An easy selection from Cicero's correspondence;

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Pitt Press Series

An Easy Selection

from

Cicero’s Correspondence

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C. F. CLAY, Manacer

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Et An Easy Selection

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from

Cicero’s Correspondence

Edited by
J. D. DUFF, M.A.
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge

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Cambridge : EE fe? toe
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Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE

COMMITTEE of the Classical Association

has lately recommended that; in certain
schools where the Latin Course is generally limited
to four years, some of the easier letters of Cicero
should be read as part of the third year’s work.
An attempt is here made to provide such a
selection.

A great many of Cicero’s letters are obviously
unsuitable for the purpose: they are too difficult,
or the text is corrupt, or they contain Greek.
But care has been taken to select such letters only
as do not offer much difficulty; and it so happens
that some of these easy letters are among the most
interesting of the whole correspondence. ‘Two of
the letters here printed were written by Caesar ;
they are very simple, but there is not much in
the whole of literature which surpasses in interest
these short notes written by such a man at such
a time.

Vik Preface

In most cases the letter is given in full. Some-
times a short extract has been taken from a long
letter ; sometimes a small part of a letter has been
omitted; sometimes only a few words have been
cut out; but the text has not been simplified
except by abridgement. The letters are arranged
in chronological order.

The notes have been kept within the smallest
possible compass. Much, that must otherwise
have appeared there, will be found in the Intro-
ductions and Vocabulary. The Appendix gives a
brief account of a few matters which are sure to
puzzle anyone who reads these letters for the first
time. This and the Introduction should be studied
before the text is begun.

It is believed that the Vocabulary contains
every word (except proper names) which occurs
in the text. The trouble of making it was much
lightened by the assistance of A. C. Duff and
J. F. Duff, to whom I wish here to record my
thanks.

5 eg Oye B

February 1, 1911.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
TEXT .

NorTEs
APPENDIX .

VOCABULARY

101

105

INTRODUCTION

I. Curicero’s LIFE.

1. Birth and education.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, one of the world’s
great men, was born on January 3rd, 106 B.c.
Pompey was born in the same year, and Julius
Caesar six years later.

He was a native of Arpinum, a small town
in the Volscian country. He was five years old,
when Marius, the most famous of his fellow-
townsmen, won his great victory near Milan over
the Cimbri and Teutones, who had swarmed into
Italy from Germany.

Cicero’s family had long held a respectable
position at Arpinum; but it was not, in the
Roman sense of the word, “noble”: that is,
no member of it had ever been a senator or had
held the public offices at Rome which led up to,
and culminated in, the consulship. Thus Cicero
was what the Romans called a novus homo and
was sometimes treated with insolence on that
account by the less worthy members of the Roman
aristocracy.

D. 1

2. Introduction

Cicero early showed signs of exceptional
ability ; and his father took him, together with
his brother Quintus, who was four years younger,
to Rome for their education. He intended that
they should not remain in provincial obscurity
like their ancestors, but should play a conspicuous
part as senators of Rome. We hear little of
Cicero’s studies as a boy; but we may be sure
that he learnt his grammar and studied the Greek
and Roman poets. All his life he loved literature;
but he continued to rank the poetry of Ennius,
which he had loved in his boyhood, above that
of his own contemporaries. Of his more advanced
studies in rhetoric, law, and philosophy, we hear
a good deal from himself. He was most grateful
to his teachers and never tires of acknowledging
his obligations to them.

2. Entry on public life and temporary —

retirement.

After a long course of arduous study, he began
to speak in the law-courts about 81 B.c., when he
was 25 years old; and a year later he established
his reputation by defending an innocent man
against a charge of murder brought by Chryso-
gonus, a freedman and favourite of Sulla. Sulla
was now dictator; he had conquered and de-
stroyed the democratic party, which Marius had
led; he had absolute power over the lives and

Introduction 3

fortunes of the citizens; and it required no little
courage on the part of a young and unknown
man to defy the dictator and his myrmidons.
The prisoner was acquitted by the jury, and
Cicero’s reputation for eloquence and for political
courage was established.

In spite of this success, Cicero soon afterwards
left Rome for two years, which he spent partly at
Athens, partly in Asia and Rhodes. He had
worked too hard and was out of health. Yet
even this holiday he spent in the assiduous study
of rhetoric and philosophy under the best teachers
of the time. He returned to Rome in 77 s.c. and
from that time continued in constant practice as
one of the leaders of the Bar.

3. Marriage and family.

Soon after his return from the East, Cicero
married Terentia, a lady of good family, but,
it seems, of uneasy temper. They had two
children—a daughter Tullia, to whom Cicero was
passionately attached and whose early death was
one of the chief sorrows of his life, and a son
Marcus, born in 65 s.c. Kind and indulgent
as a father, Cicero shows to less advantage as
a husband. As years went on he became more
and more estranged from Terentia, till he divorced
her in 46 8.c. and married Publilia, a young and
wealthy woman who had been his ward.

1—2

4% Introduction

4. Preliminary curule offices.

In 76 3.c. he was of age to hold the quaestor-
ship, the first of the offices which led to the
consulship. He was duly elected and spent his
year of office in Sicily. The ties there formed
induced him to take up the cause of the Sicilians
six years later, when they prosecuted their gover-
nor, Verres, for oppression and extortion. Cicero
took immense pains in getting up the case and
conducted it to a successful issue with great
dexterity and ability. His speeches against
Verres (not all of which were actually delivered)
were published by him and are still preserved ;
they form one of ‘the chief monuments of his
splendid eloquence.

Next he filled the offices of aedile in 70 and of
praetor in 66 8.c. ‘There remained only the con-

sulship ; and this he held in the year 63.

5. Consulship, and conspiracy of Catiline.

His consulship was marked by public events of
great importance, which had a decisive influence
upon his subsequent fortunes. It fell to him, as
chief magistrate of the state, to deal with the
conspiracy of Catiline, a young noble of infamous
character, who had formed a plot to assassinate
the chief men in the state, to cancel all debts, and
to divide all positions of honour and emolument
among the conspirators. Cicero proved equal

Introduction 5

to the emergency: nothing could exceed his
vigilance and energy. He drove Catiline from
Rome to the north of Italy and arrested those
of the ringleaders who had remained in the
capital. He presided at a meeting of the Senate
held on December 5th, at which the prisoners,
though Roman citizens of noble birth, were con-
demned to death ; and he had the sentence carried
into execution that same evening, when each of
the condemned criminals was strangled in prison.
He had saved Rome from a great danger. But,
in order to do so, he had broken the law which
required that no citizen should be put to death
except after appeal to the people. From this
time forward he was always liable to be attacked
by the champions of the popular or democratic
party in their conflicts with the Senate.

6. Exaile and restoration.

Nor had his enemies to wait long for their
revenge. In 60 s.c. Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
formed a coalition which is known as the First
Triumvirate. Their united power was very great :
Crassus contributed his énormous wealth, Caesar
his army and his personal genius, and Pompey
the immense prestige he had gained by his
victories in the East. Their object was to thwart
the power of the Senate, and to secure for them-
selves and their supporters the highest offices and
the avenues to wealth and military strength.

6 * Introduction

It seems that Cicero might, if he had chosen,
have been one of this party ; but he refused the
overtures made to him. One of his strongest
feelings throughout life was attachment to the
constitution; and, although he resented the
selfish exclusiveness of the Roman aristocracy,
he could not endure to see the free institutions
of his country crushed by military power or
corrupted by bribery. Thus he was left defence-
less against his enemies; and one of these,
Publius Clodius, was authorised, or at least
permitted, by the coalition to carry a bill for
Cicero’s banishment, on the ground that he had
put citizens to death without trial. Cicero
recognised that his position was hopeless. He
crossed the sea to Epirus from Brundisium on
April 30th, 58 3.c., and remained in exile till
August 5th of the following year. His letters
show that he was for the time utterly crushed by
this calamity. Fortitude in adversity was not
one of his virtues. When his restoration came,
it was a great personal triumph. But he owed it
to the indulgence of the hated coalition, so that
it was impossible for him, when he returned to
Rome, to take an independent line in politics,
as he wished to do, and to express his distrust
of their high-handed proceedings. For several
years he took little part in politics. But to
do nothing was impossible to Cicero: he was
very active in the law-courts, if not in the Senate-

Introduction 7

house, and he wrote some of his greatest works
about this time.

7. Government of Cilicia.

In June, 51 3.c., Cicero again left Brundisium
for the East, but under very different circum-
stances. He was not now a hunted exile in
danger of his life, but a Roman governor going
out to govern his province. For a year he
governed Cilicia with a mild and just sway,
and took great pleasure in the contemplation
of his own virtues. But he had gone there
unwillingly ; he missed the society of his friends
and the interest of life at Rome; and he was
heartily glad to turn his back on Cilicia when his
year of office was over. He landed at Brundisium
on November 23, 50 z.c.

8. Civil war and despotic rule.

Before long he felt sorry that he had been in
such haste to return. He had hardly been in
Italy a month when civil war broke out. The
coalition of ten years earlier no longer existed.
Crassus had fallen in battle against the Parthians
in 53 B.c.; Pompey, alarmed by the growth of
Caesar’s power, had gradually made up his quarrel
with the aristocratic party. Hence, in the struggle
which followed between Caesar and the Senate,
Pompey was the Senate’s champion. But he

8 4 Introduction .

proved no match for the rival commander, whom
he affected to despise. Caesar forced him to
leave Italy for the East with all his levies and
a great number of senators, and then returned
to Rome, where he assembled as many of the
Senate as he could induce to attend, that he
might be duly elected dictator before proceeding
to Spain to attack Pompey’s armies there.

Cicero’s real place was at Pompey’s side. He
was attached to the established system of govern-
ment and hated revolutionary violence. But this
sudden crisis paralysed his will and his activity,
and he acted in a way that did not satisfy either
party. He did not leave Italy with Pompey ; on
the other hand he refused Caesar’s pressing invita-
tion to attend the meeting of the Senate at Rome.
After months of distress and uncertainty he sailed
to Pompey’s headquarters on June 3rd, 49 B.c.,
Caesar being then in Spain. The battle of Phar-
salia (at which he was not present) was fought on
August 9th, 48 p.c. Considering that further
resistance was useless and that the issue had been
decided by Pompey’s defeat, he returned to Italy
and remained, in great unhappiness, at Brundisium
for ten months, until Caesar returned from the
East in September, 47 B.c.

From this time until Caesar’s death he lived
at Rome or in one of his many country-houses
near the city. He was always treated with
marked kindness by Caesar; but no compliments

Introduction 9

could console him for the loss of his former
position of influence and authority, for the loss
of free speech and free government. In political
life he took but little part; but he wrote inde-
fatigably : he was in constant correspondence with
the exiled members of the senatorial party, and
he poured forth treatise after treatise on rhetoric
and philosophy. ‘The unhappiness which he felt
on public grounds was increased by bereavement :
in March 45 s.c. death -took from him his
daughter, Tullia, in whom he had found his chief
consolation in all his troubles. He was roused
from his apathy by the death of Caesar, who
was stabbed in the Senate-house on March 15th,
44 z.c., by a band of conspirators. Cicero was
present at the scene, but had not been admitted
into the confidence of the conspirators.

9. Struggle with Antony and death.

Caesar’s death did not prove the dawn of
freedom. There followed a period of anarchy
and civil war, in which Cicero bore, until his
death, a conspicuous and noble part. But in
spite of his exertions and his eloquence, the
Senate proved unable to wrest back its old
supremacy from those who could support with
the sword their claims to power.

For a time Antony, Caesar’s colleague in the
consulship, was able to maintain his position
against the conspirators ; and his despotism was

10. Introduction

as complete and more grievous than Caesar’s had
been. But soon a rival for power appeared on
the scene in the person of Octavian, afterwards
known as Augustus, the great-nephew and adopted
son of Caesar, a youth of 19. In order to drive
Antony from his position, Octavian began to
enlist an army from among Caesar’s veterans.
‘lo Cicero and the Senate he professed that he
was fighting their battles against a usurper and
tyrant. Cicero felt very doubtful of Octavian’s
loyalty ; but about Antony’s plans and hopes he
soon had no doubt at all, and he attacked him
in the famous series of speeches known as the
Philippics. After several battles had been fought
in the north of Italy without any decisive result,
Octavian justified the worst suspicions of Cicero
by betraying the cause of which he had professed
himself the champion. He made terms with
Antony; and the two, together with Lepidus,
formed a coalition known as the Second ‘Trium-
virate. Each member of the coalition had to
make concessions, before an agreement was
reached ; and Octavian, to his eternal disgrace,
suffered Cicero to be sacrificed to the resentment
of Antony. He was killed near Caieta on De-
cember 7th, 43 n.c. He was within a month
of attaining his sixty-fourth year. His head and
the hand, with which he had written the attacks
on Antony, were cut off and hung upon the
rostrum in the Roman forum.

Introduction ll

II. Cicrro’s Works.

1. Rhetoric.

Cicero was unsuccessful as a statesman and
undistinguished as a general; but, as a man of
letters, he has had few equals in any age or
nation.

As an orator, he had no equal among his
countrymen, who could find no one to compare
with him except the most famous of all orators,
the Athenian Demosthenes. Many of his speeches,
delivered in the law-courts or in the Senate or
before the people, are still preserved and fully
justify his reputation as a speaker. He revised
and published these speeches himself; and he also
wrote a number of works, themselves models of
style, in which he dealt with the history or the
_ practice of Roman oratory.

2. Philosophy.

But he was not merely an orator: he was
a statesman, who played a prominent part in the
political life of his time; and he also cherished,
from youth to age, a keen interest in political and
moral philosophy. When he lost his position in
political life, he wrote a number of treatises on
political and philosophical subjects, in which the
questions are discussed in a style of wonderful
clearness and beauty. In these works his custom

12 ¢ Introduction

was to follow, more or less closely, some Greek
authority, and the treatment cannot be called
original or profound; but, when he is dealing
with subjects of universal interest, such as “ Old
Age” or “ Friendship ” or “'The Fear of Death,”
he makes the same kind of appeal to every reader
which Gray makes in his famous Elegy. If there
is little to startle or surprise, there is everywhere
beauty in the manner, and truth and nature in
the matter, of what is there said.

3. Letters.

But, even if all his speeches and all his
treatises had been lost, Cicero would still remain
the most interesting and the most intimately
known of all the personages of antiquity. He is
so, because of his correspondence, from which
some extracts are given in this book. Hither
for the public or to his friends he wrote with
astonishing ease and rapidity; and he carried
on a great correspondence with a large number
of friends. Nearly a thousand letters (including |
replies from his friends) have been preserved ; and
no part of ancient literature surpasses this corre-
spondence in interest and value.

These letters are, in the first place, of great
historical importance. They were written at a
period of peculiar interest, when the republican
constitution, under which Rome had conquered
the world, was finally breaking down, to give

Introduction 13

way to the Imperial form of government. During
the long and stormy period of transition, Cicero
was at the centre of affairs and intimately ac-
quainted with the chief actors on the scene,
whether statesmen or military leaders. His
private letters are our chief source of information
for all that took place in the contest between
Caesar and the Senate. And they are the more
valuable, because they were not intended for
publication and therefore tell us exactly what
was in the mind of the writer at the time when
he wrote. At one time Cicero had a plan of
preparing a collection of his letters for publica-
tion. If he had carried out this intention, he
would, to a large extent, have spoilt the historical
value of what he had written.

Secondly, although these letters were not
intended to rank as literature, they are a remark-
able instance of the power of literary charm.
Speaking of his house, Cicero says: “‘ the arrange-
ment of my books seems to have given it a soul” ;
and the same might well be said of his treatment
of public events in his letters. And politics is
only one of a hundred subjects over which he
ranges. The most ordinary topic is made alive
by an apt quotation, a graphic sketch, a humorous
or pathetic phrase.

There is much good literature in the form of
letters, and some of the best letter-writers have
been Englishmen. Yet Cicero is the father of

14 , Introduction

the art, and his letters may fairly be called
the best in the world. One competent critic
claims this rank for them and says of them:
“whether grave or gay, whether lively or severe,
they reflect the changing moods of a versatile,
ingenious, sensitive, subtle, powerful, and culti-
vated mind !.”

III. Crcero’s CorrEsPponDENTs.
(The names follow the order of the letters in this book. )
1. -Q. Cicero.

Quintus Tullius Cicero was about four years
younger than his more famous brother. ‘They
were educated together at Rome and went to
Athens together in 79 3.c. Quintus was aedile in
66 z.c. and praetor in 62, after which he governed
‘Asia till 58. He then served with distinction
under Caesar in Gaul and accompanied him to
Britain in 55 B.c. Four years later he served
under his brother in Cilicia. They returned
together to Italy and remained together during
the first part of the civil war. But after Phar-
salia (48 3.c.) Quintus behaved with incredible
baseness, trying to conciliate Caesar by calum-
niating his brother. ‘There was a complete recon-
ciliation later. Both brothers fell victims in the

1 H. Paul, Men and Letters, p.. 188.

Introduction 15

proscription by the Triumvirate in December
43 B.C.

Quintus was married to Pomponia, the sister
of Atticus. It appears that they were not a
happy couple.

2. Lentulus.

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, a noble,
was aedile in 63 and praetor in 60 B.c., after
which he governed Spain. He was consul in
57 n.c. and on his first day of office moved the
restoration of Cicero from exile. After his consul-
ship he governed Cilicia and hoped to enrich
himself by restoring to his throne Ptolemy, king
of Egypt, who, when expelled by his subjects, had
appealed for help to the Senate. There was
much intriguing at Rome in this matter. The
king was lavish with his bribes ; Pompey wished
to have the commission; the Senate invented
excuses to keep him out of it. Ptolemy was
eventually restored but not by either Lentulus
or Pompey. |

In the civil war Lentulus was an activ
partisan of the Senate. Taken prisoner by
Caesar at Corfinium and released by him, he
followed Pompey to Greece and, after the defeat
at Pharsalia, to Egypt. The date and circum-
stances of his death are unknown.

16 « Introduction

3. Caesar.

Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12th,
100 sc. He first attracted attention by his
defiance of Sulla. He served as quaestor in 68,
as aedile in 65, and as praetor in 62 8.c. A year
later he was for the first time at the head of
an army in Spain, and soon gained reputation
and wealth. He was elected to the consulship in
60 3.c. and held the office in the following year,
having previously formed the coalition with
Pompey and Crassus, which is known as_ the
First Triumvirate. The next nine years he spent
in a thorough conquest of Gaul. In January
49 z.c. he crossed the Rubicon, which divided his
province from Italy, to make war against the
Senate under Pompey. He drove Pompey from
Italy, conquered the army in Spain, and defeated
his enemies successively at Pharsalia (August 9th,
48 3.c.), Thapsus (April 6th, 46 3.c.), and Munda
(March 17th, 45 2.c.). In the intervals between
these campaigns he re-organised the whole Roman
state. From April Ist, 49 B.c., his power at Rome
was absolute. He was stabbed by a band of con-
spirators in the Senate-house at Rome on March
15th, 44 z.c.

Caesar’s character has been much discussed :
some attribute all his actions to selfish ambition,
others to a noble patriotism. At least it is
certain, that he excelled other men both as

Introduction 17

general and statesman, and also that he was a
man of most generous and humane disposition,
and a good friend to Cicero.

4. T'rebatius.

Gaius Trebatius Testa was a learned lawyer
whom Cicero induced to go to Gaul in 55 B.c.,
that he might advance his fortunes by the favour
of Caesar, who was then governor of the province.
Trebatius seems to have grumbled at the dis-
comforts of life in Gaul, and declined to join
the expedition to Britain. In the civil war he
followed Caesar’s fortunes. He survived his great
contemporaries; for we find Horace addressing
him in a poem (Satires ii 1, 4) written about
30 B.C.

Cicero’s letters to Trebatius are very affection-
ate, but one may guess that he liked him more
than he respected him.

5. Curio.

Gaius Scribonius Curio was a man of great
ability but no principles. Cicero, who had known
his father, recognised his powers and gave him
much good advice to no purpose. Curio, after
serving with credit as aedile in Asia, was tribune
in the year 50. He professed to be on the side of
Pompey; but Caesar bought his services for an
immense bribe and found in him an able and

D. . 2

18 Introduction

unscrupulous agent. In the civil war he led an
army and gained Sicily for Caesar, but, crossing
over to Africa, was defeated and killed, fighting
bravely to the last.

6. Marius.

Marcus Marius is known only from Cicero’s
letters. He was an invalid, who resided con-
stantly on his estate at Pompeii, where Cicero
also had a house. He agreed in politics with
Cicero ; and they had the same intellectual tastes.

T. Atticus.

Titus Pomponius Atticus, Cicero’s bosom
friend and most constant correspondent, was born
in 109 2.c., migrated to Athens in 88, and re-
turned to Rome in 65. After that time he lived
partly in Greece, and partly in Italy. He took
no part in politics and was friendly with men
of all views. He made money in various ways—
as a banker, as a speculator in gladiators, and as
a publisher. Cicero relied upon his advice in
politics, consulted him in all money matters, and
confided to him his domestic worries. It is an
unpleasant fact that after Cicero’s death Atticus
remained on friendly terms with both Antony and
Octavian. His grand-daughter became the wife
of the emperor Tiberius. He ended his life by

voluntary starvation in 82 B.c. .

Introduction 19

8. Caelius.

Marcus Caelius Rufus was born in 82 8.c. In
his character and career he resembles Curio in
many ways. Caelius also was able and eloquent
but had the same faults of character. He served
as tribune in 52 B.c. and was active in opposition
to Pompey. When Cicero went to govern Cilicia
in 51 s.c., Caelius sent him regular accounts,
which are still extant, of political events at Rome.
He constantly asks Cicero to provide him with
panthers, to be exhibited at the shows which
he had to give as aedile. When civil war broke
out, he changed his politics and joined Caesar,
solely because he was determined to be on the
winning side. So long as he was useful, Caesar
employed and rewarded him. But he became
discontented and tried to raise a revolt in Italy
against Caesar. He was put to death by some
soldiers near Thurii in 48 B.c.

|9. Tiro.

Marcus Tullius Tiro was a freedman of Cicero.
He served his master in all literary matters with
zeal and skill, and was regarded with great
affection by all Cicero’s family. He had weak
health and yet lived to his hundredth year. He
was an author of some repute; but his chief claim
to our gratitude is, that we probably owe to him
the preservation of Cicero’s letters.

2—2

20 « Introduction

10. Varro.

Marcus 'Terentius Varro, the most learned of
the Romans, was born in 116 B.c., and went
through the usual succession of offices. When the
civil war broke out, he was in command of one of
Pompey’s armies in Spain. Defeated there, he
joined Pompey’s headquarters in Greece and was
with Cicero at Dyrrhachium at the time of
Pharsalia. Caesar pardoned him readily and
made him librarian of the new library on the
Palatine. He was proscribed, together with
Cicero, in 43 B.c., but saved his life by conceal-
ment and survived till 28 B.c.

He was an unwearied student and_ scholar,
whose criticism even Cicero feared, and a volu-
minous writer; but nearly all his writings are
lost.

11. Caecina.

Aulus Caecina belonged to an ancient Etruscan
family. He fought on Pompey’s side and also
published a libellous work against Caesar. He
was therefore forbidden to return to Italy. He
then wrote another work, called Querellae, by
which he hoped to make his peace with Caesar ;
but it seems that he was disappointed.

Cicero says that Caecina had learnt the
Etruscan science of augury from his father; and
it is known that he wrote a book.on the subject.

Introduction 21

12. Servius.

Servius Sulpicius Rufus, born in 105. .,.c.,
early devoted himself to the study of law and
oratory. He became a very learned lawyer ; and,
as an advocate in the courts, he was Cicero’s chief
rival. He filled the usual offices and was consul
in 51 s.c. In the civil war he left Rome, but
declined to leave Italy, with Pompey; meanwhile
his son was serving in Caesar’s army. He attended
Caesar’s meeting of the Senate on April Ist, 49 3.c.,
which Cicero refused to attend. In 46 B.c. he
was governor, by Caesar’s appointment, of the
province of Achaia or Greece. In January, 43 B.c.,
he died, while on an embassy to Antony, who was
then encamped before the walls of Mutina.

13. Matius.

Gaius Matius Calvena is known only from
Cicero’s letters. He was one of Caesar’s most
intimate friends, but took no active part in
politics or in the civil war. After Caesar’s death
he had the courage to deplore the loss of his
friend and to express his opinion of the conduct
of the conspirators.

Matius writes with a manliness and frankness
which are not common in these letters.

14. D. Brutus.

Decimus Junius Brutus (who must not be
confused with Marcus Brutus) served under Caesar

22 « Introduction

in Gaul and also in the civil war. Caesar treated
him with special distinction, making him praetor
and governor of Cisalpine Gaul for 44 B.c., and
promising him the consulship for 42 B.c. Yet
Brutus betrayed his benefactor and was one of
those who stabbed him. He then went to his
province of Cisalpine Gaul, where he defended
himself against Antony for many months, ap-
plauded and encouraged by Cicero. But when
he was threatened by Antony on one side and
Octavian on the other, he tried to cross over to
Macedonia, where Marcus Brutus was, but was put
to death by Antony’s order in 43 B.c.

15. T'rebonius.

Gaius Trebonius, quaestor in 60 B.c. and
tribune in 55, served under Caesar in Gaul and
remained there during the first period of the
civil war. In 48 B.c. he was praetor at Rome
and did good service in suppressing the wild
schemes of Caelius. In October, 45 z.c., he was
appointed consul by Caesar, with the province
of Asia in the following year. Yet he took part
in the conspiracy against Caesar; and the duty
assigned to him was to keep Antony away from
the scene of the murder. He afterwards withdrew
secretly to his province of Asia. In February,
43 x.c., he was treacherously murdered by Dola-
bella at Smyrna.

LETTER 1 (ad Q. fr. i 2, 15 and 16).

The letter, from which this is an extract, was written
on October 26, 59 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his brother
(Juintus (see p. 14) then governor of Asia.

The First Triumvirate (see p. 5) were now masters of

the state, and all opposition to them was suppressed by
violence.

Cicero first describes a scene of the kind, and then
refers to the attacks of Clodius upon himself, which he
thinks will fail. He was mistaken; for he was driven
into exile just six months later (see p. 6).

Nunc ea cognosce quae maxime exoptas. Rem
publicam funditus amisimus, adeo ut Cato, adule-
scens nullius consilii sed tamen civis Romanus et
Cato, vix vivus effugerit, quod, cum Gabinium de
ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus
aliquot adiri possent, in contionem escendit et
’ Pompeium ‘privatum dictatorem’ appellavit. Pro-
pius nihil est factum quam ut occideretur. Ex
hoe qui sit status totius rei publicae videre potes.

Nostrae tamen causae non videntur homines de-
futuri; mirandum in modum profitentur, offerunt
se, pollicentur. Equidem cum spe sum maxima,
tum maiore etiam animo: spe, superiores fore nos,
animo, ut in hac re publica ne casum quidem
ullum pertimescam. Sed tamen se res sic habet:

wn

15

20

25

30

24 . Condition of politics at Rome

si diem nobis dixerit, tota Italia concurret, ut
multiplicata gloria discedamus; sin autem vi agere
conabitur, spero fore studiis non solum amicorum
sed etiam alienorum ut vi resistamus. Omnes et
se et suos amicos, clientes, libertos, servos, pecunias
denique suas pollicentur. Nostra antiqua manus
bonorum ardet studio nostri atque amore. Si
qui antea aut alieniores fuerant aut languidiores,
nunc horum regum odio se cum bonis coniungunt.
Pompeius omnia pollicetur et Caesar; quibus ego
ita credo ut nihil de mea comparatione deminuam.
Tribuni plebis designati sunt nobis amici; consules
se optime ostendunt; praetores habemus amicis-
simos et acerrimos cives, Domitium, Nigidium,
Memmium, Lentulum; bonos etiam alios, hos
singulares. Quare magnum fac animum habeas
et spem bonam. De singulis tamen rebus quae
cotidie gerantur faciam te crebro certiorem.

LETTER 2 (ad fam. xiv 1).

This letter was written on November 27, 58 B.c., by
Cicero to his wife Terentia at Rome.

He had been seven months in exile (see p. 6). He
went first to Thessalonica in the province of Macedonia
where he met with great kindness from Plancius, the
quaestor; and the first part of the letter was written
there; the postscript was added at Dyrrhachium on the
east coast of the Adriatic.

Cicero laments his exile and praises his wife for her
courageous exertions. He expresses some hope of re-
storation and deplores his financial position.

Cicero in exile 25

Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium
perfertur ad me incredibilem tuam virtutem et
fortitudinem esse, teque nec animi neque corporis
laboribus defetigari. Me miserum! te ista virtute,
fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas
propter me incidisse, Tulliolamque nostram, ex
quo patre tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo
tantos percipere luctus! Nam quid ego de
Cicerone dicam? qui, cum primum sapere coepit,
acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae
si, tu ut scribis, ‘fato facta’ putarem, ferrem
paulo facilius; sed omnia sunt mea culpa com-
missa, qui ab iis me amari putabam qui invide-
bant, eos non sequebar qui petebant.

Quod si nostris consiliis usi essemus neque
apud nos tantum valuisset sermo aut stultorum
amicorum aut improborum, beatissimi viveremus.
Nune quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo
operam ne mea valetudo tuo labori desit. Res
quanta sit intellego quantoque fuerit facilius
manere domi quam redire; sed tamen si omnes
tribunos plebis habemus, si Lentulum tam studio-
sum quam videtur, si vero etiam Pompeium et
Caesarem, non est desperandum.

De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis,
faciemus. De loco nunc quidem iam abiit pesti-
lentia, sed quamdiu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius,
homo officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc
retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in
Epiro, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet; sperat posse

30

26 « Cicero in eaile

fieri ut mecum in Italiam decedat. Quem ego
diem si videro et si in vestrum complexum venero
ac si et vos et me ipsum reciperaro, satis magnum
mihi fructum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis

35 et meae.

Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnes nos
tantus est, ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res
ei voluptati sit! gloriae quidem video fore. De
Quinto fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum

40 praesertim tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunc-
tissimos. Quibus me voluisti agere gratias egi et
me a te certiorem factum esse scripsi.

Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum
vendituram, quid, obsecro te, me miserum! quid

45 futurum est? et si nos premet eadem fortuna,
quid puero misero fiet? Non queo reliqua
scribere; tanta vis lacrimarum est; neque te in
eundem fletum adducam; tantum scribo: si erunt
in officio amici, pecunia non deerit; si non erunt,

50 tu efficere tua pecunia non poteris. Per fortunas
miseras nostras, vide ne puerum perditum per-
damus; cui si aliquid erit ne egeat, mediocri
virtute opus est et mediocri fortuna ut cetera
consequatur.

55 Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut
sclam quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Tulliolae
et Ciceroni salutem dic. Valete. D. a. d. vi K.
Decembr. Dyrrhachii.

Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est

6oet in me officiosa et proxima Italiae; sed si

The. case of King Ptolemy oF

offendet me loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad
te scribam.

LETTER 3 (ad fam. i 56).

This letter and the next were written in February,
56 3B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Lentulus (see p. 15),
governor of Cilicia.

Lentulus, as consul in 57 B.c., had taken active steps
for Cicero’s restoration from exile. Though Cicero found
it impossible to oppose the triumvirate openly, yet he is
willing to speak frankly of Pompey in a private letter.

Cicero says that Pompey has become so unpopular at
Rome that he has apparently given up his project of
restoring King Ptolemy (see p. 15). Cicero will use
every effort to further Lentulus’ wishes in this matter.

Hic quae agantur quaeque acta sint, ea te et
litteris multorum et nuntiis cognosse arbitror ;
quae autem posita sunt in coniectura quaeque
videntur fore, ea puto tibi a me scribi oportere.
Postea quam Pompeius et apud populum a. d. virr 5
Idus Februarias, cum pro Milone diceret, clamore
convicioque iactatus est, in senatuque a Catone
aspere et acerbe inimicorum magno silentio est
accusatus, visus est mihi vehementer esse pertur-
batus. Itaque Alexandrina causa, quae nobis ro
adhuc integra est (nihil enim tibi detraxit senatus
nisi id, quod per eandem religionem dari alteri
non potest), videtur ab illo plane esse deposita.

Nunc id speramus idque molimur, ut rex, cum
intellegat sese, quod cogitabat, ut a Pompeio re- 15

28 « The case of King Ptolemy

ducatur, adsequi non posse et, nisi per te sit
restitutus, desertum se atque abiectum fore, pro-
ficiscatur ad te; quod sine ulla dubitatione, si
Pompeius paulum modo ostenderit sibi placere,
20 faciet; sed nosti hominis tarditatem et taciturni-
tatem. Nos tamen nihil, quod ad eam rem per-
tineat, praetermittimus. Ceteris iniuriis, quae
propositae sunt a Catone, facile, ut spero, resiste-
mus. Amicum ex consularibus neminem tibi esse
25 video praeter Hortensium et Lucullum; ceteri
sunt partim obscurius iniqui, partim non dissimu-
lanter irati. ‘Tu fac animo forti magnoque sis,
speresque fore ut fracto impetu levissimi hominis
tuam pristinam dignitatem et gloriam consequare.

LETTER 4 (ad fam. i 6).

Quae gerantur, accipies ex Pollione, qui omni-
bus negotiis non interfuit solum sed _praefuit.
Me in summo dolore, quem in tuis rebus capio,
maxime scilicet consolatur spes, quod valde sus-

5 picor fore ut infringatur hominum improbitas et
consiliis tuorum amicorum et ipsa die, quae de-
bilitat cogitationes et inimicorum et proditorum
tuorum.

Facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio

1o Meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in
rebus tuis; etsi minore in re violatur tua dignitas
quam mea afflicta est. Sed praesta te eum, qui
mihi ‘a teneris, ut Graeci dicunt,-‘ unguiculis’ es

Prwate affairs 29

cognitus; illustrabit, mihi crede, tuam amplitu-
dinem hominum iniuria. A me omnia summa in

te studia officiaque exspecta; non fallam opinionem
tuam.

LETTER 5 (ad Q. fr. 11 5. 2-4).

This letter was written on April 8, 56 B.c., by Cicero
at Rome to his brother Quintus (see p. 14) in Sardinia.

Cicero speaks of an interview with his nephew,
Quintus, who has been unwell; he reports on the pro-
gress of the houses, now building at Rome for his brother
and himself ; he outlines a visit to his country-houses, and
begs his brother to return as soon as possible.

A. d. vit Idus Apriles sponsalia Crassipedi
praebui. Huic convivio puer optimus, Quintus
tuus meusque, quod perleviter commotus fuerat,
defuit. A. d. vi Idus Apriles veni ad Quintum
eumque vidi plane integrum, multumque is mecum
sermonem habuit et perhumanum de discordiis
mulierum nostrarum. Quid quaeris ? nihil festivius.
Pomponia autem etiam de te questa est ; sed haec
coram agemus.

A puero ut discessi, in aream tuam veni.
Res agebatur multis structoribus. Longilium
redemptorem cohortatus sum. Fidem mihi facie-
bat se velle nobis placere. Domus erit egregia ;
magis enim cerni iam poterat quam quantum ex
forma iudicabamus; itemque nostra celeriter aedifi-
cabatur. Eo die cenavi apud Crassipedem; cenatus
in hortos ad Pompeium lectica latus sum, Luci

30 Private affairs

x

eum convenire non potueram quod afuerat; videre
autem volebam quod eram postridie Roma exiturus

20 et quod ille in Sardiniam iter habebat. Hominem
conveni et ab eo petivi ut quam primum te nobis
redderet. ‘Statim’ dixit. Erat autem iturus, ut
aiebat, a. d. m1 Id. April. ut aut Labrone aut
Pisis conscenderet. ‘Tu, mi frater, simul et ille

25 venerit, primam navigationem, dummodo idonea
tempestas sit, ne omiseris.

A. d. vi Idus April. ante lucem hance epistulam
conscripsi eramque in itinere ut eo die apud T.
Titium in Anagnino manerem, postridie autem in

30 Laterio cogitabam, inde, cum in Arpinati quinque
dies fuissem, ire in Pompeianum, rediens aspicere
Cumanum, ut, quoniam in Nonas Maias Miloni
dies prodicta est, pridie Nonas Romae_ essem
teque, mi carissime et suavissime frater, ad eam

35 diem, ut sperabam, viderem. Aedificationem
Arcani ad tuum adventum sustentari placebat.
Fac, mi frater, ut valeas quam primumque venias.

LETTER 6 (ad fam. vii 5).

This letter was written in February, 54 B.c., by Cicero
at Rome to Caesar (see p. 16), who was then in Gaul,
preparing for his second invasion of Britain.

Cicero asks Caesar to do all he can for Trebatius
(see p. 17), a Roman lawyer and an old friend of his,
who is going to Gaul to push his fortunes there; he
vouches for the good conduct and ability of Trebatius.

A letter of recommendation 31

Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me _ esse
alterum non modo in iis rebus, quae ad me
ipsum sed etiam in iis, quae ad meos pertinent.
C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque exirem, me-
cum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, beneficiis
quam ornatissimum domum reducerem; sed, postea
quam et Pompeii commoratio diuturnior erat quam
putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubi-
tatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur
aut certe tardare, (vide quid mihi sumpserim),
coepi velle ea Trebatium exspectare a te, quae
sperasset a me, neque mehercule minus ei prolixe
de tua voluntate promisi quam eram solitus de
mea polliceri.

Casus vero mirificus quidam intervenit quasi
vel testis opinionis meae vel sponsor humanitatis
tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Trebatio cum Balbo
nostro loquerer accuratius domi meae, litterae
mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scriptum
erat: ‘M. Fulvium, quem mihi commendas, vel
regem Galliae faciam ; vel hunc Leptae delega, si
vis, tu ad me alium mitte quem ornem.’ Sustu-
limus manus et ego et Balbus. Tanta fuit oppor-
tunitas, ut illud nescio quid non fortuitum sed
divinum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te Trebatium.

Hunc, mi Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate
complectare, ut omnia, quae per me possis adduci
ut in meos conferre velis, in unum hunc conferas.
De quo tibi homine haec spondeo, probiorem
hominem, meliorem virum, pudentiorem esse ne-

5

Io

_

5

20

30

35

40

wm

32 A letter of recommendation

minem ; accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit in iure
civili, singulari memoria, summa scientia. Huic
ego neque tribunatum neque praefecturam neque
ullius beneficii certum nomen peto, benevolentiam
tuam et liberalitatem peto, neque impedio quo
minus, si tibi ita placuerit, etiam his eum ornes
gloriolae insignibus; totum denique hominem tibi
ita trado, ‘de manu,’ ut aiunt, ‘in manum’ tuam
istam et victoria et fide praestantem. Cura ut
valeas, et me, ut amas, ama.

LETTER 7 (ad fam. vii 7).

This letter and the next were written in the autumn
of 54 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Trebatius, who was now
in Gaul with Caesar.

Cicero playfully advises Trebatius to return to Rome
at once, if Britain turns out as poor a prize as report
says; he tells Trebatius seriously that this is the chance
of his life. In the second letter he complains of getting
no news and repeats his advice to make use of the
opportunity.

Ego te commendare non desisto, sed quid pro-
ficiam ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo
in Balbo, ad quem de te diligentissime et saepis-
sime scribo. Illud soleo mirari, non me totiens
accipere tuas litteras, quotiens a Quinto mihi
fratre afferantur. In Britannia nihil esse audio
neque auri neque argenti. Id si ita est, essedum
aliquod capias suadeo et ad nos quamprimum
recurras.

Advice to Trebatius 33

Sin autem sine Britannia tamen assequi quod
volumus possumus, perfice ut sis in familiaribus
Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus,
multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et
labor plurimum. Imperatorem habes_liberalis-
simum, aetatem opportunissimam, commendatio-
nem certe singularem, ut tibi unum timendum
sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare.

7
LETTER 8 (ad fam. vii 9).

Iam diu ignoro quid agas; nihil enim scribis;
neque ego ad te his duobus mensibus scripseram.
Quod cum Quinto fratre meo non eras, quo mit-
terem aut cui darem nesciebam. Cupio scire quid
agas et ubi sis hiematurus; equidem velim cum
- Caesare, sed ad eum propter eius luctum nihil sum
ausus scribere; ad Balbum tamen scripsi.

Tu tibi deesse noli; serius potius ad nos, dum
plenior. Quod huc properes, nihil est. Sed tibi

consilium non deest. Quid constitueris, cupio
scire.

LETTER 9 (ad fam. ii 4).

This letter and the next were written in the summer
of 53 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his young friend Curio
(see p. 17), who was serving as quaestor in Asia.

10

wm

The political allusions refer to the position of the_

Triumvirate (see p. 5) still paramount at Rome.
Cicero says that the times are too serious for jesting

D. 3

34 . Advice to a young friend

and urges Curio to act as nobly in the future as he has
done up to the present time. In the second letter he
speaks still more strongly of the political situation.

Epistularum genera multa esse non ignoras,
sed unum illud certissimum, cuius causa inventa
res Ipsa est, ut certiores faceremus absentes, si
quid esset, quod eos scire aut nostra aut ipsorum

5 interesset. Huius generis litteras a me profecto
non exspectas; tuarum enim rerum domesticos
habes et scriptores et nuntios, in meis autem rebus
nihil est sane novi. Reliqua sunt epistularum
genera duo, quae me magnopere delectant, unum

10 familiare et iocosum, alterum severum et grave.
Utro me minus deceat uti, non intellego. Iocerne
tecum per litteras? Civem mehercule non puto
esse, qui temporibus his ridere possit. An gravius
aliquid scribam? Quid est quod possit graviter

15 a Cicerone scribi ad Curionem nisi de re publica ?
Atqui in hoc genere haec mea causa est, ut neque
ea, quae sentio, audeam neque ea, quae non
sentio, velim scribere.

Quamobrem, quoniam mihi nullum scribendi

20 argumentum relictum est, utar ea clausula, qua
soleo, teque ad studium summae laudis cohortabor.
Est enim tibi gravis adversaria constituta et parata,
incredibilis quaedam exspectatio; quam tu una re
facillime vinces, si hoc statueris, quarum laudum

25 gloriam adamaveris, quibus artibus eae laudes com-
parantur, in iis esse laborandum. In hanc senten-
tiam scriberem plura, nisi te tua sponte satis

Advice to a young friend 35

incitatum esse confiderem ; et hoc, quidquid attigi,
non feci inflammandi tui causa, sed testificandi
amoris mei.

LETTER 10 (ad fam. ii 5).

Haec negotia quomodo se habeant, ne epistula
quidem narrare audeo. ‘Tibi, etsi, ubicumque es,
ut scripsi ad te ante, in eadem es navi, tamen,
quod abes, gratulor, vel quia non vides ea quae
nos, vel quod excelso et illustri loco sita est laus
tua in plurimorum et sociorum et civium con-
spectu, quae ad nos nec obscuro nec vario sermone
sed et clarissima et una omnium voce perfertur.

Unum illud nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam,
quod mirabilis est exspectatio reditus tui, non quo
verear ne tua virtus opinioni hominum non respon-
deat, sed mehercule ne, cum veneris, non habeas
iam, quod cures; ita sunt omnia debilitata et iam
prope exstincta. Sed haec ipsa nescio rectene
sint litteris commissa; quare cetera cognosces ex
aliis. ‘Tu tamen, sive habes aliquam spem de re
publica sive desperas, ea para, meditare, cogita,
quae esse in eo civi ac viro debent, qui sit rem
publicam afflictam et oppressam miseris tempori-

30

bus ac perditis moribus in veterem dignitatem et 29

libertatem vindicaturus.

36. A glorious victory

LETTER 11 (ad fam. vii 2).

This letter was written early in 51 B.c., by Cicero at
Rome to Marius at his estate near Pompeii (see p. 18).

Cicero first promises to perform a commission for his
friend, and then expresses his great joy over the result of
Bursa’s trial.

Bursa, an active supporter of Clodius (see p. 6),
after the death of Clodius on January 17, 52 B.c., was .
prosecuted by Cicero and condemned for his part in the
riots which took place at the funeral.

Mandatum tuum curabo diligenter. Sed homo
acutus el mandasti potissimum, cui expediret illud
venire quam plurimo. Sed de ioco satis est. Tuum
negotium agam, sicuti debeo, diligenter.

5 De Bursa te gaudere certo scio; sed nimis
verecunde mihi gratularis; putas enim, ut scribis,
propter hominis sordes minus me magnam illam
laetitiam putare. Credas mihi velim magis me
iudicio hoc quam morte inimici laetatum. Primum

10 enim iudicio malo quam gladio, deinde gloria potius
amici quam calamitate ; imprimisque me delectavit
tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse contra
incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentis-
simi viri; postremo (vix verisimile fortasse vide-

15 atur) oderam multo peius hunc quam illum ipsum
Clodium.

Illum enim oppugnaram, hune defenderam; et
ille, cum omnis res publica in meo capite discrimen
esset habitura, magnum quiddam spectavit, nec

A glorious victory 37

sua sponte sed eorum auxilio, qui me stante stare 20
non poterant, hic simiolus animi causa me in quem
inveheretur delegerat, persuaseratque nonnullis
invidis meis se in me emissarium semper fore.
Quamobrem valde iubeo gaudere te. Magna res
gesta est. Nunquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt 25
quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes eius, a
quo ipsi lecti iudices erant, condemnare; quod
fecissent nunquam, nisi iis dolori meus fuisset
dolor.

Nos hic in multitudine et celebritate iudici- 30
orum et novis legibus ita distinemur ut cotidie
vota faciamus ne intercaletur, ut quamprimum
te videre possimus.

LETTER 12 (ad Att. v 1).

This letter was written in May, 51 B.c., by Cicero at
Minturnae to Atticus (see p. 18) at Rome. ‘!

Pomponia, the sister of Atticus, was the wife of
Cicero’s brother, Quintus; and Cicero gives a lively
description of a scene in which Pomponia showed bad
temper towards her husband. He suggests that Atticus
should remonstrate with his sister.

Ego vero et tuum in discessu vidi animum et
de meo sum ipse testis. Quo magis erit tibi
videndum ne quid novi decernatur, ut hoc
nostrum desiderium ne plus sit annuum.

Nunc venio ad transversum illum extremae 5
epistulae tuae versiculum, in quo me admones de

38. An ill-tempered wife |

sorore. Quae res se sic habet. Ut veni in
Arpinas, cum ad me frater venisset, imprimis
nobis sermo isque multus de. te fuit. Ex quo
10 ego veni ad ea quae fueramus ego et tu inter nos
de sorore in Tusculano locuti. Nihil tam vidi
mite, nihil tam placatum quam tum meus frater
erat in sororem tuam, ut, etiam si qua fuerat ex
ratione sumptus offensio, non appareret. Illo sic
15 die. Postridie ex Arpinati profecti sumus. Ut
in Arcano Quintus maneret dies fecit, ego Aquini,
sed prandimus in Arcano. Nosti hune fundum.
Quo ut venimus, humanissime Quintus ‘ Pomponia’
inquit ‘tu invita mulieres, ego viros accepero.’
20 Nihil potuit, mihi quidem ut visum est, dulcius
idque cum verbis tum etiam animo ac vultu. At
illa audientibus nobis ‘Ego ipsa sum’ inquit ‘ hic
hospita’: id autem ex eo, ut opinor, quod ante-
cesserat Statius ut prandium nobis videret. ‘Tum
25 Quintus ‘En’ inquit mihi ‘ haec ego patior cotidie.’
Dices ‘Quid, quaeso, istuc erat?’ Magnum;
itaque me ipsum commoverat; sic absurde et
aspere verbis vultuque responderat. Dissimulavi
dolens. Discubuimus omnes praeter illam, cui
30 tamen Quintus de mensa misit. Illa reiecit. Quid
multa? nihil meo fratre lenius, nihil asperius tua
sorore mihi visum est; et multa praetereo quae
tum mihi maiori stomacho quam ipsi Quinto
fuerunt. Ego inde Aquinum. Quintus in Arcano
35 remansit et Aquinum ad me postridie mane venit
mihique narravit nec secum illam dormire voluisse

Cicero on his way to his province 39

et, cum discessura esset, fuiisse eiusmodi qualem ego
vidissem. Quid quaeris? vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,
humanitatem ei meo iudicio illo die defuisse.

Haec ad te scripsi fortasse pluribus quam 40
necesse fuit, ut videres tuas quoque esse partes
instituendi et monendi. Reliquum est ut, ante
quam proficiscare, mandata nostra exhaurias, scri-
bas ad me omnia, Pomptinum extrudas, cum pro-
fectus eris, cures ut sciam, sic habeas nihil me- 45
hercule te mihi nec carius esse nec suavius.

LETTER 13 (ad Att. v 5).

This letter was written on May 15, 51 B.c., by Cicero
at Venusia to Atticus at Rome.

Cicero was on his way to Brundisium, to start from
there for his province of Cilicia (see p. 7).

Cicero says he has no news and will report later some
conversations he has had with Pompey. He begs Atticus
to write, and reminds him that a debt to Caesar must be
paid.

Plane deest quod scribam; nam nec quod man-
dem habeo (nihil enim praetermissum est), nec
quod narrem (novi enim nihil), nec iocandi locus
est; ita me multa sollicitant. Tantum tamen
scito, Idibus Maiis nos Venusia mane proficiscentes
has dedisse. Eo autem die credo aliquid actum
in senatu. Sequantur igitur nos tuae litterae
quibus non modo res omnes sed etiam rumores
cognoscamus. Eas accipiemus Brundisii; ibi enim

wn

|e)

15

20

5

10

40 Cicero on his way to his province

Pomptinum ad eam diem quam tu scripsisti ex-
spectare consilium est.

Nos Tarenti quos cum Pompeio sermones de
re publica habuerimus ad te perscribemus. Etsi
id ipsum scire cupio, quod ad tempus recte ad te
scribere possim, id est quamdiu Romae futurus
sis, ut aut quo dem posthac litteras sciam aut ne
dem frustra. Sed ante quam proficiscare, utique
explicatum sit illud HS. xx et pecc. Hoc velim
in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas, ut,
quod auctore te velle coepi, adiutore assequar.

LETTER 14 (ad fam. ii 11).

This letter was written on April 4, 50 B.c., by Cicero
at Laodicea in Asia to Caelius (see p. 19) at Rome.

Cicero devoutly hopes that the term of his government
of Cilicia will not be prolonged. He promises to supply
Caelius, if he can, with panthers for his shows at Rome.

Putaresne unquam accidere posse, ut mihi
verba deessent, neque solum ista vestra oratoria
sed haec etiam levia nostratia? Desunt autem
propter hance causam, quod mirifice sum sollicitus,
quidnam de provinciis decernatur. Mirum me
desiderium tenet urbis, incredibile meorum atque
imprimis tui, satietas autem provinciae, vel quia
videmur eam famam consecuti, ut non tam accessio
quaerenda quam fortuna metuenda sit, vel quia
totum negotium non est dignum viribus -nostris,

A letter from Cilicia 41

qui maiora onera in re publica sustinere et possim
et soleam, vel quia belli magni timor impendet,
quod videmur effugere, si ad constitutam diem
decedemus.

De pantheris per eos, qui venari solent, agitur
mandatu meo diligenter; sed mira paucitas est, et
eas, quae sunt, valde aiunt queri, quod nihil cui-
quam insidiarum in mea provincia nisi sibi fiat.
Itaque constituisse dicuntur in Cariam ex nostra
provincia decedere. Sed tamen sedulo fit et im-
primis a Patisco. Quidquid erit, tibi erit, sed
quid esset plane nesciebamus. Mihi mehercule
magnae curae est aedilitas tua; ipse dies me ad-
monebat; scripsi enim haec ipsis Megalensibus.
Tu velim ad me de omni rei publicae statu quam
diligentissime perscribas; ea enim certissima pu-
tabo, quae ex te cognovero.

LETTER 15 (ad fam. xvi 1).

This letter was written on November 3, 50 B.c., by
Cicero, on the return from his province to Italy, to Tiro
(see p. 19), whom he had left ill at Patrae on the
Corinthian gulf. |

Cicero expresses his great desire to have Tiro back
with him, but urges him to run no risks on the score of
health.

Paulo facilius putavi posse me ferre desiderium
tui, sed plane non fero, et, quamquam magni ad
honorem nostrum interest quamprimum ad urbem

_

5

42. A letter to an invalid

me venire, tamen peccasse mihi videor qui a te

5 discesserim ; sed quia tua voluntas ea videbatur
esse, ut prorsus nisi confirmato corpore nolles
navigare, approbavi tuum consilium, neque nunc
muto, si tu in eadem es sententia; sin autem,
postea quam cibum cepisti, videris tibi posse me

10 consequi, tuum consilium est. Marionem ad te
eo misi, ut aut tecum ad me quamprimum ve-
niret aut, si tu morarere, statim ad me rediret.

Tu autem hoc tibi persuade, si commodo vale-
tudinis tuae fieri possit, nihil me malle quam te

15 esse mecum; si autem intelleges opus esse te Patris
convalescendi causa paulum commorari, nihil me
malle quam te valere. 5i statim navigas, nos
Leucade consequere; sin te confirmare vis, et
comites et tempestates et navem idoneam ut

20 habeas diligenter videbis. Unum illud, mi Tiro,
videto, si me amas, ne te Marionis adventus et
hae litterae moveant. Quod valetudini tuae
maxime conducet si feceris, maxime obtemperaris
voluntati meae.

25 Haec pro tuo ingenio considera. Nos ita te
desideramus, ut amemus; amor ut valentem vide-
amus hortatur, desiderium ut quamprimum ; illud
igitur potius. Cura ergo potissimum ut valeas.
De tuis innumerabilibus in me officiis erit hoc

30 gratissimum.

Another letter to an imvalid 43

LETTER 16 (ad fam. xvi 11).

This letter was written on January 12, 49 B.c., by
Cicero near Rome to Tiro who was still detained at Patrae
by illness.

Cicero hopes that Tiro will make health his first
consideration and not attempt the journey before he is fit
for it. He then tells of the threatening attitude of Caesar
and of the measures taken by the Senate to repel Caesar's
invasion of the country.

Etsi opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus locis
desidero, tamen non tam mea quam tua causa
doleo te non valere; sed quoniam in quartanam
conversa vis est morbi (sic enim scribit Curius),
spero te diligentia adhibita iam firmiorem fore;
modo fac, id quod est humanitatis tuae, ne quid
aliud cures hoc tempore nisi ut quam commo-
dissime convalescas. Non ignoro quantum ex
desiderio labores; sed erunt omnia facilia, si
valebis. Festinare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam
suscipias aeger et periculose hieme naviges.

Ego ad urbem accessi pr. Non. Ian. Obviam
mihi sic est proditum, ut nihil possit fieri ornatius;
sed incidi in ipsam flammam civilis discordiae vel
potius belli. Cui cum cuperem mederi et, ut
arbitror, possem, cupiditates certorum hominum
(nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant)
impedimento mihi fuerunt. Omnino et ipse
Caesar, amicus noster, minaces ad senatum et

_

fe)

acerbas litteras miserat et erat adhuc impudens 20;

44s Civil war

qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret,
et Curio meus illum incitabat; Antonius quidem
noster et Q. Cassius nulla vi expulsi ad Caesarem
cum Curione profecti erant, postea quam senatus
25 consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis et nobis,
qui pro consulibus sumus, negotium dederat ut
curaremus ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet.
Nunquam maiore in periculo civitas fuit, nunquam
improbi cives habuerunt paratiorem ducem. Om-
3o nino ex hac quoque parte diligentissime compa-
ratur. Id fit auctoritate et studio Pompeii nostri,
qui Caesarem sero coepit timere.

Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens
flagitavit triumphum; sed Lentulus consul, quo
maius suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expe-
disset quae essent necessaria de re publica dixit
se relaturum. Nos agimus nihil cupide eoque est
nostra pluris auctoritas. Italiae regiones dis-
criptae sunt, quam quisque partem tueretur. Nos
4o Capuam sumpsimus.

Haec te scire volui. Tu etiam atque etiam
cura ut valeas litterasque ad me mittas, quotiens-
cumque habebis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale.

D. pr. Idus Ian.

3

wm

LETTER 17 (ad fam. xiv 14).

This letter was written on January 23, 49 B.c., by
Cicero at Minturnae to his wife and daughter at Rome.
The civil war had now begun. Caesar was marching
south with surprising speed at the head of his army ;

To two ladies shut up in Rome 45

Pompey was raising levies throughout Italy. Cicero had
undertaken to superintend the levy in Campania.

Cicero tells the ladies to consult Atticus and other
friends, whether it is safe and proper for them to remain
at Rome which can make no defence against Caesar.

Si vos valetis, nos valemus. Vestrum iam con-
silium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis facien-
dum. Si ille Romam modeste venturus est, recte
in praesentia domi esse potestis; sin homo amens
diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella
ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. Etiam illud metuo
ne iam intercludamur, ut, cum velitis exire, non
liceat. Reliquum est, quod ipsae optime con-
siderabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;
si enim non sunt, videndum est ut honeste vos
esse possitis. Quomodo quidem nunc se_ res
habet, modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat,
bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris praediis esse
poteritis.. Etiam illud verendum est ne _ brevi
tempore fames in urbe sit.

His de rebus velim cum Pomponio, cum
Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
ad summam animo forti sitis. Labienus rem
meliorem fecit ; adiuvat etiam Piso, quod ab urbe
discedit et sceleris condemnat generum suum. Vos,
meae carissimae animae, quam saepissime ad me
scribite et vos quid agatis et quid istic agatur.

Quintus pater et filius vobiss.d. Valete, vim Kal.
Minturnis.

15

20

46. Feeling in the country towns

LETTER 18 (ad Att. viii 13).

This letter was written on March 1, 49 B.c., by Cicero
at Formiae to Atticus who still remained at Rome. Terentia
and Tullia were now at Formiae, having left Rome on
February 2.

Caesar was now in full career of victory. On
February 24, he had taken Corfinium with many prisoners
and had surprised all Italy by his generous treatment of
them. He reached Brundisium at the head of 40,000 men
on March 4, and besieged Pompey and the consuls there till
they were forced to leave Italy on March 17. He then
returned to Rome.

Cicero expresses his anxiety for Pompey and remarks
on the change of feeling in Italy, so that Caesar, who was
once a bugbear, is now the popular hero.

Lippitudinis meae signum tibi sit librarii ma-
nus et eadem causa brevitatis; etsi nunc quidem
quod scriberem nihil erat. Omnis exspectatio
nostra erat in nuntiis Brundisinis. Si nactus hic

5 esset Gnaeum nostruim, spes dubia pacis, sin ille
ante transmisisset, exitiosi belli metus. Sed videsne
in quem hominem inciderit res publica, quam
acutum, quam vigilantem, quam paratum? Si
mehercule neminem occiderit nec cuiquam quid-

to quam ademerit, ab iis qui eum maxime timuerant
maxime diligetur.

Multum mecum municipales homines loquun-
tur, multum rusticani; nihil prorsus aliud curant
nisi agros, nisi villulas, nisi nummulos suos. Et

15 vide quam conversa res sit; illum quo antea con-

A declaration of policy 47

fidebant metuunt, hunc amant quem timebant.
Id quantis nostris peccatis vitiisque evenerit, non
possum sine molestia cogitare. Quae autem im-
pendere putarem, scripseram ad te et iam tuas
litteras exspectabam.

LETTER 19 (ad Att. ix 7c).

This letter was written about March 1, 49 B.c., by
Caesar, on his march, to his confidential agents Oppius
and Balbus at Rome. A copy was sent by them to Cicero.

The letter is a declaration of policy. Caesar does not
mean to imitate the example of Marius and Sulla who
massacred their own countrymen. He hopes still to
detach Pompey from his alliance with the senatorial

party.

Gaudeo mehercule vos significare litteris quam
valde probetis ea quae apud Corfinium sunt gesta.
Consilio vestro utar libenter et hoc libentius quod
mea sponte facere constitueram ut quam lenissi-
mum me praeberem et Pompeium darem operam
ut reconciliarem. ‘'Temptemus hoc modo si possi-
mus omnium voluntates reciperare et diuturna
victoria uti, quoniam reliqui crudelitate odium
effugere non potuerunt neque victoriam diutius
tenere praeter unum L. Sullam quem imitaturus
non sum. Haec nova sit ratio vincendi ut miseri-
cordia et liberalitate nos muniamus. Id quemad-
modum fieri possit, nonnulla mihi in mentem
veniunt et multa reperiri possunt. De his rebus
rogo vos ut cogitationem suscipiatis.

20

4

oO

15

20

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10

48 A letter from the conqueror

N. Magium Pompei praefectum deprehendi.
Scilicet meo instituto usus sum et eum statim
missum feci. Iam duo praefecti fabrum Pompei
in meam potestatem venerunt et a me missi sunt.
Si volent grati esse, debebunt Pompeium hortari
ut malit mihi esse amicus quam iis qui et illi et
mihi semper fuerunt inimicissimi, quorum artificiis
effectum est ut res publica in hunc statum per-
veniret.

LETTER 20 (ad Att. ix 16).

This letter was written on March 26, 49 B.c., by
Cicero at Formiae to Atticus at Rome.

Cicero now knew that Pompey had been driven from
Italy. He encloses a letter, in which Caesar thanked
Cicero for a complimentary letter and urged him to
return to Rome, whither Caesar was now on his way from
Brundisium.

Cum quod scriberem ad te nihil haberem,
tamen ne quem diem intermitterem has dedi
litteras. A. d. vr K. Caesarem Sinuessae man-
surum nuntiabant. Ab eo mihi litterae redditae
sunt a. d. vir K. Cum eius clementiam Corfinien-
sem illam per litteras collaudavissem, rescripsit
hoc exemplo:

‘Recte auguraris de me (bene enim tibi cognitus
sum) nihil a me abesse longius crudelitate. Atque
ego cum ex ipsa re magnam capio voluptatem, tum
meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio.
Neque illud me movet quod ii qui a me dimissi

Caesar and Cicero meet 49

sunt discessisse dicuntur ut mihi rursus bellum
inferrent. Nihil enim malo quam et me mei
similem esse et illos sui.

Tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis
consiliis atque opibus, ut consuevi, in omnibus
rebus utar. Dolabella tuo nihil scito mihi esse
iucundius. Nec ideo habebo gratiam illi; neque
enim aliter facere poterat. ‘Tanta eius humanitas,
is sensus, ea in me est benevolentia.’

LETTER 21 (ad Att. ix 18 § 1).

This letter was written on March 29, 49 B.c., by
Cicero at Arpinum to Atticus at Rome.

It describes how Caesar, at a personal interview,
pressed Cicero to come to Rome, and how Cicero, to
his credit, refused to comply (see p. 8).

Utrumque ex tuo consilio; nam et oratio fuit
ea nostra ut bene potius ille de nobis existimaret
quam gratias ageret, et in eo mansimus, ne ad
urbem. Illa fefellerunt facilem quod putaramus;
nihil vidi minus. Damnari se nostro iudicio, tar-
diores fore reliquos, si nos non venerimus, dicere.
Ego dissimilem illorum esse causam. Cum multa,
‘Veni igitur et age de pace.’ ‘Meone’ inquam
‘arbitratu?’ ‘An tibi’ inquit ‘ego praescribam ?
‘Sic’ inquam ‘agam, senatui non placere in His-
panias iri nec exercitus in Graeciam transportari,
multaque’ inquam ‘de Gnaeo deplorabo. Tum
ille, ‘Ego vero ista dici nolo. ‘Ita putabam’

D. 4

15

50 Caesar and Cicero meet

inquam; ‘sed ego eo nolo adesse, quod aut sic mihi
15 dicendum est multaque quae nullo modo possem

silere si adessem, aut non veniendum.’ Summa

fuit, ut ille quasi exitum quaerens, ‘ ut deliberarem.’

Non fuit negandum. Ita discessimus. Credo igitur

hunc me non amare. At ego me amavi, quod mihi
20 iampridem usu non venit.

LETTER 22 (ad fam. ix 1).

This letter was written in the year 46 B.c., by Cicero at
Rome to Varro, the great scholar and antiquary (see
p- 20).

The civil war was over. Pompey was dead; Caesar
had conquered his enemies in battle after battle ; Cicero
had found favour with Caesar and returned to Rome after
his long and miserable sojourn at Brundisium (see p. 8).

Varro had fought for the Senate in Spain but yielded to
Caesar after Pharsalia and easily made his peace with him.

Cicero expresses a hope that they will soon meet and
be able to forget political disasters over books, to which
he has now returned, having acted less wisely than Varro,
who never left them.

Ex us litteris, quas Atticus a te missas mihi
legit, quid ageres et ubi esses cognovi; quando
autem te visuri essemus, nihil sane ex isdem litteris
potui suspicari; in spem tamen venio appropinquare

5 tuum adventum; qui mihi utinam solacio sit! etsi
tot tantisque rebus urgemur, ut nullam alleva-
tionem quisquam non stultissimus sperare debeat;
sed tamen aut tu potes me aut ego te fortasse

aliqua re iuvare.

Cicero goes back to his books 51

Scito enim me, postea quam in urbem venerim,
redisse cum veteribus amicis, id est cum libris
nostris, in gratiam; etsi non idcirco eorum usum
dimiseram, quod iis suscenserem, sed quod eorum
me suppudebat; videbar enim mihi, cum me in res
turbulentissimas infidelissimis sociis demisissem,
praeceptis illorum non satis paruisse. Ignoscunt
mihi, revocant in consuetudinem pristinam, teque,
quod in eo permanseris, sapientiorem quam me
dicunt fuisse. Quamobrem, quoniam placatis iis
utor, videor sperare debere, si te viderim, et ea,
quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant, me facile
laturum. Quamobrem sive in Tusculano sive in
Cumano ad te placebit, sive, quod minime velim,
Romae, dummodo simul simus, perficiam profecto
ut id utrique nostrum commodissimum esse diiu-
dicetur.

LETTER 23 (ad fam. vii 3).

The letter, from which this is an extract, was written
in July, 46 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his friend Marius
(see p. 18), who was probably at his house near Pompeii.

Cicero recalls an interview he had with Marius in
May, 49 B.c., shortly before he sailed to join Pompey’s
army. He describes how he thought it right to leave
Italy and join Pompey, but also thought it right to give
up the struggle after Pharsalia.

Persaepe mihi cogitanti de communibus mi-
serlis, in quibus tot annos versamur et, ut video,

4—2

Io

—

5

20

52 Criticism of Pompey’s followers

versabimur, solet in mentem venire illius temporis,
quo proxime fuimus una; quin etiam ipsum diem
5 memoria teneo; nam a. d. mit Id. Mai. Lentulo et
Marcello consulibus, cum in Pompeianum vesperi
venissem, tu mihi sollicito animo praesto fuisti.
Sollicitum autem te habebat cogitatio cum officii
tum etiam periculi mei. Si manerem in Italia, vere-
10 bare ne officio deessem; si proficiscerer ad bellum,
periculum te meum commovebat. Quo tempore
vidisti profecto me quoque ita conturbatum ut non
explicarem quid esset optimum factu. Pudori
tamen malui famaeque cedere quam salutis meae
15 ratlonem ducere.

Cuius me mei facti paenituit non tam propter
periculum meum quam propter vitia multa, quae
ibi offendi quo veneram—primum neque magnas
copias neque bellicosas; deinde extra ducem pau-

20 cosque praeterea (de principibus loquor) reliqui
primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde in oratione
ita crudeles ut ipsam victoriam horrerem; maxi-
mum autem aes alienum amplissimorum virorum.
Quid quaeris? nihil boni praeter causam. Quae

25 cum vidissem, desperans victoriam primum coepi
suadere pacem, cuius fueram semper auctor; deinde,
cum ab ea sententia Pompeius valde abhorreret,
suadere institui ut bellum duceret. Hoc interdum
probabat et in ea sententia videbatur fore, et

30 fuisset fortasse, nisi quadam ex pugna coepisset
suis militibus confidere. Ex eo tempore vir ille
summus nullus imperator fuit: Signa tirone et

Cicero a true prophet 53

collecticio exercitu cum legionibus robustissimis
contulit ; victus turpissime amissis etiam castris
solus fugit. Hunc ego mihi belli finem feci, nec
putavi, cum integri pares non fuissemus, fractos
superiores fore.

LETTER 24 (ad fam. vi 6. 2-7).

This letter was written in the year 46 B.c., by Cicero at
Rome to Caecina (see p. 20) who was in exile.

Cicero prophesies that Caecina will soon be able to
return from exile and come back again to Italy. He
claims credit as a prophet, because he foretold accurately
the whole course of the civil war.

Cum me ex re publica expulissent ii, qui illam
cadere posse stante me non putarunt, memini me
ex multis hospitibus, qui ad me ex Asia, in qua
tu eras, venerant, audire, te de glorioso et celeri
reditu meo confirmare.

Si te ratio quaedam mira Tuscae disciplinae,
quam a patre, nobilissimo atque optimo viro,
acceperas, non fefellit, ne nos quidem nostra
divinatio fallet, quam cum sapientissimorum vi-
rorum monumentis atque praeceptis plurimoque,
ut tu scis, doctrinae studio, tum magno etiam usu
tractandae rei publicae magnaque nostrorum tem-
porum varietate consecuti sumus.

Cui quidem divinationi hoc plus confidimus,
quod ea nos nihil in his tam obscuris rebus tamque
perturbatis unquam omnino fefellit. Dicerem,

_

~~

1e)

5

54 Cicero a true prophet

x

quae ante futura dixissem, ni vererer ne ex eventis
fingere viderer. Sed tamen plurimi sunt testes me
et initio, ne coniungeret se cum Caesare, monuisse
20 Pompeium, et postea, ne selungeret. Coniunctione
frangi senatus opes, diiunctione civile bellum ex-
citar1 videbam. Atque utebar familiarissime
Caesare, Pompeium faciebam plurimi, sed erat
meum consilium cum fidele Pompeio tum salutare
25 utrique.

(uae praeterea providerim praetereo; nolo enim
hunc, de me optime meritum, existimare ea me
suasisse Pompeio, quibus ille si paruisset, esset hic
quidem clarus in toga et princeps, sed tantas opes,

30 quantas nunc habet, non haberet. Eundum in
Hispaniam censui. Quod si fecisset, civile bellum
nullum omnino fuisset.

Victa est auctoritas mea non tam a Pompeio
(nam is movebatur) quam ab iis, qui duce Pompeio

35 freti peropportunam et rebus domesticis et cupidi-
tatibus suis illius belli victoriam fore putabant.
Susceptum bellum est quiescente me, depulsum ex
Italia manente me, quoad potui; sed valuit apud
me plus pudor meus quam timor; veritus sum

40 deesse Pompei saluti, cum ille aliquando non de-
fuisset meae. Itaque vel officio vel fama bonorum
vel pudore victus, ut in fabulis Amphiaraus, sic
ego ‘prudens et sciens ad pestem ante oculos
positam”’ sum profectus. Quo in bello nihil

45 adversi accidit non praedicente me. Quare,
quoniam, ut augures et astrologi solent, ego

A letter of consolation 55

quoque augur publicus ex meis superioribus prae-
dictis constitui apud te auctoritatem augurii et
divinationis meac, debebit habere fidem nostra
praedictio.

LETTER 25 (ad fam. iv 5).

This famous letter was written in April, 45 B.c., by
Servius (see p. 21) at Athens to Cicero at Astura, an
island on the coast of Latium, to which he had retired
after the death of his daughter, Tullia, in March.

Servius, formerly an adherent of Pompey, had been
appointed by Caesar to govern Greece. Yet the chief
consolation, which he urges upon Cicero throughout his
letter, is this: that, with the loss of liberty, life had
ceased to be worth living for Tullia or for any Roman.
He also points out that not men only, but cities also,
cease to be ; and he ends by saying that excessive grief is
unworthy of Cicero and would pain Tullia, if she could
know of it.

Postea quam mihi renuntiatum est de obitu
Tulliae, filiae tuae, sane quam, pro eo ac debui,
graviter molesteque tuli communemque eam calami-
tatem existimavi; qui, si istic adfuissem, neque tibi
defuissem coramque meum dolorem tibi decla-
rassem. tsi genus hoc consolationis miserum
atque acerbum est, propterea quia, per quos ea
confieri debet, propinquos ac familiares, 11 ipsi pari
molestia afficiuntur neque sine lacrimis multis id
conari possunt, uti magis ipsi videantur aliorum
consolatione indigere quam allis posse suum

50

wm

56: A tetter of consolation

officium praestare, tamen, quae in praesentia in-
mentem mihi venerunt, decrevi brevi ad te per-
scribere, non quo ea te fugere existimem, sed quod

15 forsitan dolore impeditus minus ea perspicias.

Quid est quod tantopere te commoveat tuus
dolor intestinus? Cogita, quemadmodum adhuc
fortuna nobiscum egerit; ea nobis erepta esse, quae
hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent,

20 patriam, honestatem, dignitatem, honores omnes.
Hoc uno incommodo addito quid ad dolorem
adiungi potuit? aut qui non in illis rebus exerci-
tatus animus callere iam debet atque omnia minoris
existimare ?

25 An illius vicem, cedo, doles? Quotiens in
eam cogitationem necesse est et tu veneris et nos
saepe incidimus, his temporibus non pessime cum
iis esse actum, quibus sine dolore licitum est
mortem cum vita commutare! Quid autem fuit

30 quod illam hoc tempore ad vivendum magno-
pere invitare posset? quae res, quae spes, quod
animi solacium? ut cum aliquo adulescente _pri-
mario coniuncta aetatem gereret? Licitum est
tibi, credo, pro tua dignitate ex hac iuventute

35 generum deligere, cuius fidei liberos tuos te tuto
committere putares. An ut ea liberos ex sese
pareret, quos cum florentes videret laetaretur, qui
rem a parente traditam per se tenere possent,
honores ordinatim petituri essent in re publica,

4oin amicorum negotiis libertate sua usuri? Quid
horum fuit quod non priusquam datum est ademp-

A letter of consolation 57

tum sit? At vero malum est liberos amittere.
Malum; nisi hoc peius sit, haec sufferre et perpeti.

Quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem
attulit, volo tibi commemorare, si forte eadeny res
tibi dolorem minuere possit. Ex Asia rediens cum
ab Aegina Megaram versus navigarem, coepi regi-
ones circumcirca prospicere. Post me erat Aegina,
ante me Megara, dextra Piraeus, sinistra Corinthus,
quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt,
nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent. Coepi

egomet mecum sic cogitare: ‘Hem! nos homunculi

indignamur, si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus
est, quorum vita brevior esse debet, cum uno loco
tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent? Visne tu
te, Servi, cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse
natum?’ Crede mihi, cogitatione ea non medio-
criter sum confirmatus. Hoc idem, si tibi videtur,
fac ante oculos tibi proponas. Modo uno tempore
tot viri clarissimi interierunt, de imperio populi
Romani tanta deminutio facta est, omnes pro-
vinciae conquassatae sunt; in unius mulierculae
animula si iactura facta est, tantopere commo-
veris? Quae si hoc tempore non diem suum
obisset, paucis post annis tamen ei moriendum
fuit, quoniam homo nata fuerat.

Etiam tu ab his rebus animum ac cogita-
tionem tuam avoca, atque ea potius reminiscere,
quae digna tua persona sunt, illam, quamdiu ei
opus fuerit, vixisse, una cum re publica fuisse, te,
patrem suum, praetorem, consulem, augurem vi-

45

60

65

58 A letter of consolation

disse, adulescentibus primariis nuptam fuisse,
omnibus bonis prope perfunctam esse, cum res
publica occideret, vita excessisse. Quid est quod
75 tu aut illa cum fortuna hoc nomine queri possitis ?
Denique noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse et eum,
qui aliis consueveris praecipere et dare consilium,
neque imitare malos medicos, qui in alienis morbis
profitentur tenere se medicinae scientiam, ipsi se
80 curare non possunt, sed potius, quae aliis tute
praecipere soles, ea tute tibi subice atque apud
animum propone.
Nullus dolor est, quem non longinquitas tem-
poris minuat ac molliat. Hoc te exspectare tem-
85 pus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te
occurrere. Quod si qui etiam inferis sensus est,
qui illius in te amor fuit pietasque in omnes suos,
hoe certe illa te facere non vult. Da hoc illi
mortuae, da ceteris amicis ac familiaribus, qui tuo
go dolore maerent, da patriae, ut, si qua in re opus
sit, opera et consilio tuo uti possit.

LETTER 26 (ad fam. iv 6).

This letter was written in April, 45 B.c., by Cicero in
reply to the preceding letter from Servius.

Cicero expresses gratitude for the letter of consolation
and for the sympathy shown to him by the son of Servius.
He points out that his loss is the more grievous, because
he cannot forget his private sorrow in the activity of public
life, which has ceased to exist under the despotism of
Caesar. He ends with a wish to see Servius back in Italy.

and the reply 59

Ego vero, Servi, vellem, ut scribis, in meo
gravissimo casu adfuisses; quantum enim praesens
me adiuvare potueris et consolando et prope aeque
dolendo, facile ex eo intellego, quod litteris lectis
aliquantum acquievi. Nam et ea scripsisti, quae
levare luctum possent, et in me consolando non
mediocrem ipse animi dolorem adhibuisti. Servius
tamen tuus omnibus officiis, quae illi tempori
tribui potuerunt, declaravit et quanti ipse me
faceret et quam suum talem erga me animum tibi
gratum putaret fore. Cuius officia iucundiora
scilicet saepe mihi fuerunt, nunquam tamen gra-
tiora. Me autem non oratio tua solum et societas
paene aegritudinis sed etiam auctoritas consolatur;
turpe enim esse existimo me non ita ferre casum
meum, ut tu tali sapientia praeditus ferendum
putas. Sed opprimor interdum et vix resisto
dolori, quod ea me solacia deficiunt, quae ceteris,
quorum mihi exempla propono, simili in fortuna
non defuerunt. Nam et Q. Maximus, qui filium
consularem, clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis,
amisit, et L. Paullus, qui duo septem diebus, et
vester Gaius, et M. Cato, qui summo ingenio,
summa virtute filium perdidit, iis temporibus
fuerunt, ut eorum luctum ipsorum dignitas conso-
laretur ea, quam ex re publica consequebantur.

Mihi autem amissis ornamentis iis, quae ipse
commemoras, quaeque eram maximis laboribus
adeptus, unum manebat illud solacium, quod
ereptum est. Non amicorum negotiis, non rei

30

55

40

45

55

60: Reply to a letter of consolation

publicae procuratione impediebantur cogitationes
meae, nihil in foro agere libebat, aspicere curiam
non poteram, existimabam, id quod erat, omnes
me et industriae meae fructus et fortunae perdi-
disse. Sed, cum cogitarem haec mihi tecum et
cum quibusdam esse communia, et cum frangerem
iam ipse me cogeremque illa ferre toleranter,
habebam quo confugerem, ubi conquiescerem,
culus in sermone et suavitate omnes curas dolor-
esque deponerem. Nunc autem hoc tam gravi
vulnere etiam illa, quae consanuisse videbantur,
recrudescunt ; non enim, ut tum me a re publica
maestum domus excipiebat, quae levaret, sic nunc
domo maerens ad rem publicam confugere possum,
ut in eius bonis acquiescam. Itaque et domo
absum et foro, quod nec eum dolorem, quem de re
publica capio, domus iam consolari potest nec
domesticum res publica.

Quo magis te exspecto teque videre quam-

o primum cupio; maius mihi solacium afferre ratio

nulla potest quam coniunctio consuetudinis ser-
monumque nostrorum; quamquam sperabam tuum
adventum (sic enim audiebam) appropinquare.
Ego autem cum multis de causis te exopto quam-
primum videre, tum etiam ut ante commentemur
inter nos, qua ratione nobis traducendum sit hoc
tempus, quod est totum ad unius voluntatem ac-
commodandum et prudentis et liberalis et, ut
perspexisse videor, nec a me alieni et tibi ami-

60 Cissimi. Quod cum ita sit, magnae tamen est

A friend of Caesar’s defends himself 61

deliberationis, quae ratio sit ineunda nobis non
agendi aliquid sed illius concessu et beneficio
quiescendi. Vale.

LETTER 27 (ad fam. xi 28).

This letter was written at the end of May, 44 B.c., by
Matius (see p. 21) at Rome to Cicero.

Caesar had been murdered two months earlier. Matius,
an intimate friend of Caesar’s, had promised to preside at
games which Octavian was to give in Caesar’s memory.
He writes to Cicero to justify himself for this promise.

Matius expresses pleasure in Cicero’s good opinion ; he
defends his resentment against Caesar’s murderers, and
says he never used his friendship with Caesar for selfish
objects. He denies the want of patriotic feeling imputed
to him, and resents the attempt to interfere with his
private friendships, an attempt which Caesar had never
made.

Magnam voluptatem ex tuis litteris cepi, quod
quam speraram atque optaram habere te de me
opinionem cognovi; de qua etsi non dubitabam,
tamen, quia maximi aestimabam, ut incorrupta
maneret laborabam. Conscius autem mihi eram
nihil a me commissum esse quod boni cuiusquam
offenderet animum. Eo minus credebam plurimis
atque optimis artibus ornato tibi temere quicquam
persuaderi potuisse, praesertim in quem mea pro-
pensa et perpetua fuisset atque esset benevolentia.
Quod quoniam ut volui scio esse, respondebo crimi-
nibus, quibus tu pro me, ut par erat tua singulari
bonitate et amicitia nostra, saepe restitisti,

wm

62. A friend of Caesar's defends himself

Nota enim mihi sunt quae in me post Caesaris

15 mortem contulerint. Vitio mihi dant quod mor-
tem hominis necessaril graviter fero atque eum
quem dilexi perisse indignor; aiunt enim patriam
amicitiae praeponendam esse, proinde ac si iam
vicerint obitum eius rei publicae fuisse utilem.

20 Sed non agam astute; fateor me ad istum gradum
sapientiae non pervenisse ; neque enim Caesarem in
dissensione civili sum secutus sed amicum; quam-
quam re offendebar, tamen non deserui, neque
bellum unquam civile aut etiam causam dissen-

25 sionis probavi, quam etiam nascentem exstingul
summe studui. Itaque in victoria hominis necessaril
neque honoris neque pecuniae dulcedine sum cap-
tus, quibus praemiis reliqui, minus apud eum
quam ego cum possent, immoderate sunt abusi.

30 Atque etiam res familiaris mea lege Caesaris de-
minuta est, cuius beneficio plerique, qui Caesaris
morte laetantur, remanserunt in civitate. Civibus
victis ut parceretur aeque ac pro mea _ salute
laboravi.

35 Possum igitur, qui omnes voluerim incolumes,
eum, a quo id impetratum est, perisse non indig-
nari? cum praesertim idem homines illi et invidiae
et exitio fuerint. ‘ Plecteris ergo,’ inquiunt ‘ quo-
niam factum nostrum improbare audes.’ O super-

40 biam inauditam, alios in facinore gloriari, aliis ne
dolere quidem impunite licere! At haec etiam
servis semper libera fuerunt, ut timerent, gaude-
rent, dolerent suo potius quam alterius arbitrio ;

A friend of Caesar's defends himself 63

quae nunc, ut quidem isti dictitant, ‘libertatis

auctores’ metu nobis extorquere conantur.

Sed nihil agunt; nullius unquam periculi ter-
roribus ab officio aut ab humanitate desciscam;
nunquam enim honestam mortem fugiendam,
saepe etiam oppetendam putavi. Sed quid mihi
suscensent, si id opto ut paeniteat eos sui facti?
Cupio enim Caesaris mortem omnibus esse acerbam.

At debeo pro civili parte rem publicam velle
salvam. Id quidem me cupere, nisi et ante acta
vita et reliqua mea spes tacente me probat, dicendo
vincere non postulo. Quare maiorem in modum te
rogo ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, mihique, si
sentis expedire recte fieri, credas nullam commu-
nionem cum improbis esse posse. An quod adu-
lescens praestiti, cum etiam errare cum excusatione
possem, id nunc aetate praecipitata commutem ac
me ipse retexam? Non faciam, neque quod displi-
ceat committam, praeterquam quod hominis mihi
coniunctissimi ac viri amplissimi doleo gravem
casum. Quod si aliter essem animatus, nunquam
quod facerem negarem, ne et in peccando improbus
et in dissimulando timidus ac vanus existimarer.

At ludos, quos Caesaris victoriae Caesar adu-
lescens fecit, curavi. At id ad privatum officium,
non ad statum rei publicae pertinet ; quod tamen
munus et hominis amicissimi memoriae atque
honoribus praestare etiam mortui debui, et opti-
mae spei adulescenti ac dignissimo Caesare petenti
negare non potui.

45

55

60

65

75

80

85

64 <A friend of Caesar's defends himself

Veni etiam consulis Antonii domum saepe salu-
tandi causa. Ad quem, qui me parum patriae
amantem esse existimant, rogandi quidem aliquid
aut auferendi causa frequentes ventitare reperies.
Sed quae haec est arrogantia, quod Caesar nun-
quam interpellavit quin quibus vellem atque etiam
quos ipse non diligebat tamen iis uterer, eos qui
mihi amicum eripuerunt carpendo me efficere co-
nari ne quos velim diligam ?

Sed non vereor ne aut meae vitae modestia
parum valitura sit in posterum contra falsos ru-
mores, aut ne etiam li, qui me non amant propter
meam in Caesarem constantiam, non malint mei
quam sui similes amicos habere.

LETTER 28 (ad fam. xi 5).

This letter was written in December, 44 8.c., by Cicero
at Rome to Decimus Brutus (see p. 21) in Cisalpine Gaul.

Brutus, who had been appointed by Caesar to govern
this province, had gone there after Caesar’s death and was
now in the town of Mutina, trying to keep out Antony,
who claimed the province for himself. |

Cicero explains that he has now come to Rome and
heard about Brutus from Pansa, the consul-designate.
He urges Brutus to play the man against Antony and to
be faithful to the cause of the Senate. Cicero promises
to support him to the utmost of his power.

Lupus familiaris noster cum a te venisset cum-
que Romae quosdam dies commoraretur, ego eram
in iis locis in quibus maxime tuto me esse arbitra-

The struggle with Antony 65

bar. Eo factum est ut ad te Lupus sine meis
litteris rediret, cum tamen curasset tuas ad me
perferendas. Romam autem veni a. d. v Idus Dec.,
nec habui quidquam antiquius quam ut Pansam
statim convenirem ; ex quo ea de te cognovi quae
maxime optabam.

Quare hortatione tu quidem non eges, si ne
in illa quidem re, quae a te gesta est post homi-
num memoriam maxima, hortatorem desiderasti.
Illud tamen breviter significandum videtur, popu-
lum Romanum omnia a te exspectare atque in
te aliquando reciperandae libertatis omnem spem
ponere. ‘Tu si dies noctesque memineris, quod
te facere certo scio, quantam rem gesseris, non
obliviscere profecto quantae tibi etiam nunc
gerendae sint. Si enim iste provinciam nactus
erit, cui quidem ego semper amicus fui, ante quam
illum intellexi non modo aperte sed etiam libenter
cum re publica bellum gerere, spem reliquam
nullam video salutis.

Quamobrem te obsecro iisdem precibus quibus
senatus populusque Romanus, ut in perpetuum rem
publicam dominatu regio liberes, ut principiis con-
sentiant exitus. Tuum est hoc munus, tuae partes,
a te hoc civitas vel omnes potius gentes non ex-
spectant solum sed etiam postulant. Quamquam,
cum hortatione non egeas, ut supra scripsi, non
utar ea pluribus verbis, faciam illud, quod meum
est, ut tibi omnia mea officia, studia, curas, cogi-
tationes pollicear, quae ad tuam laudem et gloriam

D. 5

5

20

25

5

66 The struggle with Antony

pertinebunt. Quamobrem velim tibi ita persuadeas,
me cum rei publicae causa, quae mihi vita mea est
carior, tum quod tibi ipsi faveam tuamque digni-
tatem amplificari velim, me tuis optimis consiliis,
amplitudini, gloriae nullo loco defuturum.

LETTER 29 (ad fam. x 28).

This letter was written on February 2, 43 B.c., by Cicero
at Rome to Trebonius (see p. 22) in Asia. Trebonius was
dead before this letter could have reached him.

Since the beginning of the year Cicero had been
straining every nerve against Antony, making speeches
in the Senate and to the people, and writing letters to all
leaders at the head of armies, trying to keep them faithful
to the cause of the Senate. Antony was before Mutina in
Cisalpine Gaul; and Octavian with Hirtius, one of the
consuls, was gone in pursuit of him. ‘The first battle was
fought on April 15.

Cicero gently reproaches Trebonius for not putting an
end to Antony together with Caesar. He describes a
meeting of the Senate, at which he spoke, on December 20,
44 B,c. ; he gives a brief account of the state of affairs.

Quam vellem ad illas pulcherrimas epulas me
Idibus Martiis invitasses! reliquiarum nihil habe-
remus. At nunc cum iis tantum negotil est, ut
vestrum illud divinum in rem publicam beneficium

5 nonnullam habeat querellam. Quod vero a te, viro

optimo, seductus est tuoque beneficio adhuc vivit
haec pestis, interdum, quod mihi vix fas est, tibi
subirascor; mihi enim negotii plus reliquisti uni
quam praeter me omnibus. -Ut enim primum

10 post Antonii foedissimum discessum senatus haberi

Cicero speaks against Antony 67

libere potuit, ad illum animum meum reverti
pristinum, quem tu cum civi acerrimo, patre tuo,
in ore et amore semper habuisti.

Nam cum senatum a. d. xm K. Ian. tribuni
plebis vocavissent deque alia re referrent, totam
rem publicam sum complexus, egique acerrime, sena-
tumque iam languentem et defessum ad pristinam
virtutem consuetudinemque revocavi magis animi
quam ingenii viribus. Hic dies meaque contentio
atque actio spem primum populo Romano attulit
libertatis reciperandae ; nec vero ipse postea tempus
ullum intermisi de re publica non cogitandi solum
sed etiam agendi.

Quod nisi res urbanas actaque omnia ad te
perferri arbitrarer, ipse perscriberem, quamquam
eram maximis occupationibus impeditus. Sed illa
cognosces ex aliis; a me pauca, et ea summatim.
Habemus fortem senatum, consulares partim timi-
dos, partim male sentientes; magnum damnum
factum est in Servio; L. Caesar optime sentit sed,
quod avunculus est, non acerrimas dicit sententias;
consules egregii, praeclarus D. Brutus, egregius
puer Caesar, de quo spero equidem reliqua; hoc
vero certum habeto, nisi ille veteranos celeriter
conscripsisset legionesque duae de exercitu Antoni
ad eius se auctoritatem contulissent atque is oppo-
situs esset terror Antonio, nihil Antonium sceleris,
nihil crudelitatis praeteriturum fuisse. Haec tibi,
etsi audita esse arbitrabar, volui tamen notiora
esse. Plura scribam, si plus otii habuero. |

5—2

20

25

40

NOTES

LETTER 1

1. maxime exoptas: Quintus in Asia preferred political
news to any other kind.

rem publicam, ‘the constitution.’ Caesar, as consul, was
passing many laws by vote of the people in defiance of the
senate.

2. Cato: this ‘foolish young man’ was not the famous
Marcus Cato, who died by his own hand in the civil war, but
Gaius Cato, tribune in 56 B.c., who was attacking the triumvirs
in the interest of the Senate. Cicero means that anyone, who
bore the name of Cato, should have been safe from popular
violence,

4. Gabinium: Gabinius was a tool of the triumvirs : he had
been elected consul for 58 B.c., and was to be prosecuted for
bribery at his election.

5. postulare: the prosecutor had to get leave from one
of the praetors before bringing his action: in this case the
praetors, being influenced by the triumvirs, refused Cato an
interview.

6. incontionem escendit, ‘rose up to address the people’:
contio means (1) a meeting of the people, (2) a speech addressed
to such a meeting.

7. privatum: Pompey, although he had not been appointed
dictator, was acting as though he had been. A _ properly
appointed dictator was not bound by any law.

8. propius...occideretur, Jit. ‘nothing more nearly
happened than that he should be murdered,’ i.e. ‘he had a
very close shave of being murdered.’

9. rei publicae, ‘of the country’: this word has many

Notes 69

meanings; and the particular meaning in each case must be
determined by the context.

10. nostrae...causae, ‘to defend me’ against the attacks
of Clodius; see p. 6. mostrae has the sense of meae: it is
important to note that Cicero constantly uses nos and noster
of himself only, not of himself and others: see p. 103.

homines, ‘ people,’ generally.

12. se, ‘ their services.’

cum does not govern spe: it means ‘both’ and is: answered
by tum, ‘and,’ below.

spe is an abl. of description.

Note the change of construction, by which, while spe
governs acc. and inf., animo is followed by wt and subj.

14. in hac re publica, ‘even in the present state of politics.’

ne casum quidem, ‘not even an unpleasant incident,’ far
less, destruction.

16. dixerit : the subject to be supplied is Clodius.

17. gloria is abl. of accompaniment.

discedamus, ‘I shall come off’: for the plur. of the Ist
person in a singular sense, see n. to 1. 10.

vi agere: Clodius might excite the mob against Cicero
rather than prosecute him.

19. alienorum: even Cicero’s political opponents might be
reckoned upon to repel the violence of Clodius by violence.

21.. nostra...bonorum, ‘my former band of loyalists,’ i.e.
the senators and knights who supported Cicero in 63 B.c. when
he suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline: see p. 4.

boni is a regular name at this time for supporters of the
Senate and the constitution.

22. nostri: gen. of the object.

24. regum, the triumvirs, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus :
the word rex was detestable: to a Roman ear.

25. quibus...deminuam, ‘whom I trust in such a way that
I do not relax any of my preparations,’ i.e. ‘ but I don’t trust
them enough to relax....’

Both Pompey and Caesar were friends of Cicero in private
life and promised to protect him; but he was wisely dis-
trustful.

70 . Notes

27. designati: the magistrates, of whom he speaks, had
already been elected but had not yet entered upon office.

28. se...ostendunt, ‘make excellent professions’: the con-
suls in the following year were A. Gabinius and L. Calpurnius
Piso.

praetores, ‘as praetors’: of the four here mentioned,
Memmius suddenly changed over to Caesar’s side, but the other
three took an active part against Caesar in the civil war.

29. acerrimos cives, ‘energetic patriots.’

31. fac governs habeas, ut being understood: ‘see that
you keep....’

32. singulis rebus, ‘ details.’

LETTER 2

2. perfertur ad me: the impers. verb here governs acc.
and inf.

3. corporis: Terentia was going about, interviewing
influential persons at Rome, with a view to her husband’s
restoration.

4. me miserum, ‘how unhappy I am, that you...’: the
acc. of exclamation introduces the following infinitives inci-
disse and percipere. :

ista virtute, ‘a woman of such excellence’: abl. of de-
scription.

6. Tulliolam: Cicero’s daughter Tullia was now twenty
years old and was already married: the diminutive form
expresses affection.

ex quo patre...ex eo...: in Latin the antecedent constantly
follows the relative clause; but the order must be reversed in
English.

8. quid...dicam, ‘why should I speak of my son Cicero?’:
i.e. his condition is even worse than his sister’s. Cicero’s son
was now seven years old.

ll. fato facta, ‘were brought about by destiny.’ Cicero
says that his exile was due to his own fault, not to mere bad
luck. The nobles, to whom he looked for support, were jealous

Notes 71

of his glory; and he had turned his back on the triumvirs
when they courted his favour.

15. nostris, ‘my own.’ Cicero says that his friends, who
advised him to retire into exile, gave him bad advice, either
from stupidity or treachery.

19. desit, ‘fail to support.’

res, ‘a task.’

22. Lentulum: Lentulus was one of the consuls: for his
friendly action, see p. 15. Pompey and Caesar, though
they had permitted Cicero’s exile, were now willing that he
should return, if he did not thwart them.

25. familia: Cicero was intending to set free his slaves, for
fear they should be confiscated with the rest of his a pike
His friends had sent some advice on the point.

26. loco: there had been some epidemic at Thessalonica,
and Terentia had expressed a fear that Cicero would catch it.

31. decedat: Plancius was soon to return to Italy, his year
of office having expired: he hoped to bring Cicero back with
him.

32. videro, ‘I see’: the fut. perf. must here be rendered
by the present in English.

vestrum and vos refer to the children as well as to Terentia.
The 2nd pers. plur. is not used of one person only. .

36. Pisonis: Piso was Tullia’s husband; he died before
Cicero returned from exile.

37. possit: supply esse.

res, ‘conduct.’

38. ei voluptati sit, ‘may prove a pleasure to him’:
voluptati and gloriae are predicative datives.

39,40. Terentia seems to have taken some words of Cicero
as a reproof for quarrelling with her brother-in-law, Quintus.
Cicero now says that he did not mean to find fault with her;
only he thought misfortune should have drawn them closer
together.

Note the different meaning of te and vos,

41. All supporters had to be thanked for their exertions.

43. quod...scribis, ‘when you write’; lit. ‘as to the fact of
your writing.’

72 Notes

Terentia proposed raising money by the sale of some
houses (vicus lit. ‘a street’); Cicero fears that his children will
lose all their patrimony. .

45. premet, ‘shall continue to oppress us.’

46. puero: abl.

48. erunt in officio, ‘remain loyal.’

53. cetera means wealth and distinction.

55. fac valeas: see n. to fac habeas, 11. 31.

tabellarios: as there was no government postal system, the
writer had to send his letter by his own messenger.

57. D.=datum, ‘sent off,’ ‘despatched’: hence our word
‘date.’

For the date, see p. 102.

59. veni, ‘I have come,’ since writing the above letter.

Dyrrhachium was the port generally used by Romans
crossing between Italy and Greece: as such it was celebre,
‘full of people,’ which Cicero thought a disadvantage ; but, as it
was an independent state, an exile from Italy might feel safer
there from the authorities at Rome.

61. alio: an adverb.

LETTER 3

1—4. Cicero undertakes to forecast future events, as
Lentulus gets information from others of the past and present.

3. posita sunt in, ‘ depend upon.’

4, fore, ‘likely to happen.’

5. a. d. VIII Idus Feb.: see p. 102.

6. Milone: Milo, as tribune in 578.c., had done much to
promote Cicero’s recall. He was now supporting Pompey
against Clodius, and there were daily contests in the streets of
Rome between his armed gangs and those of Clodius. Milo,
being no longer a magistrate, was impeached by Clodius for
rioting : Pompey and Cicero defended him.

7. Catone: Gaius Cato: seen. toll. 2.

8. silentio: abl. of accompaniment.

10. Alexandrina causa, ‘the Alexandrian affair,’ i.e. the
task of restoring Ptolemy, the exiled King of Egypt, to his
capital of Alexandria: see p. 15.

Notes 73

nobis...est, ‘is not settled against us so far.’

12. religionem: the Senate were unwilling that Pompey
should have this important charge; and Cato, acting in their
interests, produced an oracle from the Sibylline books, for-
bidding the king to be restored ‘with a large company of men.’

Cicero says that, if Lentulus is thus prevented from
restoring Ptolemy with an army, he is not in a worse position
than the other candidates for the business.

15. quod is the relative pronoun.

ut...reducatur, ‘namely, restoration by Pompey.’

17. proficiscatur : Ptolemy was now at Ephesus.

19. paulum modo...placere, ‘ gives even a slight indica-
tion of approval.’

20. hominis tarditatem, ‘how slow the man is’: in politics
as in war, Pompey’s movements were always very deliberate.

22. ceteris iniuriis: Cato was trying to have Lentulus dis-
missed from his office of governor of Cilicia.

26. partim...partim =alii...alii.

28. levissimi hominis, ‘a contemptible fellow,’ i.e. Cato.

LETTER 4

1. Pollione: Gaius Asinius Pollio, famous later as a
general and a writer; he was a patron of Horace and Virgil.
He was only twenty at this time and had begun his public
career by prosecuting Cato, Lentulus’ enemy.

2. non...praefuit, ‘has taken not only a part but the
chief part.’

6. ipsa die, ‘by mere lapse of time’: dies, generally mase.,
is often feminine, when it means either length of time or an
appointed day..

9. facile qualifies secundo: by way of consolation, the
recollection of Cicero’s own exile comes ‘ easily second’ to the
hope already mentioned.

11. etsi...afflicta est, ‘although your position is attacked
in a matter of less importance than that in which mine was
dashed to the ground’: Cicero was driven into exile; for

7A Notes

Lentulus the danger is merely that he may lose his post as
governor and a chance of enriching himself.

13. a teneris unguiculis probably means ‘from earliest
youth,’ the nails being soft at that age.

LETTER 5

1. A. d. VIII Idus Apriles : see p. 102.

Crassipes was Tullia’s second husband: they were betrothed
on April 4th, and Cicero now gives a party to celebrate the
occasion.

2. Quintus is Cicero’s nephew, his brother’s son: he
caused much anxiety and distress to Cicero later.

3. commotus, ‘indisposed’: Cicero says elsewhere that
this boy ate too much,

6. discordiis mulierum nostrarum: the quarrels between
Terentia and Pomponia, the boy’s aunt and mother; as the
boy was only ten years old, Cicero can only be half-serious :
even so young a boy feels their disputes, he means.

7. quid quaeris? ‘in short’: a common phrase in the
letters.

nihil festivius, ‘nothing could have been more amusing’:
to us it seems strange that Cicero should be amused, not
pained, by the boy’s talk.

8. Pomponia was wife of the elder Quintus and sister of
Atticus: she quarrelled with her husband as well as with her
sister-in-law : see Letter 12.

9. agemus, ‘ we shall discuss.’

10. aream tuam, ‘the site cf your house’: both brothers
were building houses at Rome: Cicero’s house on the Palatine
had been destroyed by the mob, incited by Clodius, at the time
of his exile.

11. structoribus: as these are considered to be instru-
ments, a is not prefixed to the abl.

12. cohortatus sum: the contractor was not getting on as
quickly as Cicero wished.

fidem...faciebat, ‘he assured me.’

14. iam shows that the house was partly built.

Notes 75

quantum iudicabamus= ‘ when we judged merely.’

16. cenavi: Crassipes was returning Cicero’s hospitality.

cenatus: the participle, though passive in form, is not so
in meaning: so pransus, ‘having lunched.’

17. in hortos ad Pompeium, ‘to Pompey’s town-house’:
horti is a town-house in a park.

luci is a locative case, like ruri, ‘in the country.’

20. in Sardiniam: Pompey had been put in charge of the
corn-supply, which was deficient, and was to visit the sources
of the supply in Sardinia and Africa. He did not tell Cicero
that he was going first of all to Luca in north Italy, where
Caesar and Crassus were already. The three held a conference
there, and renewed the coalition of 60 B.c. (see p. 5).

hominem means no more than ewm.

21. te nobis redderet : Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia :
Pompey, if he chose, could give him leave of absence.

23. a.d. III Id. Apr.: see p. 102.

Labrone aut Pisis: Labro is perhaps the port now known
as Livorno or Leghorn; Pisae is the modern Pisa.

28. conscripsi...eram...cogitabam : the past tenses should
be rendered by the present in English. A Roman letter-writer
often describes a present action as it will present itself to the
reader: see p. 102. ;

29. Anagninum is a house at Anagnia, a town in Latium,
40 miles from Rome. From there Cicero’s route was to
Laterium, a house at Arpinum belonging to Quintus, and then
to houses at Arpinum, Pompeii, and Cumae, belonging to Cicero
himself: he was to return to Rome on May 6th. Cicero had
at least eight country-houses and several houses in Rome.

in Laterio: supply esse.

30. Arpinati: Arpinus (neut.) is a house at Arpinum.

32. Nonas Maias: see p. 102. Milo’s trial (see n. to 3 1. 6)
was still going on.

33. dies: for the gender, see n. to 41. 6.

36. Arcani: Arcanum, ‘The Retreat,’ was a country-house
at Minturnae belonging to Quintus.

placebat: see n. to conscripsi above.

76 Notes

LETTER 6

1. te me esse alterum, ‘ that you are my second self.’

3. meos, ‘ my friends.’

4. quocunque exirem, ‘if I went anywhere abroad,’ i.e. if I
accepted any appointment out of Italy. Pompey was governor
of Spain as well as commissioner for the corn-supply: Cic.
had accepted an appointment on Pompey’s staff and might
expect to be sent to Spain.

5. studiis, beneficiis: the omission of et between a pair of
similar nouns is common in Latin.

7. commoratio: Pompey never went to his province of
Spain, but governed it by deputies.

It is not certain what Cic. means by his own ‘hesitation.’

11. coepi velle, ‘I have formed a wish.’

ea, ‘that advancement.’

15. casus...intervenit, ‘meanwhile there was a strange
coincidence. ’

16. testis, ‘to bear witness to’: the noun is best translated
by a verb.

17. Balbo nostro, ‘our friend Balbus’: he was Caesar’s
confidential agent and banker at Rome.

18. accuratius, ‘with some particularity.’

meae: a possessive adj., when attached to the locative
domi, is regularly in the gen. case.

19. in extremis, ‘as a postscript.’

Caesar wrote jestingly that he would make any friend of
Cicero’s a king in Gaul: he had pulled down most of the native
kings by this time.

21. Leptae: Lepta was an officer of Caesar’s and himself
able to serve anyone he chose.

31. accedit etiam, quod, ‘ besides’: lit. ‘there is added also
the fact that....’

familiam ducit, ‘he is the head of his profession.’ His
profession was that of a iuris consultus, whose business was
not to speak in court but to explain the law to litigants.

32. memoria and scientia are abl. of description.

33. tribunatum, praefecturam : in a legion there were six

Notes 77

officers called tribuni; the praefecti were cavalry officers.
A later letter shows that Trebatius was offered the pay of
a tribunus without the duties, for which he was probably
unfit; but he declined it, to Cicero’s annoyance.

34. ullius beneficii certum nomen, ‘any specific favour.’

37. gloriolae insignibus, ‘little marks of distinction,’ such
as an Officer’s rank and pay.

38. ut aiunt, ‘according to the proverb’: the expression
‘from my hand to your hand’ means ‘from my protection to
yours.’

39. Cicero pays a pretty compliment to Caesar : ‘you excel
other men not only as a conqueror but also as a friend and
benefactor.’

40. ama, ‘continue to love me.’

LETTER 7

1. commendare: in his letters to Caesar.

3. Balbo: apparently Balbus was now with Caesar.

5. Quinto: Q. Cicero was now commanding a division of
Caesar’s army and went with him to Britain: he won great
distinction in the following year by a gallant defence of his
camp in Gaul.

7. auri...argenti: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

essedum : the Britons used these in war.

10. The ‘object which we wish to gain’ is the advancement
of Trebatius.

15. commendationem: Cicero means that he has never
recommended anyone so strongly as Trebatius.

16. unum, ‘one thing only.’

LETTER 8

2. scripseram, ‘have I written’: for the tense, see p. 102.

3. Both Quintus and Trebatius were in Gaul but in
different parts of it.

4, cui darem=‘ by whom to send a letter.’

5, After velim, hiematurus sis must be supplied.

78 Notes

*

6. luctum: in September, 54 3.c., Julia died: she was
Caesar’s only child and Pompey’s wife.

8. serius...plenior, ‘better come back to us later, provided
you return richer’: supply redi with serius and redeas with
dum plenior.

10. consilium, ‘ability to decide.’

LETTER 9

2. certissimum, ‘most indisputable’: the kind of letter
which gives important news to absent friends has the best
claim of all to the name: it is the primitive form of letter.

4. nostra is governed by interesset: interest indicates the
person to whom a matter is of importance by the abl. sing. fem.
of the possessive pronouns, med, tua, sud ete., and by the gen.
of other words, as ipsorum here.

5. profecto: an adverb.

7. scriptores are those who write news, nuntios those who
bring it.

8. novi: gen. of the part.

11. iocerne: né enclitic, added to the verb, marks the
question.

12. civem, ‘a patriotic citizen.’

13. temporibus his: in this year the prospect was very dark
both at home and abroad: Crassus with his army had been
destroyed by the Parthians; Caesar was hard pressed by
Vercingetorix in Gaul; at Rome the factions fought so fiercely
in the streets that it proved impossible to elect any consuls for
the following year.

15. re publica, ‘ polities.’

16. in hoc genere, ‘with regard to them,’ i.e. politics.
Cicero means that he is unwilling to pretend approval of the
political actions of Pompey and Caesar, and that it is unsafe
to express disapproval even in a letter.

22. Cicero says that Curio has a dangerous ‘isu to contend
against, namely, the high hopes he has already excited, which
it will be difficult to satisfy.

23. uma re, ‘in one way only.’

24. quarum laudum...laborandum: a simpler order of. the

Notes 79

'words would be, laborandum esse in eis artibus (qualities),

quibus eae laudes, quarum gloriam adamaris, comparantur.
28. quidquid attigi, ‘in so far as I have touched upon it.’
29. tui is gen. of tu, not of tuus.

LETTER 10

1. haec, ‘here at Rome.’

3. in eadem...navi: if Curio was still ‘in the same boat’
as Cicero, that is, on the side of the Senate and the constitu-
tion, he was bribed to leave it soon after his return to Italy :
see p. 17.

6. sociorum: these are the natives of Asia where Curio
was quaestor.

The praise of Curio seems excessive; but Cicero’s geese
were apt to be swans.

10. non quo verear: Cicero regularly uses non quo and
subjunctive to express a cause which he does not believe to be
true: sed quia with indicative often follows to express the true
cause.

12. non habeas iam, quod cures, ‘ you may no longer have
anything to take care of’: for all the institutions of the State
may be overthrown by that time.

14. haec ipsa, ‘ even this.’

15. litteris: dative.

cognosces: the 2nd pers. of the fut. often resembles an
imperative in meaning.

16. dere publica, ‘for the State.’

18. sit belongs to vindicaturus below.

20. dignitatem refers to the street-riots, libertatem to the
domination of Caesar and Pompey.

LETTER 11

1. mandatum tuum: Marius had commissioned Cicero to

“buy something for him. Cicero says that he was a strange

agent to choose, as the object belonged partly to him, so that
it was to his interest to raise the price.
2. illud: it is not known what Marius wanted to bis

80 Notes

*

3. vénire must be distinguished from vénire.

5. Bursa: Munatius Bursa, who had taken a leading part
in the riots after Clodius’ death, was prosecuted by Cicero and
condemned in spite of Pompey’s efforts on his behalf.

8. credas is governed by velim.

9. morte inimici: Clodius was murdered by Milo’s gang of
ruffians at Bovillae, ten miles from Rome, on January 17th,
52 B.C.

10. malo: supply rem agi: Clodius had fallen by the
sword, Bursa by the verdict of a jury.

The death of Clodius had caused the exile (calamitas) of
Milo ; the condemnation of Bursa was a triumph (gloria) for
Milo.

iudicio and gladio are abl. of instrument, gloria and
calamitate are abl. of accompaniment.

12. bonorum, ‘of loyalists’: seen. toll. 21.

13. clarissimi viri: Pompey.

18. cum, ‘since’: Cicero means that his exile left the
Triumvirate free to destroy the institutions of the country.

20. sua sponte: supply egit.

eorum : Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, the triumvirs.

21. hic simiolus, ‘but this little ape’: the conjunction,
necessary in English, is best omitted in Latin.

23. se in me emissarium fore, ‘that he would be ready
to be let slip against me’: the word is formed from emittere,
‘to let slip.’

27. iudices : in 52 8.c. Pompey was elected sole consul for
the purpose of restoring order at Rome: one of his measures
was to select special juries for criminal trials: he had selected
the jury who condemned Bursa.

28. dolori: predicative dat.: dolor here is not ‘grief’ but
‘resentment.’

30. celebritate refers to the state of the courts during
the trials.

31. novis legibus : Pompey had passed severe laws against
rioting and bribery at elections.

32. intercaletur: the verb is here impers.: to make their
calendar agree with the sun, the Romans twice every four

Notes 81

years inserted an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days after
February 23rd: the calendar was in the hands of the pontifices,
and no one else knew whether or not there would be a thir-
teenth month in any given year. When Cicero was in Cilicia,
he was very anxious that his time of office should not be
prolonged by the insertion of the extra month. Caesar, as
pontifer maximus, put an end to all this confusion, when he
reformed the calendar in 46 B.c.

In the present case, if there were no intercalary month,
Cicero would be able to leave Rome sooner,

LETTER 12

1. vero here, as often, replies to something said in a letter
by Atticus: ‘indeed, I did see....’ animum=affection for me.

2. meo: supply animo.

3. ne quid névi: the change which Cicero feared was that
his time of office might be prolonged.

ut...ne is often used by Cicero for né.

After plus, quam must be supplied.

5. transversum...versiculum, ‘the line written across at
the end of your letter’: versus is used of prose as well as of
verse.

7. sorore, ‘your sister’: Pomponia, the wife of Quintus.

8. Arpinas: seen. to 51. 30.

9. isque multus, ‘and a long talk too.’

10. veni ad, ‘ went on to.’

11. Tusculano, ‘my house at Tusculum.’

nihil: ‘no one’ is here more natural than ‘ nothing’ in
English,

14. sumptus, ‘of her extravagance.’

illo sic die: supply factum est.

16. dies, ‘the day’: apparently it was an anniversary of
some kind which made it necessary for Quintus to spend the
night (maneret) at his own house of Arcanum, while his brother
went on to the town of Aquinum,

ego Aquini: supply mansi.

18. It seems that Pomponia was already at Arcanum.

D. 6

82 Notes

®

When the two Ciceros turned up there with a party, Quintus
asked Pomponia to invite the ladies of the party into the house.

19. accepero has the sense of the future.

20. potuit: supply esse.

21. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

22. hic hospita, ‘a stranger in this house,’ so that she could
not take the liberty of inviting guests to enter it. The cause
of her ill-temper was her jealousy of Statius, a favourite
servant of Quintus.

23. exeo: supply ortum est.

24. videret, ‘might see to.’

25. haec, ‘this treatment.’

26. Atticus may think her rudeness a trifle, but Cicero
does not agree.

istuc is for istudce: not an adverb.

27. me ipsum, ‘even me,’ as well as her husband.

28. dissimulavi dolens, ‘I was vexed but concealed it.’

30. de mensa, ‘food from the table.’

quid multa: supply dicam ?

33. stomacho : predicative dat.

35. Aquinum: supply veni.

37. discessura: her conduct was the worse, because her
husband was starting for Cilicia with his brother.

38. quid quaeris ?=‘ need I say more?’

40. pluribus: supply verbis.

41. tuas quoque esse partes, ‘that you also have a part
to play’: the genitives which follow define the nature of that
part.

44, Pomptinus was to go with Cicero to Cilicia but was
slow in starting. He had some reputation as a soldier; and
Cicero relied upon him, in case of a Parthian invasion.

cum profectus eris, ‘when you leave Rome,’ for Epirus,
where Atticus had an estate and often resided.

45. sic habeas, ‘be assured.’

LETTER 13

1. quod mandem, ‘any commission.’
3. ndvi must be distinguished from névi.

Notes 83

iocandi: Cicero seems to divide the possible contents of a
letter into commissions, news, and jokes; so Charles Lamb
wrote: ‘epistolary matter usually compriseth three topics—
news, sentiment, and puns.’

5. Idibus Maiis: see p. 102.

Venusia, on the Appian Way, was often used as a halting-
place by travellers between Rome and Brundisium.

6. has: supply litteras.

7. in senatu: Cicero was hoping that the Senate would
vote him a larger army for his province.

10. Pomptinus intended to be at Brundisium by June Ist :
in fact he only joined Cicero at Athens.

12. Tarenti: after leaving Venusia, Cicero was to meet
Pompey at Tarentum to discuss the political situation.

14, quod ad tempus, ‘till what date.’ It would not be
safe to send confidential news to Atticus, after he had left
Rome for Epirus.

16. quo dem, ‘ where to address.’

17. utique...DCCC, ‘at least let that debt of £200 and
£8,000 be settled.’ With illud, supply nomen=‘ debt.’

HS is a symbol meaning sestertius, a silver coin worth
about 24d. A line drawn above numerals multiplies them by
1000: hence XX = 20,000.

After his exile Cicero was in difficulties and accepted a loan
of £8,000 (800,000 sesterces) from Caesar : the £200 is probably
the interest on the loan. The debt was still unpaid, when
Cicero returned from Cilicia.

20. auctore, adiutore: Atticus, having urged Cicero to pay
his debt, was bound to help him in doing so.

LETTER 14

1. mihi is emphatic.

2. ista vestra oratoria, ‘the words which you great
speakers use’: a playful allusion to the fact that Caelius
was now a magistrate (aedile) at Rome.

3. haec levia nostratia, ‘the humble vernacular I use,’
the plain Latin of a mere provincial governor.

5. de provinciis: almost every letter which Cicero wrote

6—2

84 Notes

from Cilicia expresses his anxiety lest the Senate should prolong
his time of absence.

9. fortuna, ‘the chance of disaster.’

12. belli: with the Parthians.

13. effugere=likely to escape.

14. decedemus, ‘I leave the province.’

15. pantheris: Caelius wanted wild beasts for the shows
which, as aedile, he had to give at Rome.

17. nihil...insidiarum...fiat, ‘no traps are laid’: a playful
compliment to himself for his good government of the province.

18. fiat is subjunctive, because it is the reported speech of
the panthers.
_ 19. To get to Caria, the panthers would have to travel
west, through Pisidia.

21. Patisco: he was evidently a hunter of wild beasts.

quidquid erit, ‘whatever turns up’ in the way of panthers.

22. nesciebamus, ‘I don’t know’: for the tense, see p. 102.

23. curae: predicative dat.

admonebat and scripsi should also be rendered by the
present tense.

24. Megalensibus, ‘on the Megalesia,’ or festival of the
Magna Mater. This lasted from April 4—10. The panthers
were wanted for other shows later in the year.

LETTER 15

1. facilius qualifies ferre.

2. magni: the gen. of price expresses the degree of impor-
tance: multum might be used instead.

3. honorem: Cicero hoped to celebrate a triumph, or
solemn procession with his soldiers through the streets of
Rome, because of some trifling military successes in Cilicia:
but the civil war knocked this hope on the head.

4. qui, ‘when I.’

9. cibum cepisti: Tiro was fasting, to cure his fever.

10. tuum consilium est, ‘it is for you to judge.’

Marionem : a slave of Cicero’s.

13. commodo, ‘without hurt to’: abl. of accompaniment,

Notes 85

15, Patris: locative case.

18. consequére is fut.

20. diligenter videbis, ‘be careful’: see n. to 101. 15.

25. ita te desideramus, ut amemus, lit.‘I miss you in such
a way that I love you,’i.e. ‘though I miss you, yet I love you,’
and therefore wish you to be careful.

27. illud, ‘the former,’ i.e. the desire to see Tiro in good
health.

LETTER 16

3. quartanam: supply febrim: a fever, between the
attacks of which there was an interval of two days: it was
not considered dangerous,

4. Curius was a Roman banker at Patrae, in whose house
Tiro had been left.

5. iam, ‘soon.’

6. humanitatis, ‘in keeping with your gentle character ’:
gen. of possession.

12. ad urbem : Cicero, though close to Rome, did not enter
the walls: if he did, he could not, according to the law,
celebrate a triumph. :

pridie Non. Ian.: see p. 102.

obviam...est proditum: when a person of distinction
returned to Rome from abroad, it was the custom for his
friends to go out some distance to meet him: a distance of five
miles is specified elsewhere.

18. impedimento: predicative dat.

et ‘both’ is answered by et Curio below.

20—22. erat, teneret, incitabat: see p. 102.

21. qui, ‘since he.’

Caesar claimed the right to keep his province of Gaul and
his army until he became consul on Jan. Ist, 48 B.o.: the
Senate required him to surrender both before the consular
elections in the summer of 49 B.c. This was the ostensible
cause of the civil war.

22. Curio meus: it was a shock to Cicero to find Curio on
the wrong side: as tribune he had been working actively at
Rome in Caesar’s interests; he left Rome for Caesar’s camp

86 Notes

at Ravenna early in January, and was soon commanding a
division of his army.

23. expulsi, from Rome. Antony and Cassius were both
tribunes at the time and obstructed the proceedings of the Senate.

24. senatus: on Jan. 9th the Senate passed what was
called the senatus-consultum ultimum, declaring the country in
danger and entrusting its safety to the chief magistrates.

29. omnino, ‘it is true that.’ hac, ‘our.’

30. comparatur is here impers.

37. relaturum, ‘would bring forward a motion’ about
Cicero’s triumph.

38. pluris: gen. of price.

Italiae...tueretur, ‘Italy has been divided up into districts,
showing what part each of us is to defend’: each consular
had a district assigned to him.

43. cui des=‘a messenger.’

44, D.: seen. to2 1.57. pr. Idus Ian.: see p. 102.

LETTER 17

1. vos, Terentia and Tullia; nos, Cicero and his son.

vestrum...consilium est: seen. to 151. 10.

3. ille: Caesar.

5. vereor ut: ut, after verbs of fearing, =ne non.

Dolabella held a command in Caesar’s army: he had
married Tullia shortly before. This third marriage turned out
very badly for her.

7. intercludamur, ‘I may be cut off from you’ by Caesar’s
army.

exire, ‘to leave Rome.’

8. reliquum est, ‘ there is one other thing.’

9. vestri is governed by similes.

similes, i.c. of equal rank.

12. modo ut, ‘provided that’: modo alone would mean the
same.

haec loca tenere, ‘to stay where I am,’ in Campania,
where he had several country-houses. Pompey might summon
him, or Caesar might drive him, away from there.

Notes 87

16. Pomponio: Atticus.

18. Labienus, a trusted officer of Caesar, had just left him
and so improved the prospects of the other side. Caesar sent
his money and baggage after him.

19. Piso was the father of Calpurnia, Caesar’s wife: he had
left Rome with the other senators, which showed that he
disapproved of Caesar’s action.

22. istic=‘at Rome.’

23. s. d.=salutem dant.

24. VIII Kal.: see p. 102.

LETTER 18

1. manus, ‘handwriting’: Cicero had dictated the letter to
save his eyes.

3. erat=‘is’: for the tense, see p. 102.

4. Brundisinis: Pompey was in Brundisium, Caesar on
the march there, to cut off his retreat to Greece.

hic, Caesar: Gnaeum is Pompey’s first name.

6. metus: supply est.

7. in quem hominem, ‘the man into whose power.’ It
was known by this time throughout Italy that Caesar, after
taking Corfinium, had spared the lives of all his prisoners and
had let the officers keep their private property.

14. villulas, ‘farm-houses’: nummulos = bits of money.

15. res, ‘the situation.’

illum, Pompey.

17. nostris, i.e. of the senatorial party.

19. scripseram, ‘I have written,’ in previous letters.

20. exspectabam, ‘I am waiting for’: see p. 102.

LETTER 19

1. vos: Oppius and Balbus, They had written to express
their satisfaction with Caesar’s clemency at Corfinium: Cicero
also wrote to the same effect, as the next letter shows.

3. hoc: abl. of the amount of difference.

8. reliqui: especially Cinna and Marius, Caesar’s prede-
cessors as leaders of the democratic party.

88 “ Notes

16. Numerius Magius, one of Pompey’s officers, had fallen
into Caesar’s hands and been released at once.

17. meo instituto, ‘my regular practice’: he had released
all the other officers he had taken.

18. fabrum: contracted form of fabrorum.

21. iis: such men as Cato and Lentulus, who had once
feared and distrusted Pompey no less than Caesar.

LETTER 20

1. haberem and dedi must both be present tense in
English: see p. 102.

3. <A. d. VI K.: see p. 102.

mansurum, ‘will spend the night.’ Caesar was now march-
ing northwards to Rome along the Appian Way and would
pass the town of Sinuessa. .

10. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

12. ii: the chief prisoners released at Corfinium were
Domitius and Lentulus, both of whom met Caesar on the field
again.

14. me mei similem esse, ‘that I should be true to my
character’: a fine saying and expressive of the writer’s
character.

16. mihi ad.urbem praesto sis, ‘that you would meet me
at Rome’: Caesar wished to assemble as many senators as
possible, in order to be elected dictator: see p. 8.

18. Dolabella tuo, ‘than your son-in-law Dolabella’: see
nto 17 I. 6.

Caesar says that Dolabella is a charming companion but
deserves no gratitude for it because he can’t help being so: a
pretty compliment to Dolabella, and a pleasant piece of news
for Cicero.

21. is sensus, ‘such is his opinion of me.’

LETTER 21
1. utrumque: supply feci. This letter was evidently
written off in haste after the interview with Caesar: and many
words are left for the reader to supply.

Notes 89

oratio...nostra, ‘what I said.’ ea=talis.

2. ille: Caesar. Cicero’s firmness was vexatious to him
but extorted his respect.

3. ad urbem: supply iremus.

4. illa fefellerunt, ‘we were mistaken in one respect’; lit.
‘the following things escaped our notice.’

With putaramus supply eum: the subject to putaramus is
Cicero and Atticus.

5. nihil vidi minus, ‘I never saw anyone less so.’

nostro iudicio, ‘by my decision’ not to attend the Senate.

6. dicere, ‘he said’: historic infinitive, used with the
meaning of dicebat.

7. ego: supply dizi. multa: supply dixissemus.

8. age, ‘speak.’

9. arbitratu: supply agam.

10. sic...agam, ‘I shall speak to this effect.’

Cicero told Caesar plainly that, if he appeared in the Senate,
he would move that Caesar should not be allowed to attack
Pompey’s armies in Spain or Greece, and would express
sympathy with Pompey. This did not suit Caesar’s views
at all.

1l. iri is impers.: lit, ‘that it should be gone,’ i.e. ‘that
there should be an expedition.’

17. ille has no verb expressed: rogaret must be supplied.

exitum, ‘a way out of thie difficulty.’ .

19. ego me amavi: since Pompey had been driven out of
Italy twelve days before, Cicero had been very unhappy, feeling
that he ought to have shared Pompey’s flight; but now his
self-respect was restored by his refusal to comply with Caesar’s
wishes,

LETTER 22

1. mihi goes with légit.

2. wubi esses: it does not appear where Varro was: he was
clearly not in Italy.

5. solacio: predicative dat,

6. tot tantisque rebus : the political situation is meant.

*

90 Notes

10. Cicero returned to Rome or its neighbourhood from
Brundisium in October, 47 B.c. (see p. 8).

ll. redisse...in gratiam, ‘have made it up’: while at
Brundisium, Cicero had been too wretched to write or even to
read.

13. suscenserem: the subjunctive marks the reason
rejected by the writer.

15. res turbulentissimas, ‘ the whirlpool of strife.’

sociis : abl. absolute.

16. Cicero says that, if he had done what his books told
him, he would have taken no part in the civil war.

18. permanseris : as a matter of fact, Varro had taken a
much more active part in the war than Cicero had.

20. utor, ‘I find.’

ea, ‘the troubles.’

22. Tusculano, ‘your house at Tusculum.’

23. ad te=apud te.

Cicero would much prefer the privacy of the country to
Rome for the meeting.

24. profecto: adverb.

25. id: our meeting.

LETTER 23

2. tot annos, i.e. 34 years, since the civil war began.

ut video, ‘ as far as I see.’

3. solet...temporis, ‘I am wont to recall that time’: the
impersonal verb, in mentem venit, governs a gen. as reminiscor
does.

4. proxime fuimus una, ‘ we last met.’

quin, ‘ nay.’

5. a. d. IIIT Id. Mai.: see p. 102.

Cicero was then lingering in Italy, quite unable to make up
his mind whether he should follow Pompey to Greece or not.

6. Pompeianum, ‘my house at Pompeii.’

vesperi : locative, like luci, ‘ by day.’

7. praesto fuisti, ‘waited upon.’

12. profecto: adverb.

Notes 91

13. Pudori...ducere: i.e. I left Italy from a sense of duty,
in spite of the danger.

18. ibi...quo veneram, i.e. Pompey’s camp at Dyrrhachium
in Epirus.

19. ducem: Pompey.

20. praeterea has exactly the sense of alios. ,

21. rapaces: supply erant.

22. crudeles: the partisans of the Senate talked fiercely,
threatening death and confiscation to all who had remained
neutral in the quarrel; but they never had an opportunity of
executing their threats.

24. quid quaeris?: see n. to 121. 38.

boni: gen. of the part, governed by nihil. They were on
the right, i.e. the constitutional, side; but nothing else was
right about them.

30. quadam ex pugna: at Dyrrhachium Pompey succeeded
in breaking through Caesar’s lines and defeated him : this was
his only success.

31. vir ille summus, ‘he who had once been so great’ : ille
refers to Pompey’s earlier exploits.

32. nullus imperator, ‘nothing of a general.’

tirone, really a noun, is used here as an adj., ‘with an
army of raw recruits.’

33. exercitu: abl. of instrument.

36. integri, ‘at full strength.’

LETTER 24

1—13. As you prophesied my return from exile, so I now
prophesy the same for you.

1. ii are the triumvirs of 60 B.c. who thought they could
- manage affairs better, if Cicero were out of the way, and there-
fore suffered him to be banished: see p. 6.

3. ad me: Cicero spent his exile partly at Thessalonica in
Asia, partly at Dyrrhachium.

5. confirmare, ‘spoke confidently.’

6. Tuscae disciplinae: the science of augury, which came
originally from Etruria.

®

92 Notes

8. ne nos quidem...fallet, ‘I too shall not be mistaken in
my prophecy,’ that you will be restored to Italy.

9. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

12. nostrorum temporum, ‘of my experiences.’

14. hoc: abl. of amount of difference.

15. his, ‘ the present.’

17. ex eventis, ‘in accordance with the event.’

18. sunt testes=testantur and is followed by ace. and inf.

23. plurimi: gen. of price.

27. hunc: Caesar.

28. ille: Pompey.

29. in toga=‘in peace,’ whereas he now rules by the
sword. toga is the dress worn in peace and hence stands
for peace itself.

31. in Hispaniam: Pompey was governor of Spain at the
outbreak of civil war but never went there: that he should
withdraw to his province was one of the conditions of peace
offered by Caesar.

38. manente me, ‘while I stayed there,’ in Italy.

40. cum, ‘since.’ The reference is to the time of Cicero’s
restoration from exile, in which Pompey had helped.

41. fama bonorum, ‘by the talk of the loyalists,’ who
attacked Cicero for staying in Italy; and he was very sensitive
to what people said of him.

42. in fabulis, ‘in the plays’: Greek and Latin tragedies
told of the fate of the seer, Amphiaraus, who was induced to
join the Argive expedition against Thebes, though he knew by
his art that it was doomed to destruction.

43. This is a quotation from a Latin play on the subject.

45. adversi: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

47. augur: the augurs, or diviners, formed one of the
official priesthoods at Rome: and Cicero was elected on this
body to fill the place of Publius Crassus, who feli fighting by
his father’s side against the Parthians in 53 B.c.

50. praedictio: that Caecina would be restored from exile.

Notes 93

LETTER 25

2. sane quam...graviter, ‘very grievously indeed’: this
use of quam with adverbs is fairly common in Cicero’s own
letters.

pro eo ac debui, ‘in accordance as I was bound to do’: pro
eo is followed by.ac (atque) as proinde would be.

3. communem, ‘shared by myself.’

4, istic: in Italy: he wrote from Athens.

13. brevi, ‘briefly’: the word generally means ‘before
long.’

14. non quo...existimem: see n. to 101. 10.

ea is subject, te object, of fugere. |

18. nobiscum egerit, ‘has treated us.’

20. dignitatem: Servius is unfair: he was himself now
holding a post of great distinction which had been conferred
on him by Caesar.

23. minoris: gen. of price.

25. illius: fem. vicem, ‘on account of’: once the ace. of
a noun, it has become a preposition.

cédo, ‘tell me’: 2nd pers. sing. imperative of a defective
verb: common in early and colloquial Latin.

, 26. veneris: the subjunctive is governed by necesse est ;
and, if the sentence were regular, inciderimus would take the
place of incidimus.

27. non pessime cum iis esse actum, ‘that those have not
been the least fortunate.’

31. res, ‘circumstance in the present’; spes, ‘ hope for the
future.’

34. credo marks that the sentence is ironical. Servius
means that none of the young men in the present generation
were fit for Cicero to trust his daughter to.

37. florentes, ‘growing to manhood.’

38. rem, ‘ wealth.’

39. honores: the curule offices of quaestor, aedile,
praetor, and consul, which were held successively (ordinatim)

94 4 Notes

One of the main complaints against Caesar was that he
appointed these magistrates himself and suppressed the
election by the people.

40. amicorum negotiis: see 26 1. 30: Servius means that,
under the despotic government of Caesar, it was no longer
possible for Roman nobles to speak freely in the law-courts in
defence of their friends.

libertas = freedom of speech.

41. priusquam datum est ademptum: the fall of the
republic has taken from them, while yet unborn, all chance of
such privileges.

42. at vero, ‘but you will say’: anticipating Cicero’s
objection.

43. nisi= ‘but perhaps.’

44. quae res, ‘a thought which.’

The ruin of these Greek cities was in itself a forcible indict-
ment of the Roman Republic, the loss of which Servius is
deploring.

48. circumcirca= quae circumcirca sunt.

49. Megara was destroyed in 307 B.c. by Demetrius
Poliorcetes, Piraeus by Sulla in 86 3.c., Corinth by Mummius
in 146 s.c. The last was rebuilt on Caesar’s initiative.

55. oppidum: a contracted form of oppidorum.

visne tu expresses a peremptory command addressed
by Servius to himself: ‘I beg you to check yourself,’ 7.e. ‘ to
be modest.’

58. idem, ‘also.’

59. modo, ‘of late’; at Pharsalia, Thapsus, and Munda.

61. deminutio: the Roman empire had lost no territory
under Caesar; but Servius, and those who thought with him,
considered that it had lost in reputation.

62. in unius...facta est, ‘if the loss of the little life of one
feeble woman has taken place’: the two diminutives are meant
to express the small importance of the loss.

67. etiam marks a remonstrance: ‘I pray you.’

his rebus, ‘the present situation’ of politics.

70. re publica here means, ‘free government.’

71. augurem: see n. to 24 1. 47. -The order of words

Notes 95

shows that this was considered a greater distinction than the
consulship.

72. adulescentibus: she was thrice married, to Piso,
Crassipes, and Dolabella: the first she lost by death, the other
two she divorced.

78. neque imitare: Cicero would have written neve for
neque with the imperative.

80. tuté is an emphatic pronoun: tuté is an adv.

85. eirei occurrere, ‘to meet that event half-way.’

86. inferis: belief in a future life was not strong among
Romans of that age: it is remarkable that Servius makes no
attempt to console Cicero by suggesting that Tullia is happier
now than she was on earth, where her married life certainly
gave her little happiness.

87. qui illius...amor fuit, ‘such was her love.’

88. Da hoc illi, ‘do this for her sake.’

91. possit: for subject, supply patria.

LETTER 26

1. vero: see n. to 12 1. 1: ‘I do indeed regret that you
were not present.’

6. possent: consecutive subjunctive, quae being=wt ea.

7. Servius...tuus, ‘your son, Servius.’

9. quanti: gen. of price.

11. iucundiora: no kindness could have made Cicero
happy then, yet he never was more grateful for kindness.

20. The examples of bereavement quoted are those of
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who fought against Hannibal, Lucius
Aemilius Paullus who conquered Macedonia at Pydna, Marcus
Porcius Cato the censor, and Gaius Sulpicius Gallus: the
last is called vester, because he belonged, like Servius, to the
gens Sulpicia.

21. rebus gestis: abl. of description.

22. duo: supply filios. Aemilius Paullus celebrated a
triumph at the end of 167 B.c. after his victory over Perseus,
king of Macedonia ; his son, aged twelve, died five days before
the triumph, and another son, of fourteen, died three days

96 « Notes

after it. Thus he was left childless, as his other two sons had
passed by adoption into other families. Later writers loved
to draw a moral from the coincidence of such great glory and
such utter bereavement.

24. iis=talibus. fuerunt=viverunt.

30. amicorum negotiis: the law-suits of his friends in
which he used to speak.

31. cogitationes meae=‘ my sad thoughts.’

33. id quod erat, ‘as was the case.’

38. His harbour of refuge was his daughter.

41. vulnere=propter vulnus: abl. of cause.

illa, ‘the old wounds.’

44. domo, ‘from my home.’

48. domesticum: supply dolorem.

50. ratio nulla, ‘no system of philosophy.’

54. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

56. inter nos, ‘ together.’

57. totum, ‘entirely.’ unius: Caesar.

60. cum, ‘though.’

61. deliberationis: gen. of description.

LETTER 27

1. ex tuis litteris:; in an earlier letter Cicero says that he
always defends Matius against unfriendly critics.

4. maximi: gen. of price.

6. boni, ‘good man’: Matius had done things offensive
to the boni in the narrower sense of the word, the partisans of
the Senate: seen. tol 1. 21.

7. eo: abl. of amount of difference.

9. praesertim in quem=praesertim quia in te.

11. ut is here=quomodo.

12. ut par erat: supply te resistere.

13. bonitate, amicitia: abl. of cause.

15. vitio: predicative dat.

18. iam vicerint, ‘they have already proved.’

19. non agam astute, ‘I shall speak frankly.’

20. ad istum gradum sapientiae, ‘to that height of philo-
sophy.’ I am no philosopher, says Matius, but ‘a plain blunt

Notes 97

man, that love my friend’ (Antony in Shakespeare’s Julius
Caesar).

23. re, ‘by his action.’

24. causam, ‘his pretext.’

25. quam: the antecedent is dissensionis.

26. in victoria hominis=cwm vicisset homo: this use of in
is a Latin idiom.

28. reliqui, not reliqut.

29. cum, ‘ though.’

30. lege Caesaris: as early as 49 B.c. Caesar passed a law
in favour of debtors, by which creditors lost about 25 per cent.
of the sums owing to them. Matius had lost money by it.
The moderation of this law was very distasteful to many of
Caesar’s followers, who expected an entire cancelling of debts
(novae tabulae); and this discontent gave rise to the disorders
caused by Caelius (see p. 19) and Dolabella,

31. cuius is fem.: the law enabled many debtors to pay
their debts and so to remain in Italy.

33. mea, ‘my own.’

36. aquo, ‘from whom.’ id: i.e. the safety of all.

37. illi: dative. invidiae, exitio: predicative dat. The
men who took Caesar’s life also caused his unpopularity with
capitalists, because he passed the law to relieve them.

38. plectéris is future.

39. 0, as often, governs the acc.: superbiam is defined by
the acc. and inf. which follow.

40, facinore, ‘their deed’: the word does not necessarily
mean an evil deed.

44. quae, ‘ this privilege.’

46. nihil agunt, ‘their labour is vain.’

50. opto, ‘I pray.’

51. omnibus, ‘to them all.’ This desire was fulfilled: every
one of the murderers died a violent death.

52. at, ‘it is said that,’ states a possible objection.

pro civili parte, ‘as a patriot should.’

rem publicam is an ambiguous word: in the mouth of
Matius it means ‘my country’; to his critics it meant ‘a
republican form of government.’

D. (

98 Notes

54. reliqua mea spes, ‘my hopes for the future.’

55. vincere: see n. tol. 18.

maiorem in modum, ‘earnestly.’

56. rem, ‘actions,’ oratione, ‘ words.’

58. quod: relative.

61. me ipse retexam, ‘am I to undo the fabric of my life?’:
the metaphor is from weaving.

non faciam, ‘I will not do so.’

67. at: seen. tol. 52: at in]. 68 is different.

ludos: Caesar had vowed to Venus Victrix that he would
celebrate games in commemoration of his victory at Pharsalia.
After his death, his heir Octavian, here called Caesar after the
father who had adopted him, undertook to give these games
and obtained the assistance of Matius.

adulescens: Octavian was only nineteen at this time.

68. The excuse given by Matius would not be accepted by
a stern republican: for these games could not pass as a mere
sign of personal regard but must have political significance as
well.

71. optimae spei, ‘who promises excellently for the
future’: gen. of quality.

72. Caesare is governed by dignissimo (dat.). petenti goes
closely with negare.

74. veni etiam: another charge against Matius, that he
was too familiar with Antony, who seemed likely to prove a
second Caesar. Matius’s answer begins with ad quem.

76. quidem throws emphasis on rogandi: Matius was
accused of visiting Antony for reasons of politeness; he retorts
that his critics visit Antony for more solid reasons.

77. frequentes, ‘often.’

78. quod, ‘a thing which’: transl. ‘ whereas.’

79. quin...uterer, ‘from associating with.’

85. etiam ii, ‘even those.’

87. sui: gen. of se, governed by similes.

LETTER 28

1. Lupus was an officer serving under Brutus.
3, in iis locis: Cicero left Rome soon after Sept. 2, 44 B.c.,

Notes 99

when he delivered the First Philippic against Antony. The
activity of Octavian forced Antony to leave Rome on
Nov. 20th ; and Cicero returned from south Italy on Dec. 9th.

4. meis litteris, ‘a letter from me.’

6. a.d. V Idus Dec, : see p. 102.

7. Pansa was one of the elected consuls for the next year.

11. illa...re: the murder of Caesar.

13. illud may be translated ‘ one thing.’

16. dies noctesque: acc. of duration of time.

18. obliviscére is future.

19. iste: Antony. provinciam, ‘the province’ of Gaul.

26. ut, ‘so that.’ principiis, the murder of Caesar; exitus,
the destruction of Antony.

31. pluribus verbis, ‘in more words,’ i.e. at greater
length. meum est, ‘belongs to me.’

35. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

LETTER 29

1. quam vellem...me invitasses, ‘how sorry I am you did
not invite me.’ The ‘splendid feast’ is Caesar’s murder ;
by saying that nothing would have been left, Cicero means
that Antony would have perished too.

3. nune, ‘as itis’; because you did not invite me.

lis : reliquiis, i.e. Antony.

4, vestrum includes the other conspirators as well as
Trebonius ; tuum would apply to him alone.

5. habeat, ‘is open to.’

6. tuo beneficio, ‘thanks to you.’

7. haec pestis: Antony, which accounts for the gender of
seductus.

Trebonius kept Antony away from the place, while Caesar
was being murdered.

9. ut...primum, ‘as soon as.’

10. discessum: see n. to 28 |. 3.

12. civi acerrimo: see n. to 11. 29.

13. in ore: Trebonius had always praised Cicero’s
patriotism,

7—2

&

100 Notes

14. a. d. XIII Kal. Ian.: see p. 102.

15. de alia re referrent, ‘ put some other business before
the house’: referre is technically used of the magistrate pre-
siding in the Senate.

totam rem publicam, ‘ the political situation in general.’

16. egi, ‘I spoke.’ This was the speech known as the
Third Philippie.

18. animi, ‘of my enthusiasm’; ingenii, ‘of my eloquence.’

19. mea contentio atque actio, ‘the vigour of my speech.’

24. res urbanas, ‘the news of Rome.’

acta, ‘the gazette’ of proceedings in the Senate.

26. eram, ‘Iam’: epistolary past: see p. 102.

27. cognosces: seen. to 101. 15.

29. male sentientes, 7.e. opposed to the boni and favourable
to Antony.

30. Servio: Servius Sulpicius had lately died: see p. 21.

31. avunculus: Lucius Caesar’s sister, Julia, was Antony’s
mother.

32. consules: Hirtius and Pansa were the consuls.

33. puer Caesar: Octavian, who had now taken the name
of his adoptive father.

equidem, ‘for my part,’ implies that some distrust him.

spero...reliqua, ‘I hope that his conduct in future will be
satisfactory.’

34. veteranos...conscripsisset: the most famous of all
Latin inscriptions is the Ancyra Monument, which was in-
scribed on the walls of a temple at Ancyra (now Angora) in
Galatia. It was a record of his own actions written by
Octavian, afterwards called Augustus, and begins with these
words: ANNOS UNDEVIGINTI NATUS EXERCITUM PRIVATO CONSILIO
ET PRIVATA IMPENSA COMPARAVI, PER QUEM REM PUBLICAM
DOMINATIONE FACTIONIS OPPRESSAM IN LIBERTATEM VINDICAVI.

35. legiones duae: Antony had summoned over from
Macedonia to Brundisium four legions of Caesar’s veterans :
two of these mutinied and declared for Octavian, when he
appeared in Italy and claimed their allegiance.

37. sceleris: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

39. arbitrabar, ‘I suppose’: epistolary past: see p. 102.

APPENDIX

1. Roman Dares.

(1) The Romans denoted any year by the names of
the two consuls who held office in that year: thus Lentulo
et Marcello consulibus (23 1. 5)=49 B.c.

(2) The day of the month was indicated in a more
complicated fashion. In each month there were three
fixed points, the Kalends (the 1st), the Nones (the 5th),
and the Ides (the 13th); and the date was reckoned
backwards from these points. But four months, March,
July, October, May, had the Nones on the 7th and the
Ides on the 15th.

A further complication is this—that the Romans, in
reckoning the number of days backwards, included in the
calculation the day from which, and the day to which, the
reckoning was made. Hence

January lst was Kalendae Ianuariae,
and December 31st was pridie Kalendas Ianuarias ;
but December 30th, being reckoned as the third day
before the Calends, was called ante diem tertium
Kalendas Ianuarias and written a. d. III Kal. Ian.
December 29th was a. d. IV Kal. lan. ;
December 21st was a. d. XII Kal. Ian.;
December 14th was a. d. XLX Kal. Ian.;
December 13th was Jdus Decembres and was commonly
written Jd. Dec. ;
December 12th was pridie Idus Decembres and was
written prid. Id. Dec. ;

®

102 Appendix

December 5th was Nonae Decembres and was written
Non. Dee. ;

December 4th was pridie Nonas Decembres and was
written prid. (or pr.) Non. Dec.

(3) The following is a list of the dates occurring in
these letters with their English equivalents:

21.57 a.d. VI K. Decembr.=Nov. 26th
31. 5 a.d. VIII Id. Febr. =Febr. 6th

51. 1 a. d. Vill Id. Apr. =April 6th
51, 4 ad. VIIId. Apr. =April 7th
51.23 a.d. WI Id. Apr. =April 11th
§ 1.27 a.d.VIlId. Apr. =April 8th

5 1. 32 Monae Maiae = May 7th

5 1.33 pridie Nonas Maias = May 6th

13 1. 5 Idibus Maiis = May 15th
16 1.12 pr. Non. Ian. =Jan. 4th
16 1.44 pr. Idus Tan. =Jan. 12th
211. 3 a.d. VI Kal. [Apr.] =March 27th
23 1. 5 a.d. IT Id. Mai. =May 12th
281. 6 a.d. V Idus Dec. = Dec. 9th
29 1. 2 Idibus Martiis = March 15th
291.14 a. d. XIII Kal. Ian. =Dec. 20th

2. EprsrouaRy TENSES,

There are many instances in Cicero’s letters where a
past tense should be translated by a present tense in
English. Thus sevibebam often means ‘I am writing,’ and
habebam means ‘I have.’

The writer expressed himself thus, because his thoughts
passed from himself to his correspondent, to whose mind
the action of writing would be not present but past.

Other tenses as well as the imperfect are used similarly ;
thus scripseram sometimes takes the place of scripsi and
should then be translated ‘I wrote’ or ‘I have written.’

Appendix 103

But these tenses are exceptional, and in the great
majority of cases Cicero uses the present tense just as we
do. Therefore, in every case where such a tense as erat
occurs, the English reader must determine from the
context whether it means ‘is’ or ‘ was.’

Examples of the former meaning will be found in 5 1. 28
(eram), 5 1. 36 (placebat), 8 1. 4 (nesciebam), ete.

- 3. Nos and Eeo.

It is essential to bear in mind that Cicero often uses
nos and noster, where he is speaking of himself only, so
that the words should in such cases be translated ‘I’ and
‘my, not ‘we’ and ‘our.’

An example may be taken from Letter 1 1. 10 where
Cicero speaks of nostra causa. If nostra here had a plural
sense, the phrase would refer to the contest between the
Senate and the triumvirate. But the context proves that
this is not so, that nostra=mea, and that the reference is
merely to the attack of Clodius against Cicero personally.

In each case the context must be carefully examined,
in order to determine whether nos is singular or plural in
meaning.

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS
abl. ablative. neg. negative.
ace. accusative. part participle.
adj. adjective. pass passive.
adv, adverb. ps. perfect.
comp. comparative. pl. plural.
con). conjunction. prep preposition.
deft defective. pron pronoun.
7 feminine. sing. singular.
gen. genitive. subst substantive.
ampers. impersonal. v. verb.
indecl. indeclinable. UV. a. verb active.
inter}. interjection. v.d. verb deponent.
interr. interrogative. v. nN. verb neuter.
irreg. irregular. 1, 2,.3, 4 Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
m. masculine. conjugation.
n. neuter.

The quantity of long vowels is marked except in syllables
where they are also long by position.

a, ab, and abs, prep. with abl.
from, by, after.

abed, 4 v.n. abivi or abii,
abitum, go away.

abhorre6, 2 v.n. shrink from.

abicid, 3 v.a. cast away.

abiectus, a, um, low, mean.

absens, entis, absent.

absum, v.n. abfui or afui, be
absent, be distant.

absurdé, adv. offensively.

abiitor, 3 v.d. abuse, take ad-
vantage of.

ac, conj. and, as.

accédd, 3 v.n. accessi, acces-
sum, approach, be added to.

accessié, dnis, f. addition.

accid6d, 3 v.n. accidi, happen.

accipid, 3 v.a. accépi, accep-
tum, receive, hear.

accommodd, 1 v.a. suit.

acciraté, adv. exactly, care-
fully.

accfis6, 1 v.a. accuse, prose-
cute.

Acer, acris, acre, keen, ener-
getic, spirited.

acerbé, adv. bitterly.

acerbus, a, um, bitter, harsh,
painful.

acquiescd, 3 v.n. acquiévi, am
relieved.

acriter, adv. with vigour.

acta, drum, n. records, gazette.

actid, dnis, f. speech.

acitus, a, um, sharp, clever.

ad, prep. with acc. to, at,
towards, till, according to,
with a view to, upon.

adam6, 1 v.a. begin to love.

106

addo, 3 v.a. addidi, additum,
add, attach.

addiicé, 3 v.a. bring to, induce.

adeé, 4 v.n. adivi or adii,
aditum, approach, go to.

ade6, adv. so far, to such an ex-
tent, so much, further, also.

adhibeo, 2 v.a. apply, show.

adhiic, adv. hitherto, as yet,
still.

adim6, 3 v.a. take away.

adipiscor, 3 v.d. adeptus, gain.

adiung6, 3 v.a. add.

adititor, dris, m. helper.

adiuv6, 1 v.a. adiiivi, adiutum,
help.

admoned, 2 v.a. advise, re-
mind, warn,

adsum, v.n. be present.

adulescens, -entis, m. young
man, youth.

adventus, Us, m. arrival.

adversaria, ae, f. adversary,
rival.

adversus, a, um, adverse, dis-
astrous.

aedificatid, Onis, f. building.

aedificd, 1 v.a. build.

aedilitas, atis, f. office of
aedile.

aeger, gra, grum, sick, ill.

aegritidd, inis, f. sickness,
sorrow.

aequé, adv. equally.

aerumna, ae, f. calamity.

aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze;
phrase, aes aliénum, an-
other’s money, i.e. debt.

aestim6, 1 v.a. value.

aetas, atis, f. age, time of life.

afferd, v. irreg. attuli, alla-
tum, bring to.

afficid, 3 v.a. affect.

affligd, 3 v.a. atfiixi, afflictum,
strike down, damage, afflict.

ager, agri, m. field, farm.

ago, 3 v.a. and n. égi, actum,
lead, drive, do, act, plead,

Vocabulary

pass time, live, discuss, speak;
ago gratias, give thanks.

aid, v. def. say, speak.

aliénus, a, um, another’s,
unfriendly, strange ; subst.
aliénus, i, m. foreigner,
stranger.

alid, adv. elsewhere.

aliquandd, adv. at one time,
at some time.

aliquantum, adv. somewhat.

aliquis, a, id, someone, any-
one.

aliquot, indecl. some, several.

aliter, adv. otherwise.

alius, a, ud, other, another,
different ; alius...alius, one
... another.

allevatid, Onis, f. lightening,
relief.

alter, era, erum, one...other,
the one, the other (of two).

ambitus, tis, m. bribery.

amens, entis, mad.

amicitia, ae, f. friendship.

amicus, a,um, friendly; subst.
amicus, i, m. friend.

Amittd, 3 v.a. Amisi, Amissum,
lose.

amo, 1 v.a. love.

amor, Oris, m. love.

amplificé, 1 v.a. increase.

amplitidd, inis, f. greatness.

amplus, a, um, large, dis-
tinguished.

an, conj. whether, or.

anima, ae, f. breath, life, soul.

animatus, a, um, minded, dis-
posed.

animula, ae, f. little life.

animus, i, m. mind, intellect,
courage, heart, inclination ;
animi causa, for amuse-
ment.

annus, i, m. year.

annuus, a, um, lasting a year.

ante, adv. and prep. with acc,
before.

.

Vocabulary

anteai, adv. before.

antecéd6, 3 v.n. go before, pre-
cede.

antiquus, a, um, former, an-
cient, important.

aperté, adv. openly.

appare6, 2 v.n. appear.

appelld, 1 v.a. call, appeal to.

approbé, 1 v.a. approve.

appropinqud, 1 v.n.
near.

apud, prep. with acc. at, with,
among, in.

arbitratus, tis, m. free will,
pleasure.

arbitrium, ii, n. will.

arbitror, 1 v.d. think.

arded, 2 v.n. arsi,
burn.

area, ae, f. open space, site.

argentum, i, n. silver.

argimentum, i, n. proof, sub-
ject.

arrogantia, ae, f.
arrogance.

ars, artis, f. art, device, method,
quality, pursuit.

artificium, ii, n. contrivance,
scheme.

asper, era, erum, rough, harsh.

asperé, adv. roughly, rudely.

aspici6, 3 v.a. behold, see.

assequor, 3 v.d. catch up,
reach, attain.

astrologus, i, m. astrologer,
astronomer.

astité, adv. cunningly.

at, conj. but, it is said that.

atque, conj. and, as.

atqui, conj. and yet, but.

attingd, 3 v.a. attigi, touch,
mention slightly.

auctor, dris, m. adviser.

auctoritas, atis, f. authority,
influence, truthfulness.

auded, 2 v.a. and n. ausus,
dare, venture.

audid, 4 v.a. hear, listen.

draw

arsum,

insolence,

107

aufer6, v. irreg. abstuli, abla-

tum, carry dway, carry
off.

augur, uris, m. augur, sooth-
sayer.

augurium, ii, n. augury, fore-
cast.

auguror, 1 v.d. surmise, fore-
tell.

aurum, i, n. gold.

aut, conj. either, or.

autem, conj. but.

auxilium, ii, n. help.

Avoc6, 1 v.a. call away.

avunculus, i, m. uncle.

beatus, a, um, happy, blessed.

bellé, adv. nicely.

bellicésus, a, um, warlike.

bellum, i, n. war.

bene, adv. well.

beneficium, ii,
benefit.

benevolentia, ae, f. goodwill.

bona, subst. good things, bless-
ings.

bon, subst. loyalists, parti-
sans of the Senate.

bonitas, atis, f. kindness.

bonus, a, um, good.

brevi, adv. briefly.

brevis, e, short.

brevitas, atis, f. shortness.

breviter, adv. shorily.

n. kindness,

cadaver, eris, n. corpse.

cad6, 3 v.n. cecidi, casum,
fall.

calamitas, atis, f. disaster;
esp. exile.

called, 2 v.n. callui, be hard-
ened.

capid, 3 v.a. cépi, captum,
take, seize, catch, get, feel.

caput, itis, n. head, person,
position.

carp6, 3 v.a. slander.

carus, a, um, dear.

108

castrum, i, n. fort; pl. castra,
orum, n. camp.

cAasus, tis, m. fall, chance,
accident.

causa, ae, f. cause, reason,
position, business; causa,
for the sake of.

cedo, v. def. imperative only,
tell me, give me.

cédd, 3 v.a. and n. cessi,
cessum, yield, withdraw.

celebritas, atis, f. crowded
state, publicity, renown.

celer, eris, ere, quick, speedy.

celeriter, adv. swiftly, quickly.

cénd, 1 v.n. dine, sup.

censed, 2 v.a. express an
opinion, vote.

cerno, 3 v.a. crevi, cretum,
perceive, discern.

certé, adv. really, surely, at
least.

certidrem facere, inform.

cert6, adv. surely, certainly.

certus, a, um, jived, certain,
settled.

céterus, a, um, the remainder,
the rest.

cibus, i, m. food.

circumcirca, adv. round about.

Civilis, e, civil.

cIvis, is, m. citizen.

civitas, atis, f. state, common-
wealth, town.

clamor, Oris, m. shouting,
noise.

clarus, a, um, clear, loud,
Jamous,

clausula, ae, f. way of ending.

clémentia, ae, f. clemency.

cliens, entis, m. client, de-
pendent.

coepi, v. def. begin.

cogitatid, Onis, f. thought, re-
flection, purpose, imagina-
tion.

cégitd, 1 v.a. think, imagine,
purpose.

Vocabulary

cognosco6, 3 v.a. cognovi, cog-
nitum, learn, investigate,
pf. know.

cog6, 3 v.a. coégi, coactum,
compel, force.

cohibed, 2 v.a. restrain, check.

cohortor, 1 v.d. exhort, en-
courage.

collaudd, 1 v.a. praise highly.

collecticius, a, um, hastily
gathered,

comes, itis, m. and f. com-
panion.

comitas, atis, f. affability.

commemor6, 1 v.a. mention.

commendati6, Onis, f. recom-
mendation.

commend6, 1 v.a. commend,
entrust.

commentor,
consider.

committd, 3 v.a. commit, en-
trust, act, perpetrate.

commodé, adv. conveniently,
comfortably.

commodum, i, n. advantage,
comfort.

commorati6, Onis, f. sojourn.

commoror, 1 v.d. stay, so-
journ.

commoved, 2 v.a. move, dis-
turb ; commétus, a, um,
unwell.

commini6, dnis, f. sympathy.

comminis, e, general.

commitd, 1 v.a. change, get
in exchange.

comparatid, dnis, f. prepara-
tion.

compar6, 1 v.a. acquire, pre-
pare.

complector, 3 v.d. complexus,
embrace.

complexus, us, m. embrace.

concessus, fis, m. permission.

concurr6, 3 v.n. concurri, con-
cursum, run together.

condemn6, 1 v.a. condemn.

1 v.d. devise,

Vocabulary

condiicé, 3 v.a. and n. bring
together, be of use.

confer6, v. irreg. contuli, col-
latum, bring together, com-
pare, confer, converse, betake,
impute.

confidé, 3 v.n. confisus, trust,
feel confident.

confid, v. irreg. be done, be
accomplished.

confirméd, 1 v.a.
strengthen, assert.

confugid, 3 v.n. take refuge.

coniectiira, ae, f. guessing.

coniuncti6, Onis, f. wnion,
alliance.

coniunctus, a, um, wnited.

coniungs, 3 v.a. bring to-
gether.

conor, 1 v.d. attempt.

conquass6, 1 v.a. shatter.

conquiescé, 3 v.n. find rest.

consanesco, 3 v.n. consanui,
become whole, be healed.

conscend6, 3 v.n. ascend, get
up, take ship.

conscius, a, um,
aware.

conscribd, 3 v.a. write, enroll.

consentid, 4 v.n. agree with,
correspond to.

consequor, 3 v.d. follow up,
attain, overtake.

considerd, 1 v.a.
think over.

consilium, ii or i, n. wisdom,
purpose, advice, decision.

consélatid, Onis, f. consola-
tion.

consdlor, 1 v.d. console.

conspectus, tis, m. sight.

constantia, ae, f. wachanging
devotion.

constitud, 3 v.a. appoint, deter-
mine, prove.

consuescé, 3 v.a. and n. con-
sulevi, accustom, be accus-
tomed.

and on.

conscious,

consider,

109

consuétidd, inis, f. custom,
friendship.

consul, ulis, m. consul.

consularis, is, m. a former
consul.

contenti6, dnis, f. exertions.

conti6, duis, f. meeting, speech
at a meeting.

contra, prep. with acc. against ;
adv. on the other hand,

conturb6, 1 v.a. upset.

convalesc6, 3 v.n. convalui,
get well,

conveni6, 4 v.a. and n. come
together, meet, call upon,
agree, suit.

convertdé, 3 v.a. converti, con-
versum, turn, change.

convicium, ii, n. noise, cry,
abuse.

convivium, ii, n.
party.

copia, ae, f. abundance; pl.
copiae, forces, troops.

céram, prep. with abl. in the
presence of; adv. face to
face.

corpus, oris, n. body.

cotidié, adv. every day.

crébr6, adv. frequently.

créd6, 3 v.a. and n. crédidi,
créditum, entrust, trust,
believe.

crimen, inis, n. charge, ac-
cusation.

cridélis, e,
thirsty.

cridélitas, atis, f. cruelty.

culpa, ae, f. sin, fault.

cum, prep. with abl. with.

cum, con] when, since, though.

cum...tum, both...and.

cupidé, adv. selfishly.

cupiditas, Atis, f. desire, evil
passion.

cupio, 3 v.a. desire.

cura, ae, f. care, anxiety.

ciiria, ae, f. senate-house.

banquet,

cruel, blood-

110

cfiré, 1 v.a. care for, take care,
take care of, cure.

damn6, 1 v.a. condemn.

damnum, i, n. loss.

dé, prep. with abl. down from,
from, concerning, out of.

débed, 2 v.a. owe, be bound,
ought.

débilitd, lv.a. weaken, cripple.

décédd, 3 v.n. depart, leave
the province.

deced, 2 v.a. become, befit;
impers. decet, it becomes.

décern6, 3 v.a. and n. decree,

_ determine.

déclar6, 1 v.a. make clear.

défendo6, 3 v.a. defend.

défessus, a, um, weary, worn
out.

défetigo, 1 v.a. weary out.

déficid, 3 v. a. and n. fail.

deinde, adv. then, nezt.

délectd, 1 v.a. charm, delight.

délég6, 1 v.a. assign, hand
over.

déliberatid, onis, f. considera-
tion.

déliberd, 1 v.n. consider.

déligd, 3 v.a. choose.

déminus, 3 v.a. lessen,
diminish.

déminitid, donis, f. loss, les-
sening.

démittd, 3 v.a. send down,
lower.

dénique, adv. lastly.

dépell6, 3 v.a. thrust out,
drive out.

dépléré, 1 v.a. and n. lament.

dépond, 3 v.a. lay aside.

déprehend6, 3 v.a. catch, find
out.

descisc6, 3 v.n. descivi or
descii, fall away, prove un-
true to.

déserd, 3 v.a. déserui, déser-
tum, desert, abandon,

Vocabulary

désertus, a, um, deserted.

désiderium, ii, n. love, longing,
sad parting.

désiderd, 1 v.a. love, long for,
miss, need.

désign6, 1 v.a. mark out, desig-
nate; magistrates elected,
but not yet holding office,
are called désignati (magis-
trates elect).

désist6, 3 v.n. leave off.

despér6, l v. a. andn. despair.

désum, v.n. be wanting;
déesse sibi, be wanting to
oneself, throw away one’s
chances.

détrahd, 3 v.a. draw down,
remove, take away.

détrimentum, i, n. harm.

dextra, adv. on the right
hand.

dic6, 3 v.a. dixi, dictum, say,
speak, call.

dictator, Oris, m. dictator.

dictitd, 1 v.n. repeat.

diés, Gi, m. and f. in sing., m.
in pl. day, time ; diem alicui
dicere, prosecute someone.

dignitis, atis, f. dignity,
honour, position.

dignus, a, um, worthy.

diifidicd, 1 v.a. decide, deter-
mine.

diiunctié, dnis, f. separation.

diligenter, adv. carefully.

diligentia, ae, f. care, pains.

diligd, 3 v.a. love.

dimittd, 3 v.a. send away, let
go, give up.

diripid, 3 v.a. sack, plunder.

dirud, 38 v.n. dirui, dirutum,
destroy, tear in pieces.

discéd6, 3 v.n. depart, come
off.

discessus, Us, m. departure.

disciplina, ae, f. study,
science... 4

discordia, ae, f. disagreement.

Vocabulary

discrib6, 3 v.a. map out, divide
up.

discrimen, inis, n. danger,
risk.

discumb6, 3 v.n. sit at table.

displiced, 2 v.n. displease.

dissensid, Onis, f. disagree-
ment, quarrel.

dissimilis, e, wnlike.

dissimulanter, adv. secretly.

dissimul6, 1 v.a. conceal.

distined, 2 v.a. engage, detain.

dil, adv. for a long time.

diiturnus, a, um,
lasting.

divinatid, dnis, f. prophecy.

divinus, a, um, divine, super-
human, providential.

dé, 1 v.a. dedi, datum, give,
send off (of a letter).

doctrina, ae, f. learning.

doled, 2 v.a. and n. feel pain,
grieve.

dolor, Oris, m. pain, grief,
resentment.

domesticus, a, um, private,
domestic.

dominatus, wus, m.
tyranny.

domus, tis, f. house, home;
locative, domi, at home;
domum, to the house.

dormié, 4 v.n. sleep.

dubitatis, dnis, f. hesitation.

dubitéd, 1 v.n. doubt, hesitate.

dubius, a, um, doubtful.

diic6, 3 v.a. duxi, ductum,
lead, guide, consider, marry,

long-

rule,

prolong.
dulcéd6, inis, f. sweetness,
charm.
dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant,
charming.

dum, conj. while, until, pro-
vided that.

dummodo, conj. provided that,

duo, ae, 0, two.

dux, ducis, m, Jeader.

111

6 and ex, prep. with abl. out
of, from; according to, after.

efficid, 3 v.a. efféci, effectum,
effect, cause.

effugid, 3 v.a. and n. flee
away, escape.

eged, 2 v.n. be in want, lack.

ego, mei, I; egomet, I my-
self; mécum, with me, in
my heart, to myself.

égregius, a, um, excellent,
distinguished.

éiusmodi, of that kind, such.

émissarius, ii, m. emissary.

én, interj. see! behold!

enim, conj. for.

ed, 4 v.n. ivi or ii, itum, go.

ed, adv. thither, therefore.

epistula, ae, f. letter.

epulae, arum, f. feast.

equidem, adv. for my part,
indeed.

erga, prep. with acc. towards.

ergo, adv. therefore.

éripid, 3 v.a. snatch away.

err6, 1 v.n. err.

escendd, 3 v.n. and a. climb
up, ascend.

essedum, i, n. chariot.

et, adv. and conj. both, and,
also, even.

etiam, adv. and conj. also,
even, really, still, I pray
you.

etsi, conj. although.

évenid, 4 v.n. happen.

éventum, i, n. event, result.

ex, see e.

excéd6, 3 v.n. depart from.

excelsus, a, um, lofty.

excipid, 3 v.a. excépi, excep-
tum, take up, receive.

excitd, 1 v.a. stir up.

exciisati6d, Onis, f. excuse, in-
dulgence.

exemplum, i, n. example,
model; phrase, héc exempl6,
as follows.

1f2

exe6, 4 v.n. go out, go abroad.
exercit6, 1 v.a. try, practise.
exercitus, tis, m. army.
exhaurié, 4 v.a. exhausi, ex-
haustum, drink up, exhaust,
complete.
existim6, 1 v.a. and n. reckon,
think.
exitidsus, a, um, ruinous.
exitium, ii, n. destruction.
exitus, Us, m. way out, end.
exopto6, 1 v.a. desire earnestly.
expedi6, 4 v.a. and n. ez-
tricate, release, settle, be
expedient.
expelld, 3 v.a. expuli, expul-
sum, drive out, expel.
explicé, 1 v.a. explicavi and
explicui, explicatum and
explicitum, loosen, disen-
tangle, settle.
exsist6, 3 v.n. exstiti, exsti-
tum, come forth, appear.
exspectatid, Onis, f. expecta-
tion, hope.
exspect6, 1 v.a.
expect.
exstingud, 3 v.a. exstinxi, ex-
stinctum, quench, destroy.
extorque6, 2 v.a. wring from.
extra, adv. outside; prep.
with ace. except.
extrémus, a, um, last, wtmost.
extriidd, 3 v.a. thrust out,
dislodge.

wait for,

faber, bri, m. workman, arti-
PiCer:

fabula, ae, f. play, story.

facile, adv. easily.

facilis, e, easy, compliant.

facinus, inoris, n. deed, evil
deed.

facié, 3 v.a. féci, factum, make,
do, practise, value.

factum, i, n. action.

fall6, 3 v.a. fefelli, falsum,
deceive, escape notice.

Vocabulary

falsus, a, um, false, untrue.

fama, ae, f. fame, reputation,
talk.

famés, is, f. hunger, a famine.

familia, ae, f. household,
family, the slaves.

familiaris, e, intimate; phrase,
res familiaris, private pro-
perty.

familidriter, adv. in a friendly
way.

fas, only nom. and ace. sing.
n. right.

fateor, 2 v.d. fassus, confess,
admit.

fatum, i, n. fate, fortune.

faved, 2 v.n. favi, fautum,
favour.

fémina, ae, f. woman.

ferd, v. irreg. tuli, latum,
bear, carry, endure.

festin6, 1 v.n. hasten.

festivus, a, um, charming,
amusing.

fidélis, e, faithful, loyal.

fidés, ei, f. faith, belief, pro-
mise, protection.

filia, ae, f. daughter.

filius, ii, m. son.

fing6, 3 v.a. and n.
fictum, feign, invent.

finis, is, m. end.

f16, v. irreg. factus, happen,
become, be made.

firmus, a, um, strong.

flagitd, 1 v.a. demand.

flamma, ae, f. flame, blaze.

flétus, ls, m. weeping.

fldrens, entis, flourishing.

fldred, 2 v.n. flourish, grow
up.

foedus, a, um, fowl, detestable.

fore: future infinitive of sum.

forma, ae, f. shape, beauty,
architects plan.

forsitan, adv. perhaps.

fortasse, adv. perhaps.

forte, adv. by chance.

finxi,

Vocabulary

fortis, e, strong, brave.

fortitid6, inis, f. cowrage.

fortuitus, a, um, accidental,
casual.

fortiina, ae, f. fortune.

forum, i, n. forwm, law-court.

frangd, 3 v.a. frégi, fractum,
break, put constraint on.

frater, tris, m. brother.

frequens, entis, frequent,
crowded,

frétus, a, um,
trusting to.

fructus, ts, m. enjoyment,
produce, fruit, advantage.

frustra, adv. in vain, to no
purpose.

fugid, 3 v.a. ftigi, flee, escape.

funditus, adv. from the bottom,
utterly.

fundus, i, m. farm,
country house.

relying on,

place,

gauded, 2 v.n. gavisus, rejoice.

gaudium, ii, n. joy.

gener, eri, m. son-in-law.

gens, gentis, f. nation.

genus, eris, n. kind.

gerd, 3 v.a. gessi, gestum,
bear, carry on, wage, man-
age, spend.

gladius, ii, m. sword.

gloria, ae, f. glory.

glériola, ae, f. diminutive of
gloria.

glorior, 1 v.d. boast.

gloéridsus, a, um, glorious,
boastful.

gradus, iis, m. degree.

gratia, ae, f. favour, kindness,
gratitude ; pl. thanks.

gratulor, 1 v.d. congratulate.

gratus, a,um, agreeable, grate-
ful.

gravis, e, heavy, serious, digni-
ed.

graviter, adv. heavily, seri-
ously.

¢

D,

113

habed, 2 v.a. have, involve,
hold, consider; phrase, sic
rés habet, so it is; sé
habére = esse.

hem, interj. indeed!
what !

hic or hic, haec, hoc, de-
monstr. pron. this,

hic, adv. here, hereuwpon, here-
in, in this respect.

hiem6, 1 v.n. winter, pass the
winter.

hiems, hiemis, f. winter.

homo, inis, m. man, human
being, fellow.

homunculus, i, m. mannikin,
feeble man.

honestas, atis, f. distinction.

honesté, adv. with credit.

honestus, a, um, honourable.

honds, doris, m. honour, office,
distinction.

horre6, 2 v.a. tremble, shudder
at.

hortatid, Snis, f. encowrage-
ment.

hortator, Gris, m. encourager.

hortor, 1 v.d. urge.

hortus, i, m. garden; horti,
pl. park.

hospes, itis, m. host, guest,
visitor.

hospita, ae, f. guest, stranger.

hiic, adv. hither.

hiimané, adv. kindly.

hiimanitas, atis, f. kindness,
refinement.

well!

iaced, 2 v.n. iacul, lie.

iactéd, 1 v.a. throw, toss, treat
rudely.

iactiira, ae, f. loss.

iam, adv. now, already, by
this time, soon; non iam,
no longer.

iampridem, adv. for long, long
since.

ibi, adv. there.

114

idcircé, adv. therefore.

idem, eadem, idem, the same.

ided, adv. on that account.

idéneus, a, um, fit, suitable,
favourable.

igitur, conj. therefore, then.

ignord, 1 v.a. be ignorant.

ignoscé, 3 v.n. forgive.

ignotus, a, um, unknown.

illustris, e, conspicuous.

illustr6, 1 v.a. throw light on,
glorify.

imag6, inis, f. picture, like-
ness.

imitor, 1 v.d. imitate, copy.

immoderaté, adv. beyond
measure.

impedimentum, i, n. hind-
rance.

impedi6, 4 v.a. hinder.
impended, 2 v.n. overhang, be
imminent.
imperator,
mander.
imperium, ii, n. empire, power.
impetro, 1 v.a. gain by ask-
ing.
impetus, tis, m. onset, attack.
imprimis, adv. chiefly.

Oris, mM. com-

improbitas, atis, f. wicked-
ness, persistence, restless-
ness.

improbé, 1 v.a. disapprove.

improbus, a, um, wicked,
knavish.

impudens, entis, shameless.

impftinité, adv. with impunity.

in, prep. with acc. into, against,
for, till, tending to; with
abl. in.

inauditus, a, um, unheard of.

incid6, 3 v.n. incidi, fall into.

incit6, 1 v.a. rouse, spur on.

incolumis, e, safe, unharmed.

incommodum, i, n. distress,
inconvenience.

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt,
uninjured.

Vocabulary

incrédibilis, e, incredible, be-
yond belief.

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt,
unimpaired.

inde, adv. from this, thence,
then.

indiged, 2 v.n. be in want of.

indignor, 1 v.d. be angry.

industria, ae, f. activity.

ined, 4 v.a. enter on.

inferd, V. irreg. intuli, sifsiar
carry in; bellum inferre
alicui, to make war upon
someone.

inferus, a, um, lying beneath;
subst. inferi, the dead.

infidélis, e, unfaithful.

inflamm6, 1 v.a. set on fire,
excite.

infring6, 3 v.a. break down.

ingenium, ii,n. nature, charac-
ter, intellect.

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly,
hostile ; subst. inimicus, i,
m. enemy.

iniquus, a, um, wrfair, hostile.

initium, ii, n. beginning.

inifiria, ae, f. wrong, injustice.

innumerabilis, e, countless.

inquam, v. def. inquii, say.

insidiae, arum, f. ambush,
treachery.

insignis, e, remarkable, emi-
nent; insignia, badges.

institud, 3 v.a. begin, instruct.

instititum, 1, n. custom, prac-
tice.

integer, gra, grum, untouched,
undamaged, sound, restored.

intelleg6, 3 v.a. intellexi, in-
tellectum, understand.

inter, prep. with acc. among,
between; inter nos, to one
another,

intercald, 1 v.a. insert, inter-
calate.

interclid6, 3 v.a. cut off.

interdum, adv. sometimes.

Vocabulary

intered, 4 v.n. perish.

intermittd, 3 v.a. leave out.

interpellé, 1 v.a. hinder.

intersum, v.n. take part in;
impers. interest, there is a
difference, it concerns.

interveni6, 4 v.n. intervene.

intestinus, a, um, internal,
personal.

invehor, 3 v.d. invectus, at-
tack.

invenid, 4 v.a. find, discover,
devise,

invided, 2 v.a. envy.

invidia, ae, f. unpopularity.

invidus, a, um, envious,
jealous.

invit6, 1 v.a. invite.

invitus, a, um, wnwilling; me
invito, against my will.

iocor, 1 v.d. jest.

iocésus, a, um, playful.

iocus, i, m. jest, joke.

ipse, a, um, self, himself.

Tratus, a, um, angry.

is, ea, id, that, he.

iste, a, ud, that, this, that of
yours, that by you.

istic, adv. there.

ita, adv. so, thus, accordingly.

itaque, adv. therefore, accord-
ingly.

item, adv. likewise, also.

iter, itineris, n. journey, way.

iubed, 2 v.a. iussi, iussum,
bid, order.

ificundus, a, um, agreeable.

ifidex, icis, m.juryman, judge.

ifidicium, ii, n. trial, opinion.

itidicd, 1 v.a. judge, decide.

iis, ilris,n. right, justice, law.

iuventis, itis, f. youth, the
young men.

iuv6, 1 v.a. itivi, iitum, help,
please.

labor, Oris, m. work,

suffering.

toil,

115

labér6, 1 v.n. work, toil,
suffer, be anxious.

laetitia, ae, f. rejoicing,
triumph,

laetor, 1 v.d. rejoice.

langued, 2 v.n. be faint, be
feeble.

languidus, a, um, faint, weary,

faint-hearted.

laus, laudis, f. praise, glory.

lectica, ae, f. litter.

legid, onis, f. legion, army.

leg6, 3 v.a. légi, lectum, read,
choose.

lénis, e, mild, gentle.

levis, e, light, slight, wun-
principled.

lev6, 1 v.a. lighten.

lex, légis, f. law.

libenter, adv. gladly.

liber, bri, m. book.

liber, era, erum, free, un-
controlled.

liberalis, e, generous.

liberalitas, atis, f. generosity.

liberé, adv. freely.

lYberI, orum, m. pl. children.

liber6, 1 v.a. set free.

libertas, Atis, f. freedom.

libertus, i, m. freedman.

libet, 2 v. impers. it pleases.

librarius, ii, m. secretary.

licet, 2 v. impers. licuit and
licitum est, it is allowed,

lippitids, inis, f. sore eyes.

littera, ae, f. letter of alphabet ;
pl. letter, epistle, letters,
literature.

locus, i, m. place, position,
state, opportunity ; pl. loci
and loca.

longé, adv. far.

longinquitas, atis, f. length.

loquor, 3 v.d. lociitus, talk,
speak, say.

luctus, tis, m. grief, mourning.

lidus, i, m. game, play; pl.
lidi, a show, games.

8—2

116

lux, lucis, f. light; ltci, by
day.

maered6, 2 v.n. maerui, grieve.
maestus, a, um, sad, sorrow-
Sul.
magis, adv. more, rather.
magnopere, adv. greatly.
magnus, a, um, great, im-
portant, serious.
maior, maius, greater.
malo, v. irreg. malui, prefer.
malus, a, um, bad.
mandatum, i, n. commission.
mandatus, us, m. order.
mando, 1 v.a. entrust, convey.
mane, adv. in the morning.
mane6, 2 v.a. and n. mansi,
mansum, remain, wait for.

manus, us, f. hand, hand-
writing, band.
maximé, adv. exceedingly,

especially, certainly.

maximus, a, um, very great,
greatest.

medeor, 2 v.d. heal.

medicina, ae, f. medicine.

medicus, i, m. doctor.

mediocris, e, moderate, ordin-
ary.

mediocriter, adv. moderately.

meditor, 1 v.d. study,
practise.

mehercule, interj. I declare! ;
lit. so help me Hercules.

melior, us, better.

memini, v. def. remember.

memoria, ae, f. memory.

mens, mentis, f. mind.

mensa, ae, f. table.

mensis, is, m. month.

mereor, 2 v.d. meritus, de-
serve.

metué, 3 v.a. fear.

metus, ts, m. fear.

meus, mea, Meum, my.

miles, itis, m. soldier.

minax, acis, threatening.

Vocabulary

minimé, adv. least, not at
all. :

minor, us, smaller, less.

minud, 3 v.a. lessen.

minus, adv. less.

mirabilis, e, wonderful.

mirandus, a, um, wonderful.

mirificé, adv. wonderfully.

mirificus, a, um, wonderful,
marvellous.

miror, 1 v.d. wonder at, ad-
mire,

mirus, a, um, wonderful.

miser, era, erum, wretched.

miseria, ae, f. wretchedness.

misericordia, ae, f. pity.

mitis, e, mild, gentle.

mitt6, 3 v.a. misi, missum,
send, release; missum fa-
cere, discharge, let go.

modesté, adv. peaceably.

modestia, ae, f. moderation,
discretion.

modo, adv. only, just, just
now; conj. provided that,
lately.

modus, 1, m. manner, degree.

molesté, adv. grievously.

molestia, ae, f. distress.

molior, 4 v.d. undertake,
labour at, build up.

molli6, 4 v.a. soften.

moneé, 2 v.a. advise, warn.

monumentum, i, n. record,
writing.

morbus, i, m. disease, illness.

morior, 3 v.d. mortuus, die.

moror, 1 v.d. delay.

mors, mortis, f. death.

mortuus, a, um, dead.

més, moris, m. custom; pl.
manners, character.

moved, 2 v.a. movi, motum,
move, influence.

mulier, eris, f. woman, wife.

muliercula, ae, f. weak wo-
man.

multiplicé, 1 v.a. increase.

Vocabulary

multitidd, inis, f.
number, multitude.

multé, adv. by much, much.

multum, adv. much.

multus, a, um, much; pl.
many.

miinicipalis, e, of the country
towns.

miinié, 4 v.a. fortify, defend.

minus, eris, n. service.

mité, 1 v.a. change.

great

nam, conj. for.

nanciscor, 3 v.d. nactus, light
upon, obtain.

narr6, 1 v.a. tell.

nascor, 3- v.d.
born.

nausea, ae, f. sea-sickness.

navigatid, Onis, f. voyage,
chance of sailing.

navigs, 1 v.n. sail.

navis, is, f. ship.

né, conj. lest, that not, not.

né...quidem, not even.

ne, enclitic mark of interr.
whether.

necessarius, a, um, necessary,
pressing, intimate.

necesse, adj. n. (only nom.
and acc. sing.), necessary.

nego, 1 v.a. and n. refuse, say
no.

negotium, ii, n.
trouble.

ném6 (pl. and abl. and gen,
sing. borrowedfrom nullus),
no one.

neque or nec, conj. neither,
nor, and not.

nescio, 4 v.a. be ignorant, not
know.

nescio quid, something.

nihil and nil, indecl. n. no-
thing, not at all.

nimis, ady. too.

nisi, conj. if not, unless.

nobilis, e, noble.

natus, be

business,

117

nol6, v. irreg. ndlui, be un-
willing.

nomen, inis, n. name, title,
score, account.

non, adv. not, no!

nonnullus, a, um, some.

nds, pl. of ego, we; often=ego;
nobiscum, with us.

nosc6, 3 v.a. come to know,
discern; pf. novi, know.

noster, stra, strum, our;
often = meus.

nostras, atis, adj. belonging
to. us.

notus, a, um, known, well-
known.

novus, a, um, new, strange.

nox, noctis, f. night.

niibd, 3 v.n. nupsi, nuptum,
veil oneself, marry (of a
woman).

nullus, -a,
none.

nummulus, i, m. little coin.

nunc, adv. now, next.

nunquam, adv. never.

nuntid, 1 v.a. announce.

nuntius, ii, m. messenger,
news.

-um, not any,

obed, 4 v.a. obivi or obii, go

over, die; phrase, diem
suum obire, die.
obitus, tis, m. death.
obliviscor, 3 v.d. oblitus,

Sorget.
obsctirus, a, um, dark, secret.
obsecr6, 1 v.a. beseech, entreat.
obtemper6, 1 v.n. comply with.
obviam, adv. to meet.
occids, 3 v.a. occidi, occisum,
kill.
occidé, 3 v.n. die.
occupatis, Snis, f. business.
occurr6, 3 v.n. meet, present
oneself to,
oculus, i, m. eye.
6di, v. def. hate.

118

odium, ii, n. hatred; odio
esse, used as pass. of 6dl.

offends, 3 v.a. strike against,
light upon, come to grief,
offend.

offensid, Onis, f. offence, an-
noyance.

offerd, v. irreg. obtuli, obla-
tum, offer.

officidsus, a, um, friendly.

Officium, ii, n. duty, office,
service.

omitts, 3 v.a. let slip, pass
over.

omnin6, adv. altogether, to be
sure, in general, to sum up.

omnis, e, all, every.

onus, eris, n. load, burden.

opem, opis (no nom. or dat.
sing.), aid, help; pl. opés,
power, wealth.

opera, ae, f. work, effort, ser-
vice, attention, aid; phrase,
operam dare, take pains.

opinis, Onis, f. opinion.

opinor, 1 v.d. suppose.

oportet, 2 v. impers. it be-
hoves, it is becoming.

oppeto, 3 v.a. face.

oppidum, i, n. town.

oppond, 3 v.a. place against.

opportinitas, atis, f. con-
venience, handiness.

opportiinus, a, um, convenient,
suitable.

opprimé, 3 v.a. crush, oppress.

oppugno, 1 v.a. attack.

optimé, adv. very well, best.

optimus, a, um, best.

opto, 1 v.a. pray, wish.

opus, eris, n. work, business,
need, want; opus est aliqua
ré, something is needed.

6ratid, Onis, f. speaking,
speech.

6ratorius, a, um, oratorical.

ordinatim, adv. in order, suc-
cessively.

Vocabulary

ornamentum, i, n. distinction.

ornatus, a, um, adorned,
furnished, distinguished.

ornd, 1 v.a. furnish, adorn,
distinguish.

6s, Oris, n. mouth, face.

ostend6, 3 v.a. and n. show.

Stium, ii, n. leisure.

paene, adv. almost.

paenitet, 2 v. impers. it
repents, it grieves.

panthéra, ae, f. panther.

par, paris, equal,
matched.

paratus, a, um, ready, pre-
pared.

parcé, 3 v.n. peperci, spare.

parens, entis,m.andf. parent.

pared, 2 v.n. parui, obey.

parid, 3 v.a. peperi, partum,
bear, bring forth.

par6, 1 v.a. prepare, procure,
buy.

pars, partis, f. part, side; pl.
partés, part to play.

partim, adv. partly; esp. sub-
stantively, some, others.

parum, adv. too little, little.

pater, tris, m. father.

patior, 3 v.d. passus, suffer,
endure, allow.

well-

patria, ae, f. native land,
country.

paucl, ae, a, few.

paucitas, atis, f. scarcity,

small number.

paulum, i, n. a little.

pax, pacis, f. peace.

peccatum, i, n. sin, fault.

peccd, 1 v.n. sin.

peciinia, ae, f. money.

péius, adv. worse.

per, prep. with acc. through,
by means of, during, in the
name of.

percipid, 3 v.a. percépi, per-
ceptum, feel, get.

Vocabulary

perditus, a, um, ruined, des-
perate, depraved.

perdé, 3 v.a. perdidi, perdi-
tum, lose, ruin.

pered, 4 v.n. perii, be lost,

perish,
perferd, v. irreg. pertuli,
perlatum, deliver, bring

through; impers. perfertur,
news reaches.

perficid, 3 v.a. perféci, perfec-
tum, perform, finish.

perfungor, 3 v.d. fully enjoy.

perhimanus, a, um, very
touching.

periculosé, adv. with danger.

periculum, i, n. danger.

perleviter, adv. very slightly.

permaned, 2 v.n. continue,
remain always.

peropportinus, a, um, very
timely.

perpetior, 3 v.d. perpessus,
endure.

perpetuus, a, um, unbroken,
continuous.

persaepe, adv. very often.

perscrib6, 3 v.a. write in
full.

perséna, ae, f. character,
position.

perspici6, 3 v.a. perspexi, per-
spectum, see clearly.

persuaded, 2 v.n. persuasi,
persuasum, persuade, con-
vince.

pertimescé, 3 v.a. pertimui,
fear.

pertined, 2 v.n. reach, extend,
pertain to.

perturb6, 1 v.a.
frighten, terrify.

perveni6, 4 v.n. arrive, come
to.

pessimé,
badly.

pestilentia, ae, f. pestilence,
plague.

confuse,

adv. worst, very

119

pestis, is, f. plague, disaster.

petd, 3 v.a. petivi and petii,
petitum, seek, ask.

pietas, atis, f. devotion, piety,
affection.

placatus, a, um, peaceable.

placed, 2 v.n. please, satisfy ;
impers. placet, it is agreed.

plané, adv. clearly, entirely,
quite.

plebs, plébis, f. the common
people.

plecté, 3 v.a. beat, punish.

plénus, a, um, full, rich.

plérique, pléraeque, pléraque,
most.

plirimus, a, um, very much;
pl. very many, most.

plis, pluris, n. in sing. more;
pl. pliirés, pliira, more.

polliceor, 2 v.d. promise.

pond, 3 v.a. posui, positum,
place.

populus, i, m. people.

possum, v. irreg. potui, be
able, have power.

post, prep. with acc. behind,
after,

postea, adv. afterwards.

posterus, a, um, coming after ;
phrase, in posterum, for the
future.

posthac, adv. afterwards.

postrém6, adv. lastly.

postridié, adv. on the next day.

postul6, 1 v.a. ask, demand,
accuse,

potens, entis, powerful.

potestas, atis, f. power, ability,
authority.

potior, us, better, superior.

potissimum, adv. especially,
by preference.

potius, adv. rather.

praebed, 2 v.a. offer, show,
give.

praeceptum, i, n. teaching,
injunction.

}20

praecipid, 3 v.a. praecepi,
praeceptum, teach.

praecipité, 1 v.a.and n. throw
down; phrase, aetate prae-
cipitata, when life is draw-
ing to a close.

praeclarus, a, um, splendid.

praedico, 3 v.a. foretell.

praedictié, dnis, f. prediction,
forecast.

praedictum, 1, n.
tion.

praeditus, a, um, endowed,
furnished.

praedium, ii, n. estate, farm.

praefectiira, ae, f. office of
praefectus.

praefectus, i, m. officer;
praefectus fabrum, chief
of engineers.

praemium, il, n. reward, prize.

praepond, 3 v.a. prefer.

praescrib6, 3 v.a. and n. pre-
scribe, dictate.

praesens, entis, present.

praesentia, ae, f. presence;
phrase, in praesentia, for
the present.

praesertim, adv. especially ;
cum praesertim, especially
since.

praesto, 1 v.a. praestiti, show,
surpass, make good.

praesto, adv. at hand.

praesum, v.n. be at the head
of.

praeter, prep.
besides, except.

praeterea, adv. besides.

praetered, 4 v.a. puss over,
omit.

praetermittd, 3 v.a. let slip,
pass over.

praeterquam, conj. except.

praetor, is, m. praetor.

pranded, 2 v.n. prandi and
pransus. sum, dine.

prandium, ii, n. early dinner.

predic-

with ace.

Vocabulary

prem6, 3 v.a. pressi, pres-
sum, press, crush,

[prex, precis], only pl. with
abl. and acc. sing. prayer.

pridié, adv. on the day before.

primarius, a, um, first rate,
excellent.

primum, adv. at /irst, first,
for the first time.

primus, a, um, /irst.

princeps, cipis, chief; as
subst. leader, chief.

principium, ii, n. beginning.

pristinus, a, um, former.

priusquam, conj. before that.

privatus, a, um, private, un-
official,

pro, prep. with abl. in front
of, for, on behalf of, in pro-
portion to, instedd of.

probitas, atis, f. goodness,
honesty.

probo, 1 v.a. approve, prove.

probus, a, um, honest.

prochratid, onis, f. manage-
ment,

préded, 4 v.n. prodii, prédi-
tum, go forth, come forth.

prodicé, 3 v.a. foretell, fix
beforehand.

proditor, dris, m. traitor.

profecti6, dnis, f. departure.

profectd, adv. assuredly.

proficid, 3 v.n. succeed.

proficiscor, 3 v.d. profectus,
set out, start.

profiteor, 2 v.d. professus,
profess, offer.

proicid, 3 v.a. cast forth.

proinde, adv. just as, there-
fore.

prolixé, adv. favourably.

promittd, 3 v.a. promise.

prope, adv. near, nearly ;
comp. propius, nearer.

prdopensus, a, um, well-dis-
posed..

proper6, 1 v.a. hasten.

Vocabulary

propinquus, a,
related.

prépond, 3 v.a. put forward,
offer, set before.

propter, prep. with acc. on
account of, for the sake of.

propterea, adv. therefore.

prorsus, adv. absolutely,
entirely.

prospici6, 3 v.a. survey.

prosternéd, 3 v.a. prostravi,
prostratum, lay low, over-
throw.

présum, v.n. profui, prddesse,
give aid to, give help to.

provided, 2 v.a. and n. fore-
see,

provincia, ae, f. province.

proximé, adv. last,

um, near,

proximus, a, um, nearest,
next.
pridens, entis, with fore-

knowledge, wise.
piblicus, a, um, official.
pudens, entis, honourable.
pudor, Oris, m. modesty, sense
of honour.
puer, eri, m. boy.
pugna, ae, f. fight, battle.
pugn6, l v.n. fight.
pulcher, chra, chrum, beauti-
ful.
putd, 1 v.a. and n. think.

quaer6, 3 v.a. quaesivi, quae-
situm, seek, enquire, ask
for; phrase, quid quaeris ?
in short.

quaes6, 3 v. def. beg, pray.

qualis, e, of what kind? such
as, as,

quam, adv. how, as, than;
with adj. very.

quamdifi, adv. as long as, how
long.

quamobrem, adv. wherefore.

quamprimum, adv. as soon as
possible.

121

quamquam, conj. although,
and yet.

quando, conj. and adv. when.

quantum, adv. how much, as
much as.

quantus, a, um, how great?
as great as.

quaré, adv. wherefore.

quartana, ae, f. quartan fever.

quasi, adv. as if.

que, enclitic conj. both, and.

quemadmodum, adv. how.

qued, v. irreg. quivi, be able.

querella, ae, f. complaint.

queror, 3 v.d. questus, com-
plain.

qui, quae, quod, who.

quia, con]. because.

quicumque, quaecumque,
quodcumque, whoever.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam,
a certain one, somebody.

quidem, adv. indeed, at least.

quiescé, 3 v.n. quiévi, quié-
tum, remain quiet, take no
part.

quin, conj. indeed, but that.

quinque, indecl. five.

quis or qui, qua or quae, quid
or quod, pron. interr. who?

quis, qua, quid, pron. indef.
anyone, someone ; non quod,
not that.

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam,
who.

quisquam, n. quidquam, any-
one.

quisque,
each. «

quisquis, n. quidquid, who-
ever.

quo, adv. whither, by which,
so much.

quoad, adv. as long as.

quocumque, adv. to whatever
place.

quod, conj. because ; quod si,
but if.

quaeque, quidque,

®

122

quéminus, conj. that...not.

quomodo, ady. how ?

quoniam, con}. since.

quoque, conj. also, too.

quotiens, adv. as often.

quotienscumque, adv. when-
CUCT.

rapax, acis, rapacious.

ratio, Onis, f. acccunt, method,
plan, reason, system.

reciper6, 1 v.a. recover.

reconcilid, 1 v.a. gain back,
make friends with,

recordatid, dnis, f.
tion.

recrfiidescé, 3 v.n. become fresh
again, break out again.

recté, adv. rightly, properly.

recurr6, 3 v.n. recurri, recur-
sum, run back, return.

redd6, 3 v.a. reddidi, reddi-
tum, give back, give up,
render, deliver.

redemptor, Oris, m. contractor.

reded, 4 v.n. redii, reditum,
return, be restored.

reditus, us, m. return, restora-
tion.

rediicé, 3 v.a. bring back, re-
store.

referd, v. irreg. retuli, rela-
tum, bring back, repeat,
bring before the Senate.

regio, onis, f. region, district.

régius, a, um, of a king,
tyrannical,

réicid, 3 v.a. reject, refuse.

religid, Onis, f.* religious
scruple, devoutness, religion.

relinqu6, 3 v.a. reliqui, re-
lictum, leave, leave behind.

reliquiae, arum, f. leavings,
remnants.

reliquus, a, um, left, remain-
ing.

remaned, 2 v.n. remain.

reminiscor, 3 v.d. remember.

recollec-

Vocabulary

renunti6, 1 v.a. bring news.

reperid, 4 v.a. repperi, re-
pertum, find, discover.

rés, rei, f. thing, matter, busi-
ness, property, advantage,
reality, wealth; pl. rés
gestae, military exploits.

res publica, rei publicae, f.
state, government, politics. -

rescrib6, 3 v.a. and n. write
back, reply.

resist6, 3 v.n. restiti, stop,
resist, withstand.

responded, 2 v.a. and n. re-
spondi, responsum, answer,
come up to.

restitud, 3 v.a. restore.

retexd, 3 v.a. undo.

retined, 2.v.a. detain, keep
back.

reverto, 3 v.a. reverti, rever-
sum, turn back.

revertor, pf. reverti, return.

revoco, 1 v.a. call back.

rex, régis, m. king.

rided, 2 v.n. risi,
laugh.

rdébustus, a, um, powerful.

rogo, 1 v.a. ask.

rumor, Oris, mM. rumour, re-
port.

rursus, adv. again.

rusticanus, a, um,
country.

risum,

of the

saepe, adv. often.

salfis, itis, f. health, safety,
life, greeting.

salitaris, e, wholesome, bene-
Jicial.

saliito,
upon.

salvus, a, um, whole, safe,
alive.

sané, adv. certainly, assuredly,
it is true.

sapiens, entis, wise.

sapientia, ae, f. wisdom.

1 v.a. greet, call

Vocabulary

sapid, 3 v.n. understand, be
wise.

satietas, atis, f. satiety, weari-
ness.

satis and sat, indecl. n. subst.
and adv. enough, sufficiently,
sufficient, quite.

scelus, eris, n. crime.

scientia, ae, f. knowledge.

scilicet, adv. of course, I as-
sure you, forsooth, namely.

scid, 4 v.a. know.

scrib6, 3 v.a. scripsi, scriptum,
write.

scriptor, Oris, m. writer.

sé and sésé, sui, reflexive
pron. himself, themselves ;
sécum, by himself, with
himself.

secundus, a, um, second.

sed, conj. but.

sédiicé, 3 v.a. lead aside.

sédul6, adv. carefully, zeal-
ously.

séiungd, 3 v.a. separate, dis-
join.

semper, adv. always.

senatus, tis, m. senate.

sensus, tis, m. feeling, habit
of mind, opinion.
sententia, ae, f. opinion,

~ thought, purport, speech.

sentid, 4 v.a. sensi, sensum,
feel, think.

septem, indecl. seven.

sequor, 3 v.d. sectitus, follow.

serm6, Onis, m. conversation,
discourse, speech.

sér6, adv. late.

- servus, i, m. slave.

sevérus, a, um, strict, severe.

si, conj. if.

sic, adv. so, thus.

sicuti, adv. as.

significd, 1 v.a. and n. show,
indicate,

signum, i, n. sign, indica-
tion; pl. signa, standards;

123

phrase, signa conferre, to
join battle.

silentium, ii, n. silence.

siled, 2 v.a. and n. be silent,
keep back.

similis, e, like.

simiolus, i, m. /Jittle ape.

simul, adv. at the same time,
together; simul ac and at-
que, as soon as.

sin, con]. but if.

sine, prep. with abl. without.

singularis, e, wnique, excep-
tional.

singuli, ae, a, pl. individuals,
one each, single.

sinistra, adv. on the left hand.

situs, a, um (pf. part. of sind),
placed.

sive, conj. whether, or.

societas, atis, f. partnership.

socius, il, m. comrade, partner ;
pl. socil, allies.

sdlacium, ii, n. consolation.

soled, 2 v.n. solitus, be wont,
be accustomed.

sollicitd, 1 v.a. trouble, annoy.

sollicitus, a, um, anxious.

sdlum, adv. only.

sdlus, a, um, alone, lonely.

sordés, is, f. meanness, low
condition; pl. has same
meaning.

soror, Oris, f. sister.

spectd, 1 v.a. see, watch, aim
at.

spérd, 1 v.a. and n. hope,
expect.

spés, ei, f. hope.

sponded, 2 v.a. spopondi, spon-
sum, promise, warrant.

sponsdlia, ium, n. betrothal
feast.

sponsor, Oris, m. surety.

sponte, adv. willingly ; sponte
tua, of your own accord.

statim, adv. straightway, im-
mediately.

*

124
statud, 3 v.a. place, determine.
status, s,m. position, posture,

condition.
std, 1 v.n. steti, statum, stand.

stomachus, i, m. stomach,
anger.
structor, Oris, m. builder,

mason, workman.

studed, 2 v.n. be eager, take
pains,

studidsus, a,
zealous,

studium, ii, n.
study, pursuit.

stultus, a, um, foolish.

sfladed, 2 v.a. suasi, suasum,
urge, persuade.

suavis, e, sweet, pleasant.

suavitas, Atis, f. sweetness.

subici6, 3 v.a. suggest.

subirascor, 3 v.d. be a little
angry.

sufferd, v. irreg. sustuli, sub-
latum, endure.

sum, v.n. fui, be, exist.

summa, ae, f. chief thing, up-
shot, sum; phrase, ad sum-
mam, above all.

summatim, adv. briefly.

summé, adv. excessively.

summus, a, um, highest,
greatest.

sfim6, 3 v.a. sumpsi, sump-
tum, take; stimere sibi,
take upon oneself.

sumptus, Us, m. expense, ex-
travagance.

superbia, ae, f. pride.

superior, comp. of superus,
higher, more powerful.

suppudet, 2 v. impers. it
shames somewhat.

supra, adv. and prep. with
acc, above, beyond.

suscensed, 2 v.n. be angry
with.

suscipié, 3 v.a. suscépi, sus-
ceptum, undertake, undergo.

um, devoted,

eagerness,

Vocabulary

suspicor, 1 v.d. suspect, sur-
mise.

sustenté, 1 v.a. swpport, sus-
tain, stop.

sustined, 2 v.a. support.

suus, a, um, his own, their
own.

tabellarius, ii, m._ letter-
carrier, courier,

taced, 2 v.n. be silent.

taciturnitas, atis, f. silence.

talis, e, such.

tam, adv. so, so much.

tamen, adv. yet, however.

tantopere, adv. so much.

tantum, adv. so much, only.

tantus, a, um, so great.

tarditas, atis, f. slowness.

tard6, 1 v.a. delay, retard.

tardus, a, um, slow.

temere, adv. rashly, for no
reason.

tempestas,
weather.

tempt6, 1 v.a. and n. try.

tempus, oris, n. time, crisis.

tened, 2 v.a. hold, keep, under-
stand, possess.

tener, era, erum, tender.

terror, Oris, m. fear.

testificor, 1 v.d. attest, bear
witness.

testis, is, m. and f. witness.

timed, 2 v.a. fear.

timidus, a, um, cowardly.

timor, dris, m. fear.

tird, Onis, m. recruit.

toga, ae, f. gown, dress of
civilians.

toleranter, adv. patiently.

tolld, 3 v.a. sustuli, sublatum,
raise, take away.

tot, indecl. so many.

totiens, adv. so often.

totus, a, um, whole, entire.

tractd, 1 v.a. handle, manage.

traid6, 3 v.a. tradidi, tradi-

atis, f. storm,

Vocabulary

tum, hand over, surrender,
hand down.

tradticé, 3 v.a. pass through.

transmitté, 3 v.a. and n. send
over, cross over.

transport6, 1 v.a. transport,
convey across, carry over.

transversus, a, um, turned
across, transverse.

tribinadtus, tis, m. office of
tribune.

tribiinus, i, m. tribune.

tribud, 3 v.a. give, render.

triumphé, 1 v.n. triumph,
exult.

triumphus, i, m. a triumph.

til, tui, you, thou; pl. vos,
vestrum or vestri, you, ye;
técum, with you; tite, you
yourself.

tueor, 2 v.d. protect, guard.

tum and tune, adv. then, at
that time.

tum, see cum.

turba, ae, f. crowd; pl. turbae,
confusion.

turbulentus, a, um, stormy.

turpis, e, shameful.

turpiter, adv. shamefully.

tits or tité, adv. safely.

tuus, a, um, your, thine.

ubi, adv. where, when.

ubicumque, adv. wherever.

ullus, a, um, any.

fina, adv. together.

unguicula, ae, f. little nail.

unquam, adv. ever.

finus, a, um, one, alone.

. urbanus, a, um, of the capital.

urbs, urbis, f. city, Rome.

urged, 2 v.a. ursi, press, beset.

fisus, lis, m. use, experience,
friendship, profit; phrase,
isi venit, it happens.

ut and uti, conj. in order
that, so that, when, as,
how, ;

125

uter, trum, which of
two.

uterque, utraque, utrumque,
each of two, either, both.

uti, see ut.

itilis, e, useful, advantageous.

utinam, inter}. would that!

utique, adv. at least.

fitor, 3 v.d. isus, use, enjoy,
follow, associate with;
phrase, titi aliquo fami-
liariter, to be an intimate
friend of someone.

tra,

valdé, adv. strongly, greatly,
very.

valed, 2 v.n. be well, be strong,
be able, succeed, have power ;
valé, farewell.

valétidd, inis, f. health, bad
health.

vanus, a, um, empty, untruth-
ful.

varietas, atis, f. variety, ups
and downs.

varius, a, um, varying,
different.
vehementer, adv. violently,

vigorously, extremely.

vel, conj. and adv. either, or,
even.

vend6, 3 v.a. vendidi, vendi-
tum, sell.

véned, 4 v.n. véenivi or ii,
vénitum, be sold.

venid, 4 v.n. veni, ventum,
come.

vénor, 1 v.d. hunt.

ventitd, 1 v.n. go often.

verbum, i, n. word.

verécundé, adv. modestly.

vereor, 2 v.d. fear, respect.

vérisimilis, e, probable, likely.

vér6, adv. in truth, indeed,
but.

versiculus, i, m. little line.

versor, 1 v.d. move, be engaged,
live.

126

versus, with acc. to-
wards,

vesperl, adv. in the evening.

vester, tra, trum, your.

veteranus, a, um, veteran.

vetus, eris, ancient, former.

vicem (no nom.), f. change,
hap.

victoria, ae, f. victory.

vicus, 1, m. street, village,
town.

vided, 2 v.a. vidi, visum, see,
provide ; pass. seem ; impers.
vidétur, it seems good.

Vigilans, antis, watchful.

villula, ae, f. little house.

vincé, 3 v.a. vici, victum,
conquer, beat, prove.

vindicé, 1 v.a. set free, avenge,
restore.

viol6, 1 v.a. injure.

vir, viri, m. man, husband.

prep.

Vocabulary

virtis, tis, f. manliness,
courage, virtue.
Vis, acc. vim, abl. yi, f.

force, abundance ; pl. vires,
strength.

vita, ae, f. life.

vitium, ii, n. vice, failing,
Fault.

vivo, 3 v.n. vixi, victum, live.

vivus, a, um, living, alive.

vix, adv. hardly, scarcely.

voco, 1 v.a. call, summon,

vol6, v. irreg. volui, wish,

voluntas, Atis, f. desire, will,
good will.

voluptas, atis, f. pleasure.

votum, i, n. prayer, wish.

vox, vocis, f. voice, speech,
sound,

vulnus, eris, n. wound, blow.

vultus, us, m. countenance,
look, expression.

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COMPLETE LIST

Author
Aeschylus
Aristophanes

Demosthenes

Euripides

nee
Lucian
>
Plato —
”

Plutarch

GREEK

Work
Prometheus Vinctus
Aves—Plutus—Ranae
Nubes, Vespae
Acharnians
Peace
Olynthiacs
Philippics I, 1, III
Alcestis
Hecuba
Helena
Heraclidae
Hercules Furens
Hippolytus
Iphigeneia in Aulis
Medea
Orestes
Phoenissae
Book 1

ter) A

ok. VE, VEL, 1X

» IX 1—89
Odyssey IX, X

” XI

Iliad VI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV
Iliad 1x and x
Somnium, Charon, etc.
Menippus and Timon
Apologia Socratis
Crito, Euthyphro
Protagoras
Demosthenes
Gracchi
Nicias
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