the
Stour,75i atSt.Lou,80;onthe
Dyle, Hi.; al Farnhaiu, 31; B"ii-
fleet, 82; Buttington,*3: Holme,
87; on the Ouw, AS, at Tetten-
hall, 8U; Wodneafeld, ill. ;
Leighi.on, 00; Brunai-burgh, 97;
sea-fight between (hi' Londoners
aid East - Anglians and the
Danes, 110: Penho, 113; near
Thetfbrd, 115; Ringmf-re, IIS;
Semi-Stan, 1*27; Brentford, 129;
Oxford, 13(1; Assanduu, ib. ;
Stanford hriil-e, H'i!.i; Hasting';,
170; Aseal'.in, -'J.-., Tindi'-ui-ni,

214; in Goner, be! ween Sir.
mans and Welsh, 251 ;
Cardigan, 16.; of tin- Si. ■..:■■

36*: i.i ln,27Si Cj

Bovioes, Itlil; I.iniMilu. miii
Lewis of Franc?, ;-:!;. [,.■.■ .
a;r,; r.v. .i . .-. ;■

344; sea-light between Frmfcs
and Greeks, 375 ; bstwuo

>'' -'■. hlij!i.-!i. ami i In ....

in the sea of Mat-n>"

Skonor, between Norway aw!

Denmark, ib.; sea-ivi;r

English and Norman uiruii-,

400; again, 401.
Beadenhead, battle at, 24.
lieadwulf, btthoi. of Whitln-nk-,

47.
Beadw'ine, bishop ..r Elmb-uii, 54.
l>.:andon, battli' af, 10.
Beatrix, daughter of Uelirvill,

her death. " '

» ibwng, VPaltM de. ilttriffrf

woroestari bi ■.,■'."<. ...-■■

ries Emini'lii

d'AbiLol 272.
William de, di'firiird »f tlm

riseouutv of W>>i . .

stored, -272. note; i- ... .

Stephen, i'(i.. nwdo countable >>f

GWcestei in pU |

family of, ,.a,-|, ..;

and baroM of Patrick, !
lir.uivnisl.^i,,:,,-, ,,,; ,.„,.;
Ik-cket, Thomas a, arehbishnji .,i

< ":■ Ji t- i;v.

ut Tours, 2R8; withdrawn fretn

England, ib,; his quam-l wilt.

the kin-. 291; is res, ,„,.,]. .;...:■■

lnsm;,rtynloin. 2.4S-2!!.--.: ,■, ■

ised, 301; ti"inil.-i.[ i

Bede, the Teneraljlc, I..... ,

>■:■'■■ ; educated by Bent'illr*

JJisr-op, 28; ordained priest, S3,

34; lie.tran his luBtflT] . .

[i'151'd fiis hm.lt of conspiittij.iri.

3S; death of, 40.
Bedford, Britons defeated at, 7;

castle of, taken, 318.

■Il'siiip, Hubert de, in

at Rochester, J87

acaiost 'Williani Hiifus, 210; for-
tifies Bridgnorth, ft.; also
Shrewsbury, Arundel, rind Tick-
hill, ft.; defeated and outlawed,
211; holds out in Normandy,
214; at Carisbrook and at Ware-
hum, 225.
Benedict TUmuip, £oes to Rome,
lti; his second journey, 21; be-
comes a monk at Cologne, ft. ;
his third journey to Rome, 221;
appointed lo the abbey of St..
Peter, 22; reruns his abbey. fA.;
returns and receives lands at
Wearmonth, 23, 24 ; his fourth
journey, 26; brings over John
the ehantur, ft.: educates Bode,
28; makes Eusterwine Ins co-
adjutor abbot. i'i.: Id- fit'lli jour-
ney to Home. 2:1; bis return, ih.;
appoints Cenlf'rid to I he abbeys

of Wear «i li and J arrow, 28:

his death, 31.
Benerento, battle of, 344.
Bensington, battle of, 44.
Beocoa rimvfv! the alms of the

West-Saxons to Home, 78,
Beorthun, K0 Berth™.
Bei.hrtnult', king of Herein, 152;
defeated hy the Danes, M; his
death, 55.
Beorn, a Danish jarl, 145; mur-
dered by Swevn, 14!).
Beorn, king of'tlie E.'ist-_\nL_'le=i.

43.
};.-.i i-Ti he1, in, abbot, conveys the
alniB of the Wesl-Sasons to
Rome, 79.
])e.-.rnmod. bishop of Rochester,

48.
lli.urnrhrtl. kin;- of Merrill, 4:!;

his death, ih.
He.i'-luwuli'. king of Mcrciil. :"2 ;
defeateil by Egbert at Ellandun,
4i); invail'es East-Anglia, SO;
his death, ib.
Benin by rig, see Banbury.

" !i, queon of llichard I.,

300.

r of Edward

■ 467

ilerht sent i..y Ecgfiith to ravage

Ireland, 28.
BerhtlVrtli slays St. Wigstan. 54.
lierhtl'i-ith, •.■.moral of Osred, de-

i'oatjs the l'iets, 3fi.
Berhthun, expels Ceadyyall from

Sussex, St; slain by Oadivfill,

30.
Ili'i-tbun. bi-hnp i if Dorchester, 40.
Bertbwald, let Brihtwald.
Bernard, hirdiop of St. David's,

227.

St., his death, 2S7.

du Nenf-Marche, his inroad

into Worcestershire, 189.
Bernieia. description of, 3S5;

u'ennalogr of tile kin^s of. 3X1!;

series of earls, 387.
Berwine superintends his unelo

Wilfrith's domains in the Isle

of Wight, 30 and note.
r..-r (i, n priest in Mereia, 17.
IlijTnd, linger, earl of Norfolk,

liis death, 346.
William, perishes in the ship-
wreck of the BUnehe-nef, 232,
Piir.cn, murdered by Sm-(>vh. 14*,

149.
Birinus, first bisliop of the West-

Sasons, 14 ; fixes his see at

Dorchester, ih.; baptises Cyne-

!»ila, ih.; t'liiidielm and f'utbivd,

lo; his death, 16.
Birtric, see Brihtrio.
Itisioji, s, « Benedict Biscop.
Bishops of London and York de-
clared Metropolitans, 9
lists of, 39, 415—423 ; pre.

cedence of, 458.
Bird, bishop of the East-Angles,

24 j assists at the synod of

Hatfield, ib.
Blanche of Castile, married to

Lewis of France, 310; distich

on her and the legate, 319.
Bister of l'liilip IV., proposal

of marriage to, by tldvrurd I.,

402; her refusal, 403.
Blethyn succeeds his father, Orif-

fvth, 166 ; ravages Hereford,

171.

pf2

408

Bobbio, monastery of, fonndod, *
Bohemia, kin;; el. A.-.:::.
Boniface, iirfhliishoji of Canter

bury, 322) consecrated, 39)

his imth, SO.
bishop of the East-Angles,

16.34.
St., ordain. '1 liT»hojiof Mi-iitz,

.17; lotimli the abbey of Fuld.v,

41 [ anoints Pepin us emperor,

42; martyrdom of, ih.
Bosa, bishop of the prorince of

Deira [York] on the expulsion

of Wilfrid, 26] Acta, his piif.il,

36) bis death, 30.
Bowl, bishop of the Hwicca?

[Worcester i, 28; retires, S3.
IJosilius, abbot of Melrose, his

death, 21.
Rotilda, .ip* lugebn ,_.
Bot.oluh, St., founds the monastery

of Ikanhoe. IT.
B opines, battle of, 316.
Brabant, John, duke of, married

to the princuss Margaret, S7S).
Bi-aoio, William de, dies at Paris.

314.

Brentford, battle at, 129.

Bm ii-iviiu-. areiibishop of Canter-
bury, 43; his death, it.

Brolwalilas, mimes of the eight,
SO, 61.

Bridget, St.,

Kn.irr.ih. bislir.p i.f Worcester,

139; his death, 142.
Brihtmiw, bishop of Litchfield,

his death, 143.
Ki'iini'ic, kin- (>f Ei-ex, marries

Eadburb, -it',. ST; his death, 48.

falsely

117.

WliHlH.tb.

- ealdorman, slain by order of
Canute, 134.
Brihtivald meceaui archbishop
Theodore, 33; consecration of,
ib.; his death,' 39.

Briton, lliehard, one. of the m

derers ot Becker. 29*.
BritoM implore aid from the Bi-

mana against the, Scots andPL-.i.

1; build a, wall of tin ■■'.

letter to Aetins.^; » ....

Picts, Hi.; invite over thsAnirK

ik :. defeated by H"i!._ . ■

... Wipii. ■ .

erodes- burn. 4 ; at A

te.t; it/.; at CVrdices-ora, *

dices- ford, a.ml Ceriiic"*-]**!',

6; at Balfeharj-, 6; i

ib.; at Bedford, 7; at Dirimti,

ib.; at Frit he me, '■

nesbeorh, S; at Bcamfene, HI,

by OsiviiM, ih.-, by Cenwakihon

the Parret, 18; by Ceutwiw in

the West, 38; by" !r :

Kthflljiild and Cutbred, 41 ; H

liurf.,r.! i.v -■ -.,,:, -,-.! fi: ...

Cyiieivulf. ib.; \>r I.:- ■

WeSt,4y;alGavuiford,De»ot.,J*.

Bromholet, pH ■

Bruce. Robert lie, claims the nroirn
of Scotland, 382.

Bruuanburh, battle of, ST.

Brydft, son of Port, arrival of, 1.

Burford, battle of, between Cotfc-
redandElhelbald, 42.

Burgh, Hubert de, defeats ilic
French fleet, 31"; imprisons!.
320; reconciled with the king.
i?..; his death, 323.

Raymond de, death vC,

320.

Burbelm, ealdorman, shun, 49.

I! lit- heed, kiui; of Mei-ch
due:, the North Welsh, ib ; mar-
ries the daughter of Kthelwulf,
51}; driven from his kingdom i;

;dimni(l"s, Siiiiftuarv vio-
f Sweyn, 123; a hoy
?d by the Jew-s there-,
links iuti-edur-od. 301) ;
" (lii- abbey e.luireh blown
14 -. the bnighers pro-
ii [■iliutiun t o k iiiLT .i'lhn.
iV'h elected abbot, HI(i :
■n partly burnt, 317 ;
;rbert oft., 31M: Kit-hard
e, abbot, it. and 320 ;
th, ib.; succeeded by
Henry, ift. ; (i regory
■ior, ii.; petition of the
reachers for a house ill
iprtiea dismissed, ii21 :
regory nfc., snceei-tk-d by
323 ; prior Daniel <>'-..
nliiy liiehard At- Wood,
i die i'lir coining 51-9111 i-d
obey, 3:14; abbot llenvy
: suet-coded by Edmund
pole, it. ; prior Kit-hard
j election of Simon de
ift. ; imposition on the
129 i abbot Edmond ub.,
ir million i-U'c-leil abbot,
t who wont to Home for
ation, 330 ; friars-mi-
ndeavour to establish
yes, ib. i Robert Hussi.il
prior, 331 ; fiiars-mi-
-L-ilily intruded. Hi. ■■ suit
i convent and tiiclianl
e. SB'J: bishop of Nor-
akes sanetnary, 334;
n:d ijl' tlu- I'riars-

n from tin- convent
rv III., 338: John earl
me and William de Va-
ne the town and abbey,
isirrt'l between the cou-
ld tin1 boi'oiii;b, Hi. ; visit
ry III and the locate
li, and council there,
in i ile re d bv outlaws from
i; taxation of the abbot
avent, 344; new shrine
Edmund's relics. 345: the
if inspection of weights
ensures, Hi.; Henry 1IL

t 469

then eleven days holding a
council, 330; pdi^-imiigt- of
Edward I. and bis queen to, 354;
the prior's chapel dedi.-at.;<l,
','■■'■■'■ : lax exacted from the abbot
and convent, to.; visit of Ed-
ward I., 35E) r goldsmiths and
others carried nil to London, ib.;
j ! 1 ■ ■ uitl proceedings of John de
(.'ui.liam and Walter de Heliun,
3^0 ; the abbey possessions se-
lla.-; I rated, ib. ; John, abbot-
elect, returns from Rome, 3<B ;
a now charier granted, ^i>4;
contribute to a foi-c-d lean, ?:65;
violent storms of thunder and
li^hliiir.g, :;7ft; pilgrimage of
Ednard I. and ins queen, 372;
grants a new charter, with in-
spection of weights and mea-
sures, ib. ; the refect or v struck
by lightning, 376; " "

takes

... '*-; the d
ments as to Scotland sent to
Bury, :K; ; Edward I. keeps the
feast of St. Kilmund there,
401; illegal inquisition into pro-
perty, 404; heavily taxed, 406,
407; election of abbot Wode-
ford, 409

Byhrthelm, t

" "sho; , ,

archbishop of Canter-
nary, t*. ; deposed, 102; his
death, 105.

bishop of Wells.his death, 105.

Byhrtnoth, ealdorman, resists the
expulsion of the monks, 106 ;
slain at the battle of Maldon,
109.

Byrnstan, bishop of Winchester,
resigns, 97 ; his death, ib.

Uffdraon, the Saxon poet and
monk, 28.

Calixtus, pope, 230; holds a coun-
cil at Kheims, 231 ; imprisons
[iregory, the anti-pope, 233;
his death, 236.

Calne, synod at, »Jid accident
there, 107-

470

INDEX.

Cambridge, part of burnt, 356.

401.
Canons, monks substituted for,

1015, 104, 30i).

king Edward's hunting seat,
at Portskewith, 166.
Cardigan, battle at, on the Twy,
251.

Canterbury made St. Augustine's Carlisle rebuilt by William Rufus,
sco, 8; destroyed by tire, 42; 194; destroyed by fire, 309. \
plundered by "the Danes, 120; , Carloman, king of the West-
destruction of Christ Church, ib. j Franks, his death, 74. I

Canute, 122 ; elected king, 123 ; : Carrum, see Charmouth. I

is driven from Lindsey, 124 ; j Castles and fortresses built bythe

mutilates his hostages, ib. ; lands
at Sandwich, 125; ravages Wes-
sex, ib.; invades Mercia, ib. ;
ravages Buckinghamshire, &c,,
12»3 ; causes IThtred to be mur-
dered, ib. ; makes Egric earl of
Northumberland, ib. ; returns to
his ships, lb.; chosen king by the
clergy and nobles, 127 ; besieges
London, ib. ; defeated at Pen,
ib ; gains the battle of Scoars-
tan, 128; again besieges London,
ravages Mercia, 129; gains the
battle of Assandun, 130; his
conference with Edmund, 131 j
they divide the kingdom, ib. ;
declared king of all England,
132 ; employs Edric to murder
the etheling Edwy, ib. ; divides
England into four governments,
133; banishes Edwy the etheling,
and Edwy king of the churls,
ib. ; marries Emma Elgiva, 134 ;
causes Edric Streon, Northman,
and others to bo slain, ib.; goes to
Denmark, ib. ; returns and dedi-
cates a church at Assandun, ib. ;
bribes the Norwegians to desert
their king, 136 ; expels St.
Olaf, ib. ; banishes the jarl
Hakon, ib ; goes to Rome, ib.;
his letter describing his journey,
137-139; gives Norway to
Sweyn, 140; Denmark to Har-
dicanute, ib.; his death, ib.

Canute IV., son of Svend
Estrithson, arrives in the Hura-
bt-r, 173; prepares to invade
England, 184; murdered, 185;
his bones enshrined, 204.

Caradoc - ap - Griffy th destroys

Conqueror, 172 ; statute res-
pecting, 268; razed to the
ground, 302.

Catharine, daughter of Henry III,
born, 328.

Ceadda, bishop of the Mercians, 17;
raised to the see of York, 20;
retires to Lastingham, 22 ; sub-
mits to catholic ordination,^.:
receives the sees of Mercia and
Lin dis fame. ib. ; founds the mon-
astery of Bearuwe ; his death, 23.

Ceadwall, king of the Britons,
defeats king Edwin, 13 ; defeats
Osric, king of Northumbrians
slays Ean frith, ib.; slain by
Oswald, ib.

Ceadwall, king of Wessex, slays
Ethel wealh, king of Essex, "JO ;
succeeds Centwine in Wessex,
30; his genealogy, ib.; subju-
gates the South- Saxons, ib. ;
with his brother Mull ravages
Kent, ib. ; bestows a fourth of
the isle of Wight on Wilfrid,
ib.; again ravages Kent, ib.;
retires to Rome, 31; his bap-
tism and death, ib.

Cealchythe, synod at, 46.

Ceaulin, with his father, Cynrio,
defeats the Britons at Banbury,
6 ; begins to reign, 7 ; defeats
Ethelbert at Wimbledon, ib.:
defeats the Britons at Dirham
and Fri theme, ib.; defeated at
Wodensbeorh and expelled, 8 ;
his death, ib.; the second Bret-
walda, 50.

Cecci, coadjutor bishop in East-
Anglia, 24.

Cedd, successor of Mellitus, 11 ;

baptises the Middle- Angles, 1 T ;
made bishop of tin1 East-Sit^ons,
ib.; founds the monastery nt
Lasungham. ib. ; asaisls at. [lift
synod of Wiiitbv, 1!) ; renounces
the Scots, 20; his death, 21.

Celibacy of (lie clergy enforced,
217. 239; their com: id) iocs
amerced, 313.

Cenbrylst, fiitlior of Coad'.vatl,
death of, 19.

Coined, king of Northnmbria, 37;
his death, ib.

Centwiue.kiiis or the Wesl -Savons.
26; ronts the Wcst-]Ji'i1on^,28;
his death, 30.

C.'invalcli, king of Wessex, 15 ;
founds the sceof Winchester, i'i.;
expelled by iViula. it'.; bnptisni
of, 18 ; his return, >b. : rents the
Britons at l'edrida, 18; divides
theaeeofWessev, VJ; his death,
23.

Ccol, king of Wesse*, 8.

C'eolliurL abbess of fierkelrv.her
death, 48.

Ceo'.frid, abbot of Jarrow, '28 ;
appointed ahbnt al-o of Woar-
mouthjbv Bf-ueil'urt lliscop, 31;

liis death 3".

Co ollnh, bishop of the Mercians,

bury. 51 j his
king of Herein, 35; fights

with Ilia at Wuduesbeorh, 37 ;

his death ib.
Ceohvulf, king of Herds, 9 ; ex-

a thane, made king of Jlereia

by the Danes, fi!J.

king of Nortlnnulirin. SO : his

genealogy, ib, -, Rede's History
dedicated to him. ib. ; becomes
a monk, 41 ; his death, 43.

. -king of Wesaox,9; his wars,

!>, 10; his death, 10.

Coidwulf, bishop of Lim.lisfarne,
47.

96 471

Cerdie lands with bis son Cynrie,
4, 5 ; defeats the Britons at Cer-
dices-ora. tb. : and at Cerdiees-
ford, 5 ; begins to reign, ib ; de-
feats the F.ritons at Ccrdie.es-
leah, Ib. ; takes tho isle ol
Wight, t'6. ; his death, 76. ; his
genealogy, 6.

Cerdices-ford, battles at, 5.

Cerdiees4ea.il, battle at, 5.

Cordicos-ora, 4 : battle at, 5.

Chalons, council of, 220.

Charford. we O.r dices-ford.

Chiirles-le-Gros reunites the em-
pire of Charlemagne, 74 ; his
pedigree, ib. : his death, 75.

of Anjou elected king of

Sicily. 33ii; gains tlie battfe of
Reuevonto, 344; expulsion of
from Sicily, HfiU ; his death, 371.

Chiu-niootli. Egbert detested by
the Danes at, £1 ; Etliehvulf
defeated by the Danes at. 52.

Chiitillon, Reynold de, beheaded
hi order of Satadtn, 304.

Phe'rbury built, 02.

CliiTtsev :ibl"'V founded, 25.

Chester restored by Ethered and
Etlielfleda, 88.

— — Hugh, earl of, invades An-
glesey, 204-

Ranulf, ear! of. his death,

320.

Richard, earl of, perishes by

sliipiYiwk, 232.

Chrsrortiold Mout.fort's adherents
routed at, 339-

Chielie, or St. Os wythe, a prior j
in Essex, 235.

Chichester burnt, 225.

Christiana, sislor of Edgar ethel-
ing, in Hungary, 133; in Scot-
liiinl, becomes a nun at Ramsey,
184.

Cirencester, battle of, 13; the
abliey begun, 228.

Cissa, son of /"Ella, 4.

— — succeeds Guthlac at Croy-

land, 3«,
Cistercians, bouniy of Uieleied [.
to, 305; excommunicated, '.'-Hi.

472

INDEX.

Clappa reigns in Bernicia, 6.

--- - see Osgod.

Clare, .*'"? Gilbert do.

Richard de, his lawsuit with

the convent of St. Edmund's,
332; his death, 333.

Clarendon, constitutions of, 288
and note.

Cleriiv, decrees enforcing discip-
line* 217. 238.

Clermont, council of, 202.

Clifford, Roger de, captured by
the Welsh, 3G4.

Clovesho, synod of, 49.

Clythwic, a king of the Britons,
submits to king Edward, 95.

Cobham, John de, holds an inqui-
sition at Bury St. Edmund's, 300.

( 1ocks»foot, Anfrid, a Norman, 155.

Coenwald, bishop of Worcester,
his death, 101.

Coinage, severe laws respecting,
210 ; put in execution, 2S6 ;
new, of round shape, 303 ; a
new, 324; die for granted to
St. Edmundbury, ib. ; Jews ar-
rested for clipping and forging
base coin, 35:) ; the Jews and
some Christians hanged, 360 ;
round farthings coined, 361
and note.

Coinmeail and Condidan, British
kings, 7.

Colchester taken from the Danes
and repaired, 94.

Colman, bishop of the Northum-
brians, 19 : attends the synod
at Whitby, ih. • returns to Scot-
land, 20.

( "olumba, St., arrival of in Britain,
7 ; converts the northern Picts,
ib.

Columban, St., founds the monas-
teries of Luxeuil and Bobbio, 8.

Comets, 26; two, 39. 60. 80.88.
106. 111. 168.203.214.219.247.
336.

Comyn, John, competitor for the
crown of Scotland, 383. j

William, in battle of the j

Standard, 264.

Constance,of Brittany, gives birth
to prince Arthur, 304.

Constantine, king of the Scots,
defeated by Athelstan, 97;
gives his son as a hostage, it.;
defeated at Brunanburh, ib.

Cornwall, Richard earl of, «e«
Richard.

Cosmerini, see Kharizmians.

Cospatric, thane, murder of, 167.

conducts Edgar etheling, &c.,

to Scotland, 172.

Council, at Clermont, 202 ; Bari,
205 : Rome, ib.; of Lateran,223;
at Chalons, 226 ; Rheims, 231;
Tours, 288; Clarendon, ib.;
of Lateran, 303 ; Lyons, 324 ;
in the Temple, 339; at Lyons,
353.

Coutances, see Geoffrey, 178.

Crayford, battle at, 3.

Crecanford, see Crayford.

Crema, John de, papal legate, 23S
and note.

Crida, his death, 8.

Crispin, William, captured at Tin-
chebrai, 215.

Crusade, preached by pope Ur-
ban II., 202; names of the
leaders, ib.; Nice taken, 203;
also Antioch, 204; and Jerusa-
lem, 205 ; choose Godfrey de
Bouillon king, ib.; battle of
Ascalon, ib.

Cuichelm, bishop of Rochester,
26.

brother of Ceaulin, his

death, 8.

son of Cynegils, fights with

the Brkons at Beandune, 10 ;
Penda at Cirencester, 13; bap-
tism of, 15.

C umbra, slain by Sigeberht, 42.

Cuithelm, king of Essex, suc-
ceeds Sigebert, 17.

Cutha, with his father Ceaulin,
defeats Ethelbert at Wimbledon
and atFritherne, 7; his death, ib.

Cut hard, bishop of Lindisfarne,
85;. his death, 91.

Cuthbert, bishop of Hereford and

nrchbishop of Canterbury, H;
Us death, 43.

St., becomes a monk at Mai-

rose, 18; is removed to I.indis-
farno, "<); heeomeH an aneb'rite,
26; mode bishop of I.indi.fai'iie,

to Fame, 3H: liis death, iti. ; dis-
interment of, ft. J translation of,
34. 119.

Ciithbui'ti, -ister of Ina, and wife
of Aldfrith of Northumbria,
founds Wimborne Abbey. 37.

Ciitura, son of Cuiohehn, his
death, 19.

Cuthrod. kini; of Kent, his death,
48.

Cutlired, king of Wesses, 41;
joins Ethelbald in a batik- with
the Britons, ib.; battle with
Ethelhun, 41; battle of Bur-
ford between him and Ethel-
bald of Moreia, ib.; defeats the
Britons, ib.; his death, i&.
Cnlhwine, son of Ceaulin, with
bis lather, defeats ihe Britons at
Diriiam, 7.

Cutwulf defeats the Britons at
Bedford, 7.

('wenbui-li, sister of Ina, 37.

Cyici'l.^t.'.-ii1, » Uritinli bishop, eap-
lured by the Danes, 91 ; re-
deemed, ib.

Cymen, son of .1:11a, 4.

Cymeiies-ora, ib.

Cy mere:; -ford, lial.l.le there be- i
tween the Mercians and men
of Wills, 48.

Cyncberr, hish.ip f.f l.iiidsey, 'XI.

■ llUhop (if Wilirlli'sU'l', L'Oe.-i

to Rome, 48.

Ovnel'ei-;h. bi.iln.ni of L-iehfiehl, his
death, 67.

Cvii-fritb. queen of tho East-
"Angles.47.

C'yucgils, kin- of Wessex, 10; de-
feats the Unions at. lieandun,
ib.; lights with I'enda nt Ciren-
cester, 13 ; baptism of, 14.

Cvneheard, liiohop of Winchester,

ex. 473

Cvti'.-herii'd murders king Cyne-

'wulf, 45 ; bis death, 46.
(.'ynethryth. queen of Olfn, onuses
'tho murder of Ethel bert of East-
Anglia, 47.
C\ nt ward, bishop of Wells, 105;

his death, 106. 108.
Cvnewold, bishop of Wureviier,

"Dili his death, 101.
Cyneivnlf, bishop i,|" I.indUI'arnp,
tueeeeded by lligbald, 45; his
death, ib.
the etheling slain by Ina,

king of Wessex, 42; defeats

the Britons, 1*6,; defeated by
t >tlii at Bensington, 44 ; slain at
Merlon, 45, 46.

Cynred, king uf Mercia, 31; goes
to Rome and beeosnes a niuiik,
36.

Cyiiric, son of Cerdic, arrives
with his father, 4; defeats Ihe.
Britons at Cerdic es-ora, ib.;
begins to reign with his father,
5; defeats tho Britons at Cerdi-
ces-ford, ib. ; at Cerdiees leah,
ib.; takes the isle of Wi-ht, ib.;
defeats the Britons at Se.ires-
!.yn-(Siirum),ti; his cenwilogy,
ib. ; elefeiil.-i the lli-ilens at Ban-
bury, with Ceaulin, ib.

Cynrin, etheling, slain, 04.

llaniiaims, bishop of lioehf-ster,

D.ineb.';, the, 134.

Danes, their nrst landing, 46;
they plunder Sheppey, 57; de-
feat lilgbort nl Cliai'iRiiutli, ib.;
land in Cornwall, ib.; defeated
at Himgoitesdune, :VJ; defeated
by Wulfhanl. at. Southampton,
ib.; defeat Et he lh elm on 1'ort-
land, lb.; the ealdonnau Here-

berht slain by thorn, 52 ; slay
ly in London, Canterbury,
, ib.; defeat Elhelwulf at

Charinouth, ib.; defeated at the
nioutb of the Parrel, 53; de-
feated at Wic ranlicnrh, i'-i-, they
winter in Sliep^cy, ib.; devastate
Canterbury and London, ib.;
defeat Berhtwulf, king of
Mfcreia. .">; are defeated at
Uctilcy, if.-.; at Sandwich, it.;
defeat :li:iI slay Ivilli'.Ti' and
Mudu.ii. Thanet, ii.; saeli Win.
Chester, 59; winter in Thanet,
ami ravage kent, ib.; winter
in East-Anglia, (W); assault
York, ib.; invade Mcrcia, til;
■. : ■ ■:- , ■..■■: j-.i:..-ii. .'. ■ , ■.
pea.ee with the Mercian.-, <>■ ;
.-..■turn to York, to.; winter at
Tli'l ford, ih.; murder l,iii_'
Kdmuiid, ('/>.; riiarch Id llcudin^.
<;-J; defeated lit la.-lclield. H::
defeat El.liclrcd and Alfred at
Rending, Hi.; defeated at Ash-
dnwn, lio; defeat fl tin.-] red ami
Alfred at lla-ing and .Mertoii.
fi4; defeat Alfred at Wilton,
67; make peace with him, ib.-,
and with the Mercians, l>i;
winter ia I.indsey, ■';.; at Rep-
ton, ib.; drive Kurhred from
MiTeia, ih.-. s«bi»gate Morda,
and make Ceolwulf king, 6f
go to Northumbria and Can
bridge, ih.; defeated at sea, by
Alfred, (III: go to Warcliain, ''■.;
Alfred makes a treat v with tiivm,
i':; they proceed to Evter,
ill.; subjugate and divide N'or-
tliuini>ria,(i!.i,7(>; parcel tint Mer-
eia, 70; winter at Chippenham.
71 ; defeated by Alfred ai Eih-
andun, ib. ; make peace, ib. ;

to Fulham, ib.; settle in East-
Anglia. ib.; »eirie go to Ghent,
\b.; battle witli the Preach, fhey
go up the Maese, 73; defeated
at sea by Alfred, ib,; ascend
the Scheldt and winter at Condi;,

ib.; they ascend the Somme to
Amiens, -i7>.; besiege P-.n Ii ,:■ r,
ib.; return to France, ib j dV
feat Alfred's flirt at the moutb
of the Stour, 74; ■!■
Old Saxony, ib.; Pari- ■
proceed to Clu-zy. TC; Mttb
with the Britons, ib.; dofealtJ
on the Dyle by the eni|ierot
Arnulf, t'6-i land" in -
enter the Thames, ib.; those of
Norlhnmi.prin and lv
violate the treaty, it-; defend
by Alfred at Faruham.
hese -i' Exi.'ter, R'.!: i

(jni;s defeated at Benflettf I j
ravage the neighbourhood oE
Chichester, ib.; march to Shoe-
bury, 83; plunder along lb
. Thames and Severn, ib.; de-
feated at ButtinglOD, ib.; pro-
ceed to Chester, ib.; piuiuln
North Wales, 84; occupy the
isle of Marsey, it
Thames and the'Lea. .
toQuutbridge, ih.:
Anglia and eTuri hiimbrU, ■•';
infest, the coast.; ni \\-
defeated at. Holme,
Eric and Eihehvnld, plunder
Meroia, ib.; defeated by king
Edward, 88; make peace it
Yttingaford, ib.; defeated at
Teotenheal, 89; ravage Ciifonl-
shire and Harts, DO;
Severn fro

capture the Welch bishop
Cymelgeae, ill; do
the men of Hereford- hire ami
Gloneestcrshiru. ib.; plunder W
Walchet aad l:,.rb. ,■!,.'
Ireland, ib.; those under Tber-
kytel submit, ib.; a-,--.
tester, 9'i; oonstigj I
at Tempsford, and besiege Bed-
ford, 93; are defeated and re-
pulsed at Winging*
their power on the i!
besiege Maldon, ib.; their nr
from Cambridge and S
submit, 94; their VI

<ige and Sti ■-■'

heir king !(.-_

to king Edward, t)4:
.ovaslate Suullutrnpti.iTi,
, and Cheshire, 107; riHe
v, plunder Devon and
ill, it. i ravage Portland
-n Loudon, lOSj niviin-f-
t. 10!); saek Ipswich,
in the battle of Wal-
.; receive tribute, ib.;
eel- defeated, 110; they
unliiirougli, 110 ; ravage
■ ami Norlhunibna, ib. ;

London and plunder
me in BtMX, Kent, itc,
'ceive ti'iliule and v. inter
ithamptoii, it. ; enter
I Cornwall

IVIV;,^ C

112, land

nnd burn Tavistock
ib. ; ravage Dun ! .hire,
■Susses ami Hants, to.;

Iloehister ami ravage
ib. ; ea.il to Normandy,
epulsed at Exeter, ib. ;
. battle at Penho, ib. ;
the isle of Wight, Hants,
■sctsliiru, ib. -. receive iri-
OM of,

*ey

take

i.ille with Uli'livl.;!, ,'i.

n Kent,

t Wight, Si
& 1 Ihev plunder on
a of the' Thames ; 1"
id from London, 1

_KlY>rd, land at Ipsw
■tea; the ILa-it-Ann-liiiiis,
Him Thclford noil Caiu-
, devastate Osl'oi'dsliii-i',
I'll Nurlli,mi|il'in. plunder
ire, ib. ; take and sack
■bury, 120 ; under Siveyn.
<_;ainshui-„ugh, 1^1 ; pro-
jaiust tin.- Lasl -Mercians

Chester and London, ib.;

ii-piil-r-d (V.iin Li.uiili.ii. proceed
to Wullingford and Bath, ib.;
ravage Warwickshire, land at
Sandwich under Canute, and
ravage. Wes=ex, 12fi; invade
Mereia, ib.; ravacte Bucking-
hamshiiv, in., 126; are de-
feated at Pen, 127; tight with
Edmund ut Sreorstan, ib. 218
and «o!e; at Brentford, \1Q;
rav ii',ri- Mei-cia, id.; sire defcaied
ai Diinil 130; gain the battle
of Assiiudun, ib.: their Meet,
except 40 ships, sent home, 132.

Daniel, bishop of Winchester, 34;
goes to Bunio, S9 : reBlgoniion
of, 41 ; his death, 42.

David consecrated bishop of Ban-
„ , 231.273.

. Fitzmartin, bishop of St.

Davids, 401.

— king of Scotland, accession,
of, "J: r ■ r. - invadoj England, 263;
defeated in the battle of the
Standard, 264.

itland, celebrates Easier

.tWin

nof, 3

(with

Degsuslan, battle of, 9.

Doira, kingdom nt', founded, 6. 448.
Dctioberht. lii.shi.iu of Worcester,

48 j his death, 49.
Deuewlf, liishop of Winchester. 72;
his origin, ib. ; his death, 88.

|ii-i[Knilini. Ho£i-r, ina-ier of the
Hospital, comes to Elig land. 3(13.

Dospcnsi-r. Hugh le, slain at the
battle of Evesham, 337.

Deu.iuVilit. archbishop »f Canter-
bury. IB j his death, 20.

Devil, the, made a monk, 256.

llirliani, battla at, 7.

Diuma assists in converting the
Middle- Annies. 17; iirst liialiup
of thy Mercians, 18.

Domesday-book made, 184.

Donald, king of Scotland, repels
the Kngli-.li, and is cupelled by
Duncan, 196; restored, 193,

47<>

INDEX.

Dorchester, see. of, founded, 14.
420 and note ; translated to Lin-
coln. 194.

Ducket. Lawrence, murder of, 371.

Duduc, bishop of Wells, his death,
Mil. See/iote, 421.

Dufnal, kin*, pays homage to
Edgar, 105.

Dunbar, Patrick do, competitor
for the crown of Scotland, 383.

Dunborht, bishop of Winchester,
his death, 72.

Duncan (king of Scotland), ISO;
expelled and restored, 196 ; his
death, 108.

Dunn, bishop of Rochester, 41.

Dunstan, St., his birth, 1)6 ; coun-
sels Edmund, and is made abbot
of Ghstonbury, 08; goes into
exile, 100 ; is recalled, 101 ; made
bishop of Worcester, ib. ; and
of London, -ib. ; raised to the
see of Canterbury, 108; goes
to Home, ib. ; his death, 100 ;
his prophetic speech at the coro-
nation of Ethelred, 120.

Dunstan, a Northumbrian thane,
insurrection of, 160.

Dunwich, see of East-Anglia
founded there, 14.

Duodcme. or Dusze, guild of, at
Bury St. Edmund's, taxed, 365.

Durand, his arrival in England,
314.

Durham, see of, removed from
Lindisfarne, 112.

Dusblane, an Irish pilgrim, arri-
val of in Cornwall, 80.

Eaba rebels against Oswy, 10.

Eadbald, king of Kent, his pa-
ganism, 10 ', conversion, 11 ;
death, 15.

Eadberht rebels against Oswy, 19.

succeeds St. Cuthbert at

Lindisfarne, 31; his death and
burial, 34.

bishop of the East- Angles, 39.

king of Kent, 38; his death,

42.

Eadberht Pren, king of Kent,

47 ; taken by Cenwulf, king of

Mercia, ib.
Eadberht, king of Northumbria,be.

comes a monk, 43; his death, 44.
Eadburh, daughter of Offa,46;

married to Beorhtric,of Wessex,

ib. 57; account of, 46. 57;

death of, ib.

mother of king Alfred, 61.

Eadfrid, bishop of Lindisfarne,

34; his death, 38.
Eadgar, see Edgar.
Eadmund, see Edmund.
Eadnoth, bishop of Dorchester,

slain at Assandun, 131.
bishop of Dorchester, 139;

his death, 149.

the horse-tliane, defeated and

slain by the sons of Harold, 172.

Eadred, bishop of Lindisfarne,
148; his death, ib.

Eadred, see Edred.

Eadsige, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 141; anoints king Ed-
ward, 145; his death, 150.

Eadulf, bishop of Crediton, his
death, 96.

Eadwine, see Edwin.

Eadwoid, thane, slain, 88.

Eaidbryht, the etheling, slain by
Ina, 38.

Ealdhun, see Aldhun.

Ealdred, bishop of Lindisfarne,
99; his death, 103.

bishop of Worcester, 147;

defeated by GrirFyth, prince of
Wales, 149; goes to Rome, 150 ;
administers the see of Hereford,
158; consecrates the abbey of
Gloucester, 160 ; goes to Jeru-
salem, ib. ; raised to the see of
York, 161 ; accompanies Tos-
tig to Rome, ib. ; consecrates
Wulfstan, 163 ; espouses the
cause of Edgar, the etheling,
170; submits to William the
C onqueror , ib. ;"crowns him, 171 ;
crowns Matilda, 172 ; his death,
175.

Ealdulf, archbishop of York, 109;
his death, 114.

aMi.ull'. kin- of tliu East- An-
gles, M.

Ealii'.'it-. I In' lauliiiTTiiin. dob.'ats
the DnWi 55 ; slain by them,
."ft-

Ealhstan, bishop of Sherborne.
assists in the subjugation i'f
Kent, 49 : defeats the Dimes lit
the mouth of the Pat-vet, 53;
conspires against Ethelwulf,
56 ; his death, (lit.

EahLsvith, queen of Alfred, 60.
ffli ; her death, »S.

Ennbiild, ari-iiliiiliuii of York, 45.
4S.

EaTiberhL, bishop of Lindi-lanic,
63 : his death, 56.

Eanflede, daughter of Edwin,
bom, 12; baptised by Peuli-
nus. ib. ; founds tho monastery
of Gilting, 18.
■ Eanfrith, king of Nort.huuibria,
8 ; shun by Ceadwall, 13.

Eaiiutf, ealdorman, del'tats the
Danes, 53; conspire* against
Ethelwnlf, 66.

Eardulf, bishop of Lmilisl'arne.
56. Ill ; his death, 85.

Kiii'iiicnlVi'il, pjriiil legate, 175.

E.'Lal-Aiii:lia. lu'i.livaid, king of,
defeats Etholl'rith. 10; conver-
sion of Eorpwald, 13 ; Felix,
first bishop of. 14: setileil hv
the IJauos. 72. MO ; tlii-v sisl.mn
to Edward the elder, 94.

Easter, disputes eo [looming, 13.
19; atlona, 37.

East- Sas oii». Si-ebert, king of,
baptised, 17.

Eaht, ill. [.ml. of Melrose, receives
St. Cuthbert, 1Q ; founder of
Kipon minster, 20 ; made abbot
of Lindisfai'TU', Hi. : succeeds
Wilfied us bishop of Kemit-ia.
26; returns to Hexham, 2S :
his death, 29.

Eathajd, bishop of Lindsey. 26 |
returns from Lindsey and ia

EX. 477

Ebi -i-gor, bestows the abbey of

St. .Martin, at Cologne, on the

Soots, 105.
Ecgbert, archbishop of York, 41;

his death, 44.
bishop of Lindisfartie, his

death, 41).
the pilgrim, juihM Willi hrotl

32 ; reforms the celebration of
Easter at luna. 37; his death, 39..

Ecjjljc-rht, nee Egbert.

1 ".cui'er til. sua of t.lil'a, consecrated
king, 46; succeeds his father,
47 ; his death, ill.

licglViil, king or' North umbria,
marriage of, 1;); succeeds Lis
father Oswv, ■>! ; espels Wil-
frid from his sec, 2b' ; battle
with Ethelred of Murcia. 27 ;
fottnds the monastery of Jar-
row, 2H ; sends flerht to ravage-
Ireland, it; his death. 29.

Etrgrid, bishop of l.indisl'arne,
50 ; his death. 53.

Ecgrig succeeded Sigebert in
Eiist-Anglia, 14; slain in battle
by Pen da, ib.

Eegwin. bishop of the Hwiocas
(Worcester), 33; founds tho
abbey of Evesham, 'ft. ; accom-
panies t'eured of Herein, and
Otl'a of Essex, on their pilg'.-im-
M» to Home, 35; his death,
37.

Eclipse of the sun, 5 bis. 41. 62.
72; singular description of, 248
and votB. 275. 312. 333.

of the moon, oO. ^7. 2IW.332.

347. 356. 363, twice. 376, 377.
381.

fMbal f. bishop, 47.

Edgar, king of England, born, 98;
chosen kin;; by the Mercians
and Northumbrians, 10(1 ; re-
calls DuuBtan, tli.; succeeds to
the entire kingdom, 101; sum-
eta and eharaeior,
Elfthrith, ib.; his
family, (ft. ; consecrated and
anointed at Bath, 104; sails

mary nl

to Chester, !''.:.
i™ from eight
death, naval od-

106.

Edgar, kin" of Scotland, 203 ; his
death, 215.

■ Etheling-liis birth. 138: sub-
mits to William tlio Conqueror,
170 i goes with his family to
Scotland, 172; joins the sons of
Swevn, 17'!: is roe. i in -il I'd wit h
William the Conqueror, 177;
goes to Apulia, 184; in Scot-
land, 193 ; (foes to NorniMitlv,
1(14; sent with an armv to Soot-
land, 2113.

bishop of Lindsey, 20.

Edgithu, 40000 "I' Edward the
Confessor, confined in Wher-
well Abbey, 152: restored, 154;
causes Cospatric to bo mur-
dered, 107 ; tak« refuse in
Wales, 170; her death, 178.

Edinnod, ting, brother of Athel-
stan, assists at the battle of
Brunanburh, 97; succeeds t<
crown, 98; laUe.s possession of
the "Five Burghs," ib ; takes
Northumberland into his own
hands, ib ; gives Cumberland
to Maleolm of Scotland, 911; his
death, ib.

-Ironside, nnivri-. .-tin1 widow of

SigHVi'th, 12.'; lakes arms with
Edi'ic Streon in vain, ib ; with,
draws to Northumberland, I2ti;
ravages the country, it.; chosen
king by the Londoners, 127;
gains a bat lie at I'en, it.; fr^rht-s

a battle at. S< r.-tan. 12*; raisin

tin- .-ii'^e of London. I2t>; gains
the battle of Brentford, ':>>.: and
of Oxford, ib.; defeated at As-
eandun, 130; holds a ^inference
with Canute, L'il ; divides i!n;
kingdom with him, )'(..; Id- death,

Edmund, !<f.., kinsr of East Anglifi.
martvrdom of, til; apparition
to Sweyo, 123.

i:,ii,nir.d. abbey of, tee Butt.

son of Edmund Ironside. svnl

to Hun<farv, 133; returns to
England, lot); named suirejwr
to the crown. it ; !■■ . ■

son of Harold, lands in So-

mersetshire, 172.

St., archbishop of Can-
terbury, 320: eons. ,

his death, 3-2: canonised, 3i4;
translation of, ib.

- bishop of Lindiafarne, 133:

his death, 148.

of Ahnaine, earl of Corn-
wall, his man-ia'.-e, ":■
knighthood, it. ; app, lint nl re-
gent till the return uf Edward
I , 351.

son of Henry III., horn. JH:

proposed for king •

329; visits the Holy Land,?):;

marries the queen ■■

35b*; goes with an army toC

Edmnndsbury, church of, conse-
crated, 139.

Ednolh, bishop of Dorchester,
121.

Edred, bishop of Lindisfirne, his
death, 143.

king of Wessei, accession

of, 911; subjugates North unit iris,
ik: receives the oath of feiiti
from the Scots, it.
Northumbria, ib. ; his death,
100.

Edric the Forest or. account ef,
171; reconciled to William 1,
175; attends hiui to SeotknJ,

king of Kent, 29; h

i dentil,

■ Streon, murders ffilfhrtm.

115; made ealdorman of Mer-
cia, 116 ; bis character and

family, ih.i tieaeh.v.
thers the escape of the l)am»,
1 1H; muses Sigpferth and M«r-
car to be murdered, l!

aund th etUhM
to Canute, •*.; »

earl of Nortbumbria,
s base stratagem at the
of SceorstMi, 128 ; his
ry at the buttle of Assan-
10; is employed by Ca-
o murder the etheling
132; advises the murder
mud's sons, 133; made
nan of Mercia, ib.; slain,

esldonnan of East-An-

Elder, his birth, 66; ac-
of and summary of his

S; his children, to.; do-
Srlo and Ethelwold, 87;
peace with the Danes at
tford, 88; ravages Nor-
ia, to. ; defeats the Danes
eoheal, 89; at Wodnes-
i.; founds Hertford and
o, 90; reduces Bedford,
■Ids a town on the Ouse,
.tores Maldon, 9'J; builds
iter, ib.; restores Hun-
i, H,.- the Danes at Cam-
iind Stamford submit to
■; lii' repairs Nottingham,
■eives the submission of
rcians and of three Walsh
ib. ; founds a town at
jsManches-

b Elf-

■fi.; builds :

it, ; and at Bake well,

■s the submission of the
f Denmark ;i:id Simtland,
J of the ting of Strath-
ft . his death, 90.
Confessor, son of Ethcl-
■nt to Normandy, Vi2 :
ingland, 140; returns to
id, 144; succeeds to the
, ib. ; is anointed king,
sizes liis mother's trea-
i ; collects a fleet sifraiiisS
is of Norway, 147;
he Danegelt, 150;
ill Godwin and his s
heir reconciliation, 154;
ient at the dedication of

t 479

Westminster Abbey, 167; his

(k'itth. ib ; translation, 345.
ahvanlson of l:dL-ar,H>3; elected

ItiiiS, IW; his death, 107; re-

moviil of his body to Shuftes-

bury, ib.
son of Edmund Ironside, sent

J21 ; knidH.d,
327 ; married, 3iS ; siccus the
Provisions of Osford, 331; raises

made prisoner at the hat tie of
I.eives, Hi.; escapes. 33<j ; gains
the butllu of Evesham, 337; re-
covers the isle of Ely, 343; takes
the cross, ('/,.: quarrel between
him and the earl of Gloucester,
3-1 o ; their reconciliation, ib. ;
com | ■:!■■[ « it hi lie kins; of F ranee,
Hi. ; i-mljiii'ks for I he Holy Land,
34ii: makes a treaty with the
prinei'of Tunis, 347:" arrives in
Sieily, Hi.; stabbed by an as-

his

1,362;

rivsd in Kii-j.

Bury St. Edmund's, 354; in-
vades Wales, 3Z.7; visits Bury
St. Edmund's and Norwich, 3.",ti;
iiis arbitrary proceedings! at
lliirv, o'itl; he does homage for
l'..uilii.--u,.W1:..:eiles Norma n.ly,
il'.; |)i'e|iiii'i-s to invade Wales,
3IM; n>i.,es a. forced loan, Si'iii;
sei/es the subsidy for the Holy
Land, :>(;, ; Mil.jis-ates Wales,
.'■Hit; visits l'.iiiy St. Edmund's,
371 ; resides in France, 376;
his return, 377: chums the eu-
KiTiiiiity of Sri. (land, 3SL'; visits
Bury St, Edmund's and Wal-
sin-thiim. :t!t7: grants a charter
to .St. Edmund's, 398 ; visits
Bury, 401; proposes marriage
to Blanche of France, 402; raises
forces. 4n3; causes a general
i i ii [ins i i ion into all property, 4t H;
sei/.es [he alien monasteries, 405;

demands half tin? i i- revenue from
the clergy, 4G6l sends a naval

ai-rnaioent to Gasei.ny, 407;
consents to peace with Franri»,

money, 40'); send.; an expeili-
tioii to Gascony, 411 ; goes
towards Scotland, ifi.

Edivnrd II. born at Carnarvon,
370.

Edwin and Morcar expel Tosti,
108; attempt to proclaim Ed'^Kr
etbebog, 170; submit to Wil-
bam the Conijuttor, IV I; Qteir
rebellion, 177: death of Ko-.viu.

&

Edwin*, l.i!igof Norlhumbria, 11:
attempts made to ttaHMiinte
him, 12 ; conversion of, $>.;
slain, 13; tho fifth Bretwalda,
60.

, c aid urm an of Wessex, his

dealli, MS.

earl of Mercia, drives Tostig

from I.tndsev, l'W ; escapus
from tin? battle of Hastings,
and sends hi-; sister. Elaruld's
queen, to Clii.-sli.-r, 1 7" : sub) nils
to William tlie Conqueror, 171.

a thane, killed by the

Welsh, 142,

Kdwy, tlie. etlieling, his life at.
tempted by Canute, 132 ; is
banished, 133; slain, ib.

brother of vEltric, slain. IIS.

king of (In- churls, baniilii'il

by Canute, 133.

kins of Wessex, 100; the

Mercians and Northumbrians
renounce their allegiance tu,
10] ; ii-parattd I'rom Elgiva. ib.:
his death, ib.

L'-bci-t. lung of Kent, his acces-
iion, ■111; his death, 21.
— king of Mercia, 47.

king of Wessex, 4S; ravages.

the western Britons, 4U; defeats;
Ueormvulf of Mercia at Ellan-
dun, 4!i; male Bitldrrd from
Kent, ill. ; subjugates Kent, Sur-
rey, Sussex, and Essex, 60;

assists the East-Angles against
the Mercians. 50 ; subjugates
Mercia, ib.-, Northnmbria soh-
roits to him, ib. ; the ck-IlMj
Kri.Sivalilii, ib.: '■nbjiigales N«rsi:
Wales, 61 ; defeated by tlte
Danes at Charm outh. it, : de-
feats the Danes at HeriKL'str--
dun, 52; his early hUtorv ami
death, ib.

Egfert, wz Ecgferth.

Eglaf, a Danish chief, 117.

Egstein | ivystoin], bishop ofTm-
ilhji'in, an exile in England, 31)3,

Egwina, mother of king AtbelsUu.
80.

lih'aii'T of Brittany, her death,

- daughter of Henry II., born,

Bar-le-Dnc, 401.

of (iuienne. divorced front

Lewis, kiiift of France, 287:
married to Henry II., then dull*
of Nonnandv. lit.: her eliil.iri'ii
by him, it., 2SB ; visits Aus-
tria, 307; besieged by Arthur,
311; her death, 312.

of Provence, marries Heart

III., 320; her kindred ■npopu-
lar, 331 . 334; goes abroad alter
the battle of Lewes, 335.

mother of Edward I., • ■•»

at Amesbury, 374; her death,
38L

Eloutheriua, see Leutherius.

EU'giva, see Emma.

of Northampton, Canate hu

S we vn bv her, 140.

or Elfwina, .:. ■ ■

EthelHeda, by Ethered, '"
stripped of her tcrntoiu

Elfhere, tee .Elfhere.
Eldeda, daughter of Os*ry,

:

■ /Lltriu.

Elfrida, wife of Edgar, founds SI.

Cross at Winchester, 285.
Elfi'ith, daughter of Alfred, 66.
Elgitha, see Edgitha.
Elgiva. i)i!('t']i of l:iu;_- F.dwy, sopa.-

rateil from him by DuustaD,

101.
Elia*, abbot of St. Martin's, 144,

bom at Rhuddlau, ."07.

Ellaodun, battle of, 49.

Elswitlia, AlfrL-.r.-i queen, 60; her
death, 88.

St., injec-n (if iiiiiL; Edmund,

98. 100.

Ely, Ethelfritb, abbess of, 24 ;
mada an episcopal see, 218;
treatment uf (!;■■ bishop by Lin;;
Stephen, 201; the bishop joins,
earl Robert, 2(17: cathedral uf',
dedicated, 1427 ; tin; isli* seized
by the adherents of Mootfort,
341; bluckudo of, raised brlln.'
earl of Gloucester, 342 ; sur-
renders tu prince- Edwiird, 34;!;
a synod at, 380.

Emma i I Jf-ini;, daughter of
Richard ].., ibike of Norrnaiidv,
married to Ethelred, 113, 114;
sent with her BOB! to Nor-
mandy, 122; is married to Ca-
nute, 134; -tripped of her trea-
sures by her .Hon Edward, ':!•.:
her children, 140; banishedJ141;
her death, 152.

Engleheld, battle of, 62.

Euhric, atte Erie.

Eomer iitteitipts to assassinate

kiiiir Edwin, 12.
Eoiuuiiburg, St., Merewald's

EeiMieie;ihl, St., [jll.i'U of Wulf-
here, 24.

EorpwHiil, king of the East-
Angles, conversion of, 13; his
dentil, it/.

EoniK brother of Iting Ilmguar,

Lent, ib. ; his death, 20; nil

family, 24,
Ercongotc, St., daughter of Er-

conberht, 113.
Erconwald, S

20.24, 25; founds C

Harking abbeys, ib.
Erie, with tlia elh el ing Ethel wold,

plunders llereia, S7 ; defeated

and slain, 88.

made king of Jiorthuinbria,

9°.

made earl of Northumber-
land, 133.

En a mi IV id, bishop ...f Sivon, legate

in England, 174.
Essex, Geoti'roy Fitz-Petqr made

earl of, 310.
Ethandun, battle of, 71.
Ethelbard, king of Wesaox, 38 ;
I battle be ween him and the

etbeling Oswald, 3U; his death,

41.
Ethelbald, king of Hercia, 37 ;

fights against tlin Britons with

Cuthred, kin!; of Weasel, 41;

battle of Burl'on.t U-ewcoii him

and Cutlired, 42; his death, 43.

king of WessHK, son of

Etheiwulf, defeats the Danes at
Oakley, ">">; eonspirus against
his lather, 50 ; I he kingdom
divided, ("('<.: sureeed-j id- lather.
5!) ; marries Judith, ib. ; his

EllielbciH, king e-i'lhe. East-Angles,
murder of, 47.

t him and Ceaulin, ib,;
trsion of, 8 ; gives Can-
Ids death, 10; the third ISrct-
waloa, 50.

king of Kent, 38. 43.

king of Northiunbria,44; ex-
pulsion of, ib.

king of Wessex, SB ; his death

iii i J character, ib.

archbishop of Vork, 44; his

| death, 45.

qnaen of Edwin, 12 ; (lies

with Paulinos to Kent, 13.
queen ut' Jna, destroys Tann-

St., death of, 20.

Etheldrid, set Ethelthrvth.

EthelhVd.i. 1j_.Iv of 1 lis- Mercians.
Alfreds daughter, 66; marries
Etlifliv.l. ill.: iv.it oros CluMe.r,
88; builds forls at Sttar^ati:
and BridseDorlh, SO; restores
Tamworth, ib. ; builds Stafford,
ib ; Eddesbury and Warwick,
90; Cherbsirv, Wudbin-y, and
Runcorn, 112 ; takes Urctknovk
and the Welsh king's wife, i"6. ;
storms Derbr, 03 ; Leicester
and York submit to her, 94;
her death and character, ib. ;
she is buried at Gkiucesti-r. U7i.

the Fair (Eneda), wife of

Edgar, 103.

Ellii'liVitli, king of Northumbria,

8 ; defeats Aldan at Degsostan,

9 j slays the monks of BnMr,
ib. ; killed, 10.

Etliulgiir, bishop of Crediton, his

death, 100.
. bishop of St'lsoy. 107; raised

to the see of Canterbury, 199 j

succenili.'d Ijv Siigeric, ib.
Eiln;l-h-s.,iliii-ln.T..if Alfred, 111.) ;

made abbess of Shaftesbury, 77.
Ethclbard, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 47 ; goes to Rome, 4S ;

his death, ib.
Ethelhelm, the i';d, bit-man, ili'fosits

the Danes at Portland Island,

52.
conveys the alms from Wes-

sei to Koine, 76.
Etholhon.',kiri.r !-il'ilLpE;ii=t-Anrn'le=,

17 ; slain in battle, 18.
Etbulhun, bishop of Worcester.

90 ; his death, 95.
expels Ceadwalla from Sus-

ealdorman, battle between

him and Cuthrcd, king of V*

Etlii'lrnnr, ealdorman, his death,

134.
bishop of Elmham, 142: de-

Etbelmere, ealdorman, his death,

108.
ealdorman,submits to S wej ne,

Ethelnoth, archbishop of Cantw-
bury, 134: he goes to Borne,
135; his death, 141.

Elhdreil, king of Mercia. 23 ;
his family, ib. ; ravages Kent
and plunders Bo b
battles with him and
27 ; his queen, Oswyth, roor-
dered, 34; becomes a monk, i'i.j
his death when abbot of Bard-
ney, 37.

KHi.li>,!, hin^ of Nortaumliris,
47 ; murdered, ib.

Eilu-fred, king of Wessei, hii
birth, 103 ; aceewioi
besieges Rochester, L08; '.-■■'-
leots a fleet, 110; ranges Cum-
berland and Alan, 113 ; msirrin
Emma, i6. ; orders the liaro*
to be massacred, 114; causes
Ell'liL-Ira's son u, I-
116; collects a fleet, 117; raises
an army, ib. ; sues for peace Hi)
promises tribute, Si. ; repulse*
the Danes from London, 12-;
withdraws to the Wa
and thence to Normandy, 123;
recalled to England! 121 [Mp*
subsidy to the fleet at Cwo-
wicb, it. ; drives Cauute oul ui
Lindsev, ib. ■. his death, 126.

r.ili isvl-.Mucil, Alfred's father-

n-law, (

,61.

Ellu-b-ie, son of Ida, king if
Northumbria, begins to rags.
8; his death, .

bishop of Lindisfarne,

his death, 177-

Ethelric, bishop of Selsey, 134 ; his

death. 141.
bishop of Selsoy, 150: tie

secrated, 160; deposed, 175.
Ethelswith. sister of Alfred; and

wife of Burhred, of Mercia, '

death, 70.
Ethel t dry th, abbess of Ely. 24;

death of, 27 ; her corpse found

incorrupt, 33.
daughter of Anna, king of

East-Anglia, 10 1 m&rriod

F.cgfrilh, ib. ; becomesanu

Coldingham, 23.
Etlicin-ulil. kin- of Eisl-An.'liii,

18; his death, 21.
or Ortheiwald, king of De-

ira, 1C ; svants I.aslifi'_rli=i.iii to

Cedd, 17.
liiln.-iiviiluli. king ni' Sussex, slain

by Ceadwalla, 20.
Ethelward, king of W esses, 38:

fights with Oswiil.l tlit1 cilieling,

3!>; his death, 41.
the ethcling, brother of king

Edward the Elder, 66 ; his

California n, advises (lie pay-
ment of tribute to tilt Dnnos,
10!) ; liis mission to king Olaf,
111.

ealdorman. sl:iin in the battle

of A-sandun, 131).

employed lo nssiissiiiiLU' the

ethcling Edwy, 132, 133 ; is out-
lawed by Canute, 131.

Ethelwino.'bisiiop of Durham. 15!!;
i;Li[ji'i-o]imriu of, 177; bis death,

bishop of Lindaey, 26.

. . ealdorman resists the expul-
sion of the monks, liji.i ; i'.nnnls
Ramsey alilii'y, 10:); iii.. death
and character, ib.

■ (Odda!,lus deatlinudcharuc-

ter, 158.

_ — . murders king Oswine, ib.

Etiielwul.L, kin it ,,f Snssej, receives
the isle of Wight from Wulf-

— ■ — the ethcling, seises Twine-

nx. 483

ham and Wimborno, 88[ escapes
to Northumbria and is made
king of the Danes there, 87 \
with Eric plunders Mercia, ib. ;
dclValed and slain. 88.

Ethelwold, Moll, ue Moll.

succeeds Cuthbert at Fame

island, 30.

— — bishop of I.indisfarne, 38; his
death, 41.

bishop of Winchester, 103 ;

counsels the expulsion of the
secular clergy, ib, ; ejects them,
303.

bishop of Winchester, 116 ;

his death, 103.

■ caldormnn, death of, 79.

Ethel milf, kin- of W esses, son of
Egbert, sufijugates Kent, 49;
instructed by St. Switlun, 51 ;
succeeds his Cither, 52 ; de-
feated by the Danes at Char-
mouth, ib. ; defeats them at
Uckley, uo ; sends Alfred to
Home, ib. ; his daughter mar-
ried to Burhred of Mercia, 56 :
releases a tenth of his kingdom
from service and taxation, ib. ;
goes with Alfred to Rome, ib. ;
marries Judilh, ib.; conspiracy
against tiim, ib. ; tlie kingdom
divided between him and Ethel-
bald, 57; his will, 58; his death,
69.

caldorman of Berkshire, de-
feats the Danes at Winchester,
50 ; and at Englefield, 62 ; his
death, ii.

Ethered, king of Wesses, 60;
marches against the Danes to
Nottingham, Gl ; defeated by
the Danes at Reading, 62 ; de-
feats then at Ashdown, ib. ;
worsted by the Danes at Ba-
sing, 64 ; and at Merton, ib. ■
his death, ib.

archbishop of Canterbury,

his death, 79.

ealdorman of Mercia, Lon-
don placed under him, 75 ;
opposes ilie Danes, 8:1 ; restores

do!

484

INBSX.

Chester, 88 ; his death and cha-
racter, 89.

En, William de, invades Glouces-
tershire, plunders Berkeley, 189;
deserts from Robert to William,
197; conspires against William,
201 ; vanquished in single com-
bat, and punishment of, ib.

Eustace, abbot of Haye, preaches
the observance of the Lord's
day, 310 ; returns to France,
311.

bishop of Ely, 309 ; his death,

31G.

count of Boulogne, lands at

Dover, 150 ; engages in a fray |
there, ib.

II., joins the conspiracy

Fits-Hubert, Robert, a freebooter

account of, 275, 278.
Fitz-Scrope, Richard, banished,

164; ravages the lands of Edric

the Forester, 171.
Fitz-Osborne, 'William, earl of

Hereford, 171.
Roger, marries bis sister to

Ralph, earl of Norfolk, 177;

conspires against king Wflham,

178 ; imprisoned, ib.

William, hanged at London,

against William II, 187; joins
the crusades, 202 ; marriage of,
211.

— son of King Stephen, be-
trothed to the daughter of
Philip of France, 275.

de Falconberg, bishop of

London, his death, 319.

Eustachius, bishop of Trondhjeim,
see Egstein.

Eusterwine, co-abbot with Bene-
dict Biscop, 28 ; his death, 29.

Everhard, bishop of Norwich, 233

Evesham Abbey founded, 33. 35.

battle of, 337, 338.

Exeter besieged by tho Danes, 82;
by king Stephen, 251 and note.

Famine amon£ the Britons, 2 ; in
England, 10(5, 115.

Farthings coined, 3(51, and note,

Feader, a huscarl, elain by the
people of Worcester, 143.

Felix, first bishop of the East
Angles, 14; his see at Dun-
wich, ib. ; baptises Cenwalch,
16 ; his death, ib.

Finan succeeds Aidan, 16 ; con-
verts Peada, king of the Middle-
Angles, 17; baptises Sigebert,
king of the East-Saxons, ib. ;
his death, 19.

Finchhale, synod at, 46.

«5Uo.

Fitz-Urse, Reginald, one of the
murderers of Becket, 293.

Five Burghs, the, recovered by
Edmund, 90 ; submit to 8wern,
121 ; possessions of Sigefirthsnd
Morcar there, 125.

Flambard, Ralph, his dealings at
Hastings, 198 ; made bishop of
Durham, 205 ; bis judicial ex-
tortions, ib. and 207 ; is com-
mitted to the Tower, 208 ; es-
capes to Normandy, t"6. ; insti-
gates Robert, 209 ; his death,234.

Flanders, Baldwin, count o£ «e*
Baldwin.

Robert, count of, bis death,

196.

William, count of, his death,

246.

Flemings settled in Wales by
Henry II., 222 and note; irrup-
tions of, under Montfort, 901.

Florence, count of Holland, de-
feats the Flemings, 306 ; com-
petitor for the crown of Scot-
land, 383.

Florence of Wohcesteb, htt
death, 229; character of his
work, 230.

Forthere, bishop of Sherborne,
35 ; goes to Rome, 41.

Forester, Edric the, account o£ 171.

bishop of Hereford, succeeds

TyrtheL, 36.

Frsena, a Danish jari, slain at Asb-
down, 63.

an Anglo-Bane, his trea-
chery, 110.

«i

i, or Tusculnm, 306. 316.
^ I., emperor of Germany,

.Milan. 302; drowned in
ydnus, 305.

3 IL, BOD of the emperor
,-, hi) baptism, 308; made

of Sicily, 309 ; elected
.-or, 316; crowned. 318;
iniimieated. 31!); marries
. sister of Henry III., 320;
imunicatrd, 324; deposed,
(sieges Piiriao, ib.; routed
:he Parmesans, ib.; his
,326.

.'■. pseud'.) -emperor, 370;
.373.

If, king of Bernicitt. (5.
iiinora, arrival of, 319;
ish themselves at Bury St.
JUl's, 330; withdraw from

334.
lenitent. Jaw's synagogue

to them, 350.

ireaehera. arrive in Eng-
319 ; apply for a house of
nice at Bury St. Edmund's,
Robert lie Reading, a friar

a i J.^v.3,-,4.

i, the, converted by Wil-

27.

IB. battle of, 7.

an, bishop of Winchester,

osigus, 07 j his death, ib,

aid, a monk, laud granted

erht, bishop of Hexham,

is death. 44.

ist, an Anglo-Dane, his

iiery, 110.

ilh, ijueen of \V»*.i. iroea

me. 41.

aid, bishop of Witbcrne,

.is death, 43.

:!'!pi'v of, founded by Boui-

41.

i< irhi.-li.iii of llublin, his

(top of London, his death.

Fulli, de l.uvel, elected bishop of
London, 363 ; resigns, ib.

Fursey, an Irish saint, arrites in
England, 14.

Gav, Philip d>\ atrocities perpe-
trated by him at Bristol, 263.

Gamcl, son of Orm, murdered,
197.

Gam ..lb earn, a Northumbrian
thane, rebels, 166.

Gcbinund, mad'1 lii.-,hup of lioohes-
ter, 26 ; his death, 33.

GelasiuSj Jiope, 229 ; his death,
230.

N«f,2i

archbishop of Roaen, his

death, 24S.

a clerk of Norwich, cruel

treatment and death of, 315.

bishop of t\ hi (antes, opposes

the cousiiiratersa ■ a inn I William
the Oiiimeror. 178 ; leagues
against William II., 1S7 ; holds
the ea-tle of Bristol against
him. 189.

— — Ridel, bishop of Ely, 301 ;
bis death, 205.

Riddel, perishes by ship-
wreck in the lilamhe-Nef, 232.

dc Burgh, bishop of Ely,

319; his death, ji.

bishop of Hereford, 227 ; his

death, 230.

natural son of Henry II.,

made archbishop »f Vork, 803 ;
is arrested at Dover, 3t»i; with-
draws from England. 313; his
death, 304.

son of Henry II., born, 2S7;

is knighted. 302.

Gerard, bishop of Hereford, made
archbishop of York, 208 ; at-
tends a council held by Ansclm,
215; promises subjection to
Canterbury, 2H>; his death, 217.

*86 n

Gerent, kins; °f the Britons, de-
feated by Ina and Nun, 35.

Ciffard, William, in William.

Gilbert de Clare, carl of Glouces-
ter, acts with prince Edward
in the barons' wars aL^iiiiSt
Montford, 337, 338,342; take
the cross, 343; quarrels wit
prince Edward, 345; divorcee
his wife. 348; marries Mai
to Edmund of Almaino,
a], pointed regent, 351: marries
the princess Joan, 379; his
death, 400.

. — Fitz- Richard, taken at Tun-
bridge, 188.

— — John Fitz-, holds Marlbo-
rough, 276.

ue Lacy, his enterprise al

Bath, 261.

a sheriff of Ni'rth:m:i'i'iji.

180 ; slain, 181.

de St. Leobhurd, bishop of

Chic-heater, 376.

.the Universal, bishop ul' Loir

don, 245 and note.

bishop of London, eicoromu-

nicated, 292; moves the king
against Becket, ib.

— — ■ St., founder of the order of
SL-ropnoiiham, his death, 304

Richard Fitz-, slain, 261 and

Giles, bishop of Hereford, with-
drawsfrom Englaud, 31 3; fetches
Eleanor of Provence, 320.

Gilling, monaster}- at, founded, 18.

Gii-iuni, see Jarrow.

Cisa, bishop of Wells, 161.

Githa, Harolds mother, escapes
to Flanders, 172.

Glastonbury able v.uutrageat, 183.

Glonicorn, a Northumbrian thane,

Gloucester, Robert, carl of, natural
sod of Henry 1., arrives in Enp,.
land.a!!): at Marlborough, -~.
Bath. 278; takes NotliiiLrbiu,
ib. ; takes Stephen prisoner, 279r
made prisoner in his retreat
from Winchester, 284 : ■
proposed for Stephen, 285.

Goda, slain by the Danes, 109.

Godfrey, consecrated bishop of
Bath, 236; his death, 249.

Godiva. wife of earl Leofrio, bet
mimihVenee, 150.

Godwin, an Anglo-Dane, histrci-
ehery, 110.

bishop of Rochester, taken

by the Danes, 120.

— — ealdornian, slain in the
battle of Assandun, 130.

earl, orders the etheling

Alfred to bebttrbftrouirj ErMtca
at Ely, 141 ; aceused of the mur-
der by archbishop iElfric, 143;
presents a noble ship to Hard*-
eanute, ib. ; sent to sack Wor-
cester, 144 ; raises forces against
Eustace, count of Boulogne, ISO;
enters Gloucestershire, and de-
mands the delivery of Eu-taov.
161; flees with ids faniik te
Flanders, 152; raises auxiliaries.
153; comes io Soutbwark, 154;
he and his family n -i
his death, 165.

metropolitan of the Franks,

consecrates archbishop Bright-
wald and other English bishops,
33.
son of Harold, lands in Som-
ersetshire, 172.

Golc, count de, slain at Aii-h-
Clia] elle, 358.

Goldsmiths imprisoned, 359.
Goafrid. or Geofl'rei

Hereford, 217; his' death, 2S0.
Gower, battle in, 251 udwfo
Gregorian chatint, 183.

Gregory II., pope, 37; his death. 3fi.

■ antipope, confined in a

monaster j, 233.

bishop of Dublin, L'OIliPLTlltod

by the primate of England,
234.

Griffytl. .

ders in the Sei
pirates, 14!); defeats Ealdred,
bishop of Worcester, Hi. ; lays
waste Herefordshire, 152 ; in-
vades England, 166 ; makes
peace with Edward, 157; mas-
sacres the bishop of Hereford,
158 1 slain by his own people,
166.

ap-Rhys, ravages in Wales,

22" ; his death, 252.

Grim, Edward, cross-bearer of
Becket, wounded in defending
his master, 294.

Grimbald. invited by Alfred, 68;
bis death, 87.

Grimkviel. bishop of Selsey, 141 ;

Guiiirj, bishop of Sabin.t, legate te.
KiiLrlaiui, ooli; made pope, ill.

I. J Ull. Ill If. bishop Of li.ochesl.er. ITii;

attends a synod held by An-

selm. 211 ; his death, 216.
Gunhilde, niece of Canute, 136;

banished with her sons from

England, 14lj.
Gurnay, Hugh do, deliver* the

castle of Montfort to the king

of France, 311.
Gui'lh, sun of earl Godwin, 155;

slain at Hastings, 170.
Gutbl'erth, king of North i-imbm,

expelled by Athelstan, 96.
Guthcard, bishop of Sclsey, his

death, 103.
Cuthlae, St., becomes a monk at

Kcpton, 33 ; retires to Croy-

land, 34; his death, 36.
Guthmuml. a Danish chief, lu!).
Guthrum, winters at Cambridge,

Ijl); baplis.ni, ilj. j makes a l ruin v

with Alfred, 71; Lis death, '[).'

Cu\ ,'• I.i. 0i .IiT'.i:-.;!-

lem, 304.

Gwenlian, wife of Griffith- ap-
Rhys, prince of South Wales,

If;: ■did. bishop of i be- West-Saxons,

2b' ; his death, 34.
Hakon, jail, banished by Canute,

136 ; perishes at sea, ib.
I ialfdcno, subjugate* iN'i ihumbrifl,

09 ; settles colonies iu it, Si.
— — brother of king Inguar,

Hampton Lucy, it seal; of the
bishop of Worcester, ruined by
a thunderstorm, 281.

Ilaubury, monastery of, 25.

Hapsburgh, Rodolph, count of,
elected king of Germany,
353.

liar do Canute, son of Canute, suc-
ceeds his father in Denmark,
140; the southern part of Eng-
land assigned to him, ib. ; risks
' ;, 142 ; becomes king of

md, ib.:

subsidy for the S

ders Worcester to bo burnt,

144 ; his death, ib.

Harold, a Danish jarl, slain at
Ashdown, 63.

king of England, son of Ca-
nute, succeeds his father, 1411-
seizes the treasures of Elfgiva,
ib.: the northern part of England
allotted to him, Hi.-, is elected
king of all England, 141 ; his
ileal h, 1-J-: bis body di.- in (erred,
143.

H&rdrada, kin.ir "f Norway,

147; invades England, 169;
joiued by Tostig. ib. ; slain at
Stanford bridge, ib.

son of Svend, king of Den-
mark, arrives in the Humber,
173.

son of Godwin, enters the

Severn and plunders the coun-
try, 153 ; succeeds to hi- father's
earldom, 155 ; marches against

firiffvth will Alear, Vft\ forti.
Hl's Hereford, id. ; makes peaci
with Griil'vtli ami Algar, i!>.
inflnrw the Welsh to subjec-
an, 1154; erects ii hunting-seat
for killgEdw^inl :u P.irr.-ki-uHli,
sneeoeds to the throne,
his just nclmmisti'iiti'.'ii. &.:
I the buttle of Stanford
>re, 169; ia slain at Hast-
in^;"l7().
Harold, John Fitz-, deserts the

party of Stephen, 272.
Hasting. Miters the Thames, and
fortilios tiiinself at Milton, 81 ;
defeated at Benfleot. 82; his
wife and children taken prison-

astings. battle of, 170.

— John de, competitor For the
crown of Scotland, 383.

1 Individ, l.iu:l- of 13.

. mind of, 37.
Halimlae. Iiisliop (if the East- An-
gles K,

Heaberht, bishop of Worcester.
49; his death, 53.

— earl, his death, 48.
Heahstan, bishop of London, his

death, 85.
Heathfield, battle, at 13.
Heathored. [jisli'jp (if LindiSY,rru-,
49; his death. 50.

— bishop of Worcester, 45 J his

r death, 47.

'eca. bishop of Salsey, 147; bis
death, Io9.

Fetnutan, St.. Uahon of Winches-
ter, 61; death of, 52.

eming, jarl, arrives at Thanet,
117; receives tribute from Kent,
and makes descents on the isle
of WiL_'ht, Sussex, and Hamp-

Henfrid, bishop of Winchester, 42.

Mengist and lloi'sa, arrival of. 3 :

their genealogy, ii.j defeat Vor-

tjgern at Aylosford, ib. ; death

of Horsa, ii.

„" t tmd JEnc begin to reign,
I; defeat the Britons at Cray-

ford, i7).,ind at Wi__
4; defeat the TSrituna, Pj
of Hengist, ib.
Hengestesdun. battle of, .f>2.

- bishop of London, his death,

for Stephen's release,282; at
dons Matilda and sets fire k
Winchester, 283 ; retreats fron
Winchester, 286; his *oldrr
burn Wherwell Abbey, iS.

de Brant-:--;

Salisbury, 374 ; his death, 37C.

- duk.

king Hem

Knglaod

Normandy, 31&;

III., emperor, makes iraruB

Baldwin of Fliaders, M&

V. of Germany, married to

Matilda, 319. 223 ; be imprisons

the pope, ii. ; oonvenri.ms Ii—
tween them respecting investi-
tures, 220—222 ; eonseontea
emperor. Hi. ; besieges Cologne,
T-:',- his death, 23G.

... ■-■: -
qneror, knighted, 184; wiies
Mount St. Michael, 192 ; irow-
sion and coronation «l'.
reform*. 208 ; restores thehtw*
of the Confessor, ib. -. marrie*
Matilda, ib. ; makes peace witk
his brother Robert I

'1 hesieces Brlissm-"-

ufArmulelaiid Bridgnorth, 2M;
di.-nute.* with AnsHni r-
investitures. 211. 'jr.
Normandy, 213; burns Bbycmii,
ili,- lakes Caeti and returns to
England, il\. ; again invades
N':-.rriianilv.

with Auselm, ib.; defeats RnbeM
at. Tinchebrai, ib.; reduces Nor-
mandy, 21C; loads a:

Wales, 236; engage* in urar with
France, 230 ; makes peace, ib. ;
marries Alice of Lcinain, 2'!3:
subjugates Wales, 234 | his last
visit to Normandy. 249 ; bid
death, ib. ; and burial, 250.
Henry II. marries Eleanor of
Gulenne, 287; marries his mm
Henry to the daughter of Philip
of France, ib. ; holds a council,

lilh.l :■■■[:■■;■' - /!■:■ "'"fi : ll/i:

his son Henry crowm'd, iL; falls
sick and divides his dominions,
289; makes a pilgrimage, 2!KP-
sends envoys to the pope to
clear himself from Ikvkej '-
Biurder, 296: g-oes to Ireland,
CM] declares his innocence of
Beoket's murder and does pe-
nance, 30(1; quarrel with his son
Henry, 301; knights his sou
Geoffrey, 3(12; and John, 303;

i the i

317; |

. 304; hi:

,snd

tany, 320; marries Eleanor of
Frdvonce, iL; he and his queen
crowned al London, 32] ; goes
to Gascon v, 323; in Scotland,
ib.; invades Wales. 324; con-
firms the charters. :!2N; goes to
Gascon}-, ib.; invades Wales,
3-'!H: si^us tlif: Provisions of
Oxford. 331; cedes his Frenrli

d linions, 332; quarrels with

the barons. 333; goes to Paris
and falls sick, Hi.; (tikis with
the barons, 334, 335; taken
prisoner at the battle of Lewes,
335; released at Evesham, 337;
extorts money from the clergy,
341; besU'g-.-s kcnilworth. :.i-(ii.
goeslo Bury St. Edmund's and
to Cambridge, 342: proceeds to
London, 343; pirs to Norwich
and punishes the rioters, 35(1;
his death, 351; removal of his
body, 379.
Henry I. of France, his death, 161,

Henry, landgrave of Hesse, elected
king of Germany, 324; defeats
Conrad, ib. ; his death, ib.

Lotigchamp, abbot of Croy-

land, 308.

- de Sandwich, bishop of Lon-
don, 333 ; I lis death, 353.

son of Edward I., hnrinl of,

353,

■ son of Henry II., bom, 287;

his marriuge. ib.: he is crowned
in Ilia lather's ' lifetime, 2S9;
fealty sworn to him, ib.; they
quarrel, 301; his death, 303.

— — d'Aimaine, son of liiehard,
earl of Carnival!, king of tin?
Romans, murdered at Viterbo,
347.

Hi'Miflins, prilnriveh ul'-li'i-osok'TH,
comes to England, 303.

Herbert do Losinga, simonia-
cal bishop of Thetford, 197}
absolved at Runic, ib.; transfers
tile see to Norwich, ib. ; his
death, 230.

Hereberht slain by tlie Danes,

Hereford burnt, 25:1; the castle
surrendered to Stephen, ib.: sot
on fire by Geoffrey Tnibot,

Hereluve, abbess of Slvrowsbnrv,
her death, 108.

Heroward, takes refuge in Ely,
177; escapes thence, ib.

llorfast, bishop of Thett'ord, his
death, 197.

Elcrimuu, bishop of Wilton, 146;
goes to Rome, 150; resigns hi*
see. 158; transfers it to Salis-
bury, 178.

son of the king of Ger-
many, drowned, 367.

archbishop of Cologne, 15*5.

Hertford, synod of, 24; a castla
built there, 90.

bishop of Bang(
a synod held by 1

211; becomes the first bishop of
Ely, 210; his death, 247.
Henalds, the, go to Old-Saxony
preach, and suffer martyrdom,

Higbald, bishop of Lii>'li-.i,ii n. .
44; his death, 48.

Diu'l-'i-i'lit, ljjnh..,ii L.f Lu..'liik-ld,

46.

Hilda, St., abbess of Hartlepool,
18 ; founds Wbitby abbey, i&.;
her death and character, 28.

JliMi/liih. abbess of Barking, 20.
25; Aldhelm dedicates to ber
bis book "De Virginitate," ib.

Hinguar, a Danish chief, 01. 111;
his li-'.'ther hxnulei Bontt (Talw
and Devon, 70; is slain tbere,
ib.

Olothere, king of Kent, 23; bis
death, 29.

Ili'lrin--, l.h'.' Danes ilul'vaii'il iit,
87.

Honorius, pope, letter on the ob-
servance of Easter, &c, 13.

Honorius, archbishop of Canter-
bury, succeeds Justus, 15; his
death, 16.

Horsa, see Hengist and Horsa.

Hornsey, a till of the bishops of
London, 353.

Howe), king of the west Britous,
submits to Edward the Elder,
95; toAthelstan,90.

Herbert, Robert Fit/-, 275; take*
the castle of Malmesbury, 270;
surrenders it to Stephen, ib.;
surprises Ibe castle uf IV'vizi'S,
ib.; thrown into prison by John
Fitz-Oilbert, 277; delivered to
the earl of Gloucester, ib.; and
hanged, 278.

Herbert, Fit 2- Walter, bishop of
Salisbury, translated to Can-
terbury, 307; made papa! Ii'juc,
ib.; removed from the oHiee o!
justiciary, 30(); his death, 312.

Eeiham, bishopric vt', founded,

ittfc I

Hugh, abbot of Reading,

archbishop of Rouen, 24ft
bishop of Chester, introduces

secular priests at Coveatrr,

300.
. bishop of Durham, 289; sai-

pended by the pope, 292.
bishop of Ely, beeomei i

monk, 311.

bishop of Ely, 319; coo-

duels Eleanor of Provence m
England, 320; bis doth, Stt

— — bishop of Ely, his ileitis
374.

of Grenoble, bishop of Lin-
coln, 304; compounds witl lb?
king for Uie tribute of a mantle
of snbles, 308 ; introduce
monks, 309; hia death, 310.

bishop of Lincoln, con-
secrated at Melun, 314; nil
death, 320.

de Evesham, created » mt-

earl of Chester, invite

Anglesey, 204.
earl of Shrewsbury, slim bj

Magnus III. of Norway, 204
Ilunwald, betrays king Oswiuc,

16.
1 1 lt 1 1 !i M U . bishop of Winchester.

42; his death, ib.
1 1 mccas ( Worcestershire), 27, 32,

and note.
Ilyi-iriir. first king of N orlhumbrit,

Jacob, d tributary king to Edgar,

105.
Jaiubert, archbishop of Canttr-

bury, 43; receives his pall, 44;

loses a portion of his proiiurf .

46 ; his death, 47.
Jarrow, monastery at,

28.

Jaruman, bishop of the MercUm,
19; sent to Sighere, king uf
the East-Saxons, 21.

Idle, river, battle of the, 11.

Jerusalem, pilgrimage to, ll
taken by the crusaders, 205.

Jews, a boy sacrificed by them
Bury, 3*13; many slain 31 ttie
coronation of Riobard I., 305;
slain iu various places, ib.; im-
prisoned, 314; executed at
Norwich, 322; plundered anil
slain, 335; their synagogue
giventoiheiiuirs de I'.onitoniia,
350; forbidden to practici
usury, 3.54 ; expelled from Cam-
bridge, 356; imprisoned, and
their houses searched, 3.5*1;
hanged for clipping the coin,
360; a boy crucified by them, at
Northampton. Wil; imprisuried.
375; expulsion of, 380.

Ikanhoe. monaster} of, founded by
St. Botolph, 17.

Immin rebels against Oswy, 19.

In a, king of Wessra, restores
Glastonbury abbey, 31 ; his
geneiloKV. Hi. ; nukes pence
with the men of Kenl, 33; de-
feats Cerent, kini; of the Bri-
tons, 3fi; tights u. battle will;
Ceolred of M> rcia al Woilnes-
beorh, 37 i slays the etheling
Cynewulf, ib. ; builds Tauntou,
38;fights with tin' S.. ui h-Saxoiij,
t't.; slays the etli'.lin.L.- Aldbiilil,
i':; abdicates and retires to

Inguaid, bohop of Lendon, 25. P!l.

Ingeborj, .,oeei] uf Philip 11,310.

IngetliDK. U« Gilfina.

In;-i ■-. I'i iher of lua, death of,
37

Interdict, Normandy laid under
an, 3Uh ; En;.'l;iinl in id under an,
313; it is taken off, 316.

Ii i>itinn, royal, into all pro-
perty. 4(H.

Henry I. and An^.liii. '211. 212.
215 : between l'ascal II. and the
emperor Henry V., 21!). 223 ;

)*X- 491

decrees of the Lateran council
against, 223. 225.
Jon ii, ihunlur i- i.f lionry II., mar-
ried to William, kini; of Sicily,
302; to the count of St. Giles,
308.

daughter of Edward I., mar-
ried to Gilbert de Clare, earl of
Gloucester, 37!'; ber eldest son
born, 381.

John, coutiniiator of the chro-
nicle of Florence, 260.

John de Pecklnmi. arvhlihliop ef
Canterbury, 3110: .i-itation of
Norfolk and Suffolk. 363 ; Lin-
coln, 371 ; Ely, ii. ; his doalh,
399.

Comyn, arebbishop of Dub-
lin, his voluntary exile, 308.

de Darlington. Brcheishoo of

Dublin, 300; .

de Saunford, archbishop of

Dublin, his mission to the em-
peror, 406 ; hi* death, ib.

— — rtomanuSj.irchbii.liop of York,
373 ; excommunicates the
bishop of Durham, 400.

the precentor, accompanies

Benedict Biscoj] to England, -'-•-

bishop of Bath, attend* a

council held by Anselm, 211;
buys the royalty of the city
from Henry L, 234 ; his death,

of Wells, bishop of Ely, 317;
death, 310.

de Kirkby. agent of Henry f .

in raising a forced loan, oik ;
made bishop of Ely, 374; Ins

reford.

death, 378.
— bishop of Her
death, 354.
bishop of Hexham. 29 ; suc-
ceeds I'.o-a In the see of York,
311 j imjiiiiix Heilca deacon, 33;
a priest, 34 ; his death, 38.
— de Chishull, bishop of Lon-
don, 353 | his death, 303.

John of Oiford, bishop of Salis-
bury, 302; his death, 310.

lie Grey, bishop of Norwich.

310; his death. 316.

bishop of Rochester, 230,

AUielney, 77.

de Crema, papal legate, pre-
sides at the Svuod, 238; reiurus
to Rome, 240.

de Florence, papal nuncio,

collects a large sum of money,
holds a council at Reading, and

returns, 312.

—. — de Punteyse, bishop of Win-
cheater, 367.

John Sanstcrrc. king of England,
son of Iltiiry 11.. born, 288; is
knighted by his father, 304:
conspires against his brother
Richard, 306; succeeds to the
throne and ciironation, ,'ili.i
marries Isabel d' Au^cn lime, 10.
their coronation, 311; he goes
to Ireland, 311; is again crinwiod
at Canterbury,!*,; goes to Nor-
mandy, lb.; raises the siege of
Mii'abeau, ib.; goes to Ro-
chi.Uc, 312; makes a truce with
the king of France, ami returns.
U. England, ,'■.; prohibits fowl-
ing. 31": alliance with the liiii:_r
of Scotliind, if,.; is exeoromuiu-
cated, 314; reduces Wales, lb. ;
kuiu'lil-i v.:>.- jirincc ill' Scotland,
ib.; Ms barons absolved from
their allegiance, 315; they pro-

317.

; bis death,

Joscelin, bishop of SaliKburj",
excommunicated. 2il2; preju-
dices the king against Beeket,>/<.

Ijiawii-li, burglicrs of, imprisoned
and fined, 372.

Ireland, a land of saints and
■ales, -4; ravaged bj B«tti
28; John has the title of lwdof,
310.

Isabel d'Angouleme, queen of
king John, 310.

Ithntnar, bishop of Rochester, IS.

Juchil, king, pars homage to Ei

ear, 105.
Judith, daughter of Charh* the

llald, married to EthelwuK, Bi;

seated on the tln-oue, ST) but-

ries Ethelhald, E9.

wife of T..

Justin, a Danish chief, 103.
Justus, consecrated bishop "I

Rochester, 10; expulsion of, Hi

recall of, ib.; raised to the we

of Canterbury, 12.
.lutes, their arrival in Britsin. li.
Jiitinval, king of the Britons, tub.

mils to king Edward, So-
lve, St. death of, iJ; inventi»uf,

11; his relics, 113.

Kenelm, king of Mercia, 40; s

der of, ib.
KonHwurth, fortified bv the U

rents Df Simon de" Muntfurt.

339; besieged by the r»pl

forces, 340; M.rron,!.
Kenneth, king of the Scots, p»»<

homage to Edgar, 104.
Retired, see Cenred.
Keiiric, tile etheling of W««

Kent, kingdom of, founded: ra-
vaged by Ceadwalla ;
30; submits to Egbert, 49.

Kenulf, abbot, slain, 88.

bishop of Winchester, LU|

his death, 116.

Kenulf, king of Mercia. 47 I
ravages Rent and takes Eadbrrt
Prea prisoner, 43; his death,*

lkhai-iemiatis, battle bet
and the Christians, 3

Kilimi, abbot of St. Martins at
Cologne, 103; his death, 114.

St., a Sek'l, bishep of Wiirz-

bnrg, 3t>.
Kinewold, see Cyuewold.
Kiriewulf, see Cynewulf.
Kins inc. archlii-lier. ol' York, 150;

liis death, 161.
Kirkby, Jolm de, see John.

kninlitii. ""], all [ -l-'-m-i! of fiirt y

pounds inland to receive it, 400.
Kyneberg; sen Cyneberht.
Kviiric, *« Cynrie.
Kyrtlington, synod at, 10T.

Lacy, Henry de, goes with an

army to Gascony, 411.
Roger de, seizes Hereford,

l, 1!J0.
Walter de. opposes the earl

ol' Hertford, 17*.
Lancaster, e«trl of, tte Edmund.
Lsof'ranr, archbishop uf Guiier-

bui'y, 175 ; consecrates Thomas,

Archbishop of York,

,m;i:!.:I,-

, Bom

s William II., l!*u; his
death, 19L

LaiiRtuii, *•:■< Stephen.

LaM'ii'.ll-:'.,': i.'..;:. u rv ut. fuimi.li'il,

20.

Lnteran, council of, 223.

Laurence, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 10; scourged hv St. Peter,
11 ; his death, ih.

bis) i on ol" Rochester, hit

death, 353.

_— (Ducket) murdered, 371.

Leicester burnt, 2S3.

Robert, ear! of, made pri-
soner, 301.

Simon, carl ol'. w Jlontfort.

Lent, l';tH <.t, observed, 15.

Leobuinc. Sanses Liuli 'to uemur-
dered, IKU; is slain, 182,

Leol iis.ia..>iiiiiij a kir.'s Edmund at
Pucklechurcb, 20.

Lcolgar, iii. |.i.[] i,i lli.Tci'enl. slain
bj the Welsh, 15a.

i.crifrie, the Briton, bishop of
Crediton, 147.

made ealdurman by Canute,

134;sentbyllardecanuretosaok
Worcester, 144 ; raises forces
against Godwin, 151 1; hisdeall],
159; his character and muiiili-

Leofruu abbess, taken by the

Danes, 120.
Loot's y murders Eafic, and is

banished, 113.
bishop of Worcester, 133 ;

his (loath, 139.
1-te.hvine, bishop ol' Lichfield. 155.

dean of Durham, murdered

at (.Gateshead, 182.

■ son of sail Godwin, enters

the .Severn and plunders the
country, 103 ; is slain at the
battle of Hastings, 170.

Li'epoii-, tliiLo of Austria, arrests
Kichard I. and delivers him to
the emperor, 30f>; his death.
307.

LcutbiTlus. bishop of Winchester,
21,22; assists at the synod of
Hertford, U4 ; his death, St).

Lewes, battle of, 335-

Lewis. king of the West Franks,
death of, 74.

Lewis VI., king of France, his
death, 1(10.

VII. (Le-Gros), king of

France, bis war with Henrv 1.,
2*0; divorced from KlcanoV of
Guienne, 2&7 | his letter to tbe
Pope respecting the murder of
JJeeket. -'00 ; visits the tomb of
Bcoket.303; his death, iS.

of France marries Ulauclie

of Castile, 310; lands iu
England, 317; bis army defeated
at Lincoln, ib. ; returns home,
ib. ; succeeds to the crown of
France as Lewis V III., 318 j Ills
death, 319.

Lewis IX., king of France,
knightc!, :!Ki; departs for the
Holy Land, 325; arrives at
Damietta and proceeds to Man-

494

INDEX.

sourah, 325. ; is taken prisoner,
326 ; conditions of his release,
ib. ; returns home, 328 ; chosen
umpire between Henry III. and
his barons, 334 ; his decision,
335 ; his compact with prince
Edward, 345; departs for the
Holy Land, 346; his death,

347.

Lilla killed, in saving the life of
king Edwin, 12.

Lincoln, battle of, in which Ste-
phen was taken prisoner, 279 ;
the cathedral built, 144; shat-
tered by earthquake, 304 ; battle
of, with prince Lewis, 317.

Lindisfarne, island of, described,
111 ; see of transferred to
Chest er-le- Street, and thence to
Durham, 112.

Liulf, an account of, 180 ; mur-
dered at Gateshead, 181.

Liutolf, son of the Emperor Otho,
his death, 100.

Living, see Lyfing.

Llewellyn, prince of Wales, takes
arms, 354; submits, 358; mar-
ries the daughter of Simon de
Montfort, ib. ; revolts, and
takes Ro^er de Clifford, 364;
he is defeated and slain, 366 ;
his head brought to London, ib.

London,bishop of, at first proposed
to be a metropolitan, 9 ; prece-
dence of, 458.

sacked by the Danes, 54 ;

rebuilt by Alfred, 75; burnt,
10S ; besieged by Canute, 129 ;
burnt, 185; a destructive wind
at, 193 ; burnt, 194 ; again, 247;
again, 314.

Longchamp, see William, Robert,
and Henry.

Lothaire, emperor of Germany,
war between him and Roger,
duke of Apulia, 254.

Lothere, see Hlothere.

Lovcdav, Roger, a judge-in-eyre,
359. 374.

Ludecan, king of Mercia, 50 ; his
death, ib.

Lullus, succeeds Boniface as irA-
bishop of Mentz, 43.

Lusignan, Guy de, made king of
Jerusalem, 304 ; taken prisoner
by Saladin, ib.

Hugh de, .with his family,

poisoned by the Templars, 37L

Lyfing, abbot of Tavistock, and en*
voy to Rome, 136; biahopof Cre-
diton ; made bishop of worces-
ter, 142; accused of the murder
of Alfred, 143 ; proclaims king
Edward, 144 ; his death, 147.

bishop of Wells, 115; made

archbishop of Canterbury, 121;
his death, 134.

Macbeth, king of the Scots, at

Rome, 150 ; defeated by Siwud,

156.
Mserwin, St., abbess of Ramsey,

103.
Magnus, king of the Isles, pays

homage to Edgar, 106.
king of Norway, subdnes

Denmark, 147 ; his death, ft.
. 1 1 1, subdues the Orkneys and

lands in Anglesey, 204; slays
Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, to.

son of Harold, lands in

Somersetshire, 172.

archbishop of Canterbury,

gee Richard.

Mahbethu, a Scottish pjlg"m>
arrival of in Cornwall, 80.

Maiolus, abbot of St. Martin it
Cologne, 145 ; his death, 161.

Malcolm L, king of the Scots, re-
ceives Cumberland from long
Edmund, 99; as king of the
Cumbrians pays homage to Ed-
gar, 105.

II., king of the Scots, his

death, 139.

III., raised by Siwardto the

throne of Scotland, 166; does
fealty to William the Conqueror,
177; ravages Northumbrian 190;
makes peace, 193; comes to
Gloucester and refuses sab-
mission, 195 ; slain, 196*

Malet, William, his life spared.
173.

Malinmuiiiiu. .in Irish pilgrim, ar-
rival of in Cornwall, 80.

Marchndes of Unbuilt takes the
bishop of Beauyais prisoner,
308 ; his death, 310.

Margaret, daughter of Henry 111.,
born, 323; married to Alex-
ander III. of Scotland, 327 s
her death, 354.

daughter of Edward I.,

born, 354 ; married to John,
duke of Hrabant. 370.

the Maid of Norway, horn,

323 ; death of, 380.

queen of S.-i.tbunl, her birth,

133; her death and eliaraeter.
196.

wife of Henry, son of Henry

II., crowned as queen, 31)9,

Marhmus Senilis, born, 136; be-
comes a lrumk al. Cologne. I,'.'!;
visits Piiderlr.u'o, ]'.','! : ordained

Eriest, it>. ; goes to Mcuiz and
ecomes a recluse there, 172 ; '

his death, 182.
Mariuus, pope, releases tlie Saxon .

.school nt Rome from imposts,

73; sends presents to Alfred, Hi.
Marlon we yu, goes to Scotland,

172; joins the sons of king I

Svend, 173.
Marshall, liichurd slain in Ire- I

land. 330.
William, the younger, his

death, 3'S).
Mary, daughter of Edward I,

Ma. ■v'-'s!"1iv; 'church of, near Lin- I

Miii.irii.dd, battle of, 15.

Matilda, wife of William the Con-

Jeoth of, leS,

of Scotland, married to

Henry I., 208; her death, ib.

495

Matilda, daughierof Henry I.,mar-
ried to the Emperor Henry V.,
■IV.', 225; crowned empress, ib;
the English bishops and nobles
swear fealty to her, 241; be-
lauds at Arundel, to.; goes to
Hrisi.il, 2H3; to Gloucester, -20!);
to Cirencester, 280; to Win-
chester, ib ; to Reading and
Oxford, 281; treats witli the
citizens of London, ib.; enters
London, ib.; refuses to release
Stephen, 2-M2; her haughty be-
haviour, ib.; is driven out of
Loudon, it).; goes to Oxford,
besiowzi the earldom of Here-
ford oo Milo, 283; at Winches-
ter, 284; her flight and escape
to Gloucester, it).

.laughter of Henry II., born,

287.

wife of Stephen, intercedes

in vain with the empress for her
husband's release, 282.
Mauser, bishop of Worcester, lays
ihe kingdom under bis interdict,
313; withdraw from England,io.
Mauluon, Savary de, revolts
against king John, and reduces
Ponton, 315.
Maurice, appointed bishop of Ban-
gor, 273 ; objects to the oath of

275.

bishop of London, 184 ; at-
tends a synod held by Anselro,
211; his death, 210.

Mayor of London imprisoned at
Windsor, 338.

Meagla, son of Port, arrival of, 4.

Meunvura, district of, in Hamp-
shire, 19.

Mell'jiii.Waleran, count of, taken
prisoner, 235.

Mollitus ordained bishop of the
I'ast-Saxons, 10; cNpuhiou of,
11; his recall, ib.; raised to
the see of Canterbury, 11 ; his
death, lb.

Melrose, 10,21.

496

INDEX.

Mercia, Penda, king of, 13 ; con-
version of, 18 ; divided into five
dioceses, 27 ; submits to Egbert,
50.

Mercredos-burn, battle of, 3.

Meredith- ap-Llewellyn, rebellion
of, 400.

Merefin, son of Merewald, 25.

Mere wa lil, king of the West Mer-
cians, 25.

Merton, curious adventures at, 45,
40.

Merton, Ethered and Alfred
worsted by the Danes at, 64.

Meteor, 107. 203.

Milan, earthquake and apparition
at, i>2H.

Middle-Anglos, conversion of, 17.

Mildburh, St., daughter of Mere-
wald, 25.

Mildgilh, St., daughter of Mere-
wald, 25.

Mildtliryth, St., daughter of Mere-
wald. 25.

Milo, constable of Gloucester,
200 ; jouis earl Robert, ib. ; Ste-
phen deprives him of his office
of constable, 272 ; with the earl
at Marlborough, 277; his
liberality to the empress, 282 ;
created earl of Hereford, 283 ;
his flight from Winchester, 285.

Milred, bishop of Worcester, 41;
his death, 44.

Minborimis, abbot of St. Martin's
at Cologne, his death, 108.

Moll Eth. I wold, king of Northum-
bria, 43 ; slays the etheling Os-
wine, ib. ; abdicates, 44.

?ilonierlield, Herefordshire, a ter-
rible thunderstorm near, 230.

Money and moneyers, see Coinage,

Monks substituted for canons,
103; introduced at Winchester,
ib. ; throughout Mercia, ib. ; at
Middleton, ib.; at Worcester,
104 ; at Coventry, 309 ; at Lin-
coln, ib. ; at St.Edmondsbury, ib.;
expelled from Canterbury, 312.

Montchesney, William de, partisan
of Simon de Montfort, 337.

Montfort, Aimeri de, captured at
sea with his sister, 366.

Eleanor de, taken, ib. ; mar-
ried to Llewellyn, prince •£
Wales, 358 ; her death, 366.

Guy de, marriage o£ 317;

murders Henry d'Almaine, son of
Richard, king of the Romans, ik
Henry de, a justice-in-eyre,

346.

— Simon de, chief of the mal-
content barons, 336; defeated
and slain at the battle of Eve-
sham, 337, 338: excommunica-
ted and absolved, 330 ; miracles
ascribed to him, ib.

— Simon de, the younger, plun-
ders Winchester, 337; is sur-
prised and defeated, ib. ; with-
draws to Axholm, 339; makes
peace and goes to France, ffi. ;
murders Henry d'Almaine, 347.

— William de, dean of St

Paul's, sudden death of^ in the
king's presence, 406.

Moon, extraordinary appearance
of, 40.

see Eclipse.

Morville, Hugh de, one of the
murderers of Becket, 203.

Morcar, earl of Northnmbria, ex-
pels Tostig from Lindsey, 168;
escapes at Hastings and sends his
sister, Harold's queen, to Ches-
ter, 170; submits to William
the Conqueror, 171; revolts
and goes to the Isle of Ely, 177-

a thane, murdered by order

of Edric Streon, 124.

Mortimer, Ralph de, invades Wor-
cestershire, 189; repulsed by
bishop Wulfstan, 190.

Mortmain, statute o£ 362.

Morton, Robert, earl of, revolts
against William II., 186; holds
his castle at Pevensey, 183 ; op-
poses Henry in Normandy, 214;
made prisoner, 215.

William, earl of, forfeits bis

lands in England, 213 ; is takes
prisoner at Tinohebrai, 215.

.

-ay, Robert de, conspires
nst WiUiam U-, 1«7, 200 ;
•s and plunders Bath, 180;

n,201.

ealdorman, slain, 40.

father of Elswitha, Alfred's

a* A.

irotherof Ceail wall, ravages
t, 30; burnt by the Kentish
,.'i.

eod slain at Cordices-ford,

irch, Bernard Je, invades
■eestershire, 189; repulsed
ishop Wulfatnn, 190.
orest, the, made, 206 ; Wil-
Rufus slain there, ib.
as; bishop of Frascati, in
land, 316.

isbou of Winchester, his
h, 362.
t., guild of, at Bury, 3(35

N'igel], bishop of Ely, escapes
i bin- Stephen, 200; joins
Robert, 274,

k, Ralph, earl of, conspires
ust William the Conqueror,
takes refuge in Norwich,

loger Bigod, earl of, dies,

oger Bignd, his marriage,

.ndv, Rollo lauds in, 70.

.n, son of Leofwhie, slain by

r of Canute, 34,

ns expelled from the court
rflward the Confessor, 154;
i Scotland, 197.

incil a

353;

j unci I and parliament at,

iniljria, description of, 3R5;
lud into four bishopries, 4il;
tits to Egbert, 50; kings of,
earls of, 387.

Norwich burnt by the Flemings,
301; taken by the adherents of
Montfort, :i42; thander storm
at, 349; riots there and the
cathedral burnt, 340; punish-
ment of the rioters, 350; tlio
citizens lined, 336; Edward I.
at, 357, 359; money eitorted
from the citizens, 365.

Nothelm, arehbishop of Canter-
bury, 40; receives the pall, 41;
hit death, id.

Ni.i;(iiii;l).'i.m, sacked and burnt,
27S, 279.

inn, with his kinsman Ina, defeats
the Britons, 36.

Ockloy, synod at,. 45 ; the Danes
defeated at, 54.

Odda, Ml Ethel win*.

Odo, archbishop of Canterbury,
09 ; separates Edwy and Eli'giva.
101; his death, ih.

bishop of Bayenx left- gover-
nor of England, 171 ; opposes
the conspirators ;i-ainst William
the Conqueror, 178; imprisoned,
183 ; foment" revolt amongst
l.iu- nobles, 1*7 ; fortifies Roches-
ter, 188; flees to Pevensey, ib.

Ofla, king of Essex, becomes a
monk at Rome, 35.

king of Mercia,43; Ills genea-
logy, ib. ; defeats the kerili.Ji
men at Oxford, 44; defeats
Cynewulf, king of Wessex, at
Ui'tisiiiirton, ib.; causes Ethel-
bert of East Anglia to be mur-
dered, 47 ; his death, 47.

OJil'.ir. bishop of the liiviecas, 32;
his death, 33.

Obter, jarl. slain, 89.

Olaf, St.. kin- of Norway, expelled
by Canute, 136 ; slain, id.

Oki! ■ iTrv-jrvasonj, king of Nor-
way, defeated at Brunnnburh,
97; chosen king by the North-
umbrians, OH ; baptism of, ib. ;
expelled by kinj; Edmund, ib.

— — king of Norway, assaults
London, 110; plunders and de-

stroys in Emm, Kent, &c, 111; '

receives tribute and winter* at
Soulhmaptoii, ib, ; is confirmed
at AnilnviT, ib. ; promises not to
revisit England as an enemy,

-■■■.-:. bishop of Lin-
coln, 362.

Ordgar, ealdorman, Iris death, Mil.

Osbern, a Danish jar], slain at
Ash down, 63.

— Pentecost, surrenders his
castle, 155.

Osnrilil, bishop of Selsey, his death,

king of Northumbria, e\j>ul-

aion of, (JO; unites with .YAh.

against [he Danes, ib. ; U slain.

at York, ib.
Osburh, mother of Alfred, her

L;y] Halo j y, 54; gives Alfred a,

book (if poems, 64.
(Isl'ri.ii. q.n-(-ii of Kindred, 27.
Os^od, Cl&ppa, marriage of his

daughter, 14-1 : is banished. 14";

plunders on the coast of Essex,

149.
Oshere, sub-king- of the Hwiccaa,

grants land to Frithewakl, 'iK.
Oskyirl, a Danish chief, winters at

Cambridge, 69.

— archbishop of York, 101 ; his

death. 104.
(Mar, _MiV.il s I'athor-in-law, 54.

banished, 106.

Osmund, king of Sussex, 43.
bishop of Salisbury, his

death, 206.
O.n.'il. king of Northumbria, 34,

37.

'flric, ealdorman, defeats the
Danes at the mouth of the
Parrot, 53 ; and at Winchester,
59.

— king of Northumbria, slain
by Oadvt-all, 13.

— king of Northumbria, 37 ; his
death, 39.

Osthryth, queen of EtMred d
Mercia, murdered, 34.

Oswald, the etheling, 39.

Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 1113;
substitutes monks for canons,
104 i raised to the see of York,
t'6. ; consecrates Ramsey abbe;,
100; his death, ib : translation

son of Ethelbald, battle with

Ethelliard, 39 ; bis genealo^,

ib. j his death, ib.
— — (St.) king of Northumbria, B|

defeats Ceadwall, 13: inril«

Aidan, 14 ; slain at MaserfeH,

15; his character, ib.. ill. si\th

Bretwalda, 50 ; translation "i

iiis body, 83.
il.uiji. i.theling, slain bj Moll

Ethelwald, 43.
■ (St.) king of Dcir

character, Hi. ; murder of, Hi

tiiinsl.ition of, 166.
Oswulf- bishop u_ Winchester, til

death, 104.
bishop of Wilton, his deiit.

104.
king of Norihumbrii, 43 ;

his death, ib.
Oswy, king of Northumbria. !■';

causes king Oswine to be nuir-

dered, 16; defeats and dij.

PendaatWinwid_ie!d,18i m»k«

the

the Picts. ib.; is present at the
svnod of Whitby. 19; uisdeith,
22 ; the seventh Bretwalda, SI.

a thane, slain at Ringinere,

118.

Otford, bottles at, 44, 130.

Otho I., emperor, marries AtM-
stan's sister, 97 ; sends gill* W
and forms an alliance with king
Edgar, 102.

Otho II. defeats the Saraceni in
Greece, 103.

■ IV., consecration of. Wi

is crowned at Rome, SIS;
arrires in England, 314; *■
putes with the Pope, "

ei communicated, ib. ; Ma mar-
riage, ft. ; flees at the battle of
Kovines, 316; his death, ii.
Otbo, the legate, arrives in Eng-
land, 321; holds a synod at Oi-
ford, 16. ; taken prisoner by the

on his 1

322.

boni, papal legate, arrival of,
)\ holds a council in the Teni-
, 16. ; goes to Bury St. Ed-

adherents of Montl'ort. 342;
holds a council at London, 343,
absolves Montl'ort am! his ad-
herents, ib. ; returns home,
344.

Owen (ap-Cadwgan), king of
Wales, slain 228.

ting of Gwent, submits to

Athelstan, 96.

Oxford burnt, 259 ; a synod there,
321 ; tumult of the scholars, ib, ■
Provisions of, 331.

Simon, earl of, son of Simon

tie Montfort, 337.

Paderborn burnt, 160.
Pagunus, a Norman knight, killed
by the Welsh, 252.

I'andulpli, lii- arrival in Enshiu).
314 , elect r-d bishop of Norwii-ii.
310 ; made legate, 318; conse-
crated. ii. ; hisifL,Mliiie authority
revoked, ib. ; his death, 319.

Paris besieged by the Northmen,
75.

', 374;
ditto, 378.

Paschal II. opposes lay investi-
tures, 215; taken prisoner by
the emperor Henry V., 21!/;
is reconciled, arid rr.inn, liim,
ill. ; conveniens Ijiluo™ tliem
respi>i-tin>rir[vi.-stiti;res,'J^a2-JJ;
holds the council of Lateran,
223; it annuls the concordat
with Hcnrv, 224 ; his d.-ath, 22! I.

Pa-k.urs-aiis. insurrection of, 327.

Palernus,a.Sc..iui.li monk, j: 1: 1 i -In s

v.ihi n (aril j- in the burning of
Paderborn, 160.

Patrick, St., death of, 4.

Paulinas, niissiuii of, 12 ; ordained
bishop of the Northumbrians.
ib.i converts king Edwin, ib. ;
receives the see of York, 13;
retires to Kent, ft. ; accepts the
see of Rochester, ib. ; his death,
15.

Paul's, St., cathedral built by
Ethelbert,10; burnt, 185.

lVada, ionj of the Mid die -Angles,
conversion of, 17, revives from
Oswy the kingdom of South-
Mercia, 18. 25 ; death of, ft,

Pedreda, council at. 176.

Pega, sister of St. Cuthlac, 36.

Poiit.lidm, bishop of Whiterne, 40;
his death, 41.

Peht wine, bishop of Whiterne,43 ;
his death, 44.

Peterborough abbey founded, 25
and note.

Pembroke, William Marshall,
created earl of, 310.

Fonda, king of Mercia, his ac-
cession, 12 ; genealogy, ib. ;
battle with Cynegils and Cui-
chehn at Cirencester, 13 ; de-
feats and kills Edwin, ib. ; de-
feats and slays Ecgrie and Sige-
bert, 14; defeats and slays Os-
wald at Maserfeld, 15 ; expels
Cenweach, king of Wessei, ft. ;
slavs -Aniiti. kiiis "' l'a-t Anslia,
1?; ia slain at Winwidlield, IS.

Pcnho, battle at, 113.

Pentecost, see Osbern.

I'opin, king of the Franks, sends
Williltt-ui'il to preach in Fries-
land, 33 ; anointed emperor by
Boniface, 42.

Perehc, count of, plain in battle at
Lincoln, 317.

Peter, bishop of Exeter, 363 ; his
death, 3</7.

bishop of Hereford, raises

money in the name of the clergy,
32!.' j seized by the male omen is,

Pet*r, Geoffrey Fit*-, made jus-
ticiary, 10 ; created earl of
Eases, ii.

the hermit, his prophet.1 k'a

*nd eieeution, 315.

king of Arragon, gains pos-
session of Sicily, 360 ; deprived,
371 ; his death, 397.

papal leg-ate, 175.

Peverel, William, surrenders
the castle of La Houlme to
Kobart, 19.

Philip, duke of Swabia, assassi-
nated, 313.

I., king of France, accession

of. 161 ; enters Normandy on
behalf of Robert, 101; gives
Gerberoi to prince Henry. 1*1 1 ,
hU death, 218.

■ II., king of France, 28T ; ills

daughter betrothed to Stephen's
son. Eustace, 275 ; takes the
cross, 304 r returns home, 30b":
divorces his queen, Ingeburg,
310; takes and destruvs many

S laces in Norraatidy, 311; re-
aees Normandy, Anjou, Mnine,
and Poitou, ib. : takes Cbinou,
312; prepares to invad, ■ I ■". 1 1 .; i ::,...
S'l "i ; gains the buttle of Bovincs,
316; his death, 318.
IIL, king of France, coro-
nation of, 3-18 j receives Arra-
5 on from the pope, 371 ; his
eath, 372.

IV., king of France, crowned

at RWeims. 374; his treacherous
condnct, 402.

Stephen's chancellor, made

bishop of Salisbury, 27&

Picts, the, invade Britain, 1, 2;
subdued by Oswy, Hi ; defeat id
by Berlitfrith, 36.

Northern, converted by St

Colutnba, 7.

Pilgrimage, account ot, to Jerusa-
lem, he-fore the crusade, 164.

to Pontigny, 328 and note.

Viv.:u.~. Lintel), ihe coast infested
by the, 366.

I'eljrniUJid invited by Alfred, OS;

made archbishop of Canttrborr,
70 1 consecrates seven bishop
in one day, 216.

Port and his sons, arrival of, 4,

I'.ii't-moiitl], they bud there, it.

Frester John, I he pope1)
303.

Provisions of Oxford, 331.

i'nini. abbey, ihe devil among tie
monks there, 256— 25a

Putta, bishop of Hereford, his
death, 31.

bishop of Rochester, B;

assists at the synod of Hertford.
24 ; withdraws from his «M, ou
account of the ravages of the
Mercians. 26; takes a obtc
under bishop Saxulf, ib.; his
death, il>.

Qiienbursh, daughter of Ian, 37.
^uriidi'yih causes her brother

Keneim to be murdered, 4S.
Quichelm, sec Cwichelm.

Ralph, earl, raises forces agiiifl
Godwin, 157 ; is killed, ii.

. earl of Norfolk, nurries

Fitz-OsherniS daaghter, B7l
revolts against William L, 173;
escapes to Brittany, ib.

__ bishop of Carlisle, 350.

bishop of Chicnejter, attends

a council held by Anselm,211.

.bishop of Chiehester, 318;

his death, to.

bishop of Uie Orkneys, «*•

scurated, 244 ; expelled, awl lie-
comes coadjutor in Durham ind
York, ib. and note; his deidi,
246.

d'Escures, abbot of See«,21J;

bishop of Rochester, 218 ; traat-

lated to Canli'i-buri.

eeives the pallium, 226 ; dispute;

between him and Thurstan,

archbishop of York.

to Rome, 22S; his return, MI;

his death. 234.

see Flambard.

Ramsey abbey, ci

Itanulf, earl of Chester, death

of, 321.
Reading, Ethelred and Alfred de-
feated by the Danes at, 62 ;

abbey of, 250, 273; synod lit,

3C1.
Bed vers, Bald win do, defends

Exeter, 251 ; is banished, ib.
Redwald, kiug of East-Am^in.

defeat? Ethelfi-hh, Ui; the court li

Bretwalda, 50.
Reginald, brother ef the empress

Matilda, 284.
Regnold, the 1 laiiisi] kin™, -id unit-.

to king Edward, 95; expelled

by king Edmund, 98.
Bi.-inm.diii, bishop of Hereford.

212; his consecration, 21G ; bis

death, 22".
Renaj. bishop of Lincoln, builds a

cathedral there, !:>■!: \v.~ di.-atli.iX.
thrill IS abbey of dedicated, 150 ;

a synod then.!. lb.; ei'iiucil hel<]

there, 231.
Rhys, brother of Griffyth, slain,

— ■ ■ ap-Tewdwr, king of South
Wales, slain, 195.

np..Memlvt.h. rebellion of,

37">; caiilure and execution ul',
398.

Iticbert assas-iis atea Eorpwald,
king of the East- Angles, 13.

Richard. art'liljisJioj) of Canter-
bury, deposes William, abbot of
i 'ellrli.jr.-juirh, 3(11 ; consecrated,
tu, ; his death, 303.

Magnus, archbishop of t'nn-

terbury, 310; his death, 320.

bishop of I Winchester, cnncm-

isation of, 333 ; translation of,

bishop of Hereford, 233; his

death. 244.

do Swine field, bishop of

Hereford, 367.

bishop of Lincoln, his di-ath,

230.

bishop of London, conse-
crated at Peckhain, 218; his
death, 2+5.

Richard, bishop of London, hii
death, 301).

Talbot, bishop of London,

333; his death, il>.

de Gravesend, bishop oE

London, 363.

Searael, bishop of Salisbury,

de Mora, elected bishop of

Winchester, 362; resigns, 367.

I, duke of Normandy, ac-

1 lof, 98.

Richard III., bis death, ib.

earl of Cornwall, goes to

Jerusalem, 322 ; his return, 323;
his marriage, ib.: elected king of
the Romans. 321' ; crowned, ib. ;
returns to England, 332; death
of his queen. 333: tak^n prisoner
at the battle- of Lewes, 33; ; his
death, 348.

L, king of England, born,

2*7; takes the ci'OtS as earl or
Poiton, 304; absolved For his
rebellion, 305; succeeds lo the
crown, it. ; bounty to the Chi-
na, ii.; subdues Cyprus and
marries liercngii['ia,.";(ifi i sinks
a Saracen ship, ib. ; takes Acre,
ib. ; captures a caravan, and
recovers Acre, ib. ; is arrested
at Vienna, delivered to the em-
peror, and impri.-onodat 'i'riit-1-5,
300-7; is ransomed and re-
leased, ib.; returns to England
and is re-crowned, ffe ; makes a

Irogress, 31k"; meets William,
ing of Scotland, ib.; refuses
him the earldom of Northum-
berland, &c, ib.; how the
Scottish kings are to be enter-
tained, 3I.H5; gives l'oitou to
his nephew, 3118; dc-foals the
king of France. 30!); bis death,
310; his charter to William,
king of Scotland, 391.

prince, perishes by ship-

503 isx

Ringmere, battle at, 118.
Bobert hotigi.li amp, abbot of
York, 308.

bishop of L oil ilon, a, Norman,

made archbishop of (JauUihury,
150; escnpesfrom England, 155.

de Kilnai'dby.arenbishopof

Canterbury, 350; oreated a
cardinal, 358; his doath, 309.

do Winchilsea, archbishop

of Canterbury, 400; enthroned,
410.

a Fleming, bishop of Bath,

249.

Burned, bishop of Bath and

Wells, 353; eWrml atvhU-hop
of Canterbury, 358; bis rlclioi!
annulled, 360 ; postulaut for see
of Lincoln, 362 and note ; hla
death, 390.

bishop of Carlisle, his death,

359.

211.

Peceeth, bishop of Coventry,

his death, 241.

bishop of Chenk-r [i_.1'Cuv,.ti-

In], y3;); consecrated, id.; his

death, 242.
bishop of Durham, hid death,

de Haliland, bishop of Dur-
ham, 353 ; his death, 308.

bishop of Exater,258; goes to

Rome, 200.

— bishop of Hereford, 180 ; his
death, 200.

prior of Leanthony, bishop of

Hereford, 247. 266; attends
Stephen, 273.

Bloot, bishop of Lincoln, 1515;

besieges Tickhill, 210; attends a
council held by Anselm, 211;
his death, 234, and note.

Grosseteste, bishop of Lin-
coln, 320; his death, 32S.

bishop of Stafford [Coventry],

his death, 328.

bishop of St. Andrew's

-' n of, 344.

IV'ljOil. bishop of Salisbury, 317;
bis death, 370.

— de Fleadim*, a fnar-prei>ch«,
turns Jew, 354.

— count of Artois, his rash eon-
duct, in Palestine, 336.

— I., duke of Normandy, IB;
bis death, 140.

— [Cunhose], son of William
the Conqueror, demands rod
ravages Normandy, 170, 160;
divides his father's treasures,
lMi ; makes peace with his tra-
il..:-r William, 103; comes with
him to England, ib. ; accompa-
nies his expedition towards Scct-

sembles forces at Trepeit, ;»:
lands at Portsmouth, and pro-
ceeds to Winchester, ib. ; pesce
between bim and Henry, i*.;
visits England, and relinquishel
his pension, 313 ; comes over to
England, and intercedes nith
Henry, 314; is defeated by
Henry at Tinchabrai, ib.; taken
prisoner, 210 ; his death and
burial, 240.
earl of Gloucester, see Glon-

Rochester laid in ruina, 26; bnral,
247; cathedral of, consecrated,.*.

castle of, besieged, 188; the

custody of, granted to the arch-
bishops of Canterbury, Jil

Solomon de, a judge-ineyr*,

374.

the k

: nf I

death, 307.
Kop.'i-, archbishop of York, croims

Henry, son of Hem;.

suspended hy the pope, HI i

embitters the king against

Bccket, ib. ; is maltreated It

Westminster, 202.
de Clinton, bishop of CI

246 ; goes to Borne, 206.

Roger, bishop of Coventry, 346.

de Wttebun, bishop of Co-
ventry, 331.

bishop-elect of Hereford,211 ;

his death, ft.

Niger, bishop of London,

319.

bishop of Norwich, his death,

868.
bishop ol' Salisbury, 312 : his

316;

hira by Stephen, 960 ; his death

and great wealth, 200.
bishop of Worcester, sent to

Rome respecting lijckd's niur-

der, 290.
(Desmoulins), master of the

Hospitallers, i'o:u'.'a to England,

30S.
da Montgomery, revolts a-

gainst William llui'us, lb8 ; his

death, 1116.

duke of Apnlin, defeated, 2;i-t.

Sofia, lands in Normandy, TO;

death of, 02.
Romans ill'.-, ■['lit Britain, 1, 2.
IJniniLiiLi.-. iji>]i...[> ..if [vi'.'bt^LiT, 12.
liuiii, iiiiri ill I leivford, 144,
Iius-., William de, eomprtitor for

the crown of Scotland, 383.
Royland, Richard de, a judge-

ILiKiL'i.-.iii built, 03.
lSyivallou sucoumls bis brother
"Grinyth, li''); ravages Hereford-
shire, 177.

Safeddiu, writes to the popo, 303

takes Jaffa, 308.
Sahatu, William de, a judge-in

eyre, 374.
St. Andrew's, Tliurgot consecrated

bishop of, 319.
St. Gross Coiiuded l.v Elfleda, king

Edgar's widow, 2K5.
St. Giles, Raymond, count of

takes the cross, 203.
Salmliu defeated by the master 0

the Templars, -li.i'J ; writes to tin

pope, 303; orders Renaud d<

Ghfuillou to lie beheaded, 31.14.

303.
William Longspee, earl of,

308; his death, 319.
Samson, bishop of Worcester, 302;

attends a council held by An-

selm, 311; his death, 233.
Sancliia, queen of liiclurd, king

of Germany, her death, 333.
Sarchole, Walter de, a judge-in-

374.

Old, battle at, 6.

Savary de Maul^on revolts in
Poitoo, 315.

niour's, St., a Roman ehnrefc. at
Gmiii'iijurv, restored by Augus-
tine, 9.

Saxons, their arrival in Britain, ■ 1 ;
traditions of their origin, 255.

Saxony, Henry, duke of, takes
refuse with Henry II., in Nor-
mandy, 303.

5a.\ulf, founder titkUbhot or Peter-
borough. 25 ; bishop of the Mer-
cians, a., 2d; expelled from

Sceorstan, battle of, 127.

School, English, at Rome, burnt,
49 ; Bur-bred buried there, G8 ;
released from imposts by pope
Marinus, 73.

Sct.>itish liin^s, series of, 3S7, 3*8 ;
how to be treated on visiting
England, 396.

Scotland, Edward I. claims the
suzerainty, 3S3 ; competitor* for
crown, 383; charters, ic, re-
lating to the claim, 384, 38a.
3SLI. 361; decision in favour of
Baliol, 399.

Scrape, liiehftrd Fitz-, a Norman,
BPttledin England, 151; ravages
the lands of Edrie the Forester,
171.

Scurf, a Banish jarl, slain, 89.

Scntage, Me Taxation.

Sebert, king of the Bait-Saxon a,
, :,il:.i-- i. .|.!\-:: n:ity. In: i':»i -s
SL Paul's, London, to be built,
■'&.; death, 11,

504

XKDEX,

Sebert, the sons of, expel Justus

and Mellitus, 11 ; they are slain,

ib.
Sebbi, king of the East-Saxons,

21. 25.
Secular clergy, see Canons.
Selred, king of the East-Saxons,

slain, 42.
Sexburgh, abbess of Ely, 27.

queen of Ereconberht, 15.

Cenwalch's widow, governs for

a year, 23.
Sexhelm, bishop of Lindisfarne,

90.
Sheppey, Isle of, the Danes winter

in, 54, 50.
Shrewsbury, Hugh, earl of, invades

Anglesey, 204 ; his death, ib.
lioger, earl of, conspires

against William II., 187 ; his

death, IDG.
Sideman, abbot of Exeter, bishop

of Crediton, 103.
Sidon, bishop of, celebrates mass

at Jerusalem, 364.
Sidroc, a Danish jarl, slain at Ash-
down, 03.
Siferth, king, pays homage to

Edgar, 105.
Sigan murders Alfwold of North-

umbria, 47.
Sigar, abbot, made bishop of Wells,

108.
Sigebert, king of East-Anglia, 121 ;

abdicates and becomes a monk,

ib. ; his death, ib.
- king of Essex, baptised by

Finan, 17 ; invites Cedd, ib. ;

builds a monastery, ib. ; is mur-
dered, ib.; his character, ib.
king of Wessex, 42 ; expelled

by Cynewulf, ib. ; skys Cumbra,
ib. ; is slain, ib.

Sigeferth, murder of, 124.

Sigefrid, bishop of Winchester,
230.

Sigefrith, abbot of Wearmouth, 20 ;
his death, 31.

Sigeric (Siricius), bishop of Wilton,
107 ; raised to the see of Canter-
bury, 109 ; advises a tribute to

be paid to the Danes, 109; Ut
death, 111.

Sighelm, earl, slain, 88.

Sighere, king of Essex, 21, 25.

Sigulf, ealdorman, slain, 88.

Sihtric, king of Northumbria, mar-
ries king Athelstan's sister, 96 ;
his death, ib.

Simon de Wauton, bishop of Nor-
wich., 330 ; takes refuge at Buy
St. Edmund's, 334.

Simon, bishop of Worcester, 286;
consecrated, 237 ; enthroned with
great pomp, ib. ; goes to Borne,
266.

Siward Barn takes refuge in Ely,
177.

Siward appointed bishop of Bo-
chester, 1 50 ; consecrated, 160;
his death, 172.

earl of Northumbria, sent to

destroy Worcester, 144; raises
forces against Godwin, 151 ; de-
feats Macbeth, 156 ; his death, ib.

Souche, Alan la, see Zouch.

Soules, Nicholas de, competitarfor
the crown of Scotland, 383.

South-Saxons, arrival of, under
jElla, 4 ; conversion o£ by "Wil-
frith, 27; Ethelwalh, king of,
slain, 29; subjugated by Ccad-
walla, ib. ; battle between them
and Ina, 38.

Southwell, relics found at, 253.

Spain, queen of, mother of queen
Eleanor, her death, 360; Edward
has Ponthieu, in her right, ib.

Spearhafoc, abbot of Abingdon,
made bishop of London, and
ejected, 150.

Spirit, story of an Evil, 852.

Stamford-bridge, battle of, 169.

Standard, battle of the, 264.

Stephen Langton, consecrated
archbishop of Canterbury at
Yiterbo, 312; returns home,
313 ; consecrates Hugh, bishop
of Lincoln, 314 ; holds a synod
at Oxford, 318 ; his death, 819.

bishop of Chichester, his

death, 2.

Stephen, king, accession of, 24!);
iic besieges Eieter, 231 ; goes

abroad, 202; returns U. t'.ii;:l:oi.l.
2.14 ; takes the castle of Bedford .
2513; goas to Gloucester, ails ;
to Hereford, 35D ; takes Weo-
bly, in.; imprisons Lin.- bishop-
of Salisbury anil Lincoln, 'Jtiil.
267; marches to Bristol, and
lays siege to the ensile, 5fi2
raises the siege, and besieges
Castle-Cury, Harptvee, and Dud-
ley castles, ib.; takes Shrews-
bury oastle. Hi. ; pro i ■!''.' lis a^iunsi
Wiiroham. 2(13 , goes to Worces-
tar,a67; besieges Ludlow castle,
ib.; goes toU\foi'd, ib. : besiege-
WaHingford, 20'J; ami Maimer
bury, ib-; goea to Worcester,
272 ; keeps Christmas ni Sabs-
bury, 273 ; goes to Reading. '■'-. ;
to "Worcester and Hereford, 27:.;
taken prisoner at the battle of
Lincoln, 270 ; imprisoned
Bristol, 380.

Sti^and made bishop of Elmh
148, 14(1 • ejected from his i
1-12; re-elcetud, ib.; bishop of
Selaey.il.; bishop of Winch ester,
147; arch his bop of Laiilerbury,
155 ; interdicted from opi-eoprd
functions, 163,171; deposed, 174.

bishop of Selsoy, tru.iis.lei> I lie

see to Chic luster. ! i,"i; Lin dentfj,
IBB.

Slowe, see Mary-Stowe.

Stre.nwold, sbiin In tbe Danes, H LI.

Stieoneshenlh, see Whitby.

Strignl, earldom of, 3111.

Stuf. nephew of Cerdie. bis arrival
with Whitgar, 6; receives the
Isle of WieJ.t iroiu Cerdie, ib.
64,

Subsidies granted, 3G7. 800.

Suh.-idy, sec 'fuses.

buitlitilf. bisliop of I":, ^hosier .
slain, 89.

Sun, ue eclipse.

Sw.-hh'/nrd and Wibtred, kings of
Kent, 32.

Siieyn, king of Denmark, assaults

London, lln ; plunders and de-
stroys in Wiwiln. Kent, &c, 111 ;
receives tribute, Hud winters at
Southampton, ib,; lakes Hseter,
114; sacks Wiltou and Salisbury,
ib.; burns Norwich, 115; peace
between him and Uli'kytel, in.;
burns Thetford, ib. ; battle be-
tween him and Llfbytel, ib. ; lie
returns to Denmark, ib.; lands at
Giiinsboroiisii. receives the sub-
mission of Llbtiod und tbe Nor-
th umbriaiiR, fte., 121 ; marches
against tbe East. Mercians and
takes Oxford, 122 ; proceeds to
Winchester and London, ii.; re-
pulsed from Loud"!i, nU'.rclios. to
Wallingford and Bath, ii.; re-
ceives tlie submission of Ethel-
mar and tbe western thanes, ib.;
is proclaimed king, ih.; exacts
tribute to pay his fleet, 123;
levies contributions on St. Ed-
mund slurry, it,. ; his death, ib.

Sweyn Kstrithson, king of Den-
mark, seeks aid of king Edward,
147.

son of Canute, receives Nor-
way from his father, 140.

son of Godwin, returns from

Denmark, II* ; murders Ins cou-
hin Hiom, 1411; goes n pileriniiV'e
to Jerusalem, 104 | his death, ib.

Swiftney, a Scottish doctor, death
of, 80.

Sivilhlielni. bishop of Sberliome,
73 ; carries Alfred's alms to St.
Thomas, in India, ib.

king of Essex, 17.

Svviihin, St., birth of, l(i: instructs
Klheheulf, id.: made hisliop of
Winchester, 63; his death, 09;
tniHslntion of, ii.

<-v,i(h.vd. kin^r of Iv.sei, 43.

Synodal Hatfield. 27: UVvlbrd.S'-i;
Ockley, 4.1; Cealclihy the, 4C ;
Finchale.4l!;Clovesl]0.4[J;Kirt-
lingtou, in; ; Cidne, ib. ; Ames-
hurj", in. ; Westminster, SM I an-
otber there. UH ; at Leading,
301 ; Ely, 380.

Talbot, Geoffrey de, holds W.^.l.lry
castle. J&l); sets fire to Hereford,
ib.; deserts the party of Stephen,
SOI; taken prisoner at Bath, ib. ;
liberated, ib.; shun in a skirmish
near Bath, 278.
. ■.■■■■. i ! ■ :

90.

Tartars, the, devastate Hungary,
331; embassy from the Klian,
337 1 defeat the sultan of Baby-
lon, 357; take Jerusalem, 3511;
embassy from the Khan, 303 ;
defeat and capture the sultan of
Egypt, 307 ; embassies from,376.

1,27.

Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury,
30; hi3 death, 40.

Taunton, castle of, built by Int.,
iliestivyud by bis queen Ethel-
burh, 3S.

Taxes and imposts, the Danegelt,
II 1 ; remitted, 134 ; six shilling
per hide by William I., 184; five
shillings by Richard I., 300;
three s billings by John, 310; the
seventh part, 311 ; soutoge, it. ;
the thirtieth, 313 ; John's exac-
tions, 315 ; scutage by Henry III.,
333. 333; list of, ib.; and 35!).
403; aid on his son's knight-
hood, 327; subsidies, 33S. 383;
forced loan, 303; subsidies. 307,
387. 405. 407 ; refusal of, 400.

Temple, a. council held at the,
339.

Tempsford, fortress at, erected by
the Danes, 03 ; besieged and
taken, ib.; Teolauhele, battle at,
80.

Theobald, archbishop of Canter-
bury, Roes to Rome, SCO ; bis
death, 387.

Theodore, consecrated archbishop
of Canterbury, 22 ; hesrijws I In.'
abbey of St. Peter's on Benedict
Biseop, ib.; re-ordains Ceadda,
ib.; appoints Putta to Rochester,

it, ; assembles a council at Heft-
ford,'M; deposes Winf rid, bishop
of the Mercians, and appoint!
Saxwulf in his stead, 25 ; holds
a synod at Hatfield, 27; ordains
Tunberht to the see of Heibim,
Trumwioo to that of the Pirti,
and Eutbed to that of Ripon,
28; presides at the synod of
TivylV.rd, 2i); his death, 32.

Theodred, bishop of London, S5.

Theodric, king of Bemicia, 8.

Theowulf, bishop of Worcester,
a 85; consecrated, 230; his deatb,
235.

Thotford, see transferred to, flam
Efmham, 143.

Thomas, canon of Bayeux, m»dfl
arehbi shop of York, 173; is con-
secrated by Lanfranc, 170 ; op-
poses the dedication of Lincoln
cathedral, 101 ; his death, 30*.

archbishop of York, '^17;

joins Anselm in measures for
(ho reformation of the clergy,
ih.; his consecration,
death, 235.

bishop of the East- Angles, If

de Bitton, bishop of Eietf r,

307.

ds Canteloupe, bishop of He-
reford, 354 ; his death, 307.

de Blunville, bishop of Nor-

irich, 319; bis death, 321.

Ingoldesthorpe, b Ufa op of

Rochester, 370 ; his death, 381.

bishop of Rochester, 38L

Belt, bishop of St, David's,

his death, 100.

a Becket, see BecIteL

Thored commands a fleet against

the Danes, 110.
Thorold.earl of Middlesex, seal by

Hanlicanute to sack Worcester,

141.
Thrond employed to disinter king

Harold, 113.
Thrum murders archbishop E'-

phege, 131.
Tiuu-ii'rth.jarl, submits to Ed*

the Elder. 84.

Thurgot, bishop of Si. Andrew's,
consecration at York, 210.

Thuringian tradition, 251, 255.

Tburkytel, n ] lanUli chief, submits
to king Kdvvord, Dl; goes to
France, 92.

Thurkill, jarl, arrives at Thanct,
117; receives eutitri Inn inns from
Rent, and goes to the Isle of
Wight, Susses, mill I luiii].islii
ti. ; exacts pay for his fleet at
Greenwich, 122 : is made earl of
East-Anglio, by Canute, 133; as-
sists In founding; a church at
Ass&ndun, lMj is banished,
13S.

Thm

183. "

abbot of I'ersbore, 184 ; his

death, 185.

archbishop of York, 225; at-
tends the king to Normandy,
226; disputes between him and
Ralph, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 227 ; ore! lined by the pope,
ib.; is fiirlii'lilt'ii l.o i-hIit i\wr\-
lnnd or Nornouruly, ib.; at the
council of llhuims, 231 ; humi-
liation of, 'ill); consecrates
Robert, bishop of St. Andrew's,
341; raises the Y.uksbire.meo
lief or..' the battle fif tl..' Stiiiiiliivd,
M(if) ; becoinps a monk tit I'unte-
fract,274; his deatli, it.

Thur-tuii, ii huus-curl, slain by the
people of Worcester, 143.

Tiberias, battle of, 304.

Tiiherbr. liUl.oji of Hexham, 44.

TilliL'lT, lii-li.iji ■if Wureestor, 44;
his death, ib.

Tilri-J. bishop of Liodisfome, Dl ;
his death, MS.

Tinehebrai, battle of, 214.

Tirel, Waller, kills William Itufus,
in the New Forest, 200.

Tobias, Ijisliiip of Kochesler, 33:
his death, 38.

Tonsure, disputes about the, IB,
37.

Tostig, son of Godwin, Bees with

507

his family tn Flanders, 152; re-
ceive* the earldom of North-
uiobcihirid, 150; goea to Rome,
181; oipelled by the North-
m-ibrian (bares, 107; dees to
1' hunters, Vi. : [jliimlers the Isle
of Wight and Sandwich, 108;
rit.s to I.iinlsey, ami thence to
Sintl.iii.l, ib. ; joins king Harold
Hurdrada, 10(1; defeats Edwin
and Slorcar, ii. ; his death, i&.

Tours, council of, 288.

Tovy. Miebiiel, major of London,
hanged, 350.

Towccster built, 03 ; besieged by
the Danes, 04.

Tracy, William de, one of the
murderers of Becket, 303.

Tremerin, bishop of St. David's,
his death, 158.

Trent, battle of the, 27.

Tivfels. liiehsrd I. confined there,
307 and note.

Tripoli, taken by the Saracens,
378.

10.
Trumwine, bishop of Wbitherne,

25; retires to Hexham, 20; his

death, ib.
Tudrt, bishop of the Northum-
brians, 20; his death, fii.
Tunberht, bishop at Hexham, 28 ;

deposed at the synod of Twy-

ford, 20.
Tuubriht, bishop of Litchfield, 07 ;

his death, 00.
Turbeville, Thomas de, treason of,

410 ; his execution, ii.
Turkvtel.Mvreiilu.^^.l.Iiiliesilie.bt

at the battle of Kingmere, 118.
TuiTi, Nicholas de, a justiciary-in-

34fl.

Twvfor.l, synod at, 20.
Tyrbtel, bishop of Hereford, 31;
his death, 30.

Valence, William de, expulsion of,
331; mulcts the abbey and town
of Rury, 340.

508

INDEX.

Vescy, John de, competitor for the

crown of Scotland, 383.
Ufgeat, son of Alfhelm, blinded by

command of Ethelred, ib.
Uhtred consecrated bishop of

Llandaff, 275.

earl, submits to Sweyn,

121 ; ravages the country with
Edmund etheling, 126 ; submits
to Canute, ib. ; his death, ib.

Yirgilius, abbot, his death, 87.
TJlf, bishop of Dorchester, 149;
expulsion of, 156.

son of Dolfin, murdered,

167.

Ulf kytel, earl of East- Anglia,makes
peace with Sweyn, 115; battle
between him and Sweyn, ib. ; de-
feated at Ringmere, 118; slain
in the battle of Assandun, 130.

Ulric, a cardinal, comes to England,
21U.

Urban II. preaches the crusade,
202 ; holds a council at Borne
against lay investitures, 205.

bishop of Glamorgan (Llan-
daff), consecration of, 216; his
appeal to the pope, 245.

Urse, Reginald Fitz-, one of the
murderers of Becket, 293.

Urso D'Abitot, sheriff of Worces-
tershire, 178 ; Emmeline, his
heiress, marries "Walter de Beau-
champ, 271, note.

Walchere, bishop of Durham, 177 ;
murdered, 180.

Waldhere, bishop of London, 25.

Wales, English laws introduced by
king John, 314; final subjuga-
tion of, by Edward I., 368.

Waleran, earl of Mellent, impri-
soned at Rouen, 236 ; seizes
Wark Castle, 205 ; made earl of
Worcester, 271, 272, note ; sacks
Sudeley Castle, ib.; assaults
Winchcomb, 274; repulsed at
Sudeley, 275 ; attacks Leomin-
ster and Towkesbury, ib.

Walhstod, bishop of Hereford,
39.

Walkelin, bishop of Winchester,

175 ; his death, 208.
Wallibus, John de, a judge-hveyre,

359, 874.
Walo, cardinal, arrives in England,

317; crowns Henry in., ft.;

absolves king Lewis, ib.; de-
parts, 818.
Walter, archbishop of York, his

death, 861.
de Lacy, opposes the revolt

against William I., 178.

— bishop of Albano, arrives as
legate, 190.

— bishop of Exeter, his death,
363.

— of Lorraine, bishop of Here-
ford, 161 ; submits to Wutiam
the Conqueror, 170.

— de Constance, bishop of Lin-
coln, 303 ; made archbishop of
Rouen, ib.

— bishop of Norwich, 324; his
death, 330.

de Merton, bishop of Roches-

ter (founder of Merton College),
353 ; his death, 857.
— Deloville, bishop of Salis-
bury, his death, 847.

Scamel, bishop of Salisbury,

370 ; his death, 374.

Robert Fitz., his flight, 815.

Waltheof, earl, joins the sons of
king Sweyn, 173 ; conspires
against William the Conqueror,
178 ; his imprisonment and exe-
cution, 179.

Wark, castle of, besieged, 264.

Warrenne, John, earl, fines the
abbey and town of Bury, 840;
murders Alan de la Zouoh, 846.

William, earl, slain, 874.

Warwick founded by Ethelfleda,
90.

Watling Street, why bo called, 121.

Weddesbyrig built, 02.

Welsh, the revolt against Wil-
liam Rufus, 108 ; outrages by
them, 250, 251 ; their hostage)
hanged, 315.

Wincing, son of MWm, 4.

Weohstan, ealdorman, slain in &
battle willi the Merciana, -Art.

WimIHIMIi. St., daughter of Wnlf-
here, king of Meroia, 24; her
sanctity, demli, and burial, '.'■>.

queen of Mei-dn, her death,

43.

We re frith, bishop of Worcester,
OS; translates Gregory's Dia-
logues, ii. ; invited by Alfred, 10;
bis death, .40.

Weremund, biahop of liOL-lsesit-r.
48.

bishop of Worcester, -14 ; hi*

death, il>.

Werwiilf, ii Mi'iiiim priest, invited
by .tlfred, 88..

"VV.nimini-ii-'r, ijodicfLtion of tbe
abbey, 107; a synod there, --i-tf .
206 ; it council, 211 ; palace
hamt, 234; parliament ih.riv,
37^, 374. 378,

Wessex, kingdom of, founded by
Cerdie and Cyiiric, 5; conversion
of,14;Biiinvis,nrst l.ishop of, ,f-.

WtfHt-Si.SMtis land in iMisli.iid, r>.

Weylnnd, Thomas de, his trinl i'..i-
murder. :ii' 7 : he is (miiishe'.l.^i^.

WhrrwcllAbhev l.umt, m

Whitby AfcU'v (^li-f.-ii.(;sli«--iili,-,.
founded by SL Hilda, 18; a
synod held there, 111,

Wliilli,/rnr, bishopric of, 41.

Wiccii, or Hwlcoas, tiio, 33 and

Wic/aiibourh, Danes defeated at,
04.

Wigberht, bishop of Sherborne,
goes to Home, 48.

Wiglu'iml dies nt Rome, 21.

Wight, Isle of, taken by Cerdiaond
Cyuric, ,"i ; given to Stat' and
"Wihtgnr, ib.: tuksn hv Wiilflif-rt'.
nml given to Ethelwold, 11),
token by Cciidn-R.Ua, and »
quarter of it grandad to Wilfrid.
'SO: in luedioeV,* of Winchester.
30.

Wighif, king of Hereia, 50; ex-

Wigstan, SL, death of, 54.

WiiKLiLiplun. Henry de, a jasticc-
in-eyre, 348.

Wihlhurh, St., her corpse found
incorrupt, 48.

Wihwor, nephew of Cerdie, his
arrival, 15 ; receives from his
uncia tha Iala of Wight, it., and
64 ; his death, 8.

Wiliie.nri'.-hi rie[Carisbrook castle],
.5, (I. 54.

Wilvbed and Sn-obhoiird. kings of
Kent, 32 ; death of Wihtred. :!*.

Wilt'erth, bishop of Worcester,!).);
his death, OK.

Wilfrid, bi.-hup of St. David's, his
death, S2fl.

bishop of Narthumbris, bin

birth, 14; pie so nt at the synod
of Whitby, 10 ; ordained in
France by Agilbert, '20; his
legates at the synod of Hertford,
U ; expelled from his see, 40 ;
converts the Frisians, 27 ; goes to
Rome, returns and converts the
^oui.h -Saxons, 27 ; unpointed to
the see of Hexham, iJO ; receives
a quarter of the Isle of Wight
from Ceadwalia, ib.; expelled
from Hexham, 32; betakes
himself to I'il.hi.-lred of Meri.in,
ih. ; ia made bishop of the
Middle-Angles, ib. ; his denth,41 .

bishop of Worcester, 37. 3D;

his death, 41.

II., archbishop of York, 38 ;

his death, 4L

William [Crirhoil], archbishop of
l.'imlerhury, 235; ha goes to
Homo, ib.; again goea to Home,
240; is appointed legate, ib.;
bis death, 239,

lie Wiekewane. lurhhishou of

York, 3HI ; his death, 373.

bishop of Bath and Wells,

liia death, 353.

do h M arena, bishop of Bath

and Wells, 309.

bishop of Durham, 183; ha

conspires iiL'imisl William II.,
187; hia death, 201.

William Longbeord, bung at Lon-
don, 308.

— Longchamp, bishop of Ely,
80S; ba tomes legate, justiciary,
and chancellor, It.; arrested by
king Joan, 306 ; goes to the pope,
; hi. death, 308.
do Kilkenny, bishop of Ely,
328 ; his death, 323.

deLuda, bishop of Ely, 378;

consecrated, 380.

bishop of Eieter, consecration

of, ma.

bishop of London, 152;

escapes from England, 155 ;
restored, ib.

a Norman, bishop of London,

309; lays the kingdom under
an interdict, 313; withdraws
from England, it.; returns, ib.

Turbe, bishop of Norwich,

his death, 301.

de Ralegh, bishop of Norwich,

331; translated to Winchester.
333 ; his death, 33(1.

<le Middleton, bishop of

Norwich, 358.

de la Come, bishop of Balis-
bury, 37(1 ; bis death, 397.

Longspee, bishop of Salisbury,

897.

bishop of Thetford, 184.

Giffard, bishop-elect of Win-
chester, 212; accompanies An-
selm to Rome, ib. ; attends a
synod held by Anselm, 314; his
"1; his death,

count of Holland, elected

emperor, 326 ; -lain. 32D.

William I., duke of Normandy, suc-
ceeds Rollo, i!2 ; bis death, !!M.

[the Conqueror] inherits

Normandy, 140 ; visile l-I n |il mi.l,
1B2; bis invasion, landing at
Percneey, 170; defeats Harold
fltHastings.it.; is crowned at
Wi-Mtriiiiisti-r. 171 ; goes to Nor-
mandy, 171; levies heavy con-
tributions on the En^i-li, 1 7 -J ;

Eieter, ib.; orders castles

to be built, 171, 172; lays wlstc
Norlhurabria, 173 ; bribes As-
biSrn. the Done, ib.; seizes the
valuables deposited hi the mo-
nasteries, 174; invades Scotland,
177 ; Malcolm of Scotland does
fealty to him, ib.; he takes
Maine, it.; invades Brittany, 17t);
is wounded before the castle of
Gerboroi, 180; devastates Nor-
thumbria, 188; imposes a tai
of ~i* shillings per hide of land,
184; has all England surveyed,
ib.; requires fealty to be sworn,
ib.; burns Mantes, 185; Ms
■■!.■;: ,i:.i . .

ib. ; his death and burial. i6.
William II. ( Eufus) arrives in Eng-
land, 185; is crowned, ii.; dis-
tributes his father's treunre,
180 ; marches against the rebel-
lious barons, 187; takes Tan-
bridge, 188; besieges Rochester,
189; invades Normandy, HI;
bribes the king of Franc*, il.;
makes peace with bis brother
Robert, 102; threatens the bor-
ders of Scotland, 193 ; makes
peace with Malcolm, ii. ; rebuild!
Carlisle, 105; foils sick, it.;
goes to Normandy, 197; makef
war on duke Robert, ib. ; invades
Wales, 108 ; besieges Tyne-
mouth and Bamborough castles,
300, 201 ; besieges Newcastle,
200; and Bamborourh, 'JC'I .
makes another expedition ini*
Wales, 203 ; quarrels with An-

:-!■;,. i, ;■'..: ■■■■ ■ . ■ '■■'

takes Mans, ii-.; his death, iOC.

king of Scotland, spends

Easter at Windsor, 288; ndtl
fealty to Henry, son of Henry
IL, 289; is taken pii-

Hv,;s hostages and returns homr,
ib, ; his homage to Kin;: Job,
383 and note; to Henry IL.il.
an(ln(i/t;cbarter,r.-i ;
IliixluiTsh and Ben.
claims NorthnlnheilaidjA

son of Henry I.,

homage at Salisbury, 207; de-
clared heir mill invc-t.-d with
Normandy, 230; perishes by
shipwreck, 232.

Wiiiibrord vi.".'s as » missionary to
Germany, 32 ; sent by IV pin to
preach in Friesland, ii. ; goes to
Bome, ib. -, oi'lairu-d iii-'iiL-iiliof
of the Frisians, 33.

Wihon, Alfred defeated by the
Danes at, 07.

Wimbledon, battle at, 7-

Wimbome abbey founded byCuth-
burh, sister of Ina, 37.

Winchester, thsrhmvdi of. built by,
Ceowalch, 15; he make? it the
bishop's see, l!1 ; plundered by
the Danes, 60; the Nt* Minster
dedicated, 104 ; a synod at, 174 ;
besieged and burnt, 'JH:i— liND ;
surprised and plundered by
Montfort, 337 ; parliament at,
338.

Windsor, miracles at, 23'.!; court
hid'] (here, attended bv Willisim
and David of Scotland, and all
the nobles anil bishops, i"-1- ;
parliament at, 338.

Wine, first bi-diop 'it' Winchester.
10 ; consecrates Ceadda to the
sea of York, 20; expulsion of,
21; made bishop of London,
ib.

WiiilViib. bi.bop of l.hc Mem.ms.
HI; assists at the synod of
Hertford, it. ; deposed by Theo-
dore, 25 ; his death, »,

Winmidiield, battle of, 18.

Wipped, a Saxon chief, 9.

WippcdsHeot, battle at, ib.

Wit.'imu-omot ill London, 102.

Wit'iiou, in Kssox, built, 80.

Witboberl, bishop of Iitxham,44;

Wnblaf, see Wiglaf.

With rod. bishop id' LindisiariK-.
his death, JJ0.

Woduesfieltl, battlo at, 89.

Wodnesbeorh, battle at, 8.

Worcester, abbey cliiiii.lt of, built
by St. Oswald, Hi!); bishopric
founded by Oshcre and arcb.

IX. 511

bishop Theobald, 424 ; antiquity
of the city, ib.; its beauly end
forti9cations,42f); ahuus-carl of
Hardieanuto slain there, 143 ;
plundered and burnt by his
order, 144 ; Wulfstan becomes
bishop, Hid; asserts his rights
against York, 171'; Wnlfstim und
L.'rso lend the men of Worcester
against the eurl of Hereford,
]7K; the city defended by Wulf-
stan against the insurgents and
Welsh, 180— 1!U; the city, cas-
tle, and principal church burnt,
225 ; Simon, the bis hop -elect, re-
ceived by the people in proci
sion, 2't'i ; s.olomnh enthroned,
237; king Stephen visits Wo:
cester, 207 ; the city and cathi
dral sacked and set on fire, 271
071 ; Stephen visits and grieves
over it, 272 ; marches there
again, 27o.

Worcester, earl of, 271 and naif.

Wuer, king of fiwetif. muted by
Atbelstan, 00.

Wulfeah, sonof Alfhelm, blinded
by command of Etbelrod, 110.

Wulfhard routs the men of Kent,
40; defeats the Danes at South-
ampton, fit ; his death, ib.

\Ynl1';;eii.t, stripped of his honours,
115.

Wulfhelm, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 90.

YVuifl i, ■!■■•. kin;: of Moreia, 19; takes
the Isla of Wight, 10; founds a
monastery, 2i; battle between
bim and EgcwinH, king of Wes-
sex, atBeadeiiheivljOi; his death
and character, ib.

Wiilfhild, nbhess of Barking, 23.

Woltiiotb, fiilscly accused by Hriiit-
ric. llees.imd burns several king's

\lL*ulfi-. d, archbishop of Canterbury,
48; goes to Borne, 48, 49; bis

Wulfric, son of Leofwine. slain, 11B.

\YiiH«ige. bishop of Litchfield, 112;

bis death, 105, „.

512

INDEX.

Wulfsige, abbot of Ramsey, slain
at Assanriun, 131.

Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, at
first abbot of Gloucester, 1G0 ;
his early years, 161 ; made priest,
162; his monastic life, ib.; re-
fuses the bishopric, 163; con-
sents, and is consecrated, ib. ;
submits to William the Con-
queror, 170; his suit against
the archbishop of York, 175 ;
gains his cause, 177; opposes
the revolt against William, 178 ;
repulses the insurgent barons,
ib. ; defends Worcester in Ste-
phen's wars, 189 ; arms the
citizens, 190; strikes the enemy
blind, 101 ; his death and cha-
racter, 198, 190.

— archbishop of York, swears
fealty to king Edred, and
breaks it, 00 ; confined at Jed-
burgh, 100 ; released, and made
bishop of Dorchester, ib. ; his
death, 101.

archbishop of York, 114 ; his

death, 135.

dean of Glastonbury, his

death, 108.

Wulfsi, bishop of Dorchester, his
death, 171

Wulmar, Manni, abbot of Evesham,
146.

Wyrtgcorn fights with Hengist and
Horsa, at ^Egelesthrep, 3.

king of the Wends, 146 ; his

daughter and grandsons banish-
ed, ib.

Yarmouth, [Cerdices-ora?], 5.

York, archbishop of, a metropolitan,
9; Paulinas, first bishop of, 13;
succeeded by Ithamar, 15 ; seized
by the Danes, 60 ; burnt by the
Normans, 173 ; destroyed by fire,
252.

Yttingaford, peace made there be-
tween king Edward and the
Danes, 88.

Zabulus, story of, 236.
Zacharias, a Genoese pirate, 401.
Zouch, Alan la, murdered, 346.

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