THE
ATHOLIC CHURCH
IN
,'TAH
1776 - 1909
Dean Harris
Issllcd Undcr
the
Ausþices 0/ the
Knights if Columbus
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The Gatholìc Ghurchìn Utah
INCLUDING
AN EXPOSITION OF
CATHOLIC FAITH
BY
BISHOP SCANLAN
A review of Spanish and Missionary Explorations.
Tribal Divisions. names and regional habitats of
the pre-European Tribes. The Journal of the
Franciscan Explorers and discoverers of Utah
Lake. The trailing of the Priests from Santa Fe.
N. M.. with Map of Route. Illustrations and delimi-
tations of the Great Basin.
BY
VERY REVEREND W. R. HARRIS. D. D.. L. L. D.
AUTHOR Of
Early Missions of Western Canada. Days and Nights in the
Tropics. Tribes of the Dominion. Etc.
PUBLISHED BY
INTERMOUNTAIN CATHOLIC PRESS
SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH
COPYRIGHT. 1909
INTERMOUNTAIN CATHOLIC PRESS
SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH
HGather up the fragments that remain. lest they be I"st. n
(J ohn. VI..12.)
HGather up the letters of the past. gather up the traditions.
gather up the pamphlets. gather up the records that are so essential
for the fulness of our Catholic history. for surely our Catholic people
have no reason to be ashamed but every reason to be proud of their
glorious traditions. n
Governor John Lee of Maryland. to the Catholic.
Histori<..al Society. Philadelphia. March. 1894.
TO
RIGHT REVER
ND LAWRENCE SCANLAN. D. D.
Bishop of Salt Lake
Assistant at the Pontifical Throne. Etc.
fhis History of his Diocese is gratefully and affectionately
inscribed by The Author.
CONTENTS.
INTRODCCTORY DISCOCRSE.
BY RT. RE\'EREND BISHUP SCANLAN, D. D.
Doctrines Held by Catholics-Essential Articles of Christian Belief-One Reye-
lation, One True Religion-Opinions of De:\Iaistre and James A.nthony
Froude- The Catholic Church a Perfect Society-Peter, Its Visible Head-
The Deposit of Faith-Infallibility-Importance of Tradition-The Church
and Tradition-Confession of Sins-Penance a Divine Institution-Doc-
trine of Indulgence-The Sacrifice of the :\bss-The Blessed Eucharist-
\\"hat of Our Dead?- The Blessed Virgin-An lTnmarried Priesthood.-
Page I.
PRELnII
.\RY CHAPTER.
Religious Orùers of the Catholic Church-Opinions of Protestant Historians-
Explorations of the l\lissionaries-Dangers \Vhich Encompassed Them-
Trials and Tribulations-Left Eloquent l\Iemorials-Parkman's Acknowl-
edgement-Achien
ments of Jesuit and Franciscan :\Iissionaries- Their
Heroism-Their \\'ritings and Result of Th
ir Study of the Natiye Tribes.
- Page 30.
CHAPTER I.-l\L\RCOS DE NIZZA.
Area of Salt Lake Diocese-Tribes of Arizona and New i\Iexico-The Moqui
"Cliff People"-The Priest SIarcos de Nizza-Companion of Pi7arro-His
\\"onderful Career-On the way to the Zuni Villages-De Nizza's Tramp
through Northern
Iexico-His Plunge Into Arizona in 1539-Death of the
Xegro Esta,'an-View of Cibula-Return and Death of the Priest.-Page 39.
CH.-\PTEl{ Il.- TI-IE EXPLORER AND THE l\1ISSIONARY.
March of Coronado for the Cihola-His Companions-Death of the Priest Juan
de la Cruz-Of Brother Luis Descalano-Father Padilla and Pedro de
Tobar Visit the
Ioquis-l\[arch of Coronado and Padilla Through Okla-
homa and Indian Territory in J5_p-Enter Kansas-Crossing the .\rkansas
-Return of Coronado-Padilla's Journey to the Teton Sioux-Starts for
Lands of the Pawnees-Is
lurdered-Bod
ever RecowreJ-:\,fota-Pa-
dil1a's Account.- Page -tí.
CHAPTER IlL-EARLY EXPEDITIONS OF THE SPANIARDS.
The Ruis Expedition of IS81-Flight of the Soldiers-l\Iurder of the Priest
Santa
Iaria-Death of Father Lopez-Espajo to the Rescue-Arri,"es in
the Villages of the Teguans-Return of the Party-Onate Organizes His
Expedition for Zuni by the Rio Grande-Building of First Church in New
Iexico-EÀplüring the Colorado-Founding of Santa Fe in 1606-0pening
of
Iissions Among the ZUllis--Building of C1mrches.-Pagc 50.
11
('O
TEXTS
CHAPTER IV.-::\IASS.\CRE OF THE SPANIARDS AXD SLACGHTER
OF THE PRIESTS.
Number of Churches in r649-The Zuni Conspiracy-Revolt of the Tribes and
::\Iassacre of the Spaniards-Slaughter of the Priests-Capture of Santa Fe
-The "Forlorn Hope"-Desperate Charge of the Spaniards-Stampede of
the Indians-On to El Paso-Return of Onate to Santa Fe-Submission
of the Tribes-Reconquest of New ::\Iexico-Popl1lation-Human Sacrifice
-Exploring the Colorado.-Page 55.
CHAPTER V.-THE A::\rERICA
INDIAN.
Failure to Account for American Indian-Distribution of the Tribes-
inguistic
Stocks and Tribal Affinities-Indians of the St. Lawrence Regions of the
Canadian Northwest-Tribes East and \Yest of the Missouri-Sedentary
Tribes-The Hunters and Rovers-Prohibition of Intermarriage in the Clan
-Religion of the Aborigines-Indian Population in I6I2.-Page 61.
CHAPTER VI.-DEBASE?\IENT OF THE TRIBES.
l\Ioral Debasement of the Tribes-The Man of Nature-Inhuman Hardheart
edness-\Vithol1t Religion, \Vithol1t Morality-No \\ford for Virtue, Re-
ligion, Charity-Degradation of \Vomen-Her Position in the Camp-Sav-
ages' Contempt for the Sanctity of Life-Treatment of Prisoners-Human
Flesh Eaters-Phantom Gods.-Page 67.
CHAPTER VII.-TRAITS OF INDIAN CHARACTER.
Some Redeeming Features-Tribal Hospitality and Generosity-Ferocity to An
Enemy-Appalling Cruelty-Frightful Torture of a Foe-Spartan Stoicism
-Rousseau's "Ideal ::\Ian"-Chateaubrianù's Declaration-Final Submission.
- Page 72.
CHAPTER VIII.-HEROISl\I OF FRENCH AND SPANISH l\IISSION-
ARIES.
::\Iissionary l\Iap of North America--Jesuits East of Mississippi-Their \\'on-
derful Success-The Canadian Tribes-With the \Vandering Hordes-
Jesuit Martyrs-The Franciscans-Martyrs of the Order-Plunge of Fran-
ciscans Into the Desert-Testimony of Historians-Glory of Confessor:;,
Saints and ::\Iartyrs.- Page 76.
CHAPTER IX.-THE FRANCISCAKS.
The Religious Orders-Pronouncement of Pius IX-Origin of Name Francis-
can-Distinguished Men of the Order-As Missionaries-Francis of Assisi-
His Conversion-Journey to Rome-Interview \Vith the Pope-Selecting
the Twelve-Renouncing the \Vorld-Their
Iission to the Poor-Love for
Poverty-Brothers of the Lepers-Apparitions on the Streets of Naples.-
Page 82.
CHAPTER X.-SONS OF ST. FRANCIS.
Their First Official ::\Ieeting-Expansion of the Order-Its Influence in the Dis-
covery of America-Francis of Calabria and the Queen-Founding of City
of San Domingo, Hayti-Pioneers of the Faith in America-Friends of the
Indian-Denouncing the Slave Trade-Col1\'ersion of the Tribes-Marvel-
ous Success of the Franciscans-.\uthorities Cited-Diego Landa-::\Iis-
sionaries and Explorers.-Pagc 88.
co
TENTS
III
CHAPTER XI.--VELEZ ESCALANTE.
His
\rri\"al in Mexico-Assignment to Zuni-Laud-Visits the l\loquis-\Vrites
to Father Garces-Garces' Extraordinary Career-His Explorations in Ari-
zona and California-First White Man to Cross Grand Canyon of the
Colorado-Opens the Oldest of the "Spanish Trails"-Escalante Attempts
Crossing of the Canyon-His Letter on the Moquis-Return to the Zunis-
Called to Santa Fe-Codifys ::'-Jew )'Iexican Archives-.'\pache Cruelty-
Escalante's Retirement and Death.-Page 9-l.
CHAPTER XII.-THE "GREAT BASIN."
\Vhy the Franciscans Did
ot Enter the Basin-Area of the Basin-Its Pri-
mordial State-Its Deserts and )'lountains-Frightful Solitude Awed Deso-
lation-The Wasatch Range-"Tierra de los Padres"-Animal Life of Great
Basin- J unipero Serra Enters at the South-Tribes \Vithin the Basin-
Franciscans begin to Ci\"ilize Them-Seeking a Trans-territorial Route.-
Page 100.
CHAPTER XIII.-THE UTE INDIANS.
Habits, )'Iode of Life and )'Ianners of Tribe-First Mention of Utes-Raids
of the Utes-Attack Viceregal Quarters-Territory Claimed by Utes-The
"Bendito."-Salutation Among Pueblo Indians-Lte Cabins-Their Food
and Dress-Status of \Voman in the Tribe-Her Degradation-)'Iethods
of Cooking Food-The Ute \Varrior-Before the Fight and After-Habits
of the Tribe-Village Life-Absence of
\ll )'Iorality.-Page 106.
CHAPTER XIV.-THE UTES A
D THE "SORCERERS."
Frightful Contempt for ::\loral Law-Religion of Utes-.\ Tissue of Absurd
Superstitions-Belief in Immortality of Animals-In Bows, .'\rrows and
\Var Clubs-The \Vah-Kon-The Autmoin or Priest-Doctor-His Exor-
cisms-The Treatment of the Sick-The Feast of the Dead-The "Sor-
cerers" of Salt Lake-Their Origin-The Jacarilla-Apache-Simpson's Ex-
perience \Vith the Group-Their Filthy Habits-Their Food-Human Flesh
Eaters-Mourning Customs of the \Vomen-End of the Fighting Tribes.
-Page II3.
PREFACE.
rrhe title of thi
volunle sufficiently indicate::, its charac-
ter and its purport. This work, in all probability, would not
haye been .written in our tiule if eonditions and cin'unlstanees
did not Inake for its production. The people at large in our
outhwe
tern regions know nothing of the visit of the Rpan-
ish priests to Ftah Lake; eyen learned IneH, until now. have
thought that Bonneyille or Bridger first nlade known to the
outside world the existence of our inland salt
ea.
Though referred to by scholars and historian
, andnnlti-
lated excerpts printed by Hinlpson in his RelJOrt. written in
1839, very few readers were aware of the existence of the
Journal of the Franci
can priests who entered our iuuue-
diate neighuorhood one hundred and thirty-four years ago
and preached Christianity to the Ute Indians.
Though drawn upon liherally hy Baneroft in hi
.. Hi
-
tory of Utah," and attention cuurteously attracted to it b
r
Elliott Cones in ,. (hI the rrrail of a Spanish Pioneer," the
"Diario" or .Journal of Fathers DOlninguez and de Esca-
lante is altogether unknnwn in our country, and is now, for
the first time we believe, translated and given to thp puhlic
iI! this history. If the .J ournal presents us with no fact of
Ï1nportance, apart frOlll the discovery of Ltah Lake and the
e
;:istence of the <treat Halt Lake, it has nevertheless a lllel'it
pecnliarly its own.
The description which it gives of the countr
and of its
geographic position, the inforulation we receive on clinultic
cunditiülu; then obtaining, on the hahits, customs and lllan-
tiers of the trihes, and particularly the knowledge we ohtain
of the topographical features of our region in those early
days. renlain as lllenlorial tahlets of our earlv historv which
.
we love to trace hack to its prin1Ïtive source. K or was it
known, even to the
elect few, that the great Il1ISSlOnary
II
PREFACE
and explorer, Father De Snwt, pas
ed through Salt Lake
Ya I ley in Ib-l:l, and fhTe years afterward
llWt the :\Ionnon
prophet, Brigham ï oung, and unfolded before the eyes of
the
r onnon leader a panormna of the '
alley of the Great
Salt Lake.
Again, we were affectionately nloyed to ènter upon the
preparation of this history while the pioneer and practically
the founder of Catholicism in Utah and Neyada was yet liy-
ing and llloying alllong us as a friend. Bishop Scanlan
knows lllore of the history of the Catholic Church in Utah
and Neyada than any liying man.
ro hiln we Wf'nt for in-
fornmtion, or when in doubt, upon any item bearing upon
pioneer tinles. For his courtesy to us and his forbearance
"Then we often put a severe tax upon hi:::. tinIe and patience it
if, idle to adr1 anything here.
rhe closing chapter of this history, entitled" Hkf'tch of
the Life of Bishop Scanlan," is written and published with-
out eonsultillg his Lordship. ] [e knows nothing of it, and
will not, till the title confronts hi1n in this work. 'Ye would
like to haye inten-iewed hin1 for the chapter, but we had a
presentiluent that our reC'eption nlÏght he an exC'eptioll to
the habitually gracious and friendly g;reeting with whi('h 11(->
recciYf'd us at all timeç; and on all other Blatters.
The expeetation of presenting the Bishop with a eopy
of the history of his dioeese, the l110rning his great Catlwdral
is C'onscC'rated. has unduly hurried us and lllust ;:,crve as our
apology for allY errors which nlay haye escaped our notice
and for the defeets of st
-le and cOlnpositio11 too painfully
pr01nincnt on the faf'e of the work and in our translation of
tlll' Rpanish .J onrlla1.
The author begs to adnlowlec1ge his indcbtcdne
s to ::\11'.
F],f'driC'k "
. Rf'ofif'ld, consulting engineer, for his g(-'nerous
aid in preparing the ('haptpr which CO\'(,l'S the itincrary of
tl1(' Franciscan priC'st:-- and tIle tracing of their route on
the Escalante nlap.
To GC'or
e \\r. Keel, ES(h of
[l'xico City, ,yho, at C011-
iderahle iUeOllYCllience to hilnself, obtained the Spanish
PREF
\.CE
L11
transcript of }1'ray Escalante'8 .. Diario," and for hi
cour-
tesy in searching, for thi" history, lllaterial allloug the
archives of the
Iexican Kational LiLrary. the 3uthor begs
to express the assurance of his appreciation.
SALT LAKE CITY", .r anuary 2
), ] 909.
BOOK I
Pioneers of the Faith
INTRODUCTORY DISCOURSE.
!l;Y HIGHT REYEREND L. SCANLAN, D. D., BISHOP OF SALT LAKE, ON
"THE FAITH OF CATHOLICS."
JJuctrines Held by Catholics-Essential ..Llrticles of Christian
Edief-One Rez:elation, One Truc Religion-Opinions of
DeJ/aistre and James Anthony Frollde-The Catholic
Church a Perfect Society-Peter Its risible Head-The
D( posit of Faith-Infallibility-Importance of .Tradition
--The ChuTch and TTadition-Confession of Sins-Pen-
aNce a Dirine Institution-Doctrine of Indulgence-The
Sacrifice of the JIass-The Blessed Ellcharist-Tf'1wt of
Ollr Deaa?-The Blessed rïrgin-An Unmarried Priest-
hood.
,Yhen relluested to write the introductory chapter for the
history of the Catholic Church in 17tah, it occurred to lne that
a brief exposition of Catholic doctrine and belief would be a
salutary and useful preface to a history dealing with the early
and present work of Catholic nlisslonary life in Ollr state.
Early in .Llugust, a special cable dispatch from Rome
reported
lgr. -,Merry del ,... aI, Papal Secretary of State, to
haye said that ":ßIany observant non-Catholics had told him
that yery IHany English-speaking people would be prepared to
arcept in their entirety the teaching'S of the ROluan Catholic
Church, did they but know thCln as they were."
During IllY lllissionary life extending over a period of
forty years, ] lwye rereiyed llH1n
, \Tpr
- luany, conyerts into
the Church, and in lllunberless instances I was told that
111any of their friends were restrained fronl entering the
Church hy ignoranee of its dortrinps, early prejudices and,
in too nlany cases, by the religious indifference and care-
l('SSIlPSS of nlany of their Cathulic acquaintances.
I trust that this authoritatÏ\Te statenlent of what Catholics
.helieye and are taught, lllay help to relllOye prejudice froln
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH IN UTAH
I
the n1Ïnd
of our
eparated Lrethren and instruct Catholics.
thelllSelyes Oll nlany points of Catholic doctrine whieh they
accept "Tithout being able to "
atisfy eyeryone that a
keth a
rea
on for the hope that i
in you. "-(1 Pet. iii, 13.)
In this :5UIUlllary of Catholic doctrine it will be asslllned
that the reader knows already the prillcipa.l religions truths
which all professing Christian
are buppo:,ed to Lelieve.
Among thelll I include the Lnity and Trinity of God} the Di-
vinity of Our Lord and Ilis Resurreetion frolli the t0111h. The
inllnortality of the
oul, t.he iUllnutable existence of God, and
Ulan'
con
ciousne:::'s of a jlldgulent to COlne, are eleulental
truth
conlmon to the human r:H'e.
But we, Catholics, hold in addition to these truths that
God the Son, the
econd Person of the IIoly Trinity, as-
suuled our hUlnan nature and he('
une nlan; that llis COlH'ep-
tion in the wOlnb of the Virgin ::\lary "Ta
"Trought Ly the
Holy Ghost; that IIi
birth "Tas in the natural order, likß-
unto our o"Tn. ,Ve believe that Ly His life, teaehiug, lllira-
des, death and resurrection, lIe proved that JIe "Tas what
lIe claimed to Le, true Uod and true luan-having two dis-
tinct and perff'd natures, the lnunan aud the diyine, united
in one divine personality.
I,r e believe that tbis Divine Person, .J psU
L"ihri I;,;t, ()ur
Lord and
Iaster, rehabilitated and redeenled our race b
T IEs
sufferings and death on Calvary; that lIe is the one and only
rediator; that there is no other uaUle under heayen b
T which
lnen can be sa,Tecl than the nallIe of .J esus Christ, ()ur Lord.
,Yhile all Christians hold that Christ wislws all lnen to L
saved, all do not agree regarding the doetrint'S He taught and
the n1eans He pro\Tidpcl for our salvatioll. Non-Catholics
maintain that thE' Bible, and the Bihle alOllP. fonu
tlw foun-
dation of Christian belief and contains all truths lleC{\S
ary for
salvation.
Catholics hold that Christ estahlished a Chul'<'h, and to
that Church fIe intrusted the lneans of salvation and charged
it "Tith interprE'ting the Bih]e. This Church is popularly
known as the ROlllan Catholic religion. But what is re-
THE CATHOLIC CHl3"RCH IX "CTAH
'Y
.y
Jigion
It is the theoretical and practical recognition by men
of their relation
, their selTire and duty to God.
It i
conceded by uniYer
al rea
on that all nlen are és
en-
tially equal in their spiritual relation to God, because all men
are etlually ereature:-; and all are beings cOlnp0sed of body and
oul. ......\s rational C'reatures they owe a
uprenle wor
hip to
their Creator. and that worship ought to be internal and ex-
ternal, that is to say, a \'isible and Ülvisible worship-the
adoration of the soul and the wor
hip of the body.
\s there i
but one true nod. religion, to be a reyelation
and divine, HUlst be one and one only. The reasons which
prove that religion lllust be one lllake it also clear that that
cne religion should be universaL for alllllen and for all tÍlue;
2nd unchangeable or unalterable, for God C'annot change, nor
shoula lnan ':-; essential relations to God ehallge when these
.relations are fixed by an nnchangf'ablf' God.
Though there is and can be (July one true religion, this
Teligioll i
natural or patriarchal and
upernatural or re-
yealed. ......\nd of re\'ealed religion there was the )[o:-:aic or
Jewish. which beCHnlf' the Christian relig"ion ",,
hen God,
through IIi::;
on .r esu
Christ, cOlnpleted His revel a tion a11d
supreme 111e:-;:..;age to lnan.
\Ye have here to deal ",,
ith the Christian religion alone,
w'hicb include:-- the truths of aU religions. and whiC'h may be
..lefinecl as the SUlunu1ry of aU the truths ",,'hic>h (loel has re-
yealed to u:..;, of all the laws ",,
hich regulate tlH
conduct of the
oul in it::; relation with its Creator. and of all the external
1.1lCans of grare anf1 salvation whieh lIe has proyidecl for us
"rjÜle we are on this earth.
,Ye nlaintain that the Chri:-;tian religion, the religion of
Christ, is and can only be the Catholic religion. The (1atholic
Church is the divinely established institution for preselTing
intact and l.lchTancing tl1P Christian religion; and that Church
'lnay he descrihed as a visible. well-defined and organized
:ïilloral body, or society, established hy (1hl'ist. the ÌlllPt--'rish-
.::thlC' soul of whieh i
the Holy Ghost.
To the non-( iatholic who views the Catholic Church as
4-
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN 1'TAH
Silllply a human institution, her perpetuity and indestructibil-
ity \\'"iII ever renlain an insoluble probleln. The Catholic, how-
eyer, is confronted \\'"ith no rational difficulty; he cunllJares
the Church to the hUlnan body, differentiating, of course,.
the natural froln the supernatural, the lnullall fro III the-
divine.
..:\ s the vital principle of the hllllian body is the inde
truct-
ible soul, al1inla ting all its parts a nd eYer
T a t01n of its phys-
ical being, the Ïlllperishable soul of the <-
atho]ic Church is.
the IIoly Ghost. No\\'" so long as the ::,oul reulLÚns \yith the
body, nlan lives and arts, and so long as the IIol
T Spirit
the-
anÏ1nating principle of the corporate hody of the Churclt
abidés within it, the Church ('annot perish.
ud a
\\'"e have
the ever-ahiding word of our Blesseù Hedeenler that the lIoly
Ghost "Tould be with the Chur('h until the end of tiule, th
Church nlust live while tinle endures.
Kor is her iInmortality lill1Ïted b
T lo('ality, for her illflu-
ence
"Tithin her own sphere, is as far-reaching as the all-
po\\'"erful ann of the Eternal I
ather.
That distinguished }-'rench philo
opher, Joseph lJe1Iais-
tre, rose fronl the study of the religious lllovenwuts of the-
seventeenth and eighteenth centurif'
with tlw ('onvietion
that .. Heresy can never
uccessfully cOlllpett-' \\'"ith, or hold
its own, against the Catholie Chureh, unless supported by th
strong arlll of n1Ílitary power."
Equally
trong is the exprt.:-.:-:ion of wonder on the part
of the Protestant historian, .1 mlieS .Antholl
T Fronde. In hiE:
\\'"ork on the "Revival of H01uanislll," he tells us that "The
tide of kllowleJge and the tide of outward event
have
et
,,'iih equal force in the direction opposite to HOlnallislli. Yet,.
in spite of it, perhaps h
T lueans of it, as a kite rises against
the \\'"ind, tlw ROl1mn Catholic Church has onl"e n10re shot up
into yisible and practical consequence. If she loses groull(l i
Spain and Italy, she is gaiuing Ül the lllodcrn, en('rgetic races,;
which have lJeen the stronghold of Prote
tantisnl. rIel' lnelll-
hers increase, her organization gathers vigor, her C'lerg
T are:-
energetiC' and aggressive. She has takpn into her :-;elTiee hf'r
old enel11Y, the pres
. ,Vhat is the Jlleaning," he asks, "of'
THE CATHOLIC CHl:RCH IN UTAH
5
so strange a phenoinenoll! Is it becau'5e science is creeping
like 8 snake upon the ground, eating dust and bringing forth
111aterialisln, that the CatholiC' (1hu1'('h, in spite of her errors,
keeps aliye the consciousne:-:s of our spiritual being, the hope
of our illllllortality!"
In another part of this remarkahle essay he claiins that
,. Home counts her C'onverts froni Protestantislll by tens, while
she loses but here and thE'1'e an unÏ1nportant unit. "
SonlP years before the tide of conversions had set in to-
ward the Catholic ChurC'h in
ngland and ....\tneriea, and when
1f r. Froude was bpginnillg to elnergE' froin olJ
curity, Lord
)faeaulay was exan1Ïning the nIyster
T of the indestructihility
of the CathoJic Church. "There is not," he exelainls, "and
therp ne\Tpr was on this E'arth an institution of lnllnan policy
so desclTing of E'xaIllination a:-; the Runlan Catholic Church."
*
*
*
*
"*'
*
The Catholic Cluueh is a perfec.t society
a supernatural
society, a society fOllndE'd by Christ for the :.mlvation of thp
Inn11an raee. But the
hurch is a :,ociety of liying' men, and
therefore nlust be a visihle society. It is a soeiety for alluwn
who would he saved and lllUSt therefore be a perpetual soci-
ety. X 0 society can exist without a head, a center
an author-
ity, a governing power. Uur Diyine Lord hefore organizing
His soeiety and E'stahlishing His [ihurch chosp one of His
disc'iples and appointed hinl head of thE' :-5ociety or Church
He was soon to institute. "Thou art Peter," spokE' our
Saviour to this diseiple, "and on (thee) this rock I win build
:\[y Church."
Had the disciple
of Christ chosen the visible foundation
they would hayp had power to ehange it. rIad Peter hilllsE'lf,
h
T divinf' appointment, estahlished the Church, Peter could
claÏ1u a right to alter or lllollify its doctrines. But when
Christ IIÜllsplf chose the hE'ad and huilt lIis Church. no
power on earth can destroy it, and all hell can not prevail
against it.
Now as the Divine Founder wa
soon to go to the FathE'r'
and leave for all tilne a visihle society to perpetuate His
()
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH IX UTAH
doctrines, it was necessary that a visible head should pre
ide
oyer this society, and so fIe ulade Peter that head and Hi
yisible successor on E'arth, ".ith superlnunan power to rule
His Church. and iu and throngh his lawful successors to rule
it to the end of tilne. This is what WE' Catholics mean by the
Suprenlacy of St. Petf'r and of thE' Pope of Ronle as his law-
ful successor.
The Church of Christ is OIle, holy, Catholic and .Apostoli
.
The [ihurch is one in its Sacrifice, its sacraments, and it
doctrines. ....\..nd this oneness excludes all Ill1l1tiplicity, all
diyision, all cliyersity, for Christ said:
"On thE'E', Peter, I will build :l\Iy Church (not churches),
to thee I will giye the kE'Ys; feed l\I
T Iamhs, feE'd
ry
heep;
there shall be one flock and one
hepherd."
By cliyine prerept aU are bound to be within this Church
whi
h Our Lord cOlllpared to a sheepfold. "lIe that hears
you, hears :ßI e; he that will not hear thE' Churrh, IE't hilll be
3-- the heathen. As the Father hath sent
Ie, I send you; go
teach aU nations; preach the gospel to eYer
. creaturE'; he who
belieyes and is baptized shall be saved; he who believeth not
shall be condenlnecl."
There
an he onl
T one true Church, and aU are COln-
Illanded by Christ to belong to that Church. TIe who knows
this will of [ihrist and this ohligation and does not obey,
cannot be in the ".ay of salvation.
A ('hurch teaching- supernatural truth, nl
.;.:terious truth
beyond hunlan nnder
tanding, Innst hp an infallihle ('hurch,
especially if tren1elHlons penaltips {l<'C'Olllpall
. a c1E'tE'l"lnina-
tion not to listen to its voice. lIenee our Lord luade His
[1lnurh infa]]ihle on the instanre He nlade it divine. "I will
be with
ou always, even to tllE' end of tiIne." and again: "1
wilJ sencl you the Holy Spirit. the spirit of truth, to teach
you. and lIe will ahide with you foreyer."
,Yithout an infallible church thel"P ('an hf' no faith, no cer-
tainty, and thereforE' no supreme obligation to believe. The
only church on earth that lnakes good her c1ainl to infallihil-
ity is the Ronlan Catholic Church.
he not only clainls ill-
THE CATHOLIC CHL"Rf'H IN UTAH
7
fallibility, hut
ltf' exerei
e
and lllake
her claÏ1n operatiye
through (1) General counril
. (
) rrhe yoice of her hishops
in union with the See of Peter. (
) The Pope. the head of
the Chul'('h, tf'aehing ex cathedra, ur a
the YICar ur repre-
sentatiye of Christ on earth.
*
*
*
*
'"
*
\Yhat, then, do we ll1eall by a
ertiDg Papal infa1libility1
1Ye lllean that the Hoyereigll Pontiff i
, b
di'Tine appointnlent
and as surce:-;:-;or to Rt. Pf'ter, diyinely proteeted and exelupt
frolll error when, in the exel'ei
p of his exalted offiee, he de-
fines what is of faith, that i
what we are to belieye, touching
doctrines awl lnorals. Ilere is what the '''-atiean COllnril,
repre
enting the uniyersal ChurdL. proelaÎl11s in referenee to
th1
subject: .. ,Ye teach and define jt to ùe a dognla c1h-inely
reycaled that when the HOl11an Pontiff
peak
, e.r rathrdrrt,
that is, ,,-hen in di
('hargf' of the office and as teacher of all
Christians, b
- yirÌlw of his suprelné apusiolil' authority,
he <Ìefine
that a ùoctrine regarding faith or nlOrals i
to be
held b
- the nniYe]'
al Chureh, he enjoys by tlw diyilw assist-
ance pronlÏsecl to hinl in ble
ed Pptpr that infal1ibility with
which the Diyine Redeemer wille(ll-lis (ihurch to be endowed
in defining a dodriue rf'ganling faith or 11l0raIs."
l t is l11os1 iUlportant that wp hold clear and aecurate nwan-
ing on this suhject.
\ definition of faith is not the crea-
tiOll of a new doctrine, but is RiL11pl
- an official c1erlaration by'
the Churrh, or h
- the SUpreUlf' Pontiff, that a defined doc-
trine is containpd in the df'posit. or legaey. or r<'yealpd truth,
left u
by Christ.
.. "That is a deposit!" a
ks St. Yillrent of Lerins. . .It is
that whieh is intrustpd to yuu. not that \d1Ï('h is tlip fruit of
your inyention; it is what yon ha,Te receiyed. not ,\-hat you
haye deyised; it i
not a pl'iyate asslunption of authority,
but
n affair of puhlic transllli
sion
a thing tnulSlnitted to
)-ou. not produeed hy you." (De Pote
, Y.
9.) The Church
does not create a doctrine and ne,Ter clainl('(l the right to do
so. She defiups what God has reycaled, and lift
ahoye the
8
THF CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
regHHI of controversy doctrines contained in the deposit of
faith.
\. definitiou of faith, then. is nut the inventiun or creation
of a new doetriue, but is
Ünply an authoritatiye or official
prO!llulgation of a truth as old as Christiauity it
elf. Thus,
a truth of re,Telation which 1Yê1S bE'fore iU1plieit, that is, en-
clo
ed as it 'Were in the deposit of all doctrinal or u10ra1
truths, becomes, by the official yoiC'e or definition of the
Church, a thing to be believed by E'VE'ry ulelnher of the Oath-
oli(' Chureh under pain of exclusion frOl11 her cUlnnlunion.
For eXt-Dnple. the doctrine of the InfallihiJit
of thE' Pope was
of np('pssit
inf'ludpd in the deposit of faith, but the vast budy
uf Catholies did not knuw it. and, until the voiee uf thp Church
of God was heard proelaÏIning it to be of faith, wel'P not E'X-
pected or hound to helipve it. I\Jter the (1hn1'('h had offi-
cially dE'fined Papal Infallibility to lw includt'd in the revela-
tion uf God to lnan, then it becalne ",,
hat i
called a dogula,
anù was to be accepted and lwlieYE'd lUHlpr pPllalty of C"'\:COl11-
lllullicatioll.
Papal Infallibility dOés not nlean that the Pope cannot
sin. It is one thing to be exell1pt fl'OJll sin or the power of sin.
ning, but it is quitp another to be divillel
T protected against
doctrinal error, when teaching tlw things that are of Goù.
Infallihility is not inspiration. Inspiration in1plies infal-
libility, hut thp lattE'r dues not llecessaril
T IllE'an inspiration.
By inspiration is lneant the ÏInpelling 'Will or intiuenee of the
IIoly Ghost lnoving one to write or
pf'ak, [lis will and pres-
ence 11l0Yln?: the nlind of the individual. not allo",,'ing' hilll tu
err, and influeneÏng hÏIll tu 'Write ur
peak what God wi
hes.
13y infallibility is understoofl a special providE'nce or as-
sistance fronl Hod by ,yhich the representativE' or 'Tiear of
Christ on earth is preSl'lTed frunl all doctrinal error in
tc.a('hing or defining all I1latters of faith and nlorals eontained
in the deposit of truth alrpady reyealed.
N O'W, there is nothing cuntrary tu reason and practical
comnlon
ense in belieying that God has gi'Tpn to the head of
His Chul'('h this prerogati\Te of infallibility for the eonser-
yatiun uf the ùOl'trines lIe reyealed for the benefit of the
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
9
hUluan race. ....-lll infallible God proclaillls to luall truths
'which must be believed even though they transcend the com-
prehension of the lnunan nlind. It was neces
ary for the
conservation and the correct exposition of these truths that
the Church which He founded :should be infallible, otherwise
we could not be held to believe them.
\.n infallible God could
not establish a Church suhject to error, and the exigencies of
tiTHe and locaLit
delllanded an infallible head for an infalli-
bLe l)ody. There i
, therefore, nothing contrary to reason,
nothing out of harnlony with God's dealings with men as ex-
emplified in the lives of the inspired prophets and apostles,
if God
hields the suprenle head of the religion which He e:;-
tablished on earth froln all doctrinal error in his capacity of
Suprenle Teaeher. It is due to the InUllan rac'e that it should
be so, for 1\'ithout infallibility there can be no unity and no
cbligatioll to helieve.
"'F
*
*
*
*
*
Thcn
arE' two diyiue sources of the (1hurch'
infallible
tea<,hillg-tlw s<,rivture and tradition, or the written and un-
written word of God. Touching 1\ Y hat i
known 3S the Bihle
or Holy Sf'ripture, that i
, the Old and the Kew Testanlf'nts,
the relation to and positiun of the Chureh uught to be well
understood.
Tlw Church teaches that the Bible f'ontains the re\yealed
'word of God, that it was written under the inspiration of the
Diyine
pirit; that, in the words of St. Paul to TiIllOthy:
"
-\ll scripture inspired of aod is profitahle to teêlC'h, to l'e-
proye, to f'OITef't, to instruf'Í unto justice." (II Tilll., iii, 16.)
The Dible as we haye it to-day, hml1all]y speaking. owes its
preselTation to the Catholic (1lnlr('h. During the bloody
p
rseCl1tiollS, waged agaiIist Christianit
y for nearly four
hundred year
by the emperor:s of ROllle and the world, the
Church preserved the scriptures frOln destruf'tion. She
gluu.ded the Bible with luaterllal carp when the fierce hordes
of nurthern barbarian
swept oyer Europe, slaying, burning,.
pillaging and devastating everything before and around
thenl.
10
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
j t wa
tlIP Catholic Churc It tha t fixed the Canon of the
Scripture; that i
to say", she c1eterrniu(J<1, for all t11ne, what
'writings were to be accepted as in::-:pired and what ,,,ere to be
rejeete<1 a
of lnullan invention. Hhe ,
eparated thf' spurious
fronI the genuine and nlade it cprtain what was the inspired
wonl of God. She ineorporated the seripture
into her
litnrgy; that i
. her ritual anll public 1\
orshìp, and in
i
ted
thnt tll('
be read in her open seryices and 1)(' expounded to
the l)f'opIe.
fIeI' priests and hi:-;hup:--; take upon thell1
ehTe" at their
ordination the obligation to read f'ver
' da)T for an hour the
Bihle and thp f'OlnnlPntaries on the word of God. The
e C0111-
nH'ntarie
. or notes and explanations. are the he::;t, 1110-.;t satis-
factor
and learned t'\Ter written. X 0 :--eholarly nlan now he-
li(Jves that. the CatllOI1c Cllllreh (\\,er forhade her f'h1ldren to
read the Bihlf' or was ever opposed to Huly S('ripture. rrhe
Church was and is not only the guardian of the Bible, hut-
J (haw attention to this--shp is the (liyinel
' appointed oftieial
tp(lcher and interpreter.
The H1hle 1\
as not, and eould not he, intended by Christ to
be thp rule of faith and of nlora Is. rrhe theory that tllf' Bible,
interpreted h
T ea('11 individual ur h
T a groulJ of individuals,
is an unerring rulf' of faith is absurd.
First, because Christ neyer wrotp a word of the Bible.
Secund, He neyer comnl1:-,sloned lIi
al'ostIe
or dÜwiples
t(\ .write.
Th11'(1, the B1hle, as we IUl\'e it. wa
not writh'n and <'0111-
l)leted until ::;lxty udd years after our Lord's
\.seension.
1\Ior00Yf'r, it iR well known that tlw fianon of IIol
R('ripture
-that is, what books "('I"(' (1('('la]'('<1 h
- th(:' Clmreh to he i11-
1)ir
'(I-- was nut furllwd in an)
respe(.t for upwards of a
hundred years after the <!estruf'tioll of the Teulple. 1
Yen
the Protestant essayist. SanllwI Ta
lOl' Colf'ridge. adullts in
01H' (..\"f his essays that. the (
anoll was not collccte<1 into an
autborized vohune for nearly tln.('(' hnndre<1
'ears after the
Ascension of our Sayiour. :How, then, could it be a rule of
faith for those liying in these tillIes î l\Ioreo\'er, the Gospel
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
11
had been preached to all nations] and the <';hri
tian Church
constituted and ordered as a divinely organized religion long
before; so that before the Canon was settled the (1hurch de-
ternlined the belief of Christendon!.
Fourth, for sixteen hundred year
, frOlll the foundation
of Christianity until the tilHe of the ill\Tention-and years
after the invention-of printing, it wa:::; ÍllllJu:::;:::;ible to dis-
beminate the Bible or for the ovendlehning ma
s of Chris-
tians to read it even if it were possible to circulate it.
Since the Racred Scriptures have been ulnyi
ely {'onlnlUll-
i:::;ed, and eadi inc1ivitlual has beconle hi:::; own teacher and in-
terpreter, religiou
confusion ha
taken possession of the
,lllllnan race. The unlearned and un stahle, "ullder:::;tallding
ncither the thing8 they reac1, nor wlwreof they a ffirn1.
have lnade shipwreck concerning the faith." (I Tim., i, 7-15.)
Christ, th(' Divine Lawgiver, appointed His Church to be
the guardian and teat'her of IIis revealed ",,'ords to I-Iis peo-
ple. "_\--11 power,"
aid our Lord to the members of the Apos-
toliC' Senate-] [is Chun'h,-d is given to )le in heaven and on
earth. Hoing, therefore. teaeh all natiuw-;, teaehing then1 to
obselTe all things what:::;oever I have con1nlanded you."
(::\Iatt., xviii, 10.) .. Go ye into the whole world and preach
the Gospel to every {'rea ture. " (:
Ia rk, xvi, 13.) "He that
hears you. hears
r e, and he that despises you, deç;pises :ßle."
(Luke, x, 16.) "lIe that win not hear the Church let hi III be
unto thee as the heathen." (l\Iatt., xviii, 17.) These solenln
words of the Divine 1Iaster prove that lIe appointed His
teèH'hing Church, and not the IIoly Scriptures, to he the rule
of faith for an Christian
.
The Bible, for four hundred years, ha
been the rule of
faith for our separated hrethren, anù, as a result, endless
divisions and warring sects have filled the civilized world wit!l
doubt:" alJout the supernatural character and divinit
T of
Christianity, have supplied the infidel with p]ausihle argu-
luents, and Imve selTed to bring the religion of Christ into
nnlnerited contenlpt.
1:2
THE CATHOLIC CHl7RCH IN rTAH
THE CHURCfI AND TH..:\DITION.
The Catholic {;hurch is thé custodian of Sacred Tradition,
as she is of the IIoly Scriptures. "\Vhat do we understand
by Tradition? By Tradition we understand the transnlission,
by the teaching authority ur office of tlw Church, of certain
revealed truth:, of salvation not expliC'itly C'OIltained in Holy
"
rit; Ruch traditions are known as oral; that is, handed down
fronl genera tion to gt
neration, either through the Councils of
the Church, Liturgical Books, the
-\..cts of the l\Iartyrs, the
writings of the early fathers of the Church, or inserivtion"
on the tOlubs and luonUUlents uf nlèlrt
T
and confessors of
early days. The
aintly and learned luen fanliliarly C'alled
the" Early Fathers" ""ere uearly all bishops or priests who
flourished frOlu the da
"s of the Apustles to the sixth century.
The }1-'athers wen' succeeded by hol
- anù Rcholarly lllen
kno"
n to ecclesiastiC'al histor
r as Doctors of th0 Church.
X ow, where the testinlon
of the Fa tlIers. sustained by thp
authurity uf the Ductors. prove:-, that a truth is revealed and
waR taught by the 6'arly Church, we are satisfied that such a
truth was and is, an integral if not an essential part of the
Christian Faith. H1Wh eecleRiastical tradition has always
been entitled to the
(Ulle yeneration hy the Church as the
Bible itself. Indeed. as a lnediuul of transnÜtting revealed
truth, tradition fnnll SOlue aspect:, iR nlore ÏIllportant and
necessar
. than the Bihle itself. The ChnrC'h, whether in
Io-
saic or ...-\ postolic tilnes, antedates the Bible anù is indepen-
dent of it. The {ihurch existed before the Bible, and could
exist without. it. But the Church never did, and never C'ould
exist ,yithout trallition. "Rtand fast," writes Ht. Paul to the
early Christians, "and hold the tradition::; whiC'h you have
learned, whether hy word or hy our epistle." (Thess., xi, 14.)
Conullentillg on thesf' words, S1. Chrysostom sa
s: "It is
eyident that the Apostles did llOt cOJllll1Unicate all in writing,
but much "Tithout writing. Both deRerve equal faith. . . .
It is tradition, ask no lllOre." Do away with traL1ition and
the authority of the Church and the Sacred 8criptures thelll-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
13
selve
would be a
the 'Vedas of India, the l{oran or the writ-
ing
of Confucius; for neither their inspiration, authentic-
ity, canonicity, or, indeed, their certain interpretation, could
be conclusively and authoritatively proved. .. I would not,"
writes 81. .L\.ugustille, .. believe the Gospel itself unless the
authority of the Catholic Church moved IHe to it."
CUXFES8IOK, OU THE B.L\CIL\
IEXT OF PEN.A.XCE.
Those who believe in the Divinity of .J esus Chri
t will, I
aUI persuaded, agree with llle in adlllitting that the
on of
God came down from heaven to destroy the power of Batan,
to overthrow the reign of Ún and to establi
h purity, peace,
charity and justice. The purpose of His earthly lnission and
the object and
ufferillg of flis divine life here on earth
was to save our race froln sin and its dreadful consequences,
and to rescue mankind from the horrors of eternal death.
But it "Tas necessary, in the Divine Economy, that lllan
hould
co-operate in the measures taken for his balvation. By sin,
voluntarily comnlitted, he estranged himself frolll God, and,
in order to be reconciled to the Creator lIe insulted
man lllust
confornl to certain condition::;
ublllitteu by hi
Hedeelller.
One of these obligations was that he should hone
tly repent
of his sins and confess them to some one authorized to listen
to him and, ]JY the authority of Gou, ab
oh.e hilll. Now that
the power of absohTing Ûnners was granted to the Apostles
by our beloyed Lord seelllS irrefragable. 'Yhen he said (
1.
John, xx) that lIe sent theIll as His Father had sent Him-
that a::; lIe was the Apostle of the :b'ather, even so they were
to be His apostles; and that, in particular, they were thereby
and thenceforth invested with authority to rellÚt and to retain
sins, it beelned hopeless to conceive ",'hat the llleaning of
these words could be, if they did not invoh'e all that "Tas
c1aiIlled for tlWlll in regard to .L\bsolution.
IoreoYer, it 'was evident that this COllllllission to the
Apostles was only a carrying out of the Lord's dedaration in
regard to the .J ewish chur('h, that lIe had not COllIe to destro
-
but to fulfil the law. By that law the priest was appointed to
14
THE CATHOLIC CHrHCH IN "FTAH
judge of carnal lepers, and so shadowed forth the <. 'hristiall
priesthood to spiritual lelJers. .L
s the carnal leper 111U8t haye
shown hinu;elf to the Leyitical priest ere he could be pro-
nounced clean, and he pel'lnitted to stand mnongst tllE' con-
gregation of Israel, so was the spiritual leper to be dealt "ith
by the Christian priesthood. In both cases they oilly "ho
showed thenu;elyes to the priest "ere undoubtedly cleansed.
If it be llwintained that the Christian priest ha:::; not author-
ity to judge bet"een the clean and the unclean, he is then
nluch inferior to the .r ewish minister; if he has not power to
cleanse as well as to pronounce clean. as
t. ChrysostOlu says
(de 8acerdvt iv), he i:::; not superior to hiul. In like lUanneI',
it was proyided under the law that all persons disqualifie(l hy
sppcial transgressions frOlll approaching the altar had to
COlne to the priest in order to be absolved. Xothlng wa:; dear-
er that neither the
olelln Paschal offering, nor the annual
Day of Atonelnent, nor the regular lllOl'ning and eyening (>h-
lations sufficed for the cleansing of indiyidual :::;ou):::; frOln
these special transgressions.
Yery single soul whosp ('011-
sciencE' "as burdened, had to COlue and f'onfess ib ..,ins. be-
fore it was restored to the full privilege of the Coyenant.
* * * *
*
Thus it is evident to every thoughtful and unpl'Pjudiced
11Uln that f'onfession of sin lJelongs to an uniyer:-:a! law of
healing, and takes it
date froill the fall of Adanl. 'Yhen
God interrogated Adau1 it ,vas to lead hinl to ('ollfessloJl. pre-
paratory to tllf' awful penance uf sorru" and la bur, to be
consunllllated only by death. ,Yhen he eXalllined thE' ('011-
science of Cain it was for a like end. .J oshua in like lllanner
hadf' .I..
('han not only to give glory to Gud by confession to
IErn, but abo by cùnfesf'ing to Joshua what he ha<1 done.
Kathan waR sent to King David to ohtain tlw
l('knowledg-
lllf'nt-" I hayf' sinned." Thus, as S1. Basil infol'lllf'd us,
"'
u('h aIl10ng the :--alnts in ancient tÜlles as repf'nted, ('on-
fessf'd their sins."
'\Ye read in LeYlticus, Y. 5, that if a Inan "ere gnilt
of
any of the
ins there naIlled, he was directed to eonfpss the
THE CATHOLIC CH"LRCH IN UTAH
15
sin to the priests.
o in the Book of X ulubers (v. 6), ""'"lIen
a llan or a "Ollan shall COllllllit any sin, they shall confe:-;s
their sins that they have dune;" and in the Book of Proverb3,
"e read: "He that hideth his
ins
hall not prosper; but he
that shall confess and forsake thenl, shall obtain llleì.cy"
(xxviii, 1
). David confessed to Xathan,
aul to
aIlluel,
Ahab to Elijah, Jlezekiah tu l::,aiah, and
ranasseh to the
seers, "who
poke to hill word
in the nalle of the Lord of
Israel." .Nor "as this Illethod really altered in the X ew Tes-
tallien t.
They "ho were baptized by John the Baptist confessed
their sins. They who helieved at l
phesns (, confessed and
showed their deeds." It was 011 this aCCUUl1t that Christ pro-
claÏ1neL1 His Ini
sion to be for the ('alling, not of the right-
eous, but of slnner:-;, to repentance, and to invite the "eary
and heavy laden to COllle to IIiIll for rest. ..L\nd it 'was seen
that, though Lazarus "as raiset1 by (ihrist a
the type of de-
liverance frOln Inortal
in, yet his salvation was incomplete
until the disciples "ere hidden to "loose hilll and let hilli go."
,Yhen St. .J allleS urged confession of sins and th(:. intercE-'ssion
of a "righteous man" a
a ('ondition of healing", he was acting
in confornlÌt
T "ith the will of his Diyine
Iaster, who in the
hearing of Bt. .Tallles declared to his ....-\postles, "\Yhose sins
you shall forgive they are forg-íyeu thenl, and ,,-hose sins you
shall retain, they are retained" (81. J-ohn, xx, :!3).
..L\rguing, then, frolll Scripture testÏ1Honies alone. the in-
quirer is convinced that confe:-.sioll to God onl
, a
an instru-
IHent and ('oudition for the ren1Ìssion of his sins, is not
sufficient for that purpose; but that it is his boundell duty
also to confess to those whOln God has apl-'uinted on f:>aIth as
His priests and llis delegates to re('ei \'e that confession and
absolve hÜn frOlll his sins.
The origin of and the authority for cunfession is divine;
the very same upon which rests our belief in the inspiration
of Holy Scripture, and that is the warrant and òe('r('e of that
divinely illCo1'lJorated
ueiety, the colmnll and foundation of
aIr truth, the united, infaHible, yisible l'n thoEc Church,
16
THE CATHOLIC ('HrRC H I
rTAH
Few subjects are léss under:-,tood by the non-CatholiC' pub-
lic than that of private confes
ion and absolution; and, a
a
result, few subjects are oftener dis}Jo::,ed of by sheer preju-
dice and passion. If you listen to one of the 11101'e òeternlined
oppo11ents of this SaCraIllent, you hear it denounced as thi:
"auricular confession," as if confe
:-)ion could be anything
but auricular; or this "private confession," as if the party
speaking had a preference for eonfes
ion of sins in puhlic and
in the hearing of the congregation.
'hen another tÏIue we
are told that the confessional is often abused and perverted
to a bad end, as if nothing else in religion were liable to the
saIue Iuisadventure; or that it exalts and exaggerates priestly
authority, as if Christ I-Iinlself did not exalt I-lis ApostleR
when he conferred upon theIn the priesthood; or that it ex.
pm.;es all C'oncerned to the peril of Îlnpurities and ùefileIuent,
as if anr kind of cleansing or healing could be undertaken
without incurring such risks; or that it is unseriptural, as
though we were not told in the _Holy Sel'ipture to eunfes
our sins-one to another. The
e ubjectors would cover absolu-
tion 1\ T ith conteInpt a
being the refuge of \yeak '\TOlUen or of
fell1Înine Iuen. ,Yhat is this but the old ery against religion in
general? 'Yhat is this, after all, but tIw
cofting censure of
the indifferentist and the sneer of the Iuaterialist that our
churches are filled with w0111en? Y pt it i..; a striking faet iu
the pre:'H_
l1t day that if aIl
T ehurches an> 1JlOre thronged with
Inen than others the
T are the Catlwlie churchc>s, whcre the
doC'trine and praetice of priYêl te confession and a hsolution
are preaehed and encouraged. ,Ye have yet to learn that the
patient who boldly bulnllits to a painful and (listres
ing ope-
ration for the sake of his health desclTes to he branded a:-:
being: lllOre effelninatf' than thuse who ('annot nerve theIn-
selves to subInit to the probe and knife of the surgeon. Now
to faee shame and C'onfusion denland
Inore Inora1 courage
and 11lO1'e lllanliness thall to endure pain.
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN rL\.H
17
TILE D()CTRrXE U]1--' r
f)CLGEXCE.
Indulgenl'P is not a pardun fur
in, nur is it a pernlit to
,collnuit
in. .L--\n indulgence i
the rell1Ï
sion or th
taking
nvay of tht' telll])Oral punislullent inClllTE'd b
T the
inner and
l'enlaillillg aftt'r tht' guilt and eternal ]nlni
llJllPnt due for
!?,Tave sins are remitted hy confef--:-;ion and repent.anee. rrllt're
lIre luany exalllples in IIoI
T ,Yrit which prove that aft.er the
guilt. ur stain of sin was taken away there
Tct relnained due
.a telnporal punislllnent. Thus Adaln wa
furgiyen th
guilt
()f hi
in, but !õ;til1 what fearful punislunent he had to endure
Jor it! Dayid was furgiyen, was pardoner] his sin of lllurder
.:and his yiolation of tIll' san('tit
T uf lllarriage, and yet was
})luIished h
. the death of his child. 110ses was forg-iyen his
sin of douht, yet as a telllporal puni
hment for it he "Tas not
pel'lllitted tu enter tliP Pronlised Land. It i
, therefore, cer-
tain that a tenlporal punislllnent relllain
due for sin after the
,guilt of it has he('ll forgiYf'n. X ow the Church, by yirtue of
tht' power of loosing and binding entrusted to her h
. Christ,
,can rell1Ït this telllporal punÜ;IUllellt on eprtain IH.t'scJ'ihed
.conditions, slwh as the worthy reception of the sacrmnents of
Penall('f' and the Blessed Eucharist, the l'f'citatioll of certain
]Jrayers, acts of 111Ortifi('atiull, the giving of ahlls, and thE' per-
fonnan('e of C'ertain works of InerC
T.
'here is nothing in all
this to show that an indulgence is thf' pardon of Sill or the
:pernÚ
sion tu eOlllllli t sin.
Is it e\Ten, under any ci L'CUlllstanl't's, alluwahlt' fur thp
])l'iest. or the Church to fix a C'harge for absolving- a penitent
fOr to reeeiye nlOnt'
- for an indulg"euee? r
nlphatieally no! To
.do so would he to iucur the guilt of simony, that is, the
ell-
.lug of sOlllething cOI1
f'crated or sacred.
THE HF
AL PHENE
.CE.
.Tpsus Christ, our Lord, as Ulan and mediator: held a three-
Jold office: He "Was Propht-'Ì, Priest and King. The Son of
<God, when He assunled our lnnuan nature W3!-; ordained, eon-
e('rated and appointed a priest in a twofold sense. He was
18
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH I
UT
\.H
a priesi according to the order of ..c
aron, or the Levitical or-
der, and according to the order of
Ielchisedeeh.
A
a priest,
according to the order of ..A..aron, lIe offered IIÏInself a bleed-
ing VictinI, a sacrifice of blood on the Cross. As a priest ac-
cording to the order of 1Ielchisedech, lie offered IIÜll
elf in
the Eucharistic Sacrifice the night before His ('rucifixioll.
lelchisedech is called a .priest by
Ioses because he offered a
sacrifice of bread and wine (Gen., xlv., 18-19). The night
before lIe suffered
J esus Ohrist took bread and said: .. This
is
Iy Body which is broken for you" (I. Cor., xi., 24), and
taking the wine, He said:
"This is the chalice of the New Testalllent in Àly Blood,.
which is poured out for you" (Luke, xxii.,
O). The Catholic
Chlu('h holds, and has always helLl, that Chri
t lueant what
He said. IIis words were not lllerely deelarative, they \\
ere-
effective; they proclaimed a Saerifi('e and a Sacrm11ent. Then
can be no religion without a saerifice; for ::;acrifice i
the es-
sential and distinctive act and nIa!'k of divine wor::;hip. All
other religious aets, such as prayers,hynllls,petitions, thanks-
giving, etc.,lllay be offered to nU1n; hut
aerifice can be offeretl
only to the Ureator, for it is an act by which we acknowledge-
God's suprelne dOlninion over us and our entire dependeIH'e
on lIilll. The religion of (
hrj st is a perfect relip;ion. mHl
therefore nlust have a perfect
acrifice. It is the religioll
that is to last to the end of time, and, therefore, lllU::;t have a
perpetual sacrifiee. Our Lord ordained I-Lis l
postles priests..
when, after conseerating the hread and wine, lIe offered. 011
earth His first 1Iass, and said to them: "Do ye t.his in ('0111-;
DJeIlloration of 1Ie."
In virtue of this conlluand, the:-,e first Christian prie
ts and
their validly ordained successors for all tinIe, offered and
offer up to God the bloodless Sacrjfi('e. Tho
e who llave re-
jected tllf' Sacrifice of the 1Iass have rejected and lost the
Christian priesthood. _
priest is a
acrificial and a Scl('ra-
nlental man, a Ulan duly consecrated and appointed to offer
sacrifi('es and administer sacranlents. "::::;0 let a nU1n aeN>Ullt
of us," declares 81. Paul, "as alnhassatlors of Christ and di:-;-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
19
pensers of the mysteries of God" (1. Cor., iv., 1). .1\.s a sacri-
ficial man, the priest ascends the altar of God to offer the
highest act of worship to the 8uprel11e
Ia
tel' of n
all. As
a sacran1ental1uan, he comes down froIl1 the altar of God to
bestow divine graces and gifts to the people in dispensing the
sacraUlents. .A, sacran1ent is a visible or outward sign insti-
tuted by Christ to cOllllnunicate grace to the soul. Grace is
a supernatural gift destined by God to enahle us to resist
tel11ptation and 11lerit heaven.
*
*
*
*
*
*
The Holy Eucharist is, however, so transcendent a lllYS..
tery that no one view of it, dwelt on exclusively, is sufficient
to exhaust its fullness of grace and blessing. It is the high-
.est, the 1110st sole1nn, the fullest and 1110St perfect act of Chris-
tian worship. It iR the noblest offering of praise, the grand-
est and 1110st joyous act of thanksgiving, the cOlnpletest and
1110St efficacious forn1 of prayer, the surest Ineans of obtaining
the grace and favor of our heavenly Father, the lllOst accept-
able act of h01llage that we can offer to I-liln, the one act of
'worship specially and expressly enjoitlf'd on all generations
ûf Christians by our Lord I-lil11self.
On no subject, unhappily, has l110re n1Ïsunder
tanding-
the fruit partly of ignorance and prejudice, partly of defec-
tive belief-heen current than on the Eucharistic Sacrifice,
pop11larl
ealled the 1Iass. If we have read aright the signs
of the tinles during the last forty years, if the tide of conver-
sions llOW rising to the CatholiP. mainland l11ark a concur-
rence with the call froll1 011 high, and if a more respectful
and deferential language toward the Holy Eucharist, which
'was in our hoyhood stigl11a tized as a "bias pheulous fa hIe and
-dangerous deceit." be an assurance of better things. then let
us hope and believe that God is lllercifully, in this most sa-
cred subjert as in others, leading hack honest souls to a
fuller appreciation of Catholic truth and a fuller knowledge
of the trel11endous value of a human soul.
o
THE CATHOLIC CHl
RCH J
rTAH
,YIL.\T uF OCR DE
\D.
It is in the Catholic Church alone that the heart of Ulan
rind,;; aU its spiritual longing:-: satisfied, m.ll1 its tenderest
nffections enkindled at once. D.IÌd eleyated hy the po
se
sion
of priyilege
not
ubjert to tilne, and by the t
xcrci:-;t-' of du-
ties ,dlÌch do not tenninate in the graye. In the Chun'h, rela-
tions and affiuities once fOrlllE'd endure foreyer. rrllE'Y are not
for this earth alune, nul' onl
fur tillIe, heeau:..;p tht-'Y do not
arise out of earthl
T asso('iation;-" nor depend npon thp laws
of Inunan existence. The
T pass he
on<1 the hounds of tilHe
and hayp their perf(:'ct realization only' in et('rnit
. These
relations ùo not cea:-.e ,,
hen death enter:-::. rrhe yisihle ( ihur('h
that is, the Church on earth, is the ('hmulE'l and means of our
l1nion .with the Ohur('11 invisible. that is, with illP :-:ouls who
departed this life in friend:-:hilJ with Uod. 'Yhen, by thp ()ne
Baptisl1I and tllE? One Faith, "Te are united to the (,Olnpan
of the faithful on earth, we are also joined to the
pirih; de-
parted, so that the liying and the dead Llrt> llwmhers of the
saIne Ohureh, uniter] to Oile II ead, .f esns (jhri
t-the Lon1
and Ruler of hoth "'
orlds-snhjects of the Salne kingdOlll and
111E'IUht>rs one of another in the saIne t'onllnlu1Ït
.
Nothing can :-,eparate ns frolH (jhrist, .. neither death. nor
life, nor thing's present nor things to COllle "-nothing hut that
'which cuts us off fronl the eOl1ullunioll of the Chureh, yisible
and inyisible--either exconlll1uniration, or a death in mortal
sin. r.I 1 1lP fornlPr cuts us off from tll(' Churl'h, yisihle and iu-
visible, at once: and hy death in 1110rtal sin we fall away frunl
the friendship of ChriRt, the hope of IIeayell, and the fell(HY-
ship of rE?deelllpd souls. ,Ye lwye it on the WOl"(] of God that
nothing defiled. llO dpfilpd soul. ('an pnter into heayen: and
tlIP Holy Ghost, in the li:pi
tle of
t. .Tw]p and in tlu-' SP('olltl
general Epi
tle of Nt. Peter, teJl;-; llS that tlw repl'()Jmh-
a1ld
;l1ortally guilty are in the unseell wurld d(.tained in t'\Tl'rlast-
1.ng chains, Ílllprisoned in the pit, aw] that for thel11 tlH
'
mists and stonll of darkn('ss a l'e resPITPd fon'\'pl'." For
thest> we do not pray.
I any of the haptized, let lIS hope the
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
21
great budy of the baptized, are not --willfully and obdurately
sinful; but ,yhen ahout to die they know that they ha\Te not
lliade satisfaetion to God for Rins rOlllluitted in the fle!'h, nor
ha"\ e they 111ade anlple atonenlent to God fur these sins. The
Catholir Church tearhE's that God haR proyidE'Q a Rtate-8L
P
lll calls it a place-in the other world "There satisfaction
luay he Inade fur lllurtal sin, the guilt of "Thieh is already
pardoned and the eternal punishnlent ren1Ïtted, ur for yenial
s.inR or yoluntary stains found on the soul --when it separates
frOlll thE' bod
T.
*
*
*
*
*
""
In what way the soul, which Ipê:1yes thi:-- world in a sb.1te
of graf'e, yet --with renlaillS of sin, will he prepared for itR ulti-
nmte destin
T in the J{ingdom of God. into whit'll nothing de-
filed or that defileth can enter, we know not. It lllê:1Y haye to
pa!'s through a 10ngE'r or shorter period of suffering in order
to i
-s purifi('atioll. It lllay hE' that Rill, once adn1Ïtted into the
soul, rannot be eradicated without th(' appli('ation of seyere
rt'1I1pdiE's external to itself. Hin haR a :-,nbstantiye E'xistenee,.
jx'sides its oppositìon to the will of God, whie-h SE'enlS by the
onsent of the sinner tu be woyen into the \'ery texture of the-
soul itself, so that we cannot entirely get rid of it b.'T any
E'ffort of our own. Aftpr we havE' l'E'penteò, after abRolution,
while we are striyillg against it. still it haunts us; we fpel it
as the presence of an evil being whidL wi II not ]pt us alone.
Tts luarks surviye our earthly existenre. It lllay :'3urvive
Ood's lllust gTaeious pardon, and requi re lneans not attain-
ablp in this life for its extermination. A11 our experience'
IE'uds us to belieye that there can be no real, thorough cun\Tic-
tiun of lllurtal sin without the dE'epest anguish of nlÌnd.
\nd
if it were ;-;0 tha t the soul had tu pass through SOUlE' fier.'T
onlpal, internal or E'xternal, for its cleansing fronl the d(-'vil-
Inal'ks whieh hayf' been WOY(,11 into it by formpr sins, it would
not he ;-;0 Inu('h penal suffering as the loving tl'f'atmellt of the.
Divine Physic'ian healing the wounds of the :-,oul by sharp hut
saluta]'
T reluedies. and in healing, arawing it evel' nparer to"
IIiuu;elf and Ìlnparting to it a foretaste of eternal b]isR.
2:Z
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX rT.\H
The Catho1ic Church fronl its beginning has taught and
teaches now that the tenlporal puni
,}llnent due for una toned
in is nlodified and the tinle of suffering ::;hortened by the
operation of indulgences, praYE?rs, alnu; and especially the
IIoly Bacrifi('e of the
Iass. -,,--hId that this was the lJelief of
the Church of God before the Incarnation or hirth of our
Divine Lord we know fronl the history of the pE'ople of God
in the time of .J udas
Iachabeus. ...:.\fter his victory over
Gorgias, the Governor of IJunlea, .J udas ordered a collection
to be taken up al110ng hiR officers and soldiers, aurl "sent
twelve thousand draehms of silver to .Jerusalelll for saerifiee
to be offered np for the sins of the dead. * * *
It is
tÌlerefore a holy and wholesollle thought to pray for tllE' dead,
that they nlay be loosed frOlll sins.'" (II. )la('h., xii., 43--16.)
Here is an evident, an undeniahle proof-pven as an histori-
cal fact-of the praetiee of praying for the dead under the
Old Law which was then btrictly OhSelTE'd by the .Jews, and
-consequently coulrl not he introdueed at that partieular tinle
hy J ueIas. their high priest and coulluander.
It Inust be frankly acknowledged that the Holy Seripture
.contains no direct and explieit conullalld to pray for the dead
apart froIlI the living. Indeed, Holy ,Yrit saYR very little
about the
tate of the dead; it SE'ldolll refers us to the hour
()f death as the tenllination and end, and the final finishing
of our nloral training and disciplinè. "The conling- of the
Lord," "The judgulent," is that to whi{'h it directs our at-
tention as to our goal, and thE' consuIluuation of our destiny.
St. Paul seeIns to speak of the work of grace as continuing
in t.he redeeIlled soul when it is in an intenllediate state or
in purgator
T. "Being confidE'nt of this very thing, that He
who hath hegun a good work in you will perfeet it until the
day of Jesus Christ." (Phil. i., 6.)
"\Yaiting for the lllanifestation of our Lord .J esus Christ,
who also will ('onfirul 'you unto the end that you nlay be with-
ûut crilue in the Day of our Lord .T esus Christ." (1. Cor., i.,
7, 8.)
But we have 11lain directions to pray one for another, to
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UT.\H
23
lllake prayers and supplieatiun
to Goil fur one anuther, to
pray for all E,aints. Now if all who have been and are law-
fully haptized belong to the same hody of the Chur('h, if there
be One Body and ()ne Spirit, if that One Boùy bf' Christ HÏ111-
self, frolH whOln no faithful :soul can be separated by death,
it does not appear how anyone soul redeenied hy the Blood
of .J esus Christ and uIÚtf'd to 11il11 by graee ('an he exeluded
froni the prayers which tllf' Church uffers for the living and
the dead, or frolli participation in the virtue
of the
\dorable
Sacrifice of the
Iass. .All who belong to the "housf'hold of
God, " wherf'ver they are, sharf' in thf' cOllllHunion of E-:aints.
,Yhen Bt. Paul begged of God (IT. r:rÜl1., i., 18) to show
mercy to the soul of Onesiphorus, he certainly was praying
for the dead, and in doing so professed his belief in an inter-
luediate state, and in the pussibility that rel11ains of evil yet
lingered with the soul of Ùnesiphorus, his friend, which the
unknown diseipline would ('teause. The soul of St. Paul's
friend wa:-: not donuant; it was in a state of conscious e"\:ist-
ence and it
powers were actively exerted in ::'OHlC way. The
SaIlle UIa:' be sai(l of f'very soul in the interluediate state,
that is, purgat.ory. Thought is of the very essence of the
being of a ::,oul, in the budy or out of it. It I1IUst think, it
cannot exist and be inactive. The soul in purgatory is wait-
ing for the voice of Jesus Christ SUHllllouing it to "possess
the kingdOll1," it is preparing for tllP beatific vision. ,Yhat
Ina
Y he the nature of its suffering
, the intensity of its long-
ings, its lonely regret for its sins, or the duration of its exile,
are known to God alune.
This much we do know, that the Church of Ood, in the
Holy Sacrifice, appeals to HÏJn to have pity and luercy on
the soub of her ch.'pa rtf'd children, aud that the faithful, from
the beginning, prayed for their dead. ",Ye pray for all who
have departf'd this ]ife in our conllnunion," writes Rt. Cyril
of .Jerusaleln, "believing that the souls of those for WhOl11
our prayers are offered receive very great relief, whilf' the
holy and treluendous Victim lies upon the altar." (De l\Iort.,
1. iii.)
*
*
*
*
'*'
*
-!
THE CATHOLIC CHCRCH IX rT\H
The nlo
t unexc('ptiolla ble authority i
to be found in the
earl
liturgies, or hooks of instruetion and deyotion, on all
points uf Cathulie faith and pral'ticp which tlwy elllbnH'e. X 0
dOCUluents of proof ean e(IUal thel11 in Ílllportance, and when
they all agree, as they do in thi
Blatter of prayer for the
dead, we lllay be certain that we haye attained the nliw1 of
all the churches, not in one age or eountry, but in all age
and
in all countries where Chri
t has heen worshiped. LiturgiC's
are the vuice and 'n)nl
, not of one Doc-tor 01' }1'ather. huw-
ever great, but of clnll'('hei-: whieh with one cunsent IUHTe ap-
proyed a forlll of rite
anrl prayers. Tn (l,Tery liturgy ex-
tant, prayers are found for the dead; they fOl'll1 a part of the
great interces:-,ioll for the L 1 hureh and the world, fur the li'T-
iug and the dead. Tt is heyond the liulit and the s('ope of thi
IntrrnhH'tion to (1uote the words in which litnrgie
eonllllemo-
raterl and prayed for the dead. \r e find thesp prayer
in
the Liturg
T of .:\Lalahar, in thof'e of St.
La rk, Ht. .f mlles, Ht.
Clelnent, 81. ('In'
'sostOlll, the Sa rmll, and eyen to-day among
all the chul'ehes of the Ea
t, alnUllg- tlw Xestorians,
Iolloph-
si tes,
\rlllE'nian
and Copts.
*
*
*
*
'iI'
,"-
There arE' S01l1e uther du<'Ìl'illes distin('tiYel
' ('atholie th:tt
spa('e willllot permit us to ('nter UpOll. There is the doetl'ille
or the (10111111Ulliol1 of Raillt
, that. of the lIlllllê:H'nlatE' ("1 Ol H'Pp_
tion, illYOcation and yeneratiun uf saints aw1 den)tion to t 11(>
Bles
(ìd Virgin 1Iar
T, whose ineffable nearness to (1hri:-;t and
hpr illllllê:H'lllaV
purity. draw a elE'ar Jine of (listiu(,tioll he-
tween her and all uthers, eyen the holipst erpaÌlu'(':-;.
o as to
exenlpt her frOlll the ('ouditions "hi('h snlTound the pion'-.
dead. The BlOt h-worn ('ha rge that (ia tho1 i('s adol"P the Yi rgin
_\rother uf God is l'nwti('a lIy dl'ad. ki 11(-'(1 h
- the iatpll ig(,lH'l'
of sane BleIl. ()f (: od we a:-:k lllE'l'r
T and pa rdon, of thl'
Ble
sed Virgin and tllt' saints in he:1YPll WC' a
k for pnl
'pr'-i
<lud intel'cp
siun for Us with Uod. All histUl'
-, "'<1('1"('(1 alH1
profane, offers llS uo ('hara(.ter worthier of our admiration.,
won.:hi pawl l'p,'erl'w'e than
I ar
r as ('hi Id, Inaidl'Il and
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH I
UTAH
25-
nlOtber. The poet 'Y orelsworth, inspired by faith anel poetic
gellllls, sings of her:
"'YOlnan ahon" all W(lnwu
lorifi
'll.
Our taintpll llaturl"
s()litar
- hoast,
Fairf'r than <'a:,tf'rn
ldes at IlayhrC'ak :--tr('w11
\Vith fandell rt:Sf'
: than the l.1lJh!pmishptl moon
Deforf' Jwr W;111(' hegins nn hetl\"pu's hltw ('oast.
JlaÏllf'11, whose ,it giu .'(Isom ,,-as uncross't
Hy tlw Jpast :"hade of tlJPught to :,;in allipd."
Nor nlay any Liatholic pay a higher tribute of respect and
l'eVE'reuC'e to the sinlE'
s Yirgin than did the Protestant poet
Lon?fellow when he addn-'ssed hE'l' in l'pvercnt and devo-
tional verse:
"'ïr
in and
I()tller of out. llear I:t>t1eemer,
.\11 hearts are toudwll aull softl'ul'd at thy natne.
.\Jlll if our Faith hath giH'll 118 nothing more
Thall this exalll
IJe of all "'OlllallllOOll-
o milll. so merdfuI. Sf) :--trollg, so good,
o patient, Ileal:'efu1. lo
nl1, JoYing. Jllll'P-
This were eu()u
h to lll'on' it higlwr mlll trlll'r
Thau all title' en'etk the ,,"orld hall k11O\\"11 hefOl'e."
X'o llU1l1 whu adores God 11lay he:-:itate tu exclainl with
t.
ßernard :
")Iothpr of our Lord .f esus Christ, pray for me."
'YIJ Y PH Il
STS D() KOT
I ABUY'.
That hpr priests lllust IE'ad a celihate, that i
, a single life,
is nut a dugina or dOl'trille uf faith of the (iathuli(. Church.
It i
of the tradition and of the dif:eipline of the {ihurch to
whiC'h a ealldidate for the priE'
thood Jllust pledge hiulsE'lf
before he takes IToly Orders.
'Yaiving the Iluestion of c1eri('al l'plihacy with reference
to tlI(' requil'elllent
of the (ihu1"('h, let us look back into the
hist()r
uf the past and inquire. what was thf' gf'lleral teíl('h-
jng and tone of feeling in fOl'luer ag('s upon thi
point whidt
:-:;eems to be abuve the cOlllprehension of tuany non-Catho-
lic,,;
G
THE CATHOLIC CH"GRCH IN "GT.\ H
'\Ye naturally turn first to Holy Scripture as that to which
the profe
Úng non-Catholic Christian would appeal in sup-
port of hiR own religion, and as a witllCRS to the soundness
or unsoundness of ec('leRiastiral laws.
The high e
tÏ111ation in which the yirginaI. as distinguished
frOl11 the ll1arried life, was held in pri11lÍtiye (
hristian times,
no doubt had its origin in the teaebing of our Lord. 'rhat lIe
{'ho
e a Yirgin for Hi
Jll()ther, and that He Hilllself lived
and died a -VIrgin can Rcarcely be considered to be without
signifieHllce.
Both our Blessed Lurd and Ht. Paul Ull<lUestionably giye
the preference to the unlllarried life as being a lllore favor-
able state for religious seJf-deyotion and higher
piritual
aspirations than the state of matrinlOllY. ()ur Lord's words
fire: "AU receiye not thi
word, but they to WhOl11 it is
giyen; he that is ahle to receiye it, let hinl receiye it."
Tu sonlE' it is a gift of U-od, and those who have thf' gift
are adyi:sed to ab:stain fr0111 Inarriagt--' "for the l
ingdOln of
Heayell'S sake" (ßlatt., xix, 1
). St. Paul's language illus-
trates onr Lord's. ] Ie begins by saying that it is a good
thing for a n1an not to 111arry (1. Cor., vii., 1.) ; he would pre-
fer to see an lllell as he was himself; ,. but eyery lllall hath
his propel' gift, OllP after this llUllllH'r and another after
that" (verse 7) ; but celihacy is, indeed, to be adyised" (yerse
6). lIe encourages the nnlnarried condition for those who
aspire to holiness and he gives his rf'aROn
in these words:
"I would haye you to be without solicitude. lIe that is
without a wife is solicitous for the thing's that are of the
Lord, how he nwy plf'êlse God; but he that hath a wife is
solicitous for the thing-s of the world. how he llla
T plea
e his
wife" (1. Cor., 3
-32). lIe draws a difference, too, between
the luarried WOlnan and the yirgin, praising the condition of
the virgin (yerse 23).
Here, then, though the Apof'tle is far frOll1 finding fault
with marriage, he evidently pn'fers relibacy, not hf'cause
n1arriage is not to be c01l1n1ended, but ber>ause there i:-- le:-,s
-distrartion in an unnlarried life. Such a life, undertaken and
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
27
adhered to, froln religious Illotives, involves a stricter renun-
ciation of the world, a greater absence from earthly luxuries
and enjoyments and a more entire devotion of the soul to the
service of God. X or should we lo
e sight of other pa
ages
which equally hear upon the question. 81. Peter is the only
one of the apostolic priest'S who is mentioned in IIoly Scrip-
ture to have had a wife (
Iatt., viii., 14); but it may be
doubted if he lived ",,'ith her after his call to the apostleship.
And the
mlne lllay he :-;aid of the other nielU1Jers of the Apo
-
tolic Senate if any of theln were Jnarried. Except upon this
assunlption, how are we to understand the llleaning of our
Lord's answer when
t. Peter said to IIilll: "Behold, we
have forsaken aU, ana followed Thee." Jesus said to theln:
"Amen. I
ay to ye, that ye ""Tho have followed Ine, in the re-
generation, when the :Son of man
hall sit on the :5eat of His
majesty, you also
hall sit on t"
elye seats; for everyone that
hath left howse, or brethren, or si:-;teri', or father. or lllOther,
or wife * * *
han receive a hundredfold, and shall pu:-;-
sess life everlasting." (
I att., xix.,
7 -29.)
*
*
""
*
*
*
.J udging fronl what we rea<1 of the
\.pf'lstles, we nla
T con-
clude that it was a spirit of self-sacrifif'e in a celibate priest-
hood which won for Christ the first and greatest vietories;
and in after periods of the Churf'h's hi
torr we learn that the
conver
ion of all Europp from harhari
';ln to ('hri
tianit
was
accOlllplished h
T unlnarried 111Ïssionaries. The ha re idea of
such n1Ïssiollaries as St. Augnstine, S1.
lartin of Tour
, St.
Boniface, 81. Patrick or St. Francis Xavier indulging in the
possession of wivés and the cOlnforts of lnarried life is op-
posed to our cOllf'eptioll of heroic self-df'nial. These and
sneh as these were the lllCl1 who earried the strongholds of
heathendom, talned the ferocity of savage man and converted
millions to the faith of J esus Chri
t. It would he unfair to
a luarried clergy to expect it to produce a leper priest, a
Father Danlien or a Father Breheuf, who was tortured by
savages. Con11non sense tells ns that celihates who are free
fronl the anxieties, burdens and the responsihilities incident
R
THE C'ATHOL[(' CHrRf'H rx "CTAH
to lllarried life ar(' the proper 111f'n to faee the peril
of a
Ini
ionary lífe, and yery uften the hu]'rur
of llllÜilation and
IuartyrdOJ11 itself. _\.. prie
t lllUi-it, to faithfully di
eharge tht-J
duties of his high, holy and Ino
1 honorahle ('alling, he free
frUIll all earthly entanglelllent
, he ahoye ðeculal' intprests.
free of falnily cares and free also to de'Tote his whole life ex-
clusiYel
T to the selTice of God and the salyation of souls.
...lgain, he Blust be e,Ter reaùy. like hi
Diyiup .Master, to
]a
- down hi:, life. if nece::'
ar
', for the 111emhers of hi
flot'1\:.
'Yhen pE'
tilence or infE'dioll raYage
a (,ollllllunity, when con-
tagiou
disea
e of the lllOst yirulent type enters the hOl11e of
any of his people, lIP lleed lwye no fear that by his l1eatll his
wife will he left unproyided for or hi:.; (.hildren orphan.,,,.
ThE' Catholie Churc'h is inspired hy the Spirit of all ,ris-
.donl. She was directed b
- c1iyine inspiratiun in the apo
tulic
age; she knows now frUIn the expprience of centuries and
the lessons of the past that the f'elibate state- ereates a certain
ps
('hologit'a1 and l11enta1 attitude in the priest whieh is ne('e
-
sal'
T to the effectiye aecoillplislllnent of the work of the Church
-the sah'ation of soub. Rhe i:.; heir to the t?xlwripn('e,
to the religious and sueial experilllents of nearly two
thousand year;-;, and f:-ìhe is too wise to hlunder. :She knows
that the conjugal state, in addition to its lunnpf'ring r
sponsi-
hilities, hringH ahout a. condition of lllÏn<1 whieh. l110re or le:.;s...
unfitR a nlan to s
'lnpathize with the
aeenlotal life and to
enipl' untranllllf']pd into the s pi ritual l'Psponsi hi Ii tip
.
Depen<.l upon it. the (ihu)'('Ìl i:.; too wise'. too familial' with
t}w past and too experienced in human nature. to insi
t upon
êl f'elihate priest hoo(1 1\ T erE' :-;he not pOl1yinced hy a stud
T of
the cE'nturies that the celihatp
tate is better for soeiE'ty. het-
tel' for religion, and better for the priest hinlself.
* * * * * *
...\nd now I deeply regret tlw exigelleies of f'pape pre('lude
JDe fronl entering l110re n1Ïnutely upon the btudy of the ni \Tine
and Inlll1an ef'OnolllY of the Catholic. CJJllreh. Her deeds, her
whie\'('nH'nt
. hf'l' superh eharities arf' writ large in tliP hii-i-
tory of the lnullan raf'e for nineteen centul'ie:-.. lieI' n1Ï:,sion-
THE CATHOLIC' CHURCH IX rTAH
9
arr labors and succeSSéS outrank those of all the ('hurche:.; of
tllt' world ('onlhined. Her hospitals for the
ick and injured,
her hOlues for the ageL1. the poor and the helpless, her institu-
tions for the education and protection of the orphan and the
heroic ('harity of her ('onsecrated men and WOllH'll surpass
and outcla:.;s tho
e of all HIP non-Catholic foundations and
all the philanthropic institutions of the entire ""orld. :rhis
wonderful Church of God has sUITiY0d the yicissitudes of
tÏIue; she f'HW, to paraphra
e Lon1 :Macaulay. the beginning
of all the dynasties of thp world and she is destined to see the
end of thelll all. 8he is the truth; inullortal truth i" but frOlll
the Inllllortal, and-Truth can neyer die.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UT Aì-I.
PRELI
lIXARY CHAPTER.
THE JESUIT AND
ANCISCAN l\I1SSIO
ARn
S OF THE WEST AND-
SOUTHWEST.
Religious Orders of the Cathoric Church-OpinioJls of Prot-
estant H-istorians-Exploratiolls of the ìl1issiuJlarieð-
Dangers 1clli('h Encompasscd thpnl-T'rinls and Tribula-
tiuns Left Eluqucnt J1cilwrials-Parkman's Acknozcl-
cdgmellt-.
Jchic'cement ð of J e
iUit and Fra IlcZðCa n ..11 is-
sionarics-Thcir Heroism-Their 1rritiJlgs and Result
of Their Study of the }.Tath'e Tribes. -
The IIoly Ghost, by the tongue of thp ..Lc\.rC'hang
l Haphael,
teache::; us that" It is "ell to hide the secrets of the l\::ing,
but honorable to re,-eal and confess the works of God."
(Tob., xii, 7.)
It is the reInemLranee of this advice "hich iUlpeb us to
record the edifying eYent
in the hi
tory of the Catholic
Church in "Gtah, and in an especial Iuanner the experiences
of the Spanish pripsts 1\
ho, in 1776, prpached Christianity to
the Indians of 'Ctah 'Valley.
upeI'fi('ial nIen and Illen of eontracteù yi
ion lU.lye for
centuries harbored prejudices and entertaiuf'cl unr(1a
ollahle
dislike for the religiou
orders of the Catholi(' (;hureh. But
sincere, honest and C'onscientious men-Incn "ho could not
and cannot dortrinalJy,
pe eye to eye with ns- haye long ago
appreciated the religious enterprisf'
nlCl the prodigious re-
sults of their heroic zeal. These non-Catholic "riters and
students of history ha\'"e not hesitated to proclailll thf' IlleIH-
bel's of these orders to be benefactol'
of our race, apu:-;tle
of
religion and men of transcendent courage.
"The Illonastic orders," writes Lf'opold yon Ranke in his.
"IIistoI'Y of the Popes," ,. "ere constantly aecompanietl and
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
31
animated by motiyes of a religious character. They taught
the savage hordes to sow and reap, plant trees and build
houses, while teaching them to read and sing, and were re-
garded by the people thus benefitf'd with all the 11lOre earnest
venera tion. ' ,
Francis Parkman, the Haryard historian, after Inany
years of study and research alllong the great libraries of
Europe and Ainerica, cOlupleted his history, "The J f'snits of
North ....-\..nleriea," and nlay be said to haye reyolutionized pop-
ular opinion touching the religious orders and that enter-
tained in particular about 1he Jesuits. ] [e strangled preju-
dice and di
arnled hostility. Here is what he writes of the
priests who in the se'Tenteenth centur
dwelt with the
ay-
ages of Canada and western X ew York:
"In the Iiistory of IllUllanity it would be difficult to find a
piety more ardent, an entire abnegation of self more com-
plete, a deyotion l110re constant and generous than we witness
in the lives of these priests. _
life isolated frolH all
ocial
companionship and separated frOlll all that anlbition coyets,
then death in solitude or amid most exernciating tortures,
such was the perspective of these nÜs
ionaries. TIlPir ene-
mies, if they will, may charge thenl with credulitr
supersti-
tion or blind enthusiasm, but cahlnlny it:::;elf cm.rnot accuse
them of hypocrisy or aUlbition. They entered upon their
careers with the fearle
s souls of luartyrs and the heroism of
saints. The great aim of all their acts was towards the
greater glory of God."
J--\.dolph Bandelier, Eliott Cones, Charles F. Lunullis, and
other honest and distinguished students of Spanish-Anwri-
can Illissionary hi
tory, are unanirllous .in their expre
sed ap-
preciation of the disintere
ted and daring efforts Iuade by
the Religions Orders of the Catholic Churrh for the reclanla-
tion and salvation of the lUllcrican savage.
"Their zeal and their heroism were infinite," writes ::\11'.
Lummis in his "Spanish Pioneers." "No desert was too
frightful for theIn, no danger too appalling, .Alone, lUlarnred,
they ìrayeled the l11U8t forbidding lands, brayed the BlOst
3
THE CATHOLIC CHrnCH IX rTAII
deadly
aYag'e
. and left upon the nlÍlld
of the Indian
uch
a proud 11l0l1llment as lnailcd (lxplOrf'rR 01' C"Ol1'luÜl'ing al'u1Ïes
ncyer luadf'."
,Yhen studying the history of tlw explorations of tho
..-\
early tÍlnes we lunsi not forget 1 hat tÜ(
e daring' 1nen. .Jesuits
or Franciscans. "-f'rf' tl'aYf'ling entirel
' in the dark. Nothing
in l1lOdern tiH1e
('an approach the l'mnanee of the Rolihll'
-
expedition of that feadeRs n1Ïssionary, :B-'ather .ßlar('m
, who.
in ] 339, set out fr0111 a Spanish
f\ttlenwnt in Uuliacan,
Iexi-
co, cro:-;sed the
Iayo and lëHluis ri,-ers,
truck the head-
waters of the
an Pedro of .k\rizona and. l"t'Hching the ,rhih
Iountains. puslH-'<l on to the J:lnpi and Zuni tnwn:-.:: un tlw
borders of New
l('xico and Arizona. .Kot man
- Yf'ars ago
the English and
\1Llerican press and platform. \H'1'0 lond and
insistent-and rightly so,-in achniration of the conrage and
daring initiation of Spekc' and .Burton, LivingstOlH' and Stan-
!flY, who let in the light on da rke:-;t
\f1.j('a. But it lnust not
b
lost sight of, when instituting- con11J:ll'i:-:ons bf'twpcn thesp
nlen of renown, that the l'eeent pxploJ"t:'rs of _\frica had a
Ratisfactory knowledge of the outlines of th(' continent, knew
the naInes anfl hahits of the coast trilJes, what riyers enh-'rl'll
the Ocean and what anilnals roamed the nnpxplol'pd tf'rJ'itor
r.
IoreoYer, all that reumined to be exmuillpd of the interior
of Africa was a eertaill area of known breallth anll If'ngth.
But the fir
t explol'<.\rs of Ànleriea !itpl"al\
- knew nothing:,
ahsolutely nothing, of the lands ther were entering.
ehe
1llis
ionaries who penetratf'd the northern wilds of what is
now known as the "Great Ra
in" had no information on tlu'
extent and yastness of the lllainland, and no otlwr guide than
an astrolabe or a C'Olnpass.
,Yhen a
cending a mountain tlwy di(l not know hut fl'Onl
it:-;
Ulll111it the HOllth Ht-'a l11ight he Sf'en. OJ' a yision of thp
"Great KortlH.'l"n
I
'ster
" be youchsafed th P ll1. It was not
only an unexplored land the
were entering, hut a land ah
o-
lntely unknown and l)crhalJ::j IJt'opled by raees of ]}wn and
êlnilllab unlike anything c\'cr seen or drpalllecl of.
:B-'or a II they klH'W thpy might encounter int(-,],lllinabl<.\ (le:-;-
THE C\.THOLIC CHCRCH IX CIAH
') 6)
ÙÙ
el'b of burning
and or ru:-:hing riyer:-. uf Ìlllpa
:mble width.
rhey lnight reaeh the foothill::; of HlOuntains of llllSl"alahle
lleight or lake
of burning piteh. They lllight ('banee upon
whole riyer::; of boiling water. gigantic' f()re
bJ canyons of
horrent clt'pths, snakt'-inft'
ted lllar:"\he:-: or \Tol('anup::; \Tonlit-
jug fire. Tlwy forded rushing
trealll
, dt'sccllded deep cau-
'yon
, cro;-:
ed yawning gulf:-:;,
kirtf'd narrow ledges and
trailed the fring('
of dangerou
preeipice:-; wherp one fabe
tep n1Ìght carry thenl headlong to death. .A
uddel1
lip, a
nlUlllentary lo
of self-eontrol. a :-;light gid(lin2:-:s. then a fall,
.a hurtling through the l'ock
, a ('ra
h, and all wa
oyer. They
'Bndured the horrors of quenchless thirst, of fierce and 1 H 'O-
longed de
ert heat, and waded throngh lllar;';;}les reeking ,,
ith
the exhalation::, of l1lalarial fe\Ter. Theil' days were day
of
InalTels, of appearing and disappearing wonders, of tran::;-
-t'endent possibilities, and the things and strange people al-
:l'eady di
coYered prepared thenl for the wonderfnl ancl the
.extraordinary.
It wa
as if a pa
agt' to the planet
lars were ueing
<opened, and the first adyellturers to the stellar region
would
:return loaded ,,-ith geills and diaillond:-;. and bearing tiding
.of InalTt'lollS discoyeries. ,Yhen that heroic Franei
('all,
.Father )lareos of Xizza, entered
\rizona and Kew
Iexi('o, in
13;
), he blazed the way for that lllO
t relnarkahle of all t'x-
l)lorers, "t-'ran('i
Va:"\quez de Coronado, .who ae('0111plislwd tht'
J.llOSt wonderful exploring expt'ditiol1 eyer undertaken on the
\nlel'iean Continent. A.fter Coronado had returned to
rexi-
rCO (1ity, non
\ntollio de E
pejo organized hi
falllOn
t'xpedi-
1ion. gaye Kew
Iexi("o it
JUlJnC', and. arriying at
\(,Olna,
:"\aw. fir
t of white l1Wll. tht"' astollnding' .. snake flaIu}t'."
'Then, in 13
H), .J uan de ()nate led a eololl
' fl'OlH thE' Cit
. of
::\r exieo to st'ttlt' X ew
Iexi('o and l1hri
tiallize the sedentar
-
trihps of the then 1'00nanti(' land.
ight year:-; after planting
:IIi:"\ ('olony he
et out. ae('Olllpanied h
T Fatlwr ESl'oha 1', for
the Zuni and
roqui town
on the ('hiquito Colorado. They
tlwn explol't'd the ('olorado anrl Gila rÍyen:. following the
Colorado to it:.: nlouth and (']ai1l1illp; the llf-'wly di:,:('o\'E'refl l'e-
34
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH l
L"TAH
gions for the I(ing of Spain. Un J auuary :23, 1605, Feast of
the Conversion of St. Paul, they raised the Cro
s, the elll-
bleIn of Christianity, at the nlouth of the Gila and placed
New ::.\fexico, "hich then included nearly all
\rizona, under
the protection of St. Paul, the
postle to the Gentiles.
Returning fr0111 his great explorations, Onate built the-
city of Santa Fe, and assignea, bU far as he
ould, the tribes
and the whole extent of the regions he had explorf'd to the
care of the Franciscan F'athers. This \vonderfnl nlissionary
order of the Catholic Church e
tablished Inissions all uyer the
southwest, and in thirty years cOllyerted to the faith 60,000
souls, in<,luding Iuany of the
\Ioqlli and Zuni nations. rrhese
Spanish Fathers were Inen üf great heart and steady pur-
pose. E\yery man of thenl "as f'ducated, fitted and trained
for the aceomplislunent of one great object, the Christianiz-
ing and civilizing of the savage hordes around tllell1. If the-
recognition of a common bond of humanity which unites the-
racf'S of the earth and the units of the ra<,e he one of the no-
blest principles known to Inallkind; if to estahlish mnong Inert
a knowledge of our conlmon lllunanity, to renlove the barriers
which ignorance, prejudice and narrow conceptions of th
dignity of life, have erected, constitute greatness of soul, then.
these heroic priests, thirty-eight of "hOIn surrendered their
lives for love of their savage brothers of the desert and th
mountain reached the plane of greatness and will he yet inl-
lllortalized in granite or nlarble.
But these brave aIld saintly Inen did not linlit their tinl
and talents to Christianizing, educating and teaching useful
arts and hushandry to their bI unzed cunyerts.
Iany of theIih
opened up unexplored regions and cut the trails to unknown.
lands. Of these was Franeisco Garces, who crossed the Cali-
fornia desert, covering hundret1s uf nliles without a CUJll-
panion, and relying upon Indians to show hilll the way h
"ished or "Tas ohliged to go. Of these also were the Fran-
ciscan priests Silvestre Velez de Escalante and .A,tanasio
Dominguez, "ho left Santa Fe July :..m, 1776, for the pur-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
33
pose of exploring the land and discoyering a direct route to
J onterey, in Alta, California.
They explored portions of Colorado, entered Utah, and
on the
3d of
ugust, first of white lnen, looked out upon the
plaeid water
of Utah Lake. They charted the newly ex-
plored land, described the tribe:-; they had yisited, the botany
of the cuuntry, named the rivers and mountains and Le-
qucatlJed to us an accurate lllap of the country as it then was.
They did IHore. On their return to Sante Fe, in January,
1 ïiG, they wrote out a hiðtory of their expedition which car-
ried thenl to the Grand Canyon of Arizona and to the Zuni
aild .Hopi yiUage:-;.
ehey described Salt Lake, gaye the
IWHH'S of the tribe:-; liying 011 its
hores, and left to the peo-
ple of Ltah today an inyaluable treati::,e on the habits alltl
nUlnners of the Indians around rtah and Salt Lake.
,Yhen the 81Jani:-;h or French nlÍssionaries fearlessly pene-
trated an uncharted land, they were confronted with almost
insuperable trials. The land was to be explore<1, the tribes to
be civilized, superstition to be eradicated and the faith to be
preached. And there is no record of failure in their noble
nlÍssion. They plunged into unexplored regions with no
weapon hut the crucifix, no guide but a compass, and often
with no other cOlllpanion than their own zeal and t.he grace
of God. They went frOlll tribe to tribe, crossing deserts and
mountains, encOlllpassed by privations, surrounded by deso-
lations of
ana or an unbroken and pathles
wilderness, "God
also bearing thenl witness by signs and wonders, and divers
n1Ìraf'les, and gifts of the IIoly Ghost according to his own
will. " (He b. ii, 4.)
They were confronted with tuils and difficulties of an un-
accustOllled experience, and blazed the trails in nlany in-
stances with their own blood. Tn savage encampments and in
barbarous pueblos they raised aloft the Cross with the ap-
pealÌlig ilnage of the Crucified Christ, "whose head was
bow(ìd down eyeu as droops the yellow ear of corn."
The extent of the country covered by the zeal and marvel-
-ous energy of their priests is renlarkable. The field includes
;
(j
THE CATHOLIC l'HrRCH LX CTAH
all northern
[exico, Lower California. .J..\ rizona, X ortheI'll
and Southern Ca1ifornia, K ew
lexico, l
tah and portion::., of
Colorado, _
cross the nnin\Titing hl'ea
"'ts of the:-:e barharous
regions these saintly and wonderful men wanllel'('d, ill:-;tnwt-
ing, teaehillg, pn-'adlÍllg, toiling and dying on the deserts or
Jnountains, showing' on the whole suC'!l a reeord of heroislll
and zeal as to inyite 1he applause and adnlÏration of heroic
spirits and nlell of lofty eourage.
nJ alllÍd aU their dan-
gers, labors and trials, they were mapping th
land, descrih-
ing riyel'H and mountains and recording the hahib of the na-
tiyes with an aecnnH'Y of th-.tail and a fidelity to truth that
ha
with
tood the attack of the keenest criticÜml.
Separated fronl the world, froni alubition, frOlH hOlne,
honors and dignities, they hecanIe Y(>ry Iwal" an<l fmlliliar
frienll:-; with God. ,r e Illay, without exaggeration, repeat of
thelll what ThOlnas Ù K
lllpis wrote of thp Illal'tyrs of th
earl ,r Chlu'C'h:
"Saints and friends of Chri:-:t, they st.">lTed OlIr Lord in
hunger and thirst, in eold and nakedness, lahor and weari-
ness, in watC'hing and fasting's, in prayers and holy lIH:'dita-
tions, in persecution and reproach."
The ruins of the churches they huilt are to-aay elotlUent
Inelnorials of their loye for the :-;ml-scorched ra<.'t' they re-
deeilled, nlonumellts of their zeal and loye tor perishing nlan
and beacons for the civilization which was to foHow. III
nightly honrs stolen frOlll lives of self-saerificE'. they wrote
for those ,,110 "ere to COllIe after thenl, and for the world at
large, narratives and letter
, essays 011 natiy
UlaUIl<:'I'S, de-
('riptiol1s of the land. of th
C'ustOlHs, ('(>l'f'lnouif's and ritt>
of the triLes.
"It is Í1npossible," sa
s Parkllwu, .'to pxag-p;f'l'ate the
vahw and the authority of thes
writings. 1 ean even add
that. after the I1l0st ('areful e
mllination, l have no douLt at
all that the n1ÏRsiolléui(>;-; "Tote in pel'fpC't good fa it-h, and
that these' Relations' arf' entitled to an h()llol'ahl
pla('t' a..,
historie dO<.'lunents worthy (Jf all ('onfid
ll<'e. "-(
rhe J esnit
of Xorth AI1Ierica.)
THE C.\.THOLIC CHT;RCH IN UTAH
:37
They mapped and delineated whole regions, nallledilloun-
tains, ri\'ers and ,yalleys. alldleft u
an inyaluahlp library on
aboriginal man and savage nature. In thi"" incOlllparable
C'ollection are included dissprtation
on hoh\ll
', geology, zoiH-
og
, ethnology and on tribal langnages and dialect-:;.
They omitted nothing; in their edifying- letters we find
accurate de
criptiolls of loealities and of natural curiosities,
a wealth of historical and legendary infol'111ation, l't'ports ou
Inanners and customs interspersed wit.h chara
teristic anec-
dote
and bits of folk lore. Their "riting
havp proved of ill--
t'stÍlnahle yalue to the secular historians who ha ,-e t'ula l'g'pd
the sphere and are now exploiting the aboriginal past.
There is not, in the histor
' of heroic endeayor, a lllore in-
spiring chapter than that which reC'ords the dt'P(ls of st'lf-de-
nia], tIlt' apostolic lahors and the affec.,tioll of these lonely
priests for their spiritual dlildren of the forest or the dest'rt.
To a feryor that was intense and an abnt'gatlon that was en-
tire, they ad(led a devotion that was indefatigable. They
brought to the discharge of their exalted offiee an ullselfhill-
ness that W"êl:-; admirahle and a fortitude under depl'iyation
and suffering which, siul'P ..\ postoliC' times. ha
hal"(l1
- a
parallt'l in lnunan history.
That they nlight enlarge their usefulne:-;
and broaden
their Ü1fluence with their trihal flocks, thp
' eonforuwd and
ada ptecl theulselve::., to Indian W"ays. to t llt'i r Ina nuers, ('ns-
tOlns and linguistiC' H(ldre;o:;s. They slnoked the l'ahunet with
thE' Unondagas, {:'xchanged wamplnn ht'lt
w.ith tlw Hnron
,
and ate atole out of the
anH-' howl with the Pinlas. They
Illasterecl thE' dialects of the tri be:, that they Inig'ht fmnilia rly
llse the allE'gorie
, Inetaphol"
an(l figul'e
of
pt't'(.h with whieh
tht' h.jlml orator cloth
c.l hi
appeals.
()f the hrayE' and Ruintly ;-.oldiers of the l'l'OSS who did
cluty oIl savage field
ill those early days. :fift
,-twú won the
('rown of martyrdol1l.
\JI thesf' were slnughtered for the
faith within the present linÚt
of the .UnitE'd States and fell
heside the :-;tandurd of the Cl'Os:-: hreathing IoyaJiy to God and
flis Church in their expiring agonies.
38
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH 11\ L'T.\..H
N or should we luaryel that God gave such eourage to tuen.
,Yhen our Diyine Lord instituted IIis Church, He dowered it
with the Seven Gifts of the lloly Ghost, and f'onspicnons
anlong thése are Piety ancl Fortitndp whieh, when reeeived
into the sonl, Inakf' of the coward a bravp nlan. FrOln the
day 01 tlw crucifixion of
t. P
ter, (lown to our own tinIes,
the Church has been the- faithful lllOther of hpro('s. lnartyr
and confessors. The Dmniens and tlw ll'lH:'l' si
,ter<..: of Port-
of-Rpain and Traeadie, were, and are what tlley are, hy the
grace of the :Holy
pirit operating OIl the Inl111Hn win throngh
the SaCrall1f'nts and the DivilH'
a(,l'ifk
e of the una1terable
Churclt of God.
"Tne heroislll of the priest
and nuns. n writes
r r. George
Ralnpson in the London Daily Chronicle, "who have
a('ri-
ficed their lives in an effort to éllTIc.1ioratl' the l'ondition of the
unfortunate victinls on the lonely and isohlted island in the
Pacific ocean, exc.ites the lnost profound feeling-- of admira-
tion in eyery breast."
If
Ir. Sanlpson were intimate with tlw lllÍssionary his-
tory of the Catholic Church, his a(lmiratiol1 would deepen
into wonder an(1, like the men of Naz:1reth, he would "fea]'
and glorify God ,yho had giyen snch pO'-'Ter to DIPJl."
The Spanish Pranf'isf'an priests stretelwd a chain of luis-
sions from ::\[exico City to the Day of San Franci::--eo. and
eastward into I(ansas, to a point where. fignratiyely, they llWt
the n1Ìssionaries of the gTeat .r esuit Or
ler frOlu (
anada and
where these soldiers of the two diyisionf-: of the Anny of the
Cross sang a "r
re Denm" to God that the llalne of .J esus
Christ was reyerenced and the Faith prodainled across th2
K orth .L
merican continent frOln orpan to ocean.
CHAPTER I.
MARCO::; DE
IZZA, PRIEST AKD EXPLORER.
Area of Salt Lake Diocese--Tribes of Arizona and .1.Yew
Jlexico-The IJloqui, "Cliff' Peáple"-Thp Priest Jlarcvs
de JYizzrl-Companion of Pi.zarro-I-lis Trvnderful Ca-
-reer-On the Tray tv the Zuni rillages-De },Tizza's
Tramp through }.Tortlu'rn Jlexico-Ilis PlllJzgp into
Ari.zourt in 1539-Deatlz of the lYegro Estac(w-riew of
Cibola-Return and Death of the Priest.
Any descriptiye work professing tù deal with the early
history of a great Church in a region elnbracing 154:,000
square miles of territory llUlst, in a llleasure, antieipate the
epoch of which it treats. It will unfold a panonUlla of neigh-
boring land
and peoples before and during the period with
which it is occupied, that the reader may better understand
the situation, the region and the indiyiduals to whol,n he will
be introduced, and "Tith whmn, speculatiyely, he win as:-;o-
ciate.
If, then, we exmnine the conditivil of our country west
of the Roeky
Iountains as it was three hnndreù year
ago,
we find it occupied by a numher of independent hordes and
sedentary trihes. Ronora, northern =\lexico, then included
Arizona as far as, apd BOlne nliles beyond, the present city
of Tucson. Over this imnlense region of InolUÜa lns, arid
deserts and riyer lands roanled the warlike .1.\ paches, who
scorned the drudgery of hortieultllre and trusted to their
fleetness of foot and skill in hunting for subsistence.
et-
tled along the fertile Yal1e
s of the Salt Hiyer, the Gila, the
San Pedro, the Santa Crllz and tlw lower Colorado. and
extending thelTIselyes inland to Hw fring-el., of the desert or
the foothills of the lllountains, dwelt yarjous triù
s, suh-trihes
and trihal groups. dihble-nlen and luen of the ston(\ hoe.
Each uf these praetised a rude cultivation, possessed a
40
TH E CATHOLIC ('HenCH IX rTAH
eharal'ter of it
o\\'n. and, suelL as it wa:-;, an independent ex-
istence. l \>111111 on to all was tlw idea of a HupJ'enlP Being,
Lelief in good and eyil spirits, in witchcraft, ineantation
and
in the supernal or infernal powers of ShanLans, or witch-doe-
tors.
To the north, ranging fron1 the
an Franl'i
(.o Jllouutains
of Arizona on the w('
t to the nf'ighborhood of the pueblo
towns of K f'W
lexi(}o on the east, and fro1H the San J nan
HlOuntains down southward to )Iount San )fateo, rOaIn('(l the
Xayajos, an offshoot of the warJike ..
paché
.
l'he
loqui
, known to-day as the Cli ft. nwelJel'
, inhabit-
(-'d then the yiHages "here the,\' now are in northeastern ..L \ri-
zona. The existing village of Oraihi, on a )'luff of one of the
J oqui nlessa
, is the idèntieal pueblo di
('oYf'red by an ex-
ploring part
'
ent forward by Corunado in ] 340. To the
south and east of the ::\Ioqui land,.;, near the beatlwaters of
the Puercos and Peco
rivers, triLutarif's to the Hio Grande,
thyelt the Zuni, a
edentary people, to who:-;p ,'illage
was
given the nallle of puehlo
hy the Hpaniards.
X orth and nurtheast of t1Lp hunting and a 1'(1 hie lands of
all these tribes stretched an unknuwn sea and C'ountJ'Y called
Ly the Rpania 1'(ls the d Northern
l yster
.," a land :-;hrou(led
in in1l)enetrahle gloOJn. whose linÚLless (li.-;tances, ferociuu'-i
hordes and terrifying wilds awed explol'a til.Jn. I nto these
uncharted and lln]nlO\\'n region
fparles:-:ly strodp the Hpani
h
nÜssionary Fathers. hearing a l11e
sage of
al\'ation anll
hope.
Tlwre is not in the hi
tory of exploration. perhaps not
in the history of thp hmnan ra('e, ê] tale J]lore l'olllanti(. and
thrilling than that -whi('h r('cord
the ê]lh.cntnrous plunge
into the dar]nwsH of the great
\.rizoniê]n lLlountains and (It'so-
lations of saud of thf' Hpani
h prip
t, Fray
lare():-: dp Xizza,
in 1329. This ach'entnrous and z('aloll:-; priest wa
thf' f'OU1-
vanion of f:<'raw'is('o Pizarro, wheu the daring Hpanial'd
swept, like a -whirlwind, to the eOll<IUf>st of (>pru, and suhdue.a
an eUlpire. UP retuL.ned frOln Peru hy ('OlllIllHlld of lJi
supe-
riors awl was doing missionary duty on the frolltipr of
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UT_\H
41
N ortheru
lexico.
uhjec1 to furtilPr order
, "When, early in
1336, three gaunt aud sun-tanned lllen entered the fortified
town of Han
Iiguel de (1ulitH'<llI, Hinola, Xorthern
\[exi('o,
and told a tale of
talT(:lÍioll and adn
nture which staggl'red
belief. They daillled tu be SUITiYor
frolH the ill-fated
hips
of Palufilio de XalTaez, "Who on the 17th of .f nne, ] ;)
7, sailed
a"Way frollI the port of
an LucHr de Barnulleda,
pain, and
"Was neyer again hea I'd of.
.\fter the :;hips "Went to
piece
these three lllen, _\ndres Dorante:-;, Alonzo del Cas-
tillo Jlaldollado, AJyau .x UUt'Z Caheza de 'Taca and a negro
slayt', Estayan. were wa:-;hed a:-;hort' and eavtured by Florida
Inl1ians. Escaping after :--01l1P y
ar
of eaptiyity, they
tnullped toward the
etting sun, lllasquerading alllong the
6ayages as llledi<'ine lllen frol11 an()thel' world, and pas
ing
oyer iuunellse regions and 1 hrough so lllHny tribe
that" the
llieniory fail
to recall thel11."
The fabulous tales they told and the wonderful people
they encountered fired the Ünagillatiol1 and stinlulah
ll the
zeal of the Pranci
can friar, De Kizza, and he re:--olY('11 to
plunge into the uneharted land and open a way t hl'ough thes,=,
lnysterious regiol1
for the n1Ï:,sionaries uf his urdE'r. He
applied for and ohtained frolll the Proyincial of the Fran-
cisrans in
lexieo, :B 1 ray ...!\ntonio de CilHhd Hod!'
go. pl'rllli
'-
sion tu begin his ad\TentuI'ous journey.
Carrying in his pocket his penllit and instruction
frOlll
the virel'o
,
rendo
a, then (lwelling' at Toula, Xew Oali('ia,
dated Xovenlber 20 (1st of DeCelllhel'. Hefonned Calendar),
1338, Fray JIarcos
tarted,
Iarch 7. 133
1, frOlu the town of
San Jliguel, Sinaloa, and entered upon his daring exp
di-
tion.
lIe wa;-; accoillpani
d hy an Italian Franci:::,can, Fray
JIononl to, tile negro, E
taYan. ,,'ho, with thp
llr\'iYors of
N"arvaez's ill-fated expedition. rros
ed tlI(' (1ontinent. and by
Olne friendly
inoloa Indians. "Then the expedition :-;truck
the
illoloa or Petaltan, Fray 1 [onorato, hi
ouly whitt' ('OUl-
panion. contracted tertian f
ver awl 'YêlS ]pft in thf' carp of
an Indian fanlÍly. P].ay :Jran
os pn
lwd on "as the Ifoly
4:2
THE CAT HOLlC CHURCH IX l'TAH
Spirit did guidp u
."
raking along two sonora guides, the
fearless prie
t continued hi::, journey north b
we
t and,
paralleling the shore linE' of the North sea or, as it is now
eaUed, the Gulf of California, he enterE'd the land of the
Yaquis, cro::,sing the :B-'uerte,
Iayo and Ya<llli riYel'
. Sweep-
ing to tlw we
t, he carne to the hunting ground
of the Eu-
deves, tralnped a forbidding country, aIHl on the evening of
:ß1arch
1, 133
), arrived at the Indian town of Varapa, on
t.he heachnlters of the Rio )1atape, central
onora. Tlere the
brave priest renlained for SOUle tinw instructing tbe Eudeves
in the elements of the Chri
tian religion.
On the se<,ond day after his arrival mnong the Eudeve-;,
he sent the llegro with Tndian guides on a scout northward
into the Arizona uf to-day. The negro was instructed "to
go to the north fift
- or sixty leagues (onf' hundred and
twent
nliles) to f-iee if ill thai region he ulight see sOlnething
out of the ordinary, or a weU-
ettled and ri<,h country, and if
o, to send an Indian or two with a me
:,age." It was under-
stood bebveen tlWlll that the lliessengers WE're to bring, from
the ne,gro to the prie
t, a <,ross, and that the size of the
cross would Inake known to Fray 1\1arcos the inlportance of
Estavan's discovery. If the cross were large, the priest
would understand the thing
seen by the IH'gl'O were of great
Ïlnportance.
On the lllOrning of the fourth day after the negro had left
for the north, two I->trange Indians entered 'T acapa carrying
a cross large enough to crucify the priest.
"They tol<luw," writes Fray ßlarcos in his Report, "b)T
order of Estavan, that J should now set out at once, for he
had Il1et people who had g'iyen hiDl inforn1ation uf the g
.eêtt-
est thing on earth; that he was now with Indians ,dlO had
heen therE', one of whunl he sent to Ine." r-rhis Indian told
IIle so lnauy thing's of his <,ountry that I hesitated to helif-'ve
llntil I would see tIw <,ountr.\'" Inyself or obtained further
proof. This Indian :-;aid that frOll1 wlwre Estavan llOW was,
it would take thirty days to go to the first city of the country
that was called Cibola. ::\Ioreoyer, he stated that in this
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
4:3
province were :-;e,Tell very large cities a 11 under one gov-
ernor; that the hou
es were large, biÚlt of stone and lime, the
smallest of these hou
es "Tas of two stories, others of three
or four stories, and an fiat roofed; :Ii: :Ii: :Ii: that the people
of these cities were well clothed, and lllany other particulars
he told me, not alone of th
Seven Cities, but of other lands
further on, which were more ilnportant than the Seven
Cities.' ,
\Yhen Father )Ian
us heard these wonderful stories he
raised his hands and" gaye thanks to our Lord." Eyer since
the time of Xuna de GuZnlall, 1330, there was a dim tradi-
tion of the existence of the::,e seven cities, and now with his
0\\11 eyes he was to gaze upon thelll. Starting at once on
a tnunp through tlw Sonora Yalley, he swung to the north,
and after four days of fatiguing travel through a wild and
uninhabited region, he
tood on the banks of a river, now
known as the San Pedro, on the confines of ..L\..rizon..1. I[e was
now anlong the Solmiplu.jS.
oo luiles frulll the Gulf of Califor-
nia, and heard again of the existence of a populous city
further north which the
T also called Cibola. They told hÜn
that between thenl and Cibola was a great wilderness in-
hahited by fierce and crafty people, and that it would be
dangerous for hilll to advance farther to the north,
\ftel' a friendly visit of three or four days with the
Sobaipuri
. the Friar. on )f ay ]
)th. re-entered upon his peril-
ous journey. '
eering to the northeast, he tnullped ..L\.rizona,
its deserts and lllountains, crossed the Gila and Ralado rivers
and, toward the end of
Iay, 1339, sighted the Zuni village
of Havico, in the territory now ('aIled Xew
lexjco. Here
his journey northward abruptly canle to an end, hy a verified
.account that the negro Estavan. who was sent forward to re-
port tllt' COl1lÌllg of the priest, had heen Dlurdered hy the
Zuni.
Fray )Iarcos, before retreating to the I'outh, eredpd a
wooden cross on a stone cairn, gaye to the land the title of
the ' , New KingdOlll of Ht. Pranci
," took po::'::'e
i'ion of it in
the naBle of Jesus Christ, and he
all his hOlllC'ward trayel-
44
THE CATHOLIC CH1.:""RCH IN UTAH
"Con lwrto II/((:i f('mo}" flue comirla-Kith a load of fear and
an eUlpty s(H'k, " as h(' facetion
ly writes in his tlial'Y.
The ailll the great missionary had in Illilld when he en-
tered on hi:-; r01llH ntic trip wa
to open a way for the Franci
-
clm priests who were to follow, to f'"Xplore tIll' land and
repurt on the dispositioll of the tribe
.
rhi
was one uf the lllO
t extraol'<lillêlry, if not the Inost
('xtraordill(ll.
-, journeys on foot eyer \'olunta ri Iy undertaken
by a sing-It' luan on the ('ontinent of Korth Ameriea. Alone,
nnarllw<l; this wOIulerfnl pl'ie
t. allilllê1 ted ,,'ith burning zeal
for the salyation of sou]:-:, fiung hiul""elf into an uubroken
desola tion of wi Idcl'llPss, fparlessly penetrated the ('a 11lP:-; and
Ira bitat
of ulwiyi I ized HUIU, and l'etuJ'lwd to his counh.
nlPn
after ('overing 1,:201lIuiles of de
ert, lllollntain and ri,Ter lands
in the six lllonths of hi
disapp
)arall<"l'.
CHAPTER II.
THE EXPLORER _\XD THE l\IISSIOXARY.
lJ((rcl
of Coronadu fu,. the {]ibola-His Companions-Death
of fliP Priest .Titan rlr la rrllz-Of flrnthpf Luis DpSNll-
amo-Father Padilla and Pedro de Tobar rïsit the Jlo-
fjui:i-Jlarch of Curunadu aud Padilla 1 hruur;h OklahuHw
(l ud Indian Territory in 1541-E ntpr [{ (tusas, Crossing
tlw Árh'ansas-RrturJz of CorOJl(l{lo--Padill({ 's Journey
to the Teton-S iOll.r--S fa rts for La nds of tlw Pa Il"JlepS-
Is Jlurdererl-Body
Tpr('r Recorered-lllota-Padilla's
Arrn1lut.
The official report of Fra
T 1Iarco:-- De :Kizza, hi
wonder-
ful exploit, the lamb hp had
een and the trihe
,yith whmn
he ta l'rie(l stillniia ted the aIllhition a11(l arou
ed the enthl1-
sia
n1 of tilt' Hpaniards in 1[exieo, and initiater1 tlw faulOu
expe(litioll of Coronado in 1340.
,Yhell Corona(.lo began his nwrch for the fahulous Seyen
(iitie
of CilJula tlu-'re went with hiul thr
e Franri
an
priests and a lay hrother to teach Christianity to the nati\'P
.
Happily the nalne
of the
p zealol1
n1Ï
sionarie:-i haye heen
lJre
elTed to us, and WP owp it to our athni ra tion for tlisintpr-
e:::;ted courage and zeal to i:,èe to it that tlH
:'e nanleS "ill liye
for all tinle.
Bt'st known of the
p wa:-; l,-'athf'l"
Ian'o
of Xizza. He
al"rOlupanied the expedition to the Zuni town
-the huni-
Cihola of Xew
rf'xi('o. whirh he had already :-ieen and of
whieh he had "Tittell. Hi
health fai ling hinl, he l'ptnrned
to
[exit'o Cit
., "he1't' hp dipd
I an'h
;), 1 ;)38-
The pl"ie
t .J nan de 1a t \'uz was of Freneh de
l
ent, and
wa
aging rapi(lI
' WIIPll he YOlllutef'red to a(,('Olnpan
(1 0 1'-
onado. He "a
a Ulan of great piety. and wa
l'eye1'eueed hy
Corona(lo's lUen for his siel'ling qllalitie
of head and heart.
,rhen Coronado rE'tired from X ew
r exieo, ..c\ pril, 1
)-t-
, the
46
THE C \.THOLIC CHuRCH IN uTAH
aged priest stay
d with the Indians at
'igua, now Bernalillo,
on the Rio Grande, which ('uts N ew
[exico frOlll north to
south. As he wa
neyer ag-ain heard of, and no positive
stateluent in regard to his fate i
found in the early writers,
we luay only conclude that he wa
I1lurdered by HIP Tiguans.
Fray Luis Desl"alanIO, the lay brother, ::,elected for his
field of labor, after the Spaniards left the country, the vil-
lage of Pecos, on the left bank of and high up on the Pecos
river, northern New )[exieo. ,Yhen Coronado was leaving
for )[exico he presented to Fray Luis fiye or six sheep. These
the lonely n1all droyp before hilll into the Zuni countrYt
pausing niany tiJlle\,; in the day to let thelu browse, and at
night lying down to rest with his sheep sleeping around hhn.
,YllPn he entered the Peco
with his little flock he was
hospitably welcOllled by the IlH.liau,; of the great vnehlo and
told he nlight
ettle al1l0ng then1. He now built hin1self
a rough cabin on the prairie outside thp Yillage aIHl gathered
the little children around him for instruction in the eate-
chislll. How long the venerable Ulan liyed here, or what he-
Callie of his sheep, we (10 not know. He lllay haye died in
his littlp hut, or he llIaY have bf'en nlurdered by one of the
sorl'erers or nIedicine 111en, jealous of his popularity with the
tribe. ,Yhen Espejo passerl by the ZlUÜ villages, forty years
after Coronado's expedition, he heard nothing of the fate of
Fray Luis.
Father Juan de Padilla, who seenu:; to haye heen a ('onfi-
dential friend of Coronado, was cOlnpal'nti\'el
' a young and
vigorous nlan when lw yolunteeretl to join his Proyineial Fray
J\f an'os on Coronado'
explorations.
,Yhen Coronado ady-anced SOllIe days ahead of his arIllY
toward ZUllP-Cibola, an the Franci
calls accon1pallied him.
,Yhile he c
unped for a tÌIne all10llg the Zuui!-. lw dispatf'lled
Pedro de
"'obar, hi
lieutenant. and twelye IHen to es('ort
Father Padilla on his visit to Tu:-.cayan and the )lo<]ui pueb-
lo
. He was the first white lllan who eyer saw or entered a
]\[oqui villag{' or spoke to a "fo;nake llUlll." Ueturning to
Coronado's camp at Cibola, he joined an exploring expedi-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
.17
tion of Hernanda de oL\Jyarado to PecoB. It wa:::; on this jour..
ner the
paniards :-;a"T for the first time the falnou::, rock
pueblo of ACOlna and heard of Quiyira. In the report remit-
ted to )lexico and signed jointly by Padilht (nul Alyarado
(Third Yo!. DoclUllento::, de Indias), Quiyira (K-ansas) was.
repre
ellted as a yery rich country.
Un the return of oL-\Jyarado to Cibola, CorOluulo, taking
with him Father Padilhl and twenty-nine llLOullÌed lllen,.
started on his now fmnous journey to Quiyira. The party
crossed the (ianadian river, entered the lands of the warlike
"'---\ paches and rotle into the great buffalo herds of the plains.
lfter sixty-se'Ten days of tortuous travel they cro::,sed the
lrkansas, llf'ar old Fort Dodge, and entered the region called
Quiyira, in northeastern Kan
as, not far frOlll the boun-
dary of X ebraska. They were now in the land of the Teton
-Hioux--known after-wards to tlU' (lanadian trappers and
hunters m; the" Gens des Prairies." Thi,;; was in 1541. The
priest returned to the Rio Grande with Coronado, and -when
the adventurous Spaniard went hack to
Iexico with his
disheartened Inen, ]1--'ather Padilla and l'-'ather Juan de la
Cruz remained to instruct the tribes in Christianity. ,Vith
thenl stayed a Portugl1f'Se soklier, .L
ndres Docalnpo, a
Ies-
tizo boy, two Spanish assistants, Lucas and Sebastian, known
a:-, "Donados," or lnissionary volunteers, and two ..L
ztee
Indians frOln :
Uexico.
FrOlll Bernalillo. where they now" were, Father Padilla
set out on a Ini::'sionar
T expedition to the Teton-Sioux, Qui-
yira, in the autulnn of 134:2, leaving Fray Luis with the Pecos.
lIe brought -with hilll Docalnpo, the two Donados and the
half-blood boy. lIe also took along aU that was necessary
for offering up the IIoly Bacr)fice, one horse and SOllle pro-
visions for the trip.
K 0 accident marred the rOJllance of the journey ana they
safely arrive(l aIllong the
reton-Sioln::, by -Wh0111 they were
hospitahly received. After instructing the Indians of Qui-
yira in the rudiu1ents of religion, Fray PadilJa, in opposition
to the advice of the chiefs of the tribe, resolved to visit and
4
THE CATHOLI<' CH l'l
L'H L
L TAR
preaeh to the Uuya:-.. KIlO were no friend:-: of the Tpton
. Hi::;
zeal o\Terlappecl his pnHlence or his lUHndedge of Indian
eustOllls; for in tho
.;(? days a llÚssionary who dwelt with and
wa
regarded af-: a friend of a tribe could not lea,Te their
enCal11pnH-'nt to take up hi!-. ahodp with an unfriendl
T lwople
without exposing himself to su
pi('ion and jealow..:y. rrhp Te-
tons 1wld the friar in aweSOln
reyerence a
a powerful ...01'-
cerer, "Those incantations, .when frienflly, nwant pros})prity
to the trihe. and ,dlen lllalign, earrietl ,,,ith theln siekne..;s and
nLÎsforÍllllP. The 1110re popular the priest becaIlle. the lllorp
dangerouf-: it was for hil11 to leaye tlw wig-waIns of hi..; fl'ielHb.
,Yhen the Spanish nÚ:-:siOluU'
T, eontl'ary to the pleatlings
of the Quiyiras, entered upon tlw trail Jpacling to tlH' land of
the Guya
-a Pawnee sub-tribe-he uncon
.;eiousl
T
ho()k
hands with a messenger of death, for his friends belieyed h('
was going oyer to their enenlY. and the Pawnees would look
upon hinl as their foe, since he callle from a trihe with wluHn
they were at war.
The
[exican historian )1 ota- PiHlilla. who ('laimt'd to haye
eXaIuinetl t'ady c10rUlllen1-.: bearing upon the death of tlw
faithful Inissional'
T, tells us in his" Hif-:torÍa de In Kneya
Gali('ia." that "the friar left (
lliyil'a with a sInal! est'ort.
against the will of tIlt' Tndinns of that yillage, who loYl'tl hiul
af-: their father. ,Yhen lw had tra "ple:l for llparly a tlay lL<.:}
sa"T ('Gluing toward hinl Tndian:--; in their war paint. and, (li-
vining tllPir Inurdt'l'ou
intentiou. lIP ach-ised the Portn
lH'
p,
who wa::-: InomÜed. to gallop off awl takf-' with hiul tli(' f)on:l-
dos, an(l the ho
-. who, heing young. ('oulcl run awa
' and
eSt'ape. .As thpy wen l unarllIetl they all did as the Father ad-
yisecl. but lIP, kneeling- down. offered up Iti:-- liff.1. ,dLirh he
surrenderec1 for the
alnlÌion of others. Thu:, hp ohtailwd
his lllOSt ardent wi
h. the hlessing of lllHrtYl'dom, hy the ar-
rows of the:--;e f-:avagf'
, ,,-ho, after llJul'flpring hilll. threw hi
hod
r into a dpt'p pit. The day of his death i:--; not known.
although it is eonsider
d t'prtain that it u(lrurred in tht' year
l;)-t!. non redro d
l.'ohar, in the (lO('1l11wnts he Wl'otp with
hi
OWll hand and left in the City of C111iaean. sa
-;,: that till'
THE C.\THOLIC CHL
RCII I
UTAH
!
)
Indians went out to kiJl this holy father in ordC'r to get pos-
:-;ession of his Ol'lIaIUents. IIp also states that there .was a
tradition of wonderful
igns aCCOnllJanyil1g his death. snch as
great floods. bal1s of fire and darkening of the
nn."
Suell is the aecount given b
rota-Padina of the end of
the first Inart
T west of the 1Iissonri. Eight or llinp yea l'
after the Inurder of the priest. Andreas Docanl}Jo, thp two
Donados- Sebastian and LlIca
- and HIP half-castE' bo
-, C0111-
panions of ]'ather Padil1a at (
uiyira, elltere<l rrmllpi<'o and
annoulH'ed the death of the prie
t.
\fter their flight frOl11 Quiyira they were captured by
the (jonlê:1nche
and lwld as slaves. "
hen they hroke away
frm11 their captors they wanden>d aiInlessly fronl pla<,e to
place and from trihe to trihe. The traInp of the
p unal'll1ed
and half-starvpd Blen fronl northeastern Kansas to Tmnpico,
Jfexi<,o, would be incredible. if it were not lwove<l and ('er--
tified to heyond denia1.
fn all ..:\.JllerieD.n histor
' therp is no parallel to this Inar-
,-pIous journey, if we except the extraor<linary ana continu-
ous wandering
acro:-;f' the cúlÜillellt frUIn eastern l'exaf' to
the Pacific coast of Caheza de YacH and hi:::, miseralJle C0111-
paniOllf',
Ialdonada and Doralltes, in 1 ;):?8-
().
,rhat he<'aIlle of the:-.e eOlllpauions of F'anwl' PadilJa?
The Portuguesp soldier,
\n(ll'é:-, Do<,mnpo, is not 11lentÏonerl
again in histor
-. IIe is heard of for the last tÏIne in rraulpi(.o,
on the Gulf of
Iexico;
elJastian. tha DOllado, who "Tas a
native of
IerlllUl<'all, 1[f'xi<,o, wput to Cl1li;wan.
Ïnalon. and
dif"d there; Lucas, the other Donado, lwcame a <'ùte<,hist with
tlH' Zacatf'<'a Iudians, and lived to an adnluee<l age.
The grave (1f Father Padilla. like that of
lo
es. the .Tf'w-
ish lawgiver, wa
IWYf'l' found. He wa;-" with Pedro de Tobar,
the first white 111au to entpl' the Zuni and 1[oCjni vil1agps and
make kno,,-n the f'xi:-;tf'nce of the noel\: of ...\(,OIl1ê:l and thp Pe-
('0;-, town
. \\
ith (ioronado ]w was thp fir:-;t of whitt. lllen to
ee the
-\ rkansa:-;. ,,
hi<'h hp (,l'o
ed 011 .T nne :?0, 1 ;)-1-1, and
('alled it tlw Hivf-'r of
. Peter and Pank--a naIlle which it
till hears on the old lnap
of Nueva Gali(.ia. or north and
nOl'thwe:-;tern 11 exi<,o.
CHAPTER Ill.
EARLY EXPEDITIO
S OF THE SPANIARDS.
The Ruis Expedition of 1581-Flight of the 80ldiers-Jlur-
der of the Priest 8anta 111 aria-Death of Fathe1' Lopez-
Espejo to the Rescue-Arrices in the f'ïllages of the Te-
quans-RcfuJïl of the Par"ty-Onate Organizes Ilis Ex-
pedition-For Zuni by the Rio Grande-Building of
First Church in l-t T ew ill exico-E;x'l}loriì!.rJ the Colorad 0-
Founding of Snufa Pc, lGOG-O penillg of JI i..,
iuns
Al1wng the Zunis-Building of Churches.
The failure of Coronado'8 expedition and the dishearten-
ing tales told by his sun-;:;corched and half-f
ullÜ,hed COlnpan-
ions on the streets of Culiacall and
Iexico, discouraged, for
a tiule, further exploratiolls in northern regions. \'
here the
spirit of adventure hesitated, that of zeal for tlw conversion
of the northern tribes stilllulated the IH'iests of the Franeis-
can order in Chihuahua to anlbitious hopes. Their zeal deep-
ened into a decisive enthusiasm, and early in 1381 the Fran-
ciscans organized an expedition of exploration and eonver-
sion.
On the 1110rning of :Septeluber 9, ] 5
1, ill1l1Wcliately after
the Benediction fol1owil1g the
Iass of the' Holy Ghost. t\yo
priests, Francisco Lopez and Fra
' de Santa
Iaria, a lay
brother, .....\ugustin Ruis by nanle, and h\
eh'e soldiers left the
town of Santa Barbara, Southerll l jhihl1ahua, on foot. and
entered upon their adyentnrous and perilous jOllrne
- into
practically unknown lands and alllOng ullfmniliar hor(lf's of
barbarous and sayage nleu. For eight hundred n1ÎI('
. (,1"OS::-;-
ing bridgeless streams, scaling pathle
::-; nlonntain
and
through wa
te
.of arid sand, the daring
HhTenturers he1d the
pace, and at last entf'l'pd the pueblo lands of the Tig'ua
. in
northeastern New ::\lexico. As the little party adyanced to-
wards Taos, the escort of twelye sodiers, terrified by a nUlll-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
51
bel' of approaching Zuni Indians, took fright, and, deserting
the Fathers, made their way back to Chihuahua.
The priests WE're hospitahl
r reeeiveù, and were pennitted
to go fronl village to village instructing the people and teach-
ing the children. En('ouraged hy the Sll<'CeSS of their mis-
ion, Fray df' Santa ::\laria, heartE'ned by his cOlllpanions, left
for Chihuahua to ask for additional priestly assistance on the
.zuni nlission. Ou the afternoon of the third day of his home-
ward journey he ",,,as nlurdereù on the desert by rmuning
Tiguas, who, after stripping the Lody, left it to be devoured
by coyotes, or
according to the Zarate
ahlleron, burned
the corpse and buried the ashes.
The two eOlllpanions of the lllurdered priest, uneon
cions
()f their brother's fate, continued instructing the Zuni in de-
enc
anf1 clean living. It is possihle the lllorality which
ihE'Y preached did not hannonize with the Zuni senSi> of grat-
ification, for when ]3'ather Lopez was one da: T praying under
.a friendly tree, he was clubbed to death. His sole COlllpan-
ion, Brother ..Llngustin, gave his body sepulture; but when
Augustin, a few days after burying the priest was hiulself
"brained ",,,ith a "lllacana' '-a war club,-his body was flung
into the river. Thus ended the hopes and the lives of these
priestly lHen of exenlplal'Y courage.
,Yhen the scollndrely solclier:-:., who had abandoned the
priests to their fate, found thE'ir 'n1Y back to Santa Barbara,
they pleaded the la\y of self-preservation and justified their
Qf'sertion on the grounds of inlll1inent danger to their own
liyes froIH thE' hostility and nUIlluer of the natiyf's. Indignant
;at the eowardief' and eonduct of the deserters, and fear-
ing for the lives of the nlen of God, Don Antonio de E
pejo,
2, wealthy Spaniard, at once sent out a call for nlen and
()rganized his fanlous rescue part
to the Zuni lands.
He left tIle town of San BartolOll1e, Chihuahua, on the
10th of N ovember, 158
, with Father Bernardino Beltralu,
chaplain to tIlE' conlpany of one hundred and fifteen Inen, and
forged hi
way through thE' rancherias of the Conehos, the
}>assaquates, and entered the encampnlents of the Tobosos,
3
THE CATHOLIC CH rRCH IX rTAH
who :scattered to the 111Ouutain
when they :-iaw the Hpall-
iard:-3 and their hor:-ies,
Following' up tlw Rio Grande, the expedition at hu;t
reached the hOllles of the Tiguas, which. luuch tu tIlE' :-;nrprise
of Espejo and Baltraln, were standing tenautle
s. The rri-
guans, anticipating the revengE' of the Spaniards for the
Iaughter of the priests, ran for cover to the lllountain:-:. leè.n r -
ing in their villagp
a few helple
olel n1E'n and WOlllell.
From the
E' Espejo re('eivE'd eonfirnwtion of the dpath of the
prie
ts. After a tour of exploration the HlJani
h COlllnIauder
ga\
e to the land the nalllf' of New i\lexic o ,
tnH'k th{ì trail
for home, and arrived at Ran Bartolome, .J nl
'. 1.)
:
.
In 13
)G Juan de Una te, intpIHling to colonize X ew )[px-
ie-o,
et out for the ( 1itr of )Iexico with foul' hundred
oldier
,
one hnndl'pd malTipel lnen with their falllilie
aueJ a ('outin-
gent of friendly l\Iexiean Indians. \\ïth hill1 \\'<'11t eight F'l'al1-
ciscan priest", \\ho had volunteered their :SPlTi('e
to OpPIl n1
-
sions in the land and lllilli
ter to the eol()l1i
b.
\fter a fa-
tiguing and Imra
iug nlal'('h of lllan
' lllouths. Unate and hi;:;.
follo\\ers finall
T arrived at the puehlo of Puaray (It the Zuni
on the Rio Granele. .. IIel'e," writE's
Iar('elino Civezza, .. a.
olelllll .:\1 a
s \ya:-; celehra tpd, a :-:pl"lllOn pl'eaehed. the (\'o
s of'
('hri
t planted, and with rdigious and ro
'al rites .xew i\fex-
ieo 'wa
{'lainlE'd for the Hpanish crown."
It is illl possible to define th(' houndarit>s of tlw X P\\y ::\1 ex-
i('o of the earl
pania]'(ls. ft v)'()hahly inelndell h
' thp terIll,.
Xe"r l\fexico. part
of Colorado, Kan
as, L'tah and all north-,
ern .L-\TizOllè.l.
"On the
:
d of ...\ngu
t. 1;)98," write:-; UillllëU'
' Shea. ill
his sketeh of the
vanish mif'--ion:-; ill the l Tllited
-aate
, "the'
ere{'tioll of the fil':-;t ('hu]'('h ill X"e\\-
rexi('o \nl
llcgun, and OJ)
tllP 7th of 8<'1'te111her was opened fol' di\TinE'
elTice. TIle'
lwxt day, the Feast uf tht=> Natiyit
. of ()nr Lad
'. thi
('hureh,
\nlS dpdieated nnder thp nH111C of 81. .Jolm tht=> Bapti:-;t. tlH_
Father ('()llnlli
ary. ...\101lz0 )Iartillt'z. hl(-'
ing it awl l'Unse-
crating the altal'
and ('halice
. Father (1hri
t()pIwr ;";alaZal
THE CA THOLTC CReRCH IX rT.\H
53
.
preached the ;-;el"lnon, and the !lêl
elo:-;p(l with a gellf'ral
rejoi('ing. "
Thi
lllunble church wa
the fir;-;t te111ple conse('rated to
God within the prf'sent lin1Ï is of thf' Fnitp(l States] and
Inarks an epo('h in th0 n1Ïssionary life of our country. But
the date of tlu.. beginning of nlissionar
labor amOlH.?: the
trihes opens with the yisit of the two prif',...;t
,
Juan de Ia
\s-
('uncion and Pedro Kadal, to tlIe
rari('opas OJL tlIf' fi-ila,
soUtlWl'll .\rizona. in 1338.
The praeti(-al Hlì.d pennanent cvangplization of the tribes
\yas nO\\T hegull hy tlIp alloÍlnent of the Fathers to the neigh-
hOl'iug' puehlos. and the systl'lllatie organization of tll[' priests
into an ê:letiyc lnissionar
!Jody. :--uhjc(.t to the ordprs of the
10(',11 sl1lH-'rior, F'ather .L-\lol1z0
\I artinez.
On O('tol>el' í, 1GOJ. .hwn df' OnaÌl', general in ('0l1lmaIH1,
alHI }1--'athers Han DUellayentUl'a and Es('uùar. led an explor-
ing :uHI (,ollciliatory expedition down the l iolor
do riyel'.
rrhey paid a friendly yisit on the "-Tay to thE' Zuni towns, near
the headwater:-: of 11l<' Hio GnllHle. and, fording the Pllen'o,
passed into the
I oqui puehlos. Hwillgiug to tlll' west. the
T
crosse<l the Colora(lo Chiquito at ê:l plnee afterwards calleù
thp Nan .Jo
e, and. continuing their 1Han.h. Yf'f'l'f'(l to the
north, pas;-;ing near the site of tlU' IH.('spn1 ('ity of Pres('ott,
.. \ riz., through a l'PgioIl traversed h
non ..L"--lltonio Espejo
aud Fll'a
Bernardino Bpltl'am nearl
' a qUêìrtpl' of a (,f'lltur
'
before.
Thf'y" now entered the lancl-:; of the
[ohavps awl 1ILe
Ylullan trihes Ill'ar tlu' Oila, s\nnn thp Oila and, facing to the.
:-;outh,' luarehed throug-h tIle delta of the Colorado and
toppf'd on the shol'P of the North Sea, now tlll' Gulf of (ia 1 i-
fOl'llia. Herf' the.\T raised a huge ('ross. hanging' on it the
eoat of an11s of Philip 1 \T of Rpail 1 , and took pos
e
Si()1l of
tllE' ('ountry in thp lunne of tILe
panish sovereign. This \\'as
on .Janllal'
T 2;), 1ôO;;, and as it happened tu he marked, in the
HOllmn ealendal', the feast of the Conversion of S1. Panl,
the
' declarell that the da
'" ::.;honl<1 hen('eforth he (,01nnH'ìllO-
rated as an annual and patl'onal fe
tiYal for New
rexi(.().
54
THE CATHOLIC CHT:RCH IX UTAH
.
Returning fronl his exploration
, Unate, in 1606, founded
the city of Santa :B-'e-City of Our Hol
Paith- and built
the Church of San )Iiguel, afterwarc1
destroyed in the In-
dian uprising of 1680.
In 1645 n1Ïssions had already hpen oppned, schools built
and churches erected in forty-six Christianized pueblo town"
of New )Iexico. "Even in 1617," write
Charles F. Lunullis,
in "The Spani
h Pioneers," "there were a1read
T eleyen
churches in use in N E'W
Iexico. Santa Fe was the onl
T Span-
ish to"Wn; but there were also dnuches at the dangerous In-
dian puehlos of Gali!-\teo and Pecos, t"Wo at Jenles,
an Ilde-
fonso, Santa Clara, Sandia, San ]'elipe and San DOll1ingo. It
was a wonderful achievenlent for each lonely n1Ïs
ionary, for
they had neither ciyil nor lnilitary assistance in their par-
ishes, to have induced his barbarous flock to build a big
stone church and to "Worship the new white God."
., -'
1\ ..}, ",: .'f?,l' '" ".
Ii t /,: . . , . t ..\
t
,
. ':.t- "'r
..t
(. I,:.i fit'.:
.
n ., ! ;..
iT .)j(:v;,
) I'
"tJl.J;
it "' .:\.'. .. . '
..:
.!
.,
; '(,I, .á;
". 1.
'#, .
.. -t! \'f.[
.. ....d
:A I "J'l.F
""("
\'
i' ...
ft'.;.;
.J.',
.\"'
<,
"""
"
..... . .}
7.
'i.!'-:-=:", . .: """
-:T;,j 'f'fl.. Jtt'
.f.jtM"'
.:.
i
f-. :?
It1'f
( .,
.f/jj ,"Ít
I/;
00fi.' -:
Iri.. /. .. Jt(;
lst?
rif..4
fi
ti
I
1 , I
- · ';1., '.+'....."'/1, '7 "i
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-
I I ,;. -;-,,::-;;t
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'/{
t ... I{ .."", \;
t. .....,- 'V.',;"'.',-;:\ ,,,:.,,
.
I"", '.
"',.r;JP. ,:0: ",.
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'", .d.'..... ..',.
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'
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- I i 1\ · i:t.
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.. :I', ..,. 'If "r'\:M
tf
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CHAPTER IV.
l\IASSACRE OF THE SPAXL\RDS AXD SL.\ l7GHTEH 01-' THE PRIESTS.
Numúer of Churches in UJ49-The ZUlli (loJlspiracy-Rrro[t
of the Trives aJld 11Iassncre of the Spauiards-Slllllgider
of the Priests-Capture of !':fanta Fe-The" Furlurn
Hope"-D('speJ"{de rlwrge of tlle 1,,'p(l1liarrls-StuJJlpede
of the Indians-Into El Paso-Retllfn of Onate to Santa
Pe-S llbm i
sion uf the T ribr:-;-R erultq liest of 1\-"- ell' Jlex-
i('()-Po pltlflt ion-II If nUl Jl S({C ri {ice -- E.r"þloriu.fJ Colu.-
I"a d ().
The 1l1i
:-;ion of .J Plne:-o;, w11en
dwelt a
olitary priest,
Alonzo df' Lugo. "
as ahnost a hUIHll'ed lllile:-: we
t of Santa
Fe and was buried in a desolatiun of solitude and :-;aud. Tao:-o;.
where Father Zamora was
tationec1, \\n.:-: a mi:-;prable
'olIec-
tion of adohe
tnH'tuJ'es on the Taos ri\'f'r,
ixty-fi,"e Iniles
northeast of Hanta Fe. At the tiulC that Father Z
nnora
settled with thp
eegl1a
. thp tribe was at war with the Utes.
Tao
wa
the lnission of San (ierollilno; its halldsOllle church
was burned and it
prie:-;t slaughterl'(l in tlH-' fndian n
yolt
of l()8n.
()f the forty-six ('ll1'istian puelJlo
, Iuentioned by
-'athel'
'Velez dp E
('alante in his report, puhlished in DOCUJ1l('utf'':
para hi II istúria de 11/ P.1'Ícu, aud existing in 16-1:0, seyeu were
d
:;:.tL'oye(l hy the .L\ pac!a.o:-: \dlO E>uITounded New 1[exico. t'x-
cept on the' northwest, ,,-11ic11 \Ya
held h
- the lIteF'.
Hl'ading the glowing l'f'pol'Í
of Gilnlal'
T
hea
nl<l
r. "T.
l\[arshall on tllf' pr()
pl'rOllS state of the New
[exican Inis-
siolls, one would he lefl to f'Oll<'lllfle that the
[ndians were
28 docile a:-ì ('hildrt'n and as yiplding' as ('lay in thp hand, of
the poUpr. But, fronl the very 1Jf'giunillg, HIt' Fathel'S IUlll
to deal with a
tiff-llef'ked, wa
''''al'(l and stuhhorn people.
.1\ nlong theul wert' many in e"el'
' Plwhlo on whOln tlw prea('h-
ing, the self-devotion and exe1l!pla)'
' li,'f's of the llli
ionaries
56
THE CATHOLIC CHCRCH I
UTAH
had no effect. The 1110rality the Fathers taught was too ex-
acting; it dmnanded a self-denial and a C0111J11and of the
senses, even of their thoughts, opposed to their inherited
customs, to their traditional practices, their own inclinations
and tribal usage.
Even anlong those who accepted the faith and received
bãptisnl there were SOllie who
e attaclul1ent to their old su-
perstitions was wedded to their a(hniration for thE' cere-
monies of the new faith. There were others who covertly
contended that when they had all accepted the religion of the
padres, the Spaniards would enslave thenl and brand thel11
as they did their hor
es. Then
oll1etÌIl1es the 1110rals of the
Spanish colonists and soldiers were not above reproach, their
examples did not square with their belief, and their treat-
ment of the Indian at tinlCf' overbearing. contm11ptuous and
harsh. Occasional1y SOllie bold and restless spirit, chafing
under the discipline of the lllÌF;sion, or resenting the assllined
superiority of the Spaniards, would break away and return
to the old life. These perverts, becalne 11lockers of the Chris-
tian religion, flippant critics of the priests, and irreconcil-
ahle enenlÌes of the Spaniard.
In 1679, according to the report of Father V" elez Esca-
lante, written in 1778, one of these renegades wa
under cover
in the pueblo of Taos, the furthest north of the X ew
[exican
villages. lIe wa
known by tlw peculiar nalne of Pope and
was a native of the Inission of San Juan, in "Those church
he was baptizE'd when a child. The Spanish governor, Oter-
luin, ordered his arrest for erill1cs 110ne against eolonial and
pueblo law
, and especially for ll1urders COllill1ÏttE'cl, when,
with forty-six rreguans, he raided a section of tht' country
during the adnlÏnistration of Goyernor Trevino.
He must have been a man of large abilit
T and skilled in
Indian cunlling and
trategy. 'Yith a nUlnher of reckle
and
crafty cOlnpanions he plotted a conspiracy which had for
its object the destruction of the Christian n1Ïssions, the burn-
ing of Santa Fe, and the wiping out of the Spaniards. In his
detennination to tear up the Spanish tree, root and branch
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH I
UTAH
57
he was supported by aU the pueblos, the Pirm; alone hold-
ing aloof. The uprising was ll.'\:ed for the lnorning of ..L
ugust
18th; but, learning that the Spaniards held the secret, Pope
sprang the reyolt eight days before the Spaniards wen' ready
for him.
On the eyening of the 10th of August, three hundred and
eighteen nlen, WOlnen and children of Spanish blood ,,,ere
dead, butchered and nultilated b) Taos, (lueres, Picuries and
tribes of the nlurderous confederacy.
\nd what beraule of the priests? Eightf'en of theln were
slaughtered with their countrynlf'U, hut with nlore atl'orious
deviltry. Davis, in his" Conquest of X ew )[exico," tells us
tha tat
cOlna the hodi es of three n1Ïssionaries "'ere thro,,-n
into a foul cave to the north of tlH' pueblo; that at Zuni the
corpses of three other:-:; were left to rot in a broiling sun, and
that at the
Io(llIi Plwhlos the two priests, .J uan de ,r allada.
and Jesus de LOlnbal'di, were donp to death with rlnhs."
''In this lnanner," he continues, "the priests stationed in
different puehlos were killed, nlostly b
T their own flol'k
, for
wllOse spiritual and telllporal good they had been lahoring
for years."
The Spaniards put up a brave defen
e at
anta f1-'e when
Pope attaekp(l the city ,,-ith three thousand of his fighters.
Against thenl HIP gon:>rnor. Otf'l'luin, could only thnyw' one
hundred and fifty men. 'rhe Indian::; captured tllP town, driy-
ing thp Spaniards into the governor's (lUêlrten: and patio.
The besieged running short of ,,-ateI' and proyisions, and
foreseeing they lnust perish as rats in a trap, forlllf'd the
heroic resolve of dying like lnen in an open fight. The gov-
ernor and the three priests who were sharing their fate, ap-
provpd of the ,. forlorn hope."
Early on the 1110rning of the :!Oth of ....
ugust the half-
falnished but de
perate Rpanianls ref'eived COlll11lunion, for
they believed their last hour had struck Then thf' gate of
the go\-ernor's quarters was swung open, and Otennin, at the
head of his hundred fighters, shouting the Castilian battle
38
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH I
L"TAH
cn
, "Santia!Jo. !f (I dlus- St. Jan1e
and at thenl!" ru
hed
upon the foe.
The unexpeC'ted athH'k and the iUlpptuous onslaught of
tlw Spauiards stampedpd the Indians. In their flight they
lost nlOre than three hundred of their warrior
, and ahan-
(loned tlw hor
e
and arms they had stolen frolH the t)pan-
iards. rrhe Rpanish gon
rnor had fi\'e of his n1en ki]]ed, and
('alTied to ni
graye the scars of t,,
o wounds he reC'eiYPfl in
the sC'rinunage. ()tennin retreate(l to El Pa
o, leaying for il
tinle the Iudians iu possession of Santa Ft'.
In thi
trea('herou.s uprising of the natiyes, Ulen, WOlnen,
ehildren and habe:-- at the hreast were rulhlf'ssl
- slauglltf'red.
They "\yrpC'kpd Ranta Pe 1yith the ext'eption of the Ca8(lS
reales and tll(' plaza lIPId uy tht'
paniards. ()f the hundred
and fifty luen shut up in the Casa, hut one hundrp<1 were fit
to hear H nns, an(l the ,
ietory of these fighters oypr thrpt'
thousand Zuni warriors is one of tIll' nwst bri1]iant feats of
arH1
re('orded in th8 Hunab of
ew
r exico.
Froul ] ()RO to ] 7
J;) the histor
' of X ('w l\I e
ico is a re('ord
of thrilling eyputs. After the rt'treat of the Spaniards the
nine reLe]]ious trihes, the 'l'ano:-:, rregnas, Ppcos, Quere
and
the rest, quarrelefl o\'er thp pf)ssés
ion of Santa Fp and thp
right to rul(' th(' {'onutr
Y.
I eanwhi Ip Oterlllin, who had
estahlished a fortifkd ('amp at
an Lorenzo, nine 111ilf's frOlll
El Paso, had rpinfore('(l hi
('Olnnlaud, and on the l
tll of
oyemher, 16
1, s('t ont wi tll one hundrpd and fifty 11101.1uted
lllen and a deta('ll111ent of frientlly Tndian
for Ranta Fe. He
was accOlupallied hy Father
-\yeta anfl thf' other HlÎ
siol1a J,ies
'who had escaped the nla
sacre. Throngh tlw influelwe uf thp
priests, the gon.'rnor hopcll to preyail upon the l'ehels to re-
turn to their allf'giance to the
pani
h C'l'OWl1, and if C'oncilia-
tion fail('(l. he 'nt
lWel'ared to ,,
hip theul into
nbj{ì('tion.
"\Yith the excpptioll of a fpw tJ'il)('
who flf'cl to t1w Inountains.
the IllCliau
,n:
re in(hwp<! to suhJllit. Santa Fe was takt'l1 ])0:0,-
session of and reeonstnll'ted, and t1w puehlo 1l1ission
again
opened.
The 11Pxt fiftet'll years in the ]ife of tllt' eOlnlh'
are spat--
THE CATHOI.JIC CHL"RCH IX UTAH
39
tered with bluod. rl'I u-'
}Janiard::; were again driven out
and again canle back; indi vidual pri(J
ts here and there were
slaughtered and others replaced thelll; n1Ïssions ,vere de-
truyed and rebuilt, tribes were subdued in the south whil{i
others revolted in the north.
..
-\ t la
t," say the ,.- R elliciunes" of Padre Zarate Ral-
llleron, "
eeillg that their pueblos were conling to an end.
the rebels resolved, on the advice of their 11ledicine-luen, to
join together and to offpr in conllllOll to the devil the sacrifi('e
of a young girl to propi tia tp the demon."
But the f)loody Cere1l10n
failed to produee the desired
re:-mlt; th(J Indians sulnuittp<l to the ille"ita hIe and struck a
tL'uee with the Spalliard:-:.
r eanwhile tlw remains of tli(J
luartyred priest::; were, so far èl::; po:-,::;ible, collected and given
[1hristian hurial. Fr0111 the open prairie, .from cn \Tes, a
Ì1
heaps and HiP ruins of old or lmrned huildings, the bone
and
ashe
of the devoted friar::; wel'e gathered together and de-
('ently interr(Jd.
\n 01(1 n1mlu
('ript reeor<l
that in 1ï34: the governor of
('W )[exÍl"o, in tilt' l"OlUpany of two lllÎssionaries, visite(l
with his staff the abandoned pueblos of the Picuries and
QUl:'re
to exlulllle the bones of two \'enerahle priests and
inter then1 ill (,oll
e('nÜed grouud. Led h
T a grizzled old
lndian, they found the renulÏns of Padrl:'
bCUIH'ion Zarate
in the dt'>hris of the deC'a
efl chul'C'h of San Lorf'nzo of the
Pieurie:--, and tho
e of Fray th'ronilllo de In Llaua amid the
ruins of the ehurch at (
narae. Thp boneð of Father Juan
de .J e
;us, murdC'l'P(l by the Indians of .f ellIes, were found in
an old l"a ye and buried in Santa I
-'e: hut, of tlIp eighteell
priests done to death b
T the tribe:-:, the llultilated bodies uf
nearly all wen' 1"p<1ncp(l to ashes or (leyoun'd h
wild beasts.
But what lllatter
it for tlIp hodies of tlw just who are at
peaee. ,.r,rllosp who
ow in teal'::; 1yill rt'ap in jo
. and tlwir
nmnes will liyp frOlll gpllpl'atiou to g-elleration."
The Hpanial'C1ð were now (17f;()) lllasters of X"pw
rexi('(),
and outnnmbe1"etl tlw Tndian..; by 1ll(n1
T thollsands.
he
p(h.>lltal'
population, one hundred aud eight
.
Teal'S after
60
THE CATHOLIC CH"LRCH IN UTAH
Onate's first attempt at colonization, numbered 23,000; of
these the Spaniards counted 16,000 and the Indians 9,OUO.
,Yith the exception of an occasional raid frOlu the Co-
luanches, who "Were not known in the region until brought
in by the Utes, or an attack no"T and then by the ..\.paches
of the Routh"West, KeW"
[exico was at peace. The puehlo
Indians were conyerted to the faith and C'ultiyated their
lands or raised herds of
heep and eattle for the
anta Fe
market.
rrhe Spaniards were now free to giye SOUl(' attention to
the eXaIllination of the unexplored regioHs lying to tIlt' north
of New :ßIexico. The reader will not fail to notice that all
expeditions of discoyery and exploration were either piloted
or accompanied by Spanish priests. and that in lllany in-
stances most Í111portant explorations "Were undertaken by in-
indiyidual priests su('h as Fathers Kino. Gal'(,(,s and Esca-
lante. 1 ì nder the (-1chninistration of (}OyerllOr Y' ('Ie:-: (\H'hu-
pin, an exploring party wa<:; sent out in 1 ïG3 to exmnilw the
countr
north of Kpw
rexiC'o, whiC'h is now the statf' of
{iolorado. Tlw expedition was aC'l'OJllpallied b
Father
....-\lonzo Posadas, who for fourteen
.ear:-: held a po:-:itioJl of
eC'C'lesiasti('a 1 Ï1npol'taIl<'e in X ew
r exiC'o. Hptnrll iug after
an ahsPllC'e of sOlllü 1l10ntI1s. tlw party reported the dis('o\'ery
of silver ore near tlw junction of the Gunni
un and (1 0111 _
pag-hre riyers, in o-unnison Count
. l
ather Posadas after-
wa I'd:::; wrote the" 1nf 01'111e" or histor
T of this expedi tiOll. and
it is to thi
"Informe" Escalante refers in the Diario of hi
journey fron1 Ranta Fe to lTtah Lake.
CHAPTER V.
THE A
IERICAK 1XDL\X.
Failure to ACCOUJlt for .À-lmerican IJldian--Distriúution of the
Triúes-Linguistic J"3tock:; and Triúal ....lffill.ities-Indians
of the St. Lwrrrnce RegioJ1s, of the Conaditw 'S ort11lrn;t
-TJ iúes East and Tr est of the 11/ isso'llri---Sedeuta ry
Triúe:-;- Thp H II Ilters a Ild Ru ver:;-Prohiúit iOIl of Inter-
marriage in tI,P Clan-Religion of the _lúorigines-In-
dian Population ill 1612.
Before tlIP Fl'aneis('ans puter upon tlwir exploration
and hf'forp we disem;s the llloral condition and thp dOllwstic
life of the tribps to whOln the prie
b; win introduce us, let U
rapidly suryey the diyisions, suhdiyisions and general Inoral
status of the fiprcp and e]'aft
nwe of l1len "Who roamed oyer
the
\nlerican cuntinent north of
Iexil'o, and tlw rt'Innants
of "WhOln are to-day withering' away on g'oyernnwutal resel'-
va tions.
Speculation, exan1Ïnation, theory, inyestigation lUlye
failed to acrouut for thp original hahitat of the ÅJuerican
Indian:s. ,Ye kno"W nothing of their past, ,,'lwn or how their
forbears canle to this continent. ,Yhat we kno"W of thenl is
\dlat "Te lUlye learned from the l'''rench and
panish prie
ts
who Legan to IHing-ie with and dwell anlong thenl iUllllerliately
after the (1iscoYer
of Anlerica. Contact "With thenl in Blore'
recent tilHes has taught us nothing. Their past is Ílnpene-
trable to the eye of histol'ie re
earrh, and the ongul of the
:::;ettlement of thf' _
t1al1tic and Pacific trihe:::; is \Tei1erl by tlw.
Jlli
ts of unkno"Wn ages.
Of the eight great nations of savages and harharians,
diyided into six hundred and thirty-threp trihes and sub-
tribes,
OlHe "Were in a state of barbarism near to civi1izatiol1,
others in a lower
tage of barbarisJll, and lllany in a condi-
tion of
aYagery approaching that of offal al1imal
, The
62
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
lowest tribes were tho::,e romning the d\
ert::, and llOrrent
lllountains of Lower California, the valley of the Cohuubia
Riyer, and possibly the tribes of Labrador and 1-Iud
ou 's Bay.
These people were the Bedouins of the deserb and forests;
knew nothing of domestic root.s and yegetables, and, haying
no settled life, depended for subsistence on huutiug and fish-
ing. The iInlllen
e region of the L"nited btates and Canada,
which to-i1ay is yielding to the .1 aphetic race plethoric wealth
of timber and lllinerals, which is broken up largely into fal"lll
and cattle ranges wa
, at the clo
e of the
ey('nteenth Cen-
tury, an enorn10US forest flecked with de
erts find llloulltaills
and carrying a prodigious \'ariety of \,(Jgetable and allilnal
life.
The êlch-enturous traveler, entering in those early days
the S1. Lawrence Hiver and rontinuing his yoyage we
tward.
would have on his right and left as he adnuH
ed suL-triLps
and fall1ilies of the great hunting nation, tlw ..llgonquin. On
his left, after passing the l
squÏlllaux, were the ßer
ian1Ïtes,
the Papinkos, the
[istassinis, tlIp
[ontagnais ùf the 8a-
gueney and the t)t. J ohn wilderne
, the Porcupines, and,
towards the height of lanG looking to the] I ud"on Hay, tbe
.Attikaulegues, or the faIuily of the ,rhite j1-"i
h.
.,A.scending the utÜnya, a tributary of the St. Lawrence,
were the hunting grounds of the Che,reux-Réleyés or Inen of
the standing hair. tlw I],ofluet
or island people
yeering to
the north on tlw eastern and northern coasts of Lakes 11uron
and Superior were the Petuns or Tobarco people, the] [urons,
the Amikoues or R(JêlyerS, the Nippifo:ings or Sorcerers. tlw
,Yyandotte:-;, the rreJnaagall1Ï, tllt
Ten1ÏscOluingR, the Ahittibi,
the Chippewas or Sauteurs. Xorthward still of Lake Supp-
rioI', aud rifo:ing towards the Great Rlaye Lake. wen
tllP .L
S-
siniboine
and the Crees. the buffalo hunters.
On the southwestern bank of the St. LawrPJwe. the trav-
eler, on pntf'ring thp rhTer, would have on his right tlw Gas-
pia ns. who clailned the owner
hip of splendid Ineac10w ]and
and splendicl ,-irgin forests, then, the Etf']nnins. t he
rirn1a('s
and the ..Ahenaki. .L
chTancing westward he skirted what are
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
63
now the eastern state
of the Union and, crossing into New
York state, he enters the preserves of the dreaded Iroquois,
the generic name for the confederated tribes, the )Iohawks,
Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas and the Onondagas.
On the northern and southern shores of Lake Erie dwelt
the _'\.ttiwandarons or Keutrals, and the I
ries, or Nation of
the Raccoon. 'Yest of the Eries were the ::\Iiami and to the
south of Lake :ßIichigan the Illini or Illinois; then in the im-
mense forests and prairies south and west of the Great Lakes
were the
rascoutins, or Nation of
ire, the Puants, the
Folle-;-Avoines or \Yild-Oats, the Henards or Foxes, the
the PattawatOluies, the Sioux and the )Ienominis.
All these tribes, with their sub-tribes, sprang frOlll an .Al-
gonquin or ] [uron-IrOtluois trunk, and their languages with
dialectic variations would indicate the rarial stock froln
which they sprang.
.L
s we advance towards and cross the
Iissouri river, we
enter the landg of the Dacotahs and their offshoots, the 11is-
souris, Ponc[1.s, 10was, K:aws, Sioux, Om.ahas and Otoes, with
their tribal division
. On the upper }Iissouri were Catlin's
l\Iandans and 11innetarees, having no tribal affinity with any
known Inùian race, and whose language bore no resemblance
to that of any other people.
In grouping the N orth
\.n1erican Indians and separating
theln into affinities by similarity of language, John Fiske and
:IHajor Powell classify the Pawnees with the Ärickarees of
the Platte drainagt' and a few n1inor tribal families as a dis-
tinct people.
The Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks and Cherokees, now
on the Oklahoma reservations, with the l\{uskhogees and
eminoles formed a group by themselves and spoke a radical
language of their own, differing only in family patois. When
we enter the R.ocky ::\[oulltain region, we come in contact with
the Cheyennes, Con1anches and roving tribes of the Sion."'\: and
Apaches, who had strayed away from their own territories.
In Colorado, lìtah and Idaho, the Bannocks, Shoshones
64
THE C.-\.THOLIC CHrRCH IX UTAH
and l
te
rualned in the lowest state of barbarisnl, and arè
classified by
Olne ethnologists as one great and ;-;eparate
f
mi]y.
Adyaneing towards the Canadian boundalT, we entpr the
hunting grounds of the :Selish Nation, cmnl1lOuly called Flat-
Jlead
. The land of the F'lat-I-Ieacls wak that part of :\[on-
tana lying west of and near to the hase of the nlain range of
the Rocky
[ountains. In northern
lontana roailled the
Black-Feet, aUfl around them dwelt nine other trihes, includ-
ing the Spokanes. the Coeur d '
-\lelles. tlw Kalispels, the X ez,
Percps, Pend
d 'Ureille::, and the Crows.
Descending to the Pacific ('oast line, an altogetlwr diffpr-
ent class of people-
aying thp intrusiye Apaehe aud
\paehe
Xavajo-pos:-.e:-,:-,ed the de:--eris, the ri,'er depres
ions and the
Colorado delta. \rith these the reader is alrpady partially
fmniliar, and they will uot now detain us.
The Indians of the United
tatt'
and Canada. at the tinle
of which we write, were
eparated h
' their mode of li\'ing
into two national diyisions. These were the
edelltaries liy-
ing in yilJagps like the IIurons, or fOl'lning a confedera<,y
like the 1roquoiR, who practised a r11(le horticulture and
stored [ndian corn and beans for the winter lllontlls, and the
hunters and fishers, royers of the fore
t and tIlP plain, like
the _-\JgOll(lllÍn and Dacotah. The
edentary nH'PS raispd
Indian corn, pumpkins and to1>a<,eo. Corn. supplenlPnted by
.fish and the flesh of wild anilllals, was their only food. The
'
knew nothing of alcoholic drink
, hread,
alt, pepper or \'ege-
tables.
.L
rellull'kahlp faet, whielJ
eelllS to pl'oye that the
\1nel'i-
can sal"age was fan1Ïlial' with the dÜ;a
tl'ous effects of lllHl'-
riage heÌ"\ye(Jn hlood rplations, or of inhrepding, was that 110
warrior eyer took a wife frolll the n1elllhers ùf his own (.lan.
The men and wmnen of the clan were lle:-lrJy all, b
T ('on
all-
guinity, related to one another. IllllllPlllorial trihal law
barred their 111arriage. The Ulan or WOlnan
è]ected a part-
ner from another clan of his own trihe, and the chi Idl'en of
tbe Inarl'iage helonged to the ('Ian of the HlOther. The ('hil-
THE CATHOLIC CHPRCH IN UTAH
65
(hen did not inherit from the father; all his property, even
his weapons, deseending by right to his brothers or to the
.sons of his sisters. The ehildren inherited frOll1 the tllother.
..And the reason for this f'Ustonl wa::5 that therp could lw no
-doubt "Who "Wa:-: the Illother of the child; hut, such was the
loosene:-;s; of Iuorals an10ng tlw Indians. the hushand might
not al"Ways he the father.
The religion of all the Indian:-; was a Rt
w of ridiculous
fables, of absurd ::;uperstitions and, very often, of ohscure
2nd cruel rites. Eyery nation had it:-: own divinities, which
jt evolved frOlu aninwte or inanÏIuate thing'! in the water, in
the ail' or on the earth.
The ..AJgOlHjuins \yorshiped the Great Hare. the Run and
eyi] spirits. \yhich they called
lanitolls. The TrOtlUois, the
..'\ttiwandarons and the Hurons peopled the luli\TeJ'se with
delnons known as (Há:-:. r.l'he IrOtlllois saerifi('cd lnullall he-
ings to their wargocl; .Ariskoni; the Pawnee
slaughtered
young girls as an offering to the sun, and the Tanos and
outhern trihes, when in dire :-:traits. offered young girls in
sHc-rifiee to their tutplar
T denlolls.
The spirits of the ail' d\\'elt with thunder, lightning. the
11100n, eclipses, hurri
alles, or in "Whateyer was unu:-:ual and
al'ried fear to their hearts.
Rattle:-;nakes and other venOlllOUS reptiles,
ertain ani-
mals and, "With :::>Ollle, tllP bear, the f'oyote and the bea\Ter,
JJcC'ause of their superior intelligence, "Werp held in reverelwe
2nd offering:-; made thenl to retain thei r friendship and good
will.
Jany tribes belie\Ted that the Sk
T "Was inhahiterl by a
great and powerful heing', who arranged the :-;ea:-;ons, eon-
troned the winds and the wave:-. and "Wa'3 able to help UlaIl
when he "Tas enC'Olllpas:-;e<l with dan!.;er. \..t tÍll1es they
<>fferefl .to their divinitie
, particnlarl
to the heaYenl
T ele-
lnents and the spit.its (lwelling" in theIn, either to iInTok
their
good will in SOlllP entprprise or to phwate them, gift
of to-
P)3C'(,O or weaponI"- which the
T C'ast into water or fire.
Belief in the in11110rtality of the
oul was uniY
rsa I aInollg
the tribef" with the f.:olital'
exception of the Peorian I1li-
66
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH I
UTAH
nois, who belieyed that soul and body expired at the sam
time.
They pushed their belief in inll11ortalit
:"" to its IÜnit, for
they accorded life after death to all anÜnals, and in som
instances to inorganic things.
It is impossible to state, with any approach to aecuracy
what was the population of N orth
lnerica, excluding 1Iexico
when Champlain entered the St. La""rence in 1612. rro judg
frOlll the number of tribes, we n1Ïght quite naturally a
SUlll
the population to be numerous if not dense. 'Ye must, how-
ever, renlelllber that a people who depend for subsistence on
the chase must, in order to liye, haye iUllllense tprritory,,-
Figures compiled with great care by the Canadian historian
Garneau, repre
ented the probable population of Canada, ai.
the time J ac(!ues Cartier, in 1334, disroyered the DOlninion
to be any-where frolll two hundred to two hundred and fifty
thousand. -,,--\s
ull1Ïng the Indian
of the territory of the
United State... to be, at that date, a bout the same, we would.
have a nati,Te population of about fhTe hundred thousand.
Of the 120.000 Indians in the V"nited States to-day, only
60,000 are full-blooded, and the same proportion of half or
quarter-bloods in the Canadian population of 110,000 woulell
not be very far away frOln that of the frnited State
.
CHAPTER VI.
DEBASEMENT OF THE TRIBES.
l1Ioral Debase1Jlent of the TTibes--The .J.l1an of ]vTature-In-
human Hard-H eartedneðs- Tr ithollt Religion, JVithout
.I..1Iorality-l\T 0 TY ord for r irtue, Religion, Charity-
Degradation of TV o 1'ìW n-H er Posit ion in the Camp-
Ha1.:ages' Contempt for Sanctity of Life-Treatment of
Prisoners-Ilumalt Flesh E"'atcrs-Plwntum Gods.
The nloral debasement of the tribes was S0111étlÚng ap-
palling, A frightful heirlooill of entailed and indefeasible
accur:::;edness in association with senseless ignorance and bru-
tal custOllls, was the only inheritance to whidl they could
look forward. All their lives the victims of unre
trained
and brutal passions, that op(Jned wide the door to every
species of hard-heartedne:::;s and every d(Jgree of cruelty, their
regeneration could never have conle frOlll theulselve:s and
could only be effected b
r civilized Inell dowere(l with tireless
pati(Jnce, with heroic and apostolic courage.
The insatiable and loathsome cruelty to their fellow-Iuen
in war, the ineradicable ignorance and hideolls superstitions
,,
hich overshadowed the land and its people, were C'alculated
to awe the f:,toutest hearts that dared their redeniption.
rrhe lllunan tYp(Js of Indian innocence, of purity and gen-
eral 10veliIwss with which we have grown fan1ÏJiar in the
s
Tlupathetic poeills uf ::\1 rs. Sigourney and th
l'Olnantic nov-
ls of ,J anies FenÏIllore Cooper were vagaries úf the iUlagina-
tion and dreanls of the enthusiast. Tlw nearer we ('Olne to
the man of nature the Inore likely ar
we to find the savage
brute who eats raw Ineat and the flesh uf his lnunan foe. who
loves dirt, wears no ('Iothes, wallows in nastiness and inde-
cenc
r and tyranllize
oyer h(Jlple:ss WOlllan because she is
helpless. .A.. savage is a savage, and tlIP
-\luerican Iudian de-
68
THE CATHOLIC CHL'RCH IN UTAH
scended no lower in the
('alf' of degradation than did the
negroes of equatorial
\Jrica or the Bu
hlnan of _
usb'alia.
If now, when we nlOye anlid the green 11l0Ulllls which Inark
their graves, or with {'urious e
e insped their rude trinket:::;
and only treasure;,-the pottery, the arrow-head and the wanl-
puul-the soft sad.nf'
s of pity Hteal
over us, ,,'e nlust not
forget that their illlnunan hard-heartednes
wa
unsul'l)assed
jn the history of our fallen lnunanit
. The lnunan tiger, the
bluuan fox, the hmllall hyena, the Jnuuan
nake were speeies
quitf' conn11011 anlOng thelll, as aillong savages the world oyer,
ciyilized or uneivilized.
God deliver u
fronl the luan of nature or of civilized
o-
ciety, unehecked by fear of punisluuent, unrepres
ed by the
weight of law and order, unrestrained by social
llnenities,
unawed by the gospel of the hereafter.
There is a subtle eonneetion betwef'n ('nwlt
. and lust
whieh no 111etaphysieal in<luiry has yet sati
factorily ex-
plained, hence we are not surprised to read that the -,---hneri-
can Indian had no eoneeption of nlorality even in the ab-
stract. .L\ peolJle without religion are a people without mo-
rality. In truth, until the cOIning alliong thelu of priests of
the Catholi{' Church they had 110 word to giye expre
sion to
tlw idea of virtue, 111orals, religion, charit
.,. gratitude and
the like.
"They live in eon1111on," writes .J ohn
legapolensis. in hi
"Bhort Ae('ount of the
Iohawk Indians, löö-l-," "without
nlalTiage; but if an
' of theIn have wives, the luarriage con-
tinues no longer than the
. think proper, and then the
. Sf'pa-
rate and each take
another partner."
This was written of a trihe in the nÚddle statf' of barbar-
iF:nl and which had not yet deseeu<]{->d to
a\'agery.
The J esnit Father, Pa ul Hag-u
npa u, Wrt>te to his
ul)erior
in France that "1\Iorality is unknown
unong the tribes, and
everywhere a shopking lieense of nnrestraiupd i nten'on]'
(>
ohtain
. "
Anlong a people who had no regard for nlOralit
. of any
kind, it was not to be expected that an
. respect would ob-
THE CATHOLIC CReECH IN UTAH
69
tain for the sanctity of a WOlllan'R nature. \Y Olllan was
harshly dealt with, and anlong' all was treatf'd with a {'aUous
disregard for the weakne:s:s of her sex. _
ffrighted lllan re-
coils with horror frOlll the perusal of wonlan's degradation as
penned by the eloquent Le .feune. The honor and heart of
Ulan Illay never be Ïlllpeached with Illeaner or fouler crinle
than are there recorded. ..AJI the Illellial drudgery of the
eanlp, the heav
hurdens of the chase, the slaYer
of the corn
field-in a word, all that iUIvlied laborious work, was her
allotted portion. Her infirnÜties excited no cOlumiseration;
with the crippled, Jllainwd and weak she was nlore often a
victinl of contenlpt than an object of pity. Is it any wonder,
then, that W0111an becanle
o utterly shanlelel:,R, hard-hearted
and cruel that in vindictiyeness and fierceness she surpassed
the brutality of Ulan
The crowning infanlY of all the abOlnination
of the
-\Jner-
ican Indian-and of sayage Juan everywhere-was his utter
contelllpt and disregard for lnllnan life. Savage as he was
by inheritanee, and brutal as his passion
had Illade hin1, it
was
till to be assll1ned that the instinct which nlOyeS one ani-
Inal to spare another of its own spe('ies would haye lingered
an1Ïd thp wreek and ruin of his eOITupted llature. Sueh. how-
ever, wa
not the ease. The lUOSt trivial incident or a thirst
for blood, a1 tinIes, led to a war which often ended in the dis-
persion or annihilation of a tribe.
Frequently, and for no other end than aequiring renown
or s('alps, the Indian warrior gathered his hra\"es around hÜn
and, after haranguing thf'Jll on his own past and }>l'ospeetive
exploit:-" raised tlIp fan1Íliar war-w11Oov and llloved uut to a
mission of hloodshed and pillage. "
ith tllf' ('unning of the
fox and the feroeity of tlip tiger, the
fell upon their prey in
the c1arkne:-,s of night or the dawning nlorning, and indis-
crÏ111inately slaughtered nlen, WOlnen and children.
"Thf'
approH('hed like foxes," says l
'ather \TÏ1nont, "at-
taeked like lions, and disappeared like birds."
"I ('rept around theJll like a wolf," said a fihippewa chief,
tell ing of an a ttaek he ulade 011 an isolated Sioux falllÎl
T, "J
70
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
crawled up to theln like a snake; I fell upon theIn like light-
ning; 1 cut thelll down and sC'alped thern."
Their prisoner
were treated with unparalleled fiendit;h-
ne
s and brutality. SODIe were mutilated inch by inch till
they expired frOln physical pain and extrenw suffering.
Others were reseryed to be tortured by fire, and, by a refine-
ment of cruelty surpassing belief, their agonies "Were pro-
longed from sunset to sunrise. Others of tlwir capti\Tes they
cut to pieee:::;, boiled and deyoured with unspeakable relish.
Father Bressani, who was captured by the
enécas, and
shockingly nlutilated lwfore he was purf'llased by the Dutch
of the Hudson, tells us in hit; "Relation .L\.brégé
" of his
captivity: "I saw the Iroquois tear out the heart frOla a
Huron eaptive whOln they had killE'd, and in the pr
sence of
the other prit;oners, roast and devour it."
"They are not lnen," wrote an unfortunate WOlnan "Whose
child the Iroquois had torn froln her breast, boiled and de-
voured in her presenee, "they are wolves."
The Anlerican Indian in his I::>ëlvage state
et no value on
the attributes which di
tinguished hinl frOln the wild bea:::;ts
of the fore
t. {1'eroeity in wal',
trellgth, agility and endur-
ane
alone excited his admiratiun, and, as a rt'
ult, nUUl
- of
tlleln approached as near at; it was pot;t;iLle to the condition
of the aninwls in whic"h these qualities pl'C(IOlllinate.
To attelnpt to lllak
a hero of tllP ..Alll
rj('an T lHlian is to
raise a nlonUlnent to cruelty on a petlestal of lust. Their re-
ligious C'onC'eptions and praC'tiC'
s were no highcr than theil"
lllOral aetions. The
- b
lie\'
d all things to be allimah'd with
good or evil spirits; and, when O1J the war trail, they uften
sacrificed Inunan beings to propitiate the ;-;pirits which influ-
enced the future of the tribe.
"On the third day uf 11lY captivity," write:-. ]'ather
.T ogues, "the
T :-;acrificed an JA.Igonq uin WOlnan in honor of
\.reskoui, their war-god, inviting the grilll dt'lnoll, as if he
were present, to COlne and feast with thenl on the InlU"dered
WOluan's flesh."
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
71
They had no idea of God, as we unùerstand the tremend-
ous word. The sighing of the winds, the nlelancholy moan
of the midnight forest, the cra::::;h of thunùer, the gleam of
lightning, the rush of the hurricane and the sound of the
cataract were the voices of the shadowy phalltonls or gloonlY
spirits which haunted the wood::; or hovered in the air around.
CHAPTER VII.
TRAITS OF IKDI.\.K CHARACTER.
Snme Redeeming Features-Tribal lIospitality and Gener-
osity-Ferocity tn an EIlPJJ1y--Appalling Cruclty-
Frightful Torture of a Fup-Spartau StoÙ'ism-Ruus-
seau's "Idpal 11Ian"-Clzatcaubriand's Declaratioll-
Fillal Sulnuissinll.
In the yile abolninations of their liyes there were, how-
ever, SOHlf' redeen1Ïng' featuref-:. The lllellll)f'r
of the saIne
tribe were cloi:,ely united by b011(h; of friendship; they had a
tender f'onsideration for and exhibited a generosity toward
e
lf'h other thai was 1101 excelled in ordinary civilized
ociety.
Tht' solidarity between the 111ell1bers of thp sanlf' elan, and
particularl
alllong those of the ):.Jalne fanlily, was eonlplete
and adnlirahle; they bore thenlselves toward paf'h other with
affection and gf'ntleness. The
were true to one another in
their friendships, held eloquence in high repute, were gener-
ously hospitn hIe, and, in tilues of fmnine, divided the 11l0rseI
which chancf' or tlw fortunes of the hunt ('ast in thf'ir way.
Thi
eulogiulll, let it bf' understood, applied olll:v to IneUl-
hers of thf' Halue trihe; for toward an ullfrif'ndly- or hostile
trihe of another nation they \Verf' ruthlesH. rrrea ,",on, perfi-
dies, Yengeanf'e, retaliations, pillage, nnspeakahlf' eruelties,
nlllÍilations and prolonged torture characterized their hear-
ing toward their enelllies.
.\ part fr0111 the admirahle trihal
and fan1Ïl
affef'tions just nlentioned, the degnl<lation of
lllOrals aIllong thenl wa
appalling. The universal libertin-
i
H11, the total ahsenef' of all ideas of lllOralit
and the hope-
less entangleulent of all in a weh of superstitions and 111u1ti-
tudinouR puerilitie
, lllade their cOllyersioll to Christianity
and civilization a her('ulean task.
..AJI thp tribes, '\yith pprhap
the
o]itary f'xception of the
Hurons, encouraged and 1>raeti
ed sÏ111u1taneOuf' polygal11Y.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
73
r-rhe aIllhitiouH alllong theIll, and those who aspired to leader-
ship, had as Illany as six and
eVf'1l wives, believing' that the
more sons born to them the greater would be their power and
influence with the people.
AUlong Illany tribes adultery on the part of tlIP wife was
a very ::,erious offen
e. The adulterous woman wa
cruelly
punished by cutting away her 1l0i::ie and ears. ..L-\1110ng the
Illinois the unfaithful wife wa
put to df'ath by the hushand.
In battle, the
avage, anÏlllated with the hope of vil'tory or
in the presence of Ülevitable death, was a brave luan; with
the hopf' of winning a vietor
for his people and of pel'lwtu-
ating his nanle and hi
prowe
s, a warrior at tinies delilwr-
ately invited death. .JÏln Bridger, the fanlous ",,'ef'tern scout,
repeatedly statf'd that ÜI hattles with thf' whitf'
, or ,yith the
Cheyennes and UOlnanehe:s, a Ute warrior would deliberately
sacrifice his life in order to
ecure a tactical ach-antage by
whieh his ff'\low tribeSlllen Illight eventually win out.
The northern anll ",,'e
tel"n trihes enl'ouraged their ho
-s in
all that made for
trength, C'ourage, endurance and agilit
-.
TIlPY were trained to the hunt, to thf' u:-:f> of anllf', to extreIlle
caution when in an ee.elllr'
('olulÌry, and to
toica!l
- bear fa-
tigue, eold, hunger and thirst.
Father Bressani. a lllissionary with the trihes in IG-l
-
16-l9, givf'
us, in his "Brevf' Hf'latione," SOlne interesting o
details of the training and eJucation of a warrioro "The
young Inen," he tells us, .. will at tinws ahstain frOlll food for
ten or twelve days without a lllurniur of l'Oluplaint. Little boys
will lock anu:-, and, placing redhot coals on their anns, will
eontest for the palm of enduralwe, ,,'11ieh one of thelll ean
endure the pain tlw longest. ,Yith a bOllf' needle, a sharp
awl, or a burnt pine stick they will trace or havf' hal'ed on
their bodies (tattooed) the Ïlllage of an eagle, a serpent, a
turtle or any favorite aninlal. The young BlaH who, while
the tattooing lasted, gave expres
ion, by the
lightest sign, to
the agony he was enduring, \yould he regarded as a cown n1
and a lJOltroon, They never cOluplaiIlf'd of cold, of heat, of
fatigue or of disease. "
74
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
,Yhell the young man reached a warrior's age, he faced
danger unflinchingly, and defied death itself, with the hope of
achieving a warrior's reputation. If in defeat he fell into
the hands of the enmllY, he pushed his contenlpt for suffering
to Spartan stoicism. ,Vhile his body was roasting in the fire,
he appealed to his enmnies to test his conrage by increasing
their torture that they n1ÏglIt see for thenu;elves how bravely
their foe could die. lIe taunted thenl with cowardice and
stupidity, and f'hallenged then1 to extract frOln hilu an ex-
pression of pain,
[addened by his taunts, his exeeutioners
would then close in upon him, tear the
calp from his bleed-
ing head, cut off his fingers joint by joint, and pierce hilll
with stone knives with the hope of extracting froBl the in-
domitable luan a cry of cOlnplaint. As death in mercy was
ending the awful torture of the helpless warrior, they opened
his side, tore out the palpitating heart and began to devour it
with unspeakable pleasure, with the Lope of partaking of the
invincible courage of their enemy, whose fortitude excited
their a(hniration.
They were a courageou::; people, but their valor "Was dis-
graced by cruelty, and no fonn of vice, ho"Wever loathsome or
torture, to an enenlY, howerer fiendish, luet with condellllul-
tion, or, indeed, attracted attention.
Such, briefly, were the donlÌnant traits in the character of
the
'unerican Indian. This short review of smne of the
habits, the religious notions, the prevailing characteristics of
the Indians of N ortll ....-\merica and the regions in "Whif'h they
dwelt is necessarily iUf'onlplete. It "Will be Ruffif'ient. ho"W-
ever, to afford the reader an idea of the land and the people,
and the field, in gpneral, on which was enacted for lllan
- years
the dranla of Christian evangelization. In proportion as
ChristÜn1Ïty advanced in tlw forest or on the desert in that
proportion did civilization penetrate alnong the tribes.
Day after day, for lnany a dreary age, before the Genoese
discovered Anlerif'H. tlw sun looked down npon the cnornlOUS
"Wiekedness and cruelty of these aboriginal people till
wasted
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
75
with vice and trilJal wars, they were slowly fading froln the
face of the earth. In their nwlancholy ruin and in that of
the nations of the past we he hold historic facts supporting
th
prediction of Ü;aiah
who, as a prOlJhet and student of
the hU111an race, proclaÎlned that "the people who will not
elTe God shall perish .,
The .....\.Jllerican Indian approached as near as it was pos-
sible to Row
seau '8 "Ideal
lan" in a state of natu1'(>. He
was untainted hy eivilization, wa:-. governed by natural iUl-
pulses, was not yet depraved by lneditation: "l 'hom me qui
1'éfi(
chit est un animal deprl1cé-the nUlll of 1'efle('tion is
an anÜllal depraved"-and "a<:; a Inelancholy exanlple of the
French infidel's false philosophy.
Chatea ubriand 's assertion that" IHan "ithol1t religion is
the most dangerous anÎlnal that "alks or crawls upon the
earth," found its verifi('ation in alnlost every savage who
roalned the North .L-\llleri('an continent.
The .L-\lnerican Indian has seen his last days as a fighter,
and we lllay truthfully repeat of him what De Bourrienne
spoke by the gra\Te of Bonaparte: "I-Ie Fleeps his last sleep,
he ha:-; fought his last ba ttle, no suund can awakp hÜn to glory
again.' ,
,Yhen, on
rar('h 4:, 1906, the tribal organi7.ation of the
Cherokeé;-;, Chocta"s, Creeks, Chickasaw'S and SelllÏnoles was
dissolved and their l1lelllbers diffused in the mass of the
country's citizenship, and when, in 1889, Chief Ignacio and
his thousand utes ceded their right.s to the goverIunen1 for
$30,000, tIlt' final chapter in the Indian's annals as an indt:'-
pendent race ,\yas written.
The Utes had ranked alllong the bravest of the Indian
tribes, and in ferocity were exceeded only by the bloodthirsty
Apaclìes. rrhe subn1Îssion of the Indians to the United States
goverIunent is now conlplete. There will he no successors to
Gf'ronÎlno, Sitting BuH and Crazy Horse, and the T'te failure
undouhtedl
ends the chapter.
,'
e have now to ask oursf'lves, what lllêllll1er of lnen were
7 6
THE CATHOLIC CHl.'RCH IN UT \H
they who conceiyed, and, under acculnu]ated hardship and
sufferings, in a Ineasure bore into effeet, the Inagnifif'
llt re-
solye of Christianizing and civilizing these half-hmnanized
hordes?
l-
;
, --
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:;
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;:'
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:
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BEAVER.
CHAPTER VIII.
HEROIS::\I OF FRE
C'H A
D SPAXISH
IISSION.\.RIES.
jJlissionary Jla1J of ]{orth America-Jesuits East of lJIissis-
sippi-Their rr ouderful bl.lccess-The Canadian Tribes
-TVith the TVandering IIordes-Jesllit Jlartyrs-The
Franciscans-Jlartyrs of the Order-Plunge of the
Franciscans into the IJesert-Testimony of Historians-
Glory of Confessors, Saints and il/artyrs.
Before trailing the Francisf'an Fathers from New
Iexico
to L"tah Lake and explaining why no nlÏssions were opened by
the f1atholic Church in Utah and anlong regional tribès, let
us unroll, at least partially, the missionary lllap of X orth
America at the tinle Velez Escalante and his priestly COlll-
panion traveled throug-h Utah in 1776.
Early in 1fi29 the Jj'athers of Hw
ociet.y of Jesus entered
upon the field of sayagery in the yast tf'rritory east of the
1Iississippi. They caIne to Canada on the invitation of the
Franciscan missionaries, who for fifteen years dwelt W"ith the
Hurons and \Vyandottes of the northern rf'gions. It was inl-
possible for the few Franciscans of the north to folloW" the
roving hordes of the Algonquin nation which bordered the
Huron hunting grounds, or, indeed, to open missions anlong
Inany of the sedentary tribes. Then, answering the ca 11, the
Jesuits plunged into the forests and entered upon a career of
n1Ïssionary zeal and af'tiyity that for heroic endurance and
nlarvelous succp::;s challenges cOlllparison with Äpo!'tolic
tÏ1nes.
In 1763 these daring priests had opened missions and
raised the standard of tlw Catholic Church-the Cross-
anlong the savage Papinichois, Gaspasians
.L\cadians, Souri-
quois, Betsiamites,
Iisstassinis, 1Iontagnais, .1\bellakis,
\1ni-
koues, Christinaux, f1hippewas,
auteurs and Ottawas of
the great Algonquin nation that hunted and fished in a terri-
78
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IX UT.\.H
tory stretching froln eastern New Brunswiek to Quebec City,
and fronl the 1llOlÜh of the Saguenay to Hudson Bay. As
early as 1649 they had Christianized altnost the entire Huron
confederacy and entered tlw village
of the Pattawaton1Ïe:::;,
the Sacs and
[ascoutins, OJ' ., X ation of 1!'ire." AUlong every
tribe of those war-hawks of the wilderness-the lroquois-
they had preached the U-ospel, built bark chapels and estab-
lished missions, and before 1764 were catechising the )Iiamis
and the Illinois, and Iuing1ing with the Sioux.
Froln the IllOlÜh of the St. Lawrenèe HiveI' to the north-
ern shores of Lakp Superior; fronl the Great Lakes to the
Iississippi; fronl the lands of the .L\benakis, frolll the .L-\ca-
dian peninsula to IIuùson Bay, therp was llot a savage people
whmn the priests had not vÜ;ited and instructed in the doc-
trines of Christianity.
Frolll tht' City of (ll1l'hec th(,H' fearle
H soltlier:-; of HIP CrusH,
* * * Defyill
en'I"Y ill
That thorll"; the }lath of lllartyrtlolll,
set out in those early da
-s to hear the llle
sage of their eruci-
fied Raviour to the "
andering hordes sf'attprpd from the
lands watered hy the )lississippi to the northern shores of
the Iiudson Ba
-. In thirteen ,'"ears they tnullped or (:i:lnoed
the rpgiolls of the Great Lakes.
Father H(>IlP
Ieynard. at the agf' of fifty-five, already
bent and attenuated frolll
Tears of excessive zeal, hardshiJ!
and stal'Yatioll with the tribes, dips alone and unattpnded in
the forests Lordering Lake Superior. l-lis hody was de\'oured
by wild heast
. Claude ,Allouez corers in his wanderings after
lost souls 12,000 nlÍles, visiting in thpir haunts and pnf'alnp-
ments the Illlrons and .L\lg'OlH]uins, the Sioux of tll(' east. the
"\Yild Oats" of Lake
Iichigan, the Pattawatmnies and the
Sauteurs of Lak
Rup
riol'. Druillette is called hmne frolll the
l\Iontagnai.;; hunters of the Laurentian wilds, and at once
starts on a u1Ïssion of peace to tlw ".arlike .L\benaki, while
Dahlon IJenetrates the northern wilderness, hoping to dis-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
79
.co\?er a river flowing into the- Sea of Japan. Dolbeau ex-
plored toward the ::\IÜ,sta
sini preaching to the tribes on his
TOlnantic hut perilous route, and Raimhault starts on his
wonderful journey with the hope of finding a passage to
China, and tracing a circle of n1Ïs
ionary achieveInent around
the 'world. Those messengers of the Gospel, outstripping the
most daring explorers and antiripating the future, di:::;covered
vast regions, lnade treaties with nluuberless tribes and, for
-the love of perishing souls, rose superior to the appeab of a
uffering body and the deluands of exhausted nature.
To COlllpensate the "Great Order," as
r aca ulay ad-
dressed the Society of Jesus, for the heroisnl and sacrifice
<>f its sons on the n1Ïssionary fielc1s of N ortll _hnerica, God
<conferrell UIJon lnany of its lllenibers the nlost distinguished
llonor that could fall to an apostle-lIp el"owned the-Ill with
.the crown of lnart
Ts.
The ll
lllles of these victÏIns of rharity are fanlÍliar to us:
..J ohn de Rrebeuf and Gabriel Lallenlent, atroriously tortured
.and burned alive; Uharles Garnier,
\ntoine Daniel, Pierre
Buteux, Sebastian Rasle, shot to death; Pére Å. De Noue,
(drowned; Rénp ::\leynard, devoured by wild beasts; Claude
'Chahollel, clubbed to death; Isaac .J ogue::" tOluahawked and
:beheaded-all of thein priests of the Catholic Church and
:nlart
Ts for the faith of Christ.
On the Pacific coast, in Lower and northern California, in
.Arizona and New ::\Iexico, the
panish Franciscan Fathers,
aninlatell with the sallW faith, rOl1l'age and zeal ,yllich distin-
.guished the :E'1relldl .J esuits of the Great Lakes and the north-
cern regions, of ranada, were, at about the
anle tÏ111e, buried
,anlÍd the de;o;olations of the desert and the solitudes of the
'Sierras, civilizing and Christianizing the tribes and lifting
thenl unto a plane of decency and clean living.
FrOlll Cape San Lucas of Lower California to San Fran-
<<cisco, froin the Bay of Guayulas to Turson and the IIopi
llands ånd unto the towns of the Inysterious Zuni, these con-
secrated SOIlS of St. Francis laid a chain of Illissions whose
80
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
ruins to-day eyoke the wonder alike of the man of faith and
the skeptic.
The names of California, PiIneria and
ew -:\lexico will,
for all time, be united indissolubly "Tith those of the Fran-
ciscan Fathers who labored in these vast and lonely vineyards,
and many of whose nalne
an..' enclm.;ed by the red cirde of
the martyr's blood. Of these were Francis Pon'a
. poisoned
by the Zuni, 1633; Andre Guitteras and Cristobal de la Con-
cepcion, clubbed to death; Franci:sco Letrado and -:\1 artin de-
Arbide, murdered by Zuni; Louis ,Jayne, bhot to death ùy
Deguens at San Diego; Esta\'an df' A l'i\Tide, lnl1l'dered on the
desert on his way to the Zipias, N. -:\L; .J ohn Diaz.
[athew
l\Iorena, John Barranche, Francis Garcé
. all four knifed
and clubbed to death by Y unlaS on tliP Colorado. .f uly 19,
1781. The deserts of the south\\e
t are 80aked with the ùlood
of thirty-four priests of St. Francis, lllartyred for the faith.
These nlen of Ood, with dauntless courage and unalter-
able faith, went on foot frOln tribe to tribe, bearing' the lne
-
sage of redelnption and of hope to nien and "TOlnen reeking in
moral and bodily filth and abandoned to a lliollster of ullelean
and tyrannieal superstitions. They nlade known the reyela-
tions of God to these luunan wrecks; they estaulished lui:::,-
sions among the ,. Digger" Indians of Lower California,.
anlong the coast tribes, alliong the -:\Iojayes, thf' Yuulas, Papa-
goes, Pinlas, )laricopas, Zuni and -:\[oqui.
By the operation of a lnysterious la" of .Justice. the great
priests, whose heroislll on the (lesert and disinterested saeri-
fices on behalf of the savages of the
outhwest are now a part
of
-\.lnerican history, are to-da
T receiving frolll Ílnpartial his-
torians that admiration and praise which, in othpr tilnes, in-
tolerance and bigotry refused thenl. Such authors as Russel
Bartlett, Charles F. Lunlluis, Elliot Coues, and other disinter-
ested non-Liatholic writers, have corrected erroneous state-
lllf'nts and arranged sonle popular opinions fonned of the
nlÏssionaries and their methods. '''
e owe it to these honest
and fearless men that the reading public is at last beg'inning
to understand why the n1Ïssionaries of the Catholic Church
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UTAH
81
were the only clergynlen in ,A.Iuerica whose work
llllong the
tribes 'Was productiye of la
ting good and to cOl1('ede that, if
the priests had been left in undisturbed rossession of their
missions, the Indian
, to-day, would be a ci,Tilized and nUlller,-
()US people.
As early as 1683 tbe .J esuit priests, anticipating the COIn-
ing of the Franciscans, had already cO\Tered Lower California
and southern Arizona with nlOllUlllE'nts of their zeal, faith and
{'harity. They had, according to the" Apostolica:-;
Jane
" of
Padre Jose (h'tega, opened twenty-nine n1Ï
ions in Sonora
and "That is now southern ..A.Tizona, and converted to Chris-
tianity lllauy of the tribe
. They taught thenl agriculture,
building, the rai
ing of cattle and sheep, introduced the
grape, the peach, the IeUlOll and the orange. \Yhen they re-
tired froin the wildenw
they left, in Il1any places, a partial-
ly ci,Tilized race, churches, gardens and a people trained to
work. They hequeathed to their suc('e
sors the invaluable
lesson that nothing "Tas Ï1npossible to faith, energy and perse-
Yerance.
The Jesuit prie
ts who sealed their faith with their blood
in
\rizona and Lower California were Francis Xavier Saeta,
murdered by PÍlnas, ...A.-pril
, 1693; Tonla
Tello, stabbed and
lubbed to death at Caborca, K ov.
1, 1ï51; IIenri Ruen, head
split open and stoned to death by PÍlnas, 1751; ::\Ianuel
Gonzalez, died on the de
ert; .J uan
Iaria Carranzo, clubbed
to death (lï3û) by Digger Indians, Lower California, and
Nicolas Tmnarah, throat cut by Cochin1Ïs (1730), Lower Cali-
fornia.
St. Paul, writing to his Hebrew converts of Palestine, re-
111inds thelll that "faith is the substance of things hoped for,
the conviction of things that appear not," and he adds:
"\Yithout faith it is ÍlllPossible to please God." He then con-
tinues to enlunerate the wonderful trilullphs achieved through
faith by the ele('t of God: "\Yho through faith converted
kingdOlns." This wonderful luan, "called to be an Apostle
out of due tÌlne," now tells thenl of the trials and sufferings
of those who pt'rished for the faith: "\Yandering in deserts,
82
THE C\THOLIC CHCRCH IX UT.\H
in nlountains, in glens, and in caves of the earth. They had
trials of lllockeries and stripe
; they were btoned; being in
want, distressed, afflicted; they were put to death-a just God
will reward thenl."
These early n1Ï
sionaries, whether toiling for God and
their fellow man in northern forest
or on the deserts of the
southwest, are to us glorious exanlples of the possibilities of
individual Ulan when possessed of strong faith and ardent
charity. ".À just God" has already rewarded these faithful
servants of Christ whose lives were a triunlphant Odyssey,
and whose death was the coronation of charity. They left be-
hind them the bright light of snper1ullllan glUJT-the glory of
confessors, saints and lllartyrs.
CHAPTER IX.
THE FRAXCISCANS.
The ReligiU1tS Order:;-PrOnOlt1lCement of Pius IX.-Origin
of
Tame F'ranciscau-Distinguished Jle'Jl of the Order-
A:; Jli:;siunuries-Frallcis of AssÙ;i-His Conrersion-
Journey to Rome-Interview u;ith the Pope-8electing
the Twelre-RenollJtcing the TV orld--l'hpir J.llission to
the Puur-Lu
.e for Poverty-Brothers of the Lepers-
Apparitions on the Streets of 1\T ap l es .
In that lllOSt achnirahle encyclical letter addre
ed June
17, 1
-!7, to the bishops at large, Pope Pius IX honors the
religiou
Orders of tlw Catholic Church by pronoullcing thelll
to be the" (
hosen phalanges of the arIny of Christ, which
haye always been the bulwark and ornament of the Christian
republie, a
well as of ci\'il society." Conspicuous anlong,
and in the very front rank of, the great teaehing and n1Ïssion-
ary bodies of the Church stands the Order founded by
t.
Francis of A
sisi early in the ulorning of the thirteenth cen-
tury. The humble origin in tlw year 1
13 of the Fratres
Iinores or }1-'rancis('ans, as we insist
from affection and ad-
llIÏration for St. Frauc-is, upon ('aIling thf'lll, lllarks an epoch
in the ciyilization of the "Todd. The heroisl1l of the .B-'l'an-
eis('an n1Ïssiollal'if's in all parts of our habitable earth and
their :-;aerifi('es on behalf of Christ aud hunlanity challenge
the adn1Ïration of bra\Te men and stagger belief Üself.
"There are SOUle services and tl'iul1lphs," writes De
)Ion talelnbert in his great \York, "The
Ionks of the ,Vest,"
"of a deep and silent kind which acquire their clue honor only
frolll posterity and under the survey of history."
Before dispassion itself could begin to adn1Ïre the belTices
and henefits the Franci:::;ean conferred for se\Ten centuries
upon the lnunan race, the light had to penetrate the dark
places of the earth where the bones of the lnartyr
lay Ull-
81
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX L'TAH
buried. Tardil
T, hut at la;-;t and sinl"t'rely, unprejndieec1lllan
is paying the tribute of his applause and adll1Ïration to the
heroic fortitude of the saintly lllen of the
-'ran('is('an ()rder
who in China, Corea, South and North Anlerica bore the
Banner of the Cross to the barharian and the savage.
It is late in the day, but not too late, to ask our::;el"es what
lnanner of lllen were the)T who, under accunlu]ated suffer-
ings, and with unparalleled success, Rucceeded in win-
ning to Christ and to decency the degraded and unknown
tribes of ,AJrica, Anlerica and the Islands of the
ea ? "Tell,
lnany of thenl were I1lelnbers of aristocratic and noble faIlli-
lies who had graduated frOlll the he
t :-;{'11001s of
urolJe, and
SOllle anlong thenl have their nalne
carved in the Pantheon
of Fame and in the Ïlllperishable diptychs of the inllllortal
Church of God. IIoweyer, this is not the place to enter upon
a disquisition of the great Order or UIJon tllf
debt of grati-
tude due to it frOlll the lnelnbers of the human race and even
fronl the Church itself.
The history of the Catholic Church, from the thirteenth
to the sixteenth century, was largely the history of the
rise and expansion of the Franciscan Order in e"ery part
of Europe. St. .L
nthony of Padua, -St. Bonayenture, Blessecl
John of Pal'llla, St. Bernardine of Sienna, DUllS
('otus,
St. Leonard of Port
Iaurice helonged to the Ïlllperial guard
of St. Francis, 'who, frOIH one end of Europe to the other,
stornled the strongholds of
atan. They contributed largely
to the learning and science of the world. \Vhen our thoughts
carry us to the halls of the Sarbonne of Paris or to the cia:::;::;
rooms of Oxford or Canlbridge, we recall the assertion of
lr.
Gladstone that their golden age was when thè B"riars )[inor--
the Franci scans-sa t in the chairs of learning-the Cathedra
-when Duns Scotus, Adam de :ß[arisco, .L
Jexander of Hales,
Ockham and Peckham taught the civilized world.
But it is as a n1Ïssionary order we love to contenlplate the
Franciscans, and, as the patriarch of missionari{'s, we yener-
ate
t. Francis, who has begotten through the Gospel tlie
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IX 1:TAH
85
largt'
t fanÜ}y of nÜssiouaries born frolll the prolific woulll of
thf' ,. Bride of Christ," the Catholic Church.
\Yho, then, was Franci
of Assisi?
Centuries before K orthwestern Europe broke apart frolH
the unit
:" of Christendonl, a young lHan, the son of wealthy
parents, lay at death's door. This was .fohn Bernardon, who
was born in 118
, and was fanliliarly called Francis ùy his
cOlllpanions, because of his knowledge of the French language-
a rare accomplishment in those days. lfope was ahnost ahan-
doned, when gradually a change for the better set in, and the
haught
young :Franei'S of the little Italian town of ..L\"sisi rose
frOlll his sick bed an altered luan. ReflectioJ1
('alTIe to hilll
during the weary weeks of his recover)T-reflections which
wrought an extraordinary, a supernatural ehange in the
)Toung' luan. Before his illness he was merry-hearted and
yivacious, was giyen to fine clothes and the fashionable allluse-
lnents of his day.
But now he held all these in strange contempt; his love of
pleasure and worldly display went out from hÏIll, and there
caIne in to take their place in his soul, 10\Te of poverty, conl-
n1Ïseration for the poor, and sympathy for all forms of
hunlan suffering. Ringing in his ears, as if with nletallic
clearness, were the words of Christ, Lord and )[aster:
"Do not possess gold or silver or nlOllf'Y in yonI' purses."
They callle to hiIn as winged lnes
engers froln another world,
and his heart answered with a pledge of obedience.
Casting fronl hinl his purse, his jewels and golden chain,
the young lllan removed his shoes, threw aside his fashion-
able rainlent, clothed hinlself in a rough tunic girded with a
rope. and entered upon a career of self-denial and penitential
preaching which has won for him a conspicuous place in the
Catholic Church and in the annals of history.
Gnawing at his heart. not nlerely buzzing in hi
brain, the
words kept sn1Ïting hilll: "Provide neither gold. nor Û}yer,
nor hrass in your purses, llf'ithf'r scrip for your journey,
neither two coats, nor yet staYe
. for the worknlan is worthy
of his lneat." ()nce before beggars had changed the face of
86
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN UTAH
th
world, with no otlwr equipment than faith and God's
grare. .....\nd why not again f
Francis of .LL\ssisi went out into the world with no doubt
of his mi
sion, with no fear for the InOlTOW, with no nloney
in his purse, for did not God l)rovide for tllP YOllng ra\'en
whom Francis 10\Ted and
poke to in ecstasy of jor
Enlpara-
dised in beatific vision, lw beheld the angels of God eneonr-
aging him, and, embo,,-el'ed in ecstasy, he
aw the Five
,y ounds of Christ bleeding afresh for the sin::; of the "Todd.
Barely taking tinle to snatch a nlOuthful of bread and a
ff'w houl'
'
leep, :B-'rancis sta rtecI, hare-footed, on the road to
ROlne and, entering the hnperial City, knelt at the feet of
that grf'at Popp, Inlloc'ent II I, asking his bles
ing and
recognition for tbe Urdpr he was soon to estahlish.
The Pontiff was walking in hi
ganlf'n of the Latf'ran
when Francis entered. Startled by the sudden apparition of
the young 111an, thinned to ellwciation,
llOelesfo:, hare-headt-'d,
half-rlad, withal a heggar of gentleness and n:>tillenlent, Inno-
cent asked hilll his Inission. The Pontiff'
eye pl'netrated
through the 1 ags of the beggar and Sa'\\' thf' saint. The POpf'
a vproyed of his project, and Franeis reÌlll'nH! to As
isi (.aIT
T-
ing with hinl a draught of his afterward fmnons "Uule."
Gathering to hinlself tweI\"(:, others. all
'oung, all aglow
"Tith the sallIe diyine thuue, he Legan hi
ex:traonlinar
'
can'er. Xl'arl
' all of knightly rank mHl gentle hluod, they
surrendered their ('Iainls to inheritance, awl, following: the
exanlple of their as(.ptir leader, stripped thenlsel\'es of all
"'Torldl
T posse:-:sions and for (1hrist
ake took pun
!rty for
their bride.
Bare-footed lwggars the
- were, and a
11lOnf'
T was the
ruot of eyil, they' would not touch, eyen with the tips of their
fingers, the aecursed thing: "Y e ('annot selTe Hod and Inalll-
111on," spoke Franci
, eyen in Christ'
own words.
These apostles of po\'ert
T, of pit
T, of deyouring ]oye for
their fpllow creatures, went furth, two hy two. to pl'pach hove
alld <-- 1hrist (,l'ucifie(l to the poor. CalJed to liYe aIllong the
people, to suhsi
t upon a hlls, to heal' the hardest toil, HIE-ir
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
87
llllssion ,,-as to revive the faith of Jesus Christ aU10ng the
lnasses, to give daily and living exa111ples of Christian pa-
tience, devoted sacrifiee and self-denial. If ever Inen preê1ched
Christ and Hitn crucified. these 1nE'11 did.
They had no systen1. no views; they conlhated nu opinio11:;';,
they took no side. Discussion, controversy, theological dis-
pute, these they left to the rhetoricians and the schoohnen.
That Christ had died, had risen again and was alive for pver-
Inore was an indisputable but awful fact. The
- preached
Death, the .Judgnlent after death, reward for good dee(ls and
an E'ndless hell.
Franci
and his cOll1panions called thelnselve:-., "Brothers
of the Poor," hut futurE' generations, out of love and achnira-
tion for this lovable Inan an(l wonderful :;.;aint, in:;.;ist upon giv_
ing his nan1e to all who, by YOW', walk in his footste})s.
Their Illission was to the poor, to the negleC'tecl to tho
e
sweltering Inasses in foul hovels with neyer a quilt to cover
theIn, huddling close, alive with vern1Ïn, disfigured with
ghastly wens; lepers accursed of God and Ulan, too horrihl
-
shocking for W0111E'n to look upon, and driven outside the walls
to rot and die in the lazar houses.
To these caIne Franci
with bread, with consolation. with
hope, with a llleS
age frolll .J esus fihrist, the son of (}o(l. To
the!-,e outca:-;ts, wherever found, camE' those other twelyE' into
whom Francis had poured 111uch of his own spirit of heroic
abnegation and sublÍlne love for (}od's creatures, "hrotherq
to pJ esus Christ, brothers to you and llle."
",Ye are cOlne," they said to the unhappy wretche
, "we
arE' C0111E' as your frif'IHls, nay, even as your hrother
, to liye,
if needs be, among you; to wash your sores and to calT
'" with
you your hunlen;-; of poverty and disease. (hu Lord sends us
to you. ,\T e. too, are heggars, and, like JfiUI, we know not
where to la
- our heaùs for sleep. Christ died for all of us
and-hope is ours and there is happines
beyond tIlE' grave."
s they spoke, so they lived, and when, wan. hollow-e
Ted,
ghastly pale, elnaciated to the bone. the
- glidpd for the fir
t
tÜl1e through the streetð of f,inful X aples, it was as if .. the
88
THE CATHOLIC CHGRCH IN rT.\II
graves were opened, and the bodies of the Eaints that had
slept arose, came into the city and appeared to nlany."
In the presence of such stupendous f'xanlples of brotherly
love, face to face with these hourly n1iracles of grace, of seFf-
denial and lieroic self-sacrifice, the cynic wa ç;; dumb, the rich
nlan opened his purse and the proud and sinful took pause.
CHAPTER X.
SONS OF ST. FRANCIS.
Their First Official J1 eeting-Expnnsion of the Order-Its
Influence in the Discovpry of Amrrira-Francis of Cala-
bria and the Queen-Founding of cay of San Domingo,
Haiti-Pioneers of the Faith in ..Llmerica-FTiends of
the Indian-Denouncing the Slare Trade-COl1cersion of
Tribes-lllaf'celous Success of the Franciscans-A'ltthori-
ties Cited-Diego Landa-lJ1issionaries and Explorers.
In 1
13 the Franci!-5cans held their first chapter or conven-
tion at the Church of the Portiuncula, .....\.ssisi. Their Inelubers
began to increase, and froni Italy they flowed oyer into
France, Gernlany,
pain and England.
The whole face of Christendom was changed by the
preaC'hing and exanlple of St. :B-'rancis and his conlpaniolls.
They proved to the lHen of their tilue that the teachings and
cOl11mand
of .J e
us Chri
t, the Son of God, were not above the
understanding and ohedience of the BIen of the n1Ïddle and of
all succeeding ages. In the person of
-'raIwis, .J esus of Kaz-
areth lived again, for the love, the instruetion and edifieation
of the hUlnan race, as lIe had never liverl in any one indh
id-
ual since that hour vdwn the great apostle to the pagan
world reminded the Galatians: "I have been crucified with
Christ, and I live, now not I, but Christ liveth in nle."
This is not the plaC'e to traC'e the r
unifications of the dis-
tinguished Order of Ht. Francis which, like the branches of
the Idunlean vine, co,rer a great space and reach afar, but to
hurriedl
T trace that arnl of the prolific vine which was trans-
planted to -,-
merica and sent out its branches to every part
of the wonderful continent.
,Va i vi ng the di vi ne in terposi tiOll, and concerning our-
selves only with lnunan agencies, it is no language of exag-
geration to assert that to the influence of a Franciscan priest
90
THE CATHOLIC' CHURCH IN UTAH
humanity is largely indehted for the discovery of
-\..lllerica.
'Yhen the daring Genoe
e, COhUllbu
, had appealed in vain
to the courts of Europe for help to outfit him for his perilous
enterprise, he turned to the Franciscan priest, Francis of
Calabria, to adyi
e hilll in his despair. Francis "Went in per-
son to Isabella, queen of Spain, and, when he left her preð-
ence, he carried back to Columbus, his guest in the lnonas-
tery of Calabria, the prOluise that the queen would furnish
the nleans to start hinl on his ocean voyage.
'Yhen afterwards cahunny hardened the hearts of royalty
and the nobility of Spain against hÏ1n, it was another Frau-
cisl:'an, Juan Perez de
Iarchena, "Who caIne to his assistance,
"The protector of COhll11bus in Spain," \Te read in the his-
tory of Count Hose1Jy de Lorgues, "was the g'enerons ]-'1'an-
ciscan, Juan Pprez de
lar('llPna." This sallie Father Perez,
astronOlner and cartographist, acco1l1panied COIUlllbus on his
second voyage, and, with the great navigator, founded the
cit
T of San Don1Íngo, :I [aiti, 'Y e
t Indies.
,.Ahl1ost ÏI11111ediately after San Don1Ïngo, in 1311, was
raised to a bishopric by Pope Julius II., and Juan de Zunlar-
raga created, in 1548, first arC'hbishop of jUexiC'o, the Fran-
ciscan:s entered upon a career of lllissionêll'Y enterprise anlUng
the savages of North and South .L\ulerica that wi1J for all tinle
file the nalues of their luartyrs and
onfes
ors aç;; beads of
gold on a Rosary of "F-'alue. In one hundred
ears thp Fran-
ciscan lllÍ ,",sionaries had converted and civilized f,ixteen nlÍl-
lions of savages on the C'ontinent of
-\ nwriC'3. Not one, hut
a whole library of books, would lw rec.luirc(l to record their
achieyell1en ts.
,;, The sons of S1. Jj-'rancis," writes Leopold de Chevance,
"including Peter of Glwnt, ::\Iartin of Valencia, Francis So-
lano, and Garcia of Padilla, ,,-ere the first to evangelize
Iex-
ico, Peru, Paraguay, Brazil, {ianada, and the whole of the
'Yest Indies. Pnr:
uillg to the laf-;t their work of dpliyerallCe
and salyatioll, they were abo the first, with .J uan Suarez,
Las Caf-;as and Zlnnarraga to raise their voices in favor of
the Indians, WhOlll it ,,-as songht to reduce to slavery, ass
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
91
along with XÏ111elle
, tlwy were the firs1 to protest against
that hideous traffic, the
laYe trade."
The Franciscans "ere not only the fir
t I11Íssionaries in
l\Iexico and in those regions of X orth )..llleriea
ettled hy the
Spaniard:-.. but they were the first to penetrate the northern
forests of Canada and the region:-: of the Great Laké;:,. Years
before the Congregational Pilgrinls landpd in
Iassachusetts,
in l()
U. tIlt-. Franciscan Father
Le (i aron , 'Tiel and de la
Roche Daillon were eyange]izing the tribe
on tlw shores .of
Lake IIuron and preaching to the
-\Jtiwalldaronð, whose
hunting grounds
tretched froIll the }1-'alls of Genesee to the
Detroit X arro,ys.
Fronl the
"ran('is('ans the indigenous races of the :South
.A..nwrican continent deri\'e,l their religion and their ('iyiliza-
tion, and. by the opera tiOll of a lllysterious land of eonserYê:l-
tion, a('tillg with ('learness and precision. these
outhern
tribes haye hC'eIl united into one fan1Ïly and one household-
the fmllil,\
and household of the inlperishahle Church of God.
The llatiye tri1ws of the
outh
-\..llleri('an continent, notwith-
sbtnding the unfayorahle (,OIlClitions of their surroundings
and the eyil eXalllples of nIany of the snperior race. haye pre-
SelTf'd their solidarity and nUlllber
by th
influPl)('c of the
Catholir Church and of her spiritual sons, the Franciscans.
":Jlore than a l11i1lion anll a ha1f of the pure aboriginal
races," writes Prirhard in hi:-: '.Xatural lfistory of .:\lan."
"I i \Te in Routh
\111eri{'a in the profession of Christianity,
vdÜ]e the history of the atteulpts to ron\
ert and f'a n:l the [n-
dians of X orth
-\..nlerica under the influelwe of the seet:-; i
a
history of melaneholy failures. The preselTation of the In-
dians of :Jlexi('o, Houth and <. ientral
\Jlleri
a l'efl('(.ts honor
on the HOlllan Catholic t 1]nu'('h.' '-Prichard, See. XLI\.... p.
4
ï.
"Far fl'Olll heing din1Ïnished." wr:ite
c.
tllal't Cochrane
in ":JI
.Journal of a He:-:idenn' in Colmnhia." "the Indians
ha\'e rOllsi(lf'rahly increased. .A sill1Ïlar increasl--' has taken
p1aee generally 311lOnp; the Indian population in that part of
Aluerica wl1i('h is within the tropics. The Indian
92
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
population in thf' luÜ;sions is constantly angulenting, vdlile
within the United
tates, on the contrary, the Indian:-: are
fast dhninishing in nUlnbers. In the rnited States, as civili-
zation advances, the Indians are constantly drivf'll beyond
its pale."
In Spanish ",-\nlerica today, lnainly through the zeal and
devotion of the Franeisran Father
, the Indians are in 11UU1-
bel's practirally what tlwy were at the tÏ111e of the l'Onqueðt.
They are civilized and Christianized, and are eligiblf' for auy
office in the state, the Chur<,h or the anny.
'[n t,,
o hundred
years we of the north," writes ::\[1". C. F. Lnu1Ini:-:, in his
,.
panish Pioneers," "' wiII be clas
ifying and articulating
and lerturing on the bones of the prehistoric Indian, while all
through Sonth and Central An1erieH the Indian will he culti-
vating the land and increasing in lllllllhers."
The Franrisran
have, in Spanish Allwriea. won a thon-
>:5alld tribes to the eross; have spen tlWll1 inereasp and llnIlti-
ply on every side under the benign rule of the Churrh; and, in
spite of many calan1Ïtif's, re,Terses ana opposition, !têHTe pre-
selTed thenl for two hundred years in tlw unbrol\.en nnity of
tlw faith. Froln Bogota to Buenos _-\.jTeS the l'-'rancisf'ê:lns
roalned the forests and plallls, hring'iug Christianit
T and
eivilization to the sedentar
, or wandering', sayage:-:,
'
The voice of Christianit
T," writf's _\xrhihald bnlÌth in
his .. Peru As It Is," ,. has penetrated into vast regions of
heathen and sa \'age tribes, and rea<,lwd the unsettled wan-
derers ê:llnOI1g- the thirkest entanglelllCut:-- of the wooù;-;. Frolll
O<,opa lSSllPd forth those zea Ions, per;-;ev('ring, '-'elf-dpuying
and enùuring BleU, tlw great objeet of ,\ho
p livt's it has Leen,
in the n1idst of dangel', and in the lUln1e of thp Ha \Tioul', to
acId to the faith of the Churrh, and to eiyilizf'cl soeiety, beings
whose spirits were as dark as the woods thp
- ol'cupif'tl. "
The HOll. F. ,YalpoJe, who had aUlp]e Opp()l'tunit
- of illti-
nudely studying the results of the seJf-sêH'l'ifiee and lahors of
the n1Ïssionaries, tells Us in hi:-: " }1"'our Years in tllP Pacific":
,. All South .Âuleri('a was exp]orpd under tlwir (the Fraueis-
cans ') direetion. {)yercOluing e, ery diffieulty, surmounting
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UTAH
-J3
toih;, braying unheard of and unknown dangers, glorying in
wounds, hardships-death it
elf-these zealous nlen spoke of
Jesus and JIis loye and Inercy in the renlotest nooks of this
vast continent."
In Central ..L
nlerie
l the Franeiscan
"ere the pioneers of
civilization and religion. ..Lls early as 1331 }1'athér I >icgo
Landa "as preaching to the tribes of lueatan and deeipher-
ing tlIP 1laya hieroglyphs on the 11l0nU111ents of 1Iayapan,
Chichen-ltza and
lerida. lIe solved the m
Tstery of the
\hau-Katan, OJ' the cycle of the (
uiches, and left us an in-
valuahlp treatise on YuC'atall and it
people.
lIl through
Guatf'luala, Xicaragua and IIouduras these faithful Ini
sion-
aries carried the torch of Christianity, early in the ::;evell-
teenth eentury, through the tribes, and e8tablishecl al1lOng
thenl a civilization that exists in Central AUlerica to-day.
.J ohn L. Ntephens, who, in 183
)-18-!O, traveled through
(ientral .Aluerica and elljo
Ted every opportunity of witness-
ing the life of labor and responsibility of the lonely priests
sC'attercd alìIOllg' the inland viIlage Indians, tells us in his
.. Incidents of Travel in Central Ånlerica," that tlw priest
,. "as looked up to by every Indian as a C'olulselor, friend and
father. [ ('ould hut think, ,yhat subse(lUently inl-
IHo(--':-"sed itse1f upon nle nlOre and lllore in every step of nl
T
journe
T in tIulÌ country, 'Blessed is the vilIage that has a
priest.'" Farther on in hi::; fascillê1 ting book he ,yrites:
.. The priests wpre all intelligent and good lllen, who would
ratlwr do benefits than an injury. In Inatters C'onneC'ted with
religion they were l110st reyerential, lahor
(l diligC'utly in
their yoC'ations, and were without reproach aJ1l0llg the peo-
ple. "
'rile heroic work of the Frallci:--can
in the great -1
zteC'
elllpire of 1[exico, their labors in Sonora, Sinoloa, in Gpper
'1\1.'1 ".mYer California, their daring e"Ploratio n
discov-
t'l'lCS 111 1 he unexplored lands of the we
t and
"
e
t of
our (Oonntry, are too well known to particularize in tJwse
pages.
To thiç; !treat l11issionarv order of St. Francis helonO"ed
u
94
THE C \TIfOL[C ClIt"H.Cll IX CT_\II
the two (hIring prie
ts, }1\'aneis('o ..L-\. tanasio l)olllingupz and
Silyestre Velez de l
s('alante. who, frOJl1
anta Fe. Xew
Ipx-
ieo, eros
ed, one hundred and thirty-five years ago, Colorado,
l
tah and ..Arizona. and f'ntered the
[O(lui towns heyond the
Colorado Chi(luito. tr-w Rio .J êHlue
ila of the
\[O(llli
.
CHAPTER XI.
\"ELEZ ESCALAXTE, PIUEST AKD EXPLORER.
IIis Arri,.al in Jlerir'o-Assignment to huni-Lalld-risits
the Jloquis-Trrites to Fathp}" r;a}"r'es-(;arrps' Extra-
onlÌJ((lry Ca reer-H is Ex plo}"ation8 in Arizona a nei rali-
fnrnia-Find Trhite lUau tu Cru:i:i Uraud Cauyon of the
rolorado-O pells the Old pst of thi' .. h 1 pa nish Trrtils"--
Escalante Attempts rr()
.-;ing of the Canyou-liis Lptt,Jr
on the llIoquis-Return to the Zuuis-Called to 8al1ta
Fe-Codifies Xew JI p.rica}l
lrch i rps-AL)(ICh e (I J(lelt y-
E8(;alantt> ':; Retirement and Death.
It i::-; llllWh to hp deplored that rpsearPll in the Xational
Lihral'
,
rexi(.o, and examination of the archi\Tes of the Epi
-
('opal Lihrar
r,
anta Fe, haye nut rf'wal'ded us with lllOre sat-
isfactor
- information on thf' li\rp:,,\ of Father
B
L'L
lante and
DOlllinguez. Of DUlllinguez Yer
littlf. i
on l'f'f'orcl, and we
hayp no data fronl ,,-hirh a short biography luight hp rOlll-
piled.
,Ye haye searched through thp ..Croni('a Rel':1fica
r
\po:"\-
tolica del rolegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de
Qller
ta l'O en la X ue\Ttl Espana" but haye not found any men-
tion of their naInes. Let n
hopf' that
Ol1le futurf' historian,
who ('an hring" to hi::-; work the tillW. the patienC'
HIHl thf'
IllPans, will ::-;lwC'eed where we ha\Te faile(l. IIi
brother pl'ie
t
and eOl11panion on tll{'
r oliui .. EntnHla." or ::Santa Fe expe-
ditioll. fills a l110re eons}Jiellolls phH'e in the annal
of K pw
r exiC'o.
ike::-;tl'e \"T elt-'z de bJscalante "'a
a Spani
h prie
t and a
lllE'll1hpr of the teLH'hing alHl Ini
siOllêl1'
- on1('}' foun(lf'd h
y
St. Fl'aI}('i
of
-\.
isi, Tta1
T, in the tWf'1fth ('elltlll'
'. He was
one of the C'ongTega tinll pf fourteen l)]'ie:-:t
who. in lïGR,
",ailed from thf' port of Ran Blêl
" Spain, êlu(l, after a t('IllPC<.;-
i HOllS Yo
-agf'. rf'êlchecl the Puerto de Glla
'}na
. Onlf of Ca li-
)()
THE C\THOLIC CH{"RCH IX rTAH
fornia. Froni here he went to the town of IT or(>a
itas, on the
Ran
rigllel. the head(lUarter
of the Spani
I] governor and
of the nlission of
onora and
inolon. Tn the distrihution uf
the n1ÏssionarieH made h
' the goyel'nor and the local superior
of tlH-' Franeiseans, Padre Esea lantf' "YHS assigned to Ter-
renate, one of the five Nonorinn presidio
, and in tiule -wa
appoillte(l resiclellt lllÎssionary at Laguua, Xortheastern Ke"
)Iexieo. Froin here he yisitf'd and iustl'ueted lllan
T of the
:sedentary tribe:-. in and around Cehilita and E]
Ioro.
Early in .J anlUlr
, 1775, he is with the Zuni::; at (Þjo del
Pesf'ado preaehing to the adu1t
, tearhillg the little boys awl
girls how to pray, and, in('identall
T, Ï1nparting" to the Indianð
a kno-wledge of Ï1uproyed til1age and of dOlllé::;tie cleanlines
.
1 [is zeal Hnd deyotion to the ehilclren won the adnlÎl'ation of
the Zunis.
]l tlI(' neighboring pueblos veneraÜ.<l Jlinl as a
;o;uperior Iuan, and his faIlle traveled to the .ßIOllllÏ town.
north of the Colorado rhiquito, to whmn he IW..d sent greet-
ings and a ulessage of good -will. T]w" (iliff [)wellers"
ent
a deputation of their elders tu ill,'ite him to their villages, an
illyitation which he accepted. He passed eight days with the
-:\Ioquis, holding councils ,,'ith the head nlen and explaining
to the 111ysterions people the principal articles of Christian
belief. 'Yhen he returned to his Zuni n1ÏRsion he wrote r
.L
ugust 18, 1775, to j1-'ather j1-'l'anciR('o Garces, who was then
exploring the {;olorado and visiting tlw regional tribes.
Fra
T Garces was the first white 111an to nwke thp joul'nc
frolli Yuma to the
IojaYe and on to the Los
ngeles of to-
day. Tit' di
eovered the )Iojave river, traveled on foot the
unexplored region,
ll1Cl explored the Tulnre ,,"'aIle,'. .L\cconl-
iug to
lrriciyita, he was the first white nUlll who eyer
aw
and crossed the Grand (\lllyon froBl e,"l
t to west, and gavè
to this gorge-one of the natural -wonders of the world-a
speeifif' n
llne. In 177-! he pilotf'd Cn pta in .J uall B. Ansa and
his party frOlll the PiU1êl village of TulJac on the Hio
anta
Cruz to
ronterey, California, and openerl the oldest of the
Spalli
h trails.
In his letter to Father Garces. Esealant2 ealled the Colo-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
97
rado the Rio Grande de los Co
ninos, after a sub-tribe of the
Havasupa, then BettlE'd in a deep depression of Cataract
river in llortlrwestE'rn A l'izona. fIe nwutiolled, on represen-
tationR lllade to hinl by the IndiauH, that the Colorado was
Ï111pasHahle, and that no one knew if any people livE'rl on the
'Ûtlwr side of the Great Gorge. In this letter he gives cur-
rency to a report that white nlen (prohahly
hipwre('ked
Spaniard
) "
ere luet hy Indians in the Far ,Yest, hefore
::\Ionterpy was founded, thus rpviving the luyth of the north-
ern Illystery.
The letter of Padre ESf'alante was I!earl
thirteen monthR
hunting tllf' wandering priest, and ('aught up with hiln, at
Jast, at his n1Ï
ion of San Xavier del Bal'. near tlu' nlOdern
city of Tucson, .Arizona.
In the report of his expeditions, Garcf's, writing ()(.toher
17, 177(), sa
':-;: "1-\hout a lllonth aftpr I returned frOln IllY
journey I received a letter fl'Olll tllP Hev. Ji\tther Bilvestrc
,T elez de Escalante, dated frolll X P\y ::\[exico, August, of the
.ahO\Te-Illelltioned year (1773), which. though they di:-.patehec1
it to nle to the Rio Colorado, they (the Indian runners) had
to hring hack, for I had already departerl. I read with deep
interest this letter. Kow, as to the stateulent lnadc hy the
rCo
nino Indian to tlu:i Reverend Father, I assert that what
he cal1H the Rio de los
Iisterios is the Colorado River. The
I J l'ote,-;tation that the river was iUlpassahle, and that the
'Cosninos did not know if there were people on the other Bide,
was an exaggeration of the Indian, for it is eertain that thprp
:are peoplp, and friends of theirs, on tlw other si<Ì.p of the
river. [t i
true, the river l11ay be difficult to ('ross, for, as T
:have already written, fr0111 the village of the .T.unajaos np-
",yards, tIIP hankH are \Ter
r steep and the sides ex('eedingl
r
:l'ough. ' ,
] hIring his yi
it to the 1\IotlUi:-: }1J
calante attelupted to
crOHS thp Grand Canyon of thp Colorado and failerl. In hi
.. 'Illfonllc y Diario (IlH:' in .J ullio de 177;) hizo E'11 la Pl'o\'iu('ia
de l\Ioqui "-hiB diary kept while al1l0ng the
r uqui:-.-he re-
t?ounts the ohHtacles he encountered when he e:,sayed the
9b
THE C_\.THOLIC CHL"RCH IX r'L
H
crús
ing of the trenlelldou
cha
nl. lIe de
('rib
the Jloqui
pllPhlo
, adding there were se\'ell of tlWlìl, perched on three
llle
as. carrying a population of sP\'en thou
aJld fh'e hundred
ouh;; that Uraihe was the largest town. and hplll alInust h\o-
thirds of the people. IIis journal, dated
)ctober :2f\, 1 773, i
full of interesting details. ] [e l'eeollnts ineidents of his long.
and pel'ilou
trip frum Zuni, what ()('eurre(l during hi
\.>ight
day
'
tay alllong' the
Ioqui
, the difficulty of ('ony('rting'
them to the faith, owing to the opposition of the Shallli:Ul
.
and the possiblE' ne('es
ity of the Spaniards being eOlllpel1ed
to usp foree to subdue thell1. He ::;a
'
Ow )foqui
. or "foqui-
nos, as they were tlH'n spoken of. werE' all dispo
e(l t(nnu'd..:
Christianity and tllf> Spaniards, hut the lllC'dieine nwn. or
sur('el'ers. fearing their puwer and influE'lH'e 1\ould 1w iUl-
paired, or lost altogether if the llli
;..;ionarip
"Ter{\ p(,l'luitt('cT
to dwell ])(>rllU1nentl
T in their village;..;, were hitterly hostile.
This ::\[O(!lÚ dial'io giyes us all ill
ight into the triha! life-
of the ocC'ult racE', and is fun of curiou;..; aud intere;..;ting- in--
fonllation.
ll'C'0111panyillg the diario wa
a lllap of the routes he l1:ld
taken and a delineation of the feature
of the land and the'
general lay of the country. rrhis nml' he lil)i
l}(>(l at Santa
Fe, to whiC'h l'la('e Ilf-' 'YHS SlUmllOlled hy the ,'i('E'l'o
- of X ew.
::\lexieo. Ppdro Fil'lllill de Jfindinneta, to enter with Fath
'r
Atanasio Dominguez upon a tour of exploratio11 to,nll'<ls th
"
Paeific oC'ea11.
Heturning' from hj
fmnuu:-: t'xpedition, 1<
s('Hlante ('0111-
pleted frOlll hi
'Tohuniuous 110t(--S l1i
diario }lnd itin,-'rHr
'..
now translaÌ<'(l for the first ti Ill\-' anù giyeu to t]w puhl ie il1
this hi
tory. -<-\. HUll' uf tilE' roulE' follOWf'd by the: explurel'
'
fronl
anta Fe, to the Colorado and the Jloqni puehlos ,,'a:-:.
athlf'he<l to the original diario, hut it is pl'e;-,lllllf'(lI
' lost O!.
destroYE'd, for the assistant I ihra l'ian uf thp Xa iÎOllHll
Library,
[exic() City, writps ll;-, that he lUHluot sW'l'<,p(lp(l lIl'
finding an
trH('e uf it. That this 111ap (':\.i
te(l, in 1777. we
know fr0111 the letter written b
the JI((rque:-; de Croix, frOlllJ
::\[exieo City, to the yi('('roy of Xe\\T )lexico. 1Iindinueta. The
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
99
[a rqups dates his lettE'r :Wth .J ul
'. 1777. and thanks
lindi-
nueta for haying furwardE'd to him the journalf-.. and Inap
(Diari()R y .ßI apa) of the t\yO priests"
H('ar('ely gi \'ing hiulself tinH' to l'eCO',Ter f1'0111 t]1(\ e
haus-
tion of his wallderilIg"s oyer I110untains and de:-:erb, tlll' tire-
less llli
sionary now
ets out on foot for the pueblo of Santa
-\na of the Rpllelue. high up near the Ìlead ,,-aters of the Hio
Grande, where a mission had hppn opellt'd SOUl(' year
l}(>fore
by Father .10sp ()r011SO.
,Ye next hear of hilll in the huni Inission viUnge of Ran
IldE'fonso, "There he (hn>]]s four n1Ont11s (>ate('hizin
and in-
stnwting the [ndians.
]1-'1'0111 the Zuni rounh'
' 11(' is callE'd b
T his proYÏ1wial, or
religions supE:'l'ior, .Tuan
lol'fì. to (>ollpct and examine the
(10(,UUIl'lIts nud arl'hivt's fuund in Hauta Fe, alHl l'udif
T th
'lli.
l
llfortnnatE'I
-. the ntost irnpol'tant l't'('ol'ds anti Inanu-
srl"ipts \YE'rp (lestroYf'(l iu thp uprising and lllas
.n('rp of 1GS().
The iSHle of his l',--'sean'hes, hegnu in --<-\1']'il. 1778. aud ('"'(tend-
ing over a period of sonle
Teal's, resulted in the puh]ication,
in Rpallish, of his" Carta," or f'pi:";tle, aIHl his .. Arrhiyio de
Nuevo ..Mexico." Thesf' invaluahlt> works art' printed in the
third
eries of the dO('ulllE'lltary hi:-:tol'
- of
rexieu, and the
original llmnuscripts are to he found aUlung the general
archiveR of
r exiro.
In the earta, or I(:'tter. to his e('(']psiasti('al SlJpf'l'IOl'.
Father I
scalante says that the XaYajo-
\pa('hes ('amp to
Santa Fe in the mouth of .1 n]y e\'er
'
{-'ar frolll tlwir hunting'
g'r()und
OJI the u1'p(:'r Chama to baJ'Ìpl' d]"it'd meat
killS awl
('aptives taken in hatt]e. If they failed to Sf'1I or exchange
tlwir })]'iSOlWrs for grain or pnn:isimh the
' led thf'l11 a:-;idE'
aud slaughtE'l'f'd them. ,r]wn the king' of Spain WèlS told of
this at1'o('ions cnstOlll he gaye orders that. at tbe (::,xpeIl"C' I)f
his majf'str, aU unsold or unJ"f'dpenH?d pl'isonel':-' were to he>
}H1n'lIasf'd. [n tlIp SHIll(' lettel' It(' lnentiolls that ill tlip au-
hl111ll of ] G!)(). the }\'
lll'h IT uguenots, who Ji'Tl'<l un the dis-
tant frontier of tlw 1H'o\'in('e. w('re l'('ported to ha\'e exterllli-
nah'd four thousau<1
\pêH'hps, who attal'ked the friendl
'
100
THE C.\TIIOLlC CHeRCII IX ("T.\1I
tribes whieh the [luguenot
hail taken under their protec-
tion,
After cOlnpleting the annals of Kew
réxieo the lwroil"
priest retireil to the
-'rancis('an ('ollpge at (llleretaro,
[exi('o.
()f hilll we l11ay rE'lJeat what Elliott Cones writes of Father
Garces in the introdu<:tion to hi
work, ., On the rrrail of a
Spanish Pioneer": "lIe wa
a true f'olrlicr of th
cro
,
neithE'r greater nor lesspr than thon
and
of othE'l' "hi Idl'en
of IIoly <- 'hu}'('h. Puor, like .1 esn
. lw so loyed his fellow
luan that he wa::-; ready to die for hilll. ,Yhat l110re eould
llUl n do?"
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"HOCK OF .\(;1.8
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,
III>
.,
CHAPTER XII
THE' .GRE \T BA:-:IX."
TVhy the Fraut'is{'(!lls Did
Tot Euter fliP Basiu-Ârpa of the
Basin-Its P rimord ial State-l t8 Dpse rts (f ud .11 Oll}t-
tains-Prightful Solitude .Awed Exploration-TT/(' rr((-
-,,(dr-h Hauge-" Tiprra de los Parlrps' '-A /limal Lifp of
Grpat Ba::Ún-.Juuipero Serra Enters at the SOllfli-
Triùe:-; Tritltiu the Basin-Frauciscans Begiu tf) Ciriliz:
The11l-Seel,'iUlf a Trans-Territorial Route.
,Ye haye o('casiona ]]
. heen a:-:kel1 h.\
:-:tul1pnt:-: of _\nH:'l'i..
cau hi
tOI'
', and haye now an,} thé'n in llwgazines and ppri-
odi('als, ulet thp question Wh
T tlu:> Catholie Church in AUlerica
had not at au
- tinH:' urp:anized 1l1i
siùns among' the (11u:'
-_
ellue
, the
ho:-:hones, the Baunoeks and other inland trilws.
...\nd WE' h(n
e ahnlYs all..;'H'red in tl1(> wonl" of our (liyilw
Lord: .. The haryest indeed is gTeat. hut tlw laborers are
ff'w." 'Yhen that wondprful prie
t, .J nnipero t;erra, the
Hpostle of (ialiforuia, la
- d
'ilJg' in hi:-: littlp lnona
ten- at
Hanta BarLara, he turned to the nlOurllful eomluuions at hi
lwdside and
aid: .. Pra
r ye, therefore, the Lord of the har-
\'(>:-it that] [e send forth lahol'prs into His yinpyard."
Extending ahout
S() lllile:-. fnJlll Borth to f.:outh aud (;()t)
n1Îlps frOlll ea:--t to we
t, spreadi up,' 0' er an area of :21 f),()Ot)
f;quarp luiles, is a YHst regioll of ulOuntain and de...;ert to
"hieh Frelllont, on his exploring expedition of 18-1:-1:, gaye
the nallle of the .. Great Basin." Thi:-:
olo-.:sal inland de-
pre
iol1 takps in the westf'rn half of TTtah. including'
an-
Pete, Se\'ier
Ullllllit, and etah ('olllitil':-:, and l1H'llldp
ahuo:-.t
the entire state uf Keyada. Tn
()utllPast(>rn ()reg'on the
Basin ahsorh:-: a large territorr and
teal:-: a portion of huul
frOll1 soutlwasÍ(>rn r daho and :-:ontlnw>:-:tprn ,rYOulInp;. it
passes into California, extendiug along its pn...,tf'l'n honler,
and, leaping to the
onthern Pllfl of the stait., l'ollel't:-: 1111-
10
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN "[""TAR
perial 'Talley, San Diego eoullt
-, and portions of Lower
California intu it
treIuendous llUl\Y. Toward
tl18 ea
t it
touches the drainage basin of the Colorado riYer
and on the
west it i
bounded hy the hasins of the San .J oaquin, the Sac-
lalnellto and many lesser streall1S. r-flw ('rest of the huge
Sierra Ne\Tada fonus the great divide for the falling and
flowing water
, and further south to\yering lllountain
hold
its drainage within its territory. "Tithin the hasin are pleas-
ant val1eys, whose alluvial :-;lope
and ßoon
were r:1Ísed hy
the detritus acclunulating for uncounted ages fronl the sur-
rounding lllountains. Here, too, deserts of repel1ant a,-;pe('t
were forn1ed, and anlong thelll are the Great Salt Lake and
Carson desolations of sand and alkali. the Colorado and the
bnrning
[oyaYe of the southwest. The Sevier, the Ralston,
the Auwrgmm and the E
ealante wa
tes of saud oe(,llp
their
own places in thi" 11la)'velons fOl'lllation, but are of subordi-
nate ÏIllportan('e. En('lo
erl ,yithin the Basin are the dreaded
Death Valley, the Salton Sink and Coahuila Desert. all of
then1 I
in.g below the face of the Pacific.
Af'ross thi
desolation of wilrlernes
, for alnlOst a thou-
sand n1Ïles frOlll north to south in a sPl'ie:-; of rugged range
,
huge nlountain
battled with the clouds. Their gloUJuy for-
f'sts of pine and fir, their gorges of horrent depths and
us-
tained silence, their fierce and forhidding lllien, terrified ex-
ploration and enveloped their weird solitude::; in fearsonle
luystery.
()f all the great and ,nnHlrous n'gions ,,
ithin t1H-' l'onti-
nents of Korth and Houth Alneri('a thi!o; yast, ulltrodden ter-
ritory was the 1110st desolate, the nlO
t .inacce
::;ihle, the wild-
f'st. Here were lonel
y and repellant deserts, waterless, wind-
:::;wept aud sllal\:f-'-illfested. and rangps of iUlpa
sahle moun-
tains, through wliû
e gloOln
opening'
the ,yinc1 ru
hpd witb
terrifil' roar, and in whose dn rk and
ullen gorges thp
,u(),V
was piled iu deep and hillow.,- drifts. r-ru tile \\pst tlw Xe-
yaclas, pine-dad and snow-crowneù, halTed the pa
;-;, and
weepillg plateaux sÌl'('tehed for distanl'e
ill ullinyitillg re-
puse. IIere, tUlI. the Yl't lUluauled "Tasah.h and (
illtab
:>f
-
. - . 4
i
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FATHEl; .J.
EHR.\,
Fr,llwi:-wall \\'ho P1:mtell tll<' CI'()
S in C,I1 iforllia .July Hi, 1 ïm).
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH [X L"TAH
1U3
lliountains rai:-it'd to a sk
r of frostell bhw hoary !JeêH.b
plit-
ting tIw rê:leing' ('1
HHIs, whidl droye telnpestuou
l
r:gainst
thelll. Then the ahuo:-ìt houndless wastes of desolations ot'
::-alld "Tithin thi
terrifying region.
'n\eping for hundreds of
111ÏIE':-ì in dreary :-:;olitude and sterilit
T, where 110 gra
grew
or water flowed, l'aispd a harrier to explora1 inn and awed tlw
toutest heart that da rE'(1 to entpr.
Breaking" away towards tIlt:' ::-;outh and ::-;ol1th"Te
t aIlll out-
side this eyelnpean triangle was the .. Tierra rle 10:-:: Padres-
the Land of thE' l<"athers," so ('aIled hy the early Rpanianls
after the JTrHneisean priests, TOlllas G
n'('es, Pedro Font,
'
elez Escah
nte, ..L1.tanasio Dmllillguez and others who ex-
plored, lliappecl and descrihed the regioll. Beyond the E'X-
ploretl land there lay, late e\Ten ill the eightt
Pllth eentllr
-, all
uuknown wil(lerllPs:-ì. FrOlll the gene
is of tlw Fren('h-Calla-
dian tl'app(']' and the estahlisilJllent of the far-reaching- fur
(,Olllpanie
, thesp parched de
erts of sage hrush :1nd alktlli,
and thesE' trelllelHlous H1011utains, extending frOlll western
Colorado to southeastern California and lrOlll the British
pos
e-:;siol1s to the boundary of ';\fexico, \H'rE' known as the
.. Great ..L\.Jllerican Desert."
()yer this unexplored territory of. let us
a
-, t(1) degn'p"
of latitlHle and fiftepn of longitude, roalllP(l wild hOl':-;e
aUll
f'nOrlllOUs herd:-ì of huffalo; here thE' ('o
'()tp, the n1oulltall1
lion, the panther and the dreaded grizzl
- bear prowled, and
the wild sheep of tlìt
Hoekies sought its food.
"Tithill this trenlelHIou
dpsolation of solitude tribes antI
hands of a slln-seorehed and wind-tannl'd raet-' hunted tlu-'
wild heast and waIT('(l UPOll ('aeh othl
l'. HaW-Bleat eat
rs
aml Inllllall-ftesh deYollrel'
tlll'
T were, w.ho had desepIHI('d to
the lowest harhal'islll, and lnall
r of thl'lll to sanlgel'Y. Theil'
habitations Wl're wind.-hreaks, hoyels or tents of skin. within
w11ieh grizzled Wê:lITiors, hideous and shl"i\Tclc(l old WOlllen,
-OUllg- hoys aspil'i ng' to he('o])lt' hrayl's. awl gi r\s I'i pC'nillg'
into lllahu'it
,. nois
T children and dogs, n1Ïn
dl'd illdi
('ri1Hi-
n:lÍel
T togethcr. Thpre \nts uo lllOdt-'sh T to he
hocked, no
dt'('elH'
to h(' insulted, 1)0 l'cfiu('lJwnt of fPt'ling' to' he
104
THE C.\THOLIC CHFRCH IN rT.\H
wouIH.led; for ulOde
ty, de('('uey and l'enlleUH.>IIt w(:'r(' dead
centurie
befure tlIP Hpani:-:h prie:-;t lifted the ero
s in the
New ,y orId. They were naked and not ashalned, anÏInalized
in their instinets aud bea:-;tly in their ln
t
.
Tlu:}y had IWyer
e{-'n a luan of whiter ('0101' than thl'ir
own: they knew nothing of a world beyond thei l' own hunting
gronnds; they had thf'ir own langnage
, their own (,ll:-:tOlll
,
Inanners and
nperstitiolls rites to whieh they "ere fanatic-
ally attached, and "hich they "ere prepare(l tû defend, eyen
unto death. The
T had neyer hf'a l'd of a ('ha
h> "ife, of a
pure Iuaiden; their language ('onld not giye expre<..;sion to
lllodesty, and carried no word for chastity. Into their vil-
lages a stranger enterf'd at hi" pf'ril, for aJllOllg' t1W1l1, as
aUlong t.he X a:-:mllonian tribes Jllf'ntioned h
' Hf'roditn s ,
a stranger l1leant an enenlY, an alien "as a foe.
To the lllen and WOllleu of thf' RaUlP rar p , dWf'lIing' on tlw
fringes of the Great Basin the gl'eate:-:t ('i\'iJizill
r pü\ypr th
"orld hm; evpr known, ur ever will knov-the Catholic
Church--had, early in the sevf'nteenth centunr, rarl'if'd the
light of riyilization. This wonderful Church was uow, 1774,
preparing to lllareh to the redeluption of the wand('ring
hordes within the Basin. ____llready (1770) it:-:
ollthel'n rÏ1n
had heen prossed hy
-'ray .J nnipero Serra, that t'xtraordi-
nary priest. who opened a lllis:-:iun to the Degnen'-i at Nan
Diego and e:5tahlished the nlÍssions of Ban Gahriel and
IOll-
terey, Southern California.
\[onterey now became a port
of entry for goods shipped frUln Rpain and southern
r exieu,
:lnd if a road could be found frOll1 ::\Ionterey to
anta Fe,
New l\[exico, it would he of incalrulahle adyantagc in trans-
porting troops and supplies to the Xew
lexicall capital.
The Fran('iscê:ln luissionaries lahoring ,yith the trihr's of
the Rio Grande were at once seizf'd of tllP lwnefit fìuch a high-
way "ould be to thenl in the ('onver
i()ll to Christianity of
the rOaIning' hurdes aUtl
edelltary clans to the north and
east of X ew
Iexiro. To pl'ovicle rlothing for tllC'lll
eIYeH, to
furnish their churches he('ollling-l
. and hOll
e a lihl'ral snp-
ply of gifts for the Intlian
, who were rayenons for presents,
" :'
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r,<!;
THE CATHOLIC CHU"RCH IN UTAH
105
:111d between whOln and the priest:-; tbere could be no friendly
})arley till the ('hiefs. sub-chiefs and tighters were plaf'ated
with gift
. taxed the ingenuity of the Fathers and exhausted
their slender resourf'ef'.
The expense of shipping supplies frOtH Rpain to
V era
Cruz, on the Caribbean
ea, and then('e by burro train to
rexif'o (iit
, and frolll there through BI Paso to
anta Fe,
wa -; disheartening; but now that
l()nterey wa
founded it
""ould be of incalculable benefit to the f'l'ê:lnciseêlns to open
.a road to the coast.
,Yben Father .J unipel'o Rerra, lwacl of tlw California n1Ïs-
ions. was in
I exieo City in ] Ti3 he ach'ised the \'ieeroy to
:-;;end out two SUIT(,
'S. one to seareh for a route frUlll Honora
tu
luntel'e
.. and the other to explore the territor
and UIJen
.a trail between Hanta Fe and the fo;f'êl.
The suggestion of
erra was al'ted upun, and. in 1 Ti 4. an
exploring party uuder Captain Anza
tarted frorl1 Sonora for
.the c'oast. [n the sallle year Father Franc-if' Harcps, the resi-
(dent lllissionê:U'
. êllnong tlw Papagues at San Xayier del Bac,
-\ rizouH, was writtpn to for his opinion un the prospeets of
(opening a ('olllnwreial highwa
T frOln Ranta Pe to the Bay of
1ron tere
..
At ahont th(
saUle tinle Pather Yelez Esealante. who had
Tetnrned fnHll a yisit to the ::\Ioqni towns au(l was now with
:the Zunis. wa
alsu ('ollsu1tl'd. Esc'alal1te J'eplip(l that he "-as
:a h110st certain a Wê:l
. tú :::\luntere
. ('cmld hE' clis('on
>red hy
passing west h
T northwest through thf' lands of the Ylltas.
'Thi:-; report of E
('a lante was :-;ent h
' all [ndian runner to
-Pray G a l'('e
, who had a l1"e
d
., in 177 -t--177:J. HWrlP four ,. en-
-tradas, " or expcclitious. had explol'ecl the regionð of rolorado
:and the Gila, and reported extensiyely on the regional lands
:ancl trihes. I-lis exploratiollS werE' afterwards Inost inter-
lestingly dps('rihecl in his journal under the title, Diorio y
(derrnlero que :ic'luin ('[ .II. B. P. Frr. Franci.'{c()' (iarcps
I('}l SI( riaje lirt/lO de.wle Oclolnp de 1775 /wst(( 17 de
;Spti(>mln'p de liia e[ Rio ro[orado, para re(;(JllJlO('pr [as
'J10ClrmeS (Ll(e /a,lJitaJi 81(" JIffl".f/('Ji(','o;, ,l/ a [0"'; jJl{f'h[()..... dd
JoG
THE C \THOL}C CIICRCH IX l
T.\H
J1 OrzU i d el
'" uero-Jlf.riC(). ., This diarln is printed in the
sanle \Tohune of the Doel1nwntos para el IIistorÌa de
[exico,
precpding the diario of Esealante and DOlllinguez, beginning
on page
5.
dyising on the routf' outlined hy EsealanÜ'. Garce
heads his letter as follo"Ts:
"ramillos 1111(, purr[()r srrrir a 10 {'()JlullIuli('(lcioJl de e....;tas
lJroriJl{'ios y pl
TlIero Jlc.Tic(), COil Jlollterey"-Ruutes which
JlWY seITe for ('Ollllllunication bf'tween the
e regions and he-
tween 1Iexil'u and
ronterey.-Punto, \"'I.
1 T nder Punto \T1].: ., (ioncerning sonlE' suggestions sent
to :ß[exico hy the Rev. Patlwr 8i IYestn
Y" elez de E
ea]ante,
nlÎssionary with tlw Zunis in the year 177;)," hp writes:
"The contention of the reyprenrl
"'atll('r that a road should
he Rought through the land
of tlif' Yutas appeanj tu lue to
he all right, proyided that the transit pa:--
es through the
country of the Yutas who, 1 anI tol(l, are frieuds of the Hpan-
iards (KueYo-
lexico), and who li\'e to the north of the.
1[oqui. Thpn. passing alung the banks of the Colorado Riypl',
1he rout... would take a course a little to the sontll\n
st. de-
scending to a
nna)] canyon where thpre is a yi]]age of the-
Chenle(llwts (hajar a la Chen1é(11wto Cajuela), then h
T the
San Filipe. If frmll the eoulltry of the Yuta:-. tllf' road i
taken west-northwest, as the l'eyerend Father Jnentions, it is
certain one lnay arrive at the purt uf San Fralleisc>o and g'Oo
on to ::\Iollterey, if not ::--topped hy the extensiyt' tu1arps:
(marsh lands) before luentioned."
,Ye have already sf'ell Father E
l'alante':r; repor1 in fayor
of this route.
On J nne :?9, 1776, h
T rpqllP
t. of tlH.'
()\'L'l'nor of
ew
Iexieo, Esealante left the Zuni n1Ïs
ion an(1 callI(' to Ranta.
Fe, when" with Father DOlnillgllez and llis
xeelleney, Dom
Pedro ]'innin de ){enlIinupta, the slll,je(.t was thn':o;lled uut
and an expedition of (lisco\'el'Y determined npon.
i
f :.'
"'.
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r
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11
JJ. .
.. ...
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_" ..iii
'w
.. ,
"
,
"'
CAj( l ,*i Lt
\Y.\R CHIEF OF TIlE L.fES,
Said to lie 11:3 Years Old.
,., " "'-,
'I' J'
a.
. 't . '"
(,
t " ,
...
. .....",.,
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v
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ç;
""" > .....
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E
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<:
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to< ::::I
;> Z
C / ... ::J
4,)- 0
"'"
..
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If' t.
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CHAPTER XIII.
THE UTE IXDIAXS.
H abil.c:;, Jlode of' Lif'e and ilIa U /leI':; of Triue-Firsl JI Pillion
of rles-Raid:; vf the Fle:;-Atfock ri('eregal Quarters
-Territory Claimed hy Ctes-l'he "lleudito"-8alllta-
linu Among Pueblo ludians-Cte Cauin
, Their Food
llnd Dress - Stat u:; vf' the TVoman in tbe Tribe - Her
Degradatioll-llldhod.c:; of rooking Food-Thp rle Trar-
ri n r-Bcfo1"e the F'ig7d aurl .Llftpr-Hlluit:; of the Tribe
-rillagc Life--Ahs(,llce of
Hl Jloralily.
Before tra('ing' the route and follo',Ying tlw fo()tstep
of
Fathers Esealallte anù Dmllinguez ,ye ought to know
mlle-
1hing of the hahit
, lllt1de of liying and CU:-,tOUlS of the t1'ih\-,
from which l T tah and etah Lake take their nallle
, so that,
when the l'1'ip:-;b-ì introducp u;-; to the ppoI,le of the l't>giOl!,
they nla
- not he entire <.;tr[lnge1'
to us, nor their llWll11er of
life altogpther llnfanÚlial'. Before t1w nlÍddle of tlw eigh-
teenth celltl1n- ycry little wa
known of the -Cte lndians.
Tht'\- were not at any kuown time a
e<ll
nhll'\- or a oTi('111-
. , . l:'
tural tribe, hut were intel'lHittentl
- 1 o\Ter
. lll
ll'alH1er
ur
l'aider
. In the southwe
t they iute] nlalTif'd with tilt>
...:\}Jache
, frolll which union
:-\prang' thE-' .Tien l'i lIa-
\ p
l('lH:'
,
and frOlll wholll the PuagUê:lUlpe:-; of Salt Lake--the sorct'l'-
en;-refpl'red to in EF.ca lante'
journal, were de
cended.
In l(),{(i, during the a(hllini
tration of (}Oyel'llOl' ()tenlliu,
the l
tes arf' nwutioned for the fil':-:.t tilHe in the aunals of
Kew:Jlexieo. --.\ trihal group of the natiou then l)('cupied the
nurthern lJlain
of :Jlexico. They are referred to again i.n
1,{()], when they ,yere raic1ing tlw lands of the Tao:-; and
Spani
h :-;ettlers,
tealing horse
and ('attie, killing here, and
there, hut dodg'ing an upen fight and fleei.ng whell atta('kt>cL
FrOlll n st
lÌe lnanuscript we learn that in 1
-1--t the rtes
raided through the YaIle
' of the Rio -L\rriha. X. :JI., doing
lU8
THE CATHOLI(" ("HrRCH IN rTAH
llluch danlage to the property of the re::,idents, and particu-
larly the inhahitant
of the town anrl neighborhood of
.....-\ bi(lUiu. rrllP go\'ernor.
lanuel .....\nnijo, when infol'llled by
Colonel .1 uan .....
l'('huleta of the depl'edation
uf the l
te
,
hegan preparations for organizing a PlulÎti\Te expedition
again:-;t the trihe. when IH' hilll:-;elf was attaeked in his own
(lUarters by rte warrior::;. The Indians were repul
ed. lot;ing
eight of their fighters.
The rte:-;, aecording to
rajor Powell and other pthnolo-
gi:::;t
, are a lingni:-;ti(' hraneh of a Hhoshonean trunk. of which
the COlllanches, the Gú:,iute
, the Paiute
, the Pnyiotsos, th
Ball]}o('h:
, the
:rohikhars al1rl Tllsayan:-; were hrê1lH.he:-;.
r:t"he diyi
ionary state lint's of to-day lnake it diffieult to
detenlline with any ap}Jroal"h tu ae-curacy tIle re
ion
l'oallll'd
oyer by the l T tes in the days of the FnllH:i
('an ('xplorer
.
Trihes and suh-trihes of the nation oe('upied the ('Putral and
western varts of (\)lorado. nOl'tlwrn
ew ill l'Xil'O awl south-
eastern l Ttah, inelnding the eastern portion
of Ra1t Lakt' and
to-tah ya1leys. I t is only" from fl'agll10ntar
pèls
a
es found
here and there in the Iptters of the I.\.alH.j<.;can lllission<lries
and reports of Spani:-:h explorers that \\ e are ahle tù deter-
n1Ïne, f'yeu approxinlateI
T, the lèllHls ('1.limerl h,'" tIlt'
eparatc
trihe:-;. ,rhen. iu ] ,7G. Fathpr tfar('p:-; was PXplOl-iug the tt:'r-
ritory and preaching to the tril,t':-: hetween the <1-ila awl tli{-'
Chiquito (i o l onH lo, one of his gnidp:-;, a
\r()quillo r lldian, whell
he saw thp Colorado Hivpr. ('halltpd the entin> .. Bplldito y
.AJa hado" with little di ffereul"e in intonation frOll1 that in
whieh it is suug in our llli
:-;ions. .. I a:-;ked hill1 who taught it
to hilll, awl he gave llH' to ull<ler:-;tand that the Yuta:-;. his
lleig-hhols, klle\\ it, for they had heard it nlany tin1er-: alnollg
the Tiquas of the Taos 1IissiOll." ]\'0111 this extract frOlll
the priest':-; .. (lia rio" it would Seplll that the l'ies and the
Zuñi::; uf Tao:-; were on frienùl
r tenn
, that their lands
touched, and that there was then a prip:-;t ]"p:-;iding with the
Tiquas lwa l' tlI(' (iolonHlo
tah' line.
TIlt:' .. Bendito" was a :-;alutation taught hy the prit':-:ts to
their COllyert:-:. The I ittlf' el1Ïldren's eyenillg prayers always
J\lu,
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH I
'CTAH
109
endefl with the "'ord
, .. Bnulifo y ((l01)([(10 Sp(( d Sanfisimo
Sacra menta del Alta r-Bles;-:;ecl and hallowed he the
Iost
Holy Sacrall1ent of tlw ....-\ltar!" 'Yhen a Chri
tianized Indian
IHet, in the de
ert or on the luountaiu, another lndian he u
ed
this salutation; and if the other answered, ,. .Aye
Iaria Pu-
ri:::,
iIl1a-Hail 1Iary. lllost Chaste," they elllhraced and were
friends. The orùinary. lllorning or eyening' greeting Hl110ng
Puehlo neighhors carrif'd \yith it a henp<liction; it was:
"B1U'110S dias le de Di()s-
Iay God he
tow good clay
upon
thee!" to which the other answered: "Que Dios se la:; de
bllf'JlOS ({ lld-
Iay God grant you also good days!"
\fter
the Spanish nlissionaries retired frOlll the fielfl and the
.. \.nleri('an
took po
session. an altogetlwr diff
rent fornl of
;,
tlutati()n was taught the Indian. ...\Ir. ]..,. F. Realp writes
that in his tillIe. 1837. tlIP 1[ojayes had learned enough En-
gli
h to
alute a stranger with: "God clanlll mr soul. hpll!
IIow d) do."
\t the time the Fralwi;.;cans stood on the shore
of rtah
Lake and-first of white lllen-looked out upon its plea
ant
waters, the rte Indians of the yalley Leheld for the fil";-:;t
tilue nlen differing frmu thelllselyes in cOlnplexion and al-
nIOst eyenything except in the speeifie SUln of character hy
which a lllan i
a luan all the world oYer.
rr'he habits, traits of charaeter, custonl
aud manners of
the l
tes of the valley with whmu the priest
Céune into inlllle-
diah
('on tact represented fairly well tho:-;e of the whole lTt
group or nation in its ahllost prilllÍtiye :-:tate antI before tIlt'
trihe ì,ecalue contalllÍnaterl h
r assof'lation "ith adYenturer
and flegenerate whites.
The Indian
of the yalley then dwelt in l'ahins of rude
constnwtion, and were grouped together in
f'atterefl \Til-
lage
, or 1110re often in
traggllllg hourgs. These wretehed
squatting's were but teluporary ahodes
for when eonditlons
,vere unfavorahle, or a f'ontagious or lllalignant disea:-,e yi
-
ited their elH'aIUplllent, they burned their eabills and ('ho
e
another bite.
Tlieir llliserahle shelters were luore often wiwl-hrcaks than
110
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IY C"TAH
huts, but where eahin:::; wen' throwll up they were fOrIlled
frOlll hranche:::; of the HrteIniRia, cane and bru
h, or lilllh
of
the cotton wooò. In winter these cahins \yere heated h
T a
ground fire the silloke of \yhieh escaped through an opening
in the roof and the interstice
of the ...;ide
.
\. t tinIe
, when
the winds rushed into thE' "alley frOlll HIP canyons, the
llloke
hecaIlle so dense that the WOluen and e11iltlren were forf'ed to
lie low with their fa("e
to the earth breathing a::- hest the
could. ,Yithin these wretched
hacks there were no
eparate
rOOllls or diyisions, no hp(ls. no seats. no conyenieIWe of all
T
kind sa\Te the earth ur tht:' skins of wild anilJwls eaptured in
the chase. The
upported life 011 fi
h, tlt(' flesh of wild ani-
Inals aud reptiles, ou gruhs and roob and, in
('ason, on
seeds, herrie:::; and wi Id fruits.
The
T knew nothing of hread. salt, pepper, sugar or Yege-
tahles.
] 11 SUllllner the IllPll rOaIlled euti rely na kt:'d or wort:' only
the breech-cloth; the wOJueu drl's"'ied more deeently, hut thp
ho
-s ancl girls ulHlpr ten or eleyell
'eal'S went nude.
The earp of tht' hut, the eutting and
!:atheriug of fire
wood, the dressing of skins, in faet the tlrudgery of the eHInp
anlong- the lTtes, as aIuong" all Sêl\'êlg-es, was tIIl' WOIllan':-;
portiou. She and her ehi Idren gatht'red tlH.' wi 1<1 bPITit:'s and
eedR, gruhbed for wonus and fieldnlÏep. eut and carried thp
'rild sagf' aIHl eookp(l the food. Knowing- nothing of pot OJ.
OYf'n, shp eithpr dug a hole in thl' ground whi('h she plastt:'rpd
êlJHI firt:'tl, ur fouutl a hollow blot'k of WO()(l, which
f'lTPd her
for stoye aIHI fire placf'.
"Tith
tOJlt:'S ht:'att'd iu a fin' shE' 1>oile<1 tlIP wah'r in the
hole or hollow 1>loek, and threw in seral's of rahhit flesh,
fraguleut:-; of
na kes and 1'epti les, handful!"-' of sped awl pi('('(':-;
of dt'pr ulPat, and ou this stew fed her hushand and ('hil<1ren.
The IllJshalld post:'(l as a hunter and warrior, and his
"arrior's diguity would not 1)('1'111it him to stoop to IJH'nial
work: his tillie ,,-as givl'n to slothful ('as
" to galllhlillg, gos-
ipjng with his ueig'hhor
. to fighting, hunting or attelldinp;
feast:-: where he dan('ed allnig-ht and devoun'd eH'rything set
U. S. 1\31. Mu,
, I
I I
[I! j
!\ Pi
Frame
Carried 011 [he back.
l'TE CRADLE, FRA:\IE OF RODS CO\'ERED WITH BUCKSKIN
Back
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
111
before hÍln. ,Yhell the weather was very cold and
torlllS
were in the valley he sat on a bear skin by the fire fa
hioning
bows and arrows, rat and rabbit sticks and Inaking tra1's
and nets. He made his own weapons, offensive and defensiye r
his shield of the buffalo hide, his spear and war club, his
fca lping knife of flint, his scalp shirt, war bonnet and flesher.
rhe lIte warrior had all the fighting qualities and charac-
teristics of the American Indian. ,Vhen he entered on the war
path in SU1l1111er he wore the breeeh-cluth and 1110ccasins and
in winter the skin tunic; but winter or SUllllller, when about
to close \yith his enen1Y, he stripped to the nude and frequent-
ly entered the fight with his Lody grea
ed. Suspended frOlll
his neck or hidden in his hair was his medicine hag, within
whi('h was a feather, a claw of an anÍ111al, a head of a hint
or son1e
aered powder. If killed in the fray and his party
defpated, his spalp was torn frOll1 hi:-, head, and his body de-
voured by his enen1Y or left upon t11p field to he eaten hy
wolves.
Oyer the weaker trihes whOln they had COnq1wI ed PI' de-
feated ill hattle the Gtes lllanifeste(l a haug-ht
y awl dOluineer-
ing attitude, and when they secured and learned how to 1uan-
age llOrses-stolen prohahly froln the Jlopis of Northeastern
Arizona or frOln the PuehloIndians of the upper Rio Grande-
they be('aulP insulting and defiant. But when the
y were
whipped hy the Spaniards or by the COl11an('hes and dl'i,Ten
to the llloulltains they hppan1e a 1110h of cowards and pol-
troons.
Of their organization and nluubers in early Spanish tilues
we have no positive inforInation. The Fte nation l11ay lU1\ T ø
organized into a ('onfpd(",l'a('y of trihes for nnlÌl1al protection,.
like the :five tribes of the Tro(IUois or those of tlw
\pa{'he, hut.
\y(' have no proof of H. As tllf'
T hoasted to lw ahle to throw
threp thousand "Warriors into action and clainle<l hunting
rights over a very wide territory, they Illust havp fOrIned
fOl'luidahle and nUluf'ricall
strong nation.
The chiefs or head 111(",}) were chosen for their offices, in
wost instancés, for their strength, swiftness of foot, their
11
THE CATH OLIC CHURCH IX rTAH
bl'
Yery and endurance of fatigup or pain, their stratcg
in
war or cunning in the hunt.
"Then thp tribp was at peaee with thu
e beyond their
hunting ground, the warrior whu was nlO
t popular, the lllan
of
oocl standing in the ronllnunit
y, was thp Ulan who did no
hal'111 to others. who Ii \
E'<1 peaeea hly with his neighhors. who
attended and took a prolninellt part in the orgie
and feasts.
The
e feast
were often
halllE'ful rarousals. "h('re U1en and
wmllen, young 111E'n and lllaidf'ns. ahandoned thelllSelyes to
nll(le danee
and shalneful illlpudicitie
. If a natural in
tinct
of shallle preyailed upon a maiden to ah
ent herself from
the
p orgies
he beeallle a target for the gihes and ulUekeries
of liPr cOlllpanions and was forced hy l1lOcking laug-hter and
ridicule to ronfornl to the tribal custOlH.
,;\
ingular fact, to which an('ient and lllOdprn 11istor
y
h('ars witness, is that thp further a peûplp stray aside froln
the path of nlorality and clean liying', the greater is the Ì(>n-
deney to drift into ,yeird and shallwful superstitions.
Thes(' superstitions in nlally in
tanl'es were a:--:--ociate<1
with their drean1s. In fact, the ('redulit
or helief of the rte.
like that of the Indians of the Canadian X orthw{:'st, had it
origin in drealllS. Tn the ..L\rcha
ological Report of If>n7,
l'OJnpiled for the Canadian gOYE'l'IllUent h
Dr. J)a\,id Ho
'le.
a stenographiC' report of tlIp tria I Eor lnul'der of Pe-He-(
uan,
a Cree 1 ndiall, is giycn in ful I. Pe-He-(
uan, bel ie\'ing. his
wife had a ,Yhetigo-or wa
a hewitched pel'
on-strallgled
bel' according to the rustmB of his trihe. Paupanakiss, a full-
b
ooded Indian, heing' sworn, wa
exanlined hy I). ,f.
::\IcKerehar, at'ting- for the ..L
ttorlle
y-nelleral of Cauada.
"{
uestion: ,rhat other heliefs did Chief .JêH'k expre
:; to
you? Answer: He stated that he belie\
ed their eIreHIlls.
(
.: ,Yhat else did he :-;ay to you
.: r-rhat that was their
religi0I1; their c1reanls are their religion. 11(' said that all
T-
thin
they drCêllned was right for thelll, and that h
' 1Henus
of tlwir drealn
and
inging and ('oujuring in tlIp tPIIt that
th!"'y would
ee lneat, lnoo
e awl dppt'."
,Yhen the Rpani
h Father
entered (
tall ,Talley, the Blain
UTE SWEAT HOL'SF.,
THE C\THOLlC CHLïKII IX l'T.\H
113
body of the Ute Indians were caulping in the valleys of Grand
and Green rivers, not far frOl11 the F,outhern boundary of the
Navajos' hunting groulld
. Tlwy wpre llt'ver a sedentary
people, roallÜng at one tilHe along the northern slope of the
Uintah ulOulltain
and at another hunting through the hills
and canyons of the '\Ta
atch rang-e. J raving no perIl1anent
villages, they depended on tlw eha
p anlI fi::;hing for
u1J
i
t-
ence.
They were a pr
clatory people and their Illany thefts, roh-
beries and pnrsuit of the buffalo into thp land
of llt'ighhor-
ing tribes involved theln in n1an
' fierce
kil'luishe
with the
Arapahoes. Cheyennes and their kinsmen, the Bannof'ks.
Trails led fr0111 their ('oulltry to Hanta F
, anù Rpani
h influ-
ence was felt alnong them, even before :F
scalante 's coming.
'Yhen the priest, at 'Utah Lake, a
ked the young Indian how
many wives he had, he hesitated to adnÜt he had two, know-
ing already that his violation of the unity of marriage was
opposed to the law and religion of the Spaniards.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE UTES AXD THE ":::;ORCERERS."
Pri,r;htful Contempt for Jloral Lalc-Religiun uf Ftes-..J
Tissue of .Aúsurd ;:)'ll]JprstitioJ1s-BeZicf in Immortality of
Animals-In Bou;s, Arrolcs ({ud Jrar Clubs-Tllc Trflh-
kon--The Alltuwin, or Priest-Ductor--l/ is E.J"(JI"{'is/H8-
TreatmPJlt of the Hick-The Fpa')t of tlle D('((d-The
USorcrrers" of Balt Lake-Their Origin-The Jfl('(frilln
-Apache-Simpsun's ExperieJicc zrith the Grollp-
Their Filthy IIaúits-The,zr Pood-IIulIluJl FZe",h Euters
-JI()uruiu[j Cust()ms of flu) Tr()J}I('}l-End of thp Fi,r;ltf-
iug T riùes.
Thp l
t('
had no thought, no i(lpa of a lllOl'al law. For a
WOllWIl to lnallife
t shame wa
to (-,xpO.";t
IH:'rself to ridieule.
:;\Iode
ty in a wifp or daughter "a
a ('ontradirtioll and an
absurdity, a thing to laug-h at, and slleh was thp fixity of
trihal opinion that a WOluall or llwi(len who aspired to purity
or dUl:';tity "a
lookpd upon hy thp UH:'llll)l'l'
of liPI' tI'ihp as
an ercentrir or as an unnatural hping.
The religion of the' lrtes, if W(' lllay ll:-:P tht:' word to px-
press a tis
ne of ehildish fanl'it:'s, "a
a eonglollwrate of
en
èle
H fa hle
.
1 1 hpy wor
hip('<1 and llul<ìp snppli('ation to tlH'
Ull. t1H:'
11lOOll and thp fonl' ean1inal ,,-iulb,ê:H'('Olupanipd with speeehes,
appeab and addre
:-'e::'. Thp
' helieyed the
onl JiYf'd after it
left the hodr, that a spirit ho<l
. would hp giYPll it, ,,,!tie!t.
with thp soul, ,,'ould pnjoy a 11 tIlt' pleasluPs of eating, slet:'lJ-
iug and cOlupanionship with it
friend
. "
hell a "\alTior
died all his uunting, fishing and war gear wa
buried with
hi111; for. like the .Apa('llP, the 1 r te belieyed a1l111aterial things
to he po:-.':)e
sed of bouls. \rlwn, in the SUlllIller of 1773,
:b-"athel' Gal'cf's assisted at the burial of an Apache brave, he
asked a grizzled old warrior ,yhy tlwy buried with tht:' <1pad
xnan aJl the things which were his when he was aJiye. .. "Th
',"
.. o{"_
"-
,.
-'
s 1
y. t
'""
:"1
--
....
To
:::
r'_
;;-
i
,
, ø
",
,j
1 I
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN UTAH
115
an:::;wered the old nlan,
that the dead lllay have thelll to ut'e
in the other world, of course. The bodies of pots, skins,
knives and other things reillain in the grave with the dead,
but the souls of these thing
go with the ;:;ou1 of the dead
man, and, ,dlerever he is in the other world, he lliakes use
of thelll."
In the happy hunting groulld
beyond the grave were wild
animals
spirit anilllals, which the departed l7'te, if he were a
brave and a neighborly nlall here on earth, hunted with his
spirit-Low, arrows and spear. \'
hen the ;:;ouL of a man or a
woman, but not of a child, went out of its Dody it canle baek
for a tÏllle frOln the spirit world, lingering around the en-
caillpnient, and ready to act as a guide for the sonls of the
dying. For this reason a Hte never voluntarily pa
sed by a
grave at night, or went aronnd alone after dark, if anyone
in the village ww.; seriousJ
' sick, for IH
feared the spirits of
the dead waiting' for the soul of the dying lllan or woman.
l\lany of the warriors clainled to have seen and spoken
with the spirits of the dead, whOln they unwillingly encoun-
tered when cUlupeIled to Le ahruad un dark nights. N othin
,
not even the hope of g-ood luck in battle or the chase, could
tenlpt a Lte to enter a grave
'ard after dark. The Fte heaven
lay far beyond the southern horizun, when
the clinlate was
mild, the winds refreshing and gaille abundant. The cow-
ardly, the selfish anrl the evil Ulan dwelt after death in a laIHl
of perpetual snow, ice and fierce winds, where he shivered
eternally and was always ha1f-
tarved.
Every hrave carried ahout his person his Ifoh-koll in a
small bag. This wah-kon was adopted by the young boy
ripening into warrior 111anhood after a prolonged fast in
sOlne lonely retreat in the mountains. It lnig-ht he, according
to his dreauls, a little dried up or stuffed bird, a weasel's
skin, a feather, a small hone, th
tooth or cJaw of an aniIllal,
or sometÍIlles a slllaH piece of lueteoric f:,tone. "
ithin it dwelt
hi
protecting spirit. This 'lrah-kon once put on, llE'Ver left
his perSOll. Rt' guarded it a
Ca refully as a llii
er his gold,
addres
f'd it in familiar tenlls, and appealed to it for help in
eyery eillergeney.
11 G
THE f'.\THOLH' CHuRCH [
"C"TAH
.L\ Yer
'
illgular helipf of thp I Tte wa
hi
f:lith in tlIP Ul'-
cuIt power of the triha I son'erer or
h
lnuln, en lled ({ 1ft J}loin
hy th2 enrly Frem'h trapppr
. \Yith the di
ea
e
of hi
ho(l
',
for wh
eh he cauld a('('Oullt. he re
orh'd to 1'E'
torati\Te
and
naturdl rell1edie:-;, I-iueh as fasting. diétal'Y, IllP(lieillal plant:::;
awl ('opiou
weating'. But if hp hplie\'e<l he wa
the \Tictinl of
O
lle ex('pptioual lllalad
-
the origin of which he was u!lable
to explain, he
ent for the .autuwin to learn the eau:-,e uf his
icklless and to ayert its eyil effect
.
rhi
shanlall wa
gener-
ally half qUèH'k awl ha1f fanatic, "Tho preteude(l to
upernal
knowledge and p(nVE'r. Al1l0ng: the l
tp
. a
aUlOllg' all the
Xorth AUlerican lndian
, the slullllHn was held in fear and
rE'\Tereuce, and enjoyed great authority and inftuene(' with thE'
tribe. 'Yhen tIlE'
haInall eXalIliut'd thE' siek mau he pro-
nounced the di:-;ease to he caused by a yiudictiye Ï1np then
a,yelling in tlw hody of the suffering IlIall. lIe hegau at once
a series of exorei
lns and in('antation
. ff, hy
ll<'tioll awl
pounding, he faileJ to dispo:-'se
the evil spirit, lw predicted
thp day on which the sick nwn would die. If, on the (lay
foretold, the nUll 1 f'llO\,ed no signs of dyiug- his fripw1s
poure<l pots of cold water over hÏIn to help hiul leayp this
world and to hasten his death. The
T rattled the
chis-('hi-kue
in his ean,. f'hook their nIPdieine or Hlnuleb. aUlOng' ,,
11ich
\\Tas the bear'::; paW" that hung hesich. him,
houtt>d to hinl it
was tiuw to go, to go now, that hi
father, l11ot11e1', and friencls
\nlited for him in the spirit land.
If tIll' ('lHlcléI1111ell Ulan W"a
a l'er
()n of SOll1e illlpol'ÌanC'e,
a chief or the head of a larg'e falllil
T, he :-'11l111nOllf'd to hif' f'ide
his wiyes and chil(lren and deli\'cn'd his fillalme:-;sage. After
he had fini
Il(-'<1 his (1i
('()un.;e, hi
frielld:-; were iuyited iu <lUll
all pre
ent, at once, hegan the TalJi.qie; that i:;;, the funeral
fea
t, "Then all the edihlef' in the hut w('r(' de\'<Hlred. .\lli-
lllal
,
ueh as rahhib, l'uyoÌl'
and dogs, wpre then :-::trangled
to dE'ath so that their Rouls would allIlOUll<'e to thosp in th
other world the iuulleùiate cOIlling of the dying warrior. r:rhe
hodie
of the aniuwls were then ('hoppt>d up, hoi led awl eatt'H.
"
hen the feast 'was U\Ter tllt' neighhors reti1'<
(1 and the wi\'es
TilE C'ATHOLlf' ('HrRC'H I
UTAH
117
began to "Weep and howl, tearing out their hair, and, with
obsidian kniyes, f'utting ga
hes in thf'ir lÏIllhs and bodies.
To d"WE'Il longt'r on tIlE' supel stitlous Illi:lnlH:'rS and custUlllS
of the Ute") is beyond the pa,ginal limit and
f'ope of this hi-.:-
tory,
o we pa
s fronl the trihe of l
tah Yalley to tIw "Sor-
E'rers" of Grea1 Snit Lake. 'Yho then were tlw Puag-umnpes,
who, at tlw tlnlP of the "'.Tisit uf the pripsts, were on no friend-
ly ternlS "Tith thE' tribE' of lTtah '
alle
'?
'Y ould it
urpri
t:' the readf'l' to he told that all FralH'e,
Italy, 8pain and a ft:'w I11i11ur EUl'olJean eUll11110nwealths taken
u:-; a whole, would harely represent thE' area of the region held,
till hi
tori('ally "f'ry rf'<'f'n1Iy, h
- an rndiau people whose
lliUlle is probahly unknown tu any student in our high
sellOols, colleges and uniYE'rsities?
Fifty years ago there' "TêlS no raee of pE'oplf' in thp worl(l
Jess known than the XortheJ'u Dt>u{>s, fl'Olll \\'h01n descended
tht:' fighting
\pal'hes êUHl tlw X a\'ajos. For a tiIHe this .Atha-
ba
can :nation was thought to he Algol1l11lÍn, ti 11 Horatio lIaIe,
I ajor Powell and that distinguished Ohlatp
I issiOlUU.
T and
ptlmologist, Fatht:'r
roril'e, IH'uyed thenl to be a great and
spparate nation.
'Yest of the Um>ky
r ollutains the Den(.s rOaIlletl throngh
fi\Te and one-half dpgrees of latitude, to the' honlprð of the
Eskinlo hunting groulHls.
Roulf' tilne in the rPlllOte past, why or when we do llot kno\y,
a trihal fê:llllil
' or gronp of Uenp:-; sep:lruted frolll their }urent
stock and wandered into south and :-;outlrwestel'n land
. 1'\,"0
fêH't...; alone SPf'IIl to hp e:-;tahli:-;hpd, llmnely, the driftillg apart
of tlw
ollthern luemhprs of the ..,.\thah:1S('i:lll nation, l'e:;nltill
in a disruption of national unity and tlw formation of three
ùistiw.t h()clip
-the ....lllmhas(.Hll, thp ....\pi:l(.he aud the XUY-
ajos. For hUIHln.d:-;. it llm
- he tholl
ands, of
-ea rs, two \'ig-
Ol'OUS hrunellE's of the great nené tref' liYt:'(l and thri\'t:'(l
apêH'e, knowing nothing of thpir parput trunk. These off-
shoot:-; took root and fiollri
IH.-,d ill ....\rizolli:l, Xortheastt:'l'll
California, ()klahon1a an(l ("iolorado. ,-' "-rhp
e," (tilt:' ])en{>s)
writes the ethnolo2.'i
t Brinton, "extl-'
Hled interrllPtedly
]18
THE CATH üLJC CHUnCH IX L"TAH
fnnn the .L\xetic Sea to the borders of Durango, ::\Iexico, and
frolll Hud
on Bay to the Pacific Ocean."
Early in the sixteenth century a wandering faulÎI
' of
Apa('hes (Din{>
) intel'luarried with a Gte family, fronl whi('h
union
prang the J aearilla-Apaehe. better known as .L
paehe
-
-V aquero
, and as the Y uta-Jenne. (Geografia de la
Lenguas, by Orozco y Berra). The Puaguanlpes of Salt Lake
were au outla\yed band of ,-fa('arillas rejeeted h
T (Tte and
",,-\pache. 'Yhen, in 1839, Lieutenant
illlpson was on his offi-
cial SUl'\'ey of the Great Halt Lake region, he encountererl the
Puagualupes on the northwestern shore of Salt Lake. 'Thf'Y
were then tllf' Pi-eeds, the" snake-eaters," though SÏ1nlJ
on,
unfortunately, on1Ïts their naille in his .. Report."
I:-;ÎIllpson got enough of thenl, and gi\'es expression to his
loathing in vigorous tel'lns; he writes: "They are 1110re
filthy than beasts, and li\Te in habitations which, SUlllnler and
winter, are nothing Inore than ('ireular inclosures about three
feet hig-h, nlade of sage brush and eedar branehes, and whi{'h
serye only to break off the wind. Their yocabulary shows
thel11 to be a distinct tribe. Children at the breast were per-
fectly naked and this at a tinlf' "hen O\Ter('oat
were required
by us. I visited one of their dens or wikiups; the offal
around and within a few fpet of it was so offensiye as to
cause nlY stOl11aëh to reach and force 111e to retreat."
Thesf-' animalized people fell. on roasted grass-hoppers
and large crickets, gophers, rats and snakes, ('hopped up and
111Ïxed "ith grease. They sacrificed luuuan heings to propi-
tiatp the deulon whonl they inyoked, and fed on the ftf'sh of
the victilll to cOlnplete the sa('rifice. ,'
ith the hope of propi-
tiating and gaining thf' good will of the deulOll, they ent and
pierced their fte
h. éndallgering at tiIne:-- their lives in tbe {'x-
Cf'SS of their fanaticislll. For this they were called "sorC(11'-
ers" and disowned hy '{Tte and ""-tpaehe. 1'lteir WOlnen oh-
served season:-: of Inonrning with Ino
t hitter and woeful
lanlelltations, and for lllOnths after the dpath of the hushand
the widow
saluted the rising
un with loud and pitiful crie
.
Such were the PuagUaIllpeS of
alt Lake, lllournful exanlples
.
.
...-
\1
......-
..............
\
....
-:;0...
. _:. -"-\.-"..
- . .........,.... ,.. "-
-{
-\0.-
.-
.....
r:-",
-*
. .,
-- ---.. ..
\.
.....
.:;-
-
--
,
,
"\' '0 "
, . '
i
,....... +: - .-'1
"
-
..
,;.- . .
PAL rTE 'YICKI"C"PS, Tn Simpsun's 'l'Íl\le.
THE C \TIIOLIC CHl'RCH IX CT.\H
119
of .what lnllllan being
lllay he('Olne when
eparatecl frolH the
kn(ndedge of God.
The rte and the
-\lnerlcan Indian haye Seen their last
day:-\ a s fighters and independent lHen. 'Yben, on
Iarcb 4,
190G, the trihal organization of the Cherokees, (1hoehnn
,
Creeks, Chi('ka
aws and HelllÎnoles was dissohTed and their
nlenlber::, diffu:-;ed in the luas:-; of the country's citizenship,
the final f'hapter in tbe lnrlians' aunal
as a distinct
race 'was "Titten. The pathetie ending of thf' \
tp uprislng
of a fe" year
ago settled for all tinle the indelwndent aSl'i-
ration
of tbe race. The pacification of tbe l
te
quells the
last of the great warlike trihes. They held out longest against
the gOyernnlent, and it was not till lö8!1 that tlu'y consented
to the opening of their resernltion in the ehoice:-:t part uf
Colorado's hunting grounds. In that year Chief IgnaC'io and
lnorp than a thousand of his followers eeded their rights to
the gOyenUllent for $30,OUO and rations. They withdrew to
a snla]) fanning reselTation
et aside for thenl in La Plata
and
\.rchnlets counties, Colorado.
Tbe L"tefo: for a tilHe bad ranked alHong thp brayest of tlH-'
Indian fighters anù were exceeded in ferocity by the
\.pache
only. CÜtil tbe l T nion Pacifip Railroad C'ros
f'd the plain;-;
in ] 8ï3, the Ftes reluained in Colorado. hut in the early
seYentie
the
quarreled anlong thenlf->e!yefo: and a diyision
of theul CHUle to (Ttah and settled in tbe southwestern part of
thè state. Auu'rican Hon.;f' is driying a stage het\\Teen Rnsh-
yiIle, K eb., and Pine Ridgf-'; Ueroninlu, the grinl old Apal'he,
with the eruel features, thin lips, eye;-; like the hlade of a
sword, is a prisouf>r of war at Fort Still, Oklahoma; Sitting
Bull, Crazy IIor
e an(1 thl' gn-'at Pawnee, Hionx and Co-
nH.uwlle C'hief
of half a century ago are in their gràYe
, and
no call cau IH'oyoke thenl to hattle again.
There ('an 1Jl' no resurre(,tiun for the
p lll
'stl'riolls people.
whose origin is known onl
to God. They are eorral1ed on the
l'eSelTations, where they lllust reulain till ahsorption or di;-;-
ease annihilate
theul.
CHAPTER XV.
THE SPA
ISH TRAIL.
Beforp we hegin the eXaIuination of the l>iario. and wan-
derings oyer des(:'l'Ìs and nlOulltains of th(:' Fnnll'isl'an priests,
we uught to know sOluething of the road froni Taos. norther11
Ne,y
lexiC'o, to
lont(:'rey, whi('h the fathers failed to find,
and whi('h was finally lu('ated fifty-odd y(:'ars after their ex-
traordina r
T expedition.
,Ye haye already seen that, as parl
T as 1774-. a tnlil was
opened frOlll Tuhac. .....\rizona. to Los ...<.\ng(:'l(:'s. and on to
l()u-
t(:'rey. On ,January 8. 177-1. two priests. Francis('o Garces and
,J nan Diaz, accOlllpanied by an Indian guide, C'alled Sehastian,
joined the pxppdition of (1 ap tain .J uan Ha ntista-...<
nza organ-
ized to open a road. if possible. frOlll 80no1'a.
Iexi('o. to t11p
Pal'ific eoast.
The party forded the Colorado lwar tllf
lllOuth uf the
U i la. and. pushing on. t'ntel'ed the prpsidio and 1\J i ssion of
an Gahriel, praeti('ally the Los .....-\ngeles of our own da
'.
FrolH here
\.JIZa and his t'Olllpallions passed Oll to
IonhL
l'ey.
Uan
es did not go with him, hut rcturnp<l to his
I ission
San Xayier <lpl Ba(', whieh he enterf'd .J UI
T 10, 177-1. Tht'
next year, ()(.toher :!:
. he again joineJ ...<
nza. now a lieutenant-
culonel, and with Father Font a
cartog-rapher to the expedi-
tion, Father Eisar() and Indian gnid('s, left Tuba(' OlWP again
for the Gila region.
..... \t Yuma, Garce
, H who," writes Elliott Cones," had
been especiall
C'hargpd hy' high authority to investigate tha.
feasihilit
of opening' {,01111nunication between
[onterey and
Xew
Iexi('o," took leaye of Anza and startpd alone for th('
nIOuth of the Col(\rado. ..... \. nza entered California and t'Oll-
tinue(l hi
explorations.
The Gila routp wa s Vl'ououlwed inlpl'a(.tica hIp and h('('aIlle
SiuIVly a Ine
senger trail, "though," writes C11ar1('s "b-'. LUIl1-
THE C.\.THOLIC t'HrR<'H [
UTAH
121
111ÏS in a letter to t11(' a nthor of this history, "this trail of
GarC'es was probably used, hut llot, of
ourse, at any tilne
as fre<-1uently a
wa
the old Hpani--h trail by way of rraos."
Fathers Escalante and DOinillguez failed to open the way,
but their expedition proy(>d the importanl'(-, the
panish
authoritie
attacheJ to the diseoyery of a cOllunercial high-
way from Ranta Fe to the presl(lios on the Pacific C'oast. It
was the reading of Escalante's .J ourllal and the exanÜna tion
of Don1inguez' Inap which possihly led \"r on Illllnholdt to ex-
press surprise, in his "Essai Politique," that, "ponsidering
the daring explorations of the Hpanianls in
rexiC'o and Peru
and along the AUU1zon, no 'road lUHl heen opened JfrOlll
X ortl1er11 K ew )Iexico to )Iontere
' h
wa
of Taos." K ot till
18:30, a('C'ording to BmwL"oft, was a C'O III llle r<' i a I road opened
frOlll Santa Fe to )Ionterey. He \\Titès: "CollUllUniei:l tion
with Califol'llia hegan in 183U, when .J os(> Antonio K aca vis-
itecl that C'oulltry .with a slIlall party of his pounÌI'ynlen. r n
1
:31-3:2 three trapping and trading parties nlade the journey
under ,y olfskill, .J ackson and Young', the first nmned ul'
ning
the long fo1Jowed trail fr01n Taos, north of the Colorado
riyer. "
The old
lJanish Trail fronl Hanta Fe tu Los ....\ngeles and
)Iouterey-of which we have heard so llllWh and know so little
-was really an extension of thp trail frmn )liRsouri west-
ward to the Paeifi(' o('ean.
It Inoved out fr0111
anta Fe going in a nOl'tlnYesterly di-
reC'tion tin it passed through the old Spaui:--h \Til1age of
anta
(il ara . Frmn here it followed d<nnl the upper ClUll11H riyer
or Hio Chmna to Ahiquiú and, swinging ahruptly to the north,
('ros
ed the Colorado Rtate line. Xo\\
hending to the wpst,
it ('ontinued along tll(' southern line of the staÜ' hOllndal'Y
paralleling the routt" of what i
to-day the Denver and Rio
Grande l'ail]'oH<l.
It now swung sonw IHillutes to the nol'th, 11lO\'ing into
Colorado and eru:-:sing in :-;u
<.t'ssion tIIP Hio Pe<lro. Bin de
los Pino:-;, Rio l,1lol'ida, Rio Las
\ninul
and Rio Plata. till it
passed th9 he
HI watprs of the Rio
rallcos and plung-pd into
1 , ).)
--'
THE CATHOLrc CHl'RCH 11'\ UTAH
the drainage hasin of the Hio Dulure
. It continueò along the
Dolores to where the Dolorés entered the Granrl Hi\Ter Hon1e
ten nÜle
tu the we
t ùf tlIP line hehyeen Colorado and Utah.
Along the Bio Dolores, in ahout latitude 3
0 10' north lies
HauC'er Y' alley. and frOll1
anta Pc': to thi:-. point-a distance
of lllore than three hundred nliles, this old Rpanish Trail
practically followed the route taken fifty-four years earlier
h
T Fathers Esealante and Don1Ïllguez when they luade their
bn1\ T e atten1pt to open a road to
[ontprey. l1 it; singular
that nowhere in Bancroft's works, or in the writings of sull-
sequent or pre\'iou
writers on the trans-RoC'ky
lountain
regions, do we find any nlention of thiH fact.
-,-\t a point, a little to the north of Saueer ,ra11ey, ESt'alante
turned a hruptl
T eastward and, for about fifty nli les, pursued
au easterly course before he again turned to tll(> north, and
trayeled so far on this northern route that it wa
inlpos:--ihle
for hinl and his cOlnpanions to reach 1Ionterey that ,,'inter.
Had the
paniHh prié
ts not yeerC'd to the eastward when
they left their C'amp at Saucer ,-r alley. but continued un, down
the Rio Dolores, they would haye found an easier crossing of
the InoluÜainH, pa:;,:-;ed far to the south of rtah Lake and, per-
haps, haye entered l\Ionterey befol'C' tliP se\'erity úf tlle
weather forced then1 to return to Hanta Fe. ,re C'an suspeet
no 1110tive or rea sun for the chang(' unless tllP
were decein:'d
by their guides or wished to yisit an(I instnH't the Laguna
01'
Tilupango [ndianH whose presen
e in 1 T tah '''''al1e
- was known
to the priests. ,Yhile the expedition failed of it
ohjeC't, it
perhaps influenced partially the loeation of the Rpanish rrrail
which trayeled over three hU11(11 pd l11i le
of the saUle route.
'Ye return to the C'ourse of the Rpanish Trai l. Crossing
thp Orand River helow the Jllouth of the Dolort'
, tht' trail
hOl'e northwest('rly till it finall
T el'uss('d the On'en Hiver
ju
t IJl'low the nlollÌh úf the Price near where tliP I )ell\'er and
Rio Grande railroad now hridge
that
trealll. The rrrail here
para l1eled the Priee for S01l1f> tw('nt
mi 1(':-. on a wC'sterly
course, when it veered for a short (li
tanC'e to the f'outhwcst.
fording the San Rafael River, and f'har1>I
- turning due
uuth,
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN FTAH
1
:1
went on keeping to the ,yest of the San Rafael Swell and
cro
sed
[udd
T Creek. Here it Lent again to the west and,
trayeIing up the Frenll)llt Riyer, crossed the headwater
of
the
e'Tier riyer north of the Seyier Plateau. cliulbed the
great \Ya
akh Range and, de
cending. entered the Great Ba-
sin. Sweeping now soutlnyestward, the trail r-:kirted tile east-
erl
and
outherly rinls of the present ESf'alallte Desert,
entering again upon, and following for a
hort distancp sub-
stantially the route trayeled oyer by Escalante'
party in
1776, it turned
outh and 1110yed into ,.
I ounbÚn )leadow."
Here for a portion of the way it hroke tllf-' road afterward
known a:-. the "old
[ol'lnon Trail," 0r the route taken by
the
IornlOns when tnlyeling heÌ\H:'ell ["tah and California,
and the identical trail entered upon by the enlÎgrant party
fronl )Iissouri which "as slaughtered in )[ountain :1\Ieadow
on the lllorning of Septenlher 7, lb57.
Pa
sing out of
Iountain
Ieadow, the trail now followed
down the Santa Clara Fork of the Yìrgin Hiyer, cut through
the northwest corner of Arizona and crossed into K e,Tada.
Again pursuing a sout1rwesterly course, it swept by :;\[oapa.
clilllbed the I\Iuddy )Iountains, skirted Dry Lake and went un
to Las \T egas, now a division station on the San Pedro, Lo
Angeles and Salt Lake railroad.
From Las Vegas, still southwestward, it went oyer tIll>
sandy region of Southern N eyada, passed through the I yan-
pah ,r aUey and, entering California, followed the desert to
where the 1f ojave river disappears in the sands.
l-nlike other and larger bodie
of flowing water "hich find
their repu
e in the
alt lakes and
alt heds of this weird and
repellant region, the )[ojaye riyer, born in the Sierra :1\1a-
dres, gro,ys in depth and Ï1nportancf' as it adyanceo;; down the
eastward slope of the Sierra
till it reaches the arid land:-3.
Flowing placidly on through thése :-,and
T wastes of a thir:-:ty
region, the river grows slna11er and slua]]er, and at last sinks
out of sight and di:-'apvear
in the desert.
Following the
IojaYe to its source in the Sierra :1\Iadres,
the t.rail passed out of the Great Ra
in and, deseending the
1
-!
'(H E CATHOLll' CHl'RCH I
rTAH
"
e:-;tern :-;ide of the
ierras, pnterpd an undulating country
which it trayele(l oyer and finally reached Lo
Angelf\s.
Speaking of the S}Jani
h Trail it lllay be of interp
t to re-
cord that, frm11 the 1Iojaye Ri\rer, near ,dlere it is C'rossed by
the Atchison, Topeka and Hanta Ft' railroad. and frOlll this
point eastward., for a distmwe of nearl
' thréè hUlldrpd. an<l
fifty miles, to where the Trail tUl'll
J'ronl tIlt' ea:-;terly edg-e
of the ESf'alallte de
e]'t and g()e
. through a pa ';::) in the
'Vasatrh
lountains. the old
pani
h Trail wa
followed hy
Frelllunt when he wa:-: returning ea
t"
al'(l fr0111 his explora-
tion of the Great Rasin in 184-3-44.
T\
BOOK II
Journal kept by the Spanish Priests. Silvestre Velez de Escalante
and f ranciso Atanasio Dominguez
the Explorers of
V tah and Discoverers of Utah Lake
This Journal or Diario was opened July 29
1776
and dosed when the Priests
crossing the Crand Canyon and visiting the Moqui and
Zuni people
re-entered Santa Fe
January 2. 1777
liS
, , l'
JlS
/J
35
..50
o
.,50
100
"
1 Z t
nS
U7
n5
113
JlL1
.:...:.....
H
..,
""-
)05
__I (.Þ
t 01
DIARY AND TRAVELS
OF ]-'RAY :FRA:XCI
CO ATAXASIO DOl\IIXG"GEZ AXD .FRAY SILYESTTIE
YELEZ DE .E
CALAXTE,
TO DIScO\TER A l{OUTE FRO
I THE PRE
IDIO OF
AXTA Ii'E, XE\\-
MEXICO, TO l\IO
TEREY IN SOTTTHERN C.\LIFOR
IA.
Un the
Hth day ûf July, in the year 177G, under the pro-
tection of ()ur Lady the Virgin
lary, conceiyed without orig-
inal sin, and uuder that of the 11l0
1 holy Patriarch .J oseph
her honored
pouse, Fray Fraueisco .....-\.tnnasio Donlinguez, the-
present yi
iting delegate of this district of the t 10nYer
iOll of
81. Panl of Xew )lexico, aud F\'ay FralH.i:-:(.o HilYl'stl'e \
el('z.
de Escalante, teacher of ClIristian do('Ü.ille in th.. mission of
Our Lady of Guadalupe of Zuñi; aCf'mllpanied hy 1 )on .J nan
Pedro Ci
lleros, the nwyor of the town of Zuñi; DOll Ber-
nardo )Iiera y Pacheco, a retirt'd captain, and ('itizen of the
town of Ranta Fe; Don Joaquin Lain, f'itizen of tlu-' Si:lnlP
town; Lorenzo 01iyares, of the town of Paso; LUf're('io JI uiiiz,
..... \ ndrt"s )1 uiiiz, .J nan elf' .....-\gllila r aud Siulon LIH'erO, IUl\Ting
inyoker1 the protection of our nlost holy :-.aints, and lUl\'ing
ref'eiyed the] [oly Eucharist, we departed frml1 the town of
anta Fe, capital of :K ew ::\Iexico, and after nine leagues of
tn1\'el we arriyed at the town of Santa (1Jara, where w(-'
passf'd the night.
Today, nine leagut's.
30th of .J uly. \\T e journeyed another nine leaglws, more
or less, and aJTi\Ted at the town of Santa Ro:--a of .....\biqlliú,
where, for yariOllS rt'aSOJlS, we reuwined oyer the 31 :-;t, and
celf'hrating solenlll
Iass, we again inlplored the aid of nUL
lllost holy :--aints.
] st day of .....-\ugnst. .....\fter IUl\'ing' ('(ì)phrated tlIp Hol
-
Haerifh'p of the
rass, we left the town of Santa Rosa de
Al,iquiú, going. west, follo.wing the béd of the l'iyer Chama.
l"arther on, a little less than two leagues, we turned to the
l:!G
THE CATHOLIC CReRCH IN PTAH
northwe
t. ,Aftf'r three and a half leagues of a had, f'ton
road we halted in thf' northern part of the V" alley of Alunl,
Inesas (table-lands) to the ea
t and northeast of this yalley
by the
ide of the Arroyo
e('o (Dry Hun). On
Ollle of the
are
aid to bf' found ahll11 and tran
parent gYP
Uln. In the
afternoon we left the Arroyo Heeo, going in a northward di-
rection, and after a
hort di
hll}(òf' we turned to the north-
east, passing through a woody cañon a little Inore than two
leagues, oyer Yer
T bad roads, when we stopped near the
salue
\rroyo. Today it has rained Yer
T hard, and we haye
traypled
eYell league
.
d day of _\ugu
t. ,Ye proceeded :aorthea
t through the
SaIne cañoll a little Inore than four leagues, "hen we turned
north, and entered a woody nH
ine. in whieh for a (lUartpr of
a league the Îorest of sinall oak treéS i::, ::;0 dense that in pa::,
-
iug along we lo:-;t four of our aniuw l
, nUlking it IH
(,f-'S
a ry for
us to f:;top and go after thpul.finding thClll after a short tilllP.
,Ye again entered the cañon. and althollgh we lost the trail in
this forest, as it is not llluch trayeled, we found it
agaiu on thp eastern :-;ide of a little strealll that run:::;
through it, the ::,anle that, farther down, they call the Arroyo
de [ianjilon. Leaying the forest, there is a
lliall plain,
covf-'red with gras
, Yer
' hf'autiful to look upon he('au
f-' of
the roses growing there-a color between yiolet and white,
very Hluch like eonllllon pinkf'. rrhere gTO\\.
here a Iso a sllwll
red fruit about the
ize of a hhu'kherry, and in fre
hnes
mHl
tastf-' yery sin1Ïlar to a lemon,
o that in this countr
T it is u:,ed
as a suhstitute for If-'lllOllS in the lllaking' of
weets mal fn
sh
drinks. Beside
this, there art' ('herriE's
Illal1f'r than th<->
Iexican and another :-.lnall fruit they eall the little apple, the
trf-'(, of which is like the liule tree, hut w-hosf' Ipaf rather re-
selllhles tilt' cplery. Thf-' sizf-' of this fn1Ït is thf-' S(lnIP a
the
ordinary Hpanish-pea, the ehick-pea. the color of SOllle Leing-
white, of others hlack 'fhe taste is pungent, heh\Teen swept
and sour. hut plea
ant.
\Yhere the rO::,é
Legin to grow, the cañon i:-. diyided in two
h
a loft
tahlf'-Iand, on hoth
ide
of whieh thprt' are rOêH1:-;,
one to thE' w(':-;t and the otller to thf-' north. ..\t the opening'
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH [X 1JTAH
1 '-)-
-,
of the road to the west and helow the southern point of th
tahle-Iand is a
lnall
l'ring of good water. but in order that
the anltllab Illight he enahled to quench their thir
t it wa
found to he neees:-:an' to 11lake troughs. Thf' strayed ani1Llab
ha'Ting turned up. we l'unmed our wa.\T through tlw caîion to
the westwarù. anlI journeyed a league and a quarter towards
the north.
Goi.ng a little le
than half a league to thp west. we
turneù to the northeast, haying tra,.eletl a little l110re than
thref' leagues hy a good road. Turning" a little aside frOlll thf'
road we stopped to rest h
' a
trealll that is eailed the nio (Ie
la Ceholla (( )nion Hi"er). In its bed we found a sufficient
quantity of water in pools, although it appear
..;eldOlll to
haye a current. \re started out froBl this pla('e in the after-
noon, going a quarter of a league to the north. in order to
strike the road we had left. ,Ye hore off a little to the north-
east, oyer SOllIe thr('e leagues of good road, and stopped on a
leyel pie('e of ground h
T the hank of a
trealll called Hio df:'
Ias .xutria
(( )tter Ri,'er), hecause. a1though the "ater is
constant and flowing, it seenlS to haTe stagnant pools all or
lllost of tlw year, in ".hieh otten; hreed.
Today. eight league
.
?,d day of
lugu
t. Leaying the Rio de la
Xutria
to the
nurtheast, "e entered a small forest of }Jiuf's. and goine; a
little less than three leagues we canle to the Hio de (1hama,
and through this heautiful ('ountr
' "e proceeded north ahout
a nlÍle, cro:-;sing the riyer and !-:tüppillg to rèst on thp oppo
ite
fo\ide.
rhe ford of the riyer is \Tery beautiful. hut near its
hank
are gn>at gullif'
full of SIlwll stones, into one of which
tlw
aJdlp h()r
e of Don .Tuan ni
n(>ros fell and wa
('(.)111-
pletply
ulnnerged. For ahout a !eagw.-' to t1H.:' north and
Routh of the riYf'r, tl;ere is open C01UÜn' of good Jand fOt" :-;ow-
ing, with proper irrigation. It pr()duc
}s flax and ha
ahuncl-
ant l)a
turage. There is here l>\Terythillg' lH.:'('(':-::-;ary for th2
ettlelllf'nt of a town and for its nlaihtl'nallC'e; a gTOYC of
whitp poplar trep
i
alfo\o here.
'\
e pruceeded on our journey in theafternoon,allda:-:l'plHl--
128
THE ('AT HOLIU CH eRl'H I
eT.\ H
ing the "Te
terll f'lope of tlJe ri\'er, entered a
lna1l ya1ley,
which we naIlled Hanto lJmuingo. rrllÍ:-; \'aIle
T is endo
e(l by
three large and well wooded table-lands, fUl'llling a
elllÍ-
eircle frOlll north to
outh, until they reach the riyer. rro the
west uf thest' tahlt'-lands are
aid to he two lakes, the fir:,t
and lllOSt southern, to the Wt'st uf the opening that uue sef'S
between the first and second table-land, and the
eC'o!ld to the
west of tlw IJass hetween the sf'l'ond and third table-land.
Tlu:,se lake:, "Tith the \'alley
poken of are \Ter
T well adapted
to the rai
ing of large and f'luallIH:'l'<ls. ,Ye proceeded along
tlw yalley to thf' northea:-;t and elltel'l'd a
nlall 1110untain
fore
t of pine trees iu which "\\e lost one of our pack ]uult'
,
not finding it until llf'ar
unset, cÛlllpeJIillg llS to halt in a
plaee full of hriers aud bnullbles neat. tlw thref' EttIe hills
that we IUlllled La
antísinla Trinidad (lIuly Trinity). ha v-
ing tra \Telf'(l frOlll the riyer only two leagues to the north-
east. Tn this stopping pla('p there was no running "Tat(:'r.
although we found a little in a stre
nlllet near-hy, to the
outh-
east. The ri\'pr (1hanul runs north and south frOlll where \n'
el'o
pd it toda
T. and, hefore it gpts oppo
ite the flint 11lOlln-
tain, turns to the west, until it pas
es tlu-' town of
-\hi(lUi ú.
Today, fi\'e lpague
.
Jtlt uf ..<--\ugust. Leaying the Hantí
illla Trinidad to the
north, we tra\'eled f\yo leagues by the :::-,anH-> lllolllltaill. where
are pines and Hlllall oak
. Therf' is also ahundant gl'a
and
flax, and. eneIosing tll<' lllolultain, are two In l'g'e Ine
a
(ta hIe..:.
lands), each one forIning a sen1i-circle, the northern puint of
one being joined to tlIp
outhern point of the other, and
epar-
ated hy a narrow opening or gate. Going a quarter of a IpaguE'
to the northear-:t, we pa::,:-;ecl the opening in whieh i
another
lake, whiC'h we eal1t'd ()liyares, heing a quarter of a leagup
lung, and t"\\o hundrt'd yard
(nlOl'e or less) in width. Its
water is drinkahle, though not yery pleasant to the taste.
:E\'OlU the lake and the opening \\f' ('ontillued half a IC'aguf' tt)
the north, and des('endillg to tllP nortlwast, "Tp left tl1(' road
that passes the" haltiug-
tone." a
it was railed hy thû::,e of
our party who had hp('u hert' hpf(n.C'; the guides direeting' n
THE f'ATHOLIC f'H L'RCH IN L"TAH
1=Z9
through a dry woodland, without foot-path or road of any
kill(l, telling us that in tlw road we had just left there were
three yery diftieult hills to ('lilllh. and that it was not so direct
as the road we were now taking. Going a little nlOre than .
Jeague through tll(' sanw woorlland, ,ye turned west-llorth-
"Test, retnrning lwar to the ]llonutain. and after half a l
ague
we took to tlw northeast. Passing threp leagues and a half
through a fertile glen we rallle to a larg p open plain called
Belduque (Plain of the Knife). In this plain wp inelin
d to
the west, and. descending to the arroya. went two leaglle
and éntered a cañon, where we halted to rest.
rOln a certain
ae(.i(lpIÜ that happened herp we IUlllled the C'auon El (iañon
del Engaño (tlw Caiion of Deceit). Here we found sufficient
standing water and pasture.
roday, nine and a (luarter leagnes.
5th day of ...\ugust. Le:lying the Cañon del Bngaño to the
southeast, after half a Ieagne we ('anH' to the Bio de Na\Tajó,
that rises in the nlOuntaini-J of Grulla, fio",,::; from the north-
east to the southwest, going north for a little lllore than three
league:-- until it join
with another ri\Tel' ('aIled the San .Tuan.
In this place the Hiyer Xayajó ha
less water tllRn the
Chmna. Leaying the riyer we proC'ee(led wi tIt SOllIe diffiC'lllt.\'
through the ealÌon for nf'arly a league to the south, when we
dropped to the
outheast a quarter of a leagne and three-
(lual'ters of a league to the west, pa:-:sing' through a calion
and oypr hill
and lllountains. The guides lost tllPir wa
',
seelning to po
se
s hut sllwll knowledge of this eountry. In
order not to df'SC'f'IH1 farther, we took to the northea
t. tra\Tel-
ing SOllie three leagups with no path, eli1l1hillg a high 11101111-
tain and beholding the bed of the riyer Wp had just lpft. \r e
de:-:C'(']H1f'd
o i.t h
T a rough and jagged slope, and, goiug a
1ittlp alore thl'ef' lea
ue
to the wf'st-northwe
t, Wf' C'ro
:-:ed it
h
' a goorl ford and halted on the nodhern hank. IIerp it had
al r('ady joined the San .1 Uelll. The g uidp
infol"lll u
that a
little farthpr up thf' two ri\'(
l'-'; twitf', and so we df'tf'l'lllinf'd
to ohserye the latitude' of thi:-; pla('e. ,,-hi('h detained ll:-: here
llnti I the afternoon of the fol1owing day. ,Ye made the oh-
1 :30
THE CATHOLIC CHeHCH [K rTAH
sernltion h
- the ul<'l'i<1ian of the
Ull, and fouwl our
el\'e
in
3ï degree
51 lllinute
of latitude, and ('alh.d tll(' pla('e Kue
tra
Heño1'a de la
Xie\TPH (( )ur r ..ad
- of the Hnows).
Fray Hih'e
tre pro('
(:'(h'd to re('onl the point wlwre the
two ri\'ers-the Xa\'ajó and the San .Juan -join. and found
it to l)p abuut threp leagues iH an air line to the ea
t of the
Kie\'e
(Hnow
), and to he well adapted to Het.tlelllent
on the
banks of each ri,'er. TliP Rè.l.U .Juan ri\'er ('arl'if'
nlOre water
than the Xayajó, and it is said that farthf'l' north are 1a1'ge
and fertile trad::-:, wh('rf' the ri\'er flows Oyer open (,ouIlÌr
-.
Thus joiued the two fonn a ri\'e1' a
largp as tlw northern
one in the lLlOnth of .f uly; and it i
e{11lpl1 the Rio Unllllh. de
Ka\'ajó, he('au
p it
eparatf'fo: the pro\Tinee of thi
llalllf' fnnn
the Y uta na tion. Helln\
thl' plain of N uestra Señora de la:'i
:Nîe\,(:'s tlH're are goud h'-nd
, if sufficiently irrigated, and ail
that i
neces
al'Y for three or foul' towns, e,Ten thollgl
the
'
he large ones. On either hank of the ri\Tel' we found den
t'
k'af
T forests of whitt:' poplar, <":111all üak, ('herry. sl11all apple
,
lilne
, and uther trees. rrhere is also fo:f)UW sar
aparilla awl a
tree that seeulf'd to us to hf' walnut.
Today, eight leagues.
()th dar of
\ugu
t. In the afternoon we left Nne
tl'a
HeÎlora de las Xie'Te
, the ri\Ter helow, and OUl' course to thÞ
west, and j(H1J'IW
'il1g two and a half leagu('s O\Ter a had road,
we
topped on the l)ank of the riyer. Don Bernardo
liera hac!
heen suffering ,,-ith pain
in the stmllaf'h. and the nftpl'llOOll
found hinl IllU('h worse; hut it pleased God that before da5T-
light un the following morning he wa:, so llluch relipn'd Umt
we were ahle to pr()(,f'ec! on our journey.
Today, two an<1 one-half leagues.
ïth da
T uf August, ,Ye 1)1'O(.e0(le<1 h.," the hank of tlw
ri\Ter. and along' the
ide of thp near tahlt'-lau(ls, a littlf' HlOrt'
than a quartpl' of a Ipaglle to the Wl':,t, a"';('PIHlin
: a sOllll'what
diffieu1t hill, aIul de
eßndin
: to the northwest, <-111<1 a leagup
farther on we arrin-.(l at auothpl' l'i\'er ('alle(l thp Pie(h'a Para-
da, at a poin1 IlPal' ib jUIH'tioH with tlIP
aYajó. IIere
there i:-3 a large plain that we eall('d Han ....\utonio. with fine
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UTAH
131
land for <>llltiyating, if irrigatf'd, and all that a settIenlent
would need of stone, wood, tinllwr and pa:-:tul'e. rrhi
river
ri:::;e::, in the l1lountain range of GrulIa, to tlw north of the Ran
Juan river, fiow
frOll1 north to
outh, :--lnd is :-'Olllpwhat
slna]ler than the Cham(l, wl:ielJ pas
es the town of Ahiquiú.
Crussing thi
rivE'I' we h'aveletl two leagues to the west
and a little nlOre than two to the west-northwe
t, and arrived
at the eastern hank of the riyer that is ca Ilf'd Hio de los Pino
(PilH--' river), heeau
e of the pine trl'e
growing on its hanks.
It is
lnaller than the northern river, hut ha
good water. At
this point it flows north and south, and el11ptieç; into the
Xavajó. It risf's in the we:-:terll part of the (hlllla range at a
point that i
called Hierra Ia Plata (HiÌ\yer ranp:p). There is
a large plain hf're with ahuwlant pa
turage, e
pe('iall
rood
for 'wheat, gras:-: and <'01'11, hut needs irrigation. A good lo('a.-
tiol1 for a
ettlel1leut. 'Ye rested hE're, ]1mllillg tlw phwe Y" ega
(Ie Ran Cayetano (Plain of Han C\tjetan).
Today. H little 1110re than six leagues.
8th day uf .August. ,Ye left the- Hiver Pinoç; HIHl Plain
of
all (1ajetan to the west-northwe:-:t, and going four
leagues HlTiyed at the Riyer F'lorida, whi<>h i
11111<'h slnaller
than the Riyer Pinos. It ri:-:e:-: in the
anle 11l0111ltain range,
hut Inore to the west, flows fronl north to sontl), and in the
plae(' where we (,J'osspd it there is a large traet "ith good soi I,
if ,ye]] irrigated. The pasiuragp on the plain i
good, hut
lwar the ri,Ter not so g'ood, though in the rainy "'ieason it lllay
he hetter. Pas:-:ing" the Hiypr }'lori<la, Wt' trayelE>d we:-:t two
leagues, and two nlOl'e to the "est-northwest. Deseendillg' a
stony hill, we C
Ulle to the Riyer del las ...\l1ilnaS, Ileal' the
western slope of the Plata range, whpl'e the riyer rise
.
('ro:-::-:ing, we halted on the oPl'ositp hank. It is as large as
the llorthern ri\'er, and at thi:-: season l"untains 11l0re water
and has a swiftpr (,UJT('nt, haying lllOre of a deeline at this
point. Like tlw other l'iyers. it empties into the X avajó.
The hanks are :steep, and here the } 'Hsturag-e is 1Iot good,
thongh farther on and lower <10Wll it is hetter.
Today, H little 1110re than eight leagut's.
1 9,)
0_
THE CATHOLIC ('HCRCH IN rT.\.H
)th day of .Augu:-;t. 'Yf' left the Hiver AlliJlla
(Hive!' of
Soull';) ana dÏIllbed the wel';tern
lope.
\Ithough it i
not
very high, it is difficult, being ro('ky and in pa rts very steep.
,y e rros
ed the RUllllllit oi a littlf' nlOulltain, whieh would
nlake the dil';tauee traveled about a quarter of a league, and
entered a fertile glen, through which we went a league to thp
'Wf'
t, then turning to t1H' nort1l\'
e:-;t, skirted the foot of a
grf'en 11l0ullÌaill with good pasturage, aud rnIne to the :::;an
.J oaquin river. ..As it pa
se
through the town of
an (}eró-
ninlo it is small. [t riRes in the west(,]"ll part of the
if'lTa
de la Plata, and flows through the
aIne l'añon, in which are
said to be open veins of Inetal; although when SOlnc years
previouR parties caIne to eXaIlline the
e 111Ïue
, by order of
the governor, Don TOlllÙS ,r elas Cí.whupin, they could not
say for ('ertain what metal they cuntained.
\.ccording to
the opinion of some who lived in this Rertion, and fronl re-
ports gathered froln the Indians, the." cOllrluded it was sil-
ver, thus giying the nmue to the luountain range.
FrOlu the slope of the Hiver
\ninulR to that of Ran
Joacluiu the land is not very 11l0ist., while ill the inuuediate
vicinity of the Sif'ITaS the rains are very frf'qlwnt, so that on
the lllountains whirh are cover('d ,,'ith tall pine trees, slna11
oak and a variety of wild fruit treeR, the pasturagf' 1-S of the
best. The telllperature lwre is ver.'- ('old, even ill tlw lllonth<..;
of July and August. Alnong the fruits growing here there is
a slnall one, blark in color, with an agl'eea hie flayor. Yer
'
l11urh like the fruit of the nledla l' tree. though not
o
weet.
"
e went no farther that day. bc('ause the aninlal
had not
sufficient food the night hefore, and seell)pcl til'C'd, anå a]so
hecause of a lwayr rain stOl'lll that cOlllpeìled n:-; to rPlllain.
r:!'oday. four and a <luarter league:-., a]mo
t (hw w('st.
] Oth day of Augnst. Father .Fra
Fl'au('i:-,ro ,A. tanasio
awoke with a seyerE' atta('k of rhemllatisHl. whieh he lUlll he-
gnn to fee] the c1a
' hl'fore in hi:-; fan? and head, and it was
nece
:-;arY tù reuwin 1ll'I'P until he "'(lR relieyed. rrhp ('011-
tinued n;in and the dampncss of the p]ar('. hOWeY(>I" ohliged
ns to leaye. Ooillg north a little lllOl'e than half a league we
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 11\ UTAH
133
turned northeast. .L
leagu p farther on we turned to the west,
through hea utiful Illountain glens, full of yerdure. 1'0
S a-nd
other flowers.
rwo league
farther on it began to rain
('opiousl
T. which caused Father _\1.taIla
io to beeOlue mUf'h
"Tor:-:e, and abo Inade the road Ï1npassahle. ,y
passe<l on
t'\\o leagues farther \Ye
t. but were ohliged tu :.;top by tlt('
first of the two sillall streal)1:-; which Inake up the Ran LÚ--
zaro, otherwise ('aIled Las
[an('os. The pa
tul'age continue
to be a bUll<lallt.
Today, four and a half league;').
1] tll day of Augu
t. X otwithstanding the ('old and dan11l-
ness frOIll whieh w(' suffered, we were obliged to l'elnain,
hecau
e Father .....\ tana
io wa:-: yerr lllU('h weakened fl'Oln hi:-:.
suffering, and had
Ollle feyer. 'Ye were not ahle to vi
it the
n1Ìlle:-; of thp Sierras, although one of our cOlllpanion
. who
had yisited tlwnl on a fonnel' o
l'af'iOll, assured us they were
but a E-hort distau('e away.
1
th da
r of Augu"it. E\1ther
-\tanasio awoke sOlllCwhat
better. and, for a ('hang
of p]a('(-' awl teu11'erature lnon
th
n
for the purpose of eontinuing our .iourne
-, we left this loca-
tiOll and the ri\'er of San Lorenzo to the Horth
ast. and afÜ}l'
going a little Illore than a league \\Te turne<l to tlw Wf>st -Tlorth-
west, and trayeled fi\'e league
CJyer green nlonntains W"ith
good pa
turage. To the \\e
t for tw"o and a half leaglw
we
pas
ed through a pie('(' of hurnt-oyer woodland W"ith f'('ant
pasturage, and turned tu the north. ('ru
:-:illg the Rio de
XuestJ'a Señora de lo
Dolores (RhTer of Our Lady of Rol'-
rows). and lmlh'd on the f;outhern side of the Sierra de la
Plata. Thi:-- riyer flows south, and during this
ea
on i
11ll1<'h
smaller than the northern riyer,
Today. a little lllOre than eight leagues.
13th day uf August. '" e Inadc- a
topping plw'e JWJ'e.
o
that the FHÍ1lPr lllight the sooner re('o\'e1', and also that w('
n1Ïght as<,<:'rtain thL latitude of this location and the plain of
the Ri\Ter Dolores, in W"hi('h W"e find oUl's<:,IYe
. \\
(' hu\'P
taken ohsel'ra tions and find we are in latitude 3
degrpe
1:11:!
lllinute
. There is e\'er
Tthillg here r(>(llÚsite for tlIp estah-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
135
be another ::,trean1 in this \
icinity with suf1Ìcient water, and
near enoug'lI to be ahle to reach it during the afternoon, .we
sent the g-uide
to find out how far Wè would havp to go to
reach a flow. A streanl wa
found, but with water enough
for the Illen only, and none for the anÏlnals. It wa
filled up
with ,,
ood and
tone, :1ud. a::; it
:eenle(l, purposely. The
water i
onstant, but not palatable. The Yntas probably
clm-ed up the fo-treaUl for
Olne contingency which they fore-
saw Illight happen; for, aceording to SOllIe of our cOlupany
who had lived
nlIong thenl, tlwy were êu'custoIlled to protect
thelll
elves in this way. In the afternoon we proceeded on
our wa
, and traveled two ]eague
to the northwe
t and oue-
half leagu(> to the north. rea
hing tlw streaUl Illentioned,
,,
hi('h wp nallle(l La Agua Tapado (covered water).
Today, three and three-quarter leagues.
1(5th da)
of ...\.ugust. ,\,.. e n1Îssed l110re than half the anl-
111al
that had :,trayed away looking for water, whieh they
discovcred half the way hack on the road WP tl'avp]pd y
tpr-
day, and there we found tlwnl. Heturnillg- late, we left
-\..gua
Tapada at half-past ten in the Iuorniug. \\
e took a nn1Ch-
travp]pd road that we thought wonld continue until we ar-
rived at the Rio elf' Dolores, ,,-hich we intended to follo,,"', hut
after going- two leagues to the northwe
t and a league and a
half to the wpst, we left it, the ground being very soft. and
the rains having destroypd the trail. Froin here we turned
to the northwest. ,.\ (lUarter of a league f
lrther we putered
a ('añon, widp at the mouth, in "Which we found a good and
luuch-traveled road. \\" p followed it, and, g-oing another
league north, ealn<? to a rUllning sh'ealll with suffif'ient water
for hoth man and beast. Being hidden in a dense forest of
pillP and juniper trpes, we nanlP(l the stream ...\gua Escolldil1a
(hidden "Water). 11ere we lost the streanl, for the road went
at right angles to it. ,Ye 111ad(-' two troughs froBl which the
horses could drink, hut they were not satisfied after all.
'Yhile we were exan1Ïning tlIP land on pvery side, in order
that we might proceed on our "Way, [Jon Bernardo
[iera wput
on through the cañon alone, and "Without onr having kno"Wll
130
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
it, and because of the Ï1npossibility of our C'olltinuing our
journey, we stopped, and
ent one of our party to hring hill1
back before he should lo::se his way, 11e went ahead so rap-
idly that it was after Inidnight before they returned. \y- e
were all very anxious hecause of their ahSCll<'e. They said
they had gOlle up the Dolores river, and that on the ,yay they
had found only one short piece of road difficult of pa
sage,
but which cOlùd be repaired, so that ,,,e decided to go on th{\
next day.
Today, four leagues.
17th day of August. "\Ye left the Agua Escondida, and
about half-past three in t.he afternoon we C
llne to t.he Rio de
los Dolores for the third tin1e. "\Ye traveled through the en-
tire cañon and its nIany turns, seven leagues to the north,
but really four or five l11ore. 'Ye nalned the cañon EI Labe-
rinto de :ì\Iiera (J\Iiera's Labyrinth), bèeause of the varied
and 1eautiful views on every side, and being so eleyaterl and
rocky at every turn that the way seenled lunch longer and
difficult, and also because Don Bernardo :ì\[iera ,vas the first
to go through the cañon. The way is passable and not diffi-
cult for the animals, exC'ept in one place, w1lere it ,yas quickly
repaired. .L
rriving at the river we found recent tracks of the
Yutas, fronl which we concluderl there was a settlplnent of
thenl near by. Considering that if they had seen us and we
had not asked fa\Tors of thenl, they n1Ïght inlagiue we in-
tended then1
Olne harn1, and that this fear would sOlnewhat
disturb thein, we determined to find theJ11, thinking SOlne of
thenl could guide us into a road by ,vhich we Illight proeeed
on our journe-r with le:,
difficulty than now appeared to us,
as none of our COlnpany knew the country nor the streallìS
ahea d of us.
,A.s soon a
we had halted near a wide p::ut of the river,
that "We nmned San Bernardo, Father Fray Francisco .L\ta-
llasio, accollipallied by .Andl'és ::\luiiiz as interpreter, and Don
J Han Pedro Cisneros, went up the riyer sonle three ]eagues,
and there they recognized them as heing Yntas; but they
con1d not find the trihe, after haying gone to where the Sinan
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
137
Rio de Ias Paraliticas (Riyer of the Paralytics) diyides the
Yutas into two trihes, the Tabehuachis and the :J1uhuachis,
th(' one liying north and the other south of the riyer. The
riyer \\'as so named because one of our party \\'ho }Sa\\' it fir:-;t
found in a TI'igTI'arn on the hank of the riyer three Y uta "0111-
en suffering frOlll paralysis.
Today, Sèyen leagues; in a bee line, four to the north.
18th day of .L-\ugust. TTI'o of our cornpanion
left yery
early to find \\'here \\'e could best leave the river, for here the
banks are very high and stony, and we did not care to wan-
der wl1('1'e there was neither 1\
ater nor pasturage. In the
Led of the riyer th
re are quantities of rocks, and we feared
to injure the horse
. haying to cros::, it several tÏ1nes. They re-
turnecl about eight 0 'clock in the eyening. saying that only by
following the river bed could we leave this place, and so \\'e
were obliged to folIo\\' the river.
To(la
Y, one league to the north.
19th day of .L-\ugust. ,\"'" e proceeded along tllE) r1yer one
league to the northeast with SOUlE) difficulty, and then turned
one league to the northwest. ,Ye stopped at another open
part of the riyer to water the horses, so that we could leayc
the riyer and follow a road that went northeast, if the rough-
ness of the country would aHow it. \Yishing to cross the
ridge of high and rocky table-lands, for the river bed now
becmne in1pa:-;
able. one of the BIen went on ahead to
ee if
the road was passable. He found that we could not travel
the northwest road, hut discoyered another path to the south-
east.
\Jthough he esmnined it for a long way, anù found no
great ohstacles, we did not venture to follow it, because far-
ther on it was divided by high table-lands and cañons, in
which we woulll ag'ain be shut in, and so have to turn back
as before. )1ore than this, the arid condition of the country
in the inunediate vicinity led u
to belieye that tIle pools of
rain water and the channels of running water which are
usually found here, were now perfectly dry.
,y e ron
lllted with the lllE'll who had traveIf'<1 0\,('1' thii
country hefore as to what direction we r-;hould take to o\'e1'-
L
8
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH l
UTAH
eOllIP these difficulties, and everyone ,yas or a different
opllllon. Finding ourselyes in this llll('ertainty, llot knowing
if we should follow the road lueutioned, or if Wf' ought to
turn back a little and take tllf
trail that passed the Y uta set-
tlelnent, 'we put our tru
t in God, and, lun
ing in1plored the
intercession of our n10st hol)T patron
;aints that God would
direet ns where it "ould be nlOst conduciye to Hi..... hol}:"" serv-
ice, we cast lots for tlw two roach;, anù it fell to the Ynta
trail, ,YllÏch at oncp decided uo.; to follow it until we arrivell
at their
ettlenlent. "
e took ob:-;elTations at thi
point,
which we called the Cañon del Ye
o (Chalk Cañon), haying
discoyered
Ollie chalk nearby, and found we were in
m de-
grees 6 luillutes latitude.
Today, two leagues.
Oth day of ..L-\ ugn
t. ".,. e left the CaLíon del Y e
o. going
bark a league to tlw
outheast, and recl'o;-\sed the riycr, fronl
which, about è1 lluarter of a league away, towards the north-
east, "Te fo;aw a nUlnber of sìllaU hills, on \yhieh we dlq'ov(,l'ed
beds of a ,'ery tran';;l1arf'nt gypS1Ull. The river heing pa:-;:-;ed,
we entered a wide yalley, and foJlowing along a well-heaten
trail that leads towards a high tahl('-land, we traY(:,led
three leagues to tlw northwest. It was then that, at the
earne
t suggestion of Don Bernardo
riera, \\'ho was not in
favor of this road, the int
rpretel'. l\ndr{'
, took u
along
H lofty lllOuntaill l'l'est, preeipitou:-: and l'o('ky, to :-:u('h an
e:\.tent, that "e he1ieyed we
hould he ('Olllpelled to retnH'e
our steps after haxing gOlW half the distau('e; lwcau:-:e onr
anilnals
uffered sO 11ll1('h that lllany of tlWlll marked the
stony road with bloud left by their hoofprints. "r e ('limbed
the nlOuntain with great diffi('ult
, aftpr :-:eYE'ral hours of toil..
going in a northerly direetion, haying tntyeled in tlw ascent
about a (juarter of a leag-ue. -,,--\long the top of the nlOuntain
WP travelerl a lllile to the no1'thwe
t, i11l(1 froIlt this point we
('ould see that the road went along the hase of the tahle-land,
and over goud leyel ground.
In the descent, which is smooth aild ('iear of l'oeks. we
trè1yeled for nlOl'e than three-(juarters of a league in a 1101't11-
THE CATHOLIC CReBCH IN UTAH
139
erly direction. "\Y c pursued our way more than a league to
the northea
t, passing through a country that ahounded in
slllall cacti; and in order to HToid tlw annoyance that this
cau
ed our aniluals, 'we hetook our
elYe
to the Led of a riyer,
and, haying gone a long it
COllrSP for sOlnething like a league
toward
the east, we sudd{ìuly ('aIlle upon an abundant sup-
ply of good water, which is furnished pqrtly by what renlains
in poob after a rain, and partly hy springR. "\\
e nauled it
San Bernardo. It would seenl, judging frmll the trails, and
the ruins of wigwalns, that this was a caluping ground of the
Yutas, and here we caUle ag:Ün into the rO
Hl that we left
when we cIinlh2d the almost un
calable nloln
tain. 1 re1'(> we
call1}Jed, although the gra
:-- is not yery abundant. "\r e find
that we haye journeyed today six leagues without r0ckoning
the piece oyer which we retraced our sb
ps.
lst day of August. "\r e left the slJrings of San Rernardo,
and by way of the cauon, in the :-.outherll part of which the
springs are situated, we took a northerl
y dil'Pction oyer a
road that was diffieuIt to travel, ala1 \\'hich in smne places
was Yer
y rough. ..L-\bont half way up the (.auon we found sev-
eral pooh of water, and, towarc1s thp end, the "
ater flowed
vs l:tbundaI
tl
y as thoug-L cOIning frmH a living spring. Hav-
ing pas
et1 through the euuon, we purslwd our way in a
northwpsterl
T rlil'ection, oyer an open, leyel country. "\Ye
then entered another caiion, where the road was as bad as
the one we had J
ft, and haying made our way for ahout a
league to the north, we canle to the Rio de
all Pedro, and
e
ta hlislwd our call1I> in a piece of leyel country, naIlling it
the CaIn}) of
al1 Luis.
Toda
-, six league
.
d day of .August. Departing fnHn thp calnp of Ran
Lui
, we crossed tlw river, cIinlhed a steep, high lllountaiu,
though not a yery rock
one, and entered upon an extended
tahle-Iand, which is sOluething' Iikp ihe spur of the range of
the Taheehnachis. "\Y e joul'lle
-ed along the snnlluit in a
northeasterly direction :::-Oll1e two leagues, in an ea:-::t-llorth-
east direction half a Jeague, and in a southeast another half
140
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
league, and then descended to the ta ble land by another pre-
cipitous, though short, trail; it is the saIne one that Don Juan
.ßIaría Revera in his journal considers to be so full of diffi-
culties. ..Along the bank of the river San Pedro ,ye Hlade
our ,,-ay northeast for about a league. ",Ye stopped for our
n1idday rest, and
ome went forward to view the land, to see
what would be the nature of the trayC'ling in the afternoon;
whether we could leave the river and find water llear by, or
if not, to remain in camp till the nlOITúW. Those ,dlO "Tent
out to ascertain the nature of t.he country returned late, and
we detern1Ïned to pass the night in this place, whi('h "
e ('aIled
San Felipe.
Today, four leagues.
23d day of
\.ugnst. \Ve left the calllp of San Felipe on
the San Pedro river, clinlbed a hill, and, along the foot of a
1110untain known as Tabechuahis, so called br the Y utaR who
dwell in those parts, ,\ye covered a dit
tance of four leagues,
which, on account of the many turns \re 1113de, could not be
more than two leagues t.o the east of S
n Felipe. "'V è had
left the San Pedro, which has its rise in the GruHa (Crane)
in that spur of the lTIountain which they call la Plata, and
which runs toward the north, turns to the northwest, and then
to the west, until it unites with the Dolores, near the small
range of mountains kno,Vll as the Salt, because near it arp a
nUlllber of saline pools from which the Y utas, who dwell in
these parts, supply their needs. It is a river of moderate
size. ",Ye stopped for our n1Ïdday rest near a perennial f;Up-
ply of water that descends from the mountain. In the IC\Tel
country, in the northern part, thm-e is a valley affonling
good pasturage, and near it a piece of ground shaped like all
eyebrow, upon which we found the ruins of an ancient town
who
e houses seenl to have been built of stone; with this
material the rrabehuachis Yutas have constrl1cte(1 a frail
lll(l
crude intrenchment. IIere"We founlI good pasturage for the
anima] s, which has been lacking ever since "We "Were in
Canl}) at .L\suncion, on the Do]ores river, until t()(lay, a
the
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
141
soil was so burned and dry that it appeared to have received
no rain all sun1mer.
During the afternoon it began to rain, and continued for
upwards of an hour and a half. 'Ye continued our journey,
going up the mountain of the Tabehuachis by way of a lofty
and precipitous road; and when ,ye had gone a league to the
northeast and another to the east, a rrabehuachi Yuta over-
took u
. He was the first one we haù 111et since the day we
left ,A,biquiú, where we had seen two others. 1 n order to be
able to converse leisurely with hiln, \ve pitched our canlp near
a spring of water, 'where we rested during the heat of the
day, and which we caUed the Fouutain of the Guide. 'Ve
gave hÏ1n sOlllething to eat and to sllloke, and afterwards, by
nleans of an interpreter, we questioned hilll concerning the
country which jay hefore us, and about the rivers and their
courses. \Ve also asked hÏ111 concerning the whereabouts of
the Tabehuachis, l\Iuhuachis and the Sabuaganas.
At first he pretended to be ignorant of ev
rything, even
conceri1Ïng the country in which he lived. After he lost the
fear and suspicions he had entprtained toward us, he told us
that all the t;abuaganas were in their own country, and that
we wouln n1eet thenl very soon; that the Tabehnachis wpre
scattered about al1l0ng these lllountain::, and vicinity, He
said that the rivers frOlll the San Pedro to the San
Rafael, inclusive, tlo"
into the Dolores, and then unite with
the Navajó. \re proposed that he guide us to the viUage of a
Sabeguana chief, who, our interpreter said, was well dis-
posed towards the Spaniards, and aC'quaintpd with a good
deal of this territory. TIe agreed to do so if we could "Wait
for hÍ1n until the afternoon of the next day, to which we
agreed, partly that he 1111ght guide us, and partly to relllove
any suspicions that we Inight he Ineditating sOll1ething
against hill1, that "Would awaken resentment in hÏIn and in
others.
Todny, six Jeagues.
24th day of ..L\ugust. Before twelve o'clock our Yuta ar-
rived at our camp, where we were awaiting hiJn, bringing
1-l
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN "LTAH
with hinl his fallÜly, two women and .five cbildrpn, tw"o of
them at the breast, and three frOll1 eight to ten years old; all
of theill very c1eeellt in nppearmlf'e and quitp talkativf'. rrhey
thought we had conle to engage in trade, and for that reaSUll
brought with thenl antelope
kins and other things. .L-\nlOll:2'
these were Hillall apple-raisins, black in color, of ,,-hi('h we
have spoken before, and which reseluble 5111a11 grapes, nnd
are ver
T agreeable to the taste. "r e explained to thenl that
we had not conte on the business they thonght we had, nor
did we bring any goods to trade. In order that they Illight
not think 1ye were explorers of the land, and with a view of
keeping them well dispo
ed toward us when they were ahsf'nt
fl'0111 us, as well as that they Illight not seek to elnharl'ass us
in our progress, and judging that frolll the Cosninas they
lllÏght have leal'nf'<l sOluething of the trip rnade by the R. P.
Fray FnuH'isco Gare{>s to the Yutas Payuehis, and thenct' to
other tribes, we told thenl that one of the Fathers, our broth-
el', had gone to Cmmina and ::\Ioqui, and fr0111 this latter
pla('e had returned to Cosnina. On hearing this, their Huspi-
cions were allayed at Ollce, and ther apprél'iateù our anxiety
to put ourselves on good tenus with theul, and told U
they
had known nothing- of the Fa tlIer to "h01n we referred. ,y f'
gave them all sOlllething to eat, and the guide's wife pre-
sented us with a piece of drieil vellison, and two plates of
the raisins to whieh I have referred.
'Ye returned the eOlll}Jlinlent by giving theul :--Ollle flour.
In the afternoon we gave the Yuta the price he asked for
guiding us, b,yO heldnques (knives), and sixteen strings of
white glass Leads, 1Yhif'h hp hanL1pd to his wife, "Tho dC'pal'Ì<>(l
at once along with the rest of the fan1Ïly to their yillage, 1Yhile
he reuwined 1yith us, and from this on he was known hy the
name of Atallasio. Lea\Ting tlw Fountain of the Guide, 1ye
crossed along the f-iclt. of the nlountaln to tht' east, half a
league, and anothf'l' half league to thf' east-southeast, anrl
a quarter of a If'ague to tlif' southeast, we turned east; leav-
ing a trail "hich leads off 10 the
outheast, we took another,
2nd ha\'Íllg gone thrce-<llwrters of a league, one to the f::outh-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN "LIAH
143
east and two to the east, we
topped in a yalley WllO:-ie sides
are lofty hut not difficnlt to ('limh, for which reason we called
it tlw Deep '""alley. In it then> exi
ts a copious spring of
good water, plenty of fuel and an abundance of pasturage
for the anÜnals.
Today, two league
.
23th llay of ___
ugU:-it. 'Ye left calHl' in Deep \' aìle
T and
purf'ued our way in an easterl
T direction through dense oak
brush for a di:-:t:lnce of half a league; we thpn descended to
the bOllthwest, oyer country that afforded fewer obstacles,
and along this trail we jourue
ed three and a half leagues,
and then turned to the east another half league. -\Ye now
began to cros
the 11lOlultnin ill a northeasterly dire(.tion, and
at a distance of a league and a half oyer fairlr good {:oulltr
T.
free frOlll hrush and without any diflkult point::; to diulb. ",'Ie
reached its sunllllit, cO\Tered ,,-ith good grass, and Yf'ry heau-
tiful in aspect, be('aube of the thickets and poplar gJ'oyes lying
clo
ely together. 11ere we found three trails, and "\\
e chose
the oue that leads to the northeast. J-Iaying gone a league
and a half in this direction, we stopped while we "'ere on the
northern ;:,lope of the lllountain and near an ahundant spring
of water. to ,,-hif'h we ga\Te the 113111e of Lain Spring.
he
water COllles out of the ground only ahout six steps frOlll the
eastern bide of the trail. Before we were able to prepare our
llleal, of whif'h we "Tere greatl
- in need, a heayy rain feU
upon us.
Today,
eyen ]eague:-; and a half.
()th day of ,.Augn
t. "T e left Lain
pring antI trayeled
in a northea
terly dil'ef'tion one league, At this point the
trail that we had fol1owed diyide
hÜo two, one leê1ding to-
wards the east-northea
t, ana the other towards thp north-
east. "
e followed the latter, all(l after we had trayeled two
league
and a half to the northeast we finisllPcl the ò.flsf'euf
of the lllOuntain, and entered the pleasant yal1ey of the ri\Ter
of Ran FnnH'isl'o, f'allerl b
the Yutas the ___lncapagari, which
the interpreter te11:-:; us llleêlns Colorado Lakfl, fl'01ll the fact
that near its source thele i
a
prIng of reddish water, hot
l.l-t
THE C.\.THOLIC CHL"RCH IX UTAH
and disagreeable to the taste, The plain through which this
river runs is broad and leyel, and a well-traveled road passes
through it. ,Ye journeyed down streal11 a league and a half
to the northwest, and call1ped near an extenc1ed lnarsh,
1yhich ahounds in pasturage and which we caHed the marsh
of San ]'rancisco.
Today, five leagues.
.A_ DE8CHIPTIOX üJj--' rrI-[E }\IOUN
r
-\.INS SEEN LIP TO
r
PIIIS TI
fI
.
That of the GruHa (Crane) and that of La Plata (Silver)
have their beginning near a place called El Cobre (Copper) I
and near to a town no,,"," deserted; frOJl1 its beginning it
ranges to the northwe
t, and about
eYenty league
froll}
Santa Fe it fonns a point towards the west-southwest, and
is called the Sierra de la Plata (1\Iountain of Silyer). ]-\'01I1
this }Joint it continue
to the north-northeast, descending
towards the north frolll a point a little before one reaches
the lllOuntain of the TahelnuH'his as far as another f;lnall Oll
,
known as tlw Sierra Vénado l\Jazan (SolTel-colored Deer,)
,,
here it COllles to an éud on the north. On the east it fon11s
a JUD(.tion, RO it. is said, with the Red Ochre liloulltain and
with the Sierra Blanca (,Yhite Range).
On the west-southwest, looking towards the we::-;t fronl the
point of La Plata, about thirty leagues distant, one sees an-
other sl11a11 lllolultain called The Datil (Date). f-'r0111 the
'western slope of this range aU the rivers that we haye pas:-;ed
thus far flow, and also those that lie before us as far as the
Ran Bafael, ,,
hi('h also flows in that direction. The range of
the Tahehuachis, which we have just ero::;sed, extends in a
1l0rthwe
t direction, SOllIe thirty leagups, and where we
crosse(l it has a width of eight or ten leagues.
It ahounds in good pasture Janel, is yery moist, and pos-
sessps a soil wen adapted for cultivating; it furnishes in
gTPat plenty pine tiulber, spruce, the Clustian pine, slnall oak,
seyeral kind::; of wild fruit, and in SOlne p]acps flax; there is
an alnuHlallce of antelope, deer and other anÎlnals, and there
is a kind of chicken whose size and shape are very llluch like
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UT.\H
145
those of our dome
tic fowl, only that it has no crest; its flesh
is exceedingly palataLle. ...\bout twenty league::, to the west
of this range is that known as the Salt range, which looks
sInall from this distance. Towards thf' west-sontll\\est, about
four leagues away, one can catch a gliulp::'e of a range that
bears the naU1e of the Sierra de
"--bajo (Lower Hange),
The riyer that I have meutioned as that of San Francisco
is of Illoderate size and a little larger than that of Dolores;
it i
compu
ed of
eYeral
treams ,,-hich COlne down from
the western slope of the Grullas, and flows to the north-
west; so far as "Te can judgf' here, it has on its hank
level lands that are (ll1Ïte ::;uitable fur cultivation, proyidcd
they could be irrigated; it has SOll1e three leagues of good
land, and there is eyerything that is needed to Iuake it a suit-
able spot in which to ùuild a town. On the north of this
plain land there is a range of low mountains, and hills of lead
color crowned "Tith ye]]ow earth.
27th day of .August. 'Ve left the San Francisco 1l101ulÌail1
and journeyed down the river in a northwe
terly direction;
and haying trayeled a Rhort distance we lllet a Yuta by' the
nallle of Surdo, with his fanÜly. "T e spent sonle tin1e with
hÏIll, but. after a lengthy- conversation, Callie tu the conclusion
that there was no inforIllation to be gained froIll hiIn; and
"Te had siulply suffered frOlll the heat of the sun, whidl was
very intense, while we were talking with hiul. 'Y E' continued
our journey oyer the plain, and having trayeled two leagues
to the west, we crossed the river, and passing through a
grove of shady poplars anù other trees, which grow here
along its bank, we climbed a small hill and entered upon :t
plain yoid of verdure, and covered with slllall stones. Hav-
ing punmed our way down the riyer three leagues and a half
to the north-northwest, we pitched our camp in another fer-
tile spot near the
mlne river, which we called S4n ...-\llgustille
el Grande (Saint ...t\ugustine tllP Great), and on f'aC'h bank of
this riyer we found abundant pasture, and n1uch black poplar
tÏ1nher.
Today, six leagues.
1-!6
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRC H IN rTAH
Farther dO"W11 the l'Í\T
r, and about four lèagu
north of
this plain of Ran ...\ugustine, the riyer fOl'In
a junction "With
a larger onf'. ('a1]
d by the people of our party the Hiyer of
San ,Jayier (
alnt Xavier), and hy thf' 'Yutas the RiYf'r
TOlllidIi. Thf're r;uue to thef:::e hyo riyers in the
Tl'a r 1761
Don Juan
Iaría de Hi\rera, rrossillg' this sallle range of the
Tabehuachi
, on who
e :-:;ullunit is the spot he called Purga-
tory, a(.('ording to the c1e
criptioll he giYe
in his journal.
Tlw place where he campen hf'fore crossing the riyer, and
"Where he said he cut the figure of the cross on a young poplar
tr
e, with the initiab of hi" llmne, anù tlU' year of his expedi-
tion, ar(' still found at the junction of these riyen- on the
southern hank, as "We wer(' inforIned hy our interpreter,
.L-\ndre
luñiz, ,,-110 caIne "With the
aid Don ,-fuan
\[aría
the year rf'ff'lTed to,
s far as the rrabehuachi 1110untain.
:-;aying that although ,he had relnailwd hehind three days'
journey Lefore reaehing tlw ri\rer, h
Call1f' last year (1775)
along its bank "With Perlro
[ora and Uregoria Sal1doyal,
who had aC(,Olnpanied Don .J uan
[aría in the expedition J
haye referred to. They :-:;aid that they had COllIe as far as the
ri\rer at that tÜne, and frOlll that point they lwd begun their
return journey; only two pen'01IS f-ent b
r DOll Juan
laría
had èros
ed tlw river, to look for Yutas on the shore that
was opposite the caInp, and fronl which point they returned;
and so it "ras this ri\Ter that the,\
judged at that tillle to be
the great riyer Tizon.
8th day of .l
l1g11
t. ",Ye left the plain of San ,Au
nlstillt',
leaying the riyer of San
--'rancisco to the north, and trayeled
half a league, going three leagues and a half to the nortJwast,
on good ground and without
tones. and arri\'"cd at U1P hefore
luentioned riyer of San Francisco .Tavier (comulouly celned
San Xayier), another nmne for the TOl1liC'hi, that is nlade up
of four sma)} riyers that fio"r to thf' last point of tll(' f'ierra de
la Grulla. It is as large as the river of the north, fio" s to the
west, and in the western part of the Sierra del ",
('nado ..AI3-
zan, it joins, as "
e haye said, with the Ran Francisco. Its
banks here are yerr arid, and in a wiele part of it, where we
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
147
found SOllie good pasturage for the anÍlnals, ann nanled
Santa .filónica, we gladly halted for awhile for re:-:;t; then pro-
ceeded up the ri\
er until we rame to sonle village
of the
Sabaguanas, that yesterday we thought were near here, and
in thenl we met SOUle Indian:-:; of the TÜnpangotzis, to whose
settlèInent we had intended to go; but on con
idering that it
would take u
out of the way to continue up the river in this
dirertion, that it ,yould injure the alliuwls, who were
already lallIe, and that it "Would be necessary to carry consill-
erable provisions in going to their bettlen1ent, we concluded
to send an interpreter with the guide, Atanêl:,io, to ask if
1"00ne of t1W1l1, or of the Lagunas (Iake-Inen), would guide U
as far as they kne\v if we paid thenl. rrhey went, and the rest
of us waited for then1 at Ranta
[óniea.
Today. four Jeagucs. \Ye observed the latitude of this
place by the Iueridian of the sun, and found it to be 3!) de-
grees ] 3 IniInlÌes
seconds.
9th clay of ..L
ugnst. ..Ahout ten 0 'cloek in the Inorlling
fiye Yutas-Habuagual1as "erE' seen un Hw oppusite bank
Inaking a great hue and ('ry. ,\T e thought they were those
that our Iuen had gone to look for; hut when they CHrne to
where "e were we saw the
were uot. ,r e gaTe thenl SOlue-
thing to eat and to
Inoke, hut after a long eonyersation ahout
the difficulties the
had had during the SUIlllller with the
COlnauehes-Yê:llllparil'3H, ",ye ('ould not get frolll thelll any-
thing useful to onr intermits, hecau
è their design was to
Illake us afraid. exaggerating the dauger to whi('h we were
exposing ourselves. as the COlllêUlclws would kill llS if we
continued OIl thi:-; COUrSe. ,Y' e de
troyea the fOl'ee of the pre-
texÌf.; with ",yliidl they tried to
top our pro
rf'S
. hy saying
to tht'Ill that our God, who is above all, ",yollld defena n
in
case of an encounter with our enenlÍe
.
:mth day of ..L-\ugnst. In the lllorning, .L-\lldrés, the in-
terpreter. and the guide, ..A..tanasio, with fiye Rahuaganas and
one Laguna, arrived. After we had giyell thelll food and
tohac>('o we told thenl of our de
ire to go to the villages of
the Lagunas (the Yutas had told us that the Laguna
lived
148
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN rT.\.H
in villages like tho
e of X e"r ::Uexico),
aying to then1 that
as they -were onr friends they should furnish us a good
guide, -who could conduct us to those people, and that we
-would pay them ,dud they -wished. They replied that to go
-where -we -wished there -was no other road than the one -which
passed through the COlnanches' country; tlm t these would
Ï111pede our passage, and p\Ten take our lives; and also that
none of theul knew' the country bet-ween here and the La-
gunas. They repeated this 111any tiu1es, in
istil1g that we
should turn back fronl here; ,ye tried to convince then1, first
by reasoning and then by presents, f'0 as not to offend thein.
'\Ye then pre::,ented thf' Laguna -with a -woolen cloak: a knife
and some -white glass bead." saying that -we gave these to
11Ìn1 so that he ,yould acrompany us and guide us to his coun-
try. He agreed to do so, and -we gave then1 to hi1l1, Seeing
this, the Sabaguanas suggested no further difficnlties
and
SOlnc of thenl even confessed to knowing the road.
.After all this they urged us to go to their \"illage
saying
that the Laguna did not know the -way; ,ye knew yery -well
that it -was only an invitation to detain us and to enjoy
longer our gifts. l\IallY others CaIne today, and we gave thenl
sOlnething to pat and to sllloke; so as not to give theul ocea-
sion to be offpndf'd nor to lose f-iO good a guide a s we had
found, we concludpcl to go to their village. This afternoon
-we left :Santa
Iónica, ero::,::;ed the river of San Xavier, -where
-we watered the auimals, ascended the hill, and over broken
grollnd. ,yithout stones. we ,ypnt up the river to the north-
-west two league::;, and traveled two n10re over gTolllld less
broken, but ('overed ,yith burnt gra ':is and much cacti, and
yery
tony. to the northeast, and halted on the bank of a
slnall rÏ\'er that we ealled Hanta l{osa; it rises jn the ,\Tel1ada
"",--\lazan, on -whose southern slope we are, and enter
into the
San Xayier. Here there is a sillall plain of good pasturage
and a forest of white povlar and sUlall oak. Thp Saba-
guanas and the Laguna kept with our COlnpany.
Today, four leagues.
31st day of "",-\llguSt. Lpaying the ri\'er of Ranta Hos:! de
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
149
Lillla, we trayeled to the northeast a league and a half, over
a good road, and arrived at another river that descends fronl
the bame mountains as the former one, and ,dth it enters into
the San Xavier, naming it the river of Santa
Iónica, in val-
leys and plains of which are all that is necessary for the estab-
lisilluent of two towns. \Ye traveled up the river by the level
ground and through the groves which line its banks, four
leagues and a half to the northeast, crossing it once. Drop-
ping to the north, aud again cros8Íng the river, we entered a
lllountain covered with tree::" and began a very rough journey
that lasted for about three nÜles; we then proceeded up the
Sierra del Venado .L\Jazan through a glen with very steep
sides, over a thick growth of small oak, and going foul'
leagues to the north, we halted at a living spring that we
IWIlleù San Rell110n N onnato. One of the Y uta Sabaguanas
that canle with us froIll Santa
Iónica today ate in so beastly
and hoggish manner that we thought he would die of
apoplexy. Finding hinlself so sick, he said the Spaniards
had done him harIn. This foolish idea made us very careful,
because we knew that these savages, if they became ill after
baying eaten what others ate, even though one of themselves
gaye the food to theIn, believe that the person who gave thenl
to eat lnade thenl sick, and would try to revenge the wrong
which they thought had been done theln; but God saved him
by causing hinl to vonlit luuch of the food which he could not
digest.
Today, nine leagues.
1st day of Septeulber. Leaving San Hennon, going north,
and traveling three leagut's through slllaU glt:'n
of good pas-
turage and thick growths of slnaH oak, we came across eight
Yutas. an on good horses, lllany of them, of the village
to which we were going. They told us they were going to
hlmt; but we judgerl that they traveled in Ruch numbers to
show their strength. and to set' if we wert' alone. or if other
Spaniards caIne after us; knowing frmll the night before that
we were going to their village, it would not he cllstOlnar
T for
all of the men to Ie aye at the sallle tilue, nnless for the rea-
130
THE CATHOLIC CHlmcn IN UTAH
SOil we have gi\yen. 'Ye pl'oceeaed with only the Laguna, de-
::;cending a very rough IHountain and entering a lJeautiful
valley in which there 1yaS a sIllall river, on the banks of
which was a forest of very high, straight pine tree
, and
alllong tl1(-'111 SOUle poplars that seelHed to ri\yal the height and
straightlle:-;:-; of the pines. Through this \yaney we tra\yeled
one league to the east, and arrived at a village eOlnpo
ed of
thirty wig\nlllls. 'Ye stopped a mile l)elo\y it on the hanks
of the river, and nmned our ::;topping phwe froul San .L\lltonio
)IÙ l'ti r.
Today. four leagues (in all ] 9
) leagues).
....\s soon as we had stoPPf'd. Pat her F\'ay Frauc'i:-;eo
\ta-
nasio went to the village with the interpreter. .Andr{.s
Iuîíiz,
to see the phif'f and the others who had relnained with hiIll;
having ::;aluted hilll and his sons affeetionatf'Jy, he a
ked that
all the people luight lJ(
::;Ul11I11011etl. The ('hief con
ented, aud
wlIen all of hoth Sf'xes had joined hiuI, Father .Atanasio an-
nounced to theul the Gospel h
y the intel'pretpr, wlw pointed
out to then1 our guide and the Laguna. .L\.s soon as the
Pather began to talk to thenl, our guide interrupÜ'd the inter-
preter in order to advise the Sahllaganas, as his eountryulen,
that the
T ought to belit'\'e all that the Fathf'r said. heeall:-;e it
was all true.
'he other Laguna
h01Yed his pleasnre b
T tIlt,
attf'lltion 1Yhi('h he ga\'e to thf' SlWf'f'h of the Father.
.A.Jllong tlw IlPa n'r
wa I..j a th--'H f llU
n. who, nut knowi ng
what was going on, asked what it was tlI(' Fntlwr said
then
the Laguna replied, "The Father says, that this \d1Ích he
shows to us (it was a pieturp of the erul'ified Chl'i...;t) i
tbe
onl
T Lord of all, who liYe
in thp highest heayen
and. ilÍ
order to ph-'ase .Hilll and to see IIin1, it is necessary to be
haptized ana to ask Imnlon of Him." Ill' showed how to ask
pardon by crossing IÚnu;:elf on the hre;lSt. rt "\\T:l s a wOlHler-
iul aption fo'" hilll. a
he had pl'ohahly lWyer
e(ln it done
before, lleitlu-'r hy the pl'ie
t nor h
the illtf'rpreter.
The Father, ::,eeing the pleasure with which they heard
hiuI, then propw..-ìpd to tlw ehief who at the tiule rule(l the
trihe that if. after talking the ulatter oyer with his people, he
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
151
should be willing to receive baptisnl. we would COlne to in-
struct thenl and teach thenl how to live aright, in order to
baptize thelll. He replied that he .would snbn1Ít it to
his people; but all that afternoon he failed to give any evi-
dence which would enC'ourage us to believe that they ac-
cepted our proposition. The Father, rejoicing at the
the last one, (the guide
hOln we had called
ilvestre,) and
understanding that he was known as ()so Colorado (Red
Bear), he preached to all of them., explaining the difference
that there is b
b\etn nlen and the 1)l'utes, the end for wl1Ïch
each was created, and the evil there was in calling thelllselve3
after wild hf'asts, luaking thenlsehTes in this
Tay equal to,
and e,Ten inferior, to thenl. He C'ontinued by saying to the
Laguna that in the future he
Tould be called Francisco.
The others hearing this began to repeat the nanle, al-
though with a great deal of effort, thf' Laguna hiIllself being
well pleased with his new" nalne. It happened also that when
the Father called to the chief that this one replie(l that he
was not the holder of that office; that it belonged to a fine-
looking young lllan who was present. Being :lsked if the
young man was married, he replied that he was; that he had
two wives. The young Indian was a
halll('d of this (the older
one seelHed to honor the young fellow as being a hrother of
a faluous captain anlong the Sab3gnanas, whonl they called
Yalnputzi), and he tried to make out that he had only one
wife.
Froln this it may be inferred that the
e S3Yagf'S had S0111e
idea or kno
'ledg(-' of the disgust that is cau
f'd aIllong civi-
lized nlell by one Ulan having se,Teral
-iveR at the smlle tilHe.
The Father took this as his text, and used the oecasion for
ÏInpartillg instl'uetion upon this point,
nd of exhorting" them
that each should have only one
ife. After all this had taken
place we bought fronl them a little dried buffalo Ineat, giving
in exchange strings of beads; and we al
o said to thenl that
we would be glad if they would penuit us to exchan
;e SOI11e
of our horses that were foot-sore for others of theirs. They
assented to tIlis, and said that the exehange should take plaee
15
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH E
lTT.ur
in the afternoon. 'Yhen this W[lS arranged the }"ather re-
turned to the canlp.
Before the bun had set the chief came .with SOIlIf' of the old
lllen, and luany others, to the plaee where we were. They
hegan by trying to persuade us to return frolH this point,
dweHing anew and .with greater energy upon thf' di[-ficulties
and dangers that lay before us in case we pontinued our jour-
ney forward, assuring us that tllf' COlnallches would not con-
sent to it, adding that they said this not to
top our going
head in 1dlatever direction we pleased, but that the
did it
because they liked us and esteelned us ver
T greatJy. \rp
replied that the God ,,
holn "-e adored "ould ùpen the way
hefore ut;, and would defend US, IlOt only froIll the C0111a!lche
,
hut also fronl all others who nlÌght .wish to do us hal'ln. an<l
that .we "
ere very certain that the Divine Jlajesty wa::, on
our side, and nothing that they had dpscribed to us did we
fear. Seeing that their pretexts "
ere unayailing, they sai{l
that if we preferrf'd to go forward without paying attention
to what they had said that we
hould writf' to the grf'at pap-
tain of the Spaniard3 (thus they styled the governor), telling
hill1 that we had passed tlu'(}ugh their territolY
in order that
jf any evil bhould befall us :lnd we :;;hould not return. that
the Spaniards might not think that they had df'pri,-ed us of
our lives.
This was the jUdgllleut of several of our part
-. who
wished either to return or to renulÌn with tlwln. 'Ye replied
that Wf' would write the letter, and that we would leave it
,,
ith thein, in order that when any of thf'lll should go to K ew
:l\Iexico they nlÌght take it with theul. The
T
aid that none of
their people could take it; that we should send it bJT Olle of
our own party. 'Ye explained to them that none of ours could
go, nor could the
T sta,\y with theuL. ...\.t last.
ince they could
find no other way tù pre'Tent our going forward, the." said
that if we did not return frolll this point that they ('ould not
exchange the horses that we had and that were foot-sore.
'Ye insisted that although they might not exchange the
horses, we were bent upon going forward, hel'au:-;c hy no
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
153
means could we return without knowing which way our
brother priest had gone ,yho had been with the
Ioquis and
Cusninas, and who Iuight be lo
t.
To this they replied, inspired by tho
e of our party who
uuderstood their language and secretly warred ag'ainst our
plans, that the priests could not lose theu1selves, because they
had all the country and the road
delineated on their 111aps.
They returned to their arguments, going over aU they had
argued, and begging us to return frOB} this point, and on
beholding that our detennination was fln inflexible one, they
repeated ,,-hat they had said before, that they had warned
Ul:; only because they had loved us; hut that if after all we
"Tere bent on going aheênl that they would not interrupt our
progress, and would exchange the horses. They separated
fro1H us after nightfall, entertaining the hope or changing
our detern1Ïnation un the following day; for we had noticed
t.hat they t.old it to Felipe of
tbi(luilÍ; tlw interpreter,
Andr
s, and his brother, Lucrecio, who were t.he ones t.hat,
either frOln fear or frOln a disinclination to go forward,
secretly inspired the
abagllanas fr0111 tIlt' 11101nent they were
aware of their opposition to our lTIOVen1euts; and this hall
cau
ed us not a little sorro"
, whi{'h was increased by the fol-
lowing: FrOlH the ti111e we "Tere ready to start frOll1 Santa
Fe "Te had told our {,Olnpanion
that all tho
e who cared to
aCl'OlnpallY us on this trip should not take along anything
with which to trade, and that those who did not wish to
accept this {'ondition nÚp;ht remain behind. rrhe
T all pr0111-
i
eù 110t to take an
thing, nor to ha,Te any other purpose than
the one we had, which was tlw glory of God and the good of
souls. For t.his rea
on there was gi'Ten to then1 whatever
was necessary for their preparation and for the Inaintenance
of their falnilie
. But
Ollle of then1 fai]ed to ahicle hy the
agreell1ent, and secretl
T carried along "Tith the1n a 111unber
of articles t.hat we did not know of until we were near to the
Sahaguana:,.
'Ye urged upon an of the111 that none of th
nl should
engage in any conllnercial transaction, in order that the un-
154
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UT.\H
belie-vel's illight under::;tand that a highE'r ll10tiye had brought
us to these provinces. 'Ye said to the
abuaguan
that we
were not in need of weapons, nor of people, hecause all our
security and defense 1"fere in the Olllnipotent ann of God;
and Andrés
Iuiíiz, with his brother Lucrecio, feigning to be
such obedient, faithful and good Christians, traded what they
had secretly brought, and earnestly solicited weapons of the
nnbelieyers, telling them' that they ,\yere in great need of
theI11, because they were ab.out to pass through the territory
of the COluanches; in 1"fhich InattE'r, to our great grief, they
showed they had little or no faith, and proved their little
fitness for enterprises of this kind.
2d day of September. EarJy in the l1lUl'nillg the saUie
people canle, and in larger nUlnbers than on Yt>sterday after-
noon. They reiterated the arg'luuents they had used before,
adding to the111 another and greater difficulty; becau
e they
dissuaded the Laguna frollI his intention of guiding us] and
they c0l11pelled hinl to return to us that ,,-hich we had paid
him for guiding us to his country. After IUHTing argued lllOre
than an hour and a half, without persuading the guide to
take that 1"fhich he had once received, and fulfil his promise
to us, and without their ceasing to oppose us, we told thenl,
1"fith an earnestness that seenled fitting at such :1 juncturE',
that since the Laguna had voluntarily agreed to aCC'Olnpany
us to his country, and since they had p]aC'ed so 11lany diffiC'ul-
ties in our "Tay, we knew clearly and for a certainty why they
took away our guit1e, and 1"fhy they inlpeded our IJrogress,
but that 'we "Tould not turn hack for anything they might do;
that we would pursue anI' journey without any gnidf', eyen
though the Laguna would not aceolllpany us; and that they
should understand that we no longer considered tlWlll to be
our friends. On hearing this they were sOlllewhnt lllollified,
and the young luan who ha::; already heen lllentioned, hrother
of the captain, Yanlputzi, addressed the others allcl said that
since the way had been opened before us, and the ]..agnna
had agreed to be our guide, it was not just that we should be
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
155
enlbarrassed in any way; and ,,
hen he had ceased speaking
of the matter another one, ,dlOnl they called a chief, followed
with the saIne exhortation. Then aU said to the Laguna that
he could no longer refu
e to acconllJany us; but he no longer
cared to do so, influenced by what they had already said.
...
fter luuch urging and flattery he recei'Ted his pay, although
with SOlue he
itation, and agreed to go with us.
The 'Tillage had already changed its location, and was
nlo,Ting towards the spot occupied by the chief, YaullHltzi, at
the tinw that "Te went out fronl the ::;tOllY place of
an An-
tonio
Iartir. \Ye did not know what direction to take, be-
cause the guide who had repented of his bargain did not wish
to go ahead, nor to tell us the way. He relnained near the
yillage with the horse "Te had gi'Ten him, on the pret.ext of
looking for a saddle, we following where the Bahaguanas had
gone, although not wishing to, because we desired to leave
thenl. "T e charged the interpreter to get hilll away a
::;oon
as possihle, and tried to encourage hÌln. lie did so, and aU
the Yutas having gone, the guide now showed us the road,
and sent the interpreter to ten us to return where he was
stopping. I-Iere we found him bidding good-bye to his coun-
trynwn. "Tho relnained "Tith the Sabagl1anas, and they told
him how to arrange the journey.
...---\.1ong with the guide, 8ilyestre, we found here another
Laguna, who "Tished to accOlnpany us. As .we had not known
of his desire before, we had not provided a horse for hÌlu, and
so as not to he long'er detained, Don .J uan .Lain took hinl be-
hind on his ('rupper. 'rith great pleasure we left the road
that led to the village, and with the two Lagunas, SiJ'Testre
and thp ho
that we named .T oaquin, we proceeded on our
journey. and having gone ha('k a league to the west of San
J
ntonio "Te took another road and traveled less than a league
and three-quarters to the northeast, and n10re than a quarter
to the west-northwest, and stopped in a s1nall yalley with fine
paç;tnrage near a little river of good water
which we called
San Âtallasio; we journeyed oyer good ground, and through
156
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
forests of poplar and thickets of sllwH oak. Today, three
leagues, but really only two league
. Tonight it rained hard.
d day of Septelnber. It began to rain again yery early
in the Juoruing, and we were ohliged to stop until it eeaseÚ,
and at eleven 0 'clock we left
an ,Atanasio in a northerly
direction, and after a <luarter of a league we took to the
northeaf;t, through a valley of groves of poplars and pines
with abundant water and pasturage. ,Ye WE'nt t\YO leagues
and a <luarter. \Ye dropped to the north-northwest a league,
and then to the north sOluething 1110re than three-quarters 1
over good ground, SOlUe,y]mt hilly. hut not stony. passing
through a forest of royal piIH:
;-;, poplars and thicket::; of sl11a11
oak, very troublesome. ,Ye returned to the north nortlrwE'st,
a quarter of a league, through a deep glen, through which
flows as luuch 'water as a luediulll det:1p furro"W would hold;
and although it does not flow through the entire glen, for in
parts it is hidden entirely, "While in parts it flows again, and
in parts in troughs like rain poob, it appears pel'l11anent. In
n1any parts of the cañon there are little huts that sho"T the
Yutas have calnped here. J:1--'oHowing the hed of the nnrille in
which the streanl is hidden (it can 1Je seen frolli the northern
bank) "Te traveled a league and a half to the llorthea
t, and
halted ahnost at the foot of a lllountain ,,
hich the Yuta
called
abuncari, nanlÍng- the :-;toppil1g }Jlace San SiIYe
tre.
Today, se,ren leagues.
4th day of Septelnher. ,Ye left San SilYestl'e in a north-
"Test direction, following the bê:1Jne strl':nll; aft
l' a
hort di
-
tance we turned to the west-northwest, and "
ent two leagues..
turning to the northwest; we c1inlhed a hill not yery high,
leaving the hed of the streaUI to the south, and :Duong hill-
ocks of a kind of brOOIll corn we went nlOl'e than half a
league. \Ye went hy another sllwll riyf'l' that elltpl'S into the
saIne sh'ealll we have spoken of; passing it, Wp c1Ï1nhe<l the
summit of another hill, sOluewhat roeky. and g0ing a1nwst
a quarter of a league to the southwe;--;t. we returned a
rain
near the str
ani.
Then hy the southern hank and o,Ter a pl(1 in of ,,-ild-cane,
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
157
we went SOllIe three-quarters of a league to the west, passing
a bit of a lllountain of piñon, and entered into another
canebrake, 'where were three Yuta WOlHE'n and a child, pre-
paring the slllall fruits that they bad gathered along the
streanlS and slnall riyers near by. 'Ve spoke to then}, and
they gave us SOlliP of tlwir fruits, which were cherries, IÜlles.
and pine nuts of this year's growth. The cherries that are
grown in thé
e part
are very sour, but dried, a s these Y utas.
prepare theIn, are of a sweet-sour, and very pleasant taste.
,y" e f'ontillued our journey, and having gone thrE'e and a half
leagues to tlw west-northwe
t, fronl the /:,aid river, passing
near cilbins of the Yutas, in the opening of whose settlenlent
i
a large stone standing like a washing stone, Wf' entered a
glen or slllall vallpy of good pasturage.
I-Iere there COlnes in another road, that fronl
anta
Iónica, and the River San Xa\"ier crosses at right angles the
Hiel'l'a of the ,-,- f'nado Alazan, that we had descended to-day,
and is uy one half shorter than the one we haye taken. ,'T e
descended hy tlw cañon a little 11101'e than half a league to the
northwest, and turned to the "\yest-northwest another half a
league, ascenl1ing and descending a nJOnntain sOlnewhat steep
hut without /:,tones, crossed a sl11a11 river of cool water, and
halted on its bank, naming it and thl' little vaHey of good
pasturage that is here, Hanta Uo
alia. Tonight and the night
before we felt \Tery cold.
Today, six leagues (two hundred and one frolH Ranta
Fe).
3th day of 8epteIuber. ,Ye left
anta Rosa1ía in a north-
west -diref'tion and ascended a hill free fronl tJ'ouhles01ue.
stones, but ver
stef\p, and near the sUlluuit very dallge)'ou
,.
because there are turns in the road that are not lllore than
third of a yard wide; the top is covered with soft, loose earth,
so that it is very easy for the aniluals to slip. and if once
tIter lost their footing it ,,
ould not he possible to regain it
until t1wy reaehpd the plain helo,,
. The aSf'ent is lllore than
a (luartel' of a league, of which we walked the half. 'Ye
descended to a long glen that in parts proc1uce
only sl1lall
158
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
oak and cherries, and in other parts spruce and white poplar,
and, going a little lllore than f?ur leagues to the northwest,
\,\p caIne to a little llloulltain co,Tered ,yith juniper trees,
crossed it, and came to a plain of good pa
ture in a ðll1aU
gro,Te on the northern bank of the riyer. On this bank there
ið a range of high Inountain
, and half-,yay up to the
unllnit
they are of yellow, white and reù earths n1Ïxed, and froni
there to the extrPlue sUBunit the earth is white. Tl1Ï
rÏ\Tcr
is larger than that of the north, and, as they told us, it rises
in a large lake that is in a range near (to,yanls the north-
east) to the Grulla range. Its rourse frolli here is to the
west-southwest, and it eUlpties into the Dolores ri,Ter. In
its wide part it divides into two Lranches, and here the water
caIne up to the breasts of the aniluals. 1S00ne that crossed
higher up had to SWÜll in places. The ri,Ter was. as far as
we could see, very stony, so that in the e'Tellt of a large COlll-
pany ha'Ting to cro
s it, it would be better to ford it first on
good horses.
Today, five leagues.
Tonight we obselTed the latitude, and found ourselves in
41 degref's 4 nlinutes, and judging that ".e had not asrendcd
so high since leaving Santa
[ónica. and fearing we had 111adc
sonle lllÌstake in tl1(\ oh
(,lTation. we cletprn1Ìned to nwkc it hy
the sun on the following day, stoi)ping at a conyenient hour,
where the Sabuaganas wouìd not annoy us.
6th day of Rcpteulhel'. ,Ve leU the plain and the ri,'er of
San Rafael (where there is nothing' suitable for a settle-
Jnent), going weðt; wo .went dO,\"ll the rin:
r half a kague,
another half by
Oll1e caîíons to the west-northwest, leaving
the riyer to the south; to the north,,-cst a quarter of a league,
and over hroken ground "Tithont
toue for a league and a
quarter to the west, and a quarter to the west-northwest,
where we travplpd nearly a lnile, and n('arly tW0 leagups far-
ther to the west. o,Tpr b1'ok('u, Rt0l 1 Y ground, with lunch
nlan
walnut, we rle:--cended to a EttIe valley wllf-re :flowed a slnall
ri,Te1' of good ,yater. 'Ye halted on its bank near the only
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UT.-\H
139
poplar tree that there ,vas, ,,,"hile sonle of our companions
went on with the loaded and unloaded anÏ111als. \r e took
obselTations, and found we 1\
ere in -11 degrees G minutes 5
seconds latitude, and in the observation of the night before
there wa::; no 111istake. ,Ye overtook the rest, who were de-
taÏIled and were quarreling with the guide, and trayeled t1\'O
leagues to the northwest; by leaving the road that led up the
rÏ"\Ter to the west, and as it seenled straighter. he took us by
another road that, entering a cañon, went directly north. tell-
ing us that although that road 1\ T ent through the cañon to the
north, ""e ""ould soon turn to the west. Our c01npanion..;;
aellluÜnted with the Yuta l[1nguage tried to convince us that
the guide, Silvestre, had taken us h
r that road, in order to
confusf' us by turns that ""ould not take us forward, or to
lead us into SOlne ambuscade of Sabuagallas waiting for us.
In order to make us more suspicious of the guide, they
assured us of tIwir having heard lllany of the Sabuaganas in
the village tell hinl to take us by the road that did not go b
T
the lake, and that after going eight or ten r1a.\
s in useless
turnings we would have to turn back. A.lthough it 1\ T as not
altogether unlikely that some had said this, we did not be-
lieve that the guide would consent to it. Eyen though they
had really succeeded in their design, none of our cOlnpanions
had eyer told us anything like it, and they 1\ T ould have done
so, because in the valley the people had not l'eased to enlarge
ulJon other obstacles which were less to be feared, and which,
in any evil that Inight occur, the)
riskf'd as Hluch as we.
,Ye well kne-w that going to thf' north it would be nlore
roundabout; hut Silvestre told us that he took u
by that
road because in the other there 1\T;lS a high, dangerous 11101Ul-
tain, so we wished to follo1\T his adyice; but all the e0111pany,
except DOll .J nan Lain, urged us to go the other road, S01l1e
because they feared unnecessarily HIP Cmnanches, and others
hf'cau
û in taking that direction their personal in('lination
did
not in the least correspond with ours. At thi
ti111e there
arriyed a Yuta-Sahuaguana of the lnm.;f llortlwrn trilw, and
told us that the road to the north went yery high np.
o that
160
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TX FTAH
we had to follow the we
t. Going hyu leaglle
to tlw west,
and crossing another slllall ri'Ter, 'we halted on its bank,
nanlÎng the stopping place La [1ontraguia.
Today,
e,Tell leagues.
There were three yillages of Sa buagana
here, frOlll which
there canIt' six nlen, and alnong theln one who had just
COlne fronl tllt' COlllHnehes-YaIuparicê:ls, where he had gone
with four others to
teal horsecs. He said that the COllwllche3
had all gone away. rrhesp llWll left us and went hy the River
Xapeste, or to the east. and we trayeled on with our C0111-
panions. ThE'se :::;ahl1aganns ,,'ere HIP la:--t we saw.
7th day of Reptp1llher. ,Ye left 1he Contragl1ia by a
B1Ol1ntain pass, in vdlÌeh "Te went a league to the \H'st, and
found a field of gootl pasture. ,'
e W'3ut down by the
alne
pass to the nortlnyest, and having journeyed three le<1gue
,
we stopped a while for the aniluals to elI'ink, heeause w(
did
not know if "T(:' would find lllOre watf'l' tonight: afterwards
we went in the SaIne direction a little lllore than a qua1'Ìpr of
a league to the north-northeast, ascending a verr diffi('ult
hill, thinking we wüuld ne,'er l"L'Hch the tdp; for. be
ide
he-
ing very rock
T, in parts thpre wa:-, no path, and in sonle parts
the ground was so 100'-;(\ that the anilllals ('ould filHl no Sur(
place for tlwir feet. The :tsceut ,yas for half a ll
aguc, awl
at the top there were fl3t, thin sto11e
, on "ThieÌl two loaded
IHules lost their footing and rolled down hill HlOl'e than
t"Tent
T yards.
It pleaseJ U-oel that none of t11mn were "Tounded, and tho
e
that caIne after "'ere unhurt. ,y p elÌlnhed up afoot, and suf-
fered Illueh fatigup
l1l(I lllueh fright;
o that we 1lH11wd the
llloulltain La Jet Husto (The Frigh1). ()11 the Inonntain the
guide ga,Te us an undouhted proof of his
illcerit
T antI illno-
ceIwe; frOlll the sUllunit we trayelpd half a Ipaglw to the
110rth-north"Test, Jescending into a short pass, where we
halted at a pool of good hut
('anty water, nmning tlIp place
La Xati-ddad tIp Xllestra Señora (the Kativity of Our Lady),
in "Thit'h w(> had fairly good pasture for the anilllab.
Today, a little 11101'0 than five and a <!luu'ter leagues.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
161
8th day of
epteIl1ber. "\Ve left the Natividad de KUf\stra
Beñora going north, and proceeding half a league we canle
to a river of good, living water, and goiug up a rocky "iloV e
free frOlll
tone
we touk a road over better ground than yes-
terday, and went two leagueR and a half to the northwest
over an extended plain of rising ground, and through SOllle
forests of poplar, arriving at a high ridge, fron1 which the
guide,
ilvestre, showed us the nlountains, on the northern
slope of 'which lived the COlnanehes-Yanlparicas, that we saw
to the north of the Sabuagana
, and on a point of the
a1l1e
lì.lountain to the west, he showed Ui", were his people. ,Ye de-
scended frOlll the sUlnlllÍt of the mountain hy a very high and
rocky path, but without stones, and with thickets of sillaJl
oak and cherry, that served to check the anin1als, so that they
did not ::;lip or fall. ,Ye entered into a wide cauon and on a
good l'oa(l, and having gone in the descflut of the Illountain a
league to tlIP north-northwest, we descended by the SaIne to
the north a league and a half, and stoppel1 for the anÏ1nals
to drink, beca URe a large streanl of water flows through the
cañon frolll here down.
In the afternoon we cmÜinued through the (.añon down
stream, and going a league to the west-llorth\yest, we stoppd
in a field of good pasturage, hut without water, heeause herfl
there is no streanl. ,\T e cal1ed it
anta Delfina.
Today, five leagues.
9th day of Septenlber. ,Ve left the plac
of Santa Delfina
hy the salue cañon, and went haH a league to the northwest,
going down to the llorth-northwe
t. Passing through the
cañon for nine leagues in this direetion hy a well-beaten path
and with only one had spot, Wf> crossed the stream. Going
through a fore
t of high reedç;, or cane, that i" called latiIla,
we eaIne out of tlw cauoll. In the IllÌddle of this cañon, to-
ward the south, tlwre is êl Yel'Y high rot'k on which we
aw,
ruòely painted, three shielc1i" anò a lance, or spear. Farther
down on the north side we sa"
anothpr painting whi('h SOIne-
what resembled two nlen fighting, and we ('aUed it the Cañon
Pintado (Painted Cañon). It is the only way to go froIll the
162
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TN UTAH
SUIllU1Ït ùown to the river, the rest of the way being very
broken and stony. Un this sallIe
ide of the cañon, near to
the exit, we found a yein of llletal, but we were ignorant of
the kind and quality. One of the COlllpany selected a piece,
uncovered frolll tlIP vein, and showed it to u
, and Don
Bernardo )[iera thought it to be "That the 111Ïners caB
tepustete"", and that it Wê18 an indication of the presence of
gold. 'Ye cannot
ay definitely. nor will we, as we have not
had experience in llline
, and as a 1110re careful exalnination
would be nece
sary, for which we cannot now spare the tiule.
Passing the cañon we traveled half a league to the north-
north"
est, arriving- at a riyer that we n
nlled San Clelnente,
rrossing it and halting on its northern bank, where there was
a slnall plain of good pasturage. This river is of nlediuln
ize, flowing to the we:-;t, and the country adjoining it is not
good for a settlenlent.
Today, ten leagues.
10th day of
eptelnber. .L
,according to tllf> interpreter, the
guide was certain that the next watering place was very far,
anll even thongh "
e should leave early we could not reach it
during the day, we decided to divide our journey, and so,
after the Iniddle of the day, we left the
an CleInente river
in a northwest clin
ction, o'
er rising ground, without stones,
and across s111a11 plains without gra:-;s or trees
anrl oyer very
oft ground, and continued one league, Jropping to lhe we:-;t-
northwest arro:-;s land a 11n08t 1eyel, but full of dry stremns
and gullies for t\\O league
. ..1s it was now night, and as in
the dark the going would be uncertain anll dangerous. Wt:\
stopped in the hed of a
trealll which we callefl El Barranco.
There was neither ,yater nor grass in it, Juaking it necessary
to "\nlteh the anilua1R, and keep thelll corra1ed all night.
Fl'OlU the riv{'r here we "\yput in a straight 1Ïne without path,
*Tepustctf' is derin>(l from the Xah:lUU word tepustf'tl, meaning- metal-
tonc, and i
not found in Sl1anish dictionflrif>s. It is fin iron 11)Tite, or in
f'ome ill
tanc('s an ars('nical pyrite, comnlOn]y known among miners hy its
Cornifo;h name "mUlH1Ïe:' anl1 when
howing on the fo;urf:1f"e of the ground is
popularly suppo
ed to fOl'1ll the eapping of the yein wbieh will lie Leneath.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
163
because although there are ;:;everal, they are paths lnade by
the herds of buffalos that COllle do-wn aud winter in these
parts.
Today, three leagues.
11th day of Septeulher. .dH soon as we could see well we
left the Barranco, in a west-northwest dirertion, aud trav-
eled a league and a half through streanu; and gulche
, but
somewhat lllore elevated than those of yesterday, and in one
of theln we CaUlf' to a snwll pool of ".ater in which the ani-
Inals could drink. ,r' e continued OIle league to the west-
northwf'st and clÏlnbed an elevation not very high, from
which we went three lpagues over good laud with fair ])DS-
turage. Perceiving at SUll1e distanee a grove, we asked Sil-
vestre if that was not the large stream to which he "Was taking
us, and he said no; that it was a slllall streHlll and not a river,
but that now we could get water. ,,- e went toward it and
found sufficient water for ourselves and for the aninlals, that
were now very tirf'd, thirsty and hungry, and one of the
nudes was 1:,0 tired that it 'was necessary to take off his load
so that he could get to the water. \Ye turned half a league
to the north.
Today, six leagués.
...\t a short distance froln the gully we saw recent traeks
of buffalo, and in the plain tllPY were fresher, and wpnt the
direction we were going. ,Ve 11ad now but a Slllall supp1r of
provisions for the distance we had to travel, heeanse of the
quantity we had given to the 8abuagallas and the other
Yutas; and so a little hefore ,,'e arrived at the stl'eanl two of
our companions left, following the tracks we had sepll, and a
]ittle after n1idday returned, saying they had seen a huffalo.
,Ye sent others on the swiftest horses, and after going a 1>out
three leagues they killed it, and returned ,,'ith a larg'p portion
of nlt'a t (lunch luore th
n a COlnmOl1 large bull has) ; it was
half-past seven at night. ,rp disposed of it, so tlwt the heat
woulc1 not spoil it; and at the saU1e {Üne. that the horses
nlight rest, "Te did not travel on the 12th frOlll this stopping
16-!
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN LTTAH
place, which we llallled the .L<\rroya del Cíbolo (Buffalo
Greek). TOllight it rained for several hour
,
13th day of Septenlber. .L-\hout ele\Ten 0 'clock in the lllorn-
ing we left the Arroyo del Cíbolo oyer a plain that is at the
foot of a sluall range ",,
hich the YutaB and the Laguna
call
Sahuagari; it extend...; frOlll east tv ",,'est, and one
ee;:; its
white rorks frOln the high, rising plain that is in front of the
Cañon Pintado. Going three leagues and three-quarters to
the "Test, we arrived at a flow of water known to the guidl
,
which is at the foot of the lllountain alnlost at its western
point; we continued in the sallW direction a quarter of a
league, by a well-beaten path near to which, towarùs the
south, rise two full springs of fine water, within a gunshot
of each other, that ",,
e nauwd the E-'uentes de Santa Clara
(the Fountain
of
aint Clara). On ac('ount of the 1l10isture
the
conllllunicate to the small plain which they water and
which ahsorb
them this land produce
good and ahundant
pasturage. Fron1 here we traveled a league to the north-
west, hy the saille traiI, and crossed a
tream that conle...,
froill the plain of the Fuentes, and in which are large tanks
of water. Fronl here, and on rlown, there il"ì in its va1Iey,
which is broad anc11evel, good and ahundant IJaðturage. ,Ye
crossed it again; we rlÏIllhed several hills covered with sn1all
stones, and having journeyed two leagues to th0 northwest,
we arrived at a large riyer, which we caBed the San lJuena-
ventura.
To-day, six leagues.
Thi
river of
an DuenaveIlÌura is the large
t that we haye
crossNl, and is the same one that :B-'ray .,Alonso de Posada
says, in his report, separates the Yuta nation froIll the Co-
nlanche, if we 111ay judge h
T the df:::5criptiün he giYf!::5 of it,
and the distanre he sa
Ts it is frolll 8anta Fe. .And i t i
cer-
tainly true that on the northea:st and north it is the hOllnd
lry
line between these twu peoplé
. It
COl1rðe fron1 this point is
west-southwest; frolH the region above this point to where
we now are its courR{' is to the west. It fOrIlls a jUll('iion "",ith
the riyer of 8an Clelnente; but we do not know if it does so
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN C"T1HI
165
with othpr rivers previously lnentioned. There is here a fine
plain abounding in pa
turage and fertile, arable land, pro-
yided it were irrigated, which luight be, perhaps, a little nlore
thau a league in width, and SOllIe four or fil'e leagues in
length. entering in between two llloulltains; the spRee taking
the forIlI of a corral, and the 1110111ltains cOIning so close to-
gether that one can hardly distinguish the opening through
,dlÏch the riyer flowf-;. Thp riyer cau be crossed only at the
one fording plaee, whieh our guide a ...sured us was in this
neighhorhood, to the Wf'st of the lnountaill that stood farth-
est to the north, clo
e to a range of hills cOIl1posed of loose
earth of a leaden color, and, in places, of a yellowish tinge.
The bottom is fun of bluall stones, and the river so deep that
the llIules ('ould not ('ross it except by swinuuing. "\Ye stopped
on its southerll bank ahout a lllÌle froln the ford. 'Ye called
the stopping place the 'Vega de
anta Cruz (the Plain of the
l-:Iol
Cross). ,Ye took ohservations by the polar star, and
found ourselyes in 41 degrees 19 nlÎnutes latitude.
14th day of 8eptelnher. ,Ye did not travel today, },clnain-
iug here so that the anÍlllal". 'which seelned tired, could re
t;
before IllÍdday 'we nsed tlw quadrant to confirul onr oh
eITa-
tion by the sun, and found ourselves in 40 degrees 59 lnin-
utes and :24 ;:;econds. Judging that the discrepancy n1Ïght be
caused by SOllle variation .in the needle, in order to find out
we secured the quadrant to ob
erve th(:> north star, whi('h
relllains on the nleridian of the COIllpass at night. 80
oon
as the north F:tar was yisihle, the quadrant lwing on the
u1eridian, we ob
erved that the nef'(lle turned to the north-
east. \,
e again lllade the observation of the latitude by the
north star, and found the smne, 4-1 degrees 10 luinutes, as on
the preeec1ing night.
In this place are six large black poplarð, that haye grown
together in pail':-;, ('lose to the river; not far frolll ihelll one
stand
alone, and on this IOIlP one and on the northwe:-;t side
of its trunk Don Joaquin Lain engraved, with a chisel, this
inscription: " Year 1776." .L\..nd lower dnwu
in a different
1GG
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UT_HI
letter, "Lain," .with hyo cros
es, the larger one ahoye the
inscription and the slnaller one below.
11ere we ohtained another buffalo, snlaller than the first,
though we took but Ettie Uleat, finding 01u'seh?e8 very far
from cmnp, and it was getting late. It also happ{'ned thi
l110rnillg that the Laguna, .J oaquin, frolllu1ÌsC'hief, 1110untec1 a
yerr vicious hor
e, 1yhich fen, throwing the feUow SOIne dis-
tance. ,Ye 1\
ere HI11Ch frightened, thinking that tlw fall had
injured the Laguna, 1\
ho, recoyering from his fright. began
to shed tears and cry aloud; but God perll1Ïtted that the
horse received all the wounlls, injuring his neck, ::w.l1 so being
uselesR.
15th day of Repteluber. ""T" e lllade no progress to-day, be-
cause of the rea:-;ùn 1\?e have Iuentioned.
10th day of :Septenlber. Leaying the plain uf Hanta ('Cruz,
(on the river ûf Buenflventura), we 'Y{,lÜ up the ri,?er a hout
a n1Ìle to the north, reaclwd the ford, and cro
sed the river;
we turned to the west and went a league along the nOl'tlwr!1
bank and plain of the river, cro:-;;sing another
lnaller one
that flowed down frOll1 the nortlnn
st, HIJd enten'd into this
one frollI the
anle plain. ,Ve turned to tlw south-southwest
one leagu{', and cro,;.;sec1 another sI11a1l riyer, but a Ettle larger
théln the first one, that flo1\'ed d01\-n fr0Jll the smHC northwest
direction, and entered into the river.
:F"rmll both of these riyer:-; the land on the hank:-; L'oul(1 be
irrig'ated, Iuaking thellI vpry good for planting, hut \\'ate:...
(.ould not be carried fronl the larger riyer. 'Ye JH'o('('eded to
the soutllW"est, leaving the riyer that ran to the south, over
lJrokell table-lands, and in place-; full of small stones; we
descended to a dry stream, fr0l11 a high, rU('ky hilL whose
ascent on the other <3i(1c is not '30 bad. _\s
oon as we
aBeendec1 we found tracks on
or two days old as if luadE' hy
twelve horses and lllen on foot. EXrrJllinÏL1g the tr[lek
closply
they seelIled to show that for SOllie tinw the llwn h
d been
hiding in the highf\st part of the lllOuntain. \\"1" e suspeeted
that they were SOllIe Habuaganas who had follo"\\ed us, think-
ing to steal our aniluals in this stopping place, perfonning
an act very sin1Ílar tu "hat we had attributed to the Co-
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
lô7
Juanche..." or rather, to the Yutas.
Iore than that, the guide,
SiIYe
tl'e, gave u
ad{litional foundation for our
u
pirion,
f01' the night before lw
eparated hilw..('lf a
hol't distance
frOln the ralll!) to f'leep, as if by accident. During our "Whol
lnareh he had not u-.;ed tlH' blanket that we had gi\yen hÍlll, ancl
today he left tlw emn!, ,,
ith it on, nut l"<'H1oying it all day,
nd
we suspected that he put it on so a;;; to be l'ceognized by the
ahuaganas in case he should leavp u:-:. Our suspicions were
further arou
ed by hi:-; pausing for a time. as if thinl:ing and
acting confused, when we reached the hill where we had found
the tracks, wishing to proceed hy the river, and now by this
road. He g'avp us no open rea
un ,,-hatevcl' for our suspi-
pions, entirely eoncealing his real intention:-:, and in the prog-
ress of our tra\yels he ga\ye us aluple proof
of his innocence.
'Ye touk the ::,anle dire<.:tion as the tracks and de
cencled again
to the river of San Buena relltura, wlll-'re we
aw, in the
leafy grove and on the plain, that those \1:ho Inade the traC'ks
had been hut a
hurt tìulE' before us. ,re procl::'edpcl along the
plain acro
:-- 10\\ ground and haltcd on another pbin with
good pasturage, by the hank of the river, nalnillg the halting
place Las Llag'as <If-' t)an Prau('isco (the "... ouncls of
aint
Prancis); and, haying cro
ed tllt' hills, rough ground,
Jllountains and the plains all'eacly spoken of, we had journeyed
ix league
to the soutlnypst; in all the di
hm('f' eight leagues.
\s f;OOIl a:-- we Rtopped, two of our ('o1l11mllions went oyer the
tracks to the
outhwf'st, to explc.re the irnnlediate eOllutry,.
and they l'Olwludec1 that tllP tracks were lnac1e by the 00-
Inanches.
lith day of Septem her. '''''" e left the plain of La') IJag"as
de N. P.
an Franci
co, going soutll\yest, a
('elHling SOllIe low
hills, a league farther on, we left the road we Wf'le going,
,vhich foIlo"e<1 the tracks of the men and horses. SihYe
tre
told us they wflre COlnanches that "ere l1ur
ming the Yuta
,
who probahly had been out hunting huffalos. He conyinced
1I
of this as lnu('h hy the direetion in which they "Wcut as by
other signs that they left. 'Ye croRsec1 a dry f;tream, RPcpIHled
a low hill, and proceeded a league and a half to the "est, oyer
IGR
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UT.\.H
good ground, :--01uewhat arid, and ('anle to a high HlOuntain
SUllllnit, froln whieh the guide showed U1-; the junetion of two
river
, the
llI ClenlE'nte and the San Buenaventura. that
from here join on the
outh. ,\T e deF-i('puded to a large plain
bordering' another ri,rpr and went a league and a half to the
"wc
t. reaching the junction of the two riY<.>r
that flow from
the llloulltain whi{'h i
near here, and to the north of the ri,Ter
of San BnenayellÌura and flow together to the ea
t, until they
join "With the river of
an ßuenaventura.
ehe more eaf'tern
river before its junction flows to the soutlwast, and 'H' named
it the San Dmnian; the otlwl' fio,,'s ea:-;t. and we nailled it the
Hall C01-;llle. ,Ye went \\
est by thi::, latter one, and traveled a
league to thf' west, finding near the river the ruins of an an-
cient village, in whirh \yere renlnants of
tra\Y Hlats, jugs and
pitehers lnad(' of clay; the fOrIn of tll(-' village wa
round, a
Bhown by the ruins, and alnlost entirely surrounded by an
eIllhanluuent. Going to the soutlnyeF-it hy a plain that is be-
tween the two rivers, we ascended smne sHlall hills of loo
e
stone:-;, very had for the anÏlllals which were already injured.
,Ye de:-;cended to another plain of the riyer San CO:-;Jlle, and
haying gone half a league to the southwest and a leag'ne and
a half h
this plain, we halted in it and called it La Hibera de
Sau Co
nIe (the Bank of St. COKmas).
Today, eight leagues.
Shurtly :;:.fter llaying
tovped, at the fuut of the 1110U11-
tain, we
aw :-;moke, and asking the guide ",lIOnl he thought
had caused it, he replied that prohahl
SOUle COlIlanehe1-j. or
SOlne of the Laguna:-;, who had emUIJcd here while hunting.
lRth day of Sept em her.
,Ye left the Hihera <1(' San Co'.ane. and the guide. WiKhillg
to ero
:-; to the other side uf the river, and gu along it. led
us through a forest 01' hnuuhle of ei
tlls almost inlpellPÍ rahle,
and into a large luar:..;hy pla('p till at laKt we were ('Ollll)(>lled
tû return, and rl'o:-:
the rivcr three tinl('
, eau:-;illg" us lnauy
u
ele
s turll
; then O\Tpr a nearhy hill and its plain we wput
three leagues to t he :::;outlr\\e
t; going dtHrn to the we 1-j t-
southwest a league. we cro:-;:-;ed the riyer tll(' Hfth tÎnlC and
THE CATHOLIC CH"C"RCH IN UTAH
1G9
now proceeded oyer the plain. where we traveled three
league:-: and a lluarter, ascending a high tahle-lane}. at the
top very stony, and tnl\Teled three-quarters of a league, in-
cluding the going up and cOIuing dO"Wll; crossing another
sll1all ri\Tcr that flo,,
s hy here and enters into the
an Co
n11e,
we nauled it the Santa Catarina de
ena, anQ call1ppd on its
bank. To-day, Hine leagues. Fronl the village of the
abua-
gana
and the ('anl}) of
an Antonia )IÜrtir to this point we
counted eighty-eight league", and fronl Santa Fé t"Wo hun-
dred and eighty-se\Ten.
Along the three rivers which we have cro
sed to-day thß
ground, with intelligent cultivation and irrigation, having
heautiful groves, good pasturage and timber and woo(lland
not far away, could support three good settlelllents.
FrOlll the country of the ()onlanches there de
,('ends a
range of mountains very long and high, extending northeast
by
outhwest to thp land of the Lagunas for perhaps seventy
leagues, which towards the north of the river
an Buenaven-
tura, at this tinle of year, has the highest tops and peaks
covered
with snow; fronl "Which we luulled it
ierra Blanca de
las Laguna
(the \Yhite Range of the Lakes), whi('h we
will begin to ascend and cros::, to-morrow "Where it ;:;eelns the
lowest.
19th day of
eptenlher.
\Ye left the River of
anta Catarina de
en3, going to
th0 northwest without a trail; "We asC'eneled a hill who
e top
wa:s leycl and 10"W, hut yery I-;tony. and "Went a quarter of a
league, descending to the "West. \Ye went down to tlw bank
of the river San CO
llle, and traveled on it two leagues and
a (lUarter, turning luany tillle
. the ground h{'ing ahllost Ìln-
pa
...;ahle, sOlnetiln
;::, on account uf the stone:-:, and :-;Ollletillles
for the preC'ipiees that are \'ery- steep; on one of thenl one
of the hor
es wa:-; injured, so that we hacl to go hark a nlile,
anù go down to the other bank of the ri\'er; we pas:-;ed it,
hrpaking through a fore
t of cane and high reeds, and half a
leagup to the west we descended to the northea;";t, taking the
bed of the
treanl for the road, and now going up the range,
170
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 1
UTAH
ana then cleseenòillg to the river of t;an CO
llle, we followed
the ra\Tine, which we did not know led us to a eañon :::;hut up
and very high in e\Tery part, illlpa
sable except by the hed of
the stre:Ull. In the ll1Îddle of the ravine there is another
gulch that run
frOlll north to BOlIth. ,Ye eontinne<l going to
the northwest, and proceecling four league
, which took Ufo; to
the -we
t-northwest hy its llUlny tllrn
, 1ye Callle out of the
'....añon, whieh we ('aIled de la
Golonrlrinas (Cañon of the
S-wallo"Ws), froni having found in it luany nests of théBe
birds, fonned with fiO uluch regularity that they looked like a
little village; we now went through a
tl"eteh of burnt wood-
land of good soil, and half a league to the west-northwest
we descended to the "West and ascended again a rising ground
long and hilly, and deseending Ollee lllOre "We eallle to a plain
crossed a "Well-beaten path frOlll north to south. Leaving
the plain, we de
cended into the rocky bed of a strennl, whic'h
Wf-> eaIled San Estw-ll1Ïo, having gone two league
and a half
to the wet;t. This "Watering-place is perennial and full, and
in it there is abundant grass. ,Yea l'rived very tired, be-
cause the roaù was diffieult, and all day a cold wind had been
blowing frOlll the west.
Today, ten leagues.
:20th day of Septenlber.
,Ve left Ran rJustacIllÎo, and we al
o lost here one of our
strongest horses that had died, being the one that at Ranta
Cruz on the river of t;an BUenayelltura had hi
neck injured.
"\Ve went in a
outlnYest dire('tion oyer ri
ing ground, de-
scending to the west a little less than three leagues and a
quarter, O\Ter a difficult woodland eo-n--'red with
lllall 1\
alnut
trees; we entered a short glen, wide in parts, and a quarter
of a leagllf' to the south-1-;outhwest, WC' turned to tlIp "
est,
descending to a blnall river that flo1\ T s to the east, probahly
the one that we nalned the San COSlllC; "e ero
sed the river
to the south-southwest, and went up an pxtensiye rising
ground, and going a luile farther we dropped to the :-,outh-
west ahout two leagues, throngh a lnountain pass Yer
T pleas-
ant and with good pa:-!turage, in which we fOHlHl a large pool
THE CATHOLIC CRGRCH IN rTAH
171
of good water, 'Which we ('aIled Ojo de Santa Lucia (tlie
Spring of Saint Lucy.) Tonight it ,yas
o cold that the
water that wa
near the fire all night becanle iee LeforE'
mornIng.
Today, five leagues.
21st day of :::;eptenlber.
Going from the spring' of Saint Lucy to the southwe
t,
through the :-;alue pass that we had just ascended and thence
through a forest of poplar
a quarter of a league farther, we
turned to the 'Wpst a leagup and three quarters, oyer rough
tÍIllber lands, through llIoulItain passes of soft earth with
many charcoal pits, or bnwll holes hidden anlong a rank
growth of weeds, in which every nloment the aninlals sank
and fell; tlwn we def'cended hy a sluall ri,
er filled with fine
trout, of which the Laguna Joaquin with an arrow killed and
caught two, each one of which weighed lllore than two pounds.
This river run" to the southeast, through a pleasant Yane
of goull pasturage, nlan
T !:;pring
, and beautiful forests of
white poplar, not high nor large. It is a good location for a
village 'With an that is needed. \Ye nanlE'd it the Y" aUe de la
Purísiula (the ,r alley uf the
Iost Pure). The gnidp Sil-
vestre told us that for some tÌIne a large t,ettleIllent of La-
gunas had lived lwre, 'Who had suhsisted mostly on the fish
froln the river, aud that they had left through fear of tll()
Conlanché
, who began cOIning into this part of the ::5ierras.
'Ye crossed the river and as('f>nd('d the rising plain of the
yaney, and guing a league to thp south-southwest, \\e de-
scended to the west through a mountain pat,s of bad travel-
ing, and after three-quarters of a league, "
e cros
ed a small
river of very cold water.
'Ve continuèd to the west another quarter of a league,
and entered a forest of white poplar, slllall oak and cherry,
and royal pine, and frolH thi
forest we took th
northern
ascent of a mountainous pass, and went a league to the west
and a quarter to thp south, crossing oyer to the other side.
The guide, wi
hing to trayel faster than we were able, went
so fast that at every step he was hidden from us in the forest;
172
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX LIAR
we could not fol]ow hinl, because asidp fronl the den
ity of
the fore
t, there 'YêlS no path, and we could not find hi;:; trail.
,Y' e eontinued through the fore
t, and the farther we went
the nlore dense it uecanle, until after going half a league to
the we::;t, we canle out of it upon a
lnall high hill, frOlll which
the guide showed us the
ide on whi('h was the lake; and to
the ::south-east of thi::s anuther part of the t;ierra in which he
liyed, he told us, and also a great lllauy people f-.peaking the
Sallle language and of the ScHne great trihe as the Lagunas,
FruIn this hill w(' well t to the
ou t hwes t aqua rtel' of a
league and went down it to the we
t, hreaking through brush-
wood of cherrr and sllwll oak, almo
t iluppnetrahle till we
came to another forest, through ,yhich we thought the pac-ks
could not pa
:-; ",,'ithout unloading the animals. In this forest
the guide continued to annoy llS hy his fast going,
() that we
were obliged to stop hÜll and not pel'luit hiul to go on alone.
In this thicket
--'ather Atanasio receiyed a
eYerp blow
on the knee. Finally we desC'enùed to a deep and narroW"
opening between the Inountain
, with llHWh trouhle and diffi-
culty. and finding there ahundant pasturage. nlOle than in
any other part of the range, and water for ourselyps and the
anÏ1llals, we
topped after haying gone a league to the ",,
est,
llHlning the place Han
lateo (
aint ::\[atthew).
Today, six leagues and a half.
This is the ('oldest night Wf' lwye had.
:2
d day of 8e1>tel11be1'.
Going
uutheast we left
an
lateo hy the northern in-
cline of the pass, in whie'll there were l11êlUY narl'OW <I('files
aud UlallY slippery and dallg
l'OUS places, without
ln
- ruad
exeept the une we wer<.
breaking, and oyer the rocks and
crag
of the Bien'a. _\. t eyel'Y stp}) hpr(' we
ere ohliged to
change our dil'e('tion aud llwkf' llUlllY turll
. going unly fiyC'
leagues, they said, ascending hil1
and ùescendinp; to the
plains. Froln the nloulItain we de
('ellde(l to a
ho1't plain,
where two SIlUl-U l'iyers joill going to the south
\'e
.-t two
leagues. The aninlals were yery tired, and as there was
lnuch good pasturage we halted, and nanled the place Ran
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
lï3
Lino. Today, we haye gone
íx lea
ue
, ,,
hich, because of the
luany turns that we had to ll1ake in leaying
an
lateo,
brought us three leagues to thp we
t-southwest.
FrUIn the top of the last peak ".e could see pillars of
snloke ri:o\ing", not yery far away and in front of u
. The
guide :-:aid that they were sonle of his people who were then>
huntiug. ,Ye attelllpted to get into COll1nlUnieation with
them, to let thenl know that we were not <
nelnies, ;0;0 that
they 111ight not try to get away from us or l'e('eiye us with
arrows; they continued to raise lllore foilnoke in the opening"
through which we would IUHYe to enter tu get to the lake, and
this-Hlade us helieye that they had already
een us; for
llloke
is the fir
t and lllOst C01111110n sign whi('h in case of Rurpl'ise.
all the people in thi::; part of Allleril'ê1 use. ,Ye told
ihYestre
that (luring the night he lllUSt be yery careful, for if any of
thenl should know of our arriyal, the
Inight ('onle near to
Hee what kind of people we were: and ahont two 0 '('luck in the
lllorning, the hour in which. according to hi!" idea, S01ne of
them illight corne near, he talker1 a long time in a loud yoice,
in his own language, giying thenl to uIHler:o\tand that we were
quiet people and goud friend
. ,y (--' au not know if anyone
heard him or not.
2:
d day of Septenlher.
Sow that we had al'riyed at the lake rCtah), in unlel' that
SilYe
ter and .}oa<luill might enter their country feeling' affe('-
tion for us, we ga\'e to ea('h of theul a yard of woo1en doth
and another of red rihholl, and they illlulPdiately put tllPIll
OIl. Sih.e:-:ter (:ast around hi::; body the blanket "Te had for-
lllerly giyen hilll, and then arranged in a turban around his
head the woolen cloth, leaying the two end:::; hanging down
hi
shoulders. ,Yhen he u10unted his horse he ren1Ïllded us
of the re(lf'Plllefl f'apti\yes "hif'h the Hedpillptorist Father
('arry in their 1>ro('es
ion OIl the feast day of Our Lad
of
[ercy; and this "a:-, a prophe('y tu Wi of the freeing of these
people, who
e liherty we desireå and 1wsought of the Re-
deeuler of the world, throngh the ïutf'rl'ession of ni
lIoly
Iother, who in order to entourage
o praiseworthy an ohject,
174.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN FTAH
was willing to accept the deyotion the Church gave her to-
day. 'Ye left San Lino very early, going
outhwe
t. 'Ye
went up a short hill, and at the top we canle across an im-
Inense ant-hill, conlpo
ed f'ntirely of
lllan pic('e
of alum,
very pure and crystalline. ,r e descended to the sll1all ri,rer
of San Lino, and journeying for a leagw-' along the le,rel
pastures on its banks, without leaving the river, but going
down stream, we turned towards the west. IIere another
8111a11 streaUl forms a junction with it, and along the banks
of both of thenl there are fertile
pots that would make de-
lightful pastures, Pursuing our way to the west three-(l Uar -
tel's of a league down stream, we saw and pa
sed by three
large
prings of hot water, of which we tasted, and found
that it is of the sanlP sulphurous character as that whiC'h i.
in the vicinity of San Diego de 10s 'Hemes, in New
Iexico.
'Ye continued our way in a westward direction SOlIle three-
quarters of a league. 'Ye entered the narrowest portion of
the canon of the river, and turned towards the north about a
n1Ïle. IIere we found three other hot springs, yery similar to
those just mentioned, and all of thE'Ill IUHre their risf' in an
excE'edingly lofty mountain, very clû
e to the rivE'I' on thi
northern side, and they flow into the ri'Ter; for this reason
"Te called it the Riyer of ...
guascalipntes (IIot "
ater). In
this narrow part of the (>añon there are SOll1e places very diffi-
cult to pass, but they are easily repaired; we continued to
the northwest half a league, crossi11g to tll(' other side of the
l'Ì\Ter; ascended a low hill and beheld the lake and extended
':aJIf'
r of XUf'
tra Senora de la )[cn'cd de los TÜ11panogotzis,
a
we ealled it; we also saw sllloke arising fronl all parts,
the news of our entrance having gone before us.
'Ve now desC'pndf'd to the le,Tel at the entrance of the
valley, crossing to the other side of the river again, and going
more than a league by its extended plains along the northern
bank, we cros
e<l to thp opposite hank and halted on one of
its southern plains, which we llaIlled \'" ega del DulC'Ísimo
Kombre de Jesus (Plain of the S"reet N
nl1e of Jesus).
Today, fh'e leagues and a half,
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH IX "GTAH
175
,Ye found the grass of the plain
where we callIe recently
burned O\Ter and others already hurning, fronl which we in-
felTed that the
e Inaian
had thuught us to be COlllan('he
,
or other enemie
; and a
they had prohably been that we were
bringing aniulals, it had been their intention to de
troy the
pasturage along our way. bU that ùeeau
e of the lack of this
we would be òbliged to leave the yalley sooner. But as it is
so largr aud broad, we eould not ò.o it in
o short a time,
eyen though tlle3 T had put fireb e\'erywhere. For this reason
our
lllall part reulaining in this location, ab soon as we
had halted, Father
-'rancis('o AtanH
io, with the guide
Si]Ye
tre, his eUllllJaniun J OH<lllÍll and the interpreter ::\Luñiz,
left for the first of the bettlelnents, and going a
rapidly as
po:-;sible, though the horses "ere F;O fatigued, in order to
arrive this afternoon, they went six ]eague
and a half to
the north-llorthwe
t. They arrived, and were receh'ed Ly
80lne of the men with their wea pon
read
T to defend their
faluilies and hOlnes. But as soon as SihTestre had spoken to
theIn. they changed their warlike appearanee to thp Inost
courteous and
inIple expressions of peace and affection.
They took theul \Tery cheerfully to their siulple huti-i, and after
they had ernbraeed theul in a singular Inallner, and signified
to them that they desired peace, and that they lOYed us a;;
luuch as our hest friends, the Father gave thenl opportunity,
so that they could talk at length with our guide Silvf\stre, who
gave them an account of what he had observed and
een. and
spoke so Hluch in our fa\Tor, of our (le
ign and work. that we
could not have wislH:,a fur anything better.
He told thenl at length of how well we had treated hin1,
and how much lw 10\Ted us, and alllong ot1wr things he told
them with great batisfaction that the Lagunas had said that
the Comanches would kill U
, and would take frolll u
our ani-
mals; and that we had gone through the country that they
frequented lllo
t, and even cro
sed their recent tracks; that
we had not changed our course, nor had we seen them; verify-
ing what the Father had said; that God .would free us from
all our enelnies; so that eyen though we passed through t.heir
] ï6
THE CATHOLIC CHlJRCH I}; rT.\H
country they "ould not hanll U:-:, nor we disturl) thelll. I[e
concluded by
aying that tlw Father::;
puke unly the truth,
that eYeryhod
T could trayel in their cOInpany without danger,
and that onl
T the Spaniard
were good people. He ('onfirIHe(1
then1 1110re in this helief hy their seeing that the hoy Joaquin
wa
o careful of us that, unlniuclful of hi
own people, he
would not leave the Father except to care for tlw aninlêtl
that Wé brought. He hardly cared to talk to his people, nor
eyen to nÜngle with then1, but only to ren1aln near the v"lather,
sleeping in any vacant pla('e near his fo;ide. That waR a Inat-
tel' that ('ansednluch
urpl'ise nut Gnl
T tu hi
own people, hut
also to u:" that one who wa:'\ a Inere child, and an Indian who
had ne\Ter hefore :-:een either priest 01'
panianl, should act
in thiH way.
...\fter talking a long tiIue about thi
, and Inan
T gathering
frolll tlw lwar yillages, and our gi\'illg thelll sOJllPthing to
Hllloke, tlIP F\ttlwr g'êt\Te thelll to understand, b
T llleans of th\.
interpreter and
ilYestre, that our llluti\Te in cOIlling to theHI
was to bring theln the light, the principal lllOÜ\'e heing' to
seek the fo;alyation of their soul:-:, HIHl to ShO"T thPlll the n1Cans
b)T .which they cuuld obtain it. The first al1d 111u
t ne('e
::;ary'
being, to beJieye in the only true God, to lon:\ IIilll and to
c'>bey Jlinl entirely, doing all that His holy and il1lIUêlculate
law delnallded; and that they "Would tea('h thelll ('l(\arly and
full
T all tIlil'. and that they would g-ire to then1 the hol
T \Yate
of hal'tisnl, if they wished to heeOluc Chri
tians; and that
priests shoulù CGUIP to teaeh thenl nnd Hpanianls to live
alllong thelTI. And that they would teaeh thenl to plant and
soW", anù to raise herds of ('attIe, so that then they' would he
able to eat and to dress like the Bpaniards. to obe
T tlw In"',
and to live as God had cOll1lnallded. The priests "Would teach
them, antI our Chief would spud thenl eY(\I,
.tl1Ïng neCf1SSal'Y,
fur He is yery great and rich and we eall ITim I(iug'; if thp
'
"Wished to be Christians lIe would take thelTI for Hie;;: :'()U
and would ('are for tlWlll as IIis people.
lIe afterwards said to them, that it was neCf'
sary for us
to continue our journey, to learn ahout the Father, onr
THE C\.THOLIC CHURCH IN rTAH
177
brother, and that we needed that another fine of them should
guide us to the otllP!' tribe that they wen
1('(lUainted with,
that the other guide nlig-ht youch for ns. In all of this cun-
versation
ih'e
tre wa
a great help to us. They heanl us
with pleasure. and rpplied that to all we
aid the
""Tere at-
tentiye, thUR llulnifesting thei r gellt]enf'S
. They had
nnullg
their nUInber two chief
, but not the princip:ll ùnè that COlll-
lllaIHle(l thi
people, ;-;0 the Father hegged that they would (tall
hiln, and the
replie<l that his hou
e was very diRtant, but
, that lw wuuld eUllle to-lllOITOW. They then retired to their
wigwaln
, but SOllIe renlained in ('onyersation ",,
ith RihTestl'e
all night.
-Uh day of Septenlher.
,Ye sent word to the others of our COlnpany by .J oa(luin
and the other Laguna, that they
hould COllle fronl Dul('ÍsÏ1no
N Olnhre de .J esus to the village where .we WeI'E\ where the
Indians of thi
and the other villages woulù gather; they
arrived ahout nÚdday. The hig ('hief with the two others
e
llne \Tf'l'Y early, and Iuany old Inen and the head nwn of the
tribe. "
e CUllyerse<l with then1 a long tinle about the things
ah'ead)
referred to, and all unanÏIllou
ly replied that the
Fathers Rhould ('Ollle and live ",,'ith the 'rata 0..; (so tlw religiou
Yutas are called), to teach thenl. ___\nd the
uffered an their
land f,0 they could huild their houses to suit thenlsehTes; add-
ing that they could go o\"'"er the land, and that there would
ahyays he spips ,,
hel'P the COln<.ln('hcs entf'red the land. so that
when they should C01l1e into the val1ey or into other parts of
the Sierra, the SpaniardR would be prOlnptly notified, and
tlwy could go out all togetlwr to pUlli
h tbf'lll.
Seeing such wonderful gelltlene:,s and wil1ingnéss to re-
('ei\'e our proposals, we told thenl that when our journe
- "as
finished we would return with 1110re prie
ts a11<1 lllOre Span-
iards to relneluber what theY' haa said, so that afterward.;;
the
should not repent of it. They replied that they were finll
in all they prOlnised, heg
ring us that we would not (lelay
lung in eUll1Îng. ,Ye said to theul that although we all he-
I'it;
THE CATHOLIC CHCRCH IN UTAH
lieved what they t-;aid. we desired SOllIe token fronl thenl that
they wished to oecollle Christians, to show to our great Chief
and to the rest of the Spaniards, hecause with such a token
the Spaniard:-: would belie'
e Inure in their good desires, and
it would encourage us to return more prolllptIy. ",Ye did this
in order to better test their good intentions; and the
replied
that they would gi'Te us a token n
'ry willillgl
" to-nlOI'l'OW
nlornlng.
\Ye then pref-;ellted the Chief a knife and ROlllE' glass
Leath, and Dun Bernardo Jfiera p;aye hÌlll a snIaH hatchet;
and for aU the rest of the cOlnpallY we gaye to each a few
glass heads, for there were nUlllY of thenl, and t1lP
were all
pleased and :-;atisficd. ",Ye then relninded thelll of tlw prOlll-
ise of the guide, and that the
pro111ised that we could take
Joaquin, who wisherl to go with us; they replied that they
had talked about it, and had decided that not only Joaquin
but alsu a new guide, would go with n
. if we wished, even
to our own country, and could return with us when "'We
should return; adding that none of thenl were '
er
we}] a('-
quainted with the country in the dirertion that they knew "'We
had to take, but that with the two, Joaquin and the new
guide, we could go, asking our way frOlll the trihes along the
route.
This expression of great sincerity, so clear and to the pur-
pose, til1ea us with great joy, and c01npletel
T assured ns that
without the least deeeit, and with perfect spontaneity and
free will, Ill0l'"ed by divine grace, they desired and would
accept Christianity. 'Ye put hefore theJu the sante that we
had ghTen to Silvestre, in ordE'r that they nlight dl'cide who
was to go with UR a
our guide, and at once one of those
tand-
ing near took it, and now 1w('aJne our guide and cOlnpanion,
and we gaye hinl the ualue of Jo
é
[aría (.Jo::-;eph
[ary). ."""e
now detern1Íned to proceed on our journey the following-
day, for the settlelnellt and port of l\IontE'rey.
ThE'Y told us that there was a side child WItOlll they "'Wished
us to see and to baptize. ,Ye went, and found it to be a
youth, and alnlost reco,Tered fronl a long sicknE'ss, and en-
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH I
B"TAH
179
tirely out of danger, so that we did not find it neces
ary to
give it the water of baptislll. The lllother afterwards brought
it to "here we "ere, and begged us to baptize it, and to com-
fort her we told her that "e would soon return, and then
would baptize al1, both large and sllutll. Finally we illfol"llled
thelll that we had \Terr little food, and if it pleased thenl to
sell us SOllIe dried fish. They brought it, an(l "e bought a
good anlOullt. ...1-11 day and part of the night they "ere cOIning
and talking with us, and they all
eetned very silnple, gentle,
kind and affectionate. Our SihTestre wa;::, now looked upon
with great respect. and gained SOllle authority aIllong them
for having brought us and heing so appr
ciated by us.
25th day of Rppternher.
In the lllOruing thpy returnpd to us hringing the token that
we had asked of thetn and explained its llleaning to U
. The
day hefore, when we ha(l a
kpd it of thenl, we told the
interpreter that lleithpr he nor the others should
ay any-
thing to the Indians about this, :'0 that we ('ould Sf'P what
they would do of thelll
elYes.
ho"ing theln the (,l'O
of the
rosary. he ga\'(
them to undel'
tand that they
houl(l paint it
as Ol1è of the figures. They touk it awa
-, and p
lillted three
figures 011 three f'rosses; then the
T brought the token to us,
a
'ing that the figure that ha(l the lllOst rpc! ('0101', or a;-i they
said, hluod, represented the hig chief. he('au
e in war with the
COlllanche
he had received the 11108t wound
; the other that
had less hìoo(l, was inferior to the fir:-;t one; and the one that
had no bluod was not a .warrior, but was of authority alllong
thenl. ThesE" three figurf>s of Inen were rl1c1el
T painted
.with earth and red-oehre, on a sllwll pief'e of deer skin;
we reeei,Tell thenl, sayin?; that the hig ('hief of the Span-
iard
would be plt
ased to :-;ee it, and that when we
hould
return \ye would hring it with us so that they n1Ïght see
how mueh we vallH'd it. and that it lnight ren1Ïnd theln
of their pron1Ï
es, and an that we had done. ,Ye told tht'ffi
that if,while we wprp gone, they had si('klW
:' or trouhle with
their enelnies, they should ('ry out to God saying: True nod,
help us, protect US; and as they ('ould not articulate these
180
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IK "CTAH
word
very "
ell, they could sÌInply :-;a
.J esus,
lary! Jesus,
Iary! They hegan to repeat this with facility, Rilvpstre fer-
Yelltly saying it fir
t; and while Wf' Wf're preparing to depart,
they did not cea
e to repeat the
e sacred nalnes. They bade
U
all good-by ,,
ith great affection, and Rilvestre e
pecially
enlbraced us, ahnost ('r
'ing, They again eharged us not to be
l0ng in returning. saying that they would expect us within
the year.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VALLEY AXD LAKE OF orR LADY O:F MERCY
OF THE TDIPAGTZIS, OR TIMPANOUOTZIS. OR "}"ISn EATEHS."
ALL THESE KAMES THEY GIYE TO THEM.
N ortll of the ri\Ter of f;an Buenaventura. as we have shown
hefore, there is a range uf 1110ul1tains that. su far as we could
learn. extends fronl the northeast to the
outhwest lllore than
s0v('nty leagues, and in width more than forty, and where
"\l:'E croE-=sed it is lllore than thirty leagues. In the westf'rn
part of these Inountains, in latitude JO o 4fr, and in a direction
a quarter north"Test of north of the town of
anta }'é, is the
",.,. alley of Our Lady of .:\lercy of the Tiulpanogotzis," sur-
rounded by the peaks of the
ierra
fron1 whi
h flow four
ri\Ters which flow through and water it, until they enter the
lak{' in the nlÍddle of it. The plain of tlH
valley extends fronl
southeast to nurthwest, sixteen Hpanish league;.;:* (such a:-:
are used in thi
diary), and fron1 northeast to
outhwest ten
or hyehTe leag1ws; it i
all clean land, and with the ex('eption
of the lllar
hr plaee
along' the shores of the lake, very guod
for planting. FrOlll the four rivers that water it the first flows
frOln the Routh, and is the Àguas Calientps, in whose hroad
plaiuf.; is suffieiellt {'ultivable land for two large villag'e
. The
second following the first, three leagues to the north, and
with more water than the first, ('0111(1 ulaintain one large and
two slnaU vinages. This river, ùefore entpriug into the lake,
is divided into two hranehe:--. on whose ùanlu< are poplan: and
large aldertrees. 'Ye nalllec1 this rivpr the Ran Ki('holas.
r'hree leagues and a half frUlll this to the northwest i
a
river which runs through large plains of good land for plallt-
* The 0111
p;llli:;:h ](':lguP i
equal to
.-ll U. S. miles.
THE CATHOLIC CHLRCH IX LTAH
181
ing. It ha
IllOle water than the two preceding ones; it has
larger groyes and plenty of good land if irrigated, for two
and eyen three large yillages. \Ye were near this riypr th
24th and the 23th, and we nalned it the Hio de San
ntonio de
Padua (Saint .L
nthony of Padua). To the fourth river "We
did not go, although we
aw its groyes. rt i:-; to the north-
west of San Antonio, and a
we saw it, ha
on each
ide of it
luuch leyel ground. They told us that it had as luuch water
as the other
, and so ] anl satisfied we could e"itablisb ther('
SOllle randles and towns. 'Ye nanlf'd it thp l'iyel' of
anta
Ana.
-\.side from these riyers, there are in the plain luany pools
of gooc1water,and seyeral fountains which flow ùown flonl tlw
nlountain
. From what "e haye just said about the settle-
Inents, Let it be understood that we wish to giye to each one
JlI0re iand than he really needs, but if each settlenlent took
only one league for cultiyation, there would be 1'00111 in tllf'
yalley for as nIany yillages of Indians as there are in New
:ßlexico; he('ause, although in the northerly direction we gave
to it the aboye dÌlnensions (though it has lnore), on the south
it abo ha::; large spaces of good ground. There is eyerywhere
good and ahundant pa
turage, and in sonle parts flax and
heulP gro"W in such abundancf' that it
eenu; to haye been
planted.
The dilnate herf' i
goo(l, and haying suf[erf'd so luuch
fronl cold f'iuce leaying the riyer of
all Ruena\rentura, we
found thi
yalley yery cOlllfortahle hoth da
T anc1night. .L\sidf'
frOlll all these ad\Tantages, in the range that
urrounds the
yalley therf' is plenty of wood and tiluher, plenty of shelter,
water and gras:--, to raise herd" of cattle and horses; that is,
in the northern, northeast, east and southeastern parts. Tn
the south and southw"est it has two oU1('r extendf'd Yane
s,
abo with ahundant gra:-;
and sufficient water. To one o
thesp extends the lake. It (the lake) i
six leagues ,yide and
fiftef'll leagues long; it extends to the northwest, aud, as we
an" told, is eonne('ted hy a l'i\'er with a larger lake. This
lake of the Timpanogotzi
alJounds in 11lany kinds of g'ooc1
} Q..J
4..,_
THE CATHOLIC CHl:'"RCH l
L'TAH
fish, and in geese and uther "Water-fowl that ,ye had not tilne
to see.
The Iudialls of whmn we have spoken, live in the neigh-
borhood, and f;ubsist upon the abundant fish of HlP laIn?, for
whieh rea
on tht-' Yutas and the Sabuegana
caned tht?lll the
Fish-eaters. They also gather f;eeds and herbs, and frolH
thenl nwke atoll" (a kind of gruel) ; tlwy al:-:u hunt wild hares,
rabhits and fowls, which are very ahun(lunt IWl'e. rrhere
are also buffaloes, not very far away, to the north-northwest,
hut fear of the rmnanehes hinder thest' Indians frm11 hunting
thelll. Their d"Wel1ing places are hut
of cane, of which they
also lllake curious basket
and othf'r uSf'ful artirle
. Tlwy
are very poorly f'lothed; the nlOst deel'nt gal'lUellt tlH'Y "Wear
is a jacket of huekskin and 11loccasin
and ]eggillg
of the
sanIe. For cold weather they have h]anket
llHlde of rahbit
8kin
: they m-ie the luta language. hut with a great 1uany
changes and aCf'ents. and even
Olne foreign words. They are
guod-luoking'. and nlost of thenl without an
T hea rd. ] n all
part
of the
e lllountain
, south-southwest. tIlt' west and the
southeast, tIwre live a great llUlny of thf' :-:ame lK"'ople il
the
Laguna:-;. with the sallIe language, and gentlf'npss, aillong
whmn lllÍg-ht he fornwd a provinee of Illany large
ettlplnent
.
The llallleS of tllP ehil'fs that aI'(' in the "token" spoken of
alxwe, are in tlu,.ir own lan.8,"lmg-p, the Rig Chief heill
Tllrn-
iiianrhi; tlw
ef'OIlr1, C\litzapnnunehi; of the third. whieh is
onr Rilyestre, Pml<'luwll111quihil'iln (whi('h 1neans spOkeSllWl1),
who is not a <'llÌef, hut i
a hrothel' of the Big'
hief. Piehu-
chi.
Thf' other lakp that joins this one. o(.t'npi(-'
, as we are told,
11lallY leagues. and its waters are Yer
' hannful alH1 Yt'ry
salty; the Tilllpanois assured us that. al1
'Olle who lllOisteupd
an
T part of the hod
T with it wonld at Olwe feel the part
hathf'd p;reatly inflmned. Ther told us that Iwar the lake
there liyed a trilw V('lT nmnerous and yen. quiet. who ,"Tpre
eallt'd Pnagnalnpes, whi{'h in our tong-up mean:-; :-,orrerers;
tlwy slwak the languag'(' of the COIBa.nches; tllf'Y li'T(' on herhs,
and drink frOlll the 1nHllY fountains that ar(' near the lake,
THE C.-\ THOLIC CHL"RCH I}.; UTAH
183
and their houses are of ùry grass and earth. They are not
enen1Ïes of the Lagunas, a
::;Olllé have ::;aid, but
ince a cer-
tain occasion when they killed a luan, they have not been ;:,0
neutral as before. On this occasion they entered by the last
pass in the Sierra Blanca de 108 Tiu1IJanosifi> by a quarter
north to the northwest, and by this ::-:allle pass they say the
COlnanches enter, but not yery frequently.
Los 'l'iInpanogotzis are
o called becanse of the lake, on
which they live, which i:-, called Tilnpanogo, the name being
peculiar to this lake because the ordinary nalne ,yhich they
give to any lake is Pagarori. [t is six leagues wide and
fifteen long, to the narrow pass and (h.ain
into the other
lake.
Gth day of September.
...A__bout one 0 'clock on the afternoon, we left the settlclllents
we have spoken of and the riyer of San
-\ntonio, where ,,-e
had gone, and traveled three and a half leagues, stopping at
night on the hank of the river San Xicholás.
2Gth day of
eptelllber.
'Ye left the river San Xicholas "Tith the two Lagunas, J osé
:.\Ial'Ía and .J oaquin, and arriving at the Aguas Calientes river
we cros
ed it, and traveleù two league
to the south; here we
halted in a plain and near a strealn of good water, which we
called tlw Arroyo de San ..Andrés (the Creek of Saint An-
drew). It Seelns to have water continually and so appears
to he a small river rather than a streanl or creek. On its
banks are nliddling large trees, and in the branches luany
8111a11 aninulls breed, a::; unkno,,-n to us a
the trees thenl-
selvf's.
Today, two leagues.
:2Gth day of
eptenlber.
Lf'aying thp Creek of Saint Andre,,-, going south, a league
oyer the plain, we C'l'ossc(l another slnaU riyer which flows
over the surface of the ground, luaking it yery good for plant-
ing. ,Ve ('onÞinued to the
outh oyer the
anle plain a league
and a half. ,\r e passed the northern opening of it to the
east, which we l1aJlwd the Puerto de San Pedro (the Pass
of Saint Peter) and entered into another long valley towards
181
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN "CTAH
the ea:-;t, and lWê1r ::-;(dt-pit
that the Tilnpanois nse; we
nalned it the ,r alle de ] a
alinas (the 'Talley of the
alt-
Pits), which is one of the upper Ollf'S already spoken of, and
extends frolll the north to the south fourteen league
, and
fronl east to -we:-;t five leagues. It i
aU level ground, with
plenty of ,yater and. grass, though only a slllall river runs
through it. HC're lllany fowl
breed, of the s
nne kind as
those of "hich -we have already spoken in this diary.
'Ye went another four league:::, over the plain of the valley,
and halted at a fountain of good water, "hi('11 we called EI
Ojo de San Pablo (the ,B"'ountain of Saint Paul), .1-ts soon Wj
we had halted, J osé 1Iaría and J oaq uin brought in fi\Te In-
dians frOlll the nearhy settlements; -we gave them sOlllething
to eat and to slnoke, and we offered to them the SaIlle thing
we gave to the others. 'Ye found the III as kind and gentle
as the lake Indians, showing luuch pleasure when they heard
that priests and Rpaniards "
er(' cmning to live "ith theul.
They l'enlained with u
until near lnidnight, Today, six
leagues and a half.
2öth day of Repteulber,
'Ye left the Fountain of Haint Paul, and "ent four leagues
to the south to a bluall river that flo"s to the eastern part of
the Sierra, in which, they say, are the Salt-Pits. 'Ye rested
here a short time in the shadp of the l'oplars,for the heat "as
very great; we had hardly beated ourselves, "hen frOln be-
hind SOlne thick cane hrush we sa" cOIning towards us in
great fear eight Iudians, the l110st naked of any "e had
Tet
t'en, with only a piece of deer skin around their loins. 'Ye
talked to thenl, and they answered back, but without in the
least understanding us. The two Lagunas and the guide "ho
went on ahead had giyen us to understand by signs that they
were friendly and yery gentle, 1\'" e continuE-cl to the south,
and going three leagues. a half leaguf' to the south and an-
other half to the boutlleast, "e stopped again in the yalley
near to a fountain that we llalUed Ran Bf'rnardino.
Today, eight leagues, nearly direct south.
29th day of Septeulber.
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH I
UTAH
185
Leaving San Bernardino and going to the south-south-
"We
t, 'we Inet six Inùians, and talked a long tÍIne "With thenl, .
and by means of the two Laguna
and the interpreter, "We
preached to them, and they listened "With great attention.
Going two leagues and a half, "
e -went in a southwest direc-
tion, now leaving the
alt-Pits that btill extended to the
south. Here "We nlet an old Indian of venerable aspect, living
in a littl
hut all alone, hiR beard so long and Inatted that he
reselubleJ. one of the J-lennit::, of :bulope. lIe told us of a
river near by and of the ground oyer ,vllÍch we
Yould have
to travel. \Ye went to the
onthwest half a league, going to
the -west-llortlnvest through lllountain passes, and over arid
rising plains, a league and a half, and canle to a river "With-
out disco\Tering it until "We had rearhed its bank; we stopped
in a plain of good pasturage, whidL we luuned Santa Isabel.
1Ve took ohservation::; by the north star, and found ourselves
in 3!-t 4:' latitude.
Today, four leagues.
Soon after "We had halted, four Indian:5 canIe frOlll the
other bank of the riyer. 1Ye invited theln to approach, and
all the aftf'rnoon they "Werf' with us. They gave us inforlna-
tion of the land ,,
hich they knew, and of the streanl by which
we had to go on the following day. This river, according to
the nallle the Indians gave to it, appearerl to h
the San
Buenaventura. but "We doubted it, becansf' here it contained
but little water, less than "Where "
e crossed it in 41 0 HJ' lati-
tude,
o that after it uniteR '-with the San Cleinente, the San
CosIne and the San DanlÍall and other sLllall rivers, it carried
lei::.s "Water. }J ore than this, it seems to be the :.;alne as the
one that Rilvestre told us of, when we "Were in this same lati-
tude, which flo"Ws through his eountry, and as he had told us
other things about the nlOllllÍains, riyers and lakes. that we
found to be as he had said, which included this one, that flows
by
anta
rónica, "
e think it is the sallW strealn.
30th day of SeptenIber.
V" er
T early there ('aIDe to the camp twenty Indians, ac-
c01l1panied by those that Callie in the afternoon of yesterday,
186
THE CATHOLIC CHPRCH IX UTAH
all wrapped in blankets made of rahhit and har
Rkins, They
con\'ersed with us ver
7" pleasantly until nine o'clock in the
lllorning, a::; gf'ntle and a
affahle aH the others had been,
Thé
e had a luuch shorter heard than the Lagunas, and their
nos
s wpre piprced; through the hole in the nose was carried
a Sllla 11 polished hone of the ùeer, hen or other animal. In
features they reßeInhled the Spaniards more than aU the other
Indians now known in ..Aluerica, and frOJll WhOlll they differ
in appearance, They u
e the language of the TÏ111panogotzis.
From this riyer and place of Santa Isabel these Indians
begin to wear lwa\'}'" beards, which giye thelll t1lf' appearance
of Spallianl
, who, they
ay, live on the other bank of
the Tiron ri\'er, which, according to general report, is the
large river that is made up of the Dolores and the ri\Ters that
unitp with the Navajó. At nine o'clock we l
ft 8anta Isahel,
crossing the river, and by a plain of burnt woodland, very
difficult for the anilnals, we went three leagues and a half to
the south. '\Ye entered a sluall cañon of guod land, and at a
short distance farther on CaIne to a land of abundant pastur-
age, but w-ithout watf'r, and tra\Teled oyer it a league and a
half, to the south; here behind some low hills we found a
fountain of water, which we called el Ojo de Cisnero
(the
fountain of Cisneros), near which are two sillall trees that
lnark it,
Today, five leagues to the south.
1st day of October.
'\Ve left the }1-'ountain of Uisnero
, and went back a half
league to the north. '\'
e again took to the south, and went a
quarter of a league through a glen in sonle places very stony,
and going up it a nlile we readIed the Sierra (that frOlll the
"Valley of the
alt Pits continues to the south); we went a
quarter of a league to the sontlnyest, and discoyereù an ex-
tended plain surrounded by a 1110untain range, from which we
had been t01d the riyer Santa Isabel defo:cended to the valley.
Going over this plain, we continuf'd to the west, and descpud-
jng a 11lountain pass, we turned to the west-northwest, over
low, stony hills, and two leagues farther on we entered a
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
187
woodland burnt oyer. .L
long the bank of a dry streaUl, with-
out e,
en a footpath, we went three leagues to the west; leav-
ing the btreaIu, and going two league
west, a quarter to the
north, ,ye carne to le'
el ground. ..\.s we thought we saw a
nwrsh or lake, we took a short cut and found that what we he-
lieved to Le water was nlo:stly
alt, saltpetre, and te(lues-
quite. * 'Ye continued to the west, a quarter to the south, by
the plain, pa
sing sandpits, and went lllore than six leagues,
but we cuuld not proceed farther. "r e halted without hav-
ing found either water or grass for the anÏIllab. There was
sunle poor grass where we stopped, but in all the rest of the
plain that ',e had cro:-,
ed there was neither good nor had
pasturage of any kind.
Today, fourteen leagues.
Two of our companions had gone ahead looking for water,
and they said that a league farther on fron1 this place water
could be found. \Yith this inforIllation we decided that as
soon as the moon shone, we would take the aninlals, a few
at a tÜlle, to drink and to bring water for the cOlnpany. 'Ye
did not find the water, so leaving two nlen with the animals,
three others went to look for it in the direction in which they
said the river Santa Isabel flowed.
d day of October.
'Ye awoke very early, not knowing where the three were
who went to look for water, nor did we hear anything of the
horses; one of those who had reIllained "ith the horse[7
caUle at six 0 'clock without being able to give any account
of t.heIn, of his cOlllpanioll, nor of the uther three, ì,ecause he
and hi
cOlllpanion had gone to slepp. The hor
e:s strayed
away looking for water, eaeh ul1p of theIll in a different direc-
tiol1; Don Pedro Ci
neros went at onee on a hare-backed
horse to hunt thenl up. and found theln seven leagues behind,
* Tequ('!'(I]uite is thf' modern Mexican name for alkali. called U)- Her-
I1:w(h'z nitrUIli mexÏcanum. and derived from the
ahuatl tequixquitl,
whi('h i
Il('sc'rihpd as "impure natron which f'fflores('es on the surface of the
soil :\IlIl of whieh the principaJ componl'nts are the sl'sf]uicarhonate of soda
awl t1lp ('hloril1e of
odium." This product, of which the ancient
IexicaIlg
mat1(' gl'P:1t llse, is still frequently llSed at present. The natives recognize
four killlls: espumil1a. confitiIJo, cascarilla and polYilJo,
188
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
in the half of the preceding' ùay's journey, and returned with
theill about n1Ïdday. ..A. shori tiuw after, the lllPn who had
gone to look for water, returned, bringing ,,
ith theill SOllle
Indians, whose villages are on the banks of the rivcr Santa
IsaLel, and to which our lHen had gone. They 'were the In-
dian:::; with heards and piereed nu
es, and in their language
are called Tirangapui. There were five of theIn, including
their chief, and their beards were
o long and thick that they
luoked like Capuehin lJriest
ur ulOnks. The chief ,yas of
lllature age, though not old, and very fine appearing. They
semlled very happ
T when talking to ns, and in a very short
tillle we gained their good will. 1'hf' ehief, knowing that one
of our nUlllber was stillllli
ßÏng, ::,ent his four InJian:::; at once
to look for hÍIll, and to conduct hill1 to "There we were; each
one was to takf' a different direction.
'his was a kindne
s
worthy of our utnlUst gratitude, and unluuked for by u:::; fnnn
a people so sa \Tage; and who had never before ::,een anyone
likf' us. '1'Il(' ehipf
oon f-iaw the nlis
illg onp conÜng, and
very joyfully gave us the news. 'Ye preached the Gospel tu
thenl as ,yell as "Te eould, with the aid of thf' interpreter.
\\T e explained to them the unit
- of God, punisilluent for
sin, reward given to the good, the nece
:--ity of IIol
" Bapti
In,
and also the knowledge and ohselTance of the Di,'ine Law.
Being so oerupied. we did not see thrpe others that ('aUH' to-
ward us, and the chief told us that they Wf're of his people
also, and askeù us to continue our conyersation long.er, so
that the
', too, nlÏght hear what we had to tell thf'111 for their
goud, or well-being. lIe told thenl, when they arrived. that we
were priests, and that ,,'e Wf're teaching thenl ,,
hat they had
to do to get to heaven, and so they Rhould he yery attentive.
"
hat he told thell1 had a great effe('t upon theu1. and while
"TC could understand only one or two ,yords of the Yuta
tongue, yet we knew what they were saying h
their actions
C\Ten 11efore the interpreter translated the worùs. \\
e told
tlwm that if they wished to fo]Jow the good way we had
f-;hown tl!f'lll, that we would l'{'tUl'n to t11(,I11 with otlier priests,
so tln
t 1 hey could he instnwted like the Lagunas, who were
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
189
now waiting to beconle Christians; but in that <,ase they would
have to liye all together, and not so bcattered as they now
were. They all relJlieù with luuch plém
;lu.e that we :5hould re-
turn with the other priests, that they would do all that we
taught them and conllllanded thmn to do, the f'hief adding
that, if we wished and thought it would be lllore convenient,
they would go and liye with the Lagunas (which we had al-
ready proposed to them).
\Ye bade good-by to thelll all, e
pe('ia1Jy to the chief, and
they touk our hand with great tenderné::'::' and affection. 'Ye
had only just left them, when they all, following the example
of their chief, hegan to jlunp up and to cry and shed tears,
:HItl e\Ten ,,
hen we were a long way off we cuuld
till hear
thenl lalllenting; poor lamhs of Chri
t, wandering about for
want of the light. They so lllO\Ted us to cOlllpassion that SOllIe
of our cOlllpaniol1s could not restrain their tears.
In this place, ,,-hich we called the Salt Plain, \ye found
white and delicate shelJs, from whidl we C'oncluded the plain
\yas at one tÌlne a lake larger than an
other we had seen. 'Ye
took the latitude and found we were in 3
o 34' 36". This
oh
ervation we took by the sun, ahnost in the middle of the
plain, that frOlll north to south is a little lllore than thirty
leaglH
s, and frmn east to west ahout fourteen. In 1110st parts
the grazing is very poor, and although hyo rivers empty into
it-the Santa Isabel on the north and another smaller one on
the east, whose wa tel'S are verjT brackish-we saw no good
location for a settlement. In the afternoon we continued our
journey, in a ::;outh-southeast direction, becauRP the Inarshes
and lakes wonld not penuit us to go south, which was the
dirfict ro[!d to where we should leave the plain; and going
three lèa;'ues Wf\ Rtoppe<l near a smallllloluÜain, from which
we nHnled the place. which had lnarshes of 11111<'h pasturage,
hlit of salty water, el Cerrillo (the Little )Iountaill).
Today, three If'agues to !South-southeast.
3d day of October.
Leaving the Little 1Iountain, we made many turns, be-
cause Wf\ were surrounded hy marshes. 'Ve decided to cut
across the river of the east, that seen1ed to exhaust itself
190
THE CATHOLIC CnrRCH IN rTAH
in the marshes and lakes of the plain, and which contained an
abundance of fish.
rhe bed of the river was very n1Ìry, and
the aniInal on which the interpreter ..L\.ndres was riding fell
into a marsh, and was got out only by gi\'ing hiln a hard blow
on the head. \Ve went along with much trouble, and traveled
six leagues to the south and a quarter to the "West 1 over level
ground, and arrived at a stream which seeIned to have con-
siderable water, but we found only a few pools, in which the
aninlals drank with difficulty. Notwithstanding this, we
halted here, for there was good pasturage. The ravine had
in all parts a kind of white soil, dry and thin, that froln a dis-
tance looked like cloth spread out, froIll which we nmned it
Arroyo del Tejedor (the Stream of the "reaver). Today,
six leagues south, and a quarter to the weRt.
4th day of October.
Leaving the 'Veaver, we ascended in a southerly direc-
tion, and after a (illarter of a league we descended a little
to the IsolÜh-southwest, and going a little less than .five
leagues, we arrived at the southern exit of the salt-plain,
and here we found, in the saIne stream, more water and much
better than ye
terday, and also beautiful nleadows of abund-
ant and good grass for the animals, which were yerr tiretl,
foJ' the hrackish ,nlter had affected thenl. 'Ve halted here,
and named the place las Y' egas del Puerto (the
Ieadow of
tlw Gateway).
Today, five league
.
fith day of October.
'\V' e left the Vegas dpl Puerto going south along the bank
of the Sa111e streanl, and traveling two leagues, declining then
three leagues to the southwest, we halted in another vaHey of
the stremn, nanling it San Atenógene:-;. Today, five leagues.
This lllOrning- ùefore ,,'e left the Vegas del Puerto, the
Laguna, .T osé
[a ría, l('ft us without saying good-by. 'Ye
sa"T hÜn 10:1\,( the call1p, hut <lid not say an}Tthing to hilll, nor
follow to bring' hinl hack, hecause we wished hiIll to haye en-
tire liberty. ,Ye did not know what Illotiye h(' had in doing
tll; s. a1thoug'b, as the interpreter told us aHennll'dR. he had
LecOllle discouraged.
eeing that we were
o far frOIll his
THE CATHOLIC CHFRCH IN UTAH
191
country, but doubtless it was sOlllething that happened the
night before. It was this: Don Juan Pedro Ci
neros, called
to his boy, SÏ1uon Lucero. to come with him and the others to
recite the rosary, and he not conling, the father repro,\Teù
hiln for his lazine
::, and lack of deyotion; while Don
Juan was reprin1anding him the boy attacked hinl, and they
grappleù anu to anll. ....-\s soon as we heard the disturbance
frOlll where we were reeiting the
Iatins of the day fol1owing,
we put a stop to it, although not
oon enough, to cahn the
frightened José
laría, for we tried to Ï1npress upon hin1 that
Don Juan wa
not angry, anù even though a father should
reprimand a son as had now happened, that he would never
wish to kin him, as he thought, and so he haù no cause for
fear. X evertheless, he left us, giving us no notice, and we
were now without an
one who knew the country through
which we had to traveL \Ye were \rery sorr
T for this inci-
dent, beeause we wished him to participate in the good whieh
we could not now extend to him.
-\s soon as we had halted, two of our nunlber went to
exall1Ïne th
western part of the Sierra and a valley that wa
in it, to ;,ee if it was passable, and if it showed any appear-
ance of having water and grass for the horses.
\rhen it was very late they returned,
aying they had not
found any opening by which we could cross the 11l0untains;
that they were very high and rocky in this dirertion; and in
front of it was an extended plain, with neither grass nor
water. X ow we could not continue in this direction, which waf:;
thf> best for us to arrive at :ßlontere
, and so Wo?- decided to
continue south until we had crossed the mountain range by an
extended yalley that began frolll this place of Hall -L
tenógenes,
and which we called el \r alle elf' Xuestnl Reîíora de Luz (thf'
Y' alle
of Our Lady uf Light). \Ye continued along the strf'alll
del TejedoI', with sufficient good water, and plains "With
abundant pasturage, which in the valley we left were very
scarce. During tlIP past few days there had he
n a strong,
cold wind blowing from the south, which resulted in a heayy
snow
tol'ln, so thick that not only the top
of the llloulltains
192
THE C_\.THOLIC CHURCil IN UT-\.H
were cO,\Tered, but also the 10w-]anc1
were buried In bnow
during the night.
6th ùay of Octo1>e1'.
It wa
still snowing at daybreak, and continued to snow
all day,
o that we could not re
ilnlle our jOUl'U8Y. The night
('mne on, and seeing conditions were no Jwtte1', we iUlplored
the intercession of our :JIother and Patron, reciting in ehorus
the three parts of the rosary, singing the litanieR. It plea s pc1
God that at nine 0 'c1oek at night the snow, hail and nun
eeased.
7th day of Uctober.
K either could we lpaye San
\tellógenes today. 'Ye were
a t a p.Teat illconyenieuee and suffered Inul'h 1rU111 tlw extrelne
cold, being without "Wood; with so lnuch snow antI water, the
ground here is yery soft and ahnost iUlpassable.
8th day of October.
\r e left Han ..Atenógene
bJr the plain goinQ' south. and
,,'ith great (lifficulty went only three leagllf'S and a half, he-
canse the ground was so soft and Inar:-,hy, that lllall
T of the
pewk and saddle hurses, antI eyen thuse that were unloaded,
either fell or sunk in the 1nud. "
e halted ahout a lllÍle to
the west of the stre
nll, llmlling the place Hanta Brigida (Saint
Hridg-et), in whieh we found we were in 38 degrees, 3 n1Ïnute':i
and :j() seconds latitude. rroday three leagues and a half to
the south.
Toda
" we ::-;uft't'l'ed lllllCh with tllP euld, ùeeêluse a "north-
er" had heen hJowing all da
"; from here we
till intended to
go to the preRidio awl ne"T
pttlenleIlt
of 1rontere
-, hut
they were still very distant; although ,,"e ha<l gone only 1
degree,
3]/
Ininute
fron1 the halt at :Santa Drigida, "We
had not a(hTanced to tlu> west, af'eortling to our f'Olnpntation,
lllore than one hundred awl six league:-: and a half; hut ac-
cording tu our own judgulent, since we had not had any lWWS
fronl the [ndians ahout the Hpanianls and prieRts of
I Oll-
tere
T, and on HeNHlut of the difference of longitude whieh on
the maps Inark that 1'ort ana the eity of Hanta Fé, we had
yet lllany 1110re leagues to go to the west.
The winter had no,,- Ret in with great rigor, nu(l all the
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH IN UTAH
193
11louIJtain range::; that we could :-,ee were covered with sno,,-;
the "Teather was rery changeable, and long before we could
reach them (in \Iollterey) the 11l0ulLtain passes would be
closed up, and we would be obliged to remaiu two or three
11l0nth
on ::'Olne lllountain, where there "Were no people and
where we "Tould not be able to provide neC'essarr food. The
provisions we had brought ,Yen
now nearly exhausted, and
if we continued to go on we "Would be liable to perish with
hunger if not with cold.
,y" e also considered, that even though ,,'e should arrive in
)lonterey thi::; "Winter, "We could not get back to the city of
Santa Fé before the 1110llth of J nIle of the next year, "Which
dela
-, together with the regular and ne('es
ary ones of an
undertaking so intere
ting. as tlw one we "Were following,
,,-ould be very prejudicial to the
oul:, of the Indians to whOIn
,ye promised to return aUf1 who sought their eternal wE'lfare
by lueaIlS of holy haptism. Heeillg so Jlluel! delay in the fnl-
filhuent of our pron1Ïse
to them, they would lo
e hupe and
would consirler that we had intender1 to deceive theIll, "Which
would lnake t11ei r ('ouvE'rsiou ulllC'h Inore difficult in the fu-
ture, and ah;u affect the extension of tllP kingdOlll of Hi::;
lajf'
ty in these parts; to this would he added the difficulties
of the return of the frightened Lagnna .10:-:é, who had left us
and harl returned to his cuulltr
. HUlking it ahno
t Í1npossible
to ohtain guides; con:-;idering all thi
, and al:-,o that by going
to the south of Nanta Brigida, we Inight b(> a hIe to f1iscoyer
a :--horter aud lJetter road than that of the SahnagaHa
. to go
frOln Santa :F'é to the lake of the Tilnpanois, and to the
eoulltry of the hearded [ndian
, and pPl"haps to SOlne other
people
till unknown to u::; or to tho
E' who nlÏght Ji,-e on the
northern hank of the Hio Grande, considering all thi
, we d(t=-
cide<l to go to the south, whell the ,,-patller would pel'lnit. as
:<-\1' as the Colurado Hiver, and frolll then' dil'('(.t our course
toward l'osnina, 1\Ioqui and Zuñi.
}.T ell' Route, {fnd tliP Beginning of Our Return FH)ln 38 De-
grees, 3 lIIillutes and 30
S(,collds Latit"dr.
nth da
- of ( )ctober.
,\, e left Ranta Brigida, going f,onth six leagues with less
19-1:
THE CATHOLW CHURCH IN UTAH
difficulty than yesterday, the ground being harder and less
muddy; we halted near the junction of the valley and the
plain of N uestra Señora de la Luz, fronl \\'hif'h point it is
wider, and toward the southwest, \" e called this halting
place San Rústieo, and although the strealll of water and the
gra
s for pasturage were not very near, we found everything
yery ('onlfortahle; tllf' water being frOlll the rain, and not
perennial.
Today, SLX league
to the south.
10th day of ()etober.
,Ye left San Rustieo going
outh one league, and three
leagues to the .south-southwest. ,Ve callIe to a small ri::;e of
ground, in the nlÎddle of the plain, whf're we surveYf'd with
tbe eye the extent of tlw plain and valley of "The Light."
,Ye ascended the hill, and we saw that froIn here to the south-
west it extended lllore than 33 or 4.0 leagues, and we could
scarcely ::;ee thp lllountain::; where it ended, they being, as we
afterwards di
coYered, very high.
y e also saw three large
pools of hot and Yf'lT sulphurous \\
ater on the eastern side of
the plain, on the lower edge of whieh are sumll patches of
land full of saltpetre. ,Ye continued along the lJlain and go-
ing two If'ag nes to the south, we halted, fearing that farther
on we would not find water for the uight; here we had plenty
of good, Inelted snow, forming a slllalliake, also good grass;
"'C naIued the place San Eleuterio.
Today, six leagues.
To this place the bearded Y utas COJlle froni the south,
and this seenlS to he the terminus of their land.
11th day of October.
,Ye left
an Eleuterio, going south, a quarter to the
east, and let our cOlllpaniolls go on before us so that we could
confer together as to the lllost expedient 111eans for us to
adopt to dispel froin the minds of our cOlnpanions, cspecial1y
from Don Bernardo
Iiera, Don .J oaqllin Lain, and the inter-
prf'ter .l.-lndrés
[uñiz, the disgust which they felt on ac('ount
of our abandoning the route to
r o11t
rey to foIl ow this 011è,
that W(
now understood to he e
q)('di('nt, and according to
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN '['"TAH
193
the Holy will of God, for 'YhOlll only "We desired to journey,
for \Vhom we "Were willing to suffer, and if necessary, even
to die. 'Ye had told thelll thf' nlOtives of our He,ç de('i
ion
in Santa Brigida, and in plaee of :sublnitting to our propu
als,
they directed their thought
against u
, and continued to he
displeased; all this "Was very painful and alnlOst insufferable.
They had no other topic of conversation than the fruitless-
ness of snch a prolonged journey; because there had not yet
been discovered any great country, as they said, nor a people
so welI disposed as to be easily added to the vineyard of the
Lord or to the dOllÜllioll of His :ßIajesty, WhOlll God preserve.
They said we had not hef'OIUe aCIJuainte(1 with any extended
province::; before unknown, and finally that we had not se-
curerl one ::;Ïngle :soul to the fold of the Church, the obtaining
of which is the greatest reward, and 'worthy of the most ex-
tended journey, and of the greatest efforts and fatigue.
But they would not listen to our argulnents, because DOll
Bernardo had entertained "Without any encouragelnent on our
part, great hopes of obtaining honor and reward on our ar-
rival at )Iunterey; and he told these hopes to the others,
building loft).,. air-castles, and assuring thenl that we de-
prived them all of these ÍInaginary benefits, so that even the
servants caused us anxiety.
little tiJne before this, Don
Bernardo said that "We had advanced but little towards the
west, and that, there was much country to cross before reach-
ing 1Ionterey; and now even the Sf'lTants asserted that if
we had gone on within eight days we would have arrived at
:J[onterey. Before we left the village of Santa Fé, we had
said to all and to each one of our cOlnpallions, that in
this journey we had no other object in view, than that which
God gaye ns, and that we were not stinlulated by the hope of
any tenlporal benefit; and that whoever alllOng thenl had for
his purpose the trading with the nnhelieyers, or fo1lowing
his OWll particular interests, without conRidering the only oh-
jeet of this enterprise, which was aud is to tIlt. greater honor
and glory of God and the extension of the faith, it would
be better for him not to accompany us.
196
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UL\.H
IallY tÌ1nes on the way we had adnlonished thenl tha t the
T
should change Rome of their ways, because if not we would
suffer difficulties and disappoillbllE'nts, and we would not ac-
cOInplish all that we had desired. In part they had ::;eell this
COlne true, ,,
hen they had not closed their eyes to the tr11th,
not being ablf' to attrihute it to circulllRtances. ,\
e were
Illore and Inore troubled every day, and it di::;couraged u
yery luuch to see that instead of things concerning heaven,
tho
e of the world were songht for :fir:;t and principally. In
order to Inake thel11 nndeL"Rtand l110re dearly that it was not
fronl fear, nor hy our own detennined will that ,ye had
changed our course, we resolved to free ourselves of these
charge
. Having Ïlllplored the Diyille forhearance, and the
intercession of our patron :.;aints, we would endeayor to :find
out the will of God by caRting lot
, one for )Ionterey, and the
other for Cosnina, and WE' would follow the road thai should
be deterIllined by lot. 'Ye overtook our cOlnpanions, and had
theIn dismount fronl their horses; now being all together,
Father }-'rancisco Atanasio put before theIll all the diffi-
cultie::, and inconveniences we would have to suffer if we
continuE'(l toward )Ionterey, and what we would gain by the
return to Cosnina; and finally the lllÍ
fortunE's and losses "e
would have suffered Lefore thi
, if Goe] Imll not earried out
IIis own plans. lIe relninded thenl of all the hardships they
would have to endure by continuing toward ::\Iontf'rey, and
especially he ren1Índed thE'ln of the de::,ertion uf the guide,
the Laguna J osé.
HC' assured thenl also that if the lot was cast for
Ion-
terey, We "Would 1m "'e no uther guide than Don Bernardo
)Iiera, as he considered it so near. fIe then Iuaùe thClll a
short exhortation, advising thenl to put aside all kind of evil
pa
ion
, to subn1Ït thellu;elyes entirely to God, and a::,k uf
I-IÜn with :firl11 hope and living faith, that lIe ùeclare to us
IIis will. They all agreed likC' Christians, and with fpl'Yent
devotion recited the third part of the rosary, while we recited
the Penitential Psahns with the litanies and the other pray-
ers whieh follow. Concluding our prayers, we cast lots, and
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
197
it C
Ulle out in fayor of Cosnina. \\
e all accepted this, thank
be to Uod, willingl
r and joyfully.
,\T e now proceeded, shortening the way as 11luch as possi-
ble. 'Ye went frOlll
an Eleuterio ten leagues; two to thp
south, four to the eafoit. three to the south-
outheast (now
lea,\ying the plain of Uur Lady of Light), a quarter to the
southeast, one and a quarter to the south-southf'ast, threp
and a half to the southeast, u\Tel' guud ground; and. after
crossing a lllolultain of pine-nut and juniper trees by a long
cañon full of good grass, and afterward oyer hilloeks of
abundant grass, we deseended into a beautiful valley and halt-
ed for the night by a little riyer on one of its bank
, where
there was an abundance of pasturage. \Ye nanlecl it the Val
If' Hio de Señor San ,J osé (Thf' Valley and River of Saint
Joseph).
Today, ten leagues.
,\Te took observations by the north star and found OU1'-
selve:-- in latitude i-J7 degree
, 33 lllinute
,
ContiJluation of tlle Route aud Diary From 31 Degrees, 33
Jlinlltes Latitude, úy the Small Ricer of San JoS{
, and
úy the Tray of the Rivers Colorado llnd CosniJla.
l:2th day of Uctober.
,Ye left the slnall rivpr of Ran .J osé, in which there were
many deep llÜry places, crossing a large 111001' with good
water and grabs in it, through the llÚddleof w'hich ran a strcaUl
of water like a ditch. I-Iaving passed it to the northwest, we
went directly south along the Wf'stern edge of the slope of the
plain, and going oyer a 1Joo1' road four leagup
and a half,
we saw our f'Olllpanions who had gone SOllIe distance ahead of
U
, quickly lea ve thp road; we lmstpned on to know the reason,
and when we reached thenl they were already talking with
an Indian WOlllan whonl they had stopped, as she was "fUU-
ning away with others that "
ere gathering seeds and herbs
on the plain; there were about twent.y of them. ,Ye Wf're
sorry to see thelll so frightened, that they could not talk, and
we tried to dispel their fears by llleans of the interpreter and
of the Laguna Joaquin.
198
THE CA THOLIC CHURCH IX UT.\.H
.Lis soon as they had sOIl1ewhat recoYE'l'ed, they told us
that in this vicinity, there were llUlny of their veople, and
that they had heard thelTI
ay that towards the south the peo-
ple wore hlue clothes, and that the Rio Grande riyer was not
far frOlll here. \Ye could not get fronl thenl clearly what
nation wore the blue ganllents or clothe:.;, nor could we fornl
any opinion of what nation they spoke, frOlll ,dlat they
told us, for we knew that the Payuchis wore only a red dres
.
It soon oecurred to us that the Cosninas buy blue woollen
ganllents in
[O(lui, and
o we judged that it was of these
they spoke, frolll which fact "
e inferred, that we were near
tIle Colorado river and Cosnina. These Indian WOlnen were
poorly (lresseë-1, and wore only a piece of deerskin hang-
ing frOBI the waii;t, whiC'h hardly {'oyered what one could
not
ee without danger. ,Ye took leaye of theln, asking theln
to tell their people that we calue in peace, that we ,yould
injure none of thelll, and that we loyed thenl all, and that the
Iuen who wen- ahle
hould cOll1e to ,,
here we were going to
sleep, without inlagining any evil would befall theIll.
\Ye proC'eede<l by the plain and yalley of
an .Jos<\ and
went another three leagues to the south, seeing uther Indian
WOlllen who íleel frOln us. \Ye sent the interpreter with
Joaquin and another cOJllpanion to try to bring one of them
to when
we were to halt nearby, in order to inquire of them
if the Rio Grande was as ne
r as the other Indian WOIllen
had assured us it was, and to see if SOlll(, of thenl did not
wish to accOlnpany us in the capacity of guides as far as (10::5-
nina. The: ran with such swiftness that our men could.
hardly oyertake even one; Don .T Oa(luin Lain bronght an r n-
dian Iuan with hiln hehind him 0Jl his horse to where "We had
already halted. ,y p eontinued another half league to the
fouth, near to a slllall riyer which we nmneå Rio de Kuestra
Señora a In Pilar de Zarago!'a (Riyer of Our Lady of the
Pillar of Zaragosa), where there was, as in all the rest of the
yalley, abundant and good pasturage.
Toda:, eight leagues to the south.
This Indian whmn our cOlllpanion brought to the Clllnp was
THE CATHOLIC (;HrRCH IN UTAH
1
9
bO excited and so terrified that he
eelllE}d ahno
t in
ane. ] [e
looked everywhere and at everybody, and our every èwtion or
lllOvernent frightened him exceedingly, and to e
cape what he
feared. lw gavE' great attention when ''ie ::;poke to hilll; hut
lJe an
"\ered :::;u pr01111Jtly, that he
eeIlled rathE'r to guess at
the (IUestions than to understand thelu. ,y E' quietell hÌIu a
little by giving hilll sOIlletlÚng to eat and a ribbon that we OUl'-
s(!lves put on hinl. He brought a large henl!) net that he said
they u!:;ed to catch hare::; and rabbits. ,Y"lleu we asked hÜn
wltE'1'C' these nets <,aIlle frOlll, he replied fl'01ll other Indians
that lived below the gl'f'at rivE'r, froIlI which place "
e after-
wards found they brought the colored shE'lls; and according
t.o tIle direC'tion and the distance at which lIP placed tlwln,
tLey appearpd to be thp COC0111al'iC'opas.
'Vith regard to the distance to thE' Hio Grande, and the
blue clothes, he told us the i--anle as the Indian "
omen had,
L
dding that
Ollle C'olored wool \yhich he now had, hp PUl'-
ehased, this sUllnner, frOlll those who brought the blue clothe
,
auel
\\ho had cros
ed the river. ,\... e asked hilll in nlan
ways
about tllE' \osninas, hut he gave us no infornlatiun ahout
1 heITI, ei ther beea Uio;e his people gi \
p th('IU another naUlE" or
because he thought that if he aeknowledged that he knE'w
thelìl, we would take hinl b
force to conduct us to theIll; or
r
aUy beeause lip did not know theln. ,Ve asked hillI if he
had IleaI'd anyone :-,ay that to the west or to the northwest
(p0:ntillg in tlIp direction) there were Fathers or Spaniards,.
and IJe replied no; tlm t although there were many people who
liyptJ in that direction, they were all of his language and In-
d5è"JJ1S like hiulself. \Ye showed hilll a grain of ('orn, and he
sa
d that 11(-> had seen how they C'ultivated it, and that on a
ranch that we would COlllP to
Ollle other day, they had a
little of thi:-; sppd that they hrought fr01n where it wa
SOW11.
"\Ve trif.d diligently to have hin1 ten us what people they -nT('re
'who had sowed tIie corn, and of other things of which he had
bu
a (>onfuspd kno\yledge; we could learn fr01n hilll only,
th[tt 1hp
E' people lived on this side of the Rio Grande. ..A..ll
üO
THE CA.THOLIC CHURCH 11\ UTAH
night be was -with u
of his own accord, and promised to take
us to the ranch.
13th day of October.
\Ve left the little river and halting place of Uur Lady of
the Pillar, going south, accompanied by the Indian, to whom.
we had promised, if he would guide us to where the others
were, a knife. ,r e went two leagues and a half to the south,
and arrived at the ranch spoken of above, that was his.
On it -were an old Indiall, a Loy, ::5everal children, and three
WOHlell, aU good-looking. They had ::5ome very good nuts,
dates, and ::501lle snlall bag:::; of corn, ,r e talked with the old
Indian a long time, but he told u:::; only what we had already
heard. ".,. e gave to hilll who had conducted us here the prom-
i:::;ed knife, and we propused to them, that if one of the
three would accompany us to those who sowed the corn, we
would pay him well.
By the answer we knew that they Jid not tru
t U." and
that they were very nluch afraid of us; but at the suggestion
of some of the cOlupany, we put before theln a knife anrl
some gIas:::; head
. The old Indian quickly took thenl and, iUl-
pelled by his :::;uspiciolls, offered to guide us, in ol'dpr to get
us aw-ay from here, as we afterwards found out; and also to
give his faluily tiuH' to
ave thelllselves b
taking refuge in
the lnountain
nearhy. 'fhp old Indian and the younger one
who had pa::,::,ed the preceding night with us, continued to
.aCCOlllpallY us. \Y p ,,"pnt one lpaglH' and a half to tllt'
outh,
and descended to the sl11a11 river uf the Pillar, that here has
a leafy grove; We ero::,::,ed it, no,,
leaying the valley of Ran
.J os(>, and came upon a mountain ridge that lips in tliP Sierra:s
in the fOl"ln of a ha rhoI'. In tbe rUl11-(he
t pa 1't of thi
llloun-
taiu our two guìde:-:. left U::;, and we ne\'e1" f-;aw tlWlll again.
,Ye prai:sed their foresight in hringing ns to a pla<,p :-;u weÛ
adaptpd to thpir saf(' and frep Hight, a:-:. they thought. a de-
sign. ,,
hi('h wp had su:-;P(,(.tpd h
the nlannE'r in which the
T
cunsented to guide us, and hy their grl'at fear of us, \Ye 1 Jro -
ceeded now without a guide, tra\'pling \\'ith gTeat difficult
bceêluse of the stOlH:'b, a league to the south, and de
cE'uding'
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IX L"TAH
Ol
the
econd tÏ111e to tlw Hiyer of the Pillar. where we halted
in a beautiful groye on it
bank, naluing the place
an Daniel.
Today, five league
to the south.
The valley of San
J osé, through whirh Wf' had passed, lies
for the nlost part to the north, in 37 degree::), 33 nlÍnuteð of
latitude, anrl frolll north to south it is about twelye leagues
long:, and frOlll east to west in part
IllOre than three If'agues
wide, in SOlné parts two, and in others only one, or less. It
('oIltain
an abundance of very good pasturage; it has large
plains and a few nwrshes, and has land sufficient for a vil-
lage and for crolJs; for although it has no water for irriga-
tion, except froIll the two small riverb of
an J o
f and the
Pillar, the great luuuidity of the soil would oyerCOUlf' this
objection.
It is so lllullid in f'very part of the yalle)T, that not only the
rising ground and low portions, but also the high part:-" have
gra
s as green and fresh, as the lllOSt fertile plains of the
riyer during the Illonth:; uf
June and
Tuly. r:rhere is Ileal' hy a
very great aT)undan('e of wooflland, tiJuber, spruee and pine,
a goud IJlace to pasture herds of large and SlllaU cattle. r:rhe
Indians who live in this vicinity to the west, north and east,
('all it in their tongue, lIuascari; they are scantily dressed,
:..;ubsist on
eeds and herb
, hare:;, pine-nut;:; in season, and on
dates. They plant corn, but, frmll appf'arances, gather but
little. The
' are extreuwly tiluid, and different fronl the
Lagunas and the bearded [ndialls.
14th day of Uctoher.
,re left San Daniel, going south and a (juarter to the west
by the we
tern hank of the rivf'r. ,Ye turned a little away
fron1 it, going two leagues over plainH of whitf' saIHl yerr
dazzling, and very rOf'ky in parts.
\\Te passed two fountains full of good ,yater that elupty
into the river. ,\\-- deelilled to the south OVf'r stones of .ßIal-
pais (which is like the dross of l11etal, though heavier), now
O'Tel"
andy ground and llOW by sandbanks, and went anotlwl'
two leagne
, descending for the third tÌlne to the river, and,
crossing, halted on its bank where there was good pa,sture,
202
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
nanÚng it :::;all HugolillO. rThe cliulate i
nlÌll1 here, heeause
although W"e felt llluch heat yesterday, last night and to-day
on the banks of the river it was still green, the roses and flow-
ers were so brilliant and so fresh, that we knew there had
been no frobt and not luuch cold here. ,Ye saW" also luezlluite
brush, which does not grow in cold lands.
Today, four leagues to tlw south.
'\'e left
an Hugolino by the \\'e:::;tern bank of tlw river
and lJy the sides of some ri:Ûng slopps near by, going two
It'agnes and a half to thp south-southeast, returuing to the
bank and middle of t1jle river. I-Iere we found a well-lnade
basket filled W"ith ears of corn and husks. Xear to this place
was a SlTIaU field and on the bank of the river were three slllall
gardens, with their ditehes for irrigating; the {'rihs of corn
that had been gathered this year, were still in goùd condition.
This gave us great
ati
fa('tion, not only for the hope we
had of being able to replenish our
tol'k of provisions, but
principally because it indicateLl the care with whidl the
e p<>o-
p]e had cultiyatecl the land
nwking it easif'r to civilize thenl,
and to turn thelll to the 'b-'aith ",,
hcn the
\[()st lIigh should ,,-ill
it, because now ,ye knew what it co
t to teaeh thesp trllth
to
other Indians, and how difficult it ,nlS to oyerCOnle their a\Ter-
sion to labor, ,d1Ìeh is llece
ary in order to li\'e in (,ollnnllni-
ties and towns. FrUIll here W"e went do",,
n the river, and on
tJle hanks of either sir1e were large settleulCuts peoplerl. as we
supposed, by these Indians, ",,'ho plantpd thû corn and
S(lUashes, and ",,
llO, in tlwir o'vn languag(', an
ealled Parrusi.
,Ye continued down the river in [l
onther]y direction, and
w
nt half a lpaglw. De(.]ining. to the southwest, we lpft the
river, hut a deep gully without a path ohligpd U'ì to returll
Inore than a quarter of a league toward the river, which here
flows to the southwest; two other
llIall riyprs entpr into it
at this point, 0l1f\ cOIning frolll thf' llol'th-northp:lst and thp
other frOlll the east. rrhis one for the 1110st part, (.ontaill
hot, sulphurous ""Tater, for which reason we ('allcd it Rio Nnl-
fúreo (Sulphur Ri\'er).
Here there is a grove of large black poplar trees,
Olll('
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IK UTAH
2U3
willow
and wild grape vines. OlL thE' tract over which
we went tllPre are a
h pit
, Yein
of ore, and other inc1i-
cation::; of 111Ïnerab. "T e crossed the river of the Pillar and
the Sulphur river near to where they unite, and, going in a
southerJy direction, we ascended n low table-land, between
steep rock
of hlaek
hining stone. A
cending thi::; we
anle
to good open land, cro::;sed a narrow plain, that to the east
has a rangf' of very high table-lands, and to the "
e
t plains
of burnt woodland, and red :::;and. On this plain we could
have gone by the side
of the table-Iand
. and finished our
journe
on good, levpl ground; but those that went ahead
changed tllP direction in order to follow a fresh Indian trail,
and so took us over the low hills of red sand, which greattr
tired the horses. \Ye proceecled three leagues to the south-
west (having traveled ovpr thesf' saulC plains alld table-lands
before, two leagues to the south).
,Ye descended now to the south two leagu
, and caine to
a place overJookillg a sluall valley surrounded by hills; on one
of the
e hin
we now found ourselves and unable to descend
to the valley. There was neither water nor pasturage here
for the aniluals, which could not now go farthpr. ,Ye suc-
ceeded in going down by a slope, which was rocky and fun
of stones. ,Ye went three-quarter:; of a league to tlw bouth,
and halted by a stream where we fOl1uc1large pools of good
water, and plpnt
of grafis for the animals. ,Ye TIallleÙ the
place the Arroyo del Taray c:rlw Taluarind StreaIu), be-
cause of the tref?S growing tlwre.
Today, tt'n leagues, which, in a direct course, ,,
ould be
seven south and a <luarter to the west. \r e took ou:-:elTatiolls
by the north star, and found ourselvt::s in 3G d
gref?s, 32 n1Ín-
utes, and 30 seconds of latitude. In this plain or little valley,
there are lllore talnarind trees; tlw branches of ,yhich are
1111lCh uSN1 for Inedicine in New
[exico. To-night all of Ollr
provisions are f'utirely gone, leaving us only two tablets of
chocolate for to-n10rro"\\ 111orning.
1 Gth day of October.
,Ye l('ft the Arroyo with the intention of going south to-
()4
THE CATHOLIC' CH eRCH IY "CT.UI
wards the Colorado l'iyer: hut ha\Tillg gOllt" on]
T a little way
we heard
onle ppop]e ('ailing to u
, ,ulíl turning' to :see wll('l'e
the :-;oulld ('anw fl'Oll1. we
aw eight Ludial1s (In the tops of the
hills where 'we had haHE'a, aud whi('h \\ t" had ju
t left
whiell
a1"(-' in the luidrlle of a plain full of ('ha]k and a kind of 1ni('a.
\r e retul'lwd hy the:-;
p]aiu:-;, giving direetion:-; thnt the
interpreter should follo"T us, a::-. he had gone on nlwad. \\T e
caIne to the foot of the llloulltain:-;. aud we g-ave tllPm to uuder-
stand that they
hould eOJIle Üo\nJ without fe
ll'. hp('ê:nl
e we
canl(' iu peaée and werf> friend}.;. \"'ït11 this as:-;nrmwe they
Cê:lnle do"Tn, sho,,-ing us some strings of ehalehihuite. * each one
with a ('olored shell, whi('h
et us thinking, hpeanse the
tJ'iugs
of chal
hihuite luuked to U
like rosaries, and tlIP :-;hell
like
Ineùals of the sainb. \Ye l'el113iued with thelll a short tiUlt';
the
r }.;poke the Y uta tougue so (liffpl"elltl
' frmll the other
Y utas. that neither the interpreter. nor the Laguna .J oa<tuin.
could nlake theln understand, or cou]d understand l111wh of
what the
ai(1. l\e'Terthe]ess. hy
iglls and bccau:-;(' in
Ollle
sentenees tllPY
poke Y uta lllore like t11(' Laguna
, we under-
stood that they were Parusis (except one who spokp lIlUre ..L\ra-
13i(' than Yuta, "ThOll1 we judged to he a Jalnajaba). These
were tlwy who eultiyated the land on the banks of the ('i\Ter
Pillar, and lived 13elo,,- the river un large Ì1.aets. ,y- e took them
to he Cosninas, hut after\yaròs found they were not. They
offered their cl1alchihuites Ül trade, hut we told the]ll that we
had nothing, hut if they wi
hed tu eUlne with 11
10 where 0111'
counh'
men were, then we would give thelll what the
- askeJ,
and would talk with theul longer. rrlley all caUH> lllllCh
pleased, but with fear. ,Ye now talked with thelll lllOre than
two hours and a half or three. They told U
that we "Tould
arrive at the Rio Grande in two days; hut that -we ('ould not
go by the way we had wislwd. hel'anse it had no watpring pla('e,
nor would we be able to cros
the river, for the banks were
very high, the river ver.\T deep, and the sides were r()ck
- and
dangerous, and finally tlU1t frUlll here to the river th
tran:'I-
* A small shell brought inland from the coast by the Indians and worn
a
an ornanwnt.
THE ("'ATHOLIC ("'HrRCH IX rTAH
O
ing wa
very bad. ,Ye presented thenl with two knives,
and to each one string of hPêH.1:-:. rPhen we }H.opo:-;pd to theln
that if anyone of thenl ('êll'('d to guide us to tlip river. we
would pay hÜl1. rrher replied that one of theln "would show
us the way to the caíion ,,'hich was in the bnd to tJlP east of
the plain, and fronl that point we ('ouid go alone; hpcau
e
tlwy wpre harefooted and l'ould not \\el1 traye1.
',Ye did not want to leave the
outh road that led to the
ri\'pl', llot,,'ithstanding ....dmt they said, hp('ause we
usp('('ted
that llw
Ioquis f'ntp]'tainerl hard fpplillf.?'S toward:::; the Cos-
llinas. OIl
el"ount of lwying guidel1
""'ather Oarces, :lnd they
were su:-;picious that they would direct other priests aIHl
Spaniards into tìlf' .JIo<Jui towns, \\'hich the
' had atteulpted.
with th1"t:'a t.... to pre\Tent, and ha ,'iug heard of this. the:-;e Indi-
ans now tried to turn us aside so that we n1Íght not reach the
Cosllillas nor their lleighhors, the .J Hlllaja has. Yet he('ausp of
the urging on the part of all our C'Olllpanions. to wlImn we did
not wish for the present to declare onr suspicions, we consent-
ed to take the route of the caíiOll.
\\T e offpred to tlwse Indians so]es llwde of trunk-leather
to nlake sandal
if they would
iYe UH a guide, Tlwy ",aid
they would a('COUlpany u
until they had put us on a
traight,
good road. \\T e entered with thelll into the ('auon I have men-
tioned, and trayeled for a league and a half. thp journe
T be-
ing luade with great difficulty and with 11nlC'h
lipping hack
of the horses, on account of the
harp, flinty stone
and the
Illany dangerous spots over which "'P were COillvelled to ClÌlllh.
,Ye caIne to one place "here the pa:-'
agp wa'S So narrow that
it required lllorc than half an hour to get the first three horses
to enter thp defilf'. rrhen "
f' ('BIlle to a lofty precipice, so
i3teep that it "Tould cost infinite trouhle to ('liulb it, t:'yen on
foot. Seeing that it ,,
onld he inlpoRsible for us to follow
theIn, the Indians turned and fled, inlpelled to do so, probably,
by their cowardi('e.
'Ye found it llece
sary to turn hack in order to find aga in
thE' southern road. "T e first stopp(-.a awhi Le to re
;t the ani-
nJ.als and giyc thenl food and water, of ,,'hich there was a
O(j
THE CATHOLTC CHURCH IN UTAH
little here; but tlip water "
as so bad that SOllIe of the horses
would not drink it. In the afternoon we retraeed our
tep:5
through t.he entin' length of the cañon, and haying tr:lxersed
a half league in a
outherly direction, we CHlllveJ Hear the
;:;outhern entrance of the yaUey, without water for either our-
f:elves or the horse
. ,r e were in great straits all the night,
for ""e had no food of any kiud what:::;oeyer, and for t.his rea-
son we detel'lllined to t.ake the life of a horse in order not to
lose our own; hut as we harl no water, we thought. best to
wait. until "Te could obtain it. ,r e had ç;o :::;eyere a journe
r
today t.hat we ë:lchTaueed only a league and a half to the
south.
Oc>tober the 17th.
,Ye continued our journey to the soutlnnll'll; l'a;-:
ing the
entrance to t.he little valley by going through a rayine in 'which
"Te found a pool of good ,yater, sufficient for ail the anil11als.
"r e kppt on to tIle south two league
, tllf'n took our <-,our:::;(\ tu
the southeast two leagues, and in another ravine we found an
aøundance of good water, not only in one pla('e, but. in lllaU
T.
-,,-
nd although it was rain w
lter, and that which gather
in
the trails, it does not ::seen1 to beC0111e exhausted the entire
year. IIere we discovered some of the herbs that are ('aIled
"que lites. " ,Ye thought we could l1se t11el11 in sati
fying our
hunger, but we were able to gather unly a few, and thé
e
were very slnall.
,r e took our way to the I
outheast, and joul'IH'yed four
und a half leagues over leyel and good countr
, although
f'Ollle"\',-hat spongy; we stopped, partly 10 see if in the ravines
running down frmn the lnesa "Tp ('ould find "
aier, and partly
t.o giye S0111e of the sea
oned lu>rbs llwye Inelltioned to Don
Bel:nardo l\Iiera, who, as he had had no nOllrisllluent since yes-
terday morning, was noW" so weak that he ('ould hard]
r speak.
,y P orderpd a searph luad(' in the pa('ks and other parcels in
which ,,'e had carried 0111' provisions. to Bee if any fragments
of food could be fonnd, and we caIne across a few pieces of
squash that the servants ha(l ohtainpd the day before frOlTI
the Parusi Indians, and had hi(ldf:'n thenl a\vay
o as not to
invite the rest to share with then1.
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IX UTAH
07
,fitl1 the
e fraglllellts and a piece of brown loaf-sugar
which we found, we fixed up a ::-;ort of baked dish for all the
party, and took a little nourislHuellt. \Ye did not fiud ,yater,
Bud a-.; we eould not pa
:-: the night here, we concluded to
lllove on in a southerly directioll. Some of our conlpanions,
without having inforIned us of their intentions, Wf?nt to exanl-
ine the l11esa in the east and the eountry around it. They re-
turned, telling us that the a
cent to the sunllllit of the nlesa
1Yas good, and that frOlll that on there was le,'el ground
broken by lllan
T ravines, in which there l11USt be water, and
they thought the river must be at the end of the plain which
extended frOlll the base of the l11esa on the other side. On
hearing this, our party a
a whole was indilled to change the
direction of our course; but we, who knew how often they
had been deeeivf?d, and that in so short a titne they could
not haye seen ::;0 lllueh, "Were of a contrary opinion, beeau
e
we could see pretty level and good country to the south, and
we had toda
Y found so 11111('11 good water in spite of what
had been told us by HIP Indians, Hnd had traveled oyer so
much good road, that we were an the more reluctant to
change. But as we had no provisions, and ""ateI' nlÏght he far
away, and since to follow our own judgulent 111Ïght be more
inconvenient to the party than to do without water and food,
we told thenl to go ahead and do as they thought best; they
took us to tlÏe lllesa in the southeast, cliulbing it by ,\ay of a
broken ravine, or gorge filled with stone, in which there 1Ya
n111<'h white
tone of a good quality that is usecl for whiten-
ing. ,\
f' reach('d tllf' sUBunit of the llleSa hy OIl(? of the pre-
cipitous sides coveret1 'With black stone. and eanlpL.d on a
slllall plain where there was
Oln(' pasture hut no water. ,\
e
called the place San .2tugcl. 1'oday, nine leagues.
'\Ye regretted yery 111uch haying changed our cour
e. be-
cause, judging frOlll the height we had reached, if we had COll-
tinu('d to the south 1ye would f;oon haye arrived at the riyer.
After we had eanlpecl, We wel'f' told by tho:--e who had corne
first to the mesa, that they thought they had seen water at a
short distance frOll1 this spot. Two of thenl went to bring us
SOll1e, hut they did not return that night, and the day dawned
08
THl
CATHOL[C CHrRCH I
rTAH
without our
eeing an
thing of thenl. ,r e concluded that they
had gone in search of Indian viIlage
, to report tlwir ai re di",-
tress. For this reasOll. and l)pcan
p we had no watel" we de-
tel'lllined to go ahead without "
aiting for thelTI.
October the 18th.
,\T e went out fnull San Angel, in a
outh-
ontheasterly
direction, and after a journey of half a lengtw we turned to
the east, a point to the Routh two leaglle:-:, oyer hills and ex-
tE'nded valleys. covered with grass, hut vpry ro('ky. and not
finding any water Wf' turned to the eaf-it; a point to the north
another two leagues, going up and do,,'n rock
hi! b, very
trying on the horses. l
"jve Indiall
"'ere louking at ns frOIll
a short but lofty llwsa. ,Yhen we two, who followed in the
rear of our (,Olnpaniolls, were passing by they :-;poke to u:-:..
,Yhell we turned towards theill. foul' of th('n1 hid thl'lllseb:es,
and only one remained in
ight. ,yP saw that lIP wa
in greê")A
fear.
\Ye ('ould not persUiHle hin1 to de
('end t1w ('1 iff, and 'WP
two clinlhed up alone. with great difficulty. .A t each step that
Wf' took èlð we canle nearer to hin1, he "as dispo
;ed to fi
e
from us. "
e gave hilll to understand that he fo;hould nut he
afraid, that "Te loved hinl as a ðon and desired to speak with
him. ,Yith thü', he waited for us, lunking lll<lny gcstnre:-; to
show that he was in great fear.
After we Ì1acl climbed up to wht'l't' he wa
. w(> emhnH't'd
hÍIll gently, and
itting down by hi
side, we ('ailed up the in-
terpreter and Laguna. 'Yhen he had l'eeoyered a litt](-> fl.OIll
hifo; fear, he told u
that foul' otlH'r
wen' hidden near there,
and if ,,-e de
ired, he would caU thenl,
o that ,,'e lllight
ee
thenl. Un giving hi III an affinllativp re
ponse, he laid hi
how
and arrows on the grollnd. took the intt'll)reter hy tlip hand,
and led hÍln to where the others were in order to hring theln
to us. They came, and we talked with then1 ahout an honr.
They told us that "a tel' was elo
e 1JY. ,Ye hegged uf thelll
to
how it to u
, promising thenl a piece of woollen goods;
and after a good deal of persuasion three of then1 prOlnised
to go with Ufo;. ,Ye journeyed with then1, very 111uch fa-
THE CATHOLTC CHTTRCH J]Ç UTAH
209
tigued and "weakened frolll hunger and thir:-;t. a league in a
southeasterly direction, and another league to the south, oyer
a rocky road. and reached a sluallmountain poypred 1"rith ce-
dar bushes, and then to a l'ayine, in "'hose cayities Wf' found
two large puuls of guod 1"rtlÍer. 'Ye took what 1"re needed for
ourselyes, and then brought the hor
e
near, and as they
1"rere very thirsty the
T drank all the ",yater frOln the pools.
,Ye deterJuined to pas
the night here. eal1ing tlw plael'
an
Sanulel. Today.
ix leagues.
The thrpp Indian:-; ,dlO aC(,Olllpanied us "Tere so filled with
fear that they did not want to "Walk in front of us nor penuit
us to dra"W near to theIn, until they had talked with thp La-
guna Joaquin; "What he told thenl eonf'el'ning U
f'ati
fif'd
theIn, and they "
ere reassured.
-hllong other things. the
T
itsked hilll ho"W it "Was that he had the courage to ac('onlpauy
ns. ....
s he desired to relieye their n1Índs of all fear and to
find SOlne relief fl'Olll the hunger and thirst "We "Were
ufferillg,
he replied in the hest "Way he eould
and he slleeeedpd in l'ahu-
ing their fears and suspicions, and in this W3Y, in all probahiì-
ity, he kept theln "With us until "We reached the pIa('e "There
"We found "Tater.
After "We had nladp our camp, we gave theIn the piece of
"Woollen cloth "We had promised the"Ill, and thp
T were greatly
pleased "With it. I(no"Wing that we CaIne without any pro\Ti-
sions, they told us to send one of our part)
along "With one
of theirs, to vi
it their "Wig"Wanu.::, "Which "Were at
01ne dis-
tance a"Way, and bring us sOluething to pat, and that tll(>
T
would relnain "With us until they returned. ,y e
ent oup of
the half-breed::, "With the Laguna .T Oa(luin, giying theIll
Ollle-
thing "With "Which to Blake purchase!-;, and !-;cIH1ing along se\T-
eral pack anÌ1naIs to hring the bun1pn. They departed "With
the other Indian, and returned to us after nightfall, hriugill
us a little dried n1eat, sonle prickly pears Inadp in the forIll
of a cake, and the seeùs of SOlIle herhs. They bronght us
ne"Ws al
o of one of the t"Wo nlen "Who had gon
frOln U
the
night hefore to searC'h for "Tater, saying that he had hpen in
t.heir yillage; the other arriyed ahout ten 0 '<,loek at night.
10
THE CATHOLIC CHLRCH IN -UTAH
Uctober the IHth,
There caUIe to our canlp twenty of the:--e h1l1ian:--: with
dried prickly pears in cakés or chunks, and ::,e\'eral leather
bags filled with seeds of different kinds to spll to Uf-ì. \\T e paid
then1 for what they had brought, and told them that if they
had lueat, pine nut
and Inore prickly pear, to bring thenl,
and we would buy tl1Plll, espef'ial1y the 111ea1. rrhey sai<1 they
had then1, but that it would be ne('e
ary for ns to "Tait for
them until midday. ,Ye agreed to do so, and they went away;
one of them offered to accompany us to the river if we wouJ(1
'wait until the afternoon, and we agreed to that al
o. In the
afternoon there canle lllauy more than had been with u
be-
fore, and anlong theln one who was called a Jacarilla-Aparhe,
who said he had COlue with two others of his tribe frOln his
territory to thi
, cro
sing the river only a few days before.
He was of disagreeable countellan<,p, anù differed frolll the
other Indians in the disgust that our presence here inspired
in him, and in tliP 1110re haughty lllÌen that he purposely a
-
sUllIed, a
'we could easily
ee. r:rhey told us that tllf'se
Apaches were their friends.
They did not bring us an
r llleat, but had several bags of
seeds and some fresh prickly pears, sOlnewhat sunburnt, and a
quantity of the11l dried in cakes. ,'T e purchased about a
bushels and a half of the seeds and all tliP Vriddy lJear
. ",Ye
conversed with theln for a long tÏ1ne concerning the distance
to the riyer, and the road to it; their nmnher and mode of
]ife; the tribes that were upon their border
, and about the
guide that we asked of the111. They pointed ont the ,"\ay we
should take to get to the riyer, and ga\Te us a sOluewhat vague
description of thp cros
ing place, with the stateuleut that we
should arrive therf' within two or three days. They told us
they were caDed Yuhl1inrariri, and that they did not culti-
V:lte corn; that their ]11eanS of sustenanee was those seed:-;,
the priddy pear, pine nuts, uf which they gatherpd very few,
depending upon their need, and that they hunted rabbits,
hares, alH1 wild sheep. They added that on this side of the
river the Parusis cultivated eorn and squashes; that on the
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCB IN UTAH
211
other
ide, just after passing across, were the L'tne
ullud1Ïs
(by "h01U we understand the Cosninas), and that these plant-
ed lTIuch corn. In addition to these, they spoke of others who
were their neighbors on the south-southwest, on this western
ide of the river, and that the::,e are tlw Pa-uches (Pay-
l
tahs). They also gaye us Honle account of the IIuascaris,
,,?hOlll we had already seen in th(' yalley of Han .1 osé.
o far
s concerned the Spaniards of 110nterey, they gaye us nu
token ,,-hateyer that they had eyer heard of then1. ()ne of
those -who spent the preceding' Hight with ns gaye us to under-
stand that he had heard of the journey nUHle by Father P.
Garcés, which, taken with the fact that all the others had de-
nif'd any a('(lllainbuwe "Tith the [iosninas (if they do not
known thenl by the HêHne giyen a hon:'. AJlc'Hllluehis), seenIS to
proyE' what we haye already
aid we snspected. The t'onyer-
sation being concluded, they all went away, without our hf'lllg
ahle to secure one of their llUll11Jt'1' to a('('ompany ns to the
rlver.
Don Bernardo 1Iiera was sick to-day with stcHnach tl'()uhle
and RO we ('ould not leave the Call1p. ..L't little farther in ad-
\?ance we founel oth
r })0018 of water which sati:--fied (}lll' needs.
for the night.
0('to1)('r the 20th.
,Ye set out frOlu San Sanllwl, taking a north-northeast-
erly course, having the ford of the Colorado river a,.... our ob-
jective point. Leaving to one side a ridge of 1110untains, yery
rocky. which appeared in front of us, going a little lllOre than
two league:--, we turned to the northeast and entere(l upon a
plain that was fref' f1'0111 stone, and haying gone four If'agups
we found in a nl\Tine several pools of good water: haying
pushed ahead a league to east-northeast "
e stopped on the
edge of the plain hptWf'ell two s111all mountains "hi('h stand
in the plain, ('lose to a rayinp in ,yhic!l there "as a great
abundance uf water and plenty of grass. ,Ye (.aIled thi
pla
e
Santa Gertruflis, wllOse latitu(le we found hy the polar star to
be 3G degrees. 30 1Hinutes. To-day, seyen leagues.
O('tober the 21st.
21
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN "CTAH
",Ye left
anta Gertrudi
, pursuing our journey to the ea:::;t,
and haying gone a half league, we turned to the northeast.
,Ye several tÜlle
crossed the ravine of Santa Gertrudis,
which in Inany places has large puekets of water, and after
traveling over a poor country, with
everal turn
, five leagues
and a half to the northeast, we went through a region of easy
travel, and luaking our way lllore than fuur league::; to the
east-northeast, we f"topped for the night near to a little val-
ley where there waH grass but no ,yater, not even for nUll1.
Lorenzo de Ulivares, driven by the thir::;t ('aused frolH eating
so many seeds, pine nuts and prickly pears, bet out as soon as
we were in canlp to hunt for water in ",mne one of the ravines
in the neighborhood, and he was ah
ent frOlu us all night
Inng, which cau::;ed us great uneasiuess. \Ye called the plaee
Santa Barhara. r:}'1 o -day, ten leagues.
October the 22d.
,Ye left
anta Barbara, taking our courbe ill a north-north-
easterly dir
ction, looking for (Hivares. ..About two league
fronl canIp we found hinl near a 8111a11 pool of water whiC'h
contained only enough for our luen and to fill a ':'inutll keg
that we had with us, in ease we should need it during the
night. \f e went forward over the plain, and having traveled
four leagues to the northeast, we saw it t.rail that led off to
the south; heing illfol'llled hy the interpreter that the Yahuin-
(>ariri
had told hinl that this was the trail we wen' to follow
in orùer to reach the river, we took it; but after "e had pur-
sued our 'way to the south for ahout a league, ,ye found that
the interpreter had lui:-;takell the description given hilll. sincl-'
the trail turned back upon itself. .Aud
u we turned to the
east, and as('elHlef! a low lnountain that ,ye had attempted to
evade, and whieh runs north and
onth along the entire ea:-;t-
ern side of this plain. 'Ye crossed it "ith great diffieulty and
fatigue on tl1P part of the hOl'
es, lw(>ause ill a(ldition to he-
ing broken up with llU1llproUS gorges it was very ro('ky and
coyered with pebbJestones. The night overtook us while we
were descending the other side of a Joft
T ridge ('overed with
pebbles.
THE CATHOLIC CHDRCH IK rTAH
2V
:b-'rOlll this point we could
ee luany fire
on the far side
of a
lllall plain. ,Ye conduded that the interpreter .L
ndré:s
and the Laguna Joaquin, who had gone forward in ;::;earch of
water for the night, had kindled the fires to let u
know where
they.were. But after we had Hlade the descent. and had left
our trail bonle five leagues to the east-northeast, taking sev-
eral turn
through the defiles of the nlOuntain, "re arrived at
the place where the fire
were burning, and found three wig-
wams of Indian
, and with thelll uur interpreter and .J oa(luin.
'Ve concluded to pass the night here, since we learned that to
the east and west there \vas water and grass for the anirllals,
which were entirely exhau
ted frOlll fatigue. 'Ye called the
place 8an Juan Capi
trano. Today, twelve leagues.
...,:l
it "Tas night when Wf' re(H'hed the
e wigw(nll
, and as
the Indians were not able to distinguish the nunlber of people
who came, they were greatly frightened, so nluch so that when
they saw us arriye, in spitf' of the protestations of the inter-
preter and the Laguna .J oaquin, the n10::;t of therIl ran away,
leaving only tlu'f'e lllen and two wmuen, who said be
eechingly
to our Laguna: "Brother, you are of the
allle race as our-
selyes; do not pernlit thobe people with whom you live to
kill us." 'Ye petted thenl as well as we could. and tried in
every way that we thought of to caItn their fears and suspic-
ions. "
e bucceeded to Sonle extent, and thf'Y sought to please
us by giving us two roasted hareb and a few pine nuts. Two
of thenl al
o went, although with great fear, to show the
spring:..; of water to our servants. in order that our aninutls
illight have s<)lllething to drink.
This spot is to the east of the northern point of the IllOlln-
tain I have lnentioned, near to a nUluher of ridges of r
d
earth. To the
outh of these, \Tery near, i1pon the top of
eV-
eral hills covered with boulders and pine and ('eclar tl'f'f'
there
are two hollows fined with rain water; on this
ide of the Ill, ill
a sluall gulC'h. there are several pools of water, hut the ([lU111-
tity is SlllaU and thf' quality poor. r:J..10 the south-southwest
of the:--p :.;alne hills. at the foot of the lllOunta in, there is a
pring of constantly running water.
214
THE C-\ THOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
After we had retired for the night, several of our C0111-
pallioll;:;, alllOng thenl 1 )on Bernardo }liera, went oyer to the
WigWalll
to talk ,,'ith the Indiall:-ì. They told the Iudians
that DOll Bernardo
I iera wa:-; ill, and OIW of thf' old Illdian
,
either because our people requested it or bee(lu:-;e he hÏIll
elf
de
ired to do
o, set about ('lu'illg hilll with songf' and incan-
tations, which. if they "
t're 1l0t openly idolatrous were at
least totally
uperstitiou:-;. .i:\Il our people very willingly per-
luittpd this to OC'Cllr, and the sick lllall was hilll
elf plea::;eù
with it, for they looked npon it as anlll",ing clowni
hnes,."
,,
hen they ought to have oPlJo
ed it as being contrary to the
e'Tal
gelical and divine law which they profess to observe;
at least, they could have withdrawn frOJll the pIacp. ,reheard
the songs of tlIP Indian, but did not know what their purport
was.
'Yhen we were il1forll1f'cl in the lllOrning of "'hat had taken
place. we ff'lt very lllU('h grieved in
pirit hecause of so ('are-
le;:;s an ob::;eITance of the laws of their Churl'll, and we re-
proved them, and wanH-'d thenl against tIwir heiug present
voluntarily, or in any wa
T condoning SlH'h faults. This is
one of thp rea
ons why the unl)f'lieYer
. who arc best (1('-
'luaintp(l ",
ith tllP
panial'Cls and Christians in the
e pal"t
,
re:-;i
t Gospel truth. and their eouYer
iou dail
heing l"('ud(']'f'cl
lllore difficult. \Yhen we prea{'hed to the first
almagana8
whOln we
aw, and anlloluwed to tllPlll thp ne('e
it
of Christ-
ian baptislu, tlu' intt'l'pret('r, either for the pnrpOf'e of not of-
fending tllf'111, or in orc1f'r that he
nip;ht not Io
e thei r good
will which he had gained h
y traffiC' in pelts (('\,P11 a.g'ainst the
just prohibitions of the goYernor
of this king'dom, h
' which
on repeated oceHsions it had been pro('lainH-'d that no half-
breed Indian or dweller
hould enter into the territory of
the unhelievers without hnying ohtainecl first a li('ense fronl
his Ex
eUenC'y), translated the 'Yonl
of the IH'eêw1u'1' in this
way: .. The Father :..;ay
. that the ....1pa('he
, Xayajo:-- and
Comanehes who are not haptlu1d ('anl1ot ('ut(']' into 1lleaYCn,
and that they go to hell. where God wiU ('hastlsf' thf'ln. and
they win hurn eternally like wood in the fire. n .L\t thi
the
THE CATHOLIC CHL'RCH IX L'TAH
15
Sabuaganas
howed great glee, becau
e they heard that their
enenlies were under the neceRf.:ity of being baptizerl or of be-
ing lost and punished eternally. The interpreter was re-
proved. and seeing that his foolish unbelief was discovered,
nlade suitable apologies. ,Ye could add other instancéR, men-
tioned as occurring anlOng the luta;-" taking pla('e in ('onnec-
tion with luany idolatrous practiees- but t]w two Iuentioned.
which canle under our uwn obserration, "ill :suffice. For if
within our own conlpany, "here idolatrous practices 'were fre-
quently condenlned. persons ,"ere iound guiltr of transgres-
sion, what nlight not taboo' VhH'e when tÌLree or fonr lllOnth:s
would elapse among the unbelie,'ing Yutaf-: and Xavaj()
, if
no one were present to repro\'e them or holcl thenl in ('he<'k '!
Be&ide
this, ",ye haye hat! ahnndant reason to know fronl
knowledge aC(luired on this expedition that
Ollle go to the
Yutas and reulaill a great while aIllong thelu he('3use of their
desire to purchase pe1tries: others there are who go for car-
nal reasons, to indulge in their aninlal instincts; and thus in
every way tIle naIue of Christ i
hlaspheuIed, for these llwn
prevent, anù indeed oppose, the extension of the faith. Oh!
"ith what
everity such wickedness should he relH'oyed! )[ay
God in His infinite nler('y inspire the 1110St suitable and effica-
cious nlethod for correction!
(>ctober the
3d.
,Ye did not travel today, for we wished to give tilJle to
the people ahout here to C'alnl clown. and al
o that tho
e who
dwelt in the vieinity nlÌght visit us. rrhe seed
and other
things which we had pur('hased and eaten did us harnl. and
they weakened us in
tead of giving us
trength. -\Ye could
not persuade the peopJe to sell us any llwa1-. and for that rea-
son we ordered a horse kiJIed, and the flesh cut np in such a
way that we could ('arry it with us.
""ather Frau('isco
ltauasio suffered very Hluch to(lay
frolll severe pains, so that he was not able evell to lllove.
All day long Indians kept arriving from villages in the
neighborhood, and we received thenl kinrlly and made them
such presents as we could afford. They gave us lTIore partic-
1(j
THE. CATHOLIU CHL"RCH ]N UTAH
ulan., than we had had ('oneerning the Cmmina::) and
Io-
quine::;, calling thelll by these n
nlle
. They al
o told us the
trail ","e were to take in order to reach the riy{>r. whieh i
ahout tweh'e leagues fronl here. at tIlt' U10:-;t. and they de-
Bcribed the crossing. \\T e purchased of then1 about a bu
hel of
pine nuts, and pre
enter1 then1 with a half-hu
heJ of llerh
F\peds.
The foUowing day, yery earl
y, twenty-six lndian
canIe,
a llulllher of theul the sante as ('anle
-e
h'nla
T, while othpl's
"\ye had not hefore seen. \re pl'eaehed to theul tll(:' UO
1>21,
reproying then1 and explaining tu thelll the eyjl and follr of
their wrong-doing. espe('ialJy with regar(1 to the sup('r
titiou:-;
CIU'PS of their
iek people. \Ye renlÏnded thenl that it wa
to
God only, the true and only God. that the
Y shol1l(l go in their
time of trouhle, he('i:luse onl
r ] [e, the High and Iloly One.
had at His di
po
al health and
i('klle
s. life and death. and
He can help eyelTone. And although our interpreter could
not Yer
Y well explain this to thenl, there was another listf'n-
ing who douhtless had considerahle dealings "\yith thp Yuta-
Payuchis and who well understood what "\ye --aid; he explained
to the others what lip heard. Learning this they listened "yith
eyident
atisfaction, and we proposed to theni that if the
y de-
sired to hec01ne Christians, prie
ts and Spaniards would
COlne to instruct then1 and ]iye aillong thenl. They replied
in the affinnatiye, and we inquired of them a
to where w<-,
should find thenl when ,,
e callIe; ther
aid: .. In this littlp
lllountain and on the nwsas in the neighhorhood."
Then. in order to gain their friendship a little more. we
distrihuted Hlllong theln thirteen yards of red rihhou,
giyjng to each of thenl a half-,nud; whieh pleased theln
YCnr lllll('h and for whieh they thanke(] us. One uf theul
had already agreed to accon1pany u
a
far as the ri,yer, in
order to show us the crossing, hut after the
y had all gone,
and he had êl(.'('o111panied u
a bout half a league, hE' waR bèizcd
with so lllueh fear that we found it Í111possihle to persua(]p
hilll to go farther. Our l'Olllpanions, without llllleh reflef'tioll.
desired U
to ('Olnpel hilll to keèp hi
word; hut when we saw
110"'" disinclined he wa
to proceed, we let hilll go freely.
THE CATHOLIC CHeECH IX rTAH
217
Octoher the
.Jth,
\t nine 0 'clock in the nlOrning, or a little later, -we set
out frOln San .J uan (1api
trano, taking uur cour
e thruugh a
yalley to the
outh-southeast, and. lun'ing gone a diRtance of
four leagues -we turned to the RoutheaRt along the Rê.llile yal-
ley. ,Ye found here at the fuut uf the Ine
a on the eaRtern
side of the Yalle
- three pooh, of ?;ood wa tel', hut not in suffi-
cient quantit
T for tlIp horses. l
p to this point frOlll our last
caIn!) -we had trayerRed a pretty good ('()untry. .f ourneying
for another t-wo leagues towards tlw
olltheast. we turned to
the bouth-
uuthea:,t three leagues oyer a
and
T trail and \Tery
rough road. Although we found no water for the anÜnalR,
"We (1aulpecl where
n
). found paRtnre, siuC'e a1I were Yel'
' tired,
and night was well adyan('ed. ,Ye ('ailed this place Han Bar-
tholomew. The yalley here is (Iuite large, but the soil is poor.
It is of sandy hottOlll. on top of which is a la
-er of liln
T earth
about four inche
deep. There are lllany hed
of transparent
gypSUlll, and of talC', and in places there are showings of
llwtals.
Today, nine leagues.
rhe River Colorado flows along here from north-northeast
to south-
outhwest, very deep, with high hanks, ;:,0 that if one
should cultivate the land on the banks of tl1(' rive!', a1though
the soil Inight be good, the strean1 -would be of no servi
e to
hilll. \Y' e ('aught sight thiR afternoon of the precipices lin-
ing the sides of the river, and
een fronl the western side they
re
eInbled a long ridge of honc;;;e::,. But -we judged tllP111 to be
the hanks of
onle of the lllany gulches that are in the plain.
()('tolJer the
5th.
,Ve left Ran Bal'tholOlnew, and took an east-suuthea
terly
direction. Traveled a little le
s than a league and a half to
the east, not desiring to arrive at what "'as really the hed of
the great river; hecaubè we pa
::;ed Inany streanls that had
banks as lofty as we now saw, and for this reason we con-
cluded that the river we sought did not run there, hut that it
was SOllle other streanl.
o that -we bent our -way to the north-
:Z18
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
northeast of the valley, by which route we thought we would
get rid of the lllesas that surrounded us. "
e enterell the bed
of a dry ri\Ter, looking for water for the horses, which were
very much fatigued and yery thil'i5ty, and having journeyed
along for two leagues we found it Ílllpo
sible to get out. \Y- e
followed the we
t bank until we were able to cliuIU to a Sl1111-
mit that was yery rocky. \Ye pressed ahead in a Borth-north-
easterly direction, and having pursued our route for two
l('agues further, \ye de
cried poplar tree
at th
foot of a
Inesa. \\Y e pushed on towards tl.1em and found. a spring of
good water. ()n the edges of the spring "
e found evidences
of the presence of saline Juatter, anll we concluded we had
happened UIJon a spring of salt water; !Jut upon t.a:-;ting it
we found it sweet. ,r e CaUll)ed here, and ('ailed thp place
an Fructo.
roday, five leagues.
In the afternoon, Don Juan Pedro CÜmeros left ('
unp to
examine the northern point of the yalley, to see if he could
find an outlet, or could get sight of the riyer and its crossing.
He returned after midnight with the news that he had arrived
at the river; but he did not know if "
e could pass oyer SOIue
n1esas and lofty peaks that he saw on the other side. Xever-
theless, because he thought the river afforlled a cro
:::;ing at
that point, we lleternlÏned to trayel in that directioll.
October the :ZGth.
Going out from San Fructo, we took a northerly direc-
tion. ,Ye puslÎed ahead for three leagues and a balf, and ar-
rived at the spot that we had thought ulÍght be the outlet vf
the valley. It is a corner entirely surrounded by llloulltaills
and peaks, very lofty, of colored red earth of di fferent for-
mations, and as the soil undel'lwath the surface is of the :::;allIe
color, it has an agreeable aspect. ,Ye continued Ül the -.:anle
direction, traveling with great difficulty, for the hor.;;cs sank
to their knees in the soft earth, when the surfat'c was uroken
through. Having covered another league and a half, we
reached the great river of the Cosninas. ..A,nother sIualler one
unites with it at this point, and we called this the Santa
re-
re
a. "'\Ve crossed this one, and pitched our (,
Ullp on the bank
THE CATHOLIC CH"C"RCR 11\ rT AH
:!19
of the larger one close to a precipice of gray stone. \Y" e
called the spot San Benito Salsipuedell.
,redetermined to make a reconnoitre tbi
afternoon to
aseerta in whether, if "
e crossed the riyer, we ('ould continue
our \"\ay frOln here to the ea
t or
outhéast. Ün all sideH we
were surrounded by mesas and lofty 1110untains. E'or which
reason, t\"\o of our people who knew how to SWill1 entered the
water of the river, with their clothing tied aboye tlwir heads.
They found the current so deep and swift that it was with
great diffi('u1t
T they reached the opposite bank, having left
their bundle in the n1Ïddle of the Btremn, without seeing it
again. .L\
they Iiad got over with great fatigue, and because
they were naked and bare-footed, they found it iUIPossible to
lllake the de
ired exan1Înation, and when they partook of SOllle
nourislullent the
returned.
Oetoher the
,th.
Don .J uan (iiHneros recunnoitered along the Santa Teresa
riyer, to see if he could find a way to cross the eastern lHesn
and return to the great river hy a route 1110re open, in which
the ri\Ter, finding lllore 1'00111 would bE' 1110re fordahle, or at
lea
t
uch that the horses l11ight get acruss, for here at this
point they would he drowned. Don Pedro travc;led all day
and a part of the night without finding an outlet. lIe saw one
hill, by way of ,,
hich it "Was thought "We 111ight surmount the
luesa, but it appeared to hilll to be of great difficulty. Others
"Went to recunnoitre in different dire('tions, and they found
nothing" hut insul'lllountahle obstacles, preventing their find-
ing a ('rossing- unless they had gone great distances.
Octoher tlw 28th.
'\Y e putered again upon the san1e
ear(>h, but all in vain.
,\
e constructecl a raft of poles, and" ith it Father Fray Sil-
yestre, aecol11panif'd h
T the RPl'YD-nts, attenlpted to cross the
ri\
er. But as the poles whidl he enlployed in pn<;;hing th
raft wet'P too short to reach the bottOln, although the
T were
fiye yard
in length. thp waves thrown against the raft by a
(,olltl'at'
T wind forced hilll hack three tillles to the sallW shore
he had started fronl, without his having reached even the !nid-
()
THE CATHOLIC CH1:RCH IX UTAH
die of the ::-;tl'eaul. Besides the great depth and ;:;\yiftne:":ð of
the current here, the hank
of the streaUl on the other :-:ide
are so llnHlc1
T that we 'yen" afraid we woulcl 10
e in tÌlelu
SOllie, if not all. of our ho1':-:(,s.
,Ye had been a:-:surE.,d hy the Y l1blliucarriris and Paganl-
pachis lndians thai the riypl' pypryvdlerÐ was \'ery (leep, but
not at the ford, be('au!-,e thpn> the wuter rose onl
T L1 EttIe
above their waist. }"or thi:-: rea:-.on, and beeause of other
igns
they had given n
, we cOlwlucled that. the crossing wa
far-
ther up the riyer and we despat<'hed ..."--u(h'{,s
lnñiz and his
brothel' Lucrecio with orders to tnn'el until they found a way
h
- which we ('ould g-et across the lllE'Sa, and that when they
Ci:lllle again to the river. they :-:hou1(1
eek a good fording
plal'e, or at least a place where we Inight cross with a raft,
while the horses
wanl.
(ktoher the :2Hth.
Not knowing when we nlight be able to get out of this
place, an<l the llleat of the horse w(' had kille<l heing ahout ex-
hausted, as well as the piue nntð aud other f'tlltt we had pur-
chased, "
e ordered another hor
è killed.
Oetoher the :mth and
lst.
\re relllained in camp, Rwaitiug" the r('tul"n of tho;-;e who
had gone to find a pa:-::o::a,ge out and a ford ael'o::;
the riyer.
X oyeluher the] st.
They returned at one 0 '('10('1\: in the afternoon. telling llS
the
T had fonnd a way oyer tllf' 111e:-,a, although eXl"eedingl
T
diffi(,lllt, and a phl('e wlwre we could C'ross the riyer. The pa
-
sagp on-'I' the lnesa was h
' wa
' of the hill that [iisneros had
seen, and a
thi:-; wa
yeIT lofty and precipitous, we deter-
mined to a tta('k it in the afternoou. ,Ye :-.et out frOlll t11I:'
G I'eat Hivf'r and the troubleSOlll(l ealll}>iug place of Ran Bpuito
de
al
ipuedes, going along the ri\Ter of
anta Teresa, aud
after we harl goue a leagup to the llorthwe
t, we
toppecl on
the hank of the :::;mllP river at the foot of tlw hill I have llll'll-
tioned. Today, one league.
That night, after the sun had set aud until seven 0 'clock
Ül the 1110rning we felt the rold very 11lueh. .
THE CATHOLIC' CR ("'"HCR IX UTAH
21
Xovf'Iuber the 2do
"... e left canlp on the Hanta Teresa, dinlbed a hill. \yhi('h
we nalllt'cl Las Äninlas, and which nla
' lJe a half league in
If'ngth. "...(' were 11lore than thrf'e hour
in ulHking' thf' asc'('nt,
since it i
a :-;teep and rucoky clÏIub. and following it there is a
stretch of shelving roc'kl.; that are very dangerou:-:; till at la:-;t
the way beeOInes allnost illlpassa hie. ,Ye had, however,
reached tilt' top, and taking an eash'rly direetion we welÍt
c1o,,-n the other side at great risk, l>el'au
e of the brola
n dwr-
H('ter of the pree'ipi('es. and then Wf' tUl'nf'fl to a northerly
('ourse. and after going a league ,,-e t urlled in an oblique direc-
tion to the northeast along a n-'d stouy road that was very
hard upou the horses. "... e ascended a lo,r hill, and pursu-
ing our route for two anll a half leagtH's to the northeast, "-e
deseended to a rivf'r bed in whi('h we found water in plaees;
and although it was of a saline nature, wa
drinkahle. There
was pasturage for the aniluah:. and wp pif<'hed our ('éunlJ,
ealling it San Diego. Today, four leagues and a half.
The plëH'f' where we stopPf'd to-da
' i:-: a hout three leagues
in direct line froIlI
an Benito Sal
ipuedes, to the northeast,
dose to a large nluuher of gorge:-:, lnesas. and lllountain peaks
of a red culor; the whole reselllhling at first sig-ht the ruin
of
a f ortresso
X oYt'mher t he
do
'Ye Jeft Han Diego, and punn1f'd our eour:-;e to tilt' east-
southeast, and when we had journeyed hyo If'agues we ar-
ri\-ed for thf' f'f'eoncl tinl(> at the river, that is to say. on the
edge of the eañoll. with its great hank and sides, froIl1 which
the df's('put to the ri\-er is Yel',\
long: Yer,\T high, ven- prl'cipit-
ous and rOe'ky, and with sUe'1l had shelves of ro<'k. that t,,-o of
thf' beast
of burden whieh ,,-ent dO"'D first "
ere una hIE' to re-
turn,although the paeks had hpen removed from their saddlf's.
'Ve had not ]")ef'll advisf'(1 ahout this eliff h
r those who had gone
to l'éeunnoih o f', and we now dis('overed that the
T not onl,\
had
not found the river ('rossing, hut lwd not in the severa] da,\Ts
they were ahsent fronl us, madf' an exrunination of PYf'n so
small a portion of the territory, since they had spent their
THE CATHOLIC CH rRCH IN UTAH
tilHe in looking for the Indian
"ho inhabit tll(
::;e region
, and
they had acconlplished nothing. The riyer ,,-as very deep,
although not quite so luuch so as in Sabipuedes; but for a
long distance it was neces
ary that the horses should swim.
Fortunately they did not sink into the n1Íre either on enter-
ing the "Water or cOIning out of it.
Our cOlupanions urged us to go farther do"Wn the river;
but not seeing on the opposite
hore any trail or "Way hy which
we might proceed if we crossed the river, f'xcept a lofty and
narrow cañon winening frolu a slnaller one which enters it
at this point, and not knowing whether this one "Tas or wa'S
not fordable, we feared that if w"e crossen the river we should
be obliged to return, which would be exceedingly difficult in
the fa('e of this cliff. In order not to expose ourselves to such
a result, "We :::;topped up streanl, and c1iref'tecl the half-bre(>d,
Juan Don1Íngo, to rf'connoitre and see if the cañon I have 11len-
tioned had any outlet; and that if he did not find an
T during
the afternoon, to return, and we would continue onr jonruey
up the river on this side until "WP found the crossing and thf'
trail of tlw I nc1ians.
y e sent him off on foot, but Lucrecio
l\Iuíiiz told us that if we would grant hill1 pel'luission, llf
would aconlpany hÜn on a harehH('k horsp. and takp with him
the nwterials neces
ary to build a fin
and raise a sllloke, in
case they found an outlet; and then we might go on down
upon seeing that signal,
o tho]'p would he lc
s delay.
re told
hÜn to go, but direeted hÎlu to return that afb?rnoon, whether
he found an outlet or not. Ther did not cmne back
and we
passed the night here. not heill
able to watt'r the hurses. al-
though "Te "Tt're t>lu
c tu the riyer.
y e nauled the place the
Crossing Place of the Cosninas, or San Carlos. Today, two
lea
nes to the south-southeast.
N ovelulJer the 4th.
Day broke without our RPping anything of t11(' two Inen
we seut the day hefore to look for a passage out. The hor
e-
flesh "as all COIl
Ull1f'd, we had had nothing to eat, and "We
hroke onr fast 1\ith a few toasted (,Hetns leayps an(l a por-
ridge llwdt' of SOlIle little fruit that was brou?;ht up fron1 the
THE CATHOLIC' CHrnCH IX L"TAH
:!:!3
edge of the riyer. This btuff does not tast
had taken by
itself, but when it is ground and boiled in water, as we had it
today, it is very insipid. .L\.s we saw the hour growing late,
and our two companions not putting in an appearance, ,y
ordered an attempt should be luade to get the anÜnals down
to the river, and that once there they should kil1 another
hor::,e. It "'Was with great difficulty that thi
wa
aCeonl-
plished, some of the horf'es receiying seyere bruises from roll-
ing quite a distance down the rocky bluff. A little before
nightfall the half-breed, .Juan DonlÌngo, returned. saying' that
no outlet had been found, and that his cOlnpanion. lmying left
his horse in the cauon, had followed the fresh tracks left by
Indians. On learning this. we detenllined to go on up the
river until we found a place to cross and a trail on whieh to
travel on one Ride of the riyer or the other.
X oveluber the Jth.
,Ye left San Carlo
, although Lucrecio had not turned up,
his brother _\.lldré
renlainillg behind with orders to await
hÏ111 only until the afternoon, and to endeavor to join us that
night. ,Ye followed along the western bank oyer lllany ra-
vines and gorge
, a leaglH
and a half to the north. ,Ye de-
f.:('ended into a dry ravine, and into a deep cauon where we
foundnluch copperas. "T e canle across a trail not nnlC'h trav-
eled, and followed it. By 111eans of it we l'luerged fronl the
caÎlon, passing along a slwlf of ,ylÜte and difficult rock, but
whieh affonlpd a road that {'ould be easily improved. ,Ye
pushed ahead. and after a journe
of a league and a quar-
ter to the north-northeast we found water, although only a
slllaU (JlUlntit
y. and f'uffi('ient pasturage; as the Hight wa
drawing on, we C'aulpe<1 near a loft
y lnesa. ('aIling' tllP place
Santa Fl'ancisca Ronlana. Today, threè ::-hort leagues.
Last night i1 rai.nefl hard, and in SOlUf> places it
nowed.
The day broke with a rain-fall. which poniinupd for SOlllP
hOllr
. ...:"'--t a hOl1t ..;ix 0 'clock in the n10l'n ing-. .L-'\ndl'é
r uuiz
arriyed. f'aying that his hrothf'l' had not put in an appear-
ance. This new:::, cau:-;ed us great eOllcern. as tlw abi'elÜ Blan
had gone now three day
without anything" to eat. and ,yith
:l:l4
THE l'ATHOLII' l'H lTRl'H ]
rTAH
no other eoyering than his tuuil', for llt' did not wear tr()u
-
(,'1':-;. ..Llndrés erossed tliP river, Swiulluing his horst' a long
distanee, and in the plt:l(>(-' where he had l)el.Oln(
wear
T the
water rea('llPd to hi
shoulders. A
the half-hrecd re
ol\'ed
to hunt for hin1 hy following the track frolll the spot "There he
had la
t
een him, we s
nt hinl off, giving him a sllppl
- of
bOJ'
e-fiesh, and told hinl that if the hl)r
e he 1'0<1(-' C'ould not
get out of th(' l'añon, lip was to ahandoll it alH1 l'Ontiulw his
wa
T on fuot, and that if liP found hill! on tliP other hank lip
was to eOllle btwk and follow our traek;-;, and endeavor to re-
join us as soon as po:-:sihlt'.
N o\'eIlllJer the Gth.
The rain having ('('ased, WE-' dE-'parted frolll Santa Frall-
('is('a, taking' a uortheasterl
<Ii ref'tion, an(l after pro(,E-'pding
for threE-' leagues, Wl' were detal1wd SUllle tilue by a fif'rl'e
stonn of rain and hail that burst upon n:-:, aeeompanied by
fearful hlasts of tlium 1(-'1" and Hashes of lightning. \\T e re-
('ited tht' Litan
r of tilt' Blesed Virgin. that she lJlight hpg
for n
::'Olll(, relief, and Ood was pleas('d to cau...;e the t(,lupest
to (>pase. ,Ye C'mltiuue(l 0111. .i(nln)p
- a half Icagne to the east,
and Rtopl'f'd 1wa r the l'iYE'l", aH the ra in ('ontinupd to pour
down, and a nU1uhe1' of ro('k
' hlllff:-: imppdp(! our progTPS:-:.
\\T e HaIllerl the pla('e San \Ti('entel:<'e1Ter. 'Today, three
leagues aud a half.
non .Juan Pedro (iisnero::; WE'ut to
eè if the crossing was
anywhpJ'e in this yi('init
., HIlri he returne(l to t('l) us that tlw
riyer was \'er
T wid(-' at this point. and that it did not SCf'lll to
be Yer
- de(
p, judging fron1 the f'urrent, 1mt that Oltl
- through
a ('añon that wa
elo
(' h
' eould we h01>(' to n
t:H'h it. \\
e
Rent t".o other:-: to makp au eXHlllinatilHl of thl;:' ealion and to
fonl tht' river: the
T J'Ptnrnecl and ...;aid that tJ1PY found both
veJ'
T diffiC'lllt. ,Ye did not giYE' Jllu('h (').('(1it to tllp report
the
T hrollght us, and dptpl'lIliuE'(1 to look it 0\'(:)1' for onrsf'lvp:,;
Oil the foJ]o,,-ing day in ('Ollll'êlny "with 1 )011 .Tn.tn Pedru Ci:-:-
neros. Reforp night C'lospd in the half-hreed arrived, hring-
ing his hrother Lw'}'('eio.
K oveul1>er the 7th.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX FTAH
3
,r p went yery early tu lllake an inspe
tion of tlIp
a iiun
and the ford. taking along thp two half-hreed
, .b'elipe and
.1 uan DOll1Îngo, to
ee if they ('ould f,)rd tlw riyl'l' on foot,
as tIH'Y were good swiulluers. In on}PI' that Wp might get the
hor
e
clown the side of the caîion I ha,Te HwntìOlwd, we found
it necessary to eut steps with our hat<'hets in the ro('k of tlw
nlolulÌain for a distall(,<> of ahout tln'ep yards. or :1 little less,
The rest of the way the hOl'
es ,,-ere able to des
end, al-
though 1yithout pack or rider. \Ye got down into the cauon,
and pursued our course for ahout a Illile until we ('HIll(' to the
riyel'. and we eontlnuf-'d down I';tn-'aUl fur a dil';hulC'p of ahout
two gun-shots, :--OIuetinws walking in tllf' water. and SOllle-
tillleS on the hank, until 'H-' reached what seeIne(l tlIP wide
t
p:1rt of the (,l11Tent. ,,
here there might hp a ford. ()ue of our
people entered. and found a foothold, without being ohliged
to SWilll at an
r point.
The rest of us followpd hinl on hOl'seha('k, going a little
farther down the riyer, \Yhen halfway a
ro
two of the
horses that wen' in a(h'ance lost their tooting' êlnf1 werp ('ar-
ried into a nalTO'" l'1IéllllH-'!. \r e I';toPPt"1. altholl
h at
0111e
risk, until tlie first Ulan who had
ro"
l'd eonlll l'l'tlll'1J frolH
tlIp farthf'st f'hol'f' to lead and take U
oyer with
afet
., with-
out our horses lun'ing to I';\\Tiul. ,r e
ent word to 0111' ('Olllpau-
ion
whu had l'e1l1ained in San Yìeente that they should 10,,?er
the haggage and
addle
frolll the hluff with l'ope
and thollg:-.,
down to the yicinit
T of the ford, and to ]ead HIP ho]'sp
down
the trail we üurspl\'f's ha(1 COIne. The
? did
O. and at ahout
fiye 0 '('lock in the aft<>rl1oon we all a(,(,01nvli
llPrl t hp pa
sage
of the riYf'r, prai
in
' the Lord onr o-Of1. a11<l firing' off a llUlll-
bel' of lHuskpt-shots to show t11f' joy Wp felt on hayillg tri-
lllllphed oyer
o great an oh
t3cle. that had (Òo
t u:-: ...,0 llllWh
la hor and long (le1ay; although tlip pl'iu('ipal ('HU
P. of our
having to suffer so 11111('11 sin('e we entf'l'ed the lanrl of the Pa-
]'nsi
. -nTa:;: because we had no guidp who ('oul<1 sl}(HY us the
way through thi
difficult f'ountry, and we wanden'd about a
good deal owing to our having no experieu('ed person to lead
U
.
226
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX "UTAH
After renlainiug so luany days in so snIall a place, and
after suffering hunger and thirst, and now after enduring all
this, we found out at last the. best and f-ihortest road where
the watering places "Were, with only short distances between,
and "We ascertained other facts, "Which bore upon onr journey,
especially since we left the southern trail on the day "We
et
out frOlll
an Dónulo or the Rayine of the Tal'ay. For
frolH this puint "We should haye gone to the good water-
ing-place "Which is found on the next plain; fro1l1 this
plaee we n1Ïght haye easily reached another spot "Where
there is water, whiC'h is about three leagues north-
east of
an
\ngel; fron1 this poÜlt on to Baint Gertrude':,.
Wf' nlÏght lU1ye journeyed three leag'lws and haye
calnpec1 in the SaIne rayine ,,
here there is plenty of pas-
turage and water, and cuuld haye COllle ahead as fa l' as
possible in the afternoon towards the northeast, and would
have arriyed next da
, following the sallIe route, and leaying
(..ntirely to one side the lllountain near the river Santa Teresa.
three or fonr leagues to the north of
an Juan Capistranu.
Prolll this riyer to Ran Diego, in a south-southeasterly direc-
tioll, and frOlH this plaC'e to the ford, we could haye gOlH-'
without any special difficulty, avoiding nInny turns, hill:-; and
bad roads. But it was without doubt the will of God that we
were unable to secure a guide. pal'tl
- in order to punish us
for our
ins, and partly that "We n1Ïght gain
un1e knuwledge
of tbe people who inhabit this country.
la
His holy will
he done, and His IUlillP he glorified!
The ford of thi.
river i
ven
guod; it is a littlp l110re than
a Hli]e wide at thi5 point, and the riyers Nayajo and Dolort:'s
floTV' into it flere, as do all the other riypr
lllentioned in this
jonrnal. .Aud in all that we have
een of this river, there
can be no to"
n built upon its banks. nor eHn one journe
along ih; banks either up or dO"
ll t1lp rivf.r, for all
- great
distance, witfl tll(' hope that its waters ('an lllinister to the
"ants of either man or heast; beeause, in addition to thp
In'(,kpn natul'p of the C'ountn', the riyer is shut in hetween
lofty "aIls. TIll' yjcinity of the ford is luade np of iluluense
THE CATHOLIC CH rRCH IN UTAH
27
boulders and lofty peaks. Eight or ten league!;; away to the
northeast is a sillal1, round and high nlountain which the
Payuchis, who begin here, ('all Tueanf'. which lllCal1S Black
lIill, and is the only one that fl'mll this point i
been close to
the ford of the river.
On the eastprll bank of this
allie ford whi{'h we cal1ed
the IIoly Conception of the "\Tirgill
Iary, then
is a field of
Illoderate size containing good pasturage. lIere we passed the
night. and we took an ohsel'yatioll of the polar star showing
its latitude to be 36 degrees 33 Ininnte
.
A Brief Notice of the People TYith rrh01n rre 11ad Dealings
Bet ifPen the Yallpy of St. .J os(' ph, 11lclllsi VP, f 0 fllP Cr088-
;llg of tile fir('at Rirer of CÚðuina.
In this conntry, through which we traveled a hundred long
leagues frOlll the InlInerous turns we "luade, hayin
a length
from north to south of sixty leagues, and frOlll east to west
forty Bpanish leagues, there dwell nlany peovle, aU of thE'l11
of agrE'eable aspect, ycry affable, and extreulely tilllÎd. For
this reason, and because all those wh01n we Illet spokE' the Yuta
language, the :--;aUle a
do the Payutas farther west, WE' ('ailed
a.ll the people I have spoken of Yutas Cobal'des (Coward
Utes). The partieular nalllE'S refer to the parts of thE' conn-
try the}T inhabit and divide thenl off into provln('es or tPITi-
tories and not into nations; as all the Y uta
01npo
p the
alllC
nation, or we n1Ïght say it is a nation divided into five pro-
vinces, of which the 'whoh:\ is known solel
' as ïutas; the divis-
ions being tlie )luhuachis Yuta
, the Payu('his Yutas. the Ta-
hehuachis Yutas and the Sahuagalws Yutas. .A.nel the Cow-
anI l
tes are divided iuto }-[uascaris, who dwell in tlip vallpy
of San J osé and its vicinity; the Parusls, who join theln on
the south and southwpst, and inhn hit the banks and yieinitr
of thfì little riyer of Our Lady of the Pilla 1', and are thE' only
ones among aU these people wh01n we found engaged in the
cultivation of ('orn; the Y ubuincariris dwell south of the Parn-
sis, and are found in the region closest to the Great River;
:2b
THE CATHOLIC CReECH 11\ UTAH
the Ytilllpabichi
occupy the tahle-lauds and lllollntaiu
height:-;, and are nearer the countr
Y of Santa Barhara on the
nurth; and the Paganlbachis, "Whu likewi
f-' dwell on the hard
soil of the nle
as and in sterile ravines; for although they
have a
pa('ious vaHey, throngh whieh flows the Great Bi\'er,
the.\Y cannot, as "We hä\ye alrt'ad
T
aid, lllake use of its waters
for the in'igation of their lands. ___
c('ording to what was told
ns by the Y ubuinca l'iri s. to tll(' south-southwest f rOlll theul,
down the river, there d"WeU others "WhOUl they call Pa
ahnll-
lliunis. ()n the "Te
t and we
t-llorthwest of the IIuascaris, "Te
learned that there dwelt other t1'ihe:-; "Who spoke their diale('t.
All tIlt' others, and they are nUluerous, "Who d"Weli upon the
western or northern, hank of the river up-
treall1 and along the
ridge of lllOuntains whiC'h
tart fronl the Lagunas, and in the
country that lies lwtween it and the farthe:-;t rin'rs on the
north that we cro
s('d before they united with each other,
are, a('(.ording to the infol'lllation we r(-'('ein
d, of thi
all18
nation of IIHlian:-;, and helong, SOUle to the Yutas Harhones
( Bea l'ded Y utas), sonw to the I[ua:-;caris and others to the
Lagunas, depending npon the resell] hlanee of their <-1iale('t to
the languagp of the nearest trihe to thenl.
N oyenlber the sth.
"
e left the crossing-plaee and ('ëllnp of La COlH'epl'lOn
and a:-;l'ended the hox-like
idp of thp bank, tra\'eling alun
an extendt'd preeipiet-' without an
T
eriou:-: trouble. 'Ye
turned to the ;-;outh-
()uthwe
t, following a well-trodden trail,
and traveled for fiye league
over a
and
' and rOllg-h roull.
'Ye now turnc(l to the ea:-;t a league and pitched our Calnp
near the- last lllountaill of the range whieh extend
frOlll Hu'
riyer to this point, ('alling tllP plaee Hall
rigupl. ITerc "'C
found plenty of grass aw.l an ahundance of raiuwater. To-
day, :-;ix leag-ues.
To<1a
we disroypred traces of HiP prpsence of Inàians
in the nei
hhurhood. hut we did not s('e an
Y of thf'lll. rrherl'
abound luallY "Tild sheep, tlJe traeks showing that the
- l'Oêllll
ahout in large fto('k
. as though the
T "were tame. They are
Jarger in size than the dOluestic Olle
, are of the
a1l1e ap-
THE CATHOLIC C'H [
R(,H IS CTAH
2
9
pea rance, but lunch
wifter in lllOyelueut. Today "è fini
hed
eating the horse-flesh we had hronght, and ordpl'e(l another
hUl'
e killed. \\T e felt thp cold la
t night nluch more than we
had done when on the other road.
X oven1her the 9th.
,Ye lost our way. not beill
ahle to di
over any trai.l hy
\\hieh we nlÏght de
('end into a caiìon that lay near u
to the
soutlnYP
t, lior by which we could go lllore than a half league
OYer the stony SUllllllits and l'idge
that bloc-ked our progre
;
for this rea
on we directed our stpps to the ea
t-northea
t.
awl after having purHwd our way in thi
direction for a
couple of leagnes. OYf'r very had ground, wp ,,
pre cOlupelle(l
to stop upon the top of a table-land. "\yithont lwing a hIe to
taIu:> another r-,tep in ad\
ance. X ear tu this n1f>
a we eêlllle
('Io
f' to several villages of Yutas-Payu('hi
. horderÏ11g' upon
thp territor
- uf the Cosnina
. and friendly to theu!. \r e lllade
eYeral atteuIpt:-, through the inflnenee of the Laguna and
otlwl'S of our party to inc1n('e tho
e people to visit U
. Either
becaw.,e tlu-'y susl'eded that we were frienfls of tliP
LofjuillaS,
with whmn they were at enn1Ïty, or becau
è tlwy had never
seen Spaniards. and werp afraid of us, we ('ould not prevail
upun thelll to dnl'" llPar.
X o\'e111Ler the 1 Uth.
Thi
morning- the Ì\\ro of llS went \'ery early with the in-
tf'r}Jreter and the Laguna to their yillagf's. It 'was Ï1npo
sihle
for n:-, to reach theIn. even on foot. ,Ye ::;ent forward the
two I have mentiollPd, renmining- onl'selYe
ulJon an eleyatioll
frOlll which Wl:> ('onle! see thP111 and he
een hy tlll'lll, so that
when the
aw how few we were the
would COlue to us with
les
diffideu('(> and fpar.
'tftpr tll(' interpreter had urged
thenl for Illore than two honr"ì, fiye of the111 finally ('aille, hut
when the.\
dre"
near to us they turnetl and fled. without our
heing a1>l(' to detain thelll. TIH.' interpreter again "\yent to
theIll. to fina out if thpy would
ell us sOInething to eat, hut
they replied that the
did not haye an
thing. They told the
intel'lH'etpr that the Cmmina
lived near h
. but that at pre
-
eut they were off in tlip l110ulltains g'athering pine nuts.
230
THE CA_THOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
They saiel that at a short distance fro1l1 thiö place we
would COllle npon two roads, one leading to the Cosninas and
the other to the town of Hw ()l'aybi, in Jloqu1 land. They
also described to us the trail that ,\ye had luissed, telling ns
that we would he cOlupelled to retraf'e our steps to San
I1g-
uel, and frOlll that point de
cènd to tlll\ callon. It was in this
way that we waster] near].'T the entire day, and in what was
left of it "\\
e returned to Ran )liguel, getting a half league
nearer to the rayilH--' or eaÏíon to which wp had not het'n able
to go before. Today, a half league to the southeast.
X OYPllll)(-'r the]] tho
Early in the lllOrning 'W' fonnd thp dC'secnt into tll(' ('auon,
recoyered the trail we had lost, and went fon'
anl upon our
journey. ,Ye reaellC(] the hottOl11 of the cañon with great
diffienlt.'
, hef'anse a part of the trail is ex('ee(lingl.'
danger-
ous, and all of it 1:-: aloug' precipil'es. l'hp Indian.;; hayE-' l'f'-
paired it sOll1ewhat "\\Tith loosp
tones and stakes driven into
the earth; and in the lowest part they haye nwde a ladtler
of SOllIe three yards in length and two in In'l':HHh. ] Iere two
streanl:-: conw together that enter into the large euelo:-;nre
around Hall Carlos. ,f e aSf'enr1e(l tllP oppo:-:itc hank along a
ridge of roeks and houlders. whi('h we fonnd hptKPl--'n tlIP t,,'o
strealll
, nwking Illauy turns in our traYel
, antl sur111ounting'
rock.'
precipi('Ps, where a way ('ould he opeued <HII.'? h.\
the
use of a ('rowhar. ,Ye reached the sUll11ui1 ahout lllÍdday,
ha \Ting traveled in our ascents and descents 1\\'0 ]eagu\.'s in
an east-southeast direction. There are, in a ll()rt]ll'a
tprl."
ilil'eC'tion fnnn herf', byo small Illonntains. FroBl tlw 10\\,<,,,,t
of these "
e dp,-:('cnded to tlw
outheast. and having g'one three
leagues oyer good ground, we stopped, [l1thou?;h in a pla('f}
without -water, hecanse we found good pt:l
tnl'age for thp nni-
InaIs, and sufficient flwl to keep us warnl, for WE-' were
nffer-
ing from the cold. ,Ye called our calnp Han Proto. Toaay
fiye leagues.
:N ovelnber the 12th.
,Ye left San Proto, taking a south-
outheast direction.
,Ye traveled now upon nn open road and on good soil, three
THE ('ATHOLTC ('HrlH'H IN I T T_\H
:Jl
leagues, and on the wa
' (li
(,oYE:']"pd a
ll1al1 :-:pl'ing- of good
water, and after breaking' tlip iee tlu=> pntire pn]'t
-, Íl}('iudiug'
the aninwls, qUPIwheJ their thirst. This phwe, as tlIp tra('ks
about lwre show, is a spot ,dlP]'(' the t i O :-ìninal'5 l'itch tlwir
eamp "'''hen tlu:>y are out after the PaY1H'his. \Ye ('OlItinlwd
our way along- thf' :-;aIlle road Ífnnll'ds the south, suffering
from thp extrf'lllf' eold, all< l1uH'ing tnl\'plf'(l :-;0111(' four league
oY(
r a good road. \\Te tllnwd asidp frOlH the higll\nl
' to takp
tlIP tl'ai I leading' to t)l('
[oqui
, a('('onliug' to thE:' dt'seriptioll
that had heen giYPll llS h
T thp Payuchi:-:; we fo)Jowpd the one
Ill0:-;t used by the Cosllinas, in a south-:..:nutlnn--,,,,t dil'f'etion,
and haying pro('eedE:'(l a league. \\p ('aBle upon a nU1uhpr of
c1e:-:t-'rted Yillagps. \"itlt tl'a('p:-; of luuch tiuIt:' ha\'ill
he
ll
pt>llt
JH--'l'P in pasturing: horsps and ('attle. \\T e ]((-'1't forward upon
the saIue roa(l, and after haying gone a l
aglH' all(l a half
to tht>
outhwest, night oyertook us, and Wt' ('amped "Tit hout
all
" water, calJing' tht' place San .J êH'into. 'rolla,\-, ninp and
a half leagues.
(hI a('('oullt of tll(-' great ('oh1. w<-' stol'UeJ herp awhile, our
{'Olllpanions going ahl'a<l, fOt, thf' pl1rpnsp of building- a fire
awl to relit>'Te the suffering of ] )on Bprllêndo
J ipra. who ,,"a:-:
in (hlIlgl>r of freeziug'; alHI 1"e W(-'1'P gTeatly in feal' that hp
('ould not with
talltl the ('old. For this rpa
()n our ('()]llpan--
ions reêwhl'd tht:>
pring hefun.> we <lid. and, hefo1'e we ('ould
('ateh up with theIll, the
' had gOUt. ahead -without filling tit(-'
\'es:-;p]:-; we had giypu thelIl, \\"iih wt1ter, and whi(.h tlw
T had
hrought for that purpose. Bp('a usp of this oYel'
ight, We-'-
uff{-'rE:'d g rpatl
" tiia t Hight fnnn thi rst.
XOyeIllher the] :Hh.
,rp left
all .fa('into, lwl1diug :-_
ìJr ('Ollr:-;t.' ltI a .soutlnn'''t-
(,1'I
' <1il'eetioll aloug the samc road, on']' ea.s
" IBollutaius
wh
re -we found pJent.\' of pa.stll1'e, and after lUH'ing' ('oyel'ed
two leag'll{-,:-{, Wt' descended towa )"d
tIll' :-;Ollth a If-'ap;lw and a
half, and found. in a )"O('k
T hill, .snffi('icnt wah'r for all our
people, and allnost enoug'h l' OJ' the animals. "' r e ('OUtiIHIE:'d
OUI' ('Oll1'SP :-;traight ahead t01nll'd.s tll(--'
outh :-;OlHe t"TO l(-'aglH
.
o\'pr a :-ìalldy stretch of coulltr
T, awl tht'l1 '\YPllt ahout half a
a
THE CA.THOLIC CH"CRCII IX UTAH
league to the 1:;onthea
t. and
topped ahout a leaglw beyond.
where we found a well of poor water. \Ve l"alled the place
Espino (
pine), becau1:;e we ate here a porcupine, whose fle
h
seeuled to us very delightfuL Since the da
befol'f
we had
eaten nothing but a piece of roasted leather, and we arrived
here suffering frOln hunger, Katurally the pOl'f'upine, dis-
tributed alllong so lllany of us, only whetted our appetites,
<lnd so we ordered another hor1:;e killed. ,Ye had not given
this order sooner because 1ve entertained a hope that we
luight obtain rations in sonle one of the Cosnina villages, but
we found no traee1:; of their having been recently in thes
parts. Today, six leagues:.
X oVelllber the 14th.
,Ye went out of Espino in a south-
outheasterly direction,
and after we had gone a little less than a league, we f'()lllt
to a large pool of water near the road, from which the
::llliulais drank \'ery freely and with gn-'at satisfaction. 'Ye
continued our journey to the southeast, and entered a cañon
in which we passed over a distance of three-fjuarters of a
league, and entered another cañon in whieh we found three
springs of good water. ,r e followed its course fm" a half-
league to the southeast; we arrived at sonle cu1tivaÜ.d ground
lnd a village of tlw COSl1ÍlUl1:;, very beautiful, and eyer.\'-
thing in good order. These fields are irrigated fronl the
iour springs referred to and froni two other very ahulld-
;ant ones that an' found near h
T; in this piet'e of land
.,the Cosninas had planted corn, beans, :-'(lna
hes. watennelon
and muskme]on
.
'Yhen we aITi\?ed, ther had gathered ill their crOIJS; aud
froIll the rel11nants that we found ahout the place. we ju<lg'(>
the crops were ahundant, f'speeia 1I
of hl'all
; for if we had
ared to stop lwn" we might have gathered np a husheL The
field is surrounded hy a hedge of peach trees. Besides a UUlll-
bel' of wigwmn:-; ('ollstrlwted of reed
, there was one littlf'
house huilt of stolle and 111U(1. In this hut we saw the pot
and jars u!-,etl b
these Indians; hut the people thenl
ely(>s,
judging b
' what we saw, lnllst have been ahspnt for se\?eral
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN rIAR
.)0)01
-00
day
. perhaps in seare-It of pine nuts in the adjacent 11l0Ull-
tain, which lay to the
outh-
ùuthwest. Fr0111 thi
little
farlu, paths led off in various directions, and we were
ignorant as to which one ,ye should follow in order to reaC'11
the .MOtlUis
for Wp couid no longer eontinue Our iOll1"ne
r in
search of the Cosninas, owing to our need of proyisions, and
because the winter was upon us in great severity. "
e C'hose a
road that leLl to the southeast, and traveled over level coun-
try, and passed se\'"eral pools of good water in a di
tan<'e of
SOllle two leagues.
,Ye cro
ed a sllmll river that flows fronl northeast to
southwest, in appearance very much like an irrigating ditch.
There was a SlllaH grove and fields of llloderate size, not very
well enclo:sed, along the side that 'Yf' passed. After leaving
the river, we ascended a plain on which we found a slllaIllake,
and a nUlnher of hollows whiC'h hold rain water and seiTe
as watering places and bathing pools 1'01' the cows, which we
no"T began to see in nunlerous herds, belonging to the
Io-
quis. ,Ye C'outinued our .way along the In(->sa two and a ha]f
leag.ues to the south-southeast; clilllhed a lofty hill, and as
the night was drawing on. and there was pasturagf' for the
anilnals, we
topped, nmning the place
lllllnlit of tlw Plains_
be('ause frOlu this point yast fielcls and pastures began to
extend, 'without tahle-lands, 11101ulÌains nor rangp,I;;;, hut C'o\r_
ered with grass, and which reach on the southeast to a point
he
'Oll<.l .:\Io(lui. Today, six leagues and a quarter.
X ovelnber the 15th_
,''''e ",yellt forth froln the Sununit of the Plains to th(' south-
southea
t, and tra,'"eled in that direction for nin
leagues
without fin<ling water, not daring to lo
e our
elves in the
sea rC'h of it. ,Ve found a quantit
at last in ël "alley .where
there grew chmuiso, of the kind known, a:' "little ehan1Ï
o."
,Ye l'mnped in the p]a('e, ('alling it the Chizo CaÍÏon. Today,
nine league
to the south-southeast.
'Ye had nothing- fnr our
upper to-night.
in(.e the hol'sP-
flesh was not enough for the entil'e pa}'t
'. There were IlHnl
T
herds of cattle )'oëlluing about, and SOine of OHI- party were
:J-!
IHE CATHOLIC CHl.'RCH 11\ l.'TAH
HllXÎOU:-; to kill a eow or l'alf; the
- hegged with ÎUSistpIl<'e that
we :::;houlrl giye them pel'luissioll to reli('y
Ül this wa
the
hunger whi{'h pressed upon us all. But we, helieying that \YC
wen> now near to the town of (Jra
bi, and that :-;w'h all w't
as the killing of one of their henl nlight raisf-' SOIl 1(' trouhle
"ith the
Io(lnis, and nlÏght frustrate onr dp:-;ign, whidl was
to hring' to thpse people tht' light and sweetness of the Oo
-
1>el against their Yoluntan
hlilldnf-'ss and luyeteratp ohstin-
ae
', onlere(l that another horse should lw killed, and that no
one should go Ileal' the lwrd:-; of ('attIe, en'u though Wf' were
assured that tlw:-,e herds wcl'{
rUllning a
(,Oll1JllOll propert
.
Xo\'elìlher the 1()th.
,Ye left Chizo (
aÜon, going to the south-southeast three
I f'aglws, and Ilea l' to a lofty 111('sa \\
e des('endpd to the
east-northeast a (IUartf-'r of a league. \\T e found here a "
eIl-
h{
aten road, and ('aIlle to the l'onelu:,ion that it would lea(l
us to SOllIe 011e of the
loqni yillap:es. \\Te [ollowp(l it. amI
jourlle
'ell oyer le\Tel ('Olllltl'
- three ]f
aglH-}S to the Ilol'thea:..:t.
and nearly two league:-; to the north, wlIieh hronght u=-, to
the lllesa of the to\yn of (
l'ayhi. "
e ol'dp!'f'cl tla
1IH'lllhprs of
tlu.' l"OlllpallY to c.mnc to a halt at th(' foot of the IIlPsa. and
that no onp, with the PX('PptiOll of tlw
e who "\n
n} to êl('('()}ll-
pall
"" ll:"\. should pas
un to tllP town until Wp h'Hl din:,('tell
them to do
O. \re ('liIllhp(l to HI(> SllIllmit of the tahlp-land
without any diffi('nlt
..
()n entering the to"\Yn. Wf' wpre :"\mTollwlpd h
' a gn':lt
IllllulJer of Iudians, laq!:e allcl
mall. \Yf' a:-;kt'd to
l'(} tll',>
ehief Ineu awl warriors, in a lallg'uage \yhi('h they did not l1!1-
der!-\tand, and, ,,
ishing to pas:::; to tll(> honsp of the (,hief'. the
'
det.ained us. (hiP of thenl told us in 1 he Xa\'ajo lallgnagl' that
we lllU!-\t not pntpr into thp town. TllPn Don .J uall I \,tlro ('is-
Heros in a \,pry earnest wa
-, asked theul in tllP
mne tongne
if tller \\
ere Hot our fripu<ls? 'Yith this the
' he('anle :-;at i
-
fied, awl onp of thp old meu lea ns to his hOìlse aml llUHlf' lIS
his gllP:-;t:..;. gi\'ing" to u:-; a 1'00111 in ,yhi"h to PêlS:-; t1lp night.
and furnishing us with sneh food as tlll'Y thpms,--.ly{-'s u
ed.
Today, seyen leagues.
THE CATHOLW CHrRCH IK eTAH
.)'1-
_a.)
At night then' ('ame to us the chief and two old 111ell, and
aftey tlwy had assured u:-; that they were our friends, tIler
offered to :-ipll ns whatp\'cr food we \yere ÜI need of, on which
,,
e expn.ì:-ised our \Yel'
- great thankf-:.
X O\'(-'lllher the] 7th.
y (-,l'
' earl
' in tlI<:' lllornillg tllt'
. hrong-ht to our lodging'
several jars ur ha:-iins filled with flour, butter, guavas, and
other kinds of ]lrovisiun:-;. \Ye purcha "(.id of theln for the
present what we re<luired; hut the things which we Ulost
ueede(l thp
' brought in :::nnall quantitie:-,. JIaving no inter-
preter, we 'were not able to effeet a reduction in tlw price a:-,
wr' ,,-ou]d lul\ye desirerl to do. "
e suc('ee<!ed in getting th{'nl
to under:-;tand a little, e:-:peeially tlI<:' ('hief and our hO:-it and
henefaetol'. They listened attentiyely, but nlade no other dè('-
laration than that the
" wi:-;hed to retain thp friell(bhip of tlIp
Hpaniards. Tlw chief told us that he had alread
T
f'nt word
to the oth<:,r towns that they
hould proville us with lodging
awl sell to us whate\'er provisiolls we Juight npf'(l until ,,'(' ar-
ri\"ed at Zuñi. W" e gavp thf'ln to llnd(?rstand thai we gl'eat]
Y
apprf'ciated this favor, a:-; well a" the other:-i that \ye had re-
ceived frmll theul, auel after lllielda
' Wf' departf'd frmn
()rayhi, and took our wa
Y towards the to\nl of Xongopahi:
after a journey of llea1']
' twu leagues anù a quarter to the
southwest. we aITi\'(,<l at our destination after !-'unset, and
were kill(lI
" l'pl'eivpd h
" tlIP lWoplf'. who il}lJllediatel
ga\'e us
lodging. Today, two league
and a quarter tu the
uuthea
t.
X oveluhpr the 1
th.
The prill<'ipal [ndia1!s of this to"Tl '111(1 of othC'l'ç' round
ahout, and of the towns of Xipaolahi and 1f o:-;songanahi. heing-
Hssf'mhlec] here, Wt' l'rea('he<l to thelll, after h
nring expre
:-:pd
our gratitude to thenl for the fa\"ors a11(l kill(l l'C'('Pptioll th('
'
had extended to us. partly hy sign
and partl
hy tIlE' nse of
tllt' Xa\"ajo language. The
' replied that tllf'
conld not de-
hatp with n
l>pl'ausp tllP
' did not ullIlel'stand Rpanish, nOt"
dill Wf--' llllderstaJl(l the
f oqui no
tlIa t 'Ye should continue OU1'
jOlll'ne
' to Oualpi, where tllC're \W're sonle iutel1ig'f'nt lwrSOll";
who understood Rpalli
h, HlHl that after tplliJlg' thf' chiefs and
:)G
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN rTAH
warriors there aH that we desired of theul. \\'"f' .would then
learn what the
T wislw(l. But as \H> urgpd them to giye u
a
response for tht>l11SE'lves. in ease the
T lmd(,l'
tood ,,
hat we had
said to them, they added that the duef and warriors of
()raybi had sent then} word that the
T were to giye lodging,
look after our wants and sell us IH'OYlSlOn
, \Yiulling our
friendship, but not treating with us eOlleernilJg other lllatten;;
and that they desired to be our friends, but not Christians.
'Yhell they had conclu(lpcl this adaress. we pl'p:-:entp(l to
tlH> Indian who had gi\Tcn us lodging and had hE'en so kind
in Iuany ways, a woollen sha-\y] for his wife, judging that by
this gift they would understand hetter what our gratitucle
was, and Iuight feel a wanner fl'ielHbhip to\yanls ns. But it
did not turn out a
we espe(.ted. for when the Iwlian wonW!l
took ,yith great pleasure \dmt \W> had givélL hf'l' hrothf'l"
snatclwd it a'Ya
T fnnll her and threw it towar.Is ns in gl'e:lt
anger. \\T e C'oneluded that his ('",il aet SlH.êHlg froI)1
Ollle ('011-
ception whielí reflected upon our honor anJ prof('
...:ion hp-
cam;;;p "
e had inllOCE'IItly bestowf'd the sha-wl as S0111P 1'(->C0111-
pense; and 'Ye pndeayored, with thE' grayity aud dignit
T that
the occasion c1èlnanded, to nwke hinl under
tand 0111' trne
Illotives.
ThE'll it was that the Indian, desirous of IlIa king SOlllP
reparation for the offence (which frOlTI his point of yiew wa;;;:
not great), cau
ed us still further confusion than h
' his first
act. Finding tba t a1thonp;h we "
('l'e lllany, and that none
could understand hÏ1n, lIP pointed to Ji-'ray
ilYestre and 1)011
Pedro Ci
lleros, after the crowd had dif'persed, and
aid to
us in Navajo, that haying known what had taken plaet' ill
Oraybi, when the said Fathers, Fray Silvestre and Don .Tuan
Pedro, had been there in the :-.;UlllUler of the year hefore, and
that lw had hf'Pll presPllt in Gualpi when tllf' Cosnina talked
with Father Silvpstre and gave hin} dire('tiolls ahout the
road frOlll }IOCIUi to the (iosnina
; and that now sincp \YP
had ('OllIe hy t11p sanlP road, lw would not permit his hrothel's
or hrothers-in-Iaw to re('eive the sha,Yl, 1Je('ause if they <ll'-
rel)ted it his relations and neighhors would 1)(\ aJlgT
- with
THE CATHOLIC CHVRCH IX {;"TAH
37
theIll. rrhis he
ai<.l with a view to
ati
fy U:-5. hut we wpre not
aùlp l'learly to undf'r
tand ju:-:t what he Ineant by it all, al-
though it \nlS not diffielllt to nuder
tand what he Ineant when
referring to prcyion:-: e\'ellts.
rlulÌ afternoon we set out for GuallJi. lIaving traveled
nine league
and 11lOl'e than fonr in an ea
terly dirE'f'tion, we
arrived late at night, our little party remaining at the fool (If
a pinf'-f'o\'ered hill, \dÚ If' we e1Ï1nhed to the SU111n1Ít with a
fE:'w eOlupauiolls. The
eanos and Gualpi Indians ref'ei\'E:'d u-.;.
very cordiall
, and gave ll
lodging in the house of the ehipf
of the Tanos, where we passed the night. Today. two.
lpague
and a quarter to the ea.st.
.....\fter we had restcr1 for a while, it wa
toì(l ll
h
' an
apostatf' T ndian of the town of Oa li
teo ill X PW 1texit'0, a
luan of grE'at age and of IlllWh authority alll(ìHg the Tanos
of 1Ioqui, nauled Pedro. that they \yere having' at pre
ellt a
se\Tere "
ar ,,
ith the
-\pi:l('he Xavajos; and that thel::'e ellell1Ìes.
had killed Illany and earried awa
Inan
T of thei l' peoplf': and
for thi
rèa:-;on they had heen hoping that ";;OllW pri('
ts or
Spaniards "Tonld f'01ne this way, in order that through thel11
tlwy Illight seek aid fnnn the Uovernor, 01' SOHIt' kind of pro-
tef'tioll again
t their enelnif's; and :-'0 it wa:-: that the
- were
eX('Pf'dingl
"Tell pleased that we had COlne to visit theul;
for the
T hoped that we would favor and eOlnfort tl1(->l1l.
Thi
:::;eenlCtl to ns a ver
T propitiou:-: o(,f'asion in whieh to
prea('h to thPlll a knowlf'(h
'e of the true faith ancllllak(-, tÌlêïll
suhjeets of his Inaje
t
T. whOln llWY God presen'e. \Yf'rpplieù
to theIn, giving thenl rea
on to hope, and WP told thenl that
the
T f'houhl sUllllllOn together the ('hiefs and 'warriors of tht"
other three town
, and havE:' thel11 ('Olllf' to u
in Onalpi; that
on the following da
- the
' should an be gathered together in
this place of the Tanos to discuss this TIwttf'r with ('are and
with due fOrIllalit
T. The old Ulan. Pedro. thf'll said to ll
that
he wished to go to the f'it
T of
anta Fl>, to dra\y Ul) with thp.
Governor ill tll(' name of the .J.\[oquis
lnd Tanos, the trpatv
of alliance w1íi('h the,\T wi
hed. and to a
k for the aid tlm't
they needed, if we cared to take hinl along with u
in OUt.
:!:iH
THE CATHOL[C' CHrRCH T
UTAH
olllpany. 'Ye told hilH that we would gladly take hinl along,
and that we would intere
t our
eIYe:-. in thi:-: affair of tll\'
l()(lnis with tlu-' Ooyerllor, hut that in ordpl' to do thi:-: it
would Le lle(.t'ssar
- that out of t'aeh of th
six tOWll
sonw
1>ersOll
clothed with authority should appear hpfun> his Ex-
('f-'llelley. Tht'!- agl't'ed that on the follo\\
íng da
' there
hould
he
uch a reuuion, and that tlH:l
- would smmnon u
, and
ga
her in a place "Wanlleù for the u('('(lSiOll wll(-111 en:'l.
-thing
('ould be talked oyer and arranged.
:x o\'eullwr l!Jth. The ('hief IHen of
\Iossanaganahi canle,
<llHl haying joined together "With tlH-' ('hit'fs and wa rl'iors of
the towns of tht' Hnalpi in a place belonging to the rranos,
the apostate Pedro took us oyer t11en\ l'royiding for us au-
other apostate a
interpretpl', all Indian of the town of Nauta
(1lal'a, ealled -<-lntonio pi Cuate, he('ê1l1Se he nn(lel'
tood antI
f:pekt' well the Hpani
';]l langnage. Ht-' translatt-'rl our words
into the
eegua language:' and Pedro did th(' :-;am(-' I'm- tllP
.:\foqllis, so that all thos(' present in the councilluight und<::,r-
stand what we said. rrhe
T gavp us an
H'('ount of ,yhat had
been said before "We ('ëllllP to tht-' llll'Pting-pla('('. and that they
had agrpt-'d that the apostate Pedro should al'('onl]>an
- u
to
the ('it
. of Nanta p(>, in order that, in tllf' Halne of all of thClll,
he might a:-;k aid of the (}P\Tpl'IlOr against the
-\pa('hp Xaya-
jo:-;. aud lllake a treat
' of peal'e ",itb the Hpania nb; and the
-
hesought ns to do all in onr lW\H'r for thf'm. \r e g-ayp thPlll
an:'3wer that in t'ver
-thillg "-e woul(l he in their favor, he-
('<1 use we loyed then1 ai" chi Idren and we had ('01npassioll on
theul heeanse of tlH'ir trouhlps; hut that as God i
tilE' only
all-Powerful OUt' \dLO ('outrols and gOYf'rns all; so long' as
tlle
- persistC'd ill their unhelit'f aIHI did nùt ("ease to offend
] íiul, the
- ('ould not hope to ht'('0111P fl'(,pc{ frOlll those
t l'ouhle:-.. \r (:' cOlltinlwcl then to tal k to 1IIPBl f'Ollt't'l'nillg
eternal pl1ui
hn1f'nt, i"a
'illg that if th('
diel not al'n'pt tlll:'
(ihri
tiall l'pligioll tlIe
- wonl(l he expo:-;p(l to all ellf11f'ss sufft-'l'-
iì1
ill hell. 'Ye pufol'('pd our dOl'trillt'. illustrating it h
' the
nffiictions thpy wC're alread
- undergoing".
"Y e told them, also, that if tlll'
' ('ollsentpel to be('ome
THE f'ATHOL[l' CR1:'IH'H IX rT.UI
3
}
Christians, they would haye tht. constaut and sure defense
(If the Sp:uIish :Inns agaiuí-'t all tlw Gentile lwople ,yho
should atteuipt to do theln harm, HS wa
the ease wlth tllf'-
l
hristiEn Indian
uf X ew ::\f exieo
showing theul at the ;-;alll
tiuit' the usele:-;snp
s and untrust\nnthincss of the friënd-
hip,.; and aHiaut'es whieh the
' had s('veral tillIPS fOl'lned ,yith
the Yuta::-. and Xavajos; and after having' ::-:aid to then1 every-
thing' that seeuled proper and cffieae'ious, WE' rèlluestf'd theln
to let us kno\\- their resolution, whether or not they agreed
to do a:-: we desired; that we '-w're disposed to takf' tlH-'ir
unhas:-;adors to Nanta Fe, and to fayor them in every way we
{'oul(l. Three times did we nrge npon thE'lll their duty to
:-;l1lnuit to the elaillls of th2 Hol
T Chul'C'h, attae'king an(l cle-
stroying the a rglullents that they used in favor of not (lceept-
iug the faith; hut the
' stated that they had not cared to do so
in the past and did not wish to do í-'O now. The second time
we nrge(l thenl, they gave Us to understand tlia t as there were
1110re pagans than (1hristians, the
T desired to follow the lna-
jorÍty; and that, in addition to this, the
T lin=-d in a ('ountr
T
,r]wl'e :-5uhjectioll to the Hpania !'lIs would he \'(=-ry iueon\'ell-
leut, I"in('(' if the
T were C'onyerted to the faith they would
hH.YE:' to SelTE' the Rpania]'(ls.
Haying de
troYE'd thE:' apparE:'ut fOJ'ee of ('ae'll Olle of their
:u'gulllenb and not finding anr exeuse for their opposition,
thf-' memher
of the ('ouIlf.il spent a good deal of tillle in di:-:-
{,lls:-:ion, thosp who were of greatest anthorit
- speaking fir;-;t,
and others follo,yiug. And although eaeh oue
p{)l(f", foJ' hilU-
elf, he explained his meaning' in tll(? fonn of a dialngne, and
ended his monologue h
- addressing a uUlllher of qnel"tiol)s to
-the rest, ,yho repliea affirnlativt'l
- or lleg'atiYel
-, according
to tll<' ('ha rader of the questions. In thest' í-'peeehE'
thp
- dis-
('Us sed the traditions of their anepstors, an(l exhol'Ìf'(l f'ach
other to a clo
e adht'rt'IH'e to tlIp aH('if'nt (,llstoms, assel'til1g
t 1 wt it would he hetter to Huffer their present ('ahuniti(>s
ra tliP!' than g:o aga iust thpí-'(' Cl1stOlllS. The
T affirnwd that
they "Wanted oIll
T our friendshi p, and did not d('
i rf' to he-
:240
THE CATHOLIC CH L'RCH I
UTAH
come l1hristialls, l>ecanse their forefathel':-3 had told th
In
they should IleVpr beeonw subjeet to the Spaniards.
'Ye endeavored to shov, thelu the foolish Ílupiety there
was in
meh traditioll
and a(h'iee, hut without an
? suC'cess
wh:1Ìsoeyel'. l<-'ina llr, they ('HIne to t11,-, cOllelusioll that Pedro
hOllld not go to tlw cit
T of Hanta Fe. the rea
on for ,,
hich
he hiulself ga\'e us in thf'se words: ,. rrhey do not ('are to
Ln \'1:' IlW go to see the Oov
rnor. Iwpause [ aill a Christian;
the
' say he ,,-ill not pel'luit Ule to return to
I o(Jui. " He
feared this nnH'h lllOre than the otlJel's did, and ('ons
(lnf-'ntly
we ('Ol1ld not get hinI to put hi
fir:-\t thought into exeeutiOlI.
Th
('oullei I h
l\'ing' hroken up, Wf' returned ;-;ad and sorrow-
ful to our lodging
, seeing that the ohstinal'
? of thes
-' nn-
lPl'Y lndiall:-: was not to he oven'OIlH'. }1\)1' this reasOll we
detenllilleù to
et out the following da
. for Zuíìi, before all
the passes and roads shoul(l he hlo(,}\:p(l, as it was suo\ving
without internlÌssion. For this reason also we w('rp una hie
to take observations to find out the latitude of tht'se Jfoqui
towns.
X oveluber the
Oth. In the aft
l'nO()ll \\?P set out froIll the
Gnalpi to\r11S, and journeying foul' !eague
to the east and a
I ;:ull'tf'r to thf' f;outheast, \ye I-'topped for the night whf're
there wa
\rater in a pla('e ('alled ()jo IIp] l iaîíutillo. To-day
foul' leagues.
Xoyelnher
1 st. ,r f' left Ojo del Caîíuti 110, amI tUrlw(l
our step" in a llortheasterl
' tlil'eetion and tra\'eled tl1l.(1('
leagne
, and lmyillg gone :--onw two leagues farther tu the
('a
t, wp eauIl)P(l a half-league hefol"f-' re;whing a placf' ('allpd
Esti !adpro or Ojito del ]>pîiasco (Little Rpring of th(' lio('k)'
To(la
r :::;e\TPll leaglH:'H.
N oyeIuher
:!d. '\T e left the ('onipall
? with thos
of the
ani1lla I
, whiC'h \Yen' weakest. to follow us lpisnrf'l
to ZUlli,
\dÜle we with three of our cUInpanion
:::iet ont at grpater
:'lwed. 'Ve journeyed nine leag'uPs towards the en
t and a
(!ll:1rtel" to the southeast. n"íwhing H spot ('alled (i llllla . \Ve
l"\'-sted for a \rhile-', and tlll'n puslw(l a]wH(1 for anotlH-'l' t\rO
THE C.\.THOLIC CH"CRCH I
UTAH
41
leagues towards the east. But uur hOl'<..;es were jaded, and
"
e were cOlupeJled to ::;top. Today, eleven leagues.
N oYelnbE'r :2:3d. "
e pre
sE'd fOnnll'd, altl10ngh it snowed
all day long, with violent storln
. galloping tweh'e leagues,
and stopped at a plaee ealled 1
ianatuna, 01' N}H'ing of San
.J osé. \Ye :..;uffE'l'pd ll)lwh fr0111 the col(1 during- the night.
Toùay, twel\'P leagues alulOst continuously toward the past.
K oyenlber :2Jth.
u soon as day broke, we set out frolll
the Hpring of Han .José in a south-easterl
direction, and
after ha\ying gone
onlf'thing like two leaglws WE' stopped for
a while and huilt a fire h
whi('h to \,ann Olll'SplyE's. he('ause
tlw ('old was
o intense that we feared we
hould freezf' while
in tIlE' valley. \r e then went fOl'\YëU'(1 lllOl'P than three leagues,
and after g'oing anothpl' two to"'a l'<ls HIP ea
t, and a qua rtpr
towards the northeast, \ye paused a \yhile to makp a ehange
of horses in a plaee ealled, hy the Zuñis, Okiappá. 'Ye pushed
forward, and haying joul'ne
ed fh'e leagues to tlw southeast,
we arrived late at night with extrelue fatiglw at the t,Wll
and nlÌs
ion of ()ur Laòy of Guadalnp(
of Zuüi. To(la
T,
t wph'e leagues.
Not feeling btrong enough to ('ontillue on our way to the
('ity of Santa F-'e, we :-;ent w01"(1 to the GoyernoL", ach'i:sing hilll
(If our
afe arriyal at thi
lllÌ
i()n, with a hri
f reSUIlI{' of
what is recorde(l in thi:s journal.
X o\YPIuher
(ith. In the afternoon our ('ompanlons a]'-
] i',yecl.
For yarlOU:-; rea:-;OIlS we reumilled in thi
Ini
ion until
the 1
th da
' of 1 )eeeinher, when we s<:>t out for thp ('it
- of
Santa Fe.
\ftE'r a trip of thirt
' Ipague
we rpêlched tlH:'
]niðsion of Nan Est{>han dp .L-\.('oma OIl the ] 6th of t.he SaIne
JTHlth.
TllPll there ('aJne a hpaY
' fall of snow that pre\yented our
1llaking as rapid p}"()gre
s as \y(' de
irpd.
Dp('elllher :2l)th. "T è left A('OllW fo}" tliP Illi
sioll of ReÎior
Rail .Jo:-;{' dE' h1 l...ag'UlHl, \yhi('h we ]'eaellE'd aftpr a trip of fonr
league:::;. To(lay, four ]eague
.
] )e('eulhel' :2
(1. L
a\'ing la Lagnna and tr<l \,pl illg a <li
-
+:!
THE ('.
THOL[(' CUrRCH IX CTAH
talH ' 2 of
ix lenglH's to the east, w(' f--topppd at a place ccdleel
.....-\laIllo. TO<lH
-, six leagues
] )e
elllher
;)d. \\
e left thi
place, and, jcnlI'llP
'ing' fÎ\'e
leagues to the east. \Ye reaellt'd the ll1is
ion of
an ..Agll
tin de
la 1 sleta. Today, II ine league
.
Del'l'lnher :!Hth. \Ye set out from the to\yn of Isleta. and
ha\'ing gOllf' foul' league
. \\Te arriyed at the lllissioll of
an
Fraueis('() Xayipr de Âlhll(1l1el'<ju
. '
r()day, four leagues.
I)p('. :Wth. Leaving this plat'p, and moyiug forwHnl four
leap;ues, we arriye at tllt' mission uf ()uI' Lad
- uf I )olo1'es uf
alldia. Today, four leagues.
I)p('eluhpr ;nst. \r P lll'esse<l fonnl rd, and haying gOlW
se\,pn leagues, we (,Ollll' to the mission of Han DOlllillgO. To-
da
', se,-ell leag:nes.
.J anuar
- :!, 1777, we arriyed at the ('it
. of Santal?é, lUl\T-
iug ('OIue from tItf-' lllis
ioll last mentioned.
.J anuary 3d. 'Y l-' offer this journal, with a aesC'ription of
the rf'giolls of the lake:-. lueutiouecl ill it, anù of the Laguna
Indians. ...\nd that it UlH
- he kUC)\Yll to h(' b'llP and in a('('onl-
Hnl'e with tIll' fat.ts herein rel'onled, and with what we saw
during our .iourne
', we pla('e onr
ignature this :
d (lay of
.J aUlla r
' of the year 1 III.
FRAY FHA
('J
C()
\ T.\
A
I() I )()
] [XGl'EZ,
FRAY
IL"EHTRE \T ELEZ DE E
(,ALAXTE.
7'(',':::1 ÌïiUIlllf u/ ."'1}((}1 ;"'], ('0 }J,7/ist.
(T0111ada psta ('opia pOl'... \llton in (1asti Ilo
. Huiz df' In
SegulHla
(,l'i(' de ))O('uuwutos para la I[istoria dp
Lexi('o.
tOlllO 1, páginHs' :
/,) ií 33R, iUl'lusi\yo. En e
ta lJihliotel'a Xa-
('ionH I e:-, TerC'f'rH Herie, t01110 1 G.)
(10pied h
' Antonio Castillo
. Huiz fron1 the
e('olld Ne-
ries uf J)m'uUlPuts for the Histor
' of
h->xil'o, \Tol. 1, Pl'. ;
7,)
to .}.}H, indu
iYe. ] n the Xational Lihrar
. of the (1it
. of
r('xi('o it is r:rhird Series, Yol. IG.
ð
IteZ.ke
T
;:-';.\TTRE OF Ynn
m:: ESC-\L\::\'"TE. FAC
J:\lTl.E.
BOOK III
Etienne Provot. Father De Smet, General Connor
and the Dawning of Our Own Time
J'"
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CHAPTER XVI.
TRAILI
G THE PADRE:::;.
Leaying
al1ta Ft>, the first stopping plaep of the party
"Was at the old Spanish town of
al1ta (1lara, whi('h naUH.' the
little yillagc sti11 retains, and anotllf'r nine Jeag-ues, or t\\ent
--
Ollf> and a half lni les, hrought thenl to Santa Ho
a de
\ hiquiú,
thf' still existing to,rn of that name. Fnnn hpr(' tll(> trail
bore tu tliP north mId ,ye...;t to a point nea1' tlw pl'eseut yillage
of Ch
ulla on the Denypr mal Bio Ol'andf' Railroad. fr0n
where the príf'
ts Ílll'llf>d ahruptly to the westwa rd. foIlo,,
ing
practi('all
- tllf' route at pn>sent taken h
- the railroad, through
Durango and, still along' tilt' line of tlw l'ailro
H1, to tll(-' west
until tll(-'
arri\'f>d at thf> present
tatioll of I )oiore
. where
the railroad tnrn
into thp mountaill
to the right 011 its
wa
Y, to Uuray and Telluride.
!{ere, the ('nurse taken by the party was along the Rio
Dolores to within son1e 15 n1Ïles of where the 1"i\'e1' is jnilwd
h
y the
an 1Liguel, whi('h E
('alante l1aIlled the
an Pearo,
and then turned to the ea
twa n1 H('rOss thf> hpa(l-water
of
tll...
an
[igllf>1.
There l'an hl> little question hut thi
ahrupt :-owing to the
eastward wa
the prilllar
- ('aus(' of the failure of the expedi-
tion to reaeh 1[ontprer. 1t :-;eelIls apparent that in taking
this route E:-;eaJante llllI
t ha,re heell inflnelH'ed h
thp pl"e-
yiou
trip
of Hi,rel'a and Po
ado, the fOl'lllf'l' g-oinp: a
far
north as the (}ralld Hi,rer, and thl' lattpl" to tlle
all Huena-
\'entura or Green RiYer.
Following this easterl
' (,Olll'Se f01.
()1llf> fift
. miles, they
now turned llortlnnll"d, a<'ro:-:-.; the lower end of t1l(' 1 Y IWOlll-
pahgre Plah'au into tIle (lraiuêlg-e of the l r nl'OlUpahgrp Biyer,
and then northward a('l'O
S thp nUllni
on and the Grand, mHl
still on a('ross tllP ,rhite ri,'el' until tllP
T rpêH'ht'fl I tall.
Un this portion of the .Journey they tl'Hypled almost PIl-
-!-!
THE {'A TH OLIC CH"CRCH IX UTAH
tirely oyer Indian tl'aib, with cOlnpetent guide
and, a
the
followed pra('ti('all
the routes of Hin?ra and Po
ado, nothing
of noteworthy interest happened, and not until they leaye
the banks of the Grand Uiyer do they enC'ounter a foretaste
of tllf' tria Is whieh are to ('OIne later.
(
ro:-.Ûng the state line, now :::,eparating Colorado fr0111
l7tah, and con1Ïng to that portion of the journey ,dlÍC'h UlOre
intinlately concerns our history, Esealante Inadc his fir
t
eaInp in Utah upon the eastern hank of HIP Green Hiyer at
a point near the present town of Jensen, hut on the oppositp
si(le of the ri,'er. Of the lo<,ation of this (,HUI)) there ('an he
little douht. as the Iuinnte des('ription whieh he gi\'es of the
})nnninent tOIJographicaJ features eould IJe fitted to nu other
portioll of northern {
tah, and while his IatitlHle giyen for
this eanlp is, as in other instances, erroneous owing' no douht
to his failure to al'pl
the IH:'('es
ar
. currections to his ealcll-
lation;o" the error in thi:;: region showing hinl to he ahout 58
Iuinutes too far north, he t'ould ha,'e C'ome, a('C'onling to his
deseril)tions of the country, frolH no other dileetion than
across the Yauipa Plateau and down to the Green Hiyer, or,
lS he re('ords it in his .Tournal, tIl(' Han Bnena\'elltura. Here
it i
interesting' to note that lIt' says in his journal, ., thi:,
riyer of San Buena,'ellÌura is thp largest that we IU1\'e
<,rossed, and is thf' saIne one that Fnl
r .Alonzo de Posado
}o;ays in hi
report. separate
tIll' Yuta nation frOll1 the Co-
llwnC'he, if we lllay judge by the description he gi,'es of it
and the distalH'e he sa
's it is from Ranta F{>."
The l110st diligf-'nt
eal'('h fai Is to re\'ea I any reeord uf
Po sa do 's trip, and a
Escalante llUlke
no further lllelltion
of it beyond the Green RiYl'l', it HIllst he aSSUlll(-,d that Posadn
turned back frolli hen:' or continued his explorations in other
directions. Haying always in lnind the primary object of
Esealallte':-; jonrlle
',-the resolution to open a route to
Ion-
terey,-it would he intere
ting to know how far ro
aao's
journal may have influenced hÜn in continuing' his cour
e so
far to the north, and which nitilllatel.'r led to the ahalldoll-
1Hent of the atteulpt to rem
h )[ontere
.
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IX UTAH
-!;)
\rriying at the Green Hi\'er. .L\ugust l:Hh, and nanlÎn
his ('amp the l'" ega de
anta Cruz, or Plain of the Holy
Cro
s, ESèalallte l'elllained here the TW"O following days to
re
t hj
horses and, with the t:>xcellellt feed and abundant
water found then" gi\'e thelll opportunity to rf'cuperate fnnn
the weari:-;onw effort::; which the preceding day
of the jour-
ne
- had occa
ioned.
()n the monlÏng uf Septcmher IGth. with horses restl'd
and refreshed, t1u-.
trennou
journe
- is ag-ain takt:>l] up.
Going northward a mile to the onl
T a \Tailable ford, the ri\Ter
is crossed and a westerly course i
taken until Brush (1reek
is readled when they enter tll(-' hill
un the western hank of
t1w ri\'er and pursue a
outh,,'e:-;terl
course until they COllle
aeross tra('ks of [ndian:-; and h01'se:-;.
These signs prodw't:>d in thei r' minds I-melt gl'a Ve suspi-
cion
as to g'iye ri
e to the belief that an atteillpt would he
made to
tpal their stock. rrheir :-;uf-ipicions seelHed further
eonfinned hy the aetions of their guide. su. swelTiug to the
right. the
- turned and followed the tracks which again
hrought thenl to (heell Hiyer anfl \\"lwre they (,êunped for the
night.
Lea\'ing this caillp on a COlU'SP a11no::,t due .west the Cin-
tall Hi\'el', called by thenl Rio San Dan1Ïan, "Ta
reuehefl and
cl'o:-;sed near the llloutli of the Du Chesne, to whi('h t1wy gêl\'e
the naUle uf Hiu Nan ('oslna",.
Fronl the high hill which the
- a
cended, hefore reaehing"
rintah Ri\'el" the g'llÌd" :-;l1o',\'e<l thelll tlif' point ,,-here tlit_,
Green Hirer was jOiIH_'d by the 'Yhite. whil'h lattp1' the
T had
pre\Tiou
l
. nanwd the San Clenwllt.
Following up the Uu (1he
1lf' HiveI', HOHlptime:-; wading in
the rirer bed and again dinlhing the hills alung' it
hOl'(1f-'l's,
the
' IUllued the
tremnH aH they eros
ed them, still lnaiu-
tainillg that pain
taking and minute desC'ription of the COlln-
try wh
eh alunt:> HIake:-; l'o
sihle the èH'('uratt:> tnH'in
of tlwir
route.
Entering a narrow en ilon, the tl'<1 i I hepalllC lIa I'd to follow,
and. as they a<lnuH'p. tlu...'i l' IH'ugl'\->t-;t-i i:-; spriously iUlpede(l L
.
the lllOre rugged llaturt:> of th2 country nntil the
. reaehed
2-!()
THE C.\THOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
the mouth of Htra wherry (1reek, \yhere the
T turnp(l to the
llorthwe
t and luacle their ealllp for the nig'ht on the bank:-; of
Currant Creek. The da
' had heen a nlO
t tJ'
'illg one and the
eountrr, at tiIne
all but illlpa
:-;able. presenting a most for-
nlÌclah1e appearancp a
they entered the foothill:-; of the
'\Ta:-;ateh lllountains; at tinlE'S thp
Y were ('OuIPf\lIed to turn
hack and retrace their steps; for to tllhTanee seelned impos-
sible. The indOluitable will and untiring l'atimwe whi(.It ('ar-
ried thelll through thi
region, and h
' whieh the,\Y slUlllonnt(jd
greate)' hardships enf'ounterf'd JuteI' on, are smUllled np in
Escalantp's journal ""hen', after ('01npleting' tlw record for
the (lar, lIE' adds the uneonlplaining enÜ'
', .. \r e arriyed H-jry
tn'C'el bpeau
e the road was diftieulL"
Leaving the C'
HlllJ on (
urrant (1reek, ,yhpre luisfortullP
lwd again yi
ited thenl in the dpath of one of their hors('s,
the
Y veered to tht' southwe:-;t, again crossed Strawberry( 1 r t'ek,
and, aSl'ending the (li\Tidp hetwet'll tllP drainagp of that
streaUI and
01dier Pork Creek, the
Y c-=unped for the night.
The following day the
' crosst'd Holelier Fork alHl,
ti 11
I;lü\'ing to the south,,'t'st, clil11hed thE' lllOU1ltaiu and made
('anlp on tlu.. divide whieh
eparatef-: the wat(
r:-; of the Great
Basin fronl the drainage ",,'hieh fina]]
' l'eaehps the Onlf of
(
aliforllia through the [10101'a<.10 riyer.
,Yhen they drew near to 1 T tah Lake a nd the hOI11e of
their Laguna guidp, the lattpr's (le
inj to :-;ce his ppopl{j was
f-:O grt'at that he so HIlleh iucreased his pact' as to Iuakt' it
Ï1npossible for the party to follow hinl, and they :-;uffered
Y('ry ullll'h in tra('ing their war over the l'<wkíoi.
Leaving their ('aInp 011 tlll' di\Tide. and
till g'oing- to tll(>
f-:outhwest over difficu1t and dangerous ground, the
('allle to
Thistle f1reek, ,dli,,!l tlH:>
' naulPd Bio
an Lino, and ('cllnpp(l
the night of
('1>tenlher :!:!d upon grollud, which i:-; alnlOst
the pre
ent
ite ûf the little town of Indianola and whi(.lt
('aInp the
T IUUllPfl San Lino,
(iareful]
T aud usually aC('lll'aÜì as Esculalltp's (lesl'l'iptiolls
of the country are, fronl the cmn)> vf
an Lino to the junc-
tion of Thistle ('reek with Roldi(\l' Fork, awl whi('h Ì\n)
THE c.\.THOLIC Cll CRCH TN UTAH
247
ðtreaIll
are then known a
pani:-:h Fork, it ðeeIll:" iUlpus
ible
to l'eeon<.'ile his fle
f'ription in the journal "Tith tll\' topog-
raph
- as it exi:-;t:-;. j Ie UIU:-;t, howe\'er. ha\'e gone down
Thi
tle Creek to it:-; jUl1C'tion \\?ith
uldier Fork. for. fruLlI
this point d(mTll Hpanish Fork to the lake, his journal ('an
1l'H\'e littlp douht a:-; tu the <.'onr
e he tl'a\yeled.
Xeariug the lake and the honk of thp Indians. who had
heen notified of their pre
ence in the <.'ountry by l'ulOke
ig-
Hals frOJll distant hills, Es('alante, fearing that the Iudians,
not kuowiug the purpu
p of their trip. Illight })ron" hustile,
iustruets his Laguna guide Hih'ester to anuounce the frieud-
liues:-; of his party and their peaeeable inteut.
Pa:-;:-iing the juuetioll of Holdier Pork aud Thistle <- 1reek,
EsC'alallte proceeded on dO"'11 the
pani:-;h E\n'k Hud. when
Ileal' the yalley, aseended a high hill fronl the top of which
he-fir;-;t of white luen-Iooked clown upon the plea:-;ant
\'alley of Ctah Lake. Descending again to the riyer. he
followed it on down to \\There it enters the \'alley and
OOll
aftpI" ou tlw
Jd of Hepteulher 7 177H. luade his first enc
nnp-
lllent 'within the Yalle
of lTtah Lake un the north hauk of
the Npaui:-;h Fork, whieh lu-' luuue(l _llJll((s CalÙJJlte,s-about
two ulile:-i abo\'e the ]H'psent \'ilage of Npanish Fork.
For lllaUY years thp iUIpression llH
LH'e\'ailed that l
s('a-
Jante, "'hen Hl'l'i\'ing at rtah Lake, calllP ùown the Pro\yo
Hi \'PI' and euterpd the yall('y through Pro\'o (1aiiou. rrhel'c
call he little douht hut thi:-; sUl'posi tion is erronp()U
.
\rhate\'er rpa:-i()n
lllay ha\'e induced E
a1ante to traYl'l
:-;0 far to tbe uorth of t1lf' adual dirpdiou he
hOllld ha\'(-'
taken to reaeh )IOJltpn'
.. it is apparcnt froul his journal
that, long- hef()J'(' Hl'ri\'ing- at the OrePll Hiyel', lit' had deter-
H1iIlP(] to \'i:-iit l Ttah Lake. and his ('()llr
e fJ'Olll the e(Ullp on
Gl'pen HiyE'1' was g('nel'al1
T \\'estel'l
. until. appl'o(l<,hing the
'\Ta
atC'h rangt'o the rugged and hroken ('Ol1l1h'
. fon'ed hilll
dail
' to tllP :-iollt1nnlnl. It is not to he sllppo:-.;(.d that an
experieu('C'd 1. ra\'elp}O likp E:-;('alantp \HHlId ha\'e gOIle :-;tl'aight
forward to tilt.' we:-:t fJ'OJu Ureèn TIi\'l-'1' into the roughpst aHd
h'Ppl'st portion of the "
a,..;at('h 1110untains without [l 11l0ti\""e.
-+S
THE CATHOLIC CHTR<.'H I
UTAH
Froin hi
<)tunp on (
nrraut t 1reek--and there ean he no
douht thrown upon the approxiuUltp loeation of thi:-: C'aUip-
he begins to :-;wing :-;teadily to the
outhwe:-;t anù the daily
C<Hlr:-;ps and distances, as rp{'ord('<l in the journal, C'onld only'
take hilll in a diredion leading away frOlll the 1'ro\'o L{in>l".
.....\s already :-;tated, the only portion of the course fronl
Green HiypI' to l
tah Lake, ahout ,,-hif'h tlwre ('an he an
r
(1Uestion, is, for a distance of :-;OlllP fifteen luile:-;, frOlll the
ealll}J of San Lino, near lndianola, do" n rrhi:-;tle Crepk tu its
junction ,,-ith No1òier Fork
Hefel'ring to that l)Ortion of t.he journa I wherein lw gi n::'s
a de
eription of the Yalle
' of l T tall Lake he write
, .. FrOlll
the foul' ri\Ters whi{'h \nlÌer it, the first fto".s frOlll the south,
and i
the ....-\guas (1alielltes (Hiyer of \Yanll \\
ater). This
is the strealn down \dlÌ('h he c-aUlë when entering tile \'alley
and ulJon the banks ûf ,,-hi('h he C'êul1ped. .....
gain, quoting
frOlll that part of his journal wlH're he rf'fel'
to tlJf' foul'
riyers, }l(' says, "The seC'ond followiug the fir
t three leagues
to the north and with InOle water than the first," he naUles
the Bio fo4an Xieholas and whi<'h ('oul<l he only the Pro\'o
Hi\'er. The'
l'O\'O Bi\'er has lllOre water than NpallJ:-;h
\n.k
an
l th
distauee of three Spani
h league:-; which he gi\'e:-;,
equiyalent to ahout
P\Tell au<l OlH-' qnartf'r l11ile
, i
ex<'eed-
ingly êl<'t'l1l'ate. Iff' ('outinues "tltl'el' Ipaglle
and a Im]f frOll!
this to the nortll\n
;-;t i
a l'i\'er," and this h(' names Rio de
San .L\ntonio de Padua. rrhe distaJl<'e of thl'f'e and one-half
lpaguPH (about eight and Olw-half lllÍle:-;) {'ould hring' hilH
only to AlnerieHn Fork Hirer, and fÍllallr, (lCf;CrihÜlg the
fourth riyer, he adds, ,. To the fourth 1'i,,('r we <lid llOt go,
although \yp saw its gro\'e
. It i
to tJlP Jlorthwpst of tll('
Han Antonio, and we :-;aw it; it has un pac-It
ide Hinch le\-el
ground." rrIlis he llêl1UeS Rio de Nanta
\ na. Looking: a<'ross
the \-a lIey frOlll ....\nieriean Fork Rh er to the .J onluu, We IUl\'E'
uo diffiC'vJty in 1'e<'ogllizing' the Nanta ...\ na a
the lattf'l'
strealll.
The reeo1'd, a
gi\'en in the journal, must fix hp
'()Jl(1 <Ii".
THE CATHOLIC curR<'H IX l:TAH
-!9
HlÌe the fart that to the strealll, down \d1Ïeh he caDle when
entpring thf' \-alley, he ga\'e the nault' of Agua,'; Calieufps, and
with thi
fixed, then> are to the north of this streaUl or
pallish Fork only the riyers llleutioned. It i
to he hOl'np in
lnilld that, in gi\'ing the nallle of l'iYf'r to the
treaIll
he
en):-;:-'l>ll, E:-;('alante differentiatps hetwepn tho:-;p earrying
sufficient water to he dignified hy the llame of riypr and
other
haying a les
pr quantity. 1 t i:-; not to be a
ullled that
lw ga\Te tliP IUUlles of the:-;e ri\'E'I':-; to SOUlf' of the smaller
streanl
"Thieh fiow into the valle
-. ] n ('Iosing his <lp",(.l'iption
of the watf'l' availahle for irrigation IHU'POS(:'S and for the
u
ps of pos:-;ihle future settleIllent, hp
a
T
, in addition to
the riyers alread
- enlunerated: .. ....\:;-;ide froIll thest' ri\'f'rs
ihE'rp are ill the plain lunny pools of g'ood water and :..;e\'PlïJI
fOllutaiu::-, which How dcnnl fl'Olll the HlOllntain:-;.' ,*
If we are to a:-,:-;U111e that Esealantp did rea('!l lYtah Y-allp
'
:)
' coming down Provo HiveI', and to which in that ('ase he
\\-ould ha\'e gin='n tlw naul{' Agllas (1 a liputf':-;, it is (E'l'tainly
ÏInpossi bIe to :-;ee how lIP eould have giypn IHunes to three-
tn>mll
]()('ated to the north\\-pst of Proyo Hiver whell onl,\'
two exist.
Pjtchillg cmnp upon
pani:-ih Fork, the
1" find the I ndiaIl:-i
11:l'.'(' hurned the grass in ordpr to foree them to !PH \Ye the
','a!l
y at OI1('e, and that the Indians tlwm:-;eh-es were g-athered
in hostile attitude in their vilIag{' 011 Auwri('an Fork. Tireù
as their horses were, E
(1alante, at once,
elllls Pather 00--
ulÍnguez, "\yith tIlt' two Laguna gllidf's and interprpter, to.
visit the Indian
h
- WhOlI1 thp
- are hO"'l'itah!
' rp('eiypfl a
;
:-;oon as thei l' J)fì
H'f'ful nlÍS:-i]OIl was nlade kno"'n.
-r:t'he day foJlo\\'illg' his a rriva I in tlu" va Ile
- Escalante
InO\-e:-; his ('am)> to the llldian \-il!age 011
\Jnpri('all Fork,
whpre he Spf'IHls t11f' day talking to the Judians, inst.nwting
* ".\ IH:\H IIp I-':,to:, rio!-: hny I'll el pl;nw lllll<'has ojo
de nqua Imclla
yarias fl1elltps que ha.i;\1I de la
j(,ITa:'
"llile thp
pa lli:,h words "0 ;0.0,;" ;lJIII "llll'lI 1('.0,;" :l rp pro!lf'I"I
' transla te.l
pODI:, aml fOHIIta ÏII:'. fhp lath'I" wor,l. hmH'n>r. ('an only II(' interpreted .IS
:--trpams, ,'on!':jclercll jn tlH' :-:en!':l' in whkh Es\'alallte n:--{'{] it.
:2:>0
TlJ
CATHOLIC f'HrRCH L:K "LTAH
thenl aUfl prep:lring theul for (>on\'ersioll to Chl'i :4ianity"
llowc\'er, the prin('ipal ohjeet of his f>xppditioll Ü;
tiJI npper-
lllost ill his ulind, for on Septelnher :l-Uh we find in thf>
journal this entry: ,. \\T e now detenllined to proceed 011 our
journey the foJlowing da
' for the Rettlell1ent and 1>o
t of
Lollten::'
-." ..eX t ahout one 0 'eloek in the afternoon of He})-
t.eluher
3th he
aicl good-hy to the Lagunas, who treated
hilll with great kindness; and leaving hehind, ,yith nluch re-
gret. hi
Laguna guide Silyester. lw again starts on the long
.iollrne
- to
lontere
-, retraeing hi:-: btep
to [>1'0\'0 Hiycr,
wlH:'re he ('aillped for the night.
Pushing 011 tllP following day he s,,-ung to tile westward
of his fir
t Canl}) on the Spanish Furk and pn"parpd to le
n'e
1.1)(--' yalley h
- it:-i southerJy end, stopping for the llip'bt upon
the site of the }H"eS(
nt town of Pa
':-ion"
Taking a southerly ('our:se. liP went uut of the \'alle
' of
lTtah Lake and passing near the yillage of POlHltown, he
}>a:-ise(l thp Salt Pits frOlll whieh tllP Indians ohtainpd their
sUP1>I
- of salt, aud to which lw ga\'e the
uggesti\'e IUlnlP of
'T aIJe de Ia:-::
alina
; thenee on up Halt Crcek and through
the p]"e
cnt towns of Santaqnin and York following the line
of the old (Ttah (1entral Hail"a
' aud ('
Hllped npOll the sih-'
of the little yillage of
Jona.
Herp the 1>art
r \'isiterl a haud of Indians, gaye thPIll S01l1
1>re
pnts anù, as E
ealante "rite
in his juurna I, "follnd tlWIll
as kind and gentle a:-ô the Lake Llldians."
Htill pUl'i-'ning a sonllu::,rly ('Olll'St', t1w
' pllsllPd on tlit' fol-
]o,,-ing da
- a('ross tlw ground wlH.'l"l--' XpplJi i:-: now lo('atpd.
ncar, but to the "-l::,:,twa rd of Leyan, and th]"Ollgh .J nah, :-ôti Ii
following the 1 ille of the prpsent railroad. to wh('rc the roa(l
1urlls to 01(-' westward and (')'ossps tht' diyidl' into th.... Hpyipl'
,Talley. when they ('ontinued oll the s(JJ]thf'rly ('our:-,e SOllIe six
lHilps further, turne(l ahruptI
' awl (']"oss('.l thp di,'idf', ('Olll-
1ng down to the Ht..yier RiY{-'r at a point \dl('rp tlH'Y did lIot
f-:llSPP(.t its pxi
tPIWl' until the
rea('he(l it, and to whi('h they
gan-' the naul(-' Sauta bahe1.
Hl'l"l' the fndians ,risited thenl anrl (,:lllse<1 Escalante SOJllC
THE CATHOLH' CHeBCH IX rTAH
:23l
onfn
i()n hy giyillg' to the ri\'E'r the :-;UUle HaUl(' a
he had
}Jre\'iousl
' heard theul a}Jpl
' to the San H nena \'entura or
Ureeu HiveI'; he eoncluded the Indians had uwdp a lni:-;take
and wa...: sati:-;fied in his own lllilld that it wa:-; the
anlC strealll
his Indian guidp Sih'ester had told him of. and ",hieh latpr
11(' found to be f'OITe<'Ì.
l'aulping the night of Hppteulhel' :2
lth on the hank
of
t'\'iel' river thf>
' yi:-;itt'd the Indian:.; again and saw for the
fir
t tiule tllt' .. Bearded ïuta
" w-IlOsP heu\'y IH>ards ga\'e
the111 the appearancf' of Spaniards and ".hose country wal:' to
the South of a largE' ri\'er known as the Tirol}. Thi:-; E:-;ca-
!311fe a
sunlt'd to be a ri\'f'l' fonll
d h
- the watc>rs of the
Dnlore
and the Xa\'ajo and which lw apparently thonght to
IP a largp ri\'{>r ft(H,'ing to the
outh other than tlu-. (1 0 10-
J'èHlo. This ri ,'er is not idputified in the journn I, nor i
it
anywhere 1uelltioned h
' name in the .J uurna!.
Leê:l\'ing the Ctunp on the Sevier Hi,'el'. and which "Tas
ah110st on thp identical ground on whi('h thE' \'illage of Scipio
is no". built, they nlO\'ed west ael'OSs the Se\'ipr DE''''ert unti I
the line of tllE' old lTtah (1 en tl'al Railroad was again readIed;
here the
' halted for the night with neither watf'r nor gra
for their aninud
and ,,'ithout water, and hut scauty food, for
t henlSf' I Ye
.
Although night had fallpu when the {'amp Ka:-; nwde, two
of tlIP (.OllllJallY pu
hE'd OIl in sea rch of "
a tel' which they
thought would be found near L
, hoping, ,,
ith tlle ri:-;ing of
the lllOOll, the
' f'onl(l Jead thei l'
to('k to a drinking- plaee:
Ilut, failing to find water t.here, other
ta]'te(l out trusting
to again reaeh the
eyier HiYcr. The night "'as spen1 with
1hp littl(> part
' s(.tlitered o\'er the des('rt in
èar{'h of wat.pr
their horses strayed away and were lost, and not until 11101'11-
ing did two {)f the part
return hringing a 111uuher of Indian...:
"\\']10 guided tlWlll to water.
Tlw follo,,'illg êlfterlloon, aftpr a yi
it to the lwlian vil-
lagE', the
-
tartpd oif to tlw SOlltIlf'ast. stopping for till'
Hight at Hpring Lake near PanulÌ Buttf'. whi{'h th('
' nallled
l..ittlp :\1 ounta in.
25
TRE CATHOLJ C CH CRCR IN UTAH
Leaxing the caHIp at Little
Iountaill, they again took a
soutlnn:
!'terl
? cour!'e and attenlpted to follow up the bed of
Beayer Hiyer, whose water:-;, at that
ea:-;on, \H're all but
lost ill the desprt. I t
eeIll:j froIlI the reading of t.he .J ournal,
howeyer, that thj
stremn wa:"\ not recognized as the Bea\'er,
but was assulUP<l t.o 1)(-' H1P stremn which E
.;('a (anh' rl'ff'r
to
in the 1>re\Ti()u
da
"s enÌlT as "another slllaH one (riyer) on
Hlt' ea:-;t" and which he again nleutionR when leayillg the
calIlp at Little> 11ountain. where he
ays "we deeided to ('ut
across the riyer of the East." The cour:-;es aud di
tau('es,
as given in tlw Journal, ('ould bring thenl, in the direction
t.hey were then trdyeling. ouly up the Beaver Hi\Ter. He-
ferring to the saUle day's entl'y.E
('alant.e says, in fixing their
locatioll for the night'8 emup. ,. arri\Téd at a streaUl \yhich at
a distance seelHed t.o have eonsiderable \yater, hut Wf' fOllnd
Oll eoming to it only a fe\\T pools." To this they gan-' the
IUlnle of the Strealll of the ,yo- eaver, beeause "t]lt' rayine h
ld
in all part:-- a kind of whih' soil, ùry and thill, that frou1 a
ùist.ance looked like cloth spread out."
This description seenlS further to fix it. as the Bp:Iypr
Hiver.
Taking a southerly eour
e the fol1owing da
'. there ('an
be no question hut that. they follo\,ed up the gf'neral diredÏtu
of the Beayer Hi\'er, although at SOlne di
tance frolll it, anJ
at night caulpecl 011 the sanlf' stream, "",here it. i
noted in tlw
fJ ournal: "\Y- e found in the ::::ialllP
tremll l1l0re "Tater and
llluch better than yest.erday," just at the point when.> tll(-'
Bea\Ter ent.ers the Seyier <le
ert and whi('h they nmued
'.
Ieadow of the Gate\nlY."
In the lllOrning w]wn lea\'ing thi:-; seconù Canl}) on tlIp
Beaver at the ..
r eadow of the fi-atpway," the Laguna guide,
.J os(>
Ia l'ía. left. tllPlll a
a result of a dispute "Tith one of
thp part.y; frOlll here t.hey trayeled with no one aUlollg thPIll
who kw-...w the land "Thich the
T \yere nO\\T entpring, and whi('h
later led to the ha rd
hi p
and priYat.ion
they endured whi Ie
hunting for a crossing of the Colorado Hi'Ter.
Still fol1owing up the Heayer Hi\'er
Ollle twel\'l' miles,
l'HE CXfHOLIC l'H "CRCll IX l'TAH
233
they again
toppeù on this stremll the night of ()etober 5th,
and whi('h eaUlp they nauled San -L\lltenógas. Thi:-: ('aIUP of
an ..L-\ntenóga
i:-: of 1110rf' than passing intere
t, for here
! legan those yery
erious iucidcntf' whieh later led to the
ahandOlllllent of the attempt to reach )Ionterey and to fOl'lll
th(-' detenllillatioll to return to Hallta F(. hy the shortest and
'I niekcst route.
During the fe'\- days before they camped at San ..L-\lltenó-
gas a cold wiud had lJcen blowing, and on ihe lllorning of tlw
6th not only the lnountaius, uut the lowlanùs as well were
coyered with SHOW. It sno"Tcd continuously during the day
and until nine 0 '('10('k in the f:yening, Jlwkillg tnn'e] ÏJnpos-
sible and cOlllpelling thenl to n>nlaill under coyer all that day,
as well as the following day, (luring whirh tinle they
uffprec1
seyerely as the
T IUl<l no wood to Blake a fire.
,Yhile snow-bound at San ..L-\llteuógas two of tlw pal't
T
\\Tere
ent westward acros
the Hëayer )lonntains to
earch
for a trail which might take thCUl in the di ]'(-'(,tion of )IOll-
terey, but tll(' great ex.pan
0 of desPl't whieh la
- before them
raised a harrier to further trayel to tIlt:' we
t au(l, on the
lllorning of ()<'toher
th, we find thenl again traulping south-
ward, still followiug up the Beaver HiYer.
rhe land 0\'(:,1'
which they tra \'eled wa
very nludd
T and their horse:-: lltired
Ladly;
o, after proceeding only ::jOUle eight and vne-half
utiles, they ('mnped again about a lllÌle to the west of Bea\'er
Ri\Ter.
It continued to grow ('olùer anù Blore unplea
ant. their
proyision:-; were praeti('a Ily exhausÜ'd, amI afh'r SOUl(' ('
d('u-
lation
which showed the little actllalpl'ogres:s they had uUHlp
wpstwanI, Escalante dc('ided to giye up the attempt to reach
1[ontere
, and to return to Santa J!-'{> b
r the Ino
t direct route.
On the following 111ol'ning the
T Legau traveling' 011 thpir new
('OUl'S(' toward the Colorado Hiver, still proceeding up the
Bf'a\'e1' Hi\Ter to a point
;(nne six JUlIes frOlH
rinersyi1]e.
}.-'r0111 thi
('amp they lpft the Bea\'er aud as there is an en-
try in the .J ournal of the da
', reading: .,
ro t.his phwe the
hearded Yutas cmlle fr0111 the south and this seeins to be the
:!:)-!
THE C\THOLll' l.'HrnCH lX "GTAH
tt-'l"llliuus of th,-'ir laud," it \\'oldd appeal' that Hl(' Bea\'l'l' was
the streaUl referred to a
the Hi\rer Til'on b
- the Inaiall'::i
at the tiUH:' of the first l'llcallllHnent on the
eyier.
The det(,l'lllinatioll to alter tllpir course and abandon the
jOllrne
- to JIonterey led to seriou
oppo
ition on the part
of ('ertain llleillhers of thè f'xpeditiou, aud, in the iuten'",t
of harlllOny. it was finally de('idpc! to cast lot
to detl'rllline
,,-hether the
. should go on to Jlontl'rey or enter upon the
l'('turu jonrne
- to the (1olorado Hi,'er; tll(' east of tliP Jots
Úl\'ol'ed tIll' Nanta F(> route, and they again luarched on the
southerly course.
FroBl tlle last ('alll)) on thp Bea\'er Hiyer south to the
State linp het,,-el'u l-tah ê1nd --.-\rizona, it is all but illlpossihlt'
tl) trace a('cnratel
- the route of the party froln the .Journa1.
'Yhethel' disappoinhnent oyer the failure to rea(.h
[ont('re
',
or by the trying' onleal of tlip days and nights, or the ill-
feeling' in the }>art
. (.'aused b
' thl' return. led to Jess eare-
ful keeping of the record, it is noti('eable that the ('ourses
and distances reC'orded and the description of topographi('al
features du nut fit tIll' ('uuntr
- as it pxists today. It SeenlS
app:11'ent, Ilowe\'e1', that froBl the emnp near .Jlinenwille thp
'
weut
outhwestwal'(l, passing through (\,dal' \T"al1ey to the
we:st of wh,-'I't-' (1e(lar (1it
, now stands, and thence followeJ
down the Virgin Hi\'er, leaying- Ptall near where thi
stre
nn
passes into ....-\l'izona, and thu:-; ('olllpleting that portion of the>
journey, with whieJI we a 1'(' JIt're iHnlledintel
. conct-'rned.
Following down the \'ïrgin Hi\'er the
T 111et with Indians,
'who infoJ'Illed thl'Hl there was no erossing of tIll' (10Iorado
in the dire(.tion thpy \Yl'l'P then o'oiu o '
o tIll". turned to the
, b r--, .
northeastward and followed n cour
e parnllpl 'with thf' rin-'I'.
_For twellt
T-thrf'f' (Ia
's thf'
T trn\'eled OY('1' the hrokplI amI
rugged ('ountr
'. whi('h borders the llortlLl'rn hank of t11f'
Colorado Hi\'er hunting for n possihle ('rossing". \\ïtlt pro-
\'i::-;i0l)s exhallstf'd, killiug their horses for food. and suhsist-
ing as hest thpy ('ould on pine nuts and root
!;eclll'ed from
the Tndians, "rho refused to sell the111 BH'at, th
- fillall
'
l'ea('hed the ford of the
olorado. rrJH'
. then Ieanwd that
TH E CATHOLIC ('RCBCR IX rT..UI
3j
had the
heen ahle to
e('nrè proper guide
Hw
mne journey
could haYe been a("euIH}Jli:-;hed in les
than a (illarh'r of the
time and with little or no harch:hip.
A t about 3 0 '('Ioel\: on the aftf'rnoon of X oYf'Iuber 7th the
entire partr lUHl ('rus
ed the (1ulora<.10 without
eriou
llli
-
hap and their arrival on the southern bank of tIlt' ri\-('1' wa:-;
(
eìebratf'd with firing of llln
kets and dev(nlt thank
to nod
for dIP safe aeeolllpli
hBwnt of the ero:-;:-;ing.
",
ithout eareful in:-.pection of the ground jt \nnlhl be
diffienlt to fix the exw.t point of their cro:-,:,ing, hnt it nlu
t
haye been near tll(' "Lee'
Ff'rry" of pre:-:ent tiule.
Exeept for
hortagp of pro\'i
ion:-; and laek of watpJ' while
('rossiug thf> (lp:-;prt wa
te
of
orthern ....\rizona, the return
journey fl'Olll tllf' (iolorado was
l<'eOlnplj
hf'(l without all
'
ex('iting iueidcnt.
Lf'avillg the Colorado, they went southward, nea l' where
the In'p
ent wagon rmHl runs, along the )loew'opie "Ta:-:h and
ae1'oss the lands of the 1[0<1Ui Lndiall
. \rhile stiH hoping
to yi
it the Cosllina [ndiaus t]lf'
- were fill a 1I
- eOlll!,pllf'd to
ahandon their intentiou 011 ae('oullt of Jaek of }H'oyision:-: and
Ow trouhle tlwy experielH'ed in ohtaining supp1ip
fj'()}ll the
.\f oqui. They then turned to the
outhpa:-;tward and di n.(.tpll
their ('Ol1l'
e to\nlnl Zuñi.
On Xo\'eulher
:2d, leaying his p
l1't
with the weakest
of the allinwIs, Esealantp pushed on to Zllîíi, :l.lTi\'illg' tlwl'e
(1) tllP
--Hh. si('k and exhausted, the 1'f'st of the Illen I'ea('h-
in
tIH-'l'e on thf' :2()th.
He
ting' and rt'('ul'prating fronl the fatigu(
of the journey,
thf'
renmillerl at Znñi nnti I Deemnhe1' 1 :-Hh. hsca lante II{l\T,-
iug IlleantillIP advisee] the Oo\
ernor of their a r1'iya 1. The,\-
again resumed their jonl'ne
' to Santa F'(> hy Ipi
ll!'el
- f'tage:-;,
arriving there .January 2, 1777, haying trayelhl smue l,()()í)
miles O\Tel' mountains and d{'
ert
(hIring the fhTe ulOnth:-;
of their a],scuee
lllO!-'.;t of the tiUlf' without gllide:-;. always
without a knowledg'f' of the eonnÌ1T whieh lay hefore tllPlll.
and, at tiuH:'s, enduring untold hanbhips and priyation:-:.
:!;)()
THE C.\..THOLIC CHL'RCH IX CTAH
,Yhile their effort to open a route on
[olltere:
was in ntÏn.
it cannot be
aid that they did not (,olltrihute their
hal'e,
ho
eyer :--lnall it 111ay
pelll at this time, to the exploration
and future deyelopnwnt of our Great \\' e
t.
,
ff,
1
-. .... .. '''
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'fff
\;<
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v':
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t..4:',
00
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'i.fii!""" ..
.:. ,f,.-li{' .
j
1
,',{<
'{
"fl
...'. , ''f.ol- r::f?--':' " . "',, ,
.. ";'..,,:". :1
1 I,. ....Jlfitr:. -.." ".:.;.-
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.
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.
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CHAPTER XVII.
ETIE
XE PROVOT, GUIDE, TRAPPER AND HUNTER.
11.f
tf(dious of Regional .LYamcs-Succcssion of Races-Ilud-
son Bay Company (Iud Prench Trappers-llzulr::.on Bay
Compan.1J Fort Built at Ogden-The Snak.e Chief" Jlall-
/faise Gauche"-}.Tames Given to JIountains, Tribes and
Rivers by French-Canadiall 1I1lIzters-Etienne Procot,
Trapper, II1lJzter and nllide-Sent on a Scout to the
SOlltlurest-Opens the" f)ollth Pass," Latpr l\
'jwlrn as
"Jlormon TTa il"--Pro rot aud Party, Trparherously
Attacked by Snake-Utes--TV onder{ul Escape of Provot
-Pro rot J oins
lshley on tlw G recn R'iver--'])iscovery
of Sevier Lake-Death of Prol/ot-Thomas Fitzpatrick
-PrOmillPIlCe of Celtir ).T amps m flir Trn}7s-}dissou'ri
Regions.
11. singular, if not a unique fact. in the history of Utah
and southwestern Colorado, is the ehange of the nOlllenc1a-
turp of riyers, nlountains and localities, indicating that mem-
bers of four different races of Inen passed through or occu-
pied the land for a greater or lesser period. On the Uloun-
tains, rivers and lakes aboriginal Ulan conferred original
nalnes. The Hpaniard, burning with religious enthusiasm"
sub
tituted for these names those of the saínts, mal'tyrs, con-
fessors and canonized virgins of his Church. Then came'
French-Canadian trappers and hunters of the Hudson Bay
Fur Company, "Tho ga\Te French n
nlle::, to tribes. lllountain
and specified localities. Then entered on the scene, in 1823,.
tlw 111en of tlw
\nlprican Fur COll1pany, who incorporated
English nallles with or supplanted those already bestowed
by the Indian, Spaniard and French. So that on the maps.
of TTtah and Colorado these national nallles renlain as per-
manent witnesses to the presence, at one tilHe or another, of
258
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 11\ UTAH
the exi
tence in our land of four c.1iffercnt layer
ur strata of
the Inunan race.
Thai luany representatiYe
of that extraordinar
Y and
maryelously hardy class of Inen known a
". Couriers de
Bois" preceded the Engli
h-speaking trappers and hunters
we know fronl the journals of the HlHlson Ba
T COlupany,
whose po
t at Ogden, Utah, had existed before Provot and
Bridger first raulped in tlw Green Ri\-er \T a1ìey, in 1b
. TIlt'
Snake ehi
f who treaeherollsly athH'kpa Proyot and his nlPll
at the 111011Ìh of the Provo Riv
r, in tlu-. autlunn of 18
-1, was
known as ")[auyaise Gauche" (the 111an with the bad left
hand), a suggestiye nalne conferred upon hill1 "by the Freneh-
Canadian trappers of the \Yasaìeh region nlany year::; berore.
and nlany of wh01n had probably vi
ited
a1t Lake SOllie tillle
before Jiln Bridger sanlpled its waters, in 18
3. N early all
the n1en of Frelllont's expedition of 18-13--1 Wl're Louisiana
French Creoles or French-CaIladians, one of WhOll1, Joseph
GirouI'd, well known to the author, died only a few years ago
on his ranch in British Colu1nbia.
Eyen wheu Lewis and Clark 111ade their fanlOu
expedi-
tion to the headwaters of the 1\fissouri, in 1804, the Rocky
mountains were already known to the French-Canadian hunt-
ers as the "
[ontagnes Hocheuses," and the ""Gros \Tentres,"
the "Bois Brullís." The" K ez Perc{>s" and tll(' "P
lHb;
d 'OreiUes" tribes had long before reeeived these nanles frOll1
those fearle
bush-rangers, the French-Canadian voya,f/pll1"S
and trappers. As early as 1730-thil'ty-seven years before
the Declarat.ion of IlldepC'ndelleC' - the
[al1ett Brother;:"
French-Canadians, opened the trail from a point on the l\1is-
souri to the Spanish city of Ranta :B'e, K.
L, and nauled La
Platte Riyière. These Frenrh Creoles and Canadian
were
a]] nOlninal Catho1il's, and left the iUlpress of thcir wild faith
upon the tribe
with whom they ('aIne in ('onta('t.
Of this ('lass was
tiennfl Pro\Tot (prollolHH'pd Pru\'o),
who ga\Te hi
Hml1f' to Proyo rit
T, riycr and val1er. \Yhen,
on
r arch 20, 18
, the Ro('k
' 1f onntaiu Fur C())npan
T wa
organized at S1. Louis b
T
[ajor ...\ !1llrPW Hl'nrr and \V. II.
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH 11\ UTAH
239
Ashley. Provot was one of a hundred young vo]unt('ers who
ans"Wered the call for hunters and trappers for an expedition
about to be organized to expJ ore, and to trap the mink and
beayer riyers of the Hocky :ßloulltain regions. On .J:\pril 13
the expedition set out fronl St. Louis, ascended the }Iissouri
to the :Jlandan villages and established a fortified post at
the 1110uth of the Yellowstone. ...lfter a series of 111Ìshaps and
disappointulents Henry, "With his luen, reached the Powder
River. From here he dispatched Etienne Provot with a small
party on a scout to the southwest.
Provot and his lllen were, according to II.
I. Chittenden
(The Àluerican Fur Trade), ., the first party of white men to
have crossed the 'South Pass' late in the fall of 1823." This
South Pa
"Was aftennl rds known as the ")'Ionnon TraiL"
the discovery of which is accredited to .J edediah Snlith, who
clainlec1 to have found it in 1829, and 'who gave his nalne to
the road to California known alternately as "Sn1Îth 's Trail,"
the" South Pass" and the" :ßlormon Trail." "But," write
Chittenden, "tradition anlong the traders and trappers
always ascribed the discovery of this pass to Pro\yot, and
there is little doubt of the fact." (The Fur Trade, p. 271).
The same aut110rity adds (p. 280): "lIe "Was the first white
nlan (..L\merican) who penetrated to the region of the Great
Salt Lake." In this sanlP region Provot Yer}T nearly fen
over the precipice of death. He "Was camping with his men
near the nl0111h of the Provo River, when a Snake-Ute, named
l\Iauvaise Gauche. with twenty or thirty of his banel, visited
him. Gauche, after being welcomed, proposed they should all
enter into a friendly alliance, and to cenlent their friendship
suggested snloking the Cahllnet around the "peace-fire. "
,Yhen the Indians and whites squatted around the fire
Iauyaise Gau('he deemed to he troubled, and upon being
asked by Proyot what was tllf' lnatter, he replied that his
cflh-koJl, or protecting spirit, "Was angr
r and "Would not con-
sent to anything while there wa
any iron in their luidst; "it
was bad n1edicine."
Gauche ana his -warriors now rose and piled tlwi l' anns
:2GO
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH íN UTAH
at a distau<,p frolll the fire. Pro\'ot, to IUllnor the supersti-
tion of the chief, rose with hi::; trappers and placed their
knives and guns by the side of the tomahawks and knives of
the G"tes, ___t\ll of thenl again sat around the firf', passing and
sllloking in turn the Cahuuet. Gauche now gave a cry and
his bravf's sprang as one man to their feet, rushed upon the
whites and with tomahawks and knives, cOlleen led under their
blankets, began to butcher them. The attack was
o unex-
pected and sudden that se\Tenteen of the trappers were Illur-
dered. Provot, owing to his great strength and activity,
escaped with four of his Inen to the nlountains. The place
then becalne known a8 Proyot's hole or hollow.
That winter he joined ___-\shley in the valley of the Green
River, fronl which place, in the spring of 1825, Provot led the
chief of the expedition and his cOlllpanions acro
s the ,Ya-
satch mountains into the basin of Great Salt Lake, with
which, as we have seen, he was already fan1Íliar.
From the valley of the Salt Lake Provot and Ashley be-
gan their remarkable explorations, circling the land and
finally arriving on the shore of Sevier Lake, which was for
years known as ..tlshley Lake. Fronl here they swung north
to the Green Hiver, where permanent headquarters had been,
in 1824, established for the .J..\JIIeriean and the Cohunbia Fur
Companies, noW" united uncleI' the nanIe of the Rocky
Ioun-
tain Fur Company.
In the autumn of 1828 Provot started out to round up th
trappers of the c0l11panies, scattered over a broad region, and
rendezvous them at Fort Floyd, at the mouth of the Yellow-
stone.
,Ye know nothing of the life of tllP intrepid leader for the
next two years beyond the fact that he at once plunged into
the wilderness and succeeded in his mission.
,Ye do not again hear of hin1 until February. 1838. "Then
he arri yed in St, Loui
from the Far "
e
t. bringing tic1ings
of the appalling ravages of slnallpox mllong the upper )[is-
souri tribes. On Fehruary 23th, the elder Choteau. "Writing to
his son, Pierre, "Tho was on his way to X eW" York city, said:
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN rTAH
261
"Late last night Etienne Pro\Tot arrived, bringing melan-
choly details of plague, pestilencE' and devastation."
This plague of which Charle
Chotea u writes was the
smallpox, and was the Illost frightful visitation that, perhaps,
ever swept through the X orth
\nlf'riCall Indians. Ileal' what
Father De
nlet says of it
raYage
:
'In the
pring of 1837
the smallpox was COillIllullicated to the tribes on the uppe
)lissouri. The fine ('aIllp of rfeha tka, conlposf'd of 1,200
warriors, wa::; redueed in this ::;inglp season to eight)T Inen
capable of bearing anns. uther tribes experienced trials still
Illore severe. This scourge counted nlore than 10,000 yictilllS
among the Crows and Blaekfeet alene.
The :\linnetare::; were reduced froin 1,00U to 500; the
Ian-
dans, the nohlest alnong the racE'S on the upper :JIissouri,
counting 600 warriors before the epidelllÎc, were reduced to
thirty-two; others say to nineteen only. ...\ great nun1ber
committed suicide in despair." (Letter xiii, 2d ser.)
In 18-16 Provot Iuadt' his last expedition to ihe
lissouri
territory. Returning in December of Hlat year, he
ettlec1
down in St. Louis, where he died July 3, 1850. It may be
well to say here that Provot is the correct spelling of the
naU1e, and not Provost, which OCeurs in all the histories of
and literature on Utah dealing with the fur trading period.
In answer to our request to ascertain the date of the death
and the correct spelling of the nal1le of the fan10u:--: guide,
we received from ,Judge ,Valter B. Douglas, of
t. LOlli
. this
letter:
"ST. LorIs, .Tan. 9, 1
HI9.
"I went to the court house m)
e]f this nlorning and after
a long search I found the answer to your question. I di
eov-
ereel that, in the record of the achninistration of the estate
of Etienne Provot the nanle is Provot, not Provost. Seareh-
ing the files of the ")Iissouri Republican," I can1e acro
s
this obituary notice inserted in the issue for .T uly 4, 1830:
" · Died, yesterda
- afternoon, a hout 4 0 '('lock,
r l'. Etienne
Pro\Tot. The friends and acquaintances of the family are in-
vited to attend his funeral this afternoon at 4 o'clock, from
:26
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH I:Y UTAH
his residence, on the corner of LOlnhard and Second streets,
to the Catholic burial ground."
He left a wife and one daughter. IIis wife wa
:ßIarie
Rose Salle, dit Lajoie. She waç; the daughter of the WOlllan
mentioned in Greggs' "COlTIlllerCe of the Prairies," ''''01. I,
p. 146.
ÅS the "t" in the Prench nalTIe Provot is silent, we
can now understand the origin of the llallle Proyo, as applied
to the city, yalley and riyer.
,Ye haye recorded the discovery of Salt Lake by :i\Iajor J.
Bridger, or ,. JÜn" Bridger, as he is lnore fall1Ïliarly known.
He was in his day regarded 3Fi the greatest scout, the best
shot and the foremost guide and hunter of the Rock
- 1Ioun-
tain region and the trans-1[issouri territory. He spent thirty
years among the Indians and was, on the teðtil110ny of Father
De Smet, "one of the truest specÏ1nens of a real trapper and
Rocky }Iountain 111an." On the adyice of Proyot, Bridger
sent his two children, daughter and son, to be educated at :st.
Louis, In answer to inquiries ahout their health, Father Dc
Smet sent him the subjoined letter hJ" Colonel R. naulpbell,
who was leaving St. Louis for the Hocky }Iountains:
"ST, LorIs 1 T NIYERSITY, _\priI1, 1t<')3.
}IR. J, BRIDGER, FORT BRIDGER AXD VASQUEZ:
"DEAR FRIEXD- it: * * .L\ few da
"B ago I had the
pleasure of paying a yisit tn your childrcn, who reside at
present in
t. Charles.
Phe
" appf'arf'd to he 'Yf'll pleaFied
and are eertainly "el1 taken ('are of. Felix attends our school
and is HUlking progres:-;. His sister Jives in the A.cadeluy,
and under the inlmediate care of the ladies of that wf'll-('on-
ducted esta1Jlisluuent, who haye eyery regard for her that
good mothers cuuld hnye for their uwn children. * * *
You lllay rest assured that all shaH be done to u1ake then1
comfortable and happy. You have prolllised me a letter in
regard to the Flatheads. Remeluber me to them," etc. (Life
and Letters of Father De Snlet, p. 1484.)
THE CATHOLIU C'HrRC'B 1
rTAH
263
MAJOR THO::\IAS FITZPATRICK.
Conspicuous a1110ng the daring huntE:'r
and free-trappers
of rtah and the Intennuuntain regions in the early days of
the fur cOlnpanips "Was ThOluas Fitzpatl'if'k, friend and C01n-
panion of Etienne Proyot and .JêllUeS Bridger.
Fitzpatrick "Was grand unc1p of Rt. lIon.
ir Charles Fitz-
patrick, K:. C.
L G., now Chief .T ustice of the Suprelue Court
of the D0111inion and JlleUlher of thp Board of Governors of
the Catholic (1hureh Extension Hociety for the DonÚnion of
Canada.
HE:' joined the X orthwest Fur C01npany at .Jlontreal. (1an-
ada, in ltl19, at about the tin1e Peter Skeen Ogden of the
san1e company "Was leaying Vancouyer 10 open a trading post
in the ,Yasatch Range of the Rocky ::\[ountains. The fur-
traders, hoth of the Hudson Bay COlnpany and the Cana-
dian K orthwe
t Con1pany. penetrated to the Rocky
Iountains
and westward still to the streanls flowing into Great Salt
Lake years hefore the ..L-\!nerif'an trappers entpred the coun-
try; and the llaIneS of Jllanyof the early explorers are perpet-
uated in the riyers and lakes which are found in this yast
territory. It is not too llnH'h to say that the fur-traders "Were
the pioneers of civilization in these iunnensp regiuns. Tlll'Y
undertook the 1110st fatiguing journeys "With the greatest
phwk and fortitude; they explorpd the land and 11lade its
wealth knu"Wn to the outposts of f'iyilization. Tn 18
1 the
long and yiolent conflict and riyalry het"Ween the
orthwest
and the Hudson's Bay COlllpanies "Was pndpd hy a f'oalition
of the c01upanies.
,Yhen tlw coalition "Was effected Ogden and Fitzpatrick
were in the ,YasatclI region. Pptel' SkePll Ogr1ell (after
",lImn Ogden City is nauled) "Was a British
ubjef't, the son
of Chief Justice Ogden of (
nebef'. Thi
is the Ogden who,
in our histories, i
l1wntioned a
the di
('oYerpr of IImnholdt
Riyer, which had been discovered and was "WpH known to the
Spaniards 10ng before Ogden "WaR born. Ugden. after the
union of the Eng1ish Fur c01upanies, continued as purehasillg
264
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
agent for the Hudson's Bay Conlpany, retaining in his eJl-
t01tToge French-Canadian trappers, hunter
and traders of
the Northwest COlnpany, who had foHo.wed hilll frOlll CallRdH.
Although wild and reckless at tilDes, these hardy lllen
were reillarkable for obedience to their superior
, for their
unequalled skill in handling the paddle, their strength and
endurance and their facility in adapting thenlsely('s to the
habits and peculiarities of the lndi
n tribe:-,. They were tlw
greatest bush-rangers and canoe-men of their tÏ1ne and, long
before the advent of the AlnerirRn 1 rapper hunter and fron-
tiersluan, had penetrated yast region:s and trapped the
beaver streanlS of the great west. ,Vith the help of these
lnen Ogden had aCC'lullulated for his cOlllpany a yast
upply
of valuable furs worth, it is said, $175,000. .....\..t about this
time-18:23-
\..shley and IIenry, with their hunters, entered
the Green River Valley region, and began moying into Og-
den's territory.
The Hudson Bay chief, fearing for hi::; prc(.iou::; fur::;, re-
moved them by night fronl the warehouse and hid-cached--
theln in a neighboring yalley" (now Cach(' \Talley frolll the
French word caché, nIeaning a hiding-place).
Ashley bribed sonle of Ogden's Inen, stole the furs and
escaping to tlìe ::\Iissouri, sold his rich haul at St. Louis and
laid the foundations of a great fortune. ...\..ftel' this n1Ísfor-
tune Ogden broke camp and retired to the Colulnbia region.
lIe died at Oregon City in 1834, in the sixtieth year of his
age.
His cOlnpanion, Thomas Fitzpatrick, relnained in the
Rocky 1\[ountain region as an ÏIHlependent trapper and
hunter. \Yhen he joined the Rock
[ountain Fur COlnpany,
in 1824, he was welcOlned as one of the "fairest, ::;traightest,
squarest" lnen of the west. The fanle of his great knowledge
of the Rocky
Iountaill country
his fa1lliliarity with the Salt
Lake Ba
in and Desert, his dauntl<?bs courag-e and singular
honesty in all his dealings, reached the L"nited States goyern-
ment, which invited hhn to join its frontier selTicp and lnade
him a n1ilitary captain at large. "'\rllile his cOl1lluission was
THE CATHOLIC CH"CRCH 11\ "LTAH
263
hunting hinl in the auhU11n of 1840, Fitzpatrick was guiding,
acro
the Rockies, the .John Bartlesoll party which threat-
ened to go to pieces and peri:-;h of starvation and cold when
Fitzpatrick found theln. lIe was a l11an held in high estemu
by Indian
and white
, ana was incorporated into the Flat-
head tribe when their chief, Red Feather, adopted him as his
brother.
In ] S48 he was brevf'tellluajor and wa:-; appointell Indian
agent over the whol
upper La Platte region. In his official
capacity he was present with Colonel l10bert Caillphell and
Father D
Slnet at the Great Peace Council as:-;pll1bled-
SepteIllber, 1831-in a vast plain of the Platte. Ten thou-
sancl warriors, Cheyennes, Sioux, Crows, Arapahos, :\[inne-
tarees, 1[andans. Shoshones and ....\ricaras, nwt, by inyita-
tion froll1 'Yashington, carried to then1 by Father UP Sn1et
when no other white 111an would be allowed to enter tlwir
territory. This was tlH
hu'gest and 1110st representative
meeting of warriors, chiefs and Indian fighters ever brought
together on the _\merican continent. Its like can never be
seen again. for conditions can never Iuake for its reproduc-
tion.
,After the treaty of peace wa
signed :b-'itzpatrick wa
con-
tinued in office and ,vas created a governUlent guide, explorer
and ehief of scouts. In 18-13-4 he and I{it Carson were with
FrClllont on his explorations. The dÍlue novel and the fron-
tier dl'êllua nlade I(it Carson a hero forty year
ago; history
i:-; now lifting
'itzpatrick onto the plane of the heroie.
re-
luont in his report speaks generously of hill1. Chittenden in
his: "Anlerican Fur Trade of the Far 'Yest" praises hilu,
and Father De SUlet sa
Ts of hilll ill a letter to Colonel
IcI
ay, written fronl St. Louis, )Iay 1U, 1849: .. I had the
pleasure and happiness of trayeling in his (F'itzpatrick's)
cOlllpany during the whole SUlllnler of 1842, being IHY second
expedition to the n1ouutains. and every day I learned to ap-
preciate hilll more and nlOl'e." '\Tith the po
sihle f\xf'eption of
Bridger, Fitzpatrick was the lllost expert trailer and mOUll-
taineer of his time. IIis knowledge of the wilderne
::, and his
266
THE C.-\ TIIOLI(' CHL'"RCH IX UTAH
undoubted conragp and honesty of purpose, won for hitu the
respect of the IHen of his tilHe and territory, and. in the offi-
cial and private letters, yet extant, of those times he is
spoken of in ter111S of the highest praise.
,Vhen reading the narratives and correspondence which
have come down to us from those stirring tinws and the trad-
ing and n1Îlitary reports of the internlouutain region for the
first quarter of the nineteenth centul'
. one ('annot fail to
notice the nunlber of Irish and Catholic nalne
which figure
so prominent1y and honorably in the reC'ords of the tilne. In
1820 :J[ajor Bernard Riley. after whOln Fort Riley was
nan1ed, cOlIllllanded the Sixth Infantry at Fort Leavenworth.
:Jlajor 0 'Fallon's naine is conspicuously pron1Ïnent in In-
dian fighting west of the :J[issouri for l11any years. In 1
4
he was appointed by the Deparhnent of the Interior. Govern-
ment Superintendent of Indian Affairs, with headquarters at
Council Bluffs.
In 1823, Captain :J[idlael :Jloore is llwutioned for con-
spicuous bravery in the field by Colonel Leavenworth, then
commanding at Fort _\. tkinson.
In 1820 .J alnes L. Douglwl'ty accOlupanied the first Roeky
::\Iountain expedition as scout and hunter.
In 1820 James Patrick Purcell, hunter and trapper, dis-
covered and luade known to the East the existeu('(' of gola
near the head waters of the .A.Tkall
a
.
The prominent part taken b
T the "G ael Acro::;s the Sea,"
by Irish and R('ot('h Celts in exploring and opening the (-treat
,Yest fOl
settlelnent, fOrIns one of the HIORt interesting chap-
ters in the history of our country "
est of the l\Iissouri.
.\
..,..-
>
..
t.
t
.
,
FATIUJ: DE :-:
IET,
. .J.
CHAPTER XVIII.
FATHER DE S::\IET, S. .J.
...11 i::;sionary au(l Explorer.
Of interest, in connection with the growth of the Church
in ["tah, and the influence he nlaY have had in the early
settlmuent of the State, COllle
after Provot, and next in
chronological order. that intrepid ulÌs
iollary and traveler,
Father De
::hnet.
Born ,January 30, 1801, at Thermonde, Belgium, hIs
early boyhood wa
passed in his native city until he finally
entered the
eminary of .Jlalines, where he remained until
his twenty-first year; sonle years before he entered the
emi-
nary the re:-;toration of the Jesuit Society had been acconl-
plished, and it boon becan1c apparent that he intended fol-
lowing a religious life, the probability being that he would
beconlc a 111elllber of the SOf'if'ty of Jesus. During: that pe-
riod, while he, no doubt, had this in n1Ìnd, and at about the
tiTne of the close of his tenu at the ::;en1Ìnary, Father
Charles
erinckx, a priest WhOlll the French revolution had
driven into exile, returned to Belgitun froIll hi
nlÍssiollary
work among the IndianR of N orth
\ me rica in ::;earch of
funds and recruits with which to carryon the work of the
missions. Father Kerinckx succeeded in inducing six stu-
dents of
Ialinf's to return with him to .America and enter the
.Je
uit Xovitiate, at that tÌIue established in the
tate of
Iaryland, preparatory to taking up nlÍssionary work aluong
the Indians of the 'Y est.
\.lthough in opposition to the hopes
of hi::; fan1ily, De Smet becanle one of this number, and em-
barked with the rest of the party for
\nlerica in July, 1821,
arriving SOlne 40 days later at Philadelphia.
.After visiting 'Yashington, Baltinlore and Georgetown,
De Smet, with the other novices, enterf'd the J e
uit X ovi-
tiate at ,Yhitemarsh,
Iaryland, where he rel11ained for SOUle
eighteen months.
268
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
In 18
3, steps were taken for the establislul1ent of a
Jesuit Novitiate near
t. Louis, and on April 11th of
that year a party of twelve priests and novices, including
De SIllet, started fronl "Thitemarsh for S1. _Louis, arriving
there )Iay 31st. .After a lIlO
t trying journeJT, from here
they proceeùed some fifteen nlÍles further '\y('<::t to the little
village of Florissant. where was founded thp second novi-
tiate of the Society of ,Jesus in the frnited
tates, and 'which
was destined later to bec01ue the headquarters of the Jesuits
in this country.
Entering the novitiate then e
tablished. De Smet re-
luainecl there until 18
7, whf'n he 120nlpleted his studies
and was ordained. The first few years of his priestly
life were uneventful until 1833, "\Vhen. on account of ill health,
he "\Vas :-;en t to Europe on busines
of the Society and to
recruit hi
health by a sea voyage. Before leaving for Eu-
rope 011 Sf'pteluber
3, 1833, he took out his naturalization
lJaper
, Lecon1Ìng a citizen of the -Gnited States, and casting
his fortunes with the New 'VorId, to the future developulE'nt
of which he was ulti:mately destined to largely contribute.
In the latter part of 1834: he left for the home and coun-
tTY of his choice, but again serious illne
s c0111peHed his re-
turn to Belgiulll, where he l'muained until 181'7. occupying
his tinlP in soliciting financial aid and procuring- recruits
for the lllission about to be f'stablishf'd in the Far ,yo est.
Retul'ning to Rt. -Louis. he started on )[ay 10, ] 838, on
his fil'
t n1Ïssion to the tribes, and began what -was to be hi'3
life "\Vork, the value of which in paying the ',ay for the latf'r
opening of the ,Yest is only now being accorded the a ppre-
ciation fully due.
Iaking
pasnlodic yisits to the plain lnclians aurl enter-
taining deputations frOlll distant tribes, De Smet remained
at 81. Louis until
Iarch
7, 184:0. ,,-hen he enterefl upon
his ßl'
t long journey into the northwest, and hegan a career
which was destined to result in the establislullent of the we11-
k110"\V11 Rocky )[onntain )[isÚons and in a friendship for and
intinlacy with the Indians which became of incalculahle as-
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN UTAH
269
sistance to the pioneers and of acknowledged aid to our gov-
ernlllent.
During thi
period until 18-!G his titne was spent in estab-
lishing Indian missions, soliciting for thenl money and re-
cruits both here and in Europe, until the ('loRe of the year.
r.rhe great yalue of his work and achievPllwnts up to this
tilne is best SUlnUled np h
his biographer in the following
expressive langnage: "But most inlportant of all, frOIll a
public point of view, was the fact that he had hecOIne a great
power among the Indian tribes.
\.n now knew hi111. lllauy
personally, the rest b: T reputation. lIe was the one whitf'
1l.Wl1 in whonl they had Ïlnplicit faith. The govenlluent "a
beginning to look to hitn for assistance. The ::\1 0 rlnUl1 , the
Forty-niner, the Oregon :illllnigrant, Cal1le to hilI). for infor-
Elation and advice. J fiF; writings were already known on
two continellt
, and his naine waR a fan1Îliar one at least in
th
religious "orlò." (Life and Trayels of Father De
Snlet.-Chittenden.) ',Yhen hut seven years of a('tive work
brought results such aR this indicates, the stupendous lahors
accOIllplished during the years of his life may now be under-
stood.
During this early period of De Slnet'8 activit
T ther(' 0('-
C'urred an incident which, in yiew of the great influence it
1fWY have exercised in the settlen1Cnt of 'Utah and the colo-
nization of that territory hy the )IOrlllOnS, singularly enough,
has es('aped the notire of all historical writers on Ctah and
the intermountain states. In a letter to his nephew, written
in :::\Iarch, 1851, he writes: "The Great Salt Lake, whi('h
is a bout 300 n1Ïles in CirClll11ference, lie
in the northern part
0:& the Great Basin. It is rather shallow' in the portions thus
far explored; hut is supposed to be yery deep in the central
parts. The water of the lake is more salty than sea-water.
Three gallons of it
ield a gallon of Ra1t of tlw gTeate!--t pnr-
ity. whiteness and fiueness. (hi th
nod lwast of the lake
is the tern1ination of the valley of Bear HiYer. This yalley
is thirty n1Ïles long h
r twenty-two '\yid
, and rOllllHul1Ï('ates
'\"ith another valley, which is fìft
n1Ïles hy eight (no" Cache
270
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IK UTAH
" alley). It is in thiö first valley, inclo
ed by picturesque
mountains, "Thich ha:; taken the HaUIe of the \T alle
T of the
:\IOrIllOnS, that their capital stands, called by some Great
Salt Lake City, and Ly others )IorInonville." That De SUlet
visited Salt Lake during his trip to the nurthwe
t in lS-tl
does not
eenl to IUHTe heen generally kno"
n. r:I
his visit, in
a:::isociation with the fact that lw was the first Catholic priest
to enter 1:"tah subsequent to the exploratiOll:::i of Fathers Es-
calante and Dominguez in 1776, ghTes to this part of his jour-
IlPY great interest in connection with the histor
T of the
Church in our
tate.
Quoting further frOIll the sanIe letter, and cOIning to that
portion of the events ,,
hich followed it, he writes: .. In the
fall of 1
46, as I drew near to the frontiers of the state of
l\Iissouri, I found the advance guard of the 1\Ionnon
. nUI1I-
bering about 10,000, cmllped on the Terl'itor
T of the Onlaha,
not far fronl the old Council Bluffs. They had jn
1 heen
driven out for the second tinle fronl a
tate of the Cniun
(Illinois had re(,f'ived thenl after their war with the people
of
IiHHouri). They had resolved to "Tinter on the thl'e
h-
old of the great desert, ànd then to nlove OlTward into it, to
put distalwe between themselves and their persecutors. with-
out even kno,,
ing at that tÏ1ne the eud of their long wander-
ings, nor the place where they should once I1l0re ere(,t for
themselves pernlanent dwellings. They asked nle a thou-
sand questions ahout the regions I had explored, and the
valley which I ha\Te just described tu you pleased thenl
greatly from the account I gave them of it. TYas that 'lehat
dete.nninerl the'm? I 1l'01ild not dare to assert it. They ((re
there! In the last three years Ctah has changed its aspect,
and from a desert has beCOllIe a flourishing territol'r, which
'will Roon hecome one of the states of the Union."
To the )[orll1ons liyillg in a tenlporary camp on the edge
of the desert, unable, or at least unwilling, to retrace the
road leading back to the land of their persecutors, ignorant
of the region ,,
hich lay l)('fore them, De Snlet's glowing
description of the beautiful and fertile yalley which lay be-
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH I
UTAH
271
yond the mountains, brought the solution of their most per-
plexing problenl, for it indicated a place wherein they could
establish tllE'ir hOllleS and their religion, free froln the trou-
bles and perbecutions ,yhich had so far beset thern. I-lis close
acquaintance with Brigham Y OUllg, * and his many conversa-
tions with him on tllE' Hocky Àlountain regions ann on Salt
Lake .Valley, probably determined the choice of the :ß[ormon
prophet, and led to the decision which ultinlately ðettled the
Latter Day Saints in the fertile lands they now occnpy in
1 T tah.
'Yhile it was not generally known that De thnet passed
through the valley-for there appeared in De SUlet's writ-
ings no exhaustive or detailed account of his visit to Salt
Lake-no doubt can now be cast on the fact that he was there
and had explored a considerable portion of the yaney. IT neIer
date of .J anuary 19, 1858, in a letter addressed to the editor
of the" Précis Ilistoriq1Jes Bruxellcs," and following' a de-
scription of the Great Salt Lake Basin, he write
: "In 1841
I traversed nluch of this valley in IllY ranlble
in the Rocky
Àlountail1s." InasITIuch as De Snlet's ,vritings consist al-
most entirely of letters, addressed for the lllOSt part to
friends in Europe, and written after his return to St.. Louis
from his various trips, no attmupt heing Inadf' to C'arry OIl
any connected narrative, and having for their prinC'ipal ob-
ject the obtaining of funds for the furtherance of his nlÏs-
sionary ,york, it is not strange that he should have passed
over, sO.Blewhat lightly, an incident which now seenl
of such
great historic yalue.
1Vith his return to St. Louis on Decernber 10, 18-:1-6, his ac-
tive nlissionary work alnong the Inùians practical1y ended.
Only twice, and both occasions on important missions, did he
revisit the field of his early labors. Various reasons have
been assigned for hi
retireluent frOln active missionary work,
*" He (De
lllct) became well acqu:lillte(] with Young, and it is possi-
ble the information he
:l\'E' him may ha\'e influenced that leader in choosing
Salt Lal;:e Yalley as the future home (
r hi
people." (Father De Smct's Life
and Tra "c]s
\.mo)lg thf' Xorth
\.lllel'i(.;\B Iu(1ians.)
2ï2
THE CATHOLIC CHL'RCH IX UTAH
and many of thenl are far afield of truth. Certain it is that
the abanc1Ol11uellt of his 111Ïssionar
work was C'ontrary to the
de:-;ires of Father De thnet. For years he lwld the uffiee of
procurator for the Indian
[issions, and there is little doubt
but his fonner successful efforts in procuring funds and aid
for the luissions f1'01n Eurupe led hi:-;
uperiur tu believe
tllàt his services in this ùiref'tion luig-ht ultÌ1l1atel
T be of
greater henefit in t. 1 hristiunizillg the tribes than the
T would
be if devoted exclusiyely to lllÎssionary work. Singularly
enough, at about this SaIne tÏ1ne jealousy in certain quarters
prompted the sending to RonIe of false and lualicious state-
llwnts concerning D(! Snle1's ,york alllong the IIHlians. and
challenging abo tlw truthfulne
s of the report':5 he had writ-
ten upon the sucCP;-;s of his l11issiollS. TllPse attaf'ks, how-
ever, had not the :-;lightest influen('(' upon the assiglHllent to
hilll of other duties, and if tlw Church did not entirely ap-
proye of his plan for the establishment of an extcllsiye se-
ries of missions HnlOng the Indians it ,yas ()nl
hecause that
plan was too large to penuit of its sw.cessful fulfilhnent in
the then existing financial condition of the Socipty. Oue
thing seelllS certain: Otis arrangeInellt did not altogether suit
Father De SUlCt, and. though he accepted the changf\ with
that spirit of cheerful ohedience which eharacterized his
life, we find in his Inore intiluate correspondence frequent
expressions of UÌlllost rcgret that he was no longer able to
continue his work anlong' the Indians.
....-\Jter his return to Ht. Louis, in 18.J.G, he ],eIuained there
with the exception of one short trip to Xcw Orleans and a
trip tu EurOlJe. until 1831. when he was invited by the gov-
ernment to attend the Great Council of Indian trihes, which
had been fixed for that year, and thus began that Jung
eries
of negotiations with the Indians which ultimateJ
resulted
in the pacification of lllany warlike trihes. For his valuahle
work on hehalf of peace, the great priest received the thank"
of President Peirce.
Iaking such short trips as the duties of lJÎs offì('e re-
quired, and with the exception of one voyage to Europe, he
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN UTAH
273
renlained in
t. Louis until ]
3K ,.At this tÎlne there caIne a
call for his services in a nlost unexpected quarter. Trouble
with the 1Iol'lllOnS had upen nlOl'P or less serious, and Gen-
eral Ilarney, who was to COllllnalld the serond expedition sent
into L'tah, reque
ted that Father De
hllet ue inyited to ac-
company the expedition as chaplain. . This request llleeting
with the approval of the GovernnH'nt, as well as with that of
the chureh autllOrities, he left St. Louis
Iay 20. 1858, to join
the army at Fort Leavenworth. It had then been seven
years since he had crossed the plains when on his way to
attend tlw Great Council beÌ"\yeell tlI(' war chiefs and {T. S.
officials, and we can well imagine the pleasure with which he
returned to the scenes of his earlier travels. The misunder-
standing oet-ween the l\[orInons and the 'U. S. Governlnent
having' heen settled, and General IIarney's expedition eallell
back, Father De BIllet again returned to St. Louis, reaching
tha1 eÍty Hppteulher, 18;)8, when he tenilered his resignation
as C'haplain in the anny and prepared to resnnlP his inter-
rupted dutieb.
...\.t about this tÎlne occurred the outbreak of the Indians
in Oregon, and he was requested by the Spcretary of ,Yar to
retain hi
coullnission as arlUY chaplain. and again aCl'Ulllpany
Generalllarney, who was to COlllllland the expedition against
tlw Indians. This reappoillÌInent again 11lpeting "With the
approval of his superiors in the church. Father De Sluet left
for Úregon, going by way of Panan1a, and arrived at 'T an-
couver October 28, 1838. The Oregon can1paign, ho,\yevel,
"Was clo
ed before he was able to join the expedition or rpaeh
the field of operations. IIis long voyage, ho-wever, ,\yas not
without beneficial results, for he reuwined during tlI(' ,,-inter
and the greater part of the following spring and SUnUIWl', di-
recting his efforts toward the paeification of the Indians and
in effecting a ppacpahlp and satisfactory solution of the trou-
ble with the n10untain tribps.
.L\fter his return fron1 Uregon and the northwest, he once
lllOl'e reslllned his duties in Rt. LouÍf." l'enlaining' until 18ßO,
when business of the Soeiet
again took hinl to Europe.
FrOlll this tÎlne his health, "Which wa
failing rapidl
-, tu-
').....
",'':J:
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
gether with increasing age, wa
unequal to the wear and tear
of the many journeys which his duties and conscience Ïln-
posed on him. .b--'or the last twenty years of his life he was
seldom free fronl physical aihnent of SOlne sort, brought
on, no doubt, by the hardships and exposure of his mission-
ary life. To quote from one of his letters will best illus-
trate the deprivations of his early life. "I haye Leen for
Tears a wanderer in the desert. I was three years without
receiving a letter fronl any quarter. I was two years in
the mountains, without tasting bread, saIt, coffee, tea, sugar.
I was for years without a roof, without a bed. I have been
six nlonths without a shirt on Iny back, and oftpn I have
passed whole days and nights without a ]1101'sel of anything
to eat." ",Vith a life spent in thilS lllanner 8111all wonder that
disease should lay hea'T)'" tribute on his declining years.
On .l-\larch 30, 1868, Father De Snlet left St. Louis on
what wa
pradically his last visit to the Indians. and froIl1
a secular point of view his most inlportant. It was at this
time that a Sioux uprising threatened a11 our northern terri-
tory. Father De Snlet ,vas appealed to frOll1 \Yashington to
penetrate the rpgions closed to all other white Inen, reach
the hostile Indians. and bring a deputation frOlll thell1 to
meet a Peace Commission. His nÜssion was crowned with
the same invariable Sl1cress which ahvays marked his intpr-
course with the lndians, and once more he paved the way for
peace between the whites and the hostile tribes.
Returning frolll his expedition, he Inadp a short trip to
Europe, and on J uue 1st, 1870, startpd on his last visit to
the tribes, ascending as far as Grand Hiver _
gel1cy in South
Da l
ota.
Increasing illness and bodily il1finnitie::; no,,' weighed
heavily upon him, and in 1871 he nlade what was destined to
be his last visit to Europe, and to the home of his birth.
lIe left Europe .L
pril ] 1, 1872, conlpleting his nineteenth
voyage across the Atlantic, and with his arrival in S1. Loui
ended his life's travels, which rearhed the prodigious total
of 180,000 Iniles. ,Yhen a Illonlent's consideration is given
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IK UTAH
273
to the crude Inethods of travel available at that tinIe, and
that much of this di
tance was accolnplished by stage, wagon,
horseback, and often on foot, his work in travel alone bears
convincing testimony of the arduous life he led.
He re111ained at the Jesuit College, St. Louis, till his
death, which occurred on l\Iay 23, 1873, in the 73d year of
his lif e.
The body of the great Inissionary rests in the little cmne-
tery near the Jesuit N ovitiate, Florissant
within sight of
the spot where his labors began, and within sound of the
chapel bell.
CHAPTER XIX.
GENERAL PATRICK EDWARD COXXOR.
Patriot and Pronwter.
It would be unfair to the lueillory of a distinguished UlaH
and a gallant soldier, who figured conspicuously in the his-
tory of Utah in the early sixties, to oinit a :-;ketch of his ca-
reer in a work professing to deal with the origin aud expau-
sion of Catholicisll1 in our state.
The nleulory of )Iajor General Connor i
held in kindly
remeillbrance in Utah by those who knew him and are yet
living, and his naine is 111entioned with respect and adl11Îra-
tion by those who were not Lorn when he cros
ed the J ol'dan,
and, with his regiment, camped all10ng the f()othil1
of the
1Y asa tch.
Like many others of his countryulen ,,-110 fought their
way to recognition and prolI1Otion in the anny and navy,
Patrick Connor, when, in 1836, he landed -.vith hi
parents
in New York, "-as a penniles:5 exile. rrhe hostility to his re-
ligion and his nationality was, at that t.ime in the rniÜ'd
States, a very SPl'ious handicap, which closed to Iri
hl1len the
avenues leading to COIDll1ercial and profés
ional sn('ce
:"'o.
Born in Ireland, 2\1arch 17, 18
O, the future general
inherited the fighting blood of the great 0 'Connor Clan-
,. The 0 'Connor fire-eaters of I(erry,' '-and, "Then he was
nineteen years old, he enlisted as a private in a reglulel1t or-
ganized for active service' in the Sen1Înole cêul1paign. After
his rcgÏ1nent was 11lustere<1 out of seITice, in It:\.l!, Conllor
returned to New York, froIl1 which city he went tù Texa
.
1Vhile there, :L\iexico declared war against the lTnited :::;tate
,
and at once the "Lone Star" ::-;tate raised a detaC'hment of
volunteers, subsequently designed a
COlnpany ....-\.. 1st Tpxas
Foot Riflemen, to serve for a tenn of three mouths in the
1Ie.xicall 1Var. Connor enlisted in this cOlnpnny, and was
,
"
\
r-
-, !\
..,
...
/
...r
, 1
BRIGAVIEH GF.XERAL l\\TRIt:K EDWARD CO.i\'NOR.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
2ï7
lilade .first lieutenant. At the expiration of his period of
sel'TÌce, he joined Captain Seefield's "Independent COJupany
of Texas \T olunteers," then at Calnargo,
Iexico. ,Yith the
V olul1teer
he took part in the engag'elnents of Palo Alto,
Dcla-Pahna, Hesaea, and in the .fierce fight of Buena Vista,
where he was badlr wounded. He wað luentioned in a dis-
patch to the war office for "conspicuous bravery in action,"
and on February 1
, 184ï, was prol110ted captain of his COIn-
pany.
After the battle of Buena \Tista, Connor, at his own re-
quest, was honorably discharged and retin'd to California,
1Yhere he reinained till the opening of the Civil ,Var.
"Then the news of the attack on Fort Slunpter reached
California, Connor at once tendered his seryices to the Gov-
ernor, and was appointed to the conllnalld of the Third Cali..
fornia Infantry. In )Iay, 186
, Colonel Connor was ordered
with his regÏ1nent to Utah, ostensibly to guard the trails, to
protect the Iuail and inuuigrant routes of the ,Yasatch and
portions of the southwestern region, and keep an eye on
the Indians. Early in October, 186
, the 'fhird California
Infantry and a cOlnpany of the Second California Cavalry,
under the COl1lllland of Colonel Connor, entered the \T aHey of
alt Lake.
Tlw colonel established his headquarters OIl a ben('h of
land east of Salt Lake City. 1-1e1'e his. Inen broke ground
for a presidio, or military fort, and on October 24 he named
his post Cmnp Douglas, IIis soldiers were yet engaged in
the construction of tenlporary winter quarters when a mes-
senger caIne to the canlp, reporting that the Snakes and Ban-
nocks were holding up the trails and slaughtering ÎJnnli-
grants along the ,Talley of Bear River. Connor went after
theIn, and on January 29, 1863, he almost annihilated the
Snake tribe and put an end for aH tÌlne to r ndian d
yiltry
in the ,Yasatch and Salt. Lake regions.
On
I arch 30, 1863, he was proilloted Brigadi
r-General
of Volunteers, and his cOlnllland hOllorably Inentioned for
278
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
their part in extinguishing the rising of the Sho
honiall
tribes.
Early in '65 the Indians of the region, including the pres-
ent states of :K pV:Hla, Colorado, Utah and parts of Dakota
and New :ßlexico, showed signs of serious discontent. Gen-
eral Connor's lllÍlitary jurisdiction was enlarged to include
the territory of these states. Soon after his appoilltUll'llt
as "::\Iilitary UOlll1uander of the Diðtrict of the Plain
," the
-,,-
rapahoes alIlbushed the Uverland :ßlail Route, killing the
drivers, destroying the coaches and running off the horses.
..A.t about the
5alne tillW roving bauds of Sioux were attack-
ing the Ì1nn1Ígral1t trains and
laughtering ,\Y0111en and chil-
dren.
General Connor, at the head of two thousand cavalry,
rode into the enemy's country, attacked the .Arapahoe
on
the Tongue Ri'Ter, and inflicted a melnorable defeat upon
thenl. 1 n this ellgagelllent the Indians lost sixty-three of
their braves, their viII age was burned, 111any of their WOll1en
and children 11lac1e prisoners, and six hundred of their horses
rounded up and driven in.
Connor returned '\yith his D10unts to Fort Laran1Íe, where,
in obedience to orders frOJll the war office, he :-.ent tlw vol-
unteer troops under his conllllfind-about six. thou:-;and-lmck
to their separate states, to be 111ustered out of
erviee.
oon after his. return to Fort Douglas he was breveted,
farch 13th, -:\Iajor-General of \
olunteers, for gallant and
lueri torious seryice.
On April 30, 1866, General Connor "yas Jnustered out
of service, declining the tender, on the part of the Presi-
dent, of a colonelcy in the regular arnlY.
Un his retirelnent fronl actiye 11lilitary duty the General
at once entere(l enthusiastically into the political and indns-
trial life of lTtah. Hp launched the" Daily t
nion Vidette," a
newspa-per, in .which he adyocated tllt' basic principle
of a
united patriotisTIl for the state, and in whirh he endeavored
to show the utter futility of propagating, with the hope of
THE C\.THOLIC CHURCH I
"C"TAH
279
eventually establishing', the theory of a theocratic govern-
lnent in a free country.
To counteract the teachings of the ""'idette," and edu-
cate the public to an appreciation of individual rights, the
"Daily Telegraph" was founded.
Connor now entered the luineral region, and located the
Jordan mine in Bingham Canyon, said to be the first mine
opened in the State of Utah. lIe SUll11110nec1 and presided
over the first llleeting of luiners in SaIt Lake City, and sub-
mitted for the approval and adoption of those present a :-;eries
of mining rules which were afterwards consolidated into a
la"W. lIe located the site for the present town of Stockton,
erected the first silver-lead sluelting works in our State, and
threw eighty thousand dollars of his money into luining and
other enterprises calculated to deyelop the resources of Salt
Lake territory. His restless energy "Was not satisfied with
the exploitation of the resources of the 1110untains. lIe be-
lieved that if the people li\Ting on the shores of t]w Great
Salt Lake could be brought into clo
er touch and nlure in-
tÍlnate association, it "Would add nluch to their social happi-
ness and industrial prosperity. To achieve his expertations,
he built the stealner "I(ate Connor" and the sloop "Pio-
neer," the first craft of the kind which ever opened the salt
\\
aters of the lake.
In the autumn of IH70, ('OlulitiOlts ('alled for the pre::,ence
of a strong Ulan at the head of n1Íiitary affairs in thp state,
and the central goverIlluent, knowing their man, ronHllis-
sioned and appointed General Connor" )'Iajol' Gener
ll <'01n-
lllanding the Utah Territory," elnbracing Tìtah, Id3ho and
Colorado. The crisis haying passed, be again retirf'd to pri-
vate life, took an a('tiye part in social and industrial life
around hill1, and retained to the last the good will and re-
spect of aU classes of the state and city.
On the evening of Decernber 17, 1801, his physicians
pronounced the General to be seriously ill. He at once sent
to the Bishop's residence a confidential friend with a
n1Cssag-e for Father l{:iely, the '-'Ïcar-Oeneral of tlw diocese.
28U
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IN UTAH
The 'Ticar-Gelleral in1mediately hastened to the bedside of
the dying general, heard his confession and a(hninistered
to him the last saCl'êunents of the CatholiC' Church. Un the
19th the brave soldier and honorable man expired, and two
days afterwards was buried with nÜlitary honors and the
rites of his Church. Hf' died as he had Jived, a Christian,
with the resignation of a devout nlan, the fortitude of a hero.
"
\nd to add greater hOllors to his age
Thall Ulall could giye him, he died fearing God:'
An imposing mortuary' shaft rises over his grave in the
lonely military cemetery at Fort Douglas, The fort was
hi
creation. He saw it expand fron1 a collection of rough log
shacks to the imposing group of buildings which impart dig-
nity to the conunanding plateau, and it is fit and proper that
within sound of its cannon and within the shadow of its build-
ings, he should sleep his last sleep.
CHAPTER XX.
rIOXEER PRIESTS.
.....t\bout a year after General Connor had established his
headquarterR at Fort Douglas, and the place was beginning
to take on the appearance of a garrison, a gentlenlan on
horseback rode into the po
t and asked to see the comllland-
ing officer.
"General," he relllarked, after he was introduced to aud
shook hands with the cOlllluanJing officer, "I alll a Catholic
priest, the Rev. J. B. RaverdJ, from Denver, Colorado; nlay
I trouble you to examine my credentials
" After carefully
reading tlw lptter handed to him by the priest, the General
greeted hÍIn most cordially and invited him to be his guest
"'WhDe he relnained in the neighborhood. Father Raverdy
lingered sonle weeks searching for a needle in a haystaek,
that is, for a Catholic in Salt Lake City, in those early days.
There were a few Catholics among the soldiers at the
Fort, whose confessions lIE' heard and in "'Whose presence he
daily offered up the Holy Sacrifice. On the Illorning of :JIay
11, 1864, at the request of General Connor, he blessed the
nÜlitary cemetery, where reposed the dead, killpd in the
Bear River engagement.
Father Raverdy was the first priest of whom there is any
record, that entered Salt Lakp V. al1ey since 18-1-1, when
Father De Smet passed through on his way to the Yellow-
stone.
The Rev. John Baptist Raverdy was horn in the city of
Rheims, France, in June, 1831. .....\.t an early age he volun-
teered for the missions, and came to Santa Fé in 1859,
where he was ordained a priest by Bishop Lamy in the au-
tumn of that year.
Soon after his ordination he entered the Rocky :JIoun-
tain region with Father
Ia('heheuf, afterwards Bishop of
Denver, and late in the evening arrived, Oct. 29, 1860, with
q
....L:_
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
his conlpanion, at Deuyer, then a collection of shacks, tents
and rainbling fraine buildings.
Fron1 Ðeuyer the zealous priest lnade excursions into Col-
orado, Idaho and Utah, in quest of scattered llleillbers of his
Church. lIe lived as best he could, slept in the open under a
buffalo robe, and cOlnpanioned with prosppctor;;:, miners and
adyenturers. His life "Tas as disinterestedly n1Ïssionary as
was that of
t. Francis Xavier.
Father Haverdy died in .Denyer, on the 18th of X O,Telll-
her, 188
}, and his 111enlory still lives in the grateful recollec-
tion of Inany of the older inhabitant::; of Colorado, and the
citizens of Den Yer.
THE HEY. B. l\:ELIJY.
In June, 1866, the Hey. Edward I(elly, at the request ùf
Bishop 0 'Collnel1, of Saf'rainento, f'alne to Sal1 Lake, round-
ed up the few Catholics in tlu:. f'it
T, and taking up a sub-
scription, purchased the piece of ground on which the lately
abandoned cathedral was built. Soon after the pluf'hase it
"Ta
discovered that there was a blen1Ïsh on the title to the
lot. To ayoíd litigation, the seller and buyer agreed to sub-
mit the lllatter in dispute to the
Iornlon Pre<sident, Brighmn
Young:, and stand by his arbitration.
The President, after exanlining tllP deed and listening
patiently to the evidence, decider} that Father I(elly was
right, and ordered that the titlf' f;hould bf' quieted, al1 claiuls
against the ground settled by tllt' seller, and tllt> deed handed
over to the priest.
Father }(elly said his first puhlic :\Iass in Salt Lake in
the old
-\sselnbly Hall of the Latter Da
T
aints, courteously
placed at his disposal by the Presiùent and l
lder
of the
church. .AJter achninistering to the spiritual de111ands of the
handful of Catholics then in the city, Father :Kelly returned
to Saf'ralnel1to.
,\Yhel1 exmnilling the diol'e:-\Hn arch!\'es we (,HIlll' H('l'OSS the
name of Father )[esplie, an arIny chaplain, "Who said )[ass
for the Catholic
oldiers of Fort Donglas on necelllber b,
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN 1JTAH
28:3
] 870, ,,-hen on his way to San Franci
co. George R.auscher,
an early pioneer, now in hi
eightieth year,
erYecl the chap-
lain's 11ass, and was married the
ame 1110rning by the ofJi-
ciating priest.
THE REY. JX)IES P. POLEY.
On Februar
T 3th. 18G8. Colurado and l
tah werp erected
by Papal brief into a 'Vicariate ApostoJic, and the 'Türy Bey.
Ju
eph P.
Iachel)flnf was, on August lGth, consecraterl Bish-
O}J in St. Peter'
CathedraL Cincinnati, b
T _\rchLishop Pur-
cell, to adn1Ïnister the new yicariate. Bi
hop )laehebf\uf es-
tablished his see in DelHTer, and aln10st iInmediately after his
return appointed tllP Bey. .J anH:\S P. Foley pastor of SaJt
Lake and the regional territory. Father Foley was hospita-
bly \\'e]C'omed by hi::, {"1atholic parishioners who, though few
in nlullber. were soC'iaHy prOlninent and influential.
On Xoyen1ber 30, 18G8. Bishup
lachebeuf, in his official
capa(.ity, yisited Salt Lake, where he was the guest of Gen-
eral Connor during the week he re})1aÜJed in the city. The
Bishop yisited the three Catholic fmnilies then residing in
Salt Lake and. a
:--eU1ùling then1 in the llOJ1le of Judge
[ar-
shall, prepared then1 for the sacraments; and, on three occa-
sion:,. uffered up the IIol
' Haerifice in a 1'00111 set aside as a
telnporary chapel. .At the Fort he gathered around hiDl pyery
eyening the Catholic soldierç;, pre})ared sOJne of thenl for
cOllfil'lllation and on the following Sunda
- adnlÌnlstered the
SaCnll11ent of COnfirIllation to fourteen. ()n the 8th of De-
eenllwl', Feast of the IUlluaculate Conception, he eelebl'ated
two nwrriages and haptized three p}Ü]dren of .J ohn Sloan.
On Decen1ber 10th, Bishop
Iaehebeuf left for Fort Bridgpr
on lu::, way to Deuyer, his episcopal city.
On the lot purcha
ed by Father I
elly -was a dilapidated
adobe structure. This Inllnble ruin Father 1!'oley repaired,
pnd on Nunday
and holydays offered within its 1111ld walls
the Holy SaC'rifiC'e, and taught to his dP\Tout little flopk the
duetrines of ..\. postol ic Christianity. It nwy interest our
readers to read o\-er the roll tall of honor of those -who as-
234
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
sisted at Father Foley's
lass, the first 8unday possession
"'Was takpll of thp adohe chapel. Those pre
eut wcre Judge
Barron, )1r
. GO\Ternor \T aughan, )1rs. T, )1arsha]l, .T. .T. and
T. B. Ù'Reilly, J. L. Burns, :ßlrs. 8iInpkins and fan1Ïly, and
C. L. Dallier.
Pather ]'oley cUlltinuf'd his laburs in obscurity
nd pov-
erty till the auhunn of 1870, "'When the IIoly See, at the ur-
gent solicitation of Bishop )[achebeuf, ""Tho, in It'()R, yi
ited
Salt Lake in his offi('ial character, placed Ftah nnder the
jurisdiction of .A.Tchbishop }delnany, of ::-;an :E'raucisco.
Father Foley nO\\T returned to his o",,'n dioce
e, Denyer, and
THE RE\T. P AIRICR 'YALSH
"'Was appointed by
\rchbishop Alen1any, pastur of Nalt Lake.
He entered upon his pastoral duticR early in lHïJ. and at
once began interviewing his parishioners touching the pros-
pects of ereeting a ('hur(.h. I-Es en('uluageulent "'Was :->llffieient
to induce him to fralne a subscription list, .which he headed
"'With an hlunble donation frOll1 his own lin1Ïted lllean
.
A.s a result of hi
own untiring efforts and the generous
support he received from the citizens of
aIt Lake, irre:,pec-
tive of creed, the chueh of 81. 1Iary ::\lagdaleup. OIl Third
East, was erected, and ou
oyelnlwr G, 1871, was cull:-;e-
crated by Archbishop Alen1any, who n1ade the trying- journey
frOlll San Francisco expressly for the consee1'ation. In the
intrududion to his serInon on the occasion, the ....--\.Tl'hhi
hop
congratula ted those present on the imposing appearance of
their ec('lf'siastical hOlllf', and exp1'es
ed hi
appreciation of
the genero
ity of the friendl
T peuple whu IUHl l'olltributed
to n13ke the church a pos
ibility_ Thi
.wa;:; the first Cath-
olic ('hur('h ('on
e(,l'at('d in 1 Hall, and around it are grouppd
many pathetic scenes and cunsulitary incidents in thl' early
cOlllIDunal life of the (jatholic
of
a1t Lake
n1an
of whom
have, since its opening, entered the life heyond tlw gTaye.
Early in 1872, :b'ather Bouchard, a J e:-;uit priest,
ame
by invitation of the pastor, and cunducted a retreat, popu-
Itll'ly known as a Inission, for the Catholics of the cit
T. These
THE CATHOLIC' Cll L"RC'H IX L"T HI
8:)
popular nÜs:-,ion
have thpir origin far back in the hi-.;tol'Y
of the (ihurch, and eXpel'iellCP and re:-;ults han-' provl'<l tlWlll
to he of inl'all'ulahlt' valne to a l'UlJlnlullity and to in<Ü\Tidnal
HHIls. During tllP day:, of tlw nlÎs:-;ion tlw llleIllber:-: of tIll"
l'ongregatioll a:-:
elllhle in a b(}d
in the elllll'('h at staterl
hours, awl. aftpl' wor:-:hipil1g Uod. an:> addn':-::-:f>d h
the lui:-:-
sion })rie:-:t on a particular subjeet ìwaring: npon thp dut
r in-
<liyi(lual lUan O"wes to (;od, to his neighhor, to hilll:-:elf. Ner-
l11on:-: an.. delivered on tlw gravity \)f JllOrtal :--in. on the foul'
Teat truth:-:,-death, jrHlglllcllt, heavPI1 and hell. In fa('t,
a mis:-;ion is a spiritual awakening, a tÍ1up WhE'1l the Inullan
soul is asked to conlnlune with it:-:elf, to puter upon all pxaUl-
ination of its h
alth, and a:--k itself the (llw:-:tion: "' lIow fares
it with UIP, and ,,
hat will he lll
judglllent when lll
- f'ye:-: are
clo:--ed in death?"
\s thi:-; was tlw first llli
:-:iun given in Salt Lake, the
dlur('h 'was al,,
ays {'rowded at the spiritual exer('ise
by
l iatholies and llOIl-(
atholic
, drawn to thp C'hurch h
- devotion
or ('uriusity.
Father \Yal:-:h reulaillpd a
pa
tor of
t. :3.[al'
's until
.Tuly, j
,3, when hp was reeallf'd h
- his J..rchbi
hop and Pl'Ç)-
lllotpd to another ('barge in California. wIler!' he died 1 )E'epnl-
her
:-3, 1
-!. nuring" hi
pastorship uf tllP parish Ill-' effected
lllUf'h goorl, and, 1dlell he rctired, he carried "With hilll into
his new fif'lfl of lahor the loye of hi:-: parishioners and the re-
spef't and e
teelll of those whu wen-' not uf his fluek. ,rhcn
taking farewell of his people he e"\::pre
secl hi:-: deep regret
that, not1\'ithstanding his efforts, there yet ren1aiuf'd on the
ehurch a debt of $(),f)()(), whic.It, he feareù, would greatl
dis-
lwarten his
lH'f'PSSOr, o\ring to tlw llulueriC'al "-ealnH'
:-: of
the ('ongrega tion.
'Yhen
\.rchhi:,hop
\.1enlany sought in his diucese for [I
l1<'('e
sor to Father 'ral
h, he was confronted with a serion
prohleul. Salt Lak(' was e11la rging its ei,'ic hOluHlarif-'s, luin-
ing- canlps "Were in('reasing in the InoluItains, and the rp-
sources of the state" ,,-ere being exploited. To lUel't the exi-
286
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RC'H 11\ UT.\.H
gencies of the tÏ111e and region, and visit the distant nlÎning
towns, denlanded a priest physically strong, dowered with
prudence, and fortified with exceptional strength of soul and
nlÎnd. The Archbishop had canonically the power to order
any of his priests to this distant and rugged region, but his
tender and kindly heart "".as opposed to the exerci
e of his
authority when' the cOlllluand involved great pri\'ation.
luuch self-denial and unavoidable sufTering.
There was then at Petalunla, Olle of the prOlnising townR
of his diocese, a stalwart young priest, who had C0111P to hinl
fronl Ireland a few year
before, and whOIn, in recugnition
of his valuable 8ervices as assistant priest in San Francisco,
the _-\.rchbishop had prOll1oted to the pastorate of Petaltu11:l.
IIis Grace sent for hiDl. outlined the hanbhip
of the va-
cant parish of Salt Lake, the debt upon the church a1Íd the
difficulties to be encolmtered in reaching the l'êlllote lnining
caJnps in the ll1ountaill
. .L\i once the young }>l'ie:-\t yielded
to the entl'paties of the .L\rchbishop, returned to Petahuua
and settled his affairs, hade "good bye" to his people, and,
on August 14, 1873, Rev. Lawrenc0 Scanlan, now ßishop of
Salt Lake and "Gtah, putel'ed Salt Lake in tlw prinle of hi
young nlanhood, and ahnost in the early 1110rning of his
priestly ordination. On that eventful and auspicious e\Ten-
iug, when concluding his devotions, he n1Ïght have
aid ,,,,ith
-the aged patriarch: "Hie reqaiseam, f[llOniam elegi eam-
here will I relllain, since I 111yse]f have chosen it."
..
EDUCATIONAL AND
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS
OF THE DIOCESE
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CHAPTER XXI.
THE
L-\.RI
T :b'ATHERS.
All Hallolcs College,
alt Lake City, is one of the high-
class educational p
tahlishnwnts for ,
d1Ïch {",tah and the In-
tprmountaill states an:. winning distindion. This achllirable
seat of learning was handed oyer by it
founder, Bishop
Scanlan, in 1889, to the
Iarist Fathers.
Xow who are the
larist
, as tlwy are fmlliliarly known,
and how, and wlwn did they eOllle into existence!
The f'ociety of
Iary wa
founded in the beginning of the
nineteenth centnr
' by a Frendl prie
t of the diocese of Ly-
ons (France), llalned .Jean Claude
Iarif' Colin. The idea of
a religious society dedicated to the nle
ed Virgin had orig-
inatf'd with a group of se1nillarians at
t. Irénée, near Ly-
ons. ..:-\.1though the 1nost retiring and 11l0dest of the group,
Father Colin hecanle tht, real founder. ,Yhile serying as as-
sistant pastor in the town of Cerdon, he drew np proyisional
rules, which Inet the hearty approyal of sf'Yf'ral bishops and
of l\Igr. Frayssinous, then
IinisteT of Eeelesiastif'al ..AJtairs
in France. The town of Cerdon haying pa
ed to the newly
rf'organized diocesf' of BelIe
, Father Colin ohtaint'(l froIll
its BbllOp,
Igr. Deyie. permission to take a fe\y f'o}npanions
and preach mi
sions in the neglected parts of the diocese.
The little cOlll1uunity soon increased in nUluber, and though
the Bishop would have preferred to }:ef' it re1nain a siulple
diocesan congregation, l
ather Colin obtained. in 1836, fronl
Gregor
T XYI the f'anonif'al approhation of tllf\ SOf'if'ty of
rary. as an order with siInple yows. In the
anle Yf'ar
Father Colin was chosen Superior-General.
Besirlf's the Fathers. tlIp Societ
r of
Iary. in Father Co-
lin's 111ind, f'Olnprisf'(l se\Teral other brm1f'hes: The Brother
coadjutors, the teaf'hing- Brothers, the Sisters. thf' Contenl-
p]atiye Branch and the Third Ordf'r of
Iary. All tllP
e
hranches are nO\\T in existence. The Brother coadjut.ors
:288
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IX UTAH
were the first to be organized, and the\' lU.lye eyer ",uwe
heIIJed the Fathers in their HÜnish'
. f1athf'r Colin alf.:o
founùed the Thinl Order of
I a ry for persons wishing to liye
a n.ligious life in the world, and the ()rder i
no\y flourish-
ing in n10::;t 111Ï
:;ions and parishes entru
ted to the ::\la rist
Fa ther
.
\gain the hraneh of tll(' ,Jlarist 8i stcr::; "a
the
direet re-.;ult of
1ather Colin '::; efforts; they fonn now an
order independent in achllini
tration frOlll that of tliP
larist
Fathers, but the sall1e spirit aninwte:; their rule::; and their
ronstitlltioll
; they haye now eollege:-: and acaden1Ïe:-- in
Franee, England and (keanica. The two other hran('hes of
the
of'ietr of .ßIary are also independent of the
ral'ist Fath-
en;; that of the Brothers, "Tho are eaUed "The Little ßroth-
('r
of ::\[ary," wa::; founded by Father (
halnpag11at, one of
the first
Iarist::;, and is now the 11lost llUniPrOUS of the
lar-
i
t organizations, haying rapidly spread ahnost oyer C\Tery
part of the \Vol'lel.
-'inal1y tllt- I cunteulplatiye branch, ]argel
<1R planned b
T Father Colin, was organized, though long after
the latter's death, h
T Pather E
'llU1rd, likewise a
rari
t, aurl
i
HOW known as "'rlw Fathers of the ßle
;"\f'd Baf'nUllent."
But we are cùncerned here only with thf'
ral'iRt Father::;
--the first f'reation of Father Colin. The nmne they bear-
Iarist Fathers. Soeiety of
[ary-:-.ufficientl
te1ls under
whost-> patronagp and in whose spirit they deyote thelllSplye:-;,
both to their own sanl'tifi('atioll and to that of their neigh-
hor, partif'ularl
' of the poor and of those n1()
t de
tihtte of
n'l igious f'Olllforts.
\ftt'r the approbation of the order in 1
:1(). It
prl'a(l rap-
idly, fir
t in France, where numerous nli
ionary houðes and
('ollege
were fouuded
then in (tceanica, whiC'h ha(l heen C'n-
truste(l to the HoriC'ty lJ
Greg'olT XVr. and wh(,l'e. during
Father C()1Ïll'R adulinistl'atiou (lH3()-1R5-l-). oycr a hUll-
dred
rarists Wl
re
ent, :-.e\Tcral of whOln gaye up their
life iu the attelllpt to rouyert the natiyl'
; lat('r in i'
llg'laucl,
Irelanel, and the 1 T llited Ntates.
-\Jread
T. iu l
-rï.
Igr.
rathia:-: Loras, Bishop of 1)u-
hWllle (Iowa), had asked Father Colin to send hÜn ð0111C
THE C'.\.THOLr<' ('HeRCH IX rTAH
28
)
Jlari:-;t
for hi
dio('e
e. But on account of the slllall nurn-
bpr of
uh.ieets at the tl1He the rel1l1est could not he granted.
In 11"()
lgr. .1. )L ()din. fin;t Bishop of Texas. and who
had been late]
T tnnu;fel'red to the an'hieplo..;(>opal see of Xew
()l'leall;-;. (.H1dre
sed a
ill1Ïlal' reljuf'st to Father Fa\Te, who
had
ue('ee<1ed Pat1wr Colin as Huperior-G-euC'l'al of the Hoci-
ety of Jlary, and reque:-,ted so urgentl
T that sonle n1elnlJer:-i
of the order were sent to Louisiana.
The parish of Rt. Jliehnel, about fift
T nlÎ]es north of Xl'w
Orleans, on the
fi
sissiplJi Riyer, wa<.:; the first 1Iarist huu;-;('
in America. uthers were to follow a few years nfter. .J e1'-
fen-on College, and the parish of the Hol
T Xaule of Jrar
T,
1.oth in Louisiana. were
oon ahw confided to thel r charge.
Later other foundation
followed. Pari;.:he
were ac-
cepted in Jlassachu
etts, JI aine, California, Jfinnesota. ..---\,11-
other eollege was founded in \..- an Buren (
Iaine), and in
]
S9, the SOf'iety of JIar
T assulued control of ...:111 Hallo,,'s
College in Ralt Lake City.
ALL HALLOWS COLLEGE.
\ll IIallow:-i Colle
'e \\'tlS founded lJy Right He\T. Bishop
Heall]an in U-ísJ. The growing nUluber of Catholics in C'"tah
and the ueighhoring states lnade it iInperatiye to huilc1 a
chool where Catholie pal'Pllts eould pl'oeure for their chil-
dren the ë:l(hTantage of a good Christian eduL'ation. ...\t the
time not onl
T were then:. llO L 1 atltolic schools for
{lYeral hun-
dred luilf's around, hut the puhlie school
tlwlllseh'es were
sc>arce in this
parsely inhahited
e<'Ìion. The westerners
Jiving' Oll ralwhes or in nlÍlliug' CaInp:-- enjo
Ted "!.10 edueationn.l
facilities, and the foundation of a Catholic collf'ge in Salt
Lake llwrked a hold hut decisiye
tP}J in the histury of the
(
atholi(> (1hllr(>h in t1l(:. \Y pst.
\H IIallo\\s Col1eg-e was the third Catl101ic institution in
the ('it
. of
alt Lakf' fOllJHI('L1 h
T Bishop, or rather, Father
St'alllau, ,,,Ito wa -; then luissiolla r
' reetol', the f'ity of Halt
Lake, being a lJèlrt of the ...\rehdiucese uf Han f-'rallciseo. St.
?\Iary's ...l('adeln
' and the Hospital of the IToly Cro
s were
9U
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
fouuùed in 1876. In fact, the ground OIl ,yhich ...:\.11 Jlallows
now stands was acquired in 1881, for the purpose of erecting
there the Holy Cro
s Huspital, which had been until then lo-
cated teluporarily in a rented hou
e un Fifth East, between
South Teluple and ]1"irst South
treets; but before work on
the building was begull. Father Sl'anlan resolyed to buy a
larger tract of land for the hospital on Ele\Tenth East, and to
set apart the slualler 1)ut lllore central lot for educational
purposes. Four years later, in Ibð3, plans of the huilding
whieh fOrIllS the east wing of the present structure, were
Hlade by I-Ienry l\IonheÌln. Ground wa
hroken and the work
of construction hegun. In Septeulber of the follo,,
ing year,
classes were organized. Rev. P. ]
lake, who \ras then pastor
of Park City, Utah. and is now pastur of St. Helena, Ca1.,
was
electec1 as president of the new institution. Tlw first
year it was opf'ned 115 pupils werf' pnrolle<l Of tlwse 49
were boardf'rs and GG day pnpih5. 1:'11<.' fol1<nying year. 1887,
the school tern1 1)egan "With 70 boarder
and 83 day pupils.
Soon after the opening of .AJI I-Iallows College, in Rep-
tenlber, 188G, v--'
ltheL. Sl'anlall recclyetl news of his :1ppoiut-
nlent as Bishop of Salt Lake. ____-\fter his l"ollsecration in San
Francisco, Oil June
9, 1R8ï, he returuC'd to Ralt Lake and
lllacle All flallows College his epi
copal residence; he re-
lllained there until August. 1889, taking an actiye part in
the adl1lÎni
tration of HIP l'oUege. But to fulfill the oftil'P of
Bishop of such a large diocese and at the smlle tiIllf' to <111'e<-,t
l'u<'cessfun
T a I-;trugglillg young institution, wal-; soon found
next to ÏIllpossible. Reside!' the priests of the diocese ,,-ere
few, and ('ould only "Tith the gl'eate
t sil('rifil'e to paro('hial
and missiunary work he spared for the teaching fncult
T of
All Hallows. Hence, in l
H
I, Bishop
canlan entered into
negotiations ,dth a religious order thf'll lit tle known in the
'Yest-the Society of )lary. Father Leterier. Provincial of
the order in the United State!', l'anw to
alt Lake to ('onfer
with the Bishop, and fina1Jy al'l'eptecl the (lirpction of
ll
Hallows College.
The college had then three yC'urs of existence.
'he Rcys.
THE CATHOLIC CH1)RCH IX "GTAH
291
Fathers Fox, Uuinan and De]ahaye, were selected by the
superiors of the
o
iety of
Iary to take dWl'ge of the "Work,
with Father Fox a
president.
rhe renlainder of the faculty
"Was lllade up of lay teaeher
.
rrial
awaited the neWl'OlllerS,
and the beginning "
a
di
couragillg enough. Father Fox, on
account of in health, had to leaye the conege for a change
of air, and went to California; the ahSelll'e was intended to
be only telllpOrary, bu1 his condition did not allo"W hÍln to
return to BaIt Lake. Father Fore
tiel'. "ho had replaced
Father Leterier as Proyincial of the Rociety of
Iary in the
U. S., assulned the eharge of president for a few 1l10llths. 1
0
add to the misfortune", of the struggling in
titution, an epi-
delllÍc of diphtheria hroke out alllOng the boys, and out of
the thirty or thirty-fi\Te hoarders, eight or ten "Were confined
to Holy Cro
s Jlo
pital, sick with the dangeroll,:) disease.
In tlw beginning of 1
9n Fathpr .J. B. Chataignier wa
appointed Superior to relieye }--'ather Forestier of a charge
which it "Wa:-, ill1l'o
ihle for hilll to carryon at the f'aUle
tÍlne as that of Pnn T inr'ia1. But again the pro
pect
renlained
rather dark during his a(hninistration. Father Ch
lhlignier
was an old lllis
iunarr. a lllan of aJyanced years and of great
experience. But the life of college Presi(lent "Wa
not con-
genial to hÍlu, and he welcOluec1 the news of the appointnlcnt
of Father IIenry as his succe
sor. This was in 1891.
Father IIC'nr
T had been Bupel'ior of .Jefferson CoHege,
Lonisiana, and was a BlaB in every wa
fitted for tl1(\ difH-
cult "Work \\'hieh awaited hin1 in Salt Ln ke. IIé had great
talent for organization, and wa:-i an exeeHent disciplinarian.
During tlw three Yf'ars that he relnailled in charge order
and discip1ìne prevailed. and those' three yenrs lnark the be-
ginning of a neW" era for AH Hallo\\'s Conege. But he was
in poor health. and again a l'hange lwcaUle llecp
ç;nry. He
had to return to Louisiana, ,,
herf' his health continued to
fail, and he died soon after his return.
In 1894: Father Thos. .J. Larkin took charge of the col-
lege. and during six years he was untiring in hi
efforts to
promote its suc
es-;. Thanks to hi
ean1e
tness and
ctivity,
):!
THE CATHOLIC CHL'nCH lK PTAH
.L\iJ 1:[a1ltn'-6 ht'(Òé111le BlUrt:> pro
perous than eyer. 1[(, was ef-
fectiYel
T
ecollded in his lahor by Father U.
Iadt'r, t1wn \riee-
President, Prefect of Di
cip1inp and }In
ieal Direetol', and
to hinl also the coHege owes a large deht of gratitu(le.
I II
oYE'luher, 18
)'ï, the \T ery Hey. .f. C. Haftin, lltnr Rupe-
rior-General of the Society of 1Iary, but then t;lJecial \TÜ;Ït-
or of the
bu'ist houses in the 1
nited States, was the guest
of Father Larkin. IIp expl'e
:-;ed hinu'
elf again antÌ, again as
delighted with the ex('ellent 'Work already done br the ('01-
lpgf', the good discipline and the excellent spirit that reigned
in the in
ti tution.
During the scholastic year lS!JS-lSm), an Ï1nportant step
wa:-; takf'll in the history of
-\n I-Iallows Col1eg-e.
rhe build-
ing on Ref'on<l Routh wa
110W inadequate to nlPet the de-
11U1!ld:-;. .L-\ Slllall house on Fourth East was renh'd, and an-
other on t;eeoud South was hought, to Lt' used as profes
or:-:'
quarters; hut this wa
only a teln})Orary solution of the
prohleu1, aud it was eyirleut that it woul(l soon hec01ne neces-
sary either to enlarge the old college or to build on 8011W
other site. The latter plan 'Wa
thought hettel', and a forty-
acre tra('t of land "a
purf'l1ased on the hen('h ju
t east of
Liberty Park. Thf' site is prohahl
T the finest around the
cit
T of
alt Lake for the location of a boar(ling school.
The pl'opo
ition waR l'ef'ei\'ed with the gl'f>at(\
t fayor hy
the friellcl:-; of the coJIege, and with enthusiaSlll h
the hoys
and ahUlll1i. 110re than twent
student:-; ::5uh:.;erilwd frOlìl
$300 <10\\'11 to $100, and agreed that eyery cent of jt would
\)p pn id fl'Olll thei l' 0wn en l'ning
nftf'r leaying- college. TIH
lllon('-
thus subscrihed was to fonn an endowlllent hUHl for
a '"nreater .L-\lllIallows."
-\s it was, the '"Greater 1\11 IIallows" on the' hill whi('h
o"er]oo1\s tIw f'ity ê111<1 the "alley pf Salt Lake, neyer beeallW
an :'lcf'0111plifo-lH:
d fact, hut thi:-. inciùent ilhistrate:- the influ-
Pllee of }1'atlwr Larkin oyer the boys.
In ID()
]1-'athel' Larkin was appointed rettol' of the
Chul'('h of H1e lIoly NalHe of )Iary, at ,.A]g'iers, Loui1Siana,
ê11l(1 Father J. .J. Gllinan, tht'll Viee-Hupl'rior of the 1fa rist
THE CATHOLIC f'H"CRCH IX VT.-\H
)3
Collegf', _Atlanta, ])pcame Pl'P:-,ident of ....\11 IIHllow
College.
}1""ather Guinan wa
b
T no llwans uuknown in
alt Lake. lIe
was one of the three )[ari
t Fatlwr
who C'anle in ]
S
), wlwll
tliP eullegp wa:-; confided hy Bi:-;hop RCHlllan tu the ('are of
the
ociety of )Iary, and he had remained there fur eig-ht
years as profe
ol',
piritnal director. a11(l later YïC'e-Presi-
dent. lIe was welcOlued baek hy hi
nU1nerons friewh-; anà
hailf'd a:-: the real founder of "' {-; reat('r
\JI 1 [allow:-;." Ilow-
eyer, an Î1npol'tant changl Wêl:-, lu<.ulf' in Father Larkin '::;
IJlan:-;. Tlw llped of a larger L'ollege "'a
nlOl'e iUlpenltiYe
than en
'L': dUl'iug the seholastie Yt'al' 1
)()1-]90:.!, the nmuhel'
of
tu(lents was larger than e"er hefore, the roll
howillg
ÏOl' that
-eal' ]
J hoa rders, })l\si<1e
the (la
. hoys. The cla:-;s-
1'OOlnS, the åunnitorit';-;, thp dining-rooms. the ehapeì were all
too sInal1.
\fter Inature eOllsideration of tlll' prus and
(,Oll
, it wa
dp('i<1ed to huild, not a new co]]c,ge on tlw prop-
ert
. aC(lllÌred by Father Larkin. hut a !argè addition to
the old structure. For this it Wê16 npee
i:) r
T to 1)l1
- til'
t a
traC't of land adjoining" the eollf'ge ground
. Thpll, under
Father Guinan':-; direetion, a large atHl hmHh.'Olne huilding'
and a new elUll)pl were ereeted at the co::,t of nearl
-
1()().-
onu. The new huildilw; contain:-; :-;ixty rUOlll
. he:-,idp-.; a fine-
ly equipped gyulnasiuIll.
The dedic'a tiun of the lIe'" wing aud uf the C'oIJege ('ha pel
took plal'P OIl Hun(lay,
evtcll1 bel' Gth, in the pn_'
P!lC'e of an
ltllllu'n:-:e cro" d. The Hight He,'. Bi
hop Rl'alllau, a
.i
ted
by the college faeult
- and a IlUIllhE'r or yi
iting }Jl'ie
t
, pL'e-
si,1E'(1 on the oc('a
ion. At the du
e t!w Big-ht He,'. gishop,
in a few well-ehosen \\"o1"<b, ('OlupJilllented thf'
\ltlwr
ou the
gTeat work inaugurated. But it was indcE'd [I ('re(lit to the
Bishop hÍIllse]f, ,,-lLú had fir:-;t laid his hand to the work aud
founded _....-\11 J Iallow
Colle
re at a tilHe when no one drt-'ulIled
of its futnre gTo,,-th nnd SllCCef-:S.
The chapel erected lJehyeen the old aud UIE' llE'W Imilding
is HUlnalle
(lne iu arehiteeture au(l quitE' dpyotioual in ib
interior finish. TlH:
altar is a work of art, also HOlnmwsqne
J-!
THE CATHOLIC CH URCH IX UTAH
in style, of white Carrara luarble, with onyx pillar
, having
burnished gold trinllning
, while there is a lofty canopy of
luarble and burnished éopper that set
off the whole to ad-
yalltage. Fourteen windows of
luni('h
tained gla
s. of tllt=-
lllOst beautiful coloring, add yen: lllueh to the charnl and the
devotional character of the elw pel.
The college offers classical, scientific and conlluercial
courses, in addition to preparatory cour:
es for young boys.
Anlong the features of the college is an excellent muselun
containing carefully classified collections. Owing to the
kindness of friends of the col1ege, this nlu
eUln is being rap-
idly added to, and wiU COlnpare favorahly with nluseums
found in institution
of eastern cities.
rrhe artistiè side of the school work is cultivated b
lneans
of excellent 11lusical and dramatic organizations. The Col-
lege band and urchestra have always received high praise
from. thuse who are fall1iliar with their work.
In athletics All IIallows has .won a forenlo
t place a-mong
the collegiate institute
and
tate universities of the west,
and a
the college has for years emphasized the Ílnportance
of calisthenics and luilitary- training, it rig'hUy prides it
elf
on its splendid cadet battalion.
Under the able presidency of Very Rev. Dr. Guinan, sup-
ported by an efficient staff of spef'ialists in their respeetiye
depal'ÌIllents, .All ] [allows College is doing excellent work.
The records existing
ince the
Iarist Fathers were in-
vited by the Ul'dinar
T of the diocese to aSSlllne the lllanage-
. ment and direct the de
tinies of ,...\Jl Hallows, indicate a
growing appreciation on the part of the public of the prac-
tical education giyen in its class r00111S.
In the
;;;('ho]astic year of 1894:-93 there wel"e entered on
the College register 74: studentç;, and the attendance steadily
increabed during Father Larkin's aehninistration, whil'h COll-
tinued until 100
, when Dr. Guinan was elected to the Presi-
dene'y. This year, l
O
), there are
5 students on the 1'011,
and if the list continue
to swell, the faculty will be forced
to again enlarge the college.
:.3
v
ñ
t:
..-;
CHAPTER XXII.
T HE
ISTElnIOOD OF THE H OL Y CROSS.
Its Origin ({ud EYJ}{{I1Siou ill (Jur Republic.
'Yhen W
hegin to rE'"i
w thp :-;l'l
ndid woJ'l
the Nisters
of I-Iol
' (\'O
S llaye done and :ll'P doing' ill the Di(we
e of Salt
LaIn'. \H' natural]
wish to hp jllfonn
d on tIlE' origin of the
Hoeiet
. and partieularly of th
fortituitous eOlllhinatioll of
eireulllsÌèuwPs whi('h happil
('on
pired to illtl"odue
th
His-
ten..; of Holy ('ro
s to
\lllPriea and in an ('sl)('('ial lllall])('r to
rtah.
The ('athoIie Chur('h is the proli fi(' mother of relig'ious
orders and institutions pstahlished ('ontinuous1
- frunl the
nlOrning of the third l'Plltnry down to oU]' own tinw:--. [IH-
lll
diatelr following the peaC'
of the Church in the HOlllan
Elllpirf'. the religion;", orders of Tlwhait10 ancl Pale'-'tille, of
Lerins and ::\J al'lllUlÜipr wert' fouwlpd, and l'oll
d h
H'k the
ea of
\rian heres
- whjeh tItrea t
lH'd to SuhIHl'rg'p Elu'ope
and A
ia. Fl'Olll that tinle until our own dar, religj()n
or-
(leI's huyp fiourj
hcd in tht' ('hri:-;tiall repuhli(' of the illllWl'-
jshahI
(ihnreh, and h
- their untiring PllPrgy awl heroiC' la-
hors haY
ei"iliz('(l and c'ollyprtecl to the faith of .fC'
lÞ (ihri
t
natiuns, trihC's and peoples.
Ian
of tltpsp rpligious organiz-
ations "
erp estahlisht'll tu faee and deft'at a (hUlg'P]"ous
emergeucy ",hi(.It thrputelletl the ('iYilizatioll of a parti('ular
people, and dishand('d ,,
hen tllP ohjef't for whieh the order
was fonnde(l had heen a('('Olnplislll'(l (Hlwl's 'n're org'êll1ized
for the allpyia tioll of hWllan :-;nffeI'iug, like thl' ., S()('iet
. for
the Hellelllptioll of Christian PrisonpI's" takpll in WHr hr the
Turk
and IH'ld in houda
(!. ,rhen mlYaJH'ing eiyilization in
-\
ia and ('()lJ(litiollS in the ()l'iput llUllle for an ex('hange of
pr;
ollen; of war, the Soeipty for tlH' Hedelllptioll of Captivés
dissolved.
But great 01'<1('1':-; founclf'cl for thp ('unypr:-;ion of :-;
n'age
and infidel races. for the edu('ation of the llla:-,se
, the higla.ìl"
9G
THE CATHOLIC cn CRCH IX UTAH
de\'elopnlent uf the intelled, for the a:-::-:uag-enlent of lnllnan
surro-w and suffering, the care of the orphan. the agell and
the hopeles
ly poor, re1nain as living aud adive organiza-
tions; for t1u-' dPl11aIH1:-: of illiteraey, of pnYcrt
- awl lnnnan
uffering are appealing" and will e\'f'r appeal to th(' eharity
of the Christian heart.
r.I
here was neyer, in tIll:' history of Christianity, any gJ'eat
crisis threatening the stahilit
r of e
tablishcc1 onl<'1', thC're was
nevcr a Rocial ('ondition so dcranged and 1101Jeless wHong a
ei,Tilized people, that God did not inspire ..-01ne one man, like
t. Bernard,
t. FranciR, or a Peter the ITel'lllit. to appeal'
nnd Ineet the crisif' or the condition.
In the history of tl1(' -world,
ince the X oaehie Deluge. we
find no record of an
-
ocial or national eílÌê:H'IYS111 compara-
ble to or paralleling the Freu('h Hevolntion of tIle IHth cen-
tury. It was a racial llladness nne(lUa1ed in the hiç;t()r
- of
our race, and Illay neyer again O('ClU' in the life of the raee.
It -was a satanic uprising of the Freneh nation against God,
follo-wed by an attaek on even-one and every iURtitntion that
stood by or for God in the deIlloniac war on .Tesus Chri
t.
'Yhen, h
- the providential apparition of one luan, the na-
tional revolt against tlu'
uprenw BC'illg' wa
('ru:-:h('(l and
order re-estahlished, th{\ ruin wa
appalling. ....\ people -with-
out a God or gods is an iUlpossibility.
"Then Bonaparte fought his way to a throne aud l'OU-
quered an e1npirf', hf1 at Olwe openf'd COlll1l1uuil'ation with thf'
oYereign Poutiff and r('-('
ta hli
hed rl,1 igiou ill }1"""ll'ance.
Churches 'were eleansetl, })llrifif'<1 and reeon
f1cl'atf'd, isolated
and exiled priests wpre
UIll1l10npd fronl the mountains and
recalled frOlll foreign lau(b, the oldcl' reI igion
order
were
re-estahlished in tlwir lllOnastel'ie:-:, anù to lllf'et tIw alt('red
condition.., of :-;ociet
ll('W religiol1
('ongrf'gations were Ol
-
ganized.
f1on
pi(,uollS anlong- tlw conlnlunitief- -which ('tUlle 111to ex-
istencf1 soon after the Napolf'oni(' f1OlH'ordat was signpd by
Roul(' au(] Paris, was th(' religions congregation known to us
8S thai of "rL'lw IIol
Cross."
Like all great and penllanent iustitutiollR of the Chureh,
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r.
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THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX L"TAH
)]
the :society began Inllnbly, in cOluparatiye obscurity, and
without any hlare of trulnpets. I ts founder was a pious
priest naIued Basil 11 orea u. who was known to his intilluÜes
a:-: a man of profound learning. of unblen1Ïshed life. and of :1
piet
- that was at Ollce nwgnetif' and adnÚrahle. Gathering
around hiul a few of his priestl
' f'Olnpanions, IHen an aglow
"áth t1iyine ellthusiasnl and loyc for soub, Basil
loreau
pstah1ishec1, with Papal sanction, the A:--
ociation of the
Ilol
Cross. The Societ
. adopted for its nlOtto the words
of our Diyille Lord to Iris di
ciples: "' l
nIe::;
yon take up
your cross and follow
re
TOU can haye no part with
[e."
Tlw 11lelUhf'rs went t,,
o hy two. fnnn one end of infidel
Franee to tJl(-' other, exhorting. yisiting, praying and preach-
ing .. (
hri::;t anù J [inl (frucified."
Thell ,,\yas fOrnle(l into a pious cOJllmunit
. a nlunber of
deyout young WOllWll. afterwards eanonically grouped into an
organization known as the "8i
terhuod of tIlt-' Holr Cross."
rrhe chief ainls of the
isterhood 'were directed to the llloral,
religions and intellectual training of -,young girls, to the pro-
teetion, (.art' for and education of orphans. a::; ward
of
Christ, and to the nursing of the sicl\:, the a
Buagenlent of
lllllllan sorrow and lnllnan suffering in publiC' hospitals.
TInIs sixt.'--ninf1 year
:lg-o. on Se}>telllher
9, 18-1-1, in a
little eOllyent ehapel in the city of Le )Ians, France, the foun-
dation was laid of the i-'ii-'terhood of the 1 [oly Cro
s, whose
Jllel11her
to-day, in A luerica alone, lluluber lllore than one
thousand. and who
e gener0us deyotion to the wounded of the
K orthern ...-\XlllY during the trying tÜnes of the Kehellion and
tliP Spanish wa r Plllleared tllPlll to the hearts of tht
Amer-
ican people. In.J une. 18-l3, four
isters of the I-IoI
Cross
i-'ailed f),Olll France for ....'hlleri('a. They canle by invitation
of Bishop Ilailandièr
. of Yinecnues, Indiana. and 011 the
urgent
oli('itation of ,,.. ery Rey. Pather Sorin. who in Au-
gust. lR-I-l, introdlH'ed tllP Congregation of the Hol
T Cross to
...\Jueriea.
These foul'
i
t('rs hegan their arduous noyiate in Indiana
undel' trying Cil'CIunstan('e
, and in a region that was then
98
THE CATHOLIC CH L"RCH IN UTAH
practically a wilderness. They were the fir::;t YOlullteen; en-
rolled for ::;erviep in AUlerica, and their nallle::; and lllenlOry
are held in Lelleùietion by the InellllJer
of the sisterl1ood,
The most conspicuous lllember of this conllnunity of holy
women in .Anlerica was
lother
L Angela, who died
Iarch,
1887. She wa
virtually the foundress of the
isters of the
Holy Uro;:,s in our republic. lIcr untiring zeal, her dcyotion
to duty, and her unohtrusi\'p piety \yon th
admiration of
her cOlllpanions in religion and of all who "Tere priyileged
to know her. For thirty years she filled the offief' of Supe-
rior of tIle sÜ;terhood in
-hlleri('a. and under her
llhllinis-
tration were lllOlded thp lluljority of the
ister;:; who to-day,
by their refinement of manner and courteous bearing, are
winning tIle respect and adu1Ïration of thp eOllll11Unitie::;
among whOln their institutions are establi
hed.
WHEN THE SISTERS C.\.
IE TO UTAH.
In 1873 the Higllt He\'erend Bi
hop Seanlan was Inis
ioll-
ary rector of Salt Lake. \rith prophetic yision he predicted
a great future for the eity and the ::;tate of Utah. lIe fore-
saw the expansion of his own congregation, then nUluerically
weak, and resolYf'd to antieipate growth of ('ity and the in-
crease of the Catholic population.
rhe Catholic Churcll, in
every period of her luaryelous history, has, through her bish-
ops and priests, endeavored to proted and shelter the poor
and the orphaned, to develop tlU' Inllnan intellect to the high-
est possible efficiency, to in1part to her subjeets graeiousness
of nlanner, and to relieve physieal suffering whene\Ter and
where\Ter possible.
To co-operate with her in accompli::;hing her laudable de-
signs for the uplifting of the human race, the Church, in all
ages, fouuded religious soeietie::; of nIen and wmUCH, and on
the::;e ::;ocieties she invoked the blessing of the IIoly Spirit
and assigned then1 to respef'tiYe spheres of occupation and
duty.
\Yhell the tiule CallIe for the repl'eselltativ(> of the Catholic
Church in 1Jtah to call to his assistmw(' onc of the religious
organizations already firl111y established in the Ea
.t, he be-
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH l
UTAH
2
)
Iected, as his choice, the sisterhood of the 110ly CrosB, and
invited tlle community to COll1e to Sêìlt Lake and open a
chool for the educatioll and training of girl
. .L\nswering
the call frOlll the 'Vest, two :SisterB, ::\Iother ::\1. .L<\ugusta and
ister Raymond, left their conventual hOlne at Our Lady of
the Lake, Indiana, and .June G, 1873, entered the then 111yste-
rious and rOlllantic cit}T of
alt Lake.
The Si
ters were recei\Ted by ::\lrs. T. ::\Iarshall on alight-
ing frolll the train, and driven to her hospitable houle, where
they reuwined a
gue
ts of the family until tllE' little adobe
cottage-aH unpretentious as the IIollle of Nazareth-oll
First "\ rest street, WêlH eOlllplete(l ana opened a
a eon\Tent
and school.
ST. l\IAltY'S ACADEl\IY.
The citizens of
alt Lake enjoy a reputation abr0ad for
shrewdness of observation, appreciation of a good thing
when they Ineet it, and generosity in the encouragell1ent of
llleritorious effort.
'Yhen they became convinced that the city pos
essed a
valuable asset in the presence anlOl1g thelll of the sisterhood
of the IIoly Cro
, they answered generously an appeal for
the hetter housing of the :Sisters.
FroIlI the snug little adohe cottage to the Ï1nposing .Llcad-
enlY they now oceupy the tran
ition \YHS a neces
ity, for the.
in('l'easing lluluher of their pupils called for nlore aillple ac-
('oll)ulOda tiOll.
In 1878 :ßlother ::\1. Charles heCalllP superior of the .L\ca-
delll
.
he reillained in office tilllwr lmncllted death in 1890.
By the urbanity of her Inanner, her tact and piety, and her
adm.inistrative ability, she won a very high place in the af-
fection and respect of lJer :-:-;isters and lWoplf1. "She \yas,"
to use the language of one ,,110 knew her weD, "a WOlnan of
lllature lnind, of graeiou
1l1êHIllCl" and refinelllellt of feel-
ing, and dow0red with exceptional adUlinistrative and cXP('-
utive talents." St.
rarY'R ....\.cadeuIY,
alt Lake City. has
been singularly fortunate in that frOlll its in<,eption until
now it has always had as its directing n1ind ladies of refine-
300
THE CATHOLIC CHFRCH IN" UTAH
lllent, tact and prudence, whose IUllne
nnd nle1l10ry will for
all tilHe be associated with the growth and expansion of th('
institution.
rhese ladies arc known under their nallles in
the conll11unity as .l\Iothers
l. .L
ugusta (1873-78),
L Charles
(1878-90),
I. Sienna (] H
)( )-
J3 ),
l. Praxedi
(] S
)3-
J8),
r.
Lucretia (1
98-03),
I.
\Jexis (lD03-0J).
In IDOJ the present snperior, Sister Frances Clare, wa
appointed as head of the ..:l('adelllY, and when we state that,
by her prudent adn1Ïnistration of the affair
of the institution
and her urbanity of address, she has 11laintained the high
standard of efficiency and added to the eu\'iahle reputation
IH:'ld by 81.
lary 's, "We but do her sin1ple jnstice.
The course of studies ill this eXf'ellellt estahlislllilent coy-
ers all the suhjects taug:ht in tlw great COllyent s('hools of the
large cities of the Ea.,1. X uus and
isters of the great teach-
ing orders of the Catholic Church insist in lnaintailling, in
Europe and .L-hllerif'a, that the e(hwation of the girL l11ust, to
he efficient, differ nwterially froln that of the boy. They
contend that urbanit
, tenderness, ê:11niability and, ahoye aIJ,
irreproachahle nlOra lity, are inseparahle frOlll the tl'ailling
of the g-irl, and that, wanting the
e, no young girl can eyer
ripen intu a refined, culture(l and f'ontente(l wonnul.
The Ahullnae Association, (,Olnposed of the graduates of
tlw AcadenlY. organized in 18
)9, nUlllbers nearly one hun-
dred 111en1bers. In their deyotion and loyalty to
llm(l
jl[ afp f, and hy their nohle influence, the Si
tel's realize tlH:'
,'indicèltion of their teaf'hillg, and the reward uf their life uf
lahor and ::-;eIf-iuulloJation.
The recognition by experiew'ed head
of falllilies in the
Eastern States, of the strength of thf' position and the wis-
dun1 of the contention of the
if'ters, is luanifest frOln the
numbers of non-Catholic
oung ladies no"T attending the
schools aHd higher institutions of learning pre"iided uver by
the t;isters of the Holy Cro:-.s and by tho
e of other con\
ent-
ua] organizations of the United States.
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CHAPTER XXtl1.
::;ACRED HEART ACADEMY, OGDEN.
Eyer watchful of the growing needs of Catholicity in
1;tah, Right Heyerelld Lawrence Scanlan requeßted the Bis-
tel'::; of tliP lIoly Cross to open a sellOol in Ogden. In re-
spon
e to this earllPst solicitation, on
eptenlbe)' 16, It\T8]
Histen; Francis, Enlngelista, Georgia, ...\nieetus, Cala
anctius,
Ht'rnanlo and Flayia--the last nmned is yet in Ogden-were
sent frOll1 the
Iother House, at
t.
Iary's, Xotre Danle, in-
diana, to eonclu('( an institution silllÍlar to that pre\Tiously
opened in Halt Lakt-> (1ity. A spal"iuus building on the corner
of
()th Bt. and \Yashillgton AYe. was prepared for their
reception, and here the Saered J teart .A.cadeln
of to-da
T had
its InHable beginning. Ln the spring of U;R
, Bt. .J oseph'
Schoo], adjoining the .L\.cadeluy, was hui It. The npper story
was occupied as a sleeping aparhllent for hoy:-;. rrwo rOOUlS
underneath wert-> usell a:-: class rOOlllS, oUP for large boys and
the other a luininl aparhuent for boys and girls. In lRK2 the
first superior, Sister F1'anees, "nu..; replaced by
lother ...:-\.n-
nunciatia, afterwards
lother Geut->ral of the Order. lIeI'
forceful, winning character wa.s a potent factor in the Cath-
olie education of this 'Yestern region; no one, bishops,
priest:.;. re1igious 01' pupils l"all ever forgt't her noble soul aud
her kindly heart. 'Yhen called to the ::\Iother If ouse in Indi-
ana to fill an Í111portant position on the directorate.
Iother
....
nnun('iatia "Tas rephH'éd, in 1889. b
Sister Pauline. who
r(1a1iz(
d the growing n('(1d
of the ....lcadenly, which wa-:, no
longer large enough to (1eCOllllllodate the nUlnber of pnpilR. It
was decided to ereet a new building, and a five-m're lot on
;)th St. was pnrehased and plans lor tlw present Sacred
Iíeart ,A..cadeIny ,yere drawn up. The ground wa
broken for
the new structure Sept. 24, 1890, and the corner stone laid
::\[ay 24th, of the fol1owing year. TIlC' institntion "'a
l'e[ld
T
w
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
for the reeeptioll of the
tlldentt; in Septelnher. 1 M
):2. the Hi
-
ten; h
nrillg nlOyed frOll1 the old quarters the previou'3 ,-June.
Beantifull
T
ituated at the foot of HIP ,rasateh
Ioun-
tain
, the ..L-\('adeln
', apart frOlll tlu-' careful llioral and lllE'll-
tal training it afford:-:, offen.; exceptional adyantaget; for the
phy
ical developllieut of ib
tU(lPlltS. In the yariouR depart-
Inents. the ('our
(' of
tudies is a
extensiye and thorough a;-;
it can he llwde by long experien
e and a large and capable
taff of teachers. The nlo
t approved
ystellU., of instruction
al'{
adoptE'(l. The Sacred Heart _
\ hnunae ......tssociation, 01'-
gm1Ízed in 19()-1-. nUlnhers ninet
. Ineillhers. The
uciety ful-
fi1\s its uhject in keeping alive in the IWê:ll'ts of the graduates
the llle1110ry of their ..AlIna
later, and in perpetuating the
friE'ndships formed in happ
T school day
. The ]u
ation of
the
\cadenlY. just on the foothills of tltf' pictures(t ue
'Yasatch range and close to ()gdell'R lùstol'ie eanyon, is ideal
and appeals to all who appreciate thp heantiful and tlU'
ub-
lime in nature.
The
teady inc:rease of the residcnt
tudellts and the fre-
quent eOllllnendations appearing in the r-tah press indicah
the growth in public' fayor of thit; llleritoriolls senlÍnar
-.
The ......teadelny of the Hat'red lIcart, ()gclen, like its sister con-
vput, S1.
[ary's Acadelny of Ralt Lake, offers young ladies,
i rrespeetive of cree<1, f'Yer
- faeilit
T for Hequiring a finisllPd
pducation and aU the graees of a refined and aCl'onlpli
hed
woman of societ
-. ']1he ladies of the IIoly Cross are also at
the head úf Ineritorions institutions and ('onc1uet exeellent
sehoob at Park Cit
and Eureka.
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CHAPTER XXIV.
ST. AKK'::; ÙRPHAKAGE.
The accidents and deaths inseparable frOIH the hazardous
oc('upatiun of In en engageù in nlÍninp: nec(J;::o.sarily threw upon
the hands of the <>haritahly (li
po
e(l lllany helpless orphans.
Touched hy the speetaele of the
e fatherless children. the
Bi
holJ resulve<l tu HW ke }H'oyision for their lnailltenance
and educa tiOll. lIe deei< If'd to open au .. ()l'phan
' lIollle"
where no creed or {'olor lilw would he drawn, and h(J wOllI(l
tru
t to God. to the eharity of his people. tu hi
uwn energy
and that of his prie4:,. for the luaintenance of the orphan-
age. ....igain he aPP(Jal(Jfl to the sisterhood of the IIol
y Cross,
wllO
e ).[other-] [ous(J is at Ht.
[ary's, Indiana, and again
the sisterhood an:
mTel'ed his call. (hI October 13, 1891: three
Sistel'
arriyp(l and opeu(J<l the Orphanage in the residence
latel
' occupied h
tlip Bishop and his priests.
Twice the building was enlarged, till at last, the nlullber
knocking at the door for adn1Ïs
ioll made a new orphanage
an Í1nperative necessity, for the lot on ,,:hich the building
stood was tuu :--mall for au extra wing.
In .June, 189R, an option was offererl Bishop
canlan on
fifteen acres of land ou T\\yelfth South. ] Ie ('10se(1 with the
option. but tlw first paYlllent f'xhausted his resOUrf'(JS.
,Yhilst reyolying in hi
mind thp prohleul of s
curing
llwans to 111('(Jt the se('on<1 p:1YIuent, and in('r('a
ing hi
ap-
peal:, to hpaven for assistance. help c:.ulle to hilll in a UlOst
gellerou
and courteous manner.
enator Thomas J(earns,
learning of the Bishop's straightened <,ir('nlll
t:1n<,('
,
lipped
do-wn <luietly one 1l10rning and looked over the Bishop's pur-
chase. Next day
Irs. l(earns waited upon Bishop Scanlan.
The result of the intelTiew is the present 111agnifi<,ent build-
ing, the T(earns-Ht. j\ nn's ('rphanage, co
ting, exclusiye of
ground and furnishing. $;)3,UUO.
30-1:
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH I
UTAH
rrhe in
titntion wa
futni
hed by the ladie
of the cathe-
dral eongregation, but the eleetriC' awl gas fitting
. the iso-
lated and nlOrlernly equipped laundry and aeees:-;orie:-., as
well a
the ()rphanag
it
(-'If, are llH)lllOrial
of the charity
and generosity of Senator and
[rs. l{earns.
Thi
splellclid inRtitution, proteetillg lGS childrpll, i
all
enduring exalnple of (1atholie helleyolenee and a UlelllOriaL to
thp Bi
hop and to the charity and liberality of tlw gentlt'-
HU111 and hi
wife that made it po
ihlc.
1
neler the carp of eleypu Histers of the (.onllllunity of the
II ol
' Cros
, the orphanage is a Jllodel C'lmrit:,'. ..:-\11(1 if it he
a
ked, what are thp
i
ters paid for looking' after the
e ] G8
little ones,
'ou will ht' told:
'the food they eat. the e1otht's
tht'
' wear and tlw hed
the
lpep OiL" 1 t is the 1l1Ost
IUlÍ(ll le pxmnplt' of pure and di
illteI'f"-:ted heIH:'yoh'l1ee in
the Rtate of l
tah. The (le\'(>tioll.
plf-saeritiee and pral'Íi.eal
eharity of the:-.p Iadit's. whOIn WP l'alL Hi:--tcl's, are lllarn)lou
proof!oì of the infhll'lll'e of (Joel's
rae(' OIl lnunan
cnlls mHl of
the effect of the power of the I-Ioly Rpirit OIl Inll11Hn hearts.
Thest' ladie
LUl\'c hichlen an eìc'rnal farewell tu thp world
and the world's pleasures and haye offerf'd tht'lllSt'lyf':-, a
Jiying yictÏIllS on the altar of c>lwrity, for the sah'atioll of
the fatherless and the wards of pJ e
u
Christ. Hurel
- their
rf'wa I'd heyond the gra ye wi II ùe yery g'rea t.
'Yinter and Sunlll1er the Ri
ter
ri
p at ;) a. nl. ..\t.) :;;0
they are in the chappl praying to (tod and l11t'(litating' on IIi
eternaL truth
. ..AJ (; 0 \.Io('k they a:-::-:ist at the lIol
S
H'ri-
fie(' of the
\ra
, and at G :;
() awake the C'hildn'll. ..It 7 the
little OIlf':-: are sC'JTf'd hreakfa
t h
the Rister;-;. and at D 0 'eloek
school opens with a petition to God, that, in 1-Iis lnerc
', He
would hle
s thenl all. ] Il addition to the or(linal'
' C'OIlllllOll
sehoul education, tllO
e of the c.hi Idrpll of au age to learn
are taught lnallners and lllOrals. and an
trained to helie\T'
in God, in the IIol
T Trinity, ill the diyinit
- awl rp:-;url'eC'Ìion
of Christ in tlip judglllent to come aml a final (l('conuting- to
God for SiUR COIllluitted in the flesh. Forty-three of the hO
TS
and girls are taught shorthand and typewriting', aB(l SOBle
THE CATHOLIC CH1.!RCH IN L"TAH
303
of the best stenographers and typewriters filling lucrative
positions in our city arC' graduates of I
earns-St. Ann's 01'-
}Jhallage. ,Ye would hardly look for it in an orphanage, but
one of the Sisters devotes her tiule exclusively to teaching
singing to the children and lllusic to those of the girls who
show an aptitude for the piano. Tlley lost one or both their
parent::, at a tender age, and have been sent here to be edu-
cated and trained 11101'ally. If the surviving parent or guard-
ian can afford to pay a small
un1 11lo11thly it is gratefully
accepted, hut the orphan, payor no pay. is cheerfuIIy re-
cei\Ted and no discrin1Ínation shown.
The building throughout, the dOrIllitories, the hath 1'OOI11S,
the spaciou
haJIs, the cla
s 1'00111:-. and dining hall are scru-
pulously clean and evoke expressions of surprise fro1l1 \yisit-
ors. Therp is no hotel in our city 1110re visibly clean or bet-
ter Iuanageù. Call in and go through the orphanage and
verify for your
elf our statelnellt.
. To conduct this great
institution. to heat it. light it. keep the huilding in repair,
and furni
h food and clothing calJ for a liberal expenditure.
To the acting sup
rior. Rister :\1. )Iartina and her prede-
cessor, Ri
ter )1. Uctavifl. the orphanage, as a live institution,
i
deeply iudehtp(l ,]
Il('Y have done llllH'h. by their urbanity,
tad and mild di:.:cipline, to lift thi
great Catholic eharity
unto a plane of high efficien('
and of a(hnirable adaptation
to the wants of homeles:::, children. To Ca tholie institutions,
such as tIw I
(-'arns-Rt. ,Ann 'F\ Orphanage.
\lr. John D. Rock-
efeller referred when. writing in the .Tanuary l1UIllber of the
'rodel's ,York on problems of gClwral uplift, he pays thi;:,
tribute to the Ca tholip Ohnreh:
"I full
appreciate the splendid sen"ice done by others in
tlw field; hut I haye Sf-en the organization of the ROluan
Catholic Chnreh
ecnr(\ hetter l'esnlt
with a giyen sunl of
InOlle
- than othpr ehul'('h orgallization
are acenstOllled to F\e-
('ure froln the saIne expenditure."
300
THE C \.THOLIC' CRenCH IN UTAH
HOLY CROb:::; HOSPIT.AL.
This Inagllificl'Ilt info:titutioll was foulHled hy Bishop
Scanlan early in Uetoher, IHí3. when he hrought fl"Oll1 In-
ùiana Histers
l. l-Ioly Cross and ),1. Bartholollww, who at
once entpl'ed upon their nwritorious jabal's. On the :2:2d of
Uctoher, lnunl>ly, nuosh'ntatiously and full of the spirit of
their Diyine
Iaster, their ,york began ill a rentefl building
on Fifth East between South Telllple and First Houth streets.
It was called the Hospital of tllp Holy Cross. In this 1U1IJre-
tentious aho(le their labor of love was pre-en1Ïnently suceess-
fui. Their eharity in behalf of suffering lnunanit
,yon for
thenl frunl a grateful people the true titlp of angels of lllPl'l'y
and real
isters of Charity. Xo appeal was unheeded; iUI-
Inediate wants alone were considereù. To this day" their
nanlPS are sacred in eyery hOl1
ehold as syuIlwls of ('hn rity
and Ulerey, and their lneulories are enshrined like the Goofl
Salllaritan in Hie hearts uf a grateful lwople. For se,'Pll
years they labored faithfully all( 1
ueeessfull
',
\s a I11n rk
of their su('('ess the present heautiful huspital, with its
pa-
('ious grounùs. and without enculuhrau<'p WhPll Sister Hol
'
Cross resigut'd her position as Superior, stands as a liyillg
nlonuluent. The tf'll-a('re bloek was pUl"ehasell in
\pl"il, It\t'il.
hy Rishop H('alllan and the deed giyen to thp 8ister
. GrolllHI
for the new ho:-:pital was hroken the fo! lowing month. rfhe
next
'ear the
i:-:tf'r
, with their patient:-:, relllOypd frOlll UIP
old to the splendid strueturl' they now OC'('UPY.
rrhere al'l' few ho
pita]s in thp eountr
T lllOre ahly ('U11-
ductecl than is the Holy Cross ] [ospital of
alt Lake Cit
"
P tah, loeatt'd ('oîlyeniently a t "B-'ir
t
out h street, hl'bn'ell
Tenth and Elpventh East. This in::;titntion, which is handled
in a
plelldid nUlnner hy the Si
te]'s of the lloly tiro
s, under
1he personallnanagement and rlire('tion of a Sister SuperioI'
who has the general f,UperilltendelH'Y of the' eutin' hospital.
is one of the notecl p]aees of this í'it
,. ... \('('ulmnoclations an'
provided fur 130 paticnt:-: without eroweling. ,and in ('a:-:p of
enlergenC'Y
oo can hc cared fOI". Every kind of disl'ase-px-
- ..)
""'4.'"
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THE CATHOLIC CHLRCH IX LTAH
307
('ppt contagious cases-are handled here, and e-'",Tery attention
paid eaeh patient. There are three operating 1'OO1U:-;, au
X-ray deparhlleut, uuder the supervi:-:ion of a specialist, and
a btaff of ablf-' and proficient surgeons and physician
, three
'medical Blen, twenty trained llur
es, two intf'rn:-; and twenty-
seven Hist<:>rs of the Holy Cruss are in constant attendance,
thu
insuring every care con
istent with the lllúst lllotlernly
conchlf't
d hospital.
Thp institutioll has sixty-flye prin1te ruoms for spe('ial
patients, separate wards for patients ac
onllno<latillg fronl
four to eighteen people each, allfl a new" steanl power and
laundry plant \vill pro'ádp e\Terything in this lint' necessary
for the ho
pita1.
Thou
ands of patient-. have heen ('ared for and cured at
this hospital through the careful and diligent \York of the
Histers of the IIoly Crl>:-:
, and there i
perhaps no institutiun
of its kind in the country that is lllore successful in its treat-
luent of all cases. Oup who is taken in here Ü; assured of
every attention possihle, clay and night, and this is on<:> uf
thp reasons that the ho
pital i:-: u:,ually cOlufortahly filled
with patients.
THE .JeDlìB ".l\IEl\1URIAL Ho:\n:. ' ,
Besting on a :-:olid foundation of great block
of granite.
the .J udge "::\[enlOrial Home" oeeupi
s one of the nlOst ('0111-
nmllding sites in the city of Salt Lake.
Thi!-- Inagnifil'ent lIlOllUluent of affef'tion and charity was
lJuilt h
T
[rs. l\Iar
' .fudge to the Inemory of hpr hushand
as a hospital êlllli hOllH:' for injured, ag(-'ti and feehl
luill<:>rs.
The pressing ('aIls upon the rp
Olll'('es and tilHe of Bishop
S('anlall. tlI.... ilH'p:-::-:ant appeal
ulade upon hi
<:>lll'rg
- during'
thp lnÚI(Iing of the ('atlH:'dral. and tll(>
nl)(-'lTi
ing and
finHnc'illg of tlIi
gl'
at ecelesiastical monUlllent IUl\Te po
t-
pOlwd the opPllillg of tlIe '.UOlllf>" heyond tlw {'xpel'tatiow....
antI hope of the ni
llOp.
'YhPll th<:> (Ioor
of the .Judge's If o Ill<:-' SWillg" OpPll to the
puhlit. and th
-, grollnds l<:>ud tlIl'lllS('h-<:>
to H tOl1('h of land-
308
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
scape gardening, this n1agnificent building, cOlun1anding a
sweeping view of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, will
rank anlong the
rchitecturally great lnonumentsof the
"\Vest.
BOOK IV
Diocese of Salt Lake.
Sketch of the Life of
Bishop Scanlan.
CHAPTER XXV.
DIOCESE OF SALT LAKE.
The dioce:-;e of
alt Lake. elllbracing an area of 133,768
square nliles, is the largest ill the United
tates. To fOrIU
an idea of this iUllnense territory, under the direction of one
bishop, i
best realized hy cOluparison. In thp provincp of
New t ork there are :seven dioce
es annexed to the arch-
diocese or
Ietropolitan Ree. Archbishop Farley is in charge
of the
letropolitan See, and
eYell suffragan bishops exercise
spiritual jurisdiction O\Ter tlw province of X cw York. The
whole province ha
only an area of 33,:376 stluare nlÍles, or
less than one-third the size of the dio('ese of Salt Lake.
'fhe fact is the Bi'5hop of Salt Lake governs a region
greater than that included within the jl1rist1iction of the
Archbishops of K ew Orleans, K ew York, BaltÍlnore, [1hicago,
St. Louis, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Rt. Pau1. \Yithin
the great ecclesiastical province of
ew York lie the dioceses
of
\lhany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, N e"Tark, ()gden
burg, Roches-
ter, Ryracuse and Trenton ('overing an area of 71,000 mile
,
less by 83,000 nÜles than the diocese of Salt Lake.
Long before Utah had a nmne, or tlw region wa:-: even
geographi('all
T pla('ed, the Franpis('all ]1'athers hegall tlwir
n1Ïssionary lahors in Xew )lexico. ,Yhen Onate. in 1 ()(}(). laid
the founda tiOllS of Santa F{> and the huilding
began to as-
SUllie the proportions of a town. the Franciscan
left their
little convent at "El tunque" (now Cluunata R. B. station)
on the west side of the Rio Grande an(} built their nlona;o;tery
in tianta Fé, which was ever afterwards their headtlUarters
for the southwestern nlissiollS. suhjc<,t. of <,ourse. to the
great ('entral nwnastery in Queretaro.
lexi<.'o.
At this tinle the 111Ìs
ionary regions lay beyond the juris-
diction of all
T
lexi<,an hishop, and the ]1'rallcis<,an Fatlwr
,
a
a nece
ity, enjoyed exceptional priyilege
. The superiors
310
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCll I
rTAH
of the Honora and Santa Pt'> IuiRsions WE'l'f-' authorized hy
pecial Pontifical [ndult to adnlÌni
ter tht' HaenUllellt of COll-
fil'lllation. FrOlll "La Collerrinn dr' BIlZa.';, ]Jrerf'8 y ntro.,
r!OCUHu'utoS. ete.," gathered hy Father Heruaez. S. .J. (Brlls-
sels, 1 Hï
)). we learn that the Dü111inican and }'ranciscan
Father
. laboring in the two Ànlerieas and Philippine r
lands.
pos
essed spef'ial pri\Ti leges and--ex('ept the power to
confer Orders-had episcopal faeulties. The territor
-, now
kno"Wn as l
tah, "Was suhjeet to the Custodio or presidency
of
anta Fe, until the erection of Durango,
Iexico, into a
diocese in 16-!
), when Xew l\lexi('o and all the
outhwestern
regions, including -etah. canle under the jurisdiction of th
hishop of Durango. [n tlw archiyE--':--. pre
elTed at Hanta }1'e,
we read that the H1. Re\Ts.
lartin Bliza-Cochea and Pedro
Tanuu'on yi:Úted K ew ::\rexico in ] ï3ï and 1760, and in thesp
years a(hllinistered the Hael'ê:llUent of Confinl1ation to H/O
::\Iexicans, Indians and ha1f-hloo(b.
R
T the treat
- of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, entered into he-
tween the Repnhlif's of
[exico and tllf-' ITnited St.ates. and
igned at Guadalupe, near ::\fexieo City, ::\Iay 19, 18-l
, Xew
::\lexieo. incJuding rtah. L
pper California. etc., waR ceded
to thp {
nited Rta1.es on paynlent to tl)(' Hepuhlic of
lexieu
of $1;'),000.000 gold.
l
tah now. hy a law of adhesion, falls e('("lpsiasti('all
'.
under the jurisdi(.tion of Ht. Louis. (T. S.. gon-'rned then
hy Rt. He\'. P. H, Kenrick. D. D.
In 1 H()G tIll' Territory of rtah was ('ollllnitted to the
adnlÌnistl'atioIl of His nnwf'. the ___\. l'chhishop of San Fl'an-
cisf'o. By nIl e('elesiasti('al law of gTayitatioll it ought to
han-' heen inellldecl "ithin the lilnit
of the newl
' ('reated
dioeese of
Iary:-;\'il1e or Ura;-;s Yalle
-, now RaeraulPnto. In-
stead. hn\\-e\,Pl" tlw I rnly Set' COlllluitted it entin
l
T to the
\. l'('hhishop of San l.1ralwis(.u. "ho sent en rnest prie
ts to
Luiltl the honse of the Lord in the
rOrInon stronghold.
(h) Fehruan
;). 1
f;
. Colorado and (Ttah ",,'l're (->l't'ded
into a \"-i('ariate-
\po
t()li(' and f'athl'r ::\Iaehehellf of Deuyer
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IX rTAR
:
11
Inad(-> Yicar
\po
tolic and c011
ecrated titular Bi
hop of
Epiphallia,
\ugust If), 1 K{)8. (hl Fehru(n'
. 1
, ]
71, Ctah i
again calTied to Califoruia and ('ollfided to the
pi ritual
ca1"(-> of Rt. He\T. .J useph Hadue
\J21llHny. BishulJ uf
an Fran-
eisC'o. The territory relnailled attached to Han Franci
co
until April 7. lbb6, when rtah and six (.ouuties of Xe\Tada
were raised to a Yieariate-
\postuli(' and Father l.Úl\\relu'e
t5canlal1, pa
tor of t5alt Lake, 111ad2 Yi('ar-
\pJ
tolic and eon-
:-:p(>rat2d (.Julle
!), 1M87), Bishop of Larawhu11, in pflJ"tiùllB
infidelillnl.
-\s we h:l\Te had ()('ca
ion tu refer Ulan
T tiuu>
tu the
terIll Vicariate-
\ postolic, \ye ought, in jnstiC'f' to our readers,
to explain what is uwant by the dual \\'on1.
Briefly, then, a 'Ticariate-
\l'ostuli(' itnpI ie:-: a region of
a countnT where 110 epi:,('opate or hi
hopri(' was at al1
T tilHe
estahlished, 01' when. haying h
en estahlishe(l, the sw'('e..-::-:ion
was, for a long tinle, intf'lTupted either h
T prolonged war....
or by national apostasy.
\fter the apostasy of England
Ílmn the faith, thp ('hurph in Great Britain wa
goycr11f'd hy
Yi('ars-Apostolie frum 1m".) till tllt' n>-estahli:-:l11nellt of the
hierarC'h
. hy Pope Pius I.x, 18.)(1, b
T the a l>l'oi11Ì111ènt uf the
great "Tisellwn a:-, Bishop of ,y pstIllillster.
J if-;
ionary dio-
ce
es al'f' usuaJI
T yiearÍates-ap()
toli(', awl as :;uch Inu
t l'P-
port to the College uf the Propaganda. Home. There are
to-day, at least a hundred of :..;11<'h \'Íeariates in existence.
In lð91, the Yieariat(-> of rtah and Xenula \nlS erected into a
Diu("t'se, to he known heu('efurth as the DÍoce:-;e of Salt Lak(->
( Dio('('('si8 Lor-lis Sal.'iÏ). TIH
{'anunical .iuri
dictiun of Bi
h-
01' Seaulau ('o\'el'S all rtah and the l'ountif>s of Lilwoln, Lan-
der, Eureka. Elku, Xye and ,rllite Pine in tll(> State of :x'-
-
nHl
, an area of territory largf'r than all EnglmHl and
"Tales. and Lrelall<l, Sl'otlan<l and Portugal ('Oll1hined.
'Yhole l'(->glous of this Ya
t terl'itor
-, parti(,lllarl
" in the
Ulountainous rangc..;, are :-:par...,el
T :-;f'ttlpd and are (Jiffi('ult of
al'('e
s.
[inin6' ('Hlnps If'a p into exist<
nee to-(b.
and di:-:-
appear to-UlOITO\Y. In only a few di
tri{'ts is it pos
ihle to
312
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UTAH
establish parishes, and when ihe
e pari
he
are created and
resident priest::; appointed, the wear and tear of n1Ï::;::;ionary
life, the exposure on and loneliness of the long journeys, the
evprity of the winters and the poor fare, wear down the
prie:-:t:-; and shorten tJwlr liyes.
PARISHES AND iv\ISSIONS.
SALT LAKE CITY.
The Cathedral of Halt Lake is, without exception, archi-
tecturally, the fine
t ecclesiastical structure "e::;t of the
[issuuri. Hesting on an iInperishable foundation of ma
siYe
block,; ûf granite, the great building occupies a cOllllualldillg
site in onE' of the finest quarters of the
ity, and iIllp:U ts to
the ::;urrounding neighhorhoo(l a tone of quiet solelllllÌty aud
inlpré
si\-e dignity. Externally, the cathedral offers to the
eye an eXaInple of the great eccle
iasti
al structures of the
nlÎddle ages-the .L
ges of Paith-when architects and build-
ers adhered scrupulousl
' to stnll'tural proportions and laid
great stl'{_\
;-, on architectural unities. The yiew frOlu the
highest platfOl"lll of the beê:lutiful K onnan towers is a rCYe-
lation. The eye sweeps the nwgnificent \'alle
', the Great
Salt Lake, the Jordan Riyer, the towering' peaks. canyons,
ranges and the glorious pity itself, rising frolH the plain and
protected and 1>attlelllPnted b
T its own rock-ribhed llloun-
tains.
The cathedral is a finn nlaSS of masonry, built uf hewed
and hanlll1ered stone. whose lllol'Ìared joints haye solidified
into an inlperishable luaterial, fonning ,,
ith the trayertine,
an indestructible whole. Its dignity and grace and solelllli
grandeur ha\'e inlparted a new glory and importance to
lIlaterial suhstance and carrie::; to the luilld a persuasion of
the sublillW faith of the nien ,,'ho rai
eJ this Ï1uperishable
telllple to do honor tu an Íluperishable God.
This great Christian fane, it
olllmanding f'ite, its fur-
ni:-:lunent and lllural de('orations, with the Epis
upal resi-
dence and land cost *600,000.
l
nde]' a groined eanopy, whose figured windo"\ys flood it
with a wealth and nlriet
of chrOlnatir f'oIol'ing, repo
es tht'
lligh .L
ltar of ('a l'ranl lllal'hle, ela hora tely calTed by Italian
masters.
:
l-!
THE CA THOl,IC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
Tl1e beautiful
iùp altars, the :-;anctuary railings of
ealTed [1'ish oak, the IHagllifi(,Pllt wilHlow
of
\l unieh de-
sign and fini:-;h. i
s groiued anù lofty eeiling re:-;tillg on hreh'e
pillars of lonie fini:-;h and its splendid organ, giye to thi
eon:-;p('ratt'd fane an iUUllortality of quiet grandeur and an
ahllosphere of
all('tity and religiou
repo:;e.
'l1"ie pastor of the ca thedral parish and Cl1auepllor of the
I )ioeese, Y t'ry Re\'. Father Kiel
., V. G.. has I';piritual eharge
of the (1atllOlie I';onls of
alt Lake City. TIe i:-, as
isted by
fiye re
ident priest
who say
las:-; dail
in the <'atllPdral,
the I-Io:-;pital and the
\eadelllY, \'isit the :-.Í<'k. instruet tllP
ehildrt'n aud ('o-operate ,,
ith the pastor in the \fork of the
pari:-;h. 81. Patriek'l'; (ilmreh in the western sed ion of th
.
I'ity i:-; attended un :Sunda
's and holyda,\
s frOlll thè ('atlwdral.
(hI :Sundays the IIoly Sa('1'ifiee il'; offered up at eonyenient
bours in the chapels of IIoly Cro
Hospital, ..:-\.Jl Hall<HYS
(\)llege, 81. .:\Iary's -,,-'u.adelllY :lnd
t.
\nll 's Orphanage. thu..;
affording Catholies in an parts of the city eyery faeility fur
hearing ::\lass on da
.s of ohligation. Fr01u the ('athe(ln:1
Inrish, prie:-;ts \
il';it Binglulln, S<,ofield, Sunnyside. Fort
Douglas, Ogden and other di:-;tant Ini
sions.
OU OB
X.
The c('cle
iasti<,al growth and expansion of the Catholic
(1hur('h in this ('hanning and attra('ti\
e eity is Sf) intimately
interwo\Ten ,,
ith the
a('erdotal life of it,,; })a
tol'. Father
(iushnahan, that the
el'aration of the one frolll tlu> lo('al life
of the otlwr would disrupt a union apparclltl
- pro\'i...L'ntial.
If yon re-exall1Ïne the tiut' lllt'ZZo-tUlH' illllstratioll
of thi:-;
history your attention will be dmllenged by a s('ene in tll<'
nllley of the I)lwhesne HÌyer, iw'luding" tents, \nlgou
anti
horses-the (,alll)) of })Oll
[ag-uire. X ow if it \n'l'e pos:-;i hh.
for you to examine thp haptisuwl l'l'gÌ:-:;ter-l Ttah ':-: fir:-;t-
opened h
Father \\
a};";h had\: iu '()(),
'ou would lloti('e that
tlH
first Catholic ehild haptize(l ill ()gdl'll \\-as l<
nl1H'l's
:\f aguire. \ r eJl, the father and 111Otl1e1' of Franees awJ DOll
\laguiI'P, hy a In
.stpl'iollS law of gra\'itatiou, settled ill
THE CA THOL[C CHrRl'H I X rT.A H
315
Ogden long hpfore there was prie
t or ('hurch there. They
were of the historie .Jlagllires of B\_'l'luanagh, or l11ay he of
the great (.lan of the
Iaguires of Cë:1\Tan. and. when they
drifted out west, they hrought their faith with thenl. ,Yhen
a )lagnire fiillgs his faith away, his Irish desf'ent leayes hinl
and gúe:::; with the faith, and hi
manhood gets lonesome and
foIlows the other two-always. Nothing is left hilu but a
great lUlllle, and aslunned of its allOlllalous isolation. the
nal11e ibelf fade::; away, declines all<t beCOllH:'S, perhaps, a
monstrosity, a
Iegirr, and
Iegirrs do llot perpptuah
tl1el11-
selyes he
-ond one or two generations. The
[aguire. who
ettled in Ogden. brought his faith. his naIne and his lllan-
hoo(1 with him, ancl with hiln hegan Catholicislll in Ogden.
\ss(wiated with the :JIaguires in those early days 'were the
Delaneys, thp IIassetts, the :ßIcCol"lnicks, and together they
forulP(1 the little Catholic group which grew and lllultiplied
into the present large f'ongregation. In June, 1879.
\.xch-
bishop AJeuwny callIe all the "yay frolll
an :F\'allrisco to
solemnly open the little C'llureh that had been built by Father
Scanlan, who, on the occasior
sang the first 1 [ip:h
lass
heard in Ogden.
rhen, twelltY-Seypn ypar:::; ago-ÜI 1
:!_
cauIf' Father Cushnahan. and Sill('P then great ('hang'cs ha \'e
b\.
pn stnwlurally wrought.
\n interpsting inridpnt in the ecclesiastical life of Ogden
and Halt Lake was tll(
llweting and visit of J:\.Tf'hhishop
AI Clllany, of Ran Fralwisl'o, and his coadjutor, A l'('hhi:.;lIop
Riordan, \\'ho ,\yas on hi
way to the coast frpslJ frolll his ('Oll-
seeratioll at Chic-ago, Sf'ptenlher
G, l
tíi1.
On Thursda
T, Nov. 3, 1883, .L
rehhi
hop Hionlan re::whed
Ogden frolll the en st, af'f'Olupanied by a nUluher of ('lergy-
men frolll Chicago. They were lllet at the depot by Areh-
bishop ,AJelnan
T and Verr Hey. Father S('alllan. who took
charge of the distinguislwd guests. Thl'Y yisited S1. .J 0-
seph's Church and tlu'llf'P <1own to the Raf'red Heart Å('a(l-
enlY. where they were entertained in a nlo
t pleasant 111anner
hy addresses from tlIp pupil
of that institution. Archbishop
Rior(lan f'xpresse(l 'lis agl'('pahle snrprisf' at finding such a
316
THE CATHOLIC CH"GRCH IN UTAH
fine institution in the .b-'ar ,Yest. After thankin O' the Sisters
b
and pupils His Urace wished thenl long and continued pros-
perity. They arrived in Salt Lake at noon, and spent the
-entire afternoon in yisiting places of interest in the city, no-
tably St. :ß1ary's
\caùenlY, where the welcolue of the good
Sisters and their pupils found expre:-,:;ion in the presentation
of a splendid progranl, consisting of addresses and lIlusic,
both vocal and instrulueutal. On Sunday 1110rning the pa-
pers gave the followiug notice of selTices: Catholic l"elTices:
Solen1ll Pontifical High )1ass, Celebrant, :ß1ost Rev.
\rch-
bishop Hiordan; .Âssi
tant Priest, Rev. J. P, Roles; Deacon,
Rev. S. J. Dunne; sub-Deacon. ReV". .1-\1.
-'. Burke; Deacons
of Honor, Revs. B. J.
palllding and T. 8. IIenneberry. Ser-
nlon by the )1ost Rev. J.
. _\lelHany. SClTices at 11 a. D1.
\fter the Gospel A l'chhishop
\leIl1any introduced the
new Archbishop to the congregation, and then preached an
appropriate sennon for the occasion.
Sunday evening the party left Salt Lake for Ogden, and
thence, accompanied hy
\rchbishop ...-:'\Jelnany and E'ather
Scanlan, the distinguished guests proceeded ou their journey
to the Golden Gate.
St. Joseph's Church, Ogden, is an architectural genl.
The beautiful exterior structure, all rock, with ib; high tower
surmounted by a large cross, is the first object to attract the
attention of visitors sojourning in the city. The interior in
design and finish is in keeping with the exteri.or. Ornate and
haste, with is beautiful stained glass windows and artistic
Stations of the Cross, everything is ('al('u]ated to intensif.\'
t.he devotion of its worshipers.
PARK: CITY.
Since the opening and deyelopnlent of the first nline in
this thrh'ing and rich lnining ('amp attention has heen
always directed to Catholic interest
. In 1873, soon after his
arrival in Salt Lake, Father Scanlan visited Park r.Jity and
celebrated )lass. FrOlIl that date down to 1881 regular ser-
yices were helò. at certain intervals in an old log cahin.
In 1881 a lot with residence was :-,eeured in this prosper-
./'
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:"iT. ')!ARY OF THE ASSt:'":\IPTIOX ('IIT T RClI, Pnrk City, Utah.
THE (" \.THOLIC ('H"LRCH 11\ UTAH
317
ous mllllng" caInp. _'t ne". huilding ".hich :-;eryed the double
pllrpm;e oÎ school and ehnn.h was erected the f.:anle
ear. Tn
Hepteulber. 18Sl. tlIP
ister
opened their
('hool. Ln 18,
.)
the chul'(.h and school building and tSisters' residence were
df'stroyed h
fire. The church and school were rehuilt at
oncf' of rock nnder the superintendence of Rev. P. Blake, the
acting pastor. Tn 188G the présent pastor, Re\
. T. Galligan,
took up the work of Father Blake, and has for f'ighteen years
adn1Ïnistel'ec1 to the spiritual wants of the peoplt>. By hi
zeal and deyotion he ha
slleeeeded in buildiug up tlif' spirit-
ual edifice in the souls of his congregation and liaS endeared
hinlself to all the Ulf'lllhers of his flock.
ErREI(
\ .
Long before the conneeting link of the Oregon Short
Line fronl Lehi .J unction to Ironton wa;-; built, Tintic wa"
yisited by a Catholic priest. Early in DeCenlhel'. 1
7
L
Father Scanlan went by
tage fro1l1 Lehi to Canlp Floyd,
,,
here he rellainefl oyer Sunday. J:i\.Oln Can1!) Floyd he
staged it to Diaulond, holding sen'ices there; also in SiIYer
Cit)T and Eureka. In the baptislnal reeord are registered
five baptisnls at Tintif' by Father Scanlan, dated Deceulher
9, 1873. These are Dennis Sulliyan, ,.... eronica S.
r. Brow'n,
",\Tictor E., .AJphonsus R. and Pearl
I. Ether. At this early
period but few Inelnhers of the Chureh were in the di
trif't.
SilY
r City, Dialllond and Eurpka gaye alnple eyidence that
prospecting was done, for the hiUs sUITounding those places
were dotted with ho]e
111ade h
' tIlt> n1Ïllers' pick
.
TIXTI(
.
.\. LOG CABIX YILLAGE.
In the little yillagf' with its high-:,;ollllilÏng alHI
llg-
g"f'stiye name were only a few log cahin:-;. In one of the
{'
cahin
, with hiR hlullkets on the floor, Father 8('anlan l'f'
ted
for thre(' weeks, returning to Salt Lake 011 the e\Te of Christ-
ma
. The growth of Tintic from lR73 to ] R80, though grad-
ual, was yery
low, hence no prie
t yisited the place till 188l'.
318
THE CATHOLIC CHunCH I
UTAH
At this time Eureka, the principal place in the district, had
deyeloped into a fair-sized 111Ìning camp and arrangements
were made for regular services every three 1110nths. In lö8-! a
number of falIlÌlies had settled in the town of Eureka. They
wanted, and asked that a resident priest be sent there.
FATHER KILEY TAKES CHARGE.
In Septelnber of the following year Father I(iley was
sent to take charge of the place. There being no town site
and all unoccupied land being free for settlers, he selected
the site on which the present church and sehool are 10('ated.
The land being suL::5equently patented by n1Ïnp-owners was
purchased from them, and deeds luade out in regular forlIl
to the Ordinary of the diocese. .L-\fter locating the dnuch
and school site a collection for a new church was taken up.
All gave according to their means, and the work of erection
began in the latter part of X oVf'luber. The chur('11 wa
('0111-
pleted on Chrishnas eve, and the first services were held on
Christmas day, 1
5. In January, 1886, a school was opened
in the church by ,Yilliam .T. Bogan, who also taught night
school, which was largely patronized by the llliners and other
citizens of the place. The school continued until October of
the same year.
VISIT OF THE BISHOP.
In the ::5 pring of 18
)] Bishop
canlan lllade an official
visit to Eureka, hav.ing for his object the reopening of the
school. Seeing tlm t the church could not accolllluoc1a te the
Catho1ic children of the place, he decided on erecting a new
building for school purposes. In this new project the citi-
zens all gladly co-operated. After the encouragement re-
ceived, he conllnenced. in )Iay, the construction of his future
school, which was cOlnpleted in _\.ugust of the saine year, and
in September, 1
01, four Sisters of the IToly Cross com-
luenced their first sehool tenu. Rev. P. Donohoe, rector of
the place, was indefatigable in his efforts to provide a good
sehool for the children of his congregation, and ha
since
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
319
1
91 encouraged it in eyery way possible. Fully realizing
the force of the text, "Xisi Dominus aedijic((cerit dOUlUm.., in
t"Wlll m ZauoHu:enuzf {ju i edificant ea m," he has f'een in the
past eight years the fruits of his labors and his own co-
operation blessed by God and can with pleasure look back
on the good results accolllplished. Father Donohoe holds ser-
vices occasionally in )Üullmoth, which is connected by rail-
road with Eureka. ,'Tith the big mines, )Iamlliotll nmy in the
near future have a church where regular servires can be.
held.
ElTREI(A, XEV..A,D...-\.
The hi
tor
T of the Church in Eureka date
frolH the diq-
rovery of the first great ore bodies in that once thriving and
prosperous n1Ïning Cëllnp. .L-ts early as 1867 a priest yisited
the callip and held public services. The substantial stone
church yet used, was erected by
"ather
\Ionte\'erdp. The
present pastor, Father
Iannioll, took charge of Eureka in
]
!)7" In addition to Eureka proper his charge extends frOln
Palisade toward Ogden on the Southern Pacific railroad.
Twice each year he visits the different railroad towns, where
he holds bervice
for the benefit of his people. I-Iami1ton and
Cherry Creek, 'Yhite Pine County, which have two nice
rhul'rhes built in the early '70s, are also a part of the Eureka
district.
In Tuscarora, Elko County, a church was erected in 1890
by Rev. P. .J. Quigley, who at the time had charge of the;
surrounding districts. During the present year a church was:
built by the R.t. Rev. Bishop of the diocese in Carlin. Both:
churehes COlne within the jurisdirtion of the pastor of
Eureka.
.L
USTIN, NEVADA.
Early in 18ô2 the first mine was located near .L
ustin by
an attaché of the stage station at .J acobs Springs. Being a.
rider in the pony express of these days, the new n1Ïne was
christened" The Pony." On )Iay 10, 1862, a mining district
was lllapped out, and called the Reese River district, after
320
THE C\THOLIC cnrRCR IK rTAH
Captain Reese, the fir
t explorer of that region. It
growth,
in a yery short tillle, was lllal'yelous. Bping ehi.-ll'tered h
T its
officers it was a lllOdelll1Ïning <,amp.
Rey. E. K:elly, who "Ta
the first priest to yisit
alt Lake,
was also the first to hold seryj(.ps in ..A. w.::tin, which at. the
tinlC was under the jurisdiction of Ht. Up\,. Eugene 0 'Con-
nell of
acralllento. Suon after hi:, first yisit he eOllllnenced
the erection of a church; hut hefore its <'Olllpletiou, was re-
called to
[arysyille. 1 fe was sw'('eedecl h
- FatlJer
lonte-
verde. who ('ontinued the work of his predecessor. The
church then begun was boon fini
lwd. In 1872 he was trans-
felTed to Pioche, and was succeeded by Rm T . ,Yillialli
[aloney,
who reuwinf'd a few years, and was in turn sncceedpd by He,T.
Joseph Phelan. In I8t;U tliP Church, which "Tas partially d('-
stroyed b
fire, was repaired at an expense of $3,()00 by Fa-
ther Phelan. In IS!).! Father Phelan resigned hi
charge,
which was taken up the smne year by Hev. Janles Butler, who
was succeeded by Rev.
r. Sheehan. In 1907 Father SllPehan
was transferred to
ELY, XE\T
\ LlA.
where a ('l1ur('h had het'n built iu l
)Oj by Father ,rilliaIll
Ryan. now of
alt Lakp (1ity. rL'he church at Cherry Creek,
attended frOlll Bly, ',"ras f'l'ef'Ì('(l h
T Father
r oloney in the fall
of 1880.
\tta('hpd to all the parishes of the diuce
e of
alt
Lake.' are outlyiug' ulÌ
sion::; and distant stations yisited peri-
odically by the nearpst priest
.
I any of these reulOte ulÌs-
sions are lllining ('amps huried iu tli(' 11l01lnhÜlls anywhere
frOlll fifty to two hundred lui les di
tant frOln a resident
prief--t. It is not unu
ual for a prif'st to he
l1l11UlOlled. ,,
inter
or
lllllnH:'r, to lllinistpl" to a d
'ing' or fatall
. injul'e(l lllÏner
one hundred lllilp::; away in the nlolultains. The"
i('k call"
lnu
t he ulUde on horseha('k. au(l is oftpn attende(l ,,,ith llllH'h
hardship and (langer.
rrlip Catholi(' population uf
alt Lake dio('e.'
e i
l'
ti-
luate<l at ten thousand, liying. in ('iti{-'
, town", yillages and
Ül u1Ïnillg' ('amps. SOIll<' of th('
t. Catholi('
an' hel'<ling" slIt'ep
THE CATHOLIC CHrnCH lX L"TAH
321
on the great ranges, SOllle are prospecting in the lllountains
and other:::; are in out-of-the-way place
and do not bee a
priest. in years.
,AJI in all, the diocese i
, territorially. the roughest and
tllP most diffieult to efficiently' and perIllanentl
organize and
gOyern of an the 'Tieariate-apostolics or diocese::, in the
T
nited Rtates.
HE(
APITl
L.L
TTUX.
Bishop ........ ........... . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Spcular Prie:-:ts ...... ........ ........ _ . .. . ..... 11
IJ r ie:-õ1s of Rpligious Orden; ........................ 0
rot[ll ............ . - '" . ......... .........
O
Churches with resident priest ....... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ilIissiollS with Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 11
Total (ihul'ehps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O
Stations ............ ... ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:
C 1 l1al)els ............ ..................... .. . ... 6
Religious 'YOlneu (iucI. noyices and postulants). . . . . . 98
<-;ollege for bo.,'s .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Htudent
.... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :2
3
Students studying for thp dioeese........... 3
\..cadelllies for young la(lies . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Pupils .. ....... .................... 401
Paro('hial Rehooh: ............... '" ...... ;)
Pupils ........ . . . . . . . . . 4
0
Orphan .ll.:-,yhUll .................. 1
Orphans .......... ......... .......... 183
Tot
1 of young people undt.I' CatholiC' care. . . . . . . . . . .. SD5
Hospital - - . . . . .. ............. ............ _. .. 1
Catholie population, about .........................10,000
..
TIT. REY. L. SCANLAN, D. D.
Bishop of Salt Lake.
RT. REVERE0JD LAWRENCE SCAl'\LAN, D. D.,
Bl::5HOP OF SALT L_-\.KE.
"
\nd I will raise lle up a faithful priest who shall do
ac('ording to 11y heart and 1l
oul; an(l [ will huil(l hilll a
faithful hou:-;(-' and hp
hall walk all days before
[y
anointed. "-1. J
ings, 5, 33.
,Yhen we began thi
history we introduced to our read-
er
a Spanish p]'ie
t, Fray
[ar('os de Xizza, who, in ] ,"):39,
tranlpecL
onora instnl<'ting the tribes as he passed anlC1ng
them, then. entering'
\rizona, ('ro;-;:-;ed Hlountains and deserts,
and f..mIl afar. gazpd. first of wÌ1Ïte lllen, on tlIp a(loJw and
roek facpd to""n:-; cf tlip nl
"
terious Zuñi:-;. ()n tht-' eonfilles
of thp Zuñi and :Jloqui lands the Spaniard planted the C"L'O:-;:-:,
the f'lllhleUl of Ulan's redeulption.
,r e end Ollr work ".ith a hri(.f biography of an lri:-;h
prie:-;t, who, :m:3
.ears after "--'ra
" :JI an
os lH.-'gall hi:-; llli:-;
ion-
ary labors in ,Arizona, entpred the wilderne
s of the
ol1th-
we
t and rai:-:efl thp ('ro
in r
tah awl Xeya(la. In the thre9-
and oll{:'-half ('t-'nturie:-; that han-' t'OlllP and disapppared since
Fra
. 11ar('os' till1P, the South".p:,t aIHl the Pacific lands haye
\,.itllp:-;sNl Inan
. c-llallge
; aU but tlIp PYerla
ting hills, the
PÌerllal truth and thp llllHll1tahie laws of (
o(l haye ch
lnged.
The ahoriginal o".ner:'Ì of the :-;oil, with their languages,
paga 11 ri te
, ('ustOlllS an<1 usage
, Ita \Te \\'êUH'<l, and in a few
yean; will hf' as if the
. werf' not. TIlE' Rpaniard aud the 1lexi-
can, who mingled alllong', intennarrietl ".ith the tribes and
f'harf'd tllPir lalHls, haye disappeal'f'<1 and their plael'
are
filIed h
. all aliell l'at'e, of an alien language, of unfamiliar
ways, hahits and nUUlnf'r:-:.
\ll things havp altered ::-aYC
those that (Òannot change.
In 1;)39 the Npalli
h priest, fi\
e thou:-:au(l lllile
away
from hi:-; own land and people, prea('hed to the
avage Eudes
anù Yaqui;-,. the 1
nity and Trinity of God, the Bi rth. Cl'uci-
324
THE CATHOLIC CHL"RCH IN UTAH
fixioll and Hesurrection of Jesus Christ; he told thenl of
the Church Christ had founded to preserye and pprpetuate
the revelations God hath llladf\ to the lnllnan race, and that
what he was teaching them then was that which the Son of
God taught fifteen hundred year
hefore their tiule; he spoke
to thelll of death, judgnlent, heaven and hell.
Three hundred years after the death of the Spanish
priest, an Irish priest, six thousand miles away from his
na tal land, meets in the wilderness of the Southwest tlll
pioneers of civilizatiou fronl the East and 111any of them
ha It and listen to his 11lessage, This Irish pdest, like tllt'
consecrated Spaniard, tells thenl of the Unity and Trinity
of God; of death, judgnlent, heaven and hell. In the doc-
trines he unfolds there is no variation, no change frOln
those taught the Sonora Indians three hundred years before
by the Spaniard, who spoke the truths the ..1,siatics heard
fronl the lips of the ..A__postles, who received them froul .J esus
Chri st.
In 17ôf) Fray JUllipero Serra, dark-haired, short of
tat-
ure, sun-hrowned, offered up the Holy Sacrifice of the J.\fass
at Ban Diego, California, in a lllÏserable shaek. Over the
entrance to the shark, Adn1Ïral Galvez' sailors had nailed a
cross. The priest sprinkled the hut inside and outside with
hol
T water, and the shack lwcmue the Chureh of S1. Joseph.
N ext day, when ::\1ass ,yas said again, the shack-churrh was
filled with a swarthy-complexioned, dark-eyed, long-haired,
wild-looking people, the Deguen [ndians frOlu the border
land of lower California.
rhe languagf\ of the ::\1a:::,:-, "Tas
La tin.
Forty years after the death of the Spanish priest Juni-
pero Serra, an adobe rhureh was built on the site where the
shack, with the rross over its entrance, had stood,
ehischurch,
built of sun-dried brick, had a pretentiou
little
pirf' rising
above it, and the spire was crowned with a cross
painted
white and visible beyond Point LOlna. The first Slmday
the church was opened the priest who stood at the altar
offered the same identical SacL'ifiee and in the smne language
THE CATHOLIC CH l"RCH IX GTAH
323
whi('h the dead priest .J unipero Serra had offered nearly a
half century before. The gestures of the priest, the vest-
Inenb-., the cruci:fì.
over the altar, the )1a::;
-buok, wer(:' the
saIne, only the vestments were a trifle newer and better, and
the priest's llaIne was )Iorera. But the congregation had
changed. Spaniards, .nlexicalls, Indians. half-castes filled thp
adobe church; eyerything had changed but the
Ia:::,s.
Four years ago, nearly one hundred years after the
fass of Father :\Iorera, we assisted at the IIoly Sacrifice
in
t. J o:-,eph's Chureh. San Diego. There were pre
ent two
)1exicans, three Indians, and about six hundred fair-haired,
blue-eyed Irish Celts and I rish-..L-\ulericans, speaking a ('OUI-
mon language and as different in Inanners, usages and habits
frOIn the two other congregations, as day is different fronl
night. The priest, who in 1669 said the first l\Iass in San
Diego, was a Spaniard, .J unipero Serra; the priest who said
the
1as::; fort
T years afterwards was the son of a Spanish
father and a
Iexican 11lother, and was called Estavan
Ior-
era; and he who offered up the Adorable Sacrifice the Sun-
da
T we .were pl'es(:'nt was an Irish Celt baptised Edward
Iurphy. There was no ('hange in the )1ass, not even the
shadow of a change; eternal truth is but from the imnlortal,
and truth can never change.
The Chureh
tood alnlost on the site of the aJobe which
replaced the shack. It was a large and architecturally fine
structure, built of brick, with tower and spire and over all
was the sign of nlan's reclelnption-the Cross-seen far out
at sea.
bout one hundred years after the Spanianl, J unipero
Serra, said his .first
Iass in Southern California, a young
Irish priest stood at the altar of a church, built a few years
before his cOIning, in a yalley seyen hundred and fifty Illiles
to the northeast of San Diego. The twenty Inen and WOlnen
who were pre:::,ent on this Sunday in the little church,
aw
and heard what the Deguens witnessed and listened to a cen-
tury before in San Diego. So that if it were permitted to the
Indians of San Diego, dead for a hundred years, to arise,
3:!6
THE CATHOLIC ('BURCH I
"CT\.H
appeal' and a
sif't at
Lass 011 this particular
unùay and in
the ehur('h built in the nllle
, e\'er
-thillg hut the handful
of people and the priest would be falllÍliar to then1. They
would :-:ee the sanle crucifix, the
allIe cross over the entrance,
the salHe altar, eyen the
allle l\Iass-hook. They woulrl hear
the
alHe words fronl tlw lip
of the
a('rificing priest. wit-
ness the f'mne IllOVelllel1ts, ;:,ee the sallIe gestures, the saIne
YPsÍ1nellts, the sallie Host ele, n.1Ìed and assist at identically
the SanlE' Racrifice. There was only this differell<'e. The
prie
t of a century before was of delieaÜ-- build, low of sta-
ture, of olive tint. and a Spaniard; the officiating' priest
tanding at this altar of the yalley, was of lll'rC'ulean huild,
of rugged health, tall, of fair cOlllplexion. and was an J rish-
'man.
This T ri
h priest who halted the advancing pimwer:-:, as
(lit1 John tlIP Raptist :2,000 years before the cannTan:-; cro:-;s-
ing the J ùrdan, and
poke to then1 of God and the life be-
yond the grave; who thirty-six years ago offereel up thp IIoly
:Sacrifice in tlIP Catholic church of Ral1 Lake 'Talle
'. was
Father
canlan, now Bishop oyer all Ptah and nearly one-
half of K eyada.
Born ill J relalld sixt
T-fiyf' years ago, young Lawrence
Scanlan grew' to boyhood surrounded by the histuriC' hill:::;
and vaIIeys, anrl filled with the rOlnantic traditions of his
natiye count
-. "rehel Tipperary."
It waf'. and we believe i
yet, a tribal and pious tra..1i-
tion anlOllg the J rish Celts that the honor of every allC'ipnt
fmuily denlallded a rl'presf'ntative in th(' priesthood. Åf' the
sons grew up, one of theIn, generally the nwst prOlllising,
was deyotecl to the priesthood. Belieying, with the Hebrew,
that "the hest of the flock and of the vineyard shall lw givell
to the Lord," and that" every offering shal1 be of the best,"
the Irish father
elected frOll1 his dOIl1estic floC'k the he
t,
and physically the finest of his sons, and offel'l'<l hinl to fi-od.
This explains why the IHen of tlw Irish priesthood-and it
has often hepl1 f'ollunented upon-are, to the ohsernulÌ eye,
the finest hody of Illen found anywhere' in Europe. rrll(' T l'i:-;h,
THE CATHOLIC CH"LRCH IS "LT.UI
;3
7
Jikf' the .J ews, are proud of the IJriesthood of their natioll,
.. King
were illY allce
tors," replied ...L-\grippa, tllf' Jew, to
the HOlllan EUlperor, .. and
nnong' theul were high prie:-:ts
whosp pripsthood my fmllily considered erJlUlI to royalty it-
self. "
Haying finished his ('la:-isi('al stwlies, Lawrence Rcanlau
entprt'd the fanlOu:-: missionary :-:t'llliuary, .....\..11 IIallows (.....-\Jl
ail1t
) Collegp, I )nhlin. \Yritiug' of
\Il lIallows in the
(iathoJie' Encyclopedia, )1 r. TholllaS (), Donnell tell:,: us: .. It
has heen the ai111 of thp <Ii J'f'(.torr-; of
\ll lfallow:-:, from the
heginning to forn1 1l1Ís:-:ionarie
of pnH'tiea 1 t
-pe, In an
ftCaden1ic eOllr:-:f' of Sf'\-en yea rs, three are df'yoted to phy:-:i('",
mental philosophy, language awl English litf'rature; thf' rt'-
1113lning: four year:-i to Sa('rpd Reriptnrp. history. liturg-y.
canon law, s3ered eloquf'nce and the s(.if'nl"e of tlH-'olog
'. The
:-;tudputs arf' eu('ourage(l to foster anfl strengthen the sl'on-
alleous spirit of piety whi('h is tlIt' llPritage of lllost Irish
children. The
- are al:-:o encouraged to deyelolJ health and
lllilnline:-:s by outdoor f'xf'reisf's, sUe'h as foothall. hurling,
hoeke
-. handhall. tennis, erie'kf't, athletic cOlupetitious and
long walks." Eyen to this day there lingers in .....-\11 Hallow:-.
a tradition that LaWrf'llee
('anlan was aUlong the greate
t
::thletes that e\Ter graduated from tht' eo\]ege.
Haying ('ompleted his theologil"al studies and SUCl'P:-:S-
fllll
T pal-::-:t'd his exanlÍnatiolls, he wa
adyaw'f'd to ()rders,
êliHl on .fune :.!-t-. l
()S. was ordained a prif'st. Self'(.ting
the far di:-:tal1t ('alifornia for his field of lahor
, the
-OUllg-
prit'st l'PtUl'Iw<1 to his hOl1lP in Tippt'rary to spend a ff'w
day
with his p:lrents and yisit his relatiyes and fri('wls he-
fore hidding tlIelll .. good hye." lJerha ps fOl'e\'pr. (hl.f nly
). j.-'athE'1'
('anlan If'ft hi
pal'ent:-:. h01ne and fl'if'nd:-: \\
itll
a feeling that he l11ight neYf>r again look upon them.
()nl
- one who know
the "al'lllth of the] rish hf'ay't and
tlw st I'onp; howls of dOlllf'!'ti(' a fff'etion "hich hind together
tlu-. lllPlllhprs of an r rish fmni ly ('au understand the intense
grief whi('h fills the houw "hen a lwloyed son and hrother
]eay('s tllPlll. it nUl
- he foreyer. But Father Ncal1lan he-
t
8
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCII IN CL\H
longed no" in an e
pecialillanner to God and it was the con-
viction that he was doing the "ill of God which tenlpered the
sorro" and strengthened tht> heart::, of the father and mother
who now, for the last tÏ1ne on earth, eillbraced their parting
Bon. As he passed out, contending with eUlotions which
spoke with tears, his lllOther followed hinl, flung' her
elf upun
his hreast in an agony of loye and grief and fainted in the
arnu...; of her consecrated son. Tenderly un"illding the llla-
terual al'ln
, he resigned her to his brothel', and, broken in
spirit. passed Oll.
.. * * * lIe ,,"Pllt forth
St r{,ll
th{,llf'<l to
uff{'r,
ift('d i 0 Huhllue
"hl' might oJf InunaJ
}lassioll. to pass Oll
Quiptly to the saeritke of all
The lofty hop\'s of llWllhood. and to turn
Till' high HmlJitioll written on his hrow
To scrn' hiH (ind and lJell' his fellow-man."
Arriving in New York, Father :Scanlan crossed the Isth-
mus of Panama and safely reaching San Francisco, was ap-
poinÌf'd, XOyelllber
9. 18G8. assistant priest at :S1. Pat-
rick's. Frolll here he "a;:, transferred to the ('athedral,
notwithstanding the protests of the pastor of St. Patrick's,
who had learned to appreciate the good will and disinterest-
ednes::; of his new curate. \Yhile at the cathedral he so
endeared hilllself to the parishioners that after thirty-six
year
of ahselH'e frOln California. the San FrancÙ,co Jlonifor
c
uld say of hilll: "Father :Scanlan. no" Bishop of Salt
Lake, was a nlost deyout and faithful priest, who is still re-
membered with affe(,tioll hy tllP \'eteran
of the catheùral
parish.' ,
III 18G
) a cry ('ame to Bishop () 'Colllwll of n ra
s V'alle
?
from Pioche, X eyac1a, asking for a re
ident priest. Pioche
"as a n1Ïlling ('alnp aIllong the hill::-, of southeastern Nevada,
"hose water
.are tributary to the Virgin HiYer. The emnp
was pitehed fOlll' hundred lllil(>
fl'Olll tll{-' lleare
t railroad.
Bishop () 'Connell wa
unahle tu an
"el' the call of Pio('he
and apvealed to
\.rchbishop _\Jenlêln
for assistance. The
...\xdLhishop spoke to J1-'ather
ealllan ahout the spiritually
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN
CTAH
329
de
titute condition of Pioche. and at Ollce the young priest
yolunteered for the mÜ,sion,
He now enters, in earnest, on his reJnarkable n1Ïssion-
ary career. Staging it frOJll Palisadf', Nevada, through the
mountains, the cold of Fe
:!.'uary wore hÏIll down, and when
he reached Hamilton he had mountain fever and was threat-
ened "ith pnelunonia. Nothing but his youth and
plendid
constitution carried hin1 through a severf' siege of illness.
Recovering after a n10nth's convalescence in Han1ilton, he
pushed on, and on
[arch 16 entf'red Pioche, ,Ye haye said
tha t Pioche was a 111ining calnp; it was more, for in those
days there gathered here some of the wildest and toughest
characters of the Southwest. Every man was a law unto
hin1self and gambling hells, brothels, elegant
aloon
and low
groggeries swung wide open day and night. Here also were
Jnen of brawn and muscle, big-hearted men, and men of
honor and generous in1pulses whose courage and ll1anhood
awed the tougher element. These men of all creeds and no
creed "elcomed the young priest, and with their co-operation
he soon built a fran1e church with two rooms tacked unto
the rear for his living and sleeping apartments.
He took his meals in a Chinese "Chop Suey." The
third Sunday after he opened his little church with a big
cross on it, a deputation of ruiners "\yaited upon him and
firmly but respectfully intin1ated to hin1 that his serlllons
were not suited to his environment. He had been preaching
on Death, .Judgn1f'ut, Heaven and lIen. They told him to
keep on telling thenl about heaven, but to leave out the other
three as un
uited to the time and place. ]'ather Scanlan
ans"ered that he was not preaching his own opinions, but
the doctrines of J esuf': Christ, tlw Son of God, "and," he
f'ontinlwd, "while I anl here I'll preach Jesus Christ and
Hill1 Crucified." They boycotted hÏJn. The Chinese eating
tent deu1anded cash for every JHeal. He was driven to beg a
lneal IWl'e and therf', and his clot1lf'
hegan to lusf' ('0101' and
a::;
ill1Ílate to the weeds of the trainp. (hlf' afternoon, when
walking in the shade uf hi::; church, Dan 0 'Lcar
approached
330
THE C.\.THOLIC CHURCH l
rTAH
him. .. Father,"
aid I )an, shaking the prie:-:;t hy the hanù,
..
TUU 'ye won out, the hoys adn1Ïre your pluek; IH-'rè's fifty
dollars, go down to l{iulha lis and huy a suit of l'lothe
o \Ye'lL
all he with
TOU next
unday," After the reeonciliation Father
Heanlan ealled a llleeting of tllf' Jllinf'r
and a
ked for suh-
seriptions to huild a hospital wlH're tliP si(ok and injured
of tliP ('mllp lllight he eared fur. He went around the follow-
ing day soli('iting aid and in two lumlths the hospital ,,'a:-:
open and ready to l'f'eejye patients.
,YIH-'n, (>ar1y in It-i7;
. (1 1 athel'
canlan '''HI.{ SUllllllOlWd
lLOnlP h
hi
..L\ n.hhishop to take eharge of the Ï1nportant
parish of Petahnlla, (\difornia, the citizens and Ininer:-: of
Pioelw sent a petition to his Unwe requesting hinl to Iea\'e
Father 8eanlan with thenl. ] fe renlaine(l hut a few 1l1Ouths
in Pptaluma, when he yolunteprf'(l for th(' l
tah ]ni
sion and
left for
alt Lake.
,rlH-'Jl, ou ..L\ugust 1-1-, lS7;
,
\lÌlwr H('anlan pnterp(l
Halt Lake, Ill' becanle 11lissionar
T l'f'('tor on
1' the large:-:;t
parish in tlw l
nited Htates. If it were po:-:sihle f01' hinl to
eolle('t in onp plaee the lllelnbers of his seattl'1'illg' rlo('k, IH'
possihly ('ould llêl\
e counted eight hnndn
d ('atholi('s in a
.
tate populatioll of
7,OOO. In Ralt LaIn' (1ity awl ()g-c1Pll
there were, perhaps, DO Catholie:-:, the ntlw1' 7I() were llis-
per:-:pd on railroad divisi 1" in lliining' e:llHps and among till'
yillage:-; of the statf'. relll' littlf' hri('k dlUreh to whi('h hf-'
fpll heir in Ralt Lakp (
it
carripd a \,isihlf' ('ross of wood
and an invisihle deht of $G,O()(). It ,nlS tIll' onl
T (\lÌÌ1olic
rhureh in a region of t\;),O()() squarp lllilps of tprritor
'. In
two years IIp lifte(l the $G,OOO nlOrtgage fronl the ('hu1'(, h, hut
in doing so he taxell his patielwe all(l his hUlllilit
to thf\
Iin1Ìt. He still clw
lIs with grateful ('OlllplaeplH'Y on tl1(\ ('OU1'-
tf'sy and liherality of his Protestant friends who caull' to
his help during the
e trying Yf'al's.
In It'7l) tbe faule of Rilver Beef, hef'a use of its ri('lJ on'
depo
i t
, was hecOJning' wide:-;preacl. n
forc tl1(' dis('oYer
' of
f:1Ivpl' ore it wa
an unat1 racti\'e d('sert in the southern part
of Hlf'
tate, and ahout scyentecll Inilps from
t. O('orge,
where the first
I(jrJnon temple was erected and (,ollJl'leteù.
THE CA THOL[C CHeRCH I
ù TAH
331
\fter the di
coYery of tlw mines Inen flockeù there frOIlI
all }Jart
of tlLf'
tate
of rtah and Xeyada. It was called
Sih.er Reef froIll the geological fOl"lnation of the hills. COIn-
ing within the jurisdietion of Father Scanlan's largf' parish,
he yisited tlIP IJlaee in 1
77, luaking the round trip of 1,000
lniles frOlll
alt Lake and Lack on horseback. In the trip were
included FrisC'o. Fort C
nlleron and nUln
T other snmllel' lLlin-
Ülg ('aillps. lle wa::-: absent fh'e 11l0llths, returning tu Salt
Lake in ()('tober. Being pleasecl with the future pr6
pects of
tllf' pI a('e, he Sf'n t Father K i ley, who is 1 ðÎ -l ('anle f rOUI San
FrancisC'o to lu:>lp hilli. OIl a yisit to the He2f in IHÎ
. Father
I
iely returned in
\ugust of the saIne year and reported that
Hlliong the llliners and other residents of the place were luany
Catholic
who Wf're prepared to huild a C'hurch, and inyited
r
her Scanlan to reyisit thenl. [nlluediately Father
can-
Ian nlade preparations for his second yisit, lea \'iug Halt Lake
latf> in Xoyeluher of that
'ear. ....
ftel' reaehing his destina-
til)ll a largt' lot was soon :-;ecured. and on .1 anuar
' 1
t a sub-
scription list for a new church was opened. rro the appeal
a])
!:enerow';\
' respondf'd. and the work of construction was
soon begun. In less than four lllontlu; a neat, ('OIUllludioms
frallle C'hureh was cOlllpleted. First sPlTices-a JI iRsa ran-
tata-were C'elehrated on Easter Hunda
', 187!}; the chureh,
blessed on the :-;mne da
.. was dedieated to Ht. .John.
rrhe next year Father
C'anlan Holicited
ub
criptions
fl"Olll the nLÌners and hui It Ht. .J ohn'R Hospital where the sick
and wounded Inen of the emllp were attended to h
' a surgeon
and three Histel'i' of the Holy Cro
s.
In 1
Î9, while Father Seanlan was engaged in ereeting
the ('hur('h aud hospital at Hilyer Heef. an inyitation wa
ex-
tended to hiln b
tllf'
rOl'lllOl1 authoritie:-, of
t. George to
hold selTiees in thei r ta hernaele. He aC'C'epted, aJlfl a!ì the
RPITiees wpre to hl' on Bunda
.. the regular Hnuda
sel'yiC'es-
AI iss(( ('a Iltata and senuon-formcd the progrmn of th2 da
.
\ C'hoir was nef'flf'<l, and as the tahenuu'le ('hoil' of the place
did not know Latill. it \Hls thought that the
illg'illg of thp
Kyrif' Elf'is01Z, Uluria and Credo eonld not h
t'alT:etl out.
33:2
THE CATHOLIC CHrRCH IX rT.U-I
The leader of the ("hoir asked for Catholic' lllU
ic. awl hf'ing
giyen .. Peter's
la
s," in t"o "eek
his ehoir knew the
Ia
s
and could sing it in Latin. On the third
unday of
Iay 11igh
fass wa:::; sung in the tabernacle. Before the selTices Father
Scanlan explained the meaning of the Yf':-;Ìlllf'nts u
ed at
IaRs, and at the Gospel preadlPd a logieal and f'loquent
er-
111on, taking for his text, "True adorers of <lod
ha 11 adore
Him in spirit and truth." Careful to give no offen:-;f' aw1 to
respect the helief of his hearf'rs, nf'arly all of wh01n were
Iol'lnon
, he won for hill1sf'lf the e
teelll and good "ill of all.
The inyitation to Father
canlan by the officials of the
Church of the Latter Day Saints at S1. George was not by
any llleallf.) an isolated expression of ('ourtesy frOlll tIlt' )[01'-
nlon elders to a Catholic priest. )f r. Young and his
uccessor
in the presidency, indeed all of the
IOl'lllOn offieials, were
ever friendly to the Catholic priest, and Rishop Scanlan has
nIany tilHes in conYf'rsation gratefully refern--'ù to this re-
peated luanifestation of generous feeling- towards hÍ1ll
elf and
his predecessors. To "hat are we to attrihute this exc'f'p-
tional treahnent of CathoJie priests in tho
e early tÍlnes? .1-\..s
a unit of soeipty the ayerage
[ornlon has llO Inore loye for a
Catholic or his religion than has the Baptist or the Sweden-
borg-inn.
rather prolonged experif'ue(ì has tallght the
Catholic that in a COlillllunit}T "here the nlajority of the lllel11-
bel's are distinguished for courtes
and graciousness of Inan-
ner, intoleralH'f' an(1 higot]'
. to himself and the ('reed he pro-
fesses are Bilcnt, if not unknown, and thai "here vulgarity,
low breeding and ahsenCL> of refined Inanners are the (,01fl-
panions of a people, he and his rf'ligion are insulted and
yilified, if liot a('('ursed.
'Yaiyillg the qup
tion of the social status of tlI(' 1Iornl0Jl
rOllllllunity in :-,earching for a rea SOli of the inyariable kil1d-
nf1SS with which Catholics and their priests haye been always
trf'ated, and which Catholics haye not failed to apprpe'iate,
we are dispo
ed to attrihute it to a (,olnparatiYely unknown
and an entirely unsusperted SOUl'e'f'.
,Yhen
\[r. Brigham Y onng and the
[onllolls, c1ri\'en hy
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IX UTAH
333
a renwrsele::-;::-; per
eeution frolli lUinoi::-;, went intu winter
quarters near Council Bluff::-; on the 1\1 Ü;souri, late in 1840,
the outlook for the
IOl'lllOn ('hief and hi
peo1>lp for the fu-
ture was gloOll1) and forbidding.
On N oyember HJth, an extraordinary nlan, a priest, nÜs-
sionary and explorer, landed at Council Bluffs, returning
fronl Fort Assiniboine on the ..L
thalJa::-;ca, in the northern re-
gions of Canada, where he had been evangelizing the tribes.
This mall was Father De Smet, the Hocky :ßIountain mis
ion-
ary. Brigham Young, who perhaps had neyer spoken to a
Catholic prie::-;t anù knew nothing of his religiun, had heard
of him. Now listen to }1-'ather De 8met: H:K ot far frOlll the
trading post in a yast and beautiful plain, is a tf'lllpoJ'ary
e
tab]i
lllllent of the
[ornlOn
, driYE'n out frolli their eity
al1Yoo on the l\lissi::,::-;ippi.
,. I was introduceù to their prpsident,
lr. Young', an
affable and very polite gentle111Hn. lIe pre
ed nIl' yery
f'arnestly to remain a few days (a
his guest), an ill \,ita tion
,yhich my linlÍted time did not pennit Ine to accept. The
unheard-of persecutions and atrocious sufferings ell(lure(l by
thesp unhappy people wiU furnish a sad page to the great
Valley of the ,Yest." ("De :SIIlet's Life and Travels," Chit-
tenden, "\T 01. II., p. 611). In his interviews with
Ir. Y onng,
Father De SUlet unfolded before the astonished eye
of the
prophet the "
a
atch Range and the Valley of Great
alt
Lake which he crossed in 1841. ("' In 1841 I trayersed lllllCh
of the vallf'Y," De SUlet, Vol. IV., p. 1412.) "'riting ill 1851
to his nephew in Belgiu111. Father De S111et adds: "
rhey
(the :ßlornlons) asked mf' a thousand lLuestion
about the
regions, and thE' hasin of the Great Ralt Lake pleased theul
greatly fronl the account I gaye tl1el11 of it. ,ra'-' that what
determined them (to settle there)? r would not darE' to
assert it. They a l'f' thf'1'f'."
,Vhatevel" illfluen('e FatllE'l' ))p RUH-'t's de
(,l'i ptiou of the
Halt Lake region may haye had on the nlinù of President
Young, we fpel satisfif'cl that tllP
Hl(lres
and bearing- of the
edueutetl awl l"E'fillPd pl'ip
t mu
t ]m\'(' ÏJnpl'f'ssed the
\r()r-
l110n ('hief l110st fa \'()rahl
' and ine] il1l'd hiBl to a friendly
: ):14
THE CATHOLIC CH"CnCH IX "CTAH
c..'on
ideration for thf' priests he aftennuds 111et In the city
IlE' founded between tlw Inountains.
''",Then Father Seanlan returned frOlll HilYf'r Beef to Ralt
L:lke, a deputation fronl tllf' citizens waited upon hilll and
}Jre:-;ented him with a gold watch and <'hain and an addresò"Ì
('(.ngratulating hinl on the suecess of his nlinistration and ex-
)r('ssing their admiration for him as a priest and eitizen.
_\ t ahout the saulf' tinle his Archbishop conferred upon
Jllm the titlf' of Yieal'-foranc or Hural Dean. "rhe indf'fatig-
;.!bJe priest now entered upon a \Tisitation of his vast par-
ish. (hI horsehaek or on foot, he visited Provo. ()phir,
to('kton, Alta, (1astle Gate, Park (1ity, and BillgluUll, and
'\Y!t0ì'E.'yer there was a prospeet of esta hi ishing. a parish he
(,l"f'ded a church. There is no part of an honorahle ana
:,pllsitiye priest's dllt
. so painful and humiliating as that of
going" fn>ln house to house and luan to llUlll solieiting InOlH'
'
either for his own support or the building of a ehul"eh. It is
trying to his patif'nee, his nlê.lnhood and hi
self-respect.
'Yhen he sets out in the lIlorning to ('auyass tll(> eOlnluuuit
.
for a:-;sistanee he llla
' expeet to eu<,uunter au uceasional r('-
fusal; hut, if he he
'Ol1l1g aud inexperien<,erl, he is not pre-
pared for the insult or sneering f'xprf'SSiOll a('e01npanying
that refusal. In the pari.'" days of his lllinistI,
. in ("tah
:b"ather Rpanlan hf'gan the erertion of a frmne chnrc'h in a
distant nlission. ()ne sharp, frosty. morning in Ff'hrnar.",
he elH'uulltered a fairly wf'll-to-do lllHll whosp aC(IlIaintance
hE' had made a ff'w weeks hefore. Asking hin1 conrteou
ly
fOJ" a
uhs('ripti()n for the ('hun'h, tlH' Ulan turned upon him
with a snf'f'r and told him, Ìn 1l1Ol'ê \'igorons Á\nglo-Raxon
than we write it, to "go to Uehenna 01' Hades." Father
S('anlan was then in the priule of his
'oung' Ilmnhood, weigh-
ing' 1
)8, standing (; fef't 1 and possf'="sf'(l of gTf'at strength.
For a mum
nt the fig-hting' blood of hi:-; n.l<'e l'usse:-:sed hi Ill,
his ('olor heightened, the man of the r rish l'LH'e ahnost ('OIl-
qUf'l'('d thp prif'st of the TImllan rite: then. 1'C'1Il\'1l1hpring his
SêH'}'L,d ('alling, tlw YOllng' priE'st huw(>(l hi:-: head and ,vent
his \nl
'. The next morning the samt- nUUl waited upon hiln,
THE C.ATHOLlC CHL"RCH 1X L"TAR
333
apologized for his rudeness and ga\'e him a hundrt'd dollars
for the L'11u1'('h.
.....-\t Pioche, when the hoycott was on, he wa
p:lssing on
the opposih' side of the street to that on ,d1i('h wa
a saloon
hefore whuse winùows"ere loitering a nUlnher of hangers-on.
One of the nlllnber called out to hinl and sairl: ,.
ay, F'ather
Scanlan, we haye an a rglllueut here of
01ììE; inl}Jortanee anù
want
'oul' upinion. It is ahout the age of the clevi I. Can
vou
tell us ho\v old he is?" .. GentlellUHl," sp()ke the prie;.;t fron1
the 01 her side of the street, ., take IllY adyice and keep the
rpL'ords of your own fmllil
' awl "lJecinlly that of
'Ol1r own
father. "
lt BelulOnt Father H('anlan "as stopped on the
treet
OlW afternoon h
' a specly looking ('hap with a red and bulbou
nose. The tnll11p asked for a dillle, and the priest gaye him
hyenty-fh'(' cents, sa
'ing at the same tinw: "X ow, IH'on1Ïse
lue you won't get drunk on this." The tramp thanked hinl
and replied: ,. Drunk un twenty-fiye cents! ] IH'ou1ise you 1
"on't. ,rhy, l{everelld Ril', it would take ninety-nine rents
of a dollar to make UI(' drunk."
,rhell, in lRR(>, Father H('anlan "a
llolllinated to the
Episeopate h
' the Holy
èe, and wa:.; appointed Virar-.....-\pos-
tolir oypr all Ctah and a large portion of Xl'vada, he went
to Han Fran(.is('o for his eouseeratiou, and on .J une :2
),
18S4, wa:-: ('onsc('rated Bi:-:hop of Larandun h
T Hi
Gracf',
An'hhisho}> Hiol'dan, as"isted hy Bishop
() 'Connell and
::\Ianogue, The ('el'elllOUY of ('on
e('l'atiou considf'red h
itself
alone was lllagnifi('ent and elahorate as the eel'enlOuials of
the (1atholi(' (
hur('h al'P wont to he; hut to lllany of thosp
present thel'p was aùded a deep and signifi('ant illtere"t. Thi
arw..;p froul the fa(.t that lw who was being- eonserrated to one
of thf' hight'st offires in tllP gift of the (ihnr('h and who was
ahout to I'ptm'n to the l'lu?,'g'ed rf'g-ion in di:.whargp of the du-
ties whi('h that offi(.f' ilIll>used, was, eighteen years, hefol'e
their own spiritual a(h'iser, and sOllle of WhOU1 he had llUlr-
riNI mHI haptize(l. lIe had hef'll iu and out aIllOlIg theill. in-
};truetillg thelll iu all that was ('ulllluendahle, enL'ouragin
33()
THE CATHOLIC CH"LRCH IK UTAH
thf'Ill to pure and holy living, synlpathizing "Tith thenl iu
tlwir
OITOWS and afflictions, Rharing' their joy:-: "Tlwn they
rejoieed, lllinisterillg fnithfully to all tlwir Rpiritual ueeds,
rPIH'oving when reproof was necessary, hut always inspired
"Tith ulOtivps unnlistakahl
T for their be
t interests, hoth spir-
i tua 1 and nUl tprial.
-\nd now, "Tllf'n the Church" put a fair lnitre upon his
he
-td aud clothed hill1 with the gannents of the High Priest,"
th2Y rejoicpd with excppding' great joy and knew he was not
forgottf'n of God. "Of
Bishop Reanlan returned to Ralt Lake and took up his
duties at onf'e. The ring and purple 1uade no ehangf' in hinl.
lIe reluained and remains the salue kindly, unassuluing char-
acter he was before the 1uitre and the garnlent
of the High
Priest were put upon him.
,Ye lunTe spen that he originated and fOUlldpd en'ry
parish, every Catholic educational and charitable institution
in Ctah. lIe now began a pastoral visitation of his vast
YJcariate, entering mining camps, visiting inland towns and
crossing regions of desolation untouched by any nlark of
('i vi liza ti on.
Lp:lving Delamar one afternoon to visit a Catholic fmn-
ily four or fh'e nriles west of the Nevada mining ealnp, he
11let on the road and entered into conversation with a man
"Tho, frOlll his dress and Learing, the Bishop thought to he :1
preaeher. "Good afternoon," sairl the Bishop,
haking hands
with tlw stranger. "l\fay I ask who you areJ" "
Iy nanle
is Collins," answered the other. "I anI a poor 1uiRsionary
preaching in these parts." ".A "That
" said the Bishop, ,. ..A..
1ni
sionary," replied the prf'af'her, pulling out of his pocket a
little bla('k tf'SbUnellt which opened at tlu' preeise tf'xt he
wanted. "I am come to preach salvation to the
e poor
1uiners, ] [ow shall they call on HÌJn in whOln the,\T have not
hf'lieved, and how shall they heli{'yC' in HiIll of ,YhOlll they
haye not heard, and how shall tllC',\T hear without a preaeher!"
"That is all very "TelJ," interposed the Bishop, "but why
(lOll't you finish thf' text, 'How
halJ they preach unless they
THE C\ THOLHJ CHFRCH I
UTAH
337
be sent?'
ow who sent you!" "Sent?" said the preacher.
"Yes, sent," spoke the Bishop. "
1y Archbishop sent me,
and the Pope, the Bishop of Roome, sent him and his predeces-
sors, and I send my priests. Now, who sent you!". "The
Spirit of the Lord," said the preacher boldly, for he was not
a man to be easily put out of countenance. "I hope you do
not deny that Christ is able to send I-lis own messengers
without human intervention
" "God forbid that I should
doubt it for one moment," replied the Bishop; "I know that
lIe can. I know that He sent l\Ioses and .Li\aron without hu-
man intervention to establish the Aaronic priesthood, and I
know that lIe superseded this very priesthood of His own
ordination, by sending, also without hUlnan intervention, the
postolic priesthood, and what He did once, of course lIe
can do again. God forhid I should doubt that; I should be a
Jew if I did.
till I do observe that wheneyer God f'ends
anyone direetly frOlll Hilnself, and without human interven-
tion, lIe is always graciously plea;:,ed to confirm His own
appointment to the minds of His faithful servants by signs
and wonders.
[oses called down bread froln heaven. lIe
and ,Aaron brought forth waters from the rock.
\nd so
also when God was pleased to supersede their priesthood.
luany wonders and n1Îracles were wrought by the hands of
the Apostles. They did not go upon their own testimon
, but
appealed to these signs from God as witnesses; as in the f'ase
of their ::\[aster Hiulself, the works that they did testifif'd of
then1. ' ,
"Now," f'ontinued his Lorrlship, "without at all douht-
iug tlw possibility that another succession may be com mis-
ioned to supersede that of the .L.\po
tles, where are your ""yit-
nesses? I suppose you do not expect us to take your word
for it. ,Yhat supernatural pO""Ter do you po
sess or appeal to
in proof of your heavenly mission?" This was a puzzler;
it had been a puzzler to
[ohamlned many hundred years
before. The prophet, ho""yever. got out of it cleverly by say-
ing he had written the T
oran. which. as eyery one could see.
was a Iniracle in itself; but the poor preacher coulc1 not say
he had ""Titten the Bible, so he fell a-thinking aud pass('d on.
338
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN UTAH
In ]
n tliP rïl'ariate-Apuðtulie wað eonðtituted a dio('ese.
and the Bit;hop fixed hit; cathedral throne pel'lllanelltl
- in
Halt Lake. The eredioll of his new eathp(hal was an achieve-
Inent fit tu test the lifl,-tiIlle of the a hlest Ulan; yet it was
1)egun and ùone b
- Bishop Scanlan in a fe"\"T years and with a
sllecess that ('ould he only the fruitioll of an apostolic' zeal.
.Lllld the saIlle energy displayed in l'redillg the eathedral was
in evidence befure he began the great building b
- the found-
ing of Iuany in
titutions. the creation of parishes and tlw
ereetion of el1ur('hes to Ineet the needs of a growing popula-
tioll.
,Yhi Ie studiousl
- a\'oiding anything which Inight he in-
terpreted. even in the faintest wa
-, as Inixing in polities, thl'
Bishop has alwa
-s taken a fparle;:'ð open stand on all quet;-
tionR-religiou
, social and moral. ,Yhen he COInes hefore
the puhlie. he conIes with the respect of all. Hl' h:1S hepll
the great nlan of the ('ollll11Unity for thil,t
T-fin' years. From
his cOffilnanding presen('e-talI, dignified,
tately-one Ini
.dlÌ
kno.w at a glance that he is a ruler of nlell. Courageous with
the eonsl"iousness of right, he has ueyer falter{'d in denounc-
ing wrong and appealing for its remed
-, and the puhlie ha..;
always waited on his word. flis splendid ('haractf'r, his self-
devotion, hi
lllany ëwts of kindness. aud his patient toils in
the earl
' days of his Inissionar
T life, rest in the ohscurity
where the hest of lnunan virtlws are huried from age to ag.e.
"Tlw lift' uf a nÜssionary priest," writes Cardinal Gib-
hon
, d is ne\Ter written, nor can it he. lIe has no Bos\vel1.
His biographer llla
- reeoullt the ehurches he ere('tt'<1, tll<'
schuols he foundp(l, t1w works of religion and ('hal'ity lIt' in-
augurated and fosten'd, the sennons he })l'eache(l, the chil-
dren he e:lÍe('hizpd, the ('Ol1yerts ll(' J"(>('ein:,d into the fold;
and this is already a great de
ll. hut it onl
touches UPf)!l tll?
surfacp of that deyoted lif('. There is no m
T
1oir of hi
pri-
\'ate dail
- life of llsefullle:-:s and of his sac'red antI {'onllrlea-
tial relatiolls with his Hoek-all thið is hidllen with (1hrist in
God., and is registered onl
' h
' His re('()}'(ling an
reI."
The Bishop has. hy his siIH'el'it
. of purpos(' and hy all
admirahle antI lwnurable straightforwardness, heen singu-
THE CATHOLIC l'HrRl'H 11\ rT-\H
:J:3
)
larly fortunate in winning, during the early year
of his
prie
thood, the good wilJ and rp
'q)f'('t of the ('itizpns of Salt
Lake, and retaining no,,- in the eyenillg of his life, their affec-
tion and adnlÍration; but he has been espeeially blpssed in
haying" for his Yi<'ar-Uel1l'ral a priest who is, and has always
been to hiln, just less than a 1>rot hër awll110re than a friend.
Father Kiely possessf's the sa \'ing gift of l'omUlOn sense, a
direetness of purlJose, an unselfish deyotioll to a high cou-
eeption ùf duty, and a loyalty to his Bishop whieh hê1\ T c won
for hinl a distinguished }Jla('(' in tllP priesthood. ,Yhat a
help and inspiration he has been to Bishop
('aulan is hest
hown in the loye and esteel11 whieh his yenera ble Prelate
eherishes for hiul. For thirty-five Y(lars he has been the
friend and c0111pauion of his Bishop, as assi
tallt priest,
Hcetor of the l'athedral, (ihau('ellor and \"ïeHr-Oeneral of the
dio('ese. He has 1>f'en of in\'aluahlf' assist:uH'e to his e('('le-
siastieal superior. has heeu intinlately identifipd with him
iu the building of the ('athe(lral. and of the Ulany (1atholie
institutions of tlw ('it
., and in gratitude for and apprel'iation
of his disinterestedness aUtI zeal, his Bishop S}W11ks of him
in languagp of unstinted praise and holds hinl in the \'C'ry
highest esteem.
rr 11(1 ell< ì.
INDEX.
PAGE.
Articles (Essential) of Christian Belief.................................. 2
Alvaredo, Hernanda de .................................................. 47
_'\scl'.ncion. Juan de la .................................................... S3
1l"yeta, Father ............................................. .... S8
.Allouez, Claude .......................................................... 77
Arbide, :Martìn de... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Arivide, Estavan de..........,..... .. . . . . , . ., - , . -, 79
Anthony (St.) of Padua ............................ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Assisi, Francis of .. .. " .. .. - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . .. . . ... 84
Ansa, Captain Jl1an B,........................... -. .,. .. . 96
Arroyo del Tarny.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......202
Armijo, Manuel . . . - ....,..................................107
Archuleta. Colonel Juan ................................ - . . . . 107
Anacaumchis, Tribe of ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . .210
Arroyo del T ej edor -. ..'....... _ . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Arrival of the Sisters .......... - .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . _ . _. . _ . , . . . . _ _ . .297
Alemany, A.rchbishop ............................................... 283, 3 1 3
Academy, Saint "Mary's .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Academy, Sacred Heart ........... - . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ., , . _ . . .300
.'\ustin, Nevada .......................................................... 3 1 7
Bible, The ......... - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Bandelier, Adolph ......................,'.. . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
Burton ...................................... . . . . . . . _ . . . . . .. _ 32
Basin, The Great ...'. - , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . .. ..... _ . .. 32
Buenaventura, San ............. - . . . .. . - . . - . . - . , _ . . . . . . . . . . ., S3
Beltram. Fray Bernardino....... ..................... - . . S3
Bressani, Father ...... .. '................... . . . . . . . . . .. 70
Bridger, Jim ...... ...................... 72
Bourrienne, Dc . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 7-1-
Bull, Sitting ................................................... 74
Brebeuf, J can de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Bouteux, Pierre .. . - - . . . . . . .. ..................... 78
Barrauche, John .................. - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Bartlett, Russel ..................................................... _ 79
Bonaventure, St. .. ....... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Bernardon, John ............................... - . .. - ................
4
Beale, )'1r. :F. F. ......................................................... 108
Boyle. Dr. David '. _ . _. .., " .. .. .. . " .., .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . III
Bancroft ....................... ...................... _ . . . . . . . 120
Bcavcr River.. .. . .. " . .. .. " . .. . . . .. .. " . .. . . . . . .. .. " ., " ., . . . . .. .. .. . . .2S1
3:l
INDEX
P.\.GE.
Barron. Judge .
BuuLhard. S, ]., Re\'.
Blake. Re\'. P. ...............
Bonaparte, X apoleon
Bogan. \\ïlliam ].. .
Bi
hop. Vi
it of the ....
Butler, Re\'. James ........
........ . 28 3
'" .283
....................... ... . 28 9
....... .......... .......... ........... .295
.3 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 I (í
.. .. ... ... ..... ..... .. ., .. ..... .. . .3 1 8
Christian Priöthood, The 13
Celibacy. Clerical ......' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2S
Coues, Eliott .......................,......... . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
Coronado. Expedition of 45
Ci\"ezza,
Iarcelino .................. .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Cachupin. GO\ ernor Velez .............................................60, 13 I
Cruz, Juan de la . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
Cartier. J afJues .......................... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6ó
Cooper, Fenimore ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , , . , . . . ' . . 67
Chateaubriand .,....".................................................... 7-\-
Concepcion, Cristobal de la ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Columbu
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , , , , . , , , . . _ _ R9
Calabria. Francis of .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rq
Che\"ance, Leopold de .........................................
)
Ca
as. Los .................. ' , . . . . . . , . " 89
Cochrane, Stuart C. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Croix. Ie :\Iarquis de la .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Cañon del Y e
o ...'....', . . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Cañon Pintado . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [60
Comanchcs- Yamparicas ., .'. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , rho
Calchihuite ., . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ., . 20 3
Chama. Town of ..........,.... ...................... . .2-\-2
Creek, Strawberry . .2-1-5
Creek, Thistle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-\-5
Creek. Cu rrant ....................................... . .2-\-6
Creek, Soldier Fork ....,.'", ., . . .2-\-6
Choteau ,__ __ . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Connor. General Patrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . .. 275
Colin, Jean Claude :\Iarie . . ., ,'..................... . . .2R6
Champagnat, Father ... . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .2R7
Chataignier, Father .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . __ . , , . . _ . , . . .29 0
Cochea, Right Rc\". :\Iartin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .309
Cushnahan. Re\'. P. :\1. .. .. . .. . . . .. ... .. ... .. .. . . .., . . " . . . .. . . ., .3 1 2
Cathedral, Salt Lake ...... __. ... . . .312
Collins .. . , . . , . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ......................,..... . . . .3J,;
De
Iaistre. Joseph ..... . .. . ., .. .. ., .., " ., -\-
Dominguez. .-\tanasio .... . . . . , , , . . . - . . 3-\-
DlJrantes. .\ndrc.'; ..........................,.......'..................... -p
INDEX
:
-t-
PAGE.
Descalona, Fray Louis .......... .. . . ' " . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . " .. '" 46
Docall1po, i\ndres ............................................ . . . . . . . .. 47
Druillette ....... . . . . . . .. ...................................... 77
Dablou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
Dulbeau .................................................................. 7 H
Daniel, Antoine ...... - . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 8
De Noue, Père A............................ _. .. . '" .... ............ 7 8
Diaz, John ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ............................................. 79
Dominguez ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4
Durango, Town of ........................................ ............. .24 2
DOt1gh
rty, James L.. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
De Sll1et, Father .............................. ......................... .266
Diocese of Salt Lake ................................................... 3o.
Donohue, Rev. Patrick '" . - . . .. .. . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . " . . . . .3 16
Eucharist, The Holy . . . .. ......................................... 19
Espejo, Don Antonio de ............................ .. . " '" .. .. . ... 33
Escobar, Father ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95
Escalante, Silvestre Velez de ..... '................... .......... .34, 124-
Estavan, Juan ............................... .................. _ . . . . . . . .. 4 1
Eymanl, Father . - -............................................... 287
Eureka, Ctah ............................. _ _ .. ......................... .3 1 5
Eureka, Nevada .,............................................. .......... .317
Ely. Nevada ..........' .,. -. . ., . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. .3 18
Fronde, James Anthony . -. .. .., " ........... " '" ....... .... 4
Franciscan Fathers. The ................................, _ .. _. . .. .. .34
Fiske, John. .., .. " ... .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. ., . . . . . . . " .. '" " ". ., .... . . . .. 63
Friars l\Iinors ...................... - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Francis (St.), The Sons of ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
Firmin, Pedro ........................................................... 97
Fuentes de Santa Clara ...................,'. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Fur Company, The Hudson Bay.............. .......... '" .. .. _.. .. _. .226
Fork, Spanish ............... . . - - .. " .. . .. ., . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .24 6
Fork, Soldier ...................................... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 6
Fur Company, The Rocky Mountain ..................................... _ .257
Fitzpatrick. .l\Iajor Thomas ......... - . . , . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .262
Feather, Red ................................................ .. . .. .26-1-
Frenlont ..............,.. , . . . - . . . . . . .. " .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..26-1-
Foley, The Rev. J;l1nes ............................ _ . .. .. .. . . . " . " . .282
Forestier, Father . - .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. .290
Garcés, Francisco ........................................ , . . . . _ . .3-1-, qI
Garneau ........ - . . . _ ....................................... 66
Garnier, Charles .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 8
Guitteras, André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................. 79
Gonzalc'7, l\ranl1cl .............,..,........................................ Ro
344
INDEX
PA(;I'.
Gladstone ................................................................ 83
Ghent, Peter of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
Gualpi .......'............ ..............................................23 6
Green River .......................... ..................... .. .. . .24 2 , 24 6
Girourd, Joseph .............. . .. " , . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. " . . .. . .. .257
Guinan, The Rev. J. J................................................... .29 1
Gregori XVI., Pope................................... ................. .286
Galligan, Rev. T. .... ., .. . . .. .. . .. ., .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ., .. .. .3 1 5
Holy Eucharist, The . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 19
Honorato, Fray ........................................... . . .. .. . .. '" 4 1
IIorse, Crazy ........................ . - . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 7-1-
Hales, Alexander of . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
1 Itllnboldt, Von ........................................ .. ... .. .. .120
Hascaris, Tribe of ............... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . .. .210
Harney, General .,....................................................... .27 2
Henry, Father ..,.................................... - . . , . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .290
Holy Cross, The Sisterhood of .......................................... .29-1-
Hospital, Holy Cross............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Hernaez. S. J. ................................,.......................... .309
Infallibility, Papal ........................................................ 7
Indulgence, The Doctrine of ,............................................. 16
Ignacio, Chief ....................................... ..... . . . . . . . . . .... 7-1-
I nnocent III., Pope.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8;:;
Indians, The Ute ........................................................ 106
Juan de Jesus, Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
J ogues, Father Isaac ........... . . . . . . . ., ................................. 70
Jayne, Louis .................. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Julius II., Pope ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
Jensen, Town of . . . " . . . . . . . .. ., .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . ., . .. ., .., .... ... .. .. .2-1-3
Juab, Village of .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-9
Judge, 1\1rs. l\Iary ......................... .......................306
Judge, The "l\Iemorial Home" .......................................... .306
Kino, Father ............................................................. 60
Kiely, Very Rev. Father.......................... ..... ........... .3 12 , 3 16
Kelly, The Rev. E............... . . .. . . .., .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .... '" . .281, 3 1 7
Kearns, Senator and :\ll"s. Thomas ...................................... .302
Leviticus ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1-
Longfello\\' ............ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ......... 25
LUlnn1is, Charles F. ............................ . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .., 31
Livingstone ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 2
Lopez, Françisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
Lugo, Alonzo de ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
Lon1bardi, Jesus de ....................................................... 57
INDEX
345
P.\GE.
Llana, Fray Geronimo de la ...................................... S9
Lallemant, Gabriel ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 8
Letrado, Francisco ....................................................... 79
Leonard (St.) of Port l\Iaurice .................................... .., 83
Lorgues, Count Roselly de ............... .. ... .. .., . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. 89
Landa, Father Diego ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
Lain Spring ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2
Lake Timpanagotzis . . . . . . . . . ' , - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
League, Spanish . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Lee's Ferry ............................................................. .245
Levan, Village of ........... ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1-9
Leavenworth, Colonel ................................................... .265
Loras, Right Rev. l\Iathia
........................................... . .287
Little Brothers of l\Iary . _ ' . . .. ,. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., . .. . . . .287
Leterier, Father .......................................................... 28 9
Larkin, Rev. T. J................................................. . .29 0
l\Ierry del Val. Cardinal ........................ ...............
l\1achabeus, Judas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Mass. The Adorable Sacrifice of .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
l\Iary, Devotion to ................................. . . .. 2-1-
Iacaulay, Lord . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
:\Iarcos, Father .......................................................... 3 2
:\Iystery, The Great Northern ........................ . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 2
l\Ioquis, The ....". _ ..................................................... 40
l\Ialdonado, Alonzo del Castillo ........................................... 4 1
:;\Iartinez, Alonzo .................................... ....... . .. S3
l\1arshall, W. T. ' - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
l\Iota- Padilla ......................... ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
l\Iegapohlensis, J 01111 ........................................ 68
l\leynard, Father Réné ................................................... 77
l\lontalembert, Comte de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
l\Iarisco, Adam de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......... 83
:\Iarchena, Juan Perez de ................................................ 89
:\Iarfi, Juan ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
::\IcKerchar, D. W....... . . . . . . . . . II I
:\Iiera. Don Bernardo ..................................................... 13-1-
::\Iossanagabi, Town of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
l\Tona. Village of 2-1-9
IcKay, Colonel ... . . . .. .. " . .. " . . . ... .. .. .. . . . . ., .. . . . .. . .. .. .,. .. .. . .26-1-
:\ioore, Captain Michael .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .:. .. . .. .. . .. . " ., " .265
l\Iesplie, Father ......................................................... .281
l\Iachebeuf, The Right Re\'. Joseph ..................................... .282
l\Iarshall. l\irs. T........................................................ .283
:\Iarists, The ............................................................. 286
1Ionhcin1. Henry .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Mader, Rev. B. ........... -.' .. .' ... ...... ... .... - ..... ........ .. ... .. .. .291
34G
INDEX
P.\Gi
.
loreau, Rev. Basil Antoine ..............................................29 6
Iaguire, Don 00" 0 .. . .. . . .. ...................................... .312
Ionteverde, Father ......................... .... . . .. . . . .. . . . .3 1 7
Iannion, Rev. Joscph .................................................. .317
1\Ialoney, Rcv. \Vo . 0 . . ' .. . . ., .. " . . . . . . . . .. . .. . " .. . .. . .318
Iorero, Father . . .. . . . " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
[urph'y, Edward ................. ................. .. ... ... .. .. . ., " . .3 2 2
Nathan ... ....... 0................... ................................ L.J.
Nizza. Father ....................... 0 . . . .0. . . . . . . . . . . .... 33
Xavajos, The... .. ... .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. " . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .,. . . ., ... .., .. . ... 43
Nadal, Pedro . 0 . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Kaca, José Antonio ....... ................ 0 .. . . . .0' .. . . . . . . . .120
:\Jephi, Town of ........................................................ .249
:-\erincks. Rev. Charles . .. " . . . . . . . . " . . . ., " . .. ... ., . .. .266
Our Dead ................,.. . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
Onata, Juan de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Otcrmin. Governoî ....................................................... 56
Ortega. Padre, J osé ............ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
Ockhanl ............................... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Oronzo, Father José , . . . . .. . . . " . . . .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . .,. .. .. 98
Oraybi ...................................,.... " .. .. '.0.234
Ogden, Chief Justice ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .262
()'Fallon,
Iajor ..... - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
Odin, Right Rev. ]. 1\1. ........................... .288
Orphanage, The Kearn's-St. Ann's ...................................... .302
Ogden ............ - 0 . . . . . _ _ . _ .. .....................................3 12
O'Connell, Right Rcv. Eugcne . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2H T. 325
O'Donnell.
Ir. Thomas ................................................. .3 2 3
O'Leary, Dan.... ..... ..... . o. .. " ., ....0 _" .. 0..... 0" .326
Peter (St.), The Suprcmacy of ..........,......... 6
Paul. Saint ........................ ..................................... 12
Pcnance, Thc Sacrament of ............ 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . .. ................... 13
Priesthood. Thc Christian ..................................... .......... 13
Priesthood. The Levitical ................................................. q
Parkman. Francis ,. o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Pizzarro. Francisco . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. 40
Pope, Arrest of .......................................................... 56
Posadas, Alonzo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Powell, 1\Iajor .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............. 63
Padilla. Juan de _.... 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . , . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
Porras, Francis .......................................................... 79
Pius IX.. Popc............................................................ 82
Padua, St. Anthony of . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... - . . . 83
Parma, Blessed J 01111 of ................................................ 83
Peckhapl ................... ............................................, 83
INDEX
347
P.\GE.
Portinncnla, Church of ................................................... 87
Padilla. Garcia of ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 89
Pilgrims, Congregational ....... . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .....,....... 90
Pritchard ........................ ..... ..... ............................ 90
Pisadu, Alonzo de . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Puagnampas of Salt Lake ....................' . . . _ . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Pa-nches, Tribe of ..................................................... .210
Pagampachis, Tribe of - - .. . . .. - . . . .. .. ., .. ... .. " . . .. .. .. .. . ... ... ... . . . 21 9
Provot, Etienne ................ .................... . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ .. .226
Provo River ............................................................ .2-1- 8
Payson, Town of ............... -.... .......... . .... ..... ................ .2-1-9
Pondtown, Village of .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .. ........ .2-1-9
Purcell, James Patrick . .. " . .. . . . . . .. . . '" .. . . . " . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .265
Pierce, President .. .... .................................. .271
Pamaron, Pedro ...............................,... - .. .. ..........309
Park City...... .......................................................... 3 1 4
Phelan, Rev. Joseph . . . . . .' .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " .. . .3I
Qnigley, Rev. P. J.. . . . - ............ . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
I
Real Presence, The................... - . . - - .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Ranke, Leopold von . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 29
Rnis, Augustin ... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
Ragnenean .......... ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
ReinlbauIt ........................ ...................................... _ 7 R
Rasle, Sebastian .... - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
Ruen, Henry............................ - - -. . -..... '" ... ... ...... ..... 80
Rio ChatHa .............................................................. 12-1-
de las N ntrias ... - - . ' , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
de la Cibolla ................... ............. _ _ . . . . . . . . _ . . . . .126
San Juan ............................................................ 130
de los Pinos ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .130
l'lorida ........................................ _ . . . . . _ . '" . . . . . . . . 130
Navajo. . .. .. .. ., . . ., .. .. .. .. .. ., . . . " . .. . . . . . " . . . '" . . . .. " '" . 130, 225
tie las Animas ...............,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Dolores .............................. ......................132. 225, 2-1-2
las
Iances .......................................................,.. 132
Escondida .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1-
l'aposa. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ...................................... _. ....13-1-
ParaliticcLs. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........................136
tie San Pedro ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
San Augnstine el Grande .............................. - - . - . . - - . I-J.-I-
Tizon .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1-5
San Javier ....................... - . . . _ . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . " .. . .145
Juan l\laria ..................................................... _ . . . . 145
Santa Rosa de Lima - - . - . . . " . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Santa :Monica ........................................................ I..J.8
348
INDEX
PAGE.
San Rafael ............. - _ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .157
San Clemente ....................................,... _ . . . _ . . _ . _ . . . . . .161
del Cibola ........................................................... 16 3
San Buenaventura _ _ .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ., " . 16 4
San Cosme ................................................. _ . . . . 167, 2.t.t
San Damian .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167, 244
San Catarina de Sena ... _ . . , . . . . _ _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . .168
San Estaquio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 9
Aguascalientics . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .173
San Nicolas ...................... - . . . _. ......... _ . . .179
San Antonio de Padua ..............................................180
Santa Ana .... - . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 247
Santa Isabel .........................,....,..... _ _ .185, 249
Tiron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
de Señor de San J osé.. .............................................. 196
SulfÚreo .................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . _ _ . . _ . . . _ .... .201
Santa Teresa ................. ........................... ......... .225
San Miguel ...... . . .. ...... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 2
Cncolnpahgre.. ...... ...... ......................................... .24 2
Uintah .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
San Lino ......... - . - . . _ .... _ . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Tiron ............................... .............................. .253
Riley, l\lajor Bernard .................................................... 265
Raverdy, Father ........... _ . . . . ' . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Rauscher, George ........................................................ 282
Raffin, Very Re\'. ]. c..................................................... 291
Rockefeller, John D................,. -. . . .. .................. .3 0 4
Riordan, Archbishop .................................................... .3 1 3
Reese. Captain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1 7
Recapitulation .................................. _ .,.........' . .3 1 9
Supremacy of St. Peter, The.............................. ........ 6
Sins, Confession of ...................................................... 13
Saints, The Communion of - - . . . - - _. ........................ 24
Speke ......................... ...................................... _ . 32
Stanley .................. ........................................... 3 2
Sampson, Mr. George ......... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . _ . . " 3 8
Santa l\laria. Fray ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
Shea, John Gilmary ........ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
Salazar, Father Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . 52
San Miguel, Church of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
San Geronimo, Mission of - .. ..................... 55
Salmeron. Padre Zarate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Sigourney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .......................... 67
Saeta, Francis Xavier .............................. _ _ _ _ _ . 80
Siena, St. Bernardine of ..... . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Scotus , Duns ,............................................................ 83
INDEX
3:l
PAGE.
Solano, Francis .......................................................... 89
Suarez, Juan ............................................................. 89
Smith, Archibald ........ . -. .... .... - . , . . . . .. . _ . _ .. 91
Stephans, John .................. ........................................ 92
Serra, J unipero .................. ........................................100
San Cayetanu, Vega . . . . - . . . . - . . . ' . . - - - . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . 130
Santa Clara .......................................................... I2-!-, 242
Santa Rosa de Abiquin .............................................. 12-1-, 2-1-2
Santa Cruz, Vega... -............ .... . .. ..... ....... ..... -.............. .2-1--1-
Sevier River ............................................................ .249
Scipio, 1'0\vn of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
San .A.ntenógas .......................................................... .252
Seefield, Captain ......................................................... 276
Sauchan, Bishop. .. . .. .. .,. . . .. . ,. . . ., .. . . - " '" . . . .. ... .,. .285, 310
Sheehan, Rev. J\1......................................................... .318
Scanlan, Sketch of the Life of Right Rev. Lawrcnce.. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .319
Tradition, The Church and ............................................... 12
'robar, Pedro de ........................................... - . . . . . . . . . . . " 46
Trevino, Governor .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
'r ello, T olnaso ............................................................ 80
Tall1arah, Nicolas.... ........................................... _. .... ., .. 80
Tabechuachis, Range of ..................................................138
Timpangotzis, Tribe of ....... - . , - - .. ..................................146
T epustete .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Timpangotzis, Valley of ..................................................173
Tirangapin, Tribe of ....... .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ., . . . .. . .. .18]
Tintic ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .315
. I
Ute Indians. The ........................................................ 106
Utah Lake ............................................................... 246
Vasquez de Coronado, Francis ................... - -. .... . ... .. ... 33
Vaca, Alva Nunez Cabeza de ........... .. .. .. .. . ., .. . .. .. . ., '" .. ., .. '" .. 41
Vallada, Juan de ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 57
Valencia, I\Iartin of . . . . . . . . ., . . . .. . . . . . " . . . " . - . , . - . . '" .. . . . ., " ... 89
Virgin River ............................................................ 253
Vaughan, 1\.1rs. Go\'crnor. - - - -. - -.. . .. . - .. . .., . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. " .. .. . 28 3
VV ordsworth, The Poet ., . . . - . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
\Vhy Priests Do
ot I\Iarry.. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 25
\ Valpole; Hon. F.......................................................... 91
\Valsh, The Rev. Patrick .. .. - ., . .. -. -. . - - . .. .. , ., ... .. .. ... .. ... .283
\Valsh, Father .......................................................... .312
I
Xitnenes ........................ .................................. . . . . .. 90
Xongopabi .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......................23-1-
J
Y utas- Y amparicas ...................................... ................. q6
350
INDEX
PAGF.
Y utas-Sabaguanas .................... . . . . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .I..j.6
Yubuincariri, Tribe of ..................... ............ -. .............. .209
Yubuincariris, Tribe of .......................................... .2 1 9
Ytimpabichis, Tribe of........... ....................................... .226
Y utas- Barbones .................. ... - . . - -. ....,. - . . . - . . . - . . . . . . .227
Young, Brighau1 . ..... ..... .... ..... .., .., .. ... ..... .. ... ......... .... .2jO
Zat110ra, Father ........................................................... 55
Znmarago. J nan de ....................................................... 98
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